pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Line (formation)

The line formation is a standard tactical formation which was used by infantry in early modern warfare.
It continued the phalanx formation or shield wall of infantry armed with polearms in use during antiquity and the Middle Ages. The line formation used soldiers standing or moving side by side forming a line.
Frederick the Great
The line formation provided the best front for volley fire. However the line could not change direction easily and was open to attack by cavalry. Frederick the Great used the line formation, or "march by lines" as a part of his oblique order to fix this problem. The other part of the oblique order was the "attack in echelon" (change to column formation and angle slightly towards the enemy). This way his line of soldiers, usually two ranks deep, could easily change the direction they faced.
17th century line formation
An infantry battalion would form "in line" by placing troops in several ranks. They could range in number from two to five, with two or three being the most common. During the 17th century lines thinned out and became longer. Using this line formation required greater discipline since the two opposing armies were often only apart.
American Civil War
During the American Civil War the standard formation for both attacking and defending was the line formation. The line allowed the maximum number of soldiers to fire their weapons without hitting their own men. The line formation worked best in open fields. The line could not move well in wooded areas or in rough terrain. Both sides were still using tactics that were used in the American Revolutionary War. During earlier wars including the Napoleonic Wars, single-shot smoothbore muskets were used with fixed bayonets. A line would advance to about from the enemy line and fire in volley (all at the same time). Muskets were not very accurate and by all firing at the same time they were more likely to hit enemy soldiers. After firing their one shot the soldiers would all move the line forward for a bayonet charge.
The new weapons in use at the beginning of the war made the older tactic unnecessary. Newer rifles and rifle muskets were now available that could allow the defenders to start firing at to yards away. The development of the Minie ball (bullet) also increased the accuracy of rifles at longer ranges.
Modern warfare
A loose line formation is also used by many modern forces during assaults. It allows the use of maximum firepower to concentrate in one direction at once. This is useful when attacking an enemy position. It also enables the use of fire and movement.
References
Military terminology
Detroit Lakes, Minnesota

Detroit Lakes it is a city and the county seat of Becker County, Minnesota, United States. The city's economy is based on tourism and agriculture. It attracts tourists in both summer and winter.
Sources
Other websites
Detroit Lakes Regional Chamber of Commerce and Tourism Bureau
County seats in Minnesota
Cities in Minnesota
Tomoya Uchida

Tomoya Uchida (born 10 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.
Club career statistics
Updated to 15 December 2016.
References
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Mie Prefecture
Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues

Blood cancer is a type of cancer or tumor. Blood cancer hurts the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system. Sometimes more than one body part is hurt.
The cause is usually different from other types of cancer. The way to find out if a person has this cancer is also different.
People with blood cancers see a kind of doctor called a hematologist (blood doctor) or oncologist (cancer doctor). There are other blood problems that are not blood cancers. A blood doctor also helps people with those problems.
Medical terms
Tumors of the hematopoietic (blood cell forming) and lymphoid tissues are local growths. Hematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies are cancers that affect the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system. As the blood and lymph connect through both the circulatory system and the immune system, a disease affecting one will often affect the others as well.
Types
There are three types:
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Finding out
A doctor will do some tests to find out if a person has a blood cancer. One common test is a complete blood count. The cells that circulate in the bloodstream are generally divided into three types: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). The relative proportions is what picks up indications of a problem.
Sometimes the doctor will take a very small piece of the body out, to look at it. This is called a biopsy. Bone marrow is where new blood is made in the body. A bone marrow biopsy looks at the blood-making parts to see if they have cancer.
Treatment
People with blood cancer often take drugs called chemotherapy or immunotherapy. If the blood cancer is in one place, they may have radiotherapy. A bone marrow transplant is a difficult way to kill blood cancers.
How many people get it
Thousands of people get blood cancers. Each year, 30,000 people in the United Kingdom (UK) learn that they have blood cancer.
Lymphomas are more common than leukemias.
References
Other websites
Leukemia & Lymphoma Society website
Cancer
Blood disorders
As-Suwayda

As-Suwayda' ( / ALA-LC: as-Suwayda'), also spelled Sweida, is a city in southwestern Syria. Its people mainly follow Druzism. It is the capital of Muhafazat as-Suwayda', one of Syria's 14 governorates.
References
Cities in Syria
Druze
Tim Johnson (Illinois politician)

Timothy Vincent Johnson (July 23, 1946 - May 9, 2022) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the U.S. representative for from 2001 to 2013. He was a member of the Republican Party. He did not run for re-election in 2012. He was also a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1977 until 2001. He was born in Champaign, Illinois.
Johnson died on May 9, 2022 in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 75.
References
1946 births
2022 deaths
United States representatives from Illinois
Lawyers from Illinois
People from Champaign, Illinois
People from Urbana, Illinois
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Orange Crush (song)

"Orange Crush" is a 1988 song by alternative rock band R.E.M. and is the leading single from the sixth studio album Green. It was not commercially released in the United States. It went to number 5 in New Zealand, number 15 in Australia, number 21 in Ireland and number 28 in the United Kingdom.
Track listing
UK 3" CD W2960CD
"Orange Crush" (Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, Michael Stipe) - 3:50
"Ghost Rider" (Suicide cover, written by Martin Reverby, Alan Vega) - 3:45
"Dark Globe" (Syd Barrett) - 1:52
References
1988 songs
R.E.M. songs
Shuto Yamamoto

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Yamamoto was born in Morioka on June 1, 1985. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined J1 League club Jubilo Iwata in 2008. He played many matches as left side back from 2009. Iwata won the champions in the 2010 J.League Cup. In 2013, he moved to Kashima Antlers. In 2016, Kashima won the champions in J1 League and qualified for 2016 Club World Cup as host country champions. At the Club World Cup, he played all 4 matches and won the 2nd place. In 2018, Kashima won the champions in AFC Champions League first Asian title in the club history. In 2021, he moved to Shonan Bellmare.
In November 2017, Yamamoto was selected the Japan national team for 2017 E-1 Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted against China on December 12.
Statistics
|-
|2008||rowspan="6"|Jubilo Iwata||rowspan="6"|J1 League||4||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2009||21||0||0||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2010||11||0||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|-
|2011||28||1||2||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||35||3
|-
|2012||16||1||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|-
|2013||8||1||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|-
|2014||rowspan="7"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="7"|J1 League||32||1||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|-
|2015||28||3||1||1||5||0||6||0||40||4
|-
|2016||31||3||6||1||4||2||colspan="2"|-||41||6
|-
|2017||32||2||2||0||2||0||6||0||42||2
|-
|2018||18||0||2||0||3||2||10||1||33||3
|-
|2019||6||0||3||0||0||0||1||0||10||0
|-
|2020||7||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2021||Shonan Bellmare||J1 League||||||||||||||||||||
242||12||21||2||42||6||23||1||328||21
242||12||21||2||42||6||23||1||328||21
|}
|-
|2017||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}
References
Other websites
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Iwate Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Jubilo Iwata players
Kashima Antlers players
Shonan Bellmare players
Virtual particle

A virtual particle is a short-lived particle, similar to an ordinary particle, but it cannot be directly detected. Virtual particles can suddenly appear in the vacuum and then quickly disappear. They can also be emitted by real particles and interact with other particles. In both cases their lifetime is limited by the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. They interact also with macroscopic objects and, for example, cause the attraction of two metal plates in a vacuum. This phenomenon is called the Casimir effect (predicted by Hendrik Casimir in 1948)
References
Quantum mechanics
Kush

Kush or Cush may refer to:
Places
Hindu Kush, a mountain range in Afghanistan
Kingdom of Kush, an ancient kingdom in Nubia
People
Frank Kush (1929-2017), American football coach
Related pages
Cushitic languages, Afro-Asiatic language family spoken in parts of Africa
Kushan Empire, an empire in South Asia in the 1st century CE
Zam Zam (movie)

Zam Zam is an 2021 Indian Malayalam-language comedy-drama movie. It is a remake of the 2013 Hindi film called Queen by Vikas Bahl and stars Manjima Mohan in the lead role. It is directed by G. Neelakanta Reddy, produced by Manu Kumaran and bankrolled by Taizoon Khorakiwala. It released on November 6, 2021.
Cast
Manjima Mohan as Zama Nasreen
Shibani Dandekar as Vijayalakshmi
Sunny Wayne as Hassam
Muthumani as Smitha
Baiju as George
Amit Trivedi as Unknown
Aram Arakelyan as Andrei
Wilfred Capet as Tim
References
2021 movies
Ceratobatrachidae

The Ceratobatrachidae are a family of frogs. They live in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, the Philippines, Palau, Fiji, New Guinea, and the Admiralty, Bismarck, and Solomon Islands.
Taxonomy
Scientists used to think of Ceratobatrachidae as a subfamily (i.e., Ceratobatrachinae) in the family Ranidae (true frogs), but now they call it a separate family. The following genera are in Ceratobatrachidae:
Subfamily Alcalinae Brown, Siler, Richards, Diesmos, and Cannatella, 2015
Alcalus (5 species)
Subfamily Ceratobatrachinae Boulenger, 1884
Cornufer Tschudi, 1838 (> 50 species)
Platymantis Gunther, 1858 (> 30 species)
Subfamily Liuraninae Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010
Liurana Dubois, 1987 (4 species)
Some other genera used to be in Ceratobatrachidae, but scientists now think the frogs that used to be in these genera should be in the genera above.
Batrachylodes Boulenger, 1887 (8 species)
Palmatorappia Ahl, 1927 (1 species)
Ceratobatrachus Boulenger, 1884 (1 species)
Discodeles Boulenger, 1918 (5 species)
Distribution
Ceratobatrachidae live across Island Southeast Asia, as well as in the Eastern Himalayas.
Genus Liurana
Eastern Himalayas: 4 species
Genus Alcalus
Borneo: 2 species (Alcalus baluensis and Alcalus rajae)
Palawan: 1 species (Alcalus mariae)
Genus Platymantis
Philippines:
Genus Cornufer
Palau: 1 species
Maluku: 3-4 species
New Guinea: 6-8 species
Bismarck Archipelago: 18-22 species
Solomon Islands: 20-25 species
Fiji: 2 species
Life history
All Ceratobatrachidae lay eggs outside of water and undergo direct development. That means the eggs hatch into small frogs and are never tadpoles.
References
Frogs of Asia
Phonon

In physics, a phonon is a quantized lattice vibration. The word quantized is used in physics to mean that only certain values of something are allowed. Something that is quantized can be thought of as stairs; you can only move from step to step and you can't stand in between steps. Something that is not quantized can be thought of as a ramp or smooth incline; you can move any distance up or down. A lattice is the repeating or periodic structure of a crystal. A crystal is made up of atoms or molecules in a certain pattern. The points on the pattern at which the atoms or molecules are located is the lattice. Solids, liquids, and gases can all experience vibrations. A vibration being quantized means that only certain frequencies of vibrations are allowed.
Intuitively, there is no reason for lattice vibrations to be quantized. The macroscopic or large-scale vibrations of a material are not quantized and can take on essentially any frequency. It is only when we consider the tiny vibrations of the particles that make up a material--atoms and molecules--that the concept of quantization and phonons becomes important. To understand why phonons exist, complicated quantum mechanics is needed. Without going into too much detail, the interactions between the constituent atoms or molecules of a crystal are analyzed quantum mechanically. Because of their arrangement in a pattern that repeats, when one arrives at a mathematical expression for the frequency of oscillation, one finds that there are only distinct quantized values allowed. There is unfortunately no simple way to explain this.
Physics
Contractualism

Contractualism is an idea in philosophy. It is part of moral philosophy, which is ideas about right and wrong.
There are two ways to think of contractualism: broad (general) and narrow (specific). Broadly, contractualism is the idea that morality comes from agreements between people. Keeping your promises is good and breaking them is bad. Narrowly, contractualism is a set of ideas from Harvard philosopher T.M. Scanlon. Scanlon wrote an essay, "What We Owe to Each Other."
Scanlon's essay says that the act of reasoning whether an action is good or bad (good thinking) is just as important as figuring out whether it is good or bad. That is, asking the right question in the right way is just as important as finding the answer. Scanlon's contractualism says that an action is morally bad if it cannot be explained as good to another human being.
Like many other philosophies, contractualism says that all human beings are equally important. It is different from other philosophies in why human beings are equally important. Contrctualism says human beings are equally important because they can reason and think. For example, utilitarianism says human beings are equally important because they can all feel good or bad.
In popular culture
Scanlon's philosophies are in the television show The Good Place. The show's writers say that Scanlon's philosophiles inspired parts of the show's main story. The characters read and talk about Scanlon's book on the show.
Related pages
Social contract
Morality
Deontology
References
Philosophical movements and positions
Pye Engström

Pye Ester Agneta Engstrom (nee Nanneson; born 8 June 1928) is a Swedish sculptor. She was born in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden. Engstrom studied at the Konstfack (1945-48), Royal Institute of Art (1945-48) and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1948-53). She has been married to writer Clas Engstrom since 1951.
References
1928 births
Living people
Sculptors
Swedish artists
I²C

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), pronounced I-squared-C, is a kind of computer bus for connecting integrated circuits and processors. It was invented in 1982 by Philips Semiconductor (which is now NXP Semiconductors).
Computer buses
Rio Branco

Rio Branco is a Brazilian city and capital of the state of Acre. About 306,000 people live there. It had an area of 9,223 km2.
Cities in Brazil
Municipalities in Acre (state)
Capitals of Brazilian states
Yvonne Strahovski

Yvonne Jaqueline Strzechowski (born 30 July 1982), better known by the stage name Yvonne Strahovski, is an Australian actress. She is best known for playing CIA agent Sarah Walker in the NBC television series Chuck from 2007 until 2012. She also appeared as Hannah McKay in the Showtime series Dexter from 2012 until 2013. Her movie roles include Killer Elite (2011), The Guilt Trip (2013) and I, Frankenstein (2014). She also played Miranda Lawson in the Mass Effect video games and CIA agent Kate Morgan in 24: Live Another Day.
Strahovski was born in Werrington Downs, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. Her parents are Polish immigrants from Tomaszow Mazowiecki. She speaks both English and Polish. She is also a supporter of PETA.
References
Other websites
1982 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Wittnau, Aargau

Wittnau is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
References
Municipalities of Aargau
LSD: Dream Emulator

LSD: Dream Emulator is a video game made for the first PlayStation. The video game was released in Japan during the year 1998 and it is a hard to get this video game with a small number of copies made. The game was made by Osamu Sato in the year 1998. He also made other video games, but they are also hard to get. The game was inspired by a dream diary that was written by a woman called Hiroko Nishikawa, she worked in a company called Asmik Ace Entertainment. This game can only be played by one person.
PlayStation games
1998 video games
Chalybeate

Chalybeate is a mineral water which contains iron. The name comes from the latin word for steel. During the 17th and 18th century, people believed Chalybeate had health benefits. It does not. Chalybeate contains pitiful amounts of iron, and is not used as a source of iron.
Iron
Battle of Long Island

The Battle of Long Island was a major battle in the American war of independence. It is also known as the Battle of Brooklyn or the Battle of Brooklyn Heights. The battle which was fought on August 27, 1776, was a major victory for the British and defeat for the Americans under General George Washington. It was the start of a successful British campaign that gave the British control of the strategically important city of New York. In the American Revolutionary War it was the first major battle to take place after the United States declared independence in July, 1776. In terms of soldiers, it was the largest battle of the entire conflict.
General George Washington, Commander-in-Chief had defeated the British in the Siege of Boston on March 17, 1776. Washington then used the Continental Army to defend the port city of New York. At that time, New York City was only at the southern end of Manhattan Island. Washington understood that the city's harbor would provide an excellent base for the British Navy during the campaign. For this reason, he established defenses there and waited for the British to attack.
The British were commanded by General William Howe. In July his force landed a few miles across the harbor on sparsely-populated Staten Island. Over the next few months, new ships slowly reinforced their position in Lower New York Harbor. In August there were 32,000 soldiers, and the British controlled the entrance of the harbor at The Narrows. Washington knew that it would be difficult to hold the city against such a force. He believed Manhattan would be the first target and he moved most of his forces there.
On August 22, the British landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County, across The Narrows from Staten Island, more than 12 miles (20 km) south from the East River crossings to Manhattan. Washington brought some of his troops to northern Kings County, expecting to fight only part of the attacking army.
After five days of waiting, the British attacked American defenses. Unknown to the Americans, however, Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after. The Americans panicked, although a stand by 400 Maryland troops prevented most of the army from being captured. The remainder of the army fled to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights. The British dug in for a siege but, on the night of August 29-30, Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of materiel or a single life. Washington and the Continental Army were driven out of New York entirely after the battle of Fort Washington and other defeats, and forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania.
References
Long Island
1776 in New York (state)
August events
Sophora macnabiana

Sophora macnabiana is the scientific name derived from Edwardsia macnabiana, a tree formerly described from cultivated material
Indeed it is suitable for gardens, with showy flowers, numerous leaflets and tender pods.
Native from central Chile, and Gough Island, also disseminated as ornamental in New Zealand, where challenges with S.tetraptera, the local Large-leaved Kowhai.
References
Related pages
Wace NM 1961. The vegetation of Gough Island. Ecological Monographs, 31, 337-367
Faboideae
Brasso, Trinidad and Tobago

Brasso is a city in Trinidad and Tobago. It is in the Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo region.
Cities in the Caribbean
Settlements in Trinidad and Tobago
Smiley Smile

Smiley Smile is the twelfth studio album by The Beach Boys. It was released in 1967.
The Beach Boys albums
1967 albums
Rock albums
Pop albums
Capitol Records albums
Bandleader

A bandleader is the leader of a group of musicians. Bandleaders often lead large groups that play genres like big band, jazz, blues, rhythm and blues and rock and roll. The bandleader directs the other musicians in the group. Bandleaders often perform in their groups as well. Sometimes bands are named after their bandleaders.
American bandleaders
British bandleaders
Italian bandleaders
Pippo Barzizza
Renato Carosone
Gorni Kramer
Mantovani
Augusto Martelli
Pino Presti
Swedish bandleaders
Helmut Jederknuller - drums
Yngwie J. Malmsteen - guitar
Dutch bandleaders
Michiel Borstlap
Michiel Braam
Willem Breuker - trumpet
Jack Coenen - trombone, leading the Jack Million Band, specialized in the music of Glenn Miller
Tonny Eijk
Pim Jacobs
Erik van der Luijt
Malando - violin
Rogier van Otterloo
Andre Rieu -- violin
Cees Schrama -- keyboards
Joop Stokkermans - piano
Lajos Veres - multi-instrumentalist, mostly violin
German bandleaders
Peter Herbolzheimer
Bert Kaempfert
James Last - double bass
Max Raabe - singer
Uli Jon Roth - guitar
Michael Schenker - guitar
French bandleaders
Raymond Lefevre
Paul Mauriat
Franck Pourcel
Belgian bandleaders
Francis Bay
Jack Coenen - trombone, leading the Jack Million Band, specialized in the music of Glenn Miller
Argentine bandleaders
Waldo de los Rios
Japanese bandleaders
Gackt
Keisuke Kuwata - guitar multi-instrumentalist
Miyavi - guitar, gigpig, shamisen, sitar, turntables, wadaiko
Toshiko Akiyoshi - piano
Yoshiki Hayashi - piano, drums
Australian bandleaders
Stuart Lang - cornet
Mark "Slim" Roberts - cornet, trumpet
Entertainment occupations
Alan Smith

Alan Smith (born 28 October 1980) is an English footballer. He plays for Newcastle United.
Club career statistics
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="6"|Leeds United||rowspan="6"|Premier League||22||7||4||2||0||0||0||0||26||9
|-
|1999/00||26||4||3||1||1||0||8||1||38||6
|-
|2000/01||33||11||2||0||1||0||16||7||52||18
|-
|2001/02||22||4||1||0||2||0||5||1||30||5
|-
|2002/03||33||3||4||1||0||0||6||5||44||10
|-
|2003/04||34||9||1||0||2||0||0||0||39||9
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Manchester United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||31||6||3||0||2||1||5||2||41||9
|-
|2005/06||21||1||2||0||2||0||8||0||33||1
|-
|2006/07||9||0||3||0||2||0||4||1||18||1
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Newcastle United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||33||0||2||0||2||0||0||0||37||0
|-
|2008/09||6||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
270||45||25||4||13||1||52||17||360||67
270||45||25||4||13||1||52||17||360||67
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||3||1
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
!Total||19||1
|}
References
1980 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Leeds
Repas de bébé

Repas de bebe is a 1895 French silent movie directed by Louis Lumiere and stars Andree Lumiere, Auguste Lumiere, and Marguerite Lumiere.
Actors
Andree Lumiere as Herself, 'Bebe' (Born in 1894).
Auguste Lumiere as Himself
Marguerite Lumiere as Herself
References
Other websites
French movies
1895 movies
French silent movies
Halldór Ásgrímsson

Halldor Asgrimsson (8 September 1947 - 18 May 2015) was the Prime Minister of Iceland. He became the leader of the Progressive Party in 1994. On September 15, 2004, he took over as Prime Minister from the Independence Party leader, David Oddsson. He resigned in 2009.
Halldor died from a heart attack at a Reykjavik hospital, aged 67.
References
1947 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Iceland
İzmir Province

Izmir Province is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in the Aegean Region, situated along the Aegean coast. Its capital is the city of Izmir, which has 11 districts out of 30 in total. To the west, it is surrounded by the Aegean Sea, and it encloses the Gulf of Izmir. Its area is 11,973 square kilometres (4,623 square miles), with a population of 4,425,789 in 2021. The population was 3,370,866 in 2000. Neighboring provinces are Balikesir to the north, Manisa to the east, and Aydin to the south.
Izmir Province
Jean Burns

Jean Ethel Burns (December 1919 - 25 May 2019) was an Australian aviatrix. She was the first Australian woman to parachute from an aeroplane over Australia. She also held the title of being the youngest female pilot in Australia for 15 years, between 1937 and 1952. She was born in the inner Melbourne, Victoria suburb of Brunswick East.
Burns died on 25 May 2019, at the age of 99.
References
1919 births
2019 deaths
Aviators
People from Melbourne
Clinical psychology

Clinical psychology is the study in psychology of mental disorders. It is about learning, understanding, diagnosing, treating or preventing these types of illnesses. Clinical psychologists examine the mental functioning of a person and use psychotherapy to treat the disorder. Psychotherapy uses talking instead of medical or physical treatments.
The first psychological clinic opened in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer.In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology mainly about psychological assessment, not treatment. After World War II, there was a big increase in the numbers of trained clinical psychologists. There are two main educational models - the Ph.D. scientist-practitioner model which looks at research, and the Psy.D. practitioner-scholar model which looks at treatment. Clinical psychologists are now regarded as experts in psychotherapy.
Four main schools
Clinical psychologists generally train in one of four primary academic areas - psychodynamic, humanistic, behavior therapy/cognitive behavioral, and systems or family therapy.
Psychodynamic
Sigmund Freud's ideas led to the development of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Its goal is to help the patient, or client, to understand the meaning of the unconscious desires and conflicts that have caused their problems.
Humanistic
Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviourism (the belief that conditioning is the main cause of human behavior) and psychoanalysis (the belief that the unconscious is the main cause of human behavior).
The major principles of humanistic psychology are:
A person's present is more important than his past or future
People must take responsibility for their actions to be mentally healthy
Every person deserves basic human dignity
Self-improvement and self-understanding is the key to happiness
References
Branches of psychology
Dana Boente

Dana James Boente (, ; born February 7, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Acting Attorney General of the United States from January 30, 2017 until February 9, 2017. He served as the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia from September 2013 to January 2018.
References
1954 births
Living people
United States Attorneys General
Lawyers from Illinois
Politicians from Illinois
Politicians from Virginia
Lawyers from Virginia
Yuzuru Nozu

Yuzuru Nozu (12 March 1899 - 27 August 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
References
1899 births
1983 deaths
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
People from Hiroshima
Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)

"Perfect" is a song written and recorded by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released on November 24, 2017, as the fourth single from his album, /. The song reached as high as number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. The following week, Sheeran re-released the song as a duet with American singer Beyonce, who sings the second verse from a female perspective.
The duet version has reached number one in both the US and UK. It became Sheeran's second American chart-topper and Beyonce's sixth as a solo artist (tenth including songs with Destiny's Child).
References
Beyonce songs
Ed Sheeran songs
2017 songs
2010s ballads
Tasmanian devil

The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is a meat eating mammal. It is a marsupial, which means it has a small pouch to carry its babies. It is the largest meat eating marsupial in the world. It is nocturnal, which means it sleeps during the day and is awake during the night. Tasmanian devils now live only in Tasmania, an island state of Australia.
The devil is the same size as a small dog with a wide head and a short tail. Male devils can weigh 12 kg and be 30 cm tall. It has black fur and makes a loud and very scary screeching noise. It will hunt other animals and also feed on dead animals. The devil has strong teeth and jaws and will eat all its prey, even bones and fur.
The Tasmanian devil became extinct on the Australian mainland about 3,000 years ago - before European settlement in 1788. They were hunted in Tasmania. In the 1930s the Van Dieman's Land Company offered 25 cents for each male and 35 cents for each female killed. In 1941 they became officially protected.
Disease
In 1996 the devils began to get very sick and then die with large tumours on their faces. Devil facial tumour disease has greatly reduced the number of devils and now threatens their survival. In some areas 85% of devils have been found with the disease. In the places where the tumours were seen first, devil numbers have dropped by 95%. The tumour is spread by biting. Because the devils are all closely related (not enough genetic diversity), the tumour cells are not seen as new; so the devil's immune system does not fight it. In May 2008 the Tasmanian devil was listed as endangered. Programs are being tried by the Tasmanian government to reduce the impact of the disease. About 60 devils without the disease have been captured and are to be kept as a tumour free group for rebreeding. Scientists have been looking at ways to give the devils immunity but so far this has not worked.
New research is showing the devils are having babies earlier, they use to breed at two years, but now are breeding at one year old. Devils used to have babies every year for three years, but they are now dying before they can produce a second litter (family).
Genetics
The devils have a low genetic diversity which is consistent with a 'founder effect'. What this means is: a small number colonised Tasmania from Australia at some stage. So their genetic variety was much less than the parent population. Disease like the present may have happened before, and reduced the population to a small number. These events are called 'population bottlenecks'. A small population which carries less variation is always vulnerable to extinction, because none of the animals may be resistant to the infection.
Its genome was sequenced in 2010 by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. There is some hope for their survival because, since 2005, three females have been found that are partially resistant to the disease.
Images
References
Other websites
The Aussie Devil Ark Conservation Project
Dasyuromorphia
Marsupials of Australia
Armando Merodio

Armando Merodio Pesquera (23 August 1935 - 21 June 2018) was a Spanish retired footballer. He was born in Barcelona. He played as a striker. He was known for playing with Athletic Bilbao from 1958 to 1963.
Merodio died on 21 June 2018 from congestive heart failure in Barcelona, aged 82.
References
Other websites
1935 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Spanish footballers
Tommy Cooper

Thomas Frederick "Tommy" Cooper (19 March 1921 - 15 April 1984) was a British prop comedian and magician. He was famous for wearing a red fez, his large build and failing magic tricks as part of his comedy. He was actually a skilled magician and was a member of The Magic Circle.
Cooper was born in Caerphilly, Glamorgan, Wales. He was married to Gwen Henty from 1947 until his death. They had two children, daughter Victoria and son Thomas (1956-1988), who became an actor.
Cooper died due to a heart attack on 15 April 1984 at Her Majesty's Theatre in London. He was 63. He was performing as part of his comedy routine on live television when he slumped to the ground because of the heart attack. He died shortly after.
References
Other websites
Tommy Cooper at Biography Online
1921 births
1984 deaths
British stand-up comedians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
British magicians
Welsh entertainers
The Woman Inside

The Woman Inside is a 1981 Canadian American drama movie directed by Joseph Van Winkle and starring Gloria Manon, Leo Koppen, Dane Clark, Joan Blondell, Michael Champion. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1981 drama movies
American drama movies
Canadian drama movies
List of entries in the Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision entries
This is a list of all the artists and songs that have competed in the Eurovision Song Contest semi-finals and grand finals from 1956 to 2021.
Withdrawn entries
This list presents all the cases when a country withdrew or was disqualified from the contest.
Native language versions
This list presents versions of the entries recorded in the official languages that were not used in the contest performance of the represented country.
References
entries
Music-related lists
Sundsvall Bridge

The Sundsvall Bridge () is a bridge located in Sundsvall in Sweden. The bridge crosses the Bay of Sundsvall, and creates a bypass past the town. The road on the bridge is a motorway, which is a part of European route E4.
The bridge is long. It was opened for traffic 18 December 2014.
References
Bridges in Sweden
Sundsvall
Mojibake

is the name for incorrect, unreadable characters shown when computer software fails to show text correctly. When using computers, text is encoded using a character encoding. In transfer, each character is replaced by its position (or number) in the encoding. To display the character again, the position is again replaced by the character. When the original encoding is not specified, a different character may be used when the number is again replaced with the character for display. Unicode was introduced to solve this problem: UTF-8 is able to encode most common characters in 2 bytes.
Before Unicode was introduced, other character encodings were used. As an example, ISO-8859 contains 15 different encodings. These are the same for the characters commonly used in English. They have several "blocks" of "special characters", which are filed differently for each encoding.
Origin of the word
Mojibake is a Japanese word. The word Wen Zi Hua ke () is composed of two parts. Wen Zi (moji) means letter, character. Hua ke (bake), from the verb Hua keru (bakeru), means to appear in disguise, to take the form of, to change for the worse. Literally, it means "character mutation".
References
Computer science
Encodings
Hurricane Opal

Hurricane Opal was a major hurricane that formed in the Gulf of Mexico in September 1995.
Opal was the 9th hurricane of the highly active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Opal was the strongest hurricane of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. It crossed the Yucatan Peninsula while still a tropical depression from September 27, then strengthened northward in the Gulf, becoming the most powerful Category 4 Atlantic hurricane before making a second landfall, October 4, in the Florida Panhandle near Pensacola as a 125-mph (201-km/h) hurricane. Opal devastated the Pensacola/Panhandle area with a 15-ft (5-m) storm surge and travelled up the entire state of Alabama, becoming a tropical storm in Tennessee. Opal also caused heavy damage in the mid-Atlantic states before dissipating.
Afterward, 50 people had died from flooding by Opal in Guatemala and Mexico, with another 13 deaths in the United States directly or indirectly related to Opal. Preliminary damage estimates were $3 billion.
Meteorological history
The beginning of this storm started from a tropical wave that moved off of Africa on September 11. It disappeared into a low pressure while in the Caribbean Sea several days later. The wave was found again on September 27 and was good enough to become Tropical Depression Eighteen. Tropical Depression Eighteen made landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula shortly afterword. On September 30 Tropical Depression Eighteen strengthened into Tropical Storm Opal. Tropical Storm Opal continued west until October 2. On October 2 it turned northeast and strengthened into Hurricane Opal. After that Hurricane Opal strengthened fast and reached it's top winds of 150 mph (making it a category 4) on October 4, only two days after becoming a hurricane. Hurricane Opal continued northeast and weakened a little and made its last landfall in Santa Rosa Island, Florida on October 4 while a category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Opal became a tropical storm over central Alabama and did not weaken to a tropical depression till it was in Tennessee. Tropical Depression Opal became extratropical over the Ohio River Valley on October 5th.
Retirement
The name "Opal" was retired in the spring of 1996. In 2001, the name "Olga" was used instead, Olga was also used in 2007, and could be used in 2013.
Related pages
1995 Atlantic hurricane season
References
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in the United States
1995 Atlantic hurricane season
1995 in Florida
History of Guatemala
1995 in Mexico
1990s in Alabama
1990s in Georgia (U.S. state)
Hurricanes in Florida
September events
October events
Government shutdown in the United States

In the United States, a government shutdown is a partial shutdown of some government services. It is not complete anarchy - essential services such as police remain active. The most recent shutdown occurred on January 20, 2018 through January 22, 2018 caused by disputes in immigration and child healthcare.
Government of the United States
Saint-Hilaire, Allier

Saint-Hilaire is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France. In 1999 there was 567 peoples.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Angle

When two straight lines come together, they make an angle. The two lines are called the sides of the angle, and they meet at a point. A flat surface (called a plane) also forms an angle when it meets another.
To represent an angle, Greek letters such as (alpha), (beta), (gamma) and (theta) are sometimes used. An angle indicates the space between its sides, or the amount of rotation needed to make one side coincide the other.
To measure the size of an angle, we use units called degrees. A degree is a standard unit and we use the symbol deg after a number to show that it is a number of degrees. We can use a decimal number or a fraction for part of a degree, but a degree can also be divided into 60 minutes (1deg = 60'), and a minute can be divided into 60 seconds (1' = 60"). So 22.5deg, 22deg and 22deg 30' are all the same angle.
In mathematics, angles can also be (and often are) measured in radians instead of degrees, by using the conversion factor (for example, ). Yet another unit of angle is gradian, with .
Angles are studied in geometry, where an angle where edges meet is often called a vertex. For example, the three sides of a triangle are its edges and two of the edges meet at each vertex. Similarly, two of the six sides (or faces) of a cube meet at each of its twelve edges, and three edges meet at each of its eight corners (or vertices, which is the plural version of vertex).
Types of angles
Individual angles
In a zero angle the lines lie one upon the other thus creating a 0deg angle aka the zero angle.
An angle measuring greater (wider) than 0deg but less (narrower) than 90deg is called an acute angle.
An angle 90deg wide is called a right angle.
An angle more than 90deg but less than 180deg is called an obtuse angle.
An angle that measures 180deg is called a straight angle.
An angle wider than 180deg and narrower than 360deg is called a reflex angle.
An angle that has a made or full circle/completed 360deg is called a full or complete angle.
Special angle pairs
In geometry, there are pairs angles having a special relationship with each other, making them interesting and convenient.There is a pair of angles called complementary angles to which the sum of their measure (wideness) is equal to one right angle (which is equal to turn, 90deg, or radians). Supplementary angles are also two angles, this time their combined measure is a straight angle ( turn, 180deg, or radians). Two angles that total to a full angle ( turn, 360deg, or radians) are referred to as explementary or conjugate angles.
Related pages
Sun angle
References
Basic English 850 words
Emperor Seinei

was the 22nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Seinei to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Seinei-tenno was created for him posthumously by later generations.
No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.
Traditional history
According to Kojiki and Nihonshoki, Seinei was a son of Emperor Yuryaku.
Seinei fathered no children. He adopted two grandsons of Emperor Richu. Each would attain the throne; and they would become known as Emperor Ninken and as Emperor Kenzo
Events of Seinei's life
Very little is known about the events of Seinei's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.
After the death of his father, Seinei overcame others in the struggle for power.
After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Seinei.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.
Related pages
Emperor of Japan
List of emperors of Japan
Japanese imperial family tree
Kofun period
References
Emperors of Japan
Beatriz Yamamoto Cázarez

Beatriz Eugenia Yamamoto Cazarez (22 September 1957 - 8 February 2021) was a Mexican politician. She was a member of the PAN. She was Deputy representing Guanajuato from 2012 until his death.
Yamamoto Cazarez died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico on 8 February 2021, aged 63.
References
1957 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico
Mexican politicians
Heather Harper

Heather Mary Harper (8 May 1930 - 22 April 2019) was a Northern Irish opera soprano. She first became known in 1954 for Medea at the Oxford University Opera Club. From 1956 to 1975, she was a member of the English Opera Group. She later became noted for her performances of Elsa in Strauss's Arabella, Ellen Orford in Britten's Peter Grimes and as the Governess in Britten's The Turn of the Screw. She retired in 1994.
Harper was born in Belfast. She studied at the Trinity College of Music in London. She died on 22 April 2019, at the age of 88.
References
1930 births
2019 deaths
British singers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Belfast
British opera singers
Sopranos
Holden, Missouri

Holden is a city in Johnson County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri
War Machine

War Machine (James Rupert "Rhodey" Rhodes) is a superhero. He appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
Portrayal
In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), James Rhodes was first played by Terrence Howard in Iron Man (2008). This takes place before he took on the War Machine mantle.
Then it was played by Don Cheadle in Iron Man 2 (2010), Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Captain Marvel (2019), Avengers: Endgame (2019), the television series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021) and Secret Invasion (2023), the animated series What If...? (2021) and the upcoming movie Armor Wars.
Other websites
World of Black Heroes: War Machine Biography
War Machine at Marvel.com
Marvel Comics superheroes
Avengers (comics) characters
Matsukata Kojiro

was a Japanese businessman and art collector. His collection of French art is the core of Japan's National Museum of Western Art (NMWA) in Ueno, central Tokyo.
Background
Matsukata was the son of Matsukata Masayoshi who was a Prime Minister of Japan during the Meiji Period.
Career
Matsukata became president of Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company (Kawasaki Shozo) in 1896.
Art collecting
Masukata bought thousands of Western paintings and sculpture including Auguste Rodin's "The Thinker" and "Gates of Hell." The Rodin sculptures in the NMWA entrance plaza were made from the same original casting as at the Rodin Museum in France. In fact, Matsukata actually paid for the best Rodin castings in France today.
Some works collected by Matsukata are today in the French national collection of art.
Matsukata's art collection was first seen by the Japanese public in 1959.
References
Other websites
National Museum of Western Art website
Japanese people
1865 births
1950 deaths
Cesny-aux-Vignes

Cesny-aux-Vignes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Caloocan

Caloocan is one of the cities of Metro Manila in the Philippines. Caloocan is north of Manila. It is the third most populous city in the Philippines with 1,489,040 people as of 2010.
References
Other websites
Cities in the Philippines
Metro Manila
1962 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in the Philippines
John Updike

John Updike (March 18, 1932 - January 27, 2009) was an American author of works including Rabbit, Run and Couples. He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. He died of lung cancer in Danvers, Massachusetts in January 2009.
1932 births
2009 deaths
American Christians
American novelists
American poets
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Pennsylvania
O. Henry Award winners
Veritas (mythology)

In Roman mythology, Veritas, meaning truth, is the goddess of truth, a daughter of Chronos, the God of Time (who has been identified with Saturn-Cronus, perhaps first by Plutarch), and the mother of Virtus. She is also sometimes considered the daughter of Zeus.
Roman gods and goddesses
Dance Mode!

Dance Mode! is the second soundtrack album with music from the Australian TV show Bluey. It was released by Demon Records. It released on April 21, 2023. It was composed by Joff Bush, who also made the songs for the TV show.
Song list
Charts
References
2023 albums