pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Barilla (company)

Barilla Group is a large Italian food company that makes pasta. They are the world's leading pasta maker. Barilla also provides pasta products to restaurants worldwide. They are the leading seller of bakery products in Italy. By purchasing the Swedish bakery company Wasabrod, they became the leading producer of flatbread in the world.
History
The company was founded in 1877 in Ponte Taro, Italy by Pietro Barilla. The company is privately held, and is now in the fourth generation of Barilla family ownership. It is controlled by three brothers, Chairman Guido Barilla, and Vice Chairmen Luca Barilla and Paolo Barilla.
Company
Barilla Group has many production plants all over the world. These are in Italy, Greece, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, the United States and Mexico. The company also operates mills in Italy, Greece, Sweden, Turkey, and the US, while its central office is in Parma, Italy. Barilla Group controls Barilla (multinational pasta maker), Mulino Bianco, Gran Cereale, Pan di Stelle, Pavesi, Voiello, First and Academia Barilla (Italy), Harrys (France), Catelli (Canada), Wasabrod (Sweden), Pasta Evangelists (United Kingdom), MISKO (Greece), Filiz Makarna (Turkey), Yemina and Vesta (Mexico) trademarks. The wheat used to make the final product is purchased from around the world.
Controversy
In 2013 the owner of Barilla, Guido Barilla, made controversial remarks about being for traditional family values and not gays. In a few hours Twitter had hundreds of messages protesting the company. This made the brand Barilla one of the top topics. Many messages called for a boycott of all the company's products. Guido later apologized by saying, "I apologise if my words generated misunderstandings or arguments, or if they offended the sensibilities of some people. In the interview I simply wished to underline the central role the woman plays within the family."
In November of 2013 the Barilla Group announced they would start a "more active, global leadership position on diversity, inclusion and social responsibility." This included creating a board of experts to advise Barilla on these sensitive issues. Barilla also created of a new position in the company, a Chief Diversity Officer.
References
Other websites
Pasta maker Barilla tries to make amends... NYDailyNews.com
1877 establishments in Europe
Food companies of Italy
19th-century establishments in Italy
Clairet

Clairet is a type of French red wine. It is also known as Bordeaux after its region of appellation d'origine controlee. This is the French system which certifies where food and drink comes from.
History
The wine from Bordeaux was a dark rose spiced drink in the Middle Ages. That's why it was called "claret", from the French clairet. It changed to the present dry dark red in the 18th century.
Crisis
The wine industry in Bordeaux has economic problems. It faces fierce competition from New World wines. Also, the French drink less wine nowadays.
In 2004, exports to the U.S. dropped 59% in value over the previous year. Sales in Britain dropped 33% in value during the same period. The UK, a major market, now imports more wine from Australia than from France. Chilean red wine is also extremely popular now.
Probably there is no single reason for these changes. Bordeaux wines are almost always blends from two or more types of vine. Many New World wines are single vine strains such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Syrah (Shiraz), and the white wine grapes Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Bottles labelled by type of grape (and so by taste) has caught on with the public. Also, the cheaper French wines are much more expensive when exported. All wines and spirits into countries like the UK are heavily taxed. A cheap French (or Spanish or Italian) wine which might sell in at home fore under PS1, will sell for PS4 or more in the UK. Customers have evidently decided that wine from elsewhere is a better deal.
The situation is quite different for sophisticated Bordeaux wines. The Waitrose wine list for 2015/16 lists 11 red Bordeaux wines which sell for over PS100 a bottle, and the top prices are:
Chateau Lafite Rothschild 2007 Pauillac Premier Cru Classe: PS750 per bottle
Chateau Mouton Rothschild 2009 Pauillac Premier Grand Cru Classe: PS900 per bottle.
Notes
French wines
Climax, Kansas

Climax is a city in Greenwood County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 72 people lived there.
History
Climax was created in 1884. It was named after its elevation, or Climax College in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Geography
Climax is at (37.720155, -96.223888). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.
People
2010 census
The 2010 census shows that there were 72 people, 28 households, and 23 families living in Climax. The population density was . There were 39 housing units at an average density of . The people were 98.6% White and 1.4% from two or more races.
There were 28 households, of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.4% were married couples living together, 3.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 17.9% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.87.
The median age in the city was 48.5 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.5% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 31.9% were 65 years of age or older. The people were 47.2% male and 52.8% female.
Education
The community is served by Eureka USD 389 public school district.
Climax High School was closed through school unification. The Climax High School mascot was Bulldogs.
Related pages
Fall River Lake and Fall River State Park
References
More reading
Other websites
Climax - Directory of Public Officials
Climax City Map, KDOT
Cities in Greenwood County, Kansas
1884 establishments in Kansas
Wanda Jackson

Wanda Lavonne Jackson (born October 20, 1937) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist and guitarist. She became popular in the mid-1950s and 1960s as one of the first popular female rockabilly singers. She is known to many as the "Queen of Rockabilly" or the "First Lady of Rockabilly". Her best known works were "Tears Will Be the Chaser for Your Wine", "A Woman Lives for Love" and "Fancy Satin Pillows".
In 2009, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the category Early Influence.
References
1937 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American country guitarists
American pianists
Singers from Oklahoma
Musicians from Oklahoma
Fieldon, Illinois

Fieldon is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Villages in Illinois
List of cities in Vietnam

This is a list of cities in Vietnam.
Centrally-controlled municipalities
There are five centrally-controlled municipalities in Vietnam.
Provincial municipalities
Here is a list of provincial municipalities (thanh pho truc thuoc tinh) in Vietnam.
References
Vietnam, List of cities in
Vietnam
city
Field (physics)

In physics, a field means that a physical quantity is assigned to every point in space (or, more generally, spacetime). A field is seen as extending throughout a large region of space so that it influences everything. The strength of a field usually varies over a region. Michael Faraday became the first to coin the term "field", in 1849.
For some fields, there is a number for each point in space. They are called scalar fields. For more complicated fields, there are more than one number for each point in space. They are called vector fields or tensor fields. For example, one can model a gravitational field by a vector field where a vector indicates the acceleration a mass would experience at each point in space. Other examples are temperature fields or air pressure fields, which are often illustrated on weather reports by isotherms and isobars by joining up the points of equal temperature or pressure respectively.
Types of fields
Classical fields
Newtonian gravitation: describes the gravitational force as a mutual interaction between two masses.
Electromagnetism: electric and magnetic fields are not only fields of force which dictate the motion of particles, but also have an independent physical reality because they carry energy.
Gravitation in general relativity: this is Einstein's theory of gravity.
Waves as fields
Quantum fields
It is now believed that quantum mechanics should underlie all physical phenomena.
Field theory
A field theory is a physical theory that describes how one or more physical fields interact with matter.
Related pages
Elasticity
Fluid dynamics
General relativity
Maxwell's equations
Particle physics
References
Landau, Lev D. and Lifshitz, Evgeny M. 1971. Classical theory of fields. 3rd ed, London: Pergamon. Vol. 2 of the Course of Theoretical Physics.
Basic physics ideas
Electoral district of Heathcote

Heathcote is an electoral district of New South Wales. It was created in 1971, abolished in 1991 and recreated in 1999.
Heathcote is in the outer suburbs of Sydney and also includes parts of Wollongong.
Election results
References
Heathcote
2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season is an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no real bounds, but cyclones usually form between April and November, with the highest amount of storms in May and October.
There has been one tropical cyclone so far in the season, Cyclone Amphan. It was the strongest cyclone since 2007.
2020 in weather
North Indian Ocean cyclones
The King of Kings

The King of Kings is a 1927 silent movie. It was directed by Cecil B. DeMille. It is a religious movie about the last weeks of Jesus before his crucifixion. H. B. Warner starred as Jesus. One of the last sequences of the movie, the Resurrection, is in Technicolor. A giant gate built for this movie was later used in King Kong in 1933. The same gate was one of the sets torched for the "burning of Atlanta" scene in 1939 in Gone with the Wind. The King of Kings was the first movie that premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles, California. The date was May 18, 1927.
Other websites
The King of Kings at TCM Database
Criterion Collection essay by Peter Matthews
1927 movies
1920s biographical movies
1920s epic movies
1920s family movies
American silent movies
American epic movies
Movies directed by Cecil B. DeMille
Movies about religion
Treason

Treason is when a person acts against his/ her country. For example, somebody might help another country fight a war against or loot his country by keeping secrets or failing to protect his country. In history, treason has often included the assassination of leaders. Treason against the king was called high treason and treason against a lesser role was called petty treason. A treasonous person is called a traitor.
Outside the field of law, the word "traitor" can be used to describe a person who betrays a group to which he or she belongs. These accusations can often be unclear when the accused do not consider themselves to be in the group.
Some famous traitors are Judas Iscariot, Marcus Junius Brutus, Benedict Arnold, Philippe Petain, La Malinche and Vidkun Quisling.
Persons accused of treason can be many. During the Reign of Terror many thousands were executed as traitors. After World War II many thousands of Soviet soldiers who had been prisoners of war were immediately sent to Gulag as traitors.
In different countries
Australia
Section 80.1 of the Criminal Code in the schedule of the Australian Criminal Code Act 1995 defines treason. A person is not guilty of treason if his help is purely humanitarian.
The only appropriate punishment for treason is life in prison.
Canada
Section 46 of the Criminal Code defines two types of treason. They are "treason" and "high treason". It is also illegal for any Canadian citizen to do anything defined in the code outside Canada.
High treason is punished by life in prison. Treason is punished by life in prison at most, or up to 14 years in prison.
New Zealand
New Zealand has treason laws that are stated under Section 73 of the Crimes Act 1961. The punishment is life in prison, except for conspiracy. The punishment for conspiracy is 14 years at most. Treason was the last crime to be punished by death in New Zealand.
Very few people have been prosecuted for treason in New Zealand.
United States
Treason is defined in the United States Constitution in Article III, Section 3. However, Congress has made laws that punish other actions that hurt national security. Some examples are the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts, or the 1917 Espionage Act.
The punishment for treason in the United States is death or at least five years in prison, and at least a $10,000 fine. In addition, traitors cannot hold any office in the United States.
Japan
Japan per se does not have a law of treason. Instead it has an separated offence against be involved in foreign aggression (this can be since from invasion to espionage) against the State of Japan (; literally "crime of foreign mischief").
Both Japanese and non-Japanese nationals can be equally convicted of said offence.
The Empire of Japan used to have a crime similar to the one of "high treason" in English-language countries (). This law was abolished with the American occupation of the country after World War II.
References
Types of crime
Piermont, New York

Piermont is a village in Rockland County, New York, United States. Piermont is in the town of Orangetown. The population was 2,510 at the 2010 census.
References
Villages in New York (state)
Gary Collins

Gary Ennis Collins (April 30, 1938 - October 13, 2012) was an American movie, television, radio, stage, voice actor, and television host. He is known for his roles in The Sixth Sense, Angel in my Pocket, The Wackiest Ship in the Army, Born Free, Hangar 18, and in The Home Show. He is also known for being the host of Miss America from 1982 through 1990. He has won an Emmy Award for Best Television Host in 1983.
Collins guest-starred on dozens of television shows since the 1960s, including Perry Mason, The Virginian, Hawaii Five-O, The Six Million Dollar Man, The Love Boat, Charlie's Angels, Friends, and JAG.
Collins was born on April 30, 1938 in Venice, California. Collins was raised in Biloxi, Mississippi. He studied at Santa Monica City College. He was married to Susan Lechman from 1964 until they divorced in 1967. Then he was married to Mary Ann Mobley from 1967 until his death in 2012. Collins died on the morning of October 13, 2012 in Biloxi, Mississippi from natural causes, aged 74.
References
Other websites
1938 births
2012 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Television personalities from California
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Mississippi
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Biloxi, Mississippi
Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, 11.2um in width and 3-5um in length. It is the agent which causes anthrax.
Description
The bacillus lives in soils worldwide at moderate temperatures. It can be grown in aerobic or anaerobic conditions (it is a facultative anaerobe) in a medium with essential nutrients, including carbon and nitrogen sources. In 1877, this organism was the first to be shown to cause disease by Robert Koch and verified by Louis Pasteur.
Gram-positive bacteria
Richard Brick

Richard Michael Brick (September 20, 1945 - April 2, 2014) was an American movie producer, professor at Columbia University, and former Commissioner of New York City's Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting. He was born in New York City.
Brick died of esophageal cancer in New York City, aged 68.
References
Other websites
Richard Brick's official site
1945 births
2014 deaths
Movie producers from New York City
Columbia University faculty
The Essential Bruce Springsteen

The Essential Bruce Springsteen is a greatest hits album by American singer Bruce Springsteen. It was released on 11 November, 2003 through Columbia/Legacy. It went to number 14 in the United States and number 28 in the United Kingdom.
Track listings
2003 bonus disc
References
2003 albums
Bruce Springsteen albums
Columbia Records albums
Gert Timmerman

Gerrit "Gert" Timmerman (8 June 1935 in Oldenzaal - 28 October 2017 in Overdinkel) was a Dutch singer and musician from the Province of Overijssel. He was a baritone, and played the saxophone, the clarinet, the keyboard and the double bass.
His best known hits were "Nimm deine weisse Gitarre" (1963), "Ik heb eerbied voor jouw grijze haren" (1963), "Een moederhart, een gouden hart" (1964), "De schommelstoel" (1965), and "Brandend zand" (1970).
He married Hermien van der Weide (also from the Province of Overijssel) in 1963. As "Gert and Hermien" they were a very popular musical duo for many years.
Timmerman and his wife became Christians in 1974. After their conversion they started a Christian musical career but later on they returned to their previous career.
They divorced in 1999. He remarried another woman in 2002. Hermien died in 2003.
Gert died of pancreatic cancer in 2017, at the age of 82.
References
Other websites
1935 births
2017 deaths
Baritones
Bassists
Clarinetists
Converts to Christianity
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Dutch Protestants
Dutch singers
Keyboardists
Musicians from Overijssel
Saxophonists
Ahmad Mukhtar

Chaudhry Ahmad Mukhtar () (22 June 1946 - 25 November 2020) was a Pakistani politician and businessman. He was a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party. He was born in Lahore. From 2008 to 2012, he was the Minister of Defence. From 2012 to 2013, he was the Minister for Water and Power.
Mukhtar died on 25 November 2020 in Lahore, aged 74.
References
1946 births
2020 deaths
Pakistani businesspeople
Pakistani military people
Politicians from Lahore
Divine right of kings

The divine right of kings, was a political and religious doctrine. It meant that a monarch was given the right to rule by God alone. His authority could not be questioned because he ruled in God's name. It gave a king absolute rule over his subjects.
Beginnings
Pharaohs and some other ancient Kings were thought to actually be gods or descendants of gods. That concept went away when monotheism spread. A medieval principle held that God gave the right in to rule in secular matters to political rulers. God gave the right to rule over spiritual matters to the Pope as head of the Church. This has been called the 'doctrine of the two swords'. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor. From that time on the Emperor was the secular power while the Pope was the spiritual power. This concept began to break down prior to the First Crusade. Rather than have the Emperor provide the manpower for the crusade, the Pope called on the nobility of Europe directly.
Rise and fall
In England, Henry VIII broke free of the Catholic church and the authority of the Pope. By the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 Henry was both king and "Supreme Head" of the Church of England. Following the Protestant Reformation the theory of divine right gave the king absolute authority as God's representative on earth in both political and spiritual matters. It made him accountable to no one but God. James I of England in his speech to Parliament in 1609 said:
In France the theory had been considered from the 13th century. Although France remained Catholic, her kings gradually pulled away from papal rule. By the 16th century the king replaced the pope as supreme authority over the French church. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89 the divine rights theory was no longer popular in England. In France, kings including Louis XIV of France (1643-1715) continued the divine rights doctrine. That was until the French revolution in 1789. By the 19th century it no longer had any credibility.
China
The Chinese culture had a similar but older concept called the 'Mandate of Heaven'. A good ruler had the blessings of heaven. But one who ruled badly would cause the mandate to be removed. When the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949, they claimed the Mandate of Heaven from the people.
References
Other page
Theocracy
Other websites
J.P. Sommerville, Divine Right of Kings, University of Wisconsin
Divine Right of Kings, Spartacus Educational
Monarchy
Political systems
Religious ethics
FNMTV

FNMTV Premiers is a television program shown on MTV. The program is hosted by Pete Wentz of rock band Fall Out Boy. FNMTV is shown every Friday night. It shows all new never-before seen music videos and live performances. The program has had several famous guests including Lil Wayne, Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus, Rihanna, Maroon 5, and Katy Perry.
Other name results for FNMTV
Other possible name results for the title are FN'MTV, Friday Night MTV, Feedback New MTV, Feedback New Music Television, FN (standing for f***ing MTV) MTV, F'in MTV, or FN'MTV "Friday Night".
Music television series
MTV
Knock Down the House

Knock Down the House is a 2019 American documentary movie directed by Rachel Lears. It is about the primary campaigns of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Amy Vilela, Cori Bush and Paula Jean Swearengin, four progressive Democrats supported by Justice Democrats and Brand New Congress who ran for Congress in the 2018 midterm elections.
The movie had its world premiere at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2019, and it was released on May 1, 2019 by Netflix.
References
2019 movies
Netflix movies
2010s feminist movies
Sonoma County Transit

Sonoma County Transit is a public transportation system based in Sonoma County, California.
As the primary bus system with the county, the system operates lines to Petaluma, Santa Rosa, Cotati, Rohnert Park, Healdsburg, and Guerneville. It also runs one inter-county route to San Rafael in Marin County.
Cities and communities served
Sonoma County Transit is the primary bus system in the county. It operates to the following communities (listed by zones from south to north):
Sonoma Coast and Russian River:
Guerneville
Forestville
Bodega
Bodega Bay
Occidental
Rio Nido
Monte Rio
Central Sonoma County (Highway 101 corridor):
Petaluma
Cotati
Rohnert Park
Sebastopol
Santa Rosa
Windsor
Healdsburg
Geyserville
Asti
Cloverdale
Sonoma Valley:
Temelec
Sonoma
El Verano
Boyes Hot Springs
Agua Caliente
Glen Ellen
Kenwood
Oakmont
SCT also operates an inter-county route to San Rafael in Marin County. This route makes connections to Golden Gate Transit and Marin Transit services to San Francisco and the East Bay. It also connects within Marin County, as well as a route serving Sonoma County Airport north of Santa Rosa.
Bus transport in the United States
Transport in California
Companies based in California
Kenilworth, Illinois

Kenilworth is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is north of downtown Chicago. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 2,513. It is the newest of the nine suburban North Shore communities bordering Lake Michigan.
References
Suburbs of Chicago
Villages in Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Hani Mulki

Hani Fawzi Mulki (also known as Hani Mulki; ; ; born 15 October 1951) is a former Jordanian prime minister, born in Amman, the son of former Prime Minister Fawzi al-Mulki, the first prime minister under King Hussein. He assumed the presidency of the Jordanian government in two successive terms, the first from 1 June to 25 September 2016 and the second from 28 September 2016 to 14 June 2018, which are the 99th and 100th governments since the declaration of the independence of the Emirate of Transjordan. He submitted his resignation to the Jordanian king after a wave of strikes and demonstrations in the street because of his financial policies and his attempt to impose a new income tax law despite the street's rejection.
He was a former minister for several ministerial portfolios. He held the positions of Minister of Water and Irrigation, Minister of Supply, Minister of Energy, Minister of Industry and Trade, and Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2004. On November 7, 2019, a royal decree was issued appointing him as a member of the Senate, and he remains in the position.
Education
He holds a Bachelor's degree in Production Engineering from Cairo University in 1974. Then a Master's degree in Management Engineering from the United States of America in 1977. And a Ph.D. in Systems and Industry Engineering from the United States in 1979.
Political Life
Al-Mulqi was the head of the Jordanian Council in the Peace Negotiations between Jordan and the State of Israel 1994-1996. He was Jordan's ambassador to Cairo on two terms, the first (March 1, 2002 - October 24, 2004) and the second (June 1, 2008 - February 11, 2011). Then he became an advisor to King Abdullah II from April 7, 2005 until October 1, 2007.
1951 births
Ambassadors
Cairo University alumni
Government ministers
Living people
Prime Ministers of Jordan
St. Cloud, Florida

St. Cloud is a city in Osceola county Florida
History
St. Cloud was created in 1911.
Cities in Florida
Inquisition

The Inquisition was the legal agent of the Catholic Church against heresy in the Middle Ages. It did two main things. First, it issued a list (the Index) of published books banned because they contained heresy. The faithful were forbidden to read such books. Second, it prosecuted individuals thought guilty of heresy.
Later versions of the Inquisitions had the power to use torture or the threat of torture to get confessions and religious conversions. It had the power to order executions. The standard method was to burn heretics alive, or to strangle them in public. The actual deed was done by the civil authorities.
The full name of the Inquisition was the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith () of the Catholic Church. It developed in stages. The first permanent Inquisition was established in 1229. It was run by the Dominicans in Rome. In 1478 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile set up the Spanish Inquisition.
In 1542 Pope Paul III established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a tribunal staffed with cardinals and other officials. This version supervised the local Inquisitions in other countries, and also investigated important cases from Italy. The most famous case it tried was that of Galileo Galilei in 1633.
The word Inquisition comes from Latin quaerere. That means to turn, to ask a question.
Related pages
Giordano Bruno
Galileo Galilei
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Spanish Inquisition
References
Christianity of the Middle Ages
Catholicism
Courts (law)
Edinah Rotich

Edinah Rotich (born 27 March 1981) is a Kenyan volleyball player. She is part of the Kenyan women's national volleyball team. She competed at the 2007 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup, and 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
She played for Kenya Commercial Bank and Friends Volleyball Club.
References
1981 births
Living people
Kenyan volleyball players
Bob Holland

Robert George Holland (19 October 1946 - 17 September 2017) was an Australian cricketer. He was, because of his surname, nicknamed "Dutchy". He was born in Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
Holland, who spent the majority of his cricketing life in Newcastle, was a late bloomer, and his Test debut aged 38 made him the oldest Australian debutant in more than half a century. Holland was part of the team that won the Sheffield Shield in 1982-83, 1984-85 and 1985-86. Holland finished his first class career with a season with Wellington in New Zealand's domestic league.
In April 2017, Hollan was diagnosed with brain cancer. He later died from the disease on 17 September 2017 in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia at the age of 70.
References
Other websites
Cricinfo article on Bob Holland
HowSTAT! article
1946 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in Australia
Australian cricketers
Sportspeople from Newcastle, New South Wales
Tom Wills

Thomas Wentworth "Tom" Wills (19 August 1835 - 3 May 1880) was an Australian all-round sportsman who helped invent Australian Football and helped write the Laws of Australian Football.
Wills was born in south-east New South Wales, Australia either near Gundagai or Queanbeyan.
From the age of 14 he went to Rugby School in England. At school he played both rugby football and cricket very well. By his final year in England, he was captain of the Rugby XI and he was listed in Bells Sporting Life as being one of the most promising young cricketers in England.
In 1859, Wills was involved with others in creating a set of football rules that were like a cross between rugby, soccer and Gaelic football. He made up the game for cricketers to keep in shape during the off-season (winter). Wills had help from people who included his cousin Henry Colden Harrison, and W.J. Hammersly and J.B. Thompson. This game is now Australian Rules Football.
Wills grew up with Indigenous Australians. He spoke the language of the people who lived near him and played with the children. It has been suggested that Australian Rules Football is based in part on Marn Grook, an Aboriginal game with some similar rules to Australian Rules Football. Because the indigenous people Wills played with as a child would have played Marn Grook, Wills would have been influenced by this game when creating the rules for Australian Rules Football.
Willis was an alcoholic. He committed suicide by stabbing himself in the heart.
References
1835 births
1880 deaths
Australian cricketers
Australian rules footballers
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by blade weapons
Suicides in Australia
Antonov An-12

Antonov An-12 (Russian: Antonov An-12; NATO reporting name: Cub) is a Sofiet 4-engine turboprop transport aircraft designed by Antonov.
Soviet & Russian aircraft
Gerd Zewe

Gerd Zewe (born 13 June 1950) is a former German football player. He played for West Germany national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1972-73||rowspan="15"|Fortuna Dusseldorf||rowspan="15"|Bundesliga||34||9
|-
|1973-74||33||4
|-
|1974-75||32||4
|-
|1975-76||34||0
|-
|1976-77||25||3
|-
|1977-78||33||3
|-
|1978-79||29||1
|-
|1979-80||33||5
|-
|1980-81||25||2
|-
|1981-82||22||1
|-
|1982-83||34||1
|-
|1983-84||34||6
|-
|1984-85||32||2
|-
|1985-86||25||1
|-
|1986-87||15||0
440||42
440||42
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1978||3||0
|-
|1979||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}
References
1950 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Saarland
Frits Bolkestein

Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (; born 4 April 1933) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 16 January 1978, until 5 November 1982.
References
Other websites
Prof.Dr.Mr. F. (Frits) Bolkestein (Parlement & Politiek)
Frits Bolkestein at the European Commission
Frits Bolkestein at Leiden University
1933 births
Living people
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch academics
European Commissioners
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from Amsterdam
Writers from Amsterdam
Northeastern United States

The Northeastern United States, or simply the North or the Northeast, is a U.S. region defined by the United States Census Bureau. It consists of the Mid-Atlantic (New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey) and New England (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Maine). The border states of Delaware and Maryland and other states are sometimes included in other definitions of the Northeast, but the Census Bureau considers both states to be part of the Southern United States. Cities in the Northeast include Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City.
The following table provides information about the population, size (land area) and population density of states in the Northeast region as defined by the U.S. Census bureau. Population density is defined as the population divided by the area of land in the state or region. The rank column in the table shows how the states rank among the entire 50 states in population density. Note that New Jersey has the highest population density of any state and that the 4 highest density states are all in the Northeast. The rank for the Census divisions (in pink) is the rank in population density among the 9 total divisions in the country. Note that the two divisions in the Northeast (New England and Middle Atlantic) are ranked #1 and #2 in the 2013 population estimate. The South Atlantic region was close behind New England and is projected to surpass New England in the next population estimate because it is growing faster. Finally, note that the entire Northeast region is ranked #1 among the 4 Census Bureau regions. With 345.5 people per square mile, the population density of the Northeast is about 2.5 times the density or the #2 ranked region which is the South.
Census Regions of the United States
Wavelet

A Wavelet is a mathematical function used to write down a function or signal in terms of other functions that are simpler to study. Many signal processing tasks can be seen in terms of a wavelet transform. Informally speaking, the signal can be seen under the lens with a magnification given by the scale of the wavelet. In doing so, we can see only the information that is determined by the shape of the wavelet used.
The English term "wavelet" was introduced in the early 1980s by French physicists Jean Morlet and Alex Grossman.
They used the French word "ondelette" (which means "small wave").
Later, this word was brought into English by translating "onde" into "wave" giving "wavelet".
Wavelet is (complex) function from the Hilbert space . For practical applications it should satisfy following conditions.
It must have finite energy.
It must satisfy an admissibility condition.
, where is a Fourier transform of
Zero mean condition implies from admissibility condition.
The function is called mother wavelet. Its translated (shifted) and dilated (scaled) normalized versions are defined as following.
Original mother wavelet has parameters and . Translation is described by parameter and dilatation by parameter.
Harmonic analysis
Digital signal processing
St Pancras Church, Ipswich

Saint Pancras is a Catholic church covering the town centre of Ipswich, England.
When it was built, the church was supposed to be used as the Catholic cathedral for the East of England.
References
Churches in England
Ipswich
Roman Catholic churches
Buildings and structures in Suffolk
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Stacyville, Maine

Stacyville is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States.
Towns in Maine
Kudamuck

Kudamuck is a village in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state,India.
Language
Malayalam is the native language of Kudamuck.
Politics
Kudamuck is a part of Pathanamthitta Loksabha constituency. Mr. Anto Antony is the current Member of Parliament of the constituency.
Weather
The climate of the place is moderate and pleasant. Tropical climate is prevailed here throughout the year.
Transportation
The major transportation service of this place is provided by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC).
References
Villages in Pathanamthitta district
Takayuki Nakahara

Takayuki Nakahara (born 18 November 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.
Club career statistics
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Vegalta Sendai||J. League 1||4||0||0||0||4||0||8||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||18||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||2
|-
|2005||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2006||Albirex Niigata||J. League 1||15||2||0||0||5||1||20||3
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||20||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|-
|2008||38||6||2||1||colspan="2"|-||40||7
|-
|2009||36||10||5||2||colspan="2"|-||41||12
|-
|2010||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
133||21||9||3||9||1||151||25
133||21||9||3||9||1||151||25
|}
References
1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Yamaguchi Prefecture
William Broomfield

William S. "Bill" Broomfield, (April 28, 1922 - February 20, 2019) was an American politician. He represented the U.S. state of Michigan in the United States House of Representatives from 1957 through 1993.
Broomfield died on February 20, 2019 in Kensington, Maryland at the age of 96.
References
Other websites
H.R. 4884 renaming post office for Broomfield
1922 births
2019 deaths
United States representatives from Michigan
Republican Party (United States) politicians
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Daniel Maldini

Daniel Maldini (born 11 October 2001) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Milan.
Early life
Maldini was born in Milan, the second son of then A.C. Milan captain Paolo Maldini and Adriana Fossa, a model from Venezuela. His grandfather Cesare also captained Milan in the 1960s, making him the third generation to make appearances for the club. His elder brother Christian played for Milan's youth teams and went on to play professionally at a lower level.
Daniel then joined Milan's youth system in 2010.
References
2001 births
A.C. Milan players
Association football midfielders
Living people
Footballers from Milan
Gwen Graham

Gwendolyn Graham (born January 31, 1963) is an American attorney and politician. Graham is the Assistant Secretary of Education for Legislation and Congressional Affairs since 2021. She was the U.S. Representative for from 2015 to 2017. She is the daughter of Bob Graham, the former United States Senator and Governor of Florida.
Graham is a Democrat. She was a candidate for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election.
In April 2021, President Joe Biden announced that Graham would be nominated to be assistant secretary of the United States Department of Education for legislation and congressional affairs. Her nomination was confirmed in the U.S. Senate on October 6, 2021 by voice vote.
References
1963 births
Living people
United States representatives from Florida
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Avant-garde music

Avant-garde music, or experimental music, is a type of music that is meant to push the boundaries of "what music is." It started in the 1940s and 1950s after World War II. Some famous avant-garde composers were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Henry Cowell.
Examples of avant-garde songs
4'33"
This was a song written by John Cage that is 4 minutes and 33 seconds of complete silence. It is meant to make the audience listen to the sounds around them.
Revolution 9
This is a song by the popular English rock band The Beatles. It appeared on their album The Beatles, also known as The White Album (released in 1968.) "Revolution 9" is over 8 minutes of random sounds, and someone repeatedly saying "number 9...number 9...number 9...number 9..." It was mostly the work of John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono.
Hey Foxymophandlemama, That's Me
This is a song by the American grunge band Pearl Jam. It is the last song on their third album Vitalogy, released in 1994. It is over seven minutes long. It is made up of conversations between mental patients in asylums, and psychiatrists, with distorted bass guitar and drums laid over them.
Music genres
Dynasty (album)

Dynasty is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 23, 1979.
Track listing
I Was Made For Lovin' You
2,000 Man
Sure Know Something
Dirty Livin'
Charisma
Magic Touch
Hard Times
X-Ray Eyes
Save Your Love
Kiss (band) albums
1979 albums
Hard rock albums
Disco albums
Heidwiller

Heidwiller is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Benin at the Olympics

Benin has been in every Summer Olympic Games held since 1980. Benin has never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from Benin have been in any Winter Olympic Games.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Benin is BEN. In 1964, it was DAY for Dahomey.
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Benin profile at London2012.com
Benin at SportsReference.com
Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Olin, Iowa

Olin is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Western European Union

The Western European Union (WEU) was a European defence and security organization. It was set up by Treaty of Brussels of 1948, West Germany and Italy joined in 1954. It should not be confused with the European Union (EU). The WEU headquarters were in Brussels. After the Cold War its functions were gradually transferred to the European Union and the Council of Europe. It was dissolved on 31 March 2011.
Treaty of Brussels
The Treaty of Brussels was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands on March 17, 1948. It was changed on October 23, 1954 when West Germany and Italy joined.
The WEU's three main aims are:
To promote European economic recovery;
To help each other to resist any attacks or threats of attack;
To promote the unity in Europe.
The WEU was led by a Council of Ministers, helped by a Council of Permanent Representatives (ambassadors). The Parliamentary Assembly eventually had the same members as the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe). Social and cultural activities were handed to the Council of Europe to avoid duplication.
Other websites
WEU official web site
Assembly of the Western European Union ; Assembly of the Western European Union
Historical fonds of the Western European Union at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
History of NATO - the Atlantic Alliance - UK Government site
WEU evolution: The presentation of the Eurocorps-Foreign Legion concept at the European Parliament in June 2003
References
European Union
1948 establishments in Europe
Military alliances
Denis Tillinac

Denis Tillinac (26 May 1947 - 26 September 2020) was a French writer and journalist. He was born in Paris. He wrote a weekly column in Valeurs actuelles. He was a close friend to President Jacques Chirac.
He was a Catholic and wrote books about the Catholic origins of France.
Tillinac died on 26 September 2020 at the age of 73.
References
Writers from Paris
1947 births
2020 deaths
French journalists
Political commentators
Political writers
Tourcoing

Tourcoing () is a town in the Nord department and Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in France. It is near Lille and Roubaix. There is a metro and tram line between Tourcoing and these places, which are all close to the Belgian border. There is a Napoleon III-style Hotel de ville (town hall) built in 1885.
Twin towns
Tourcoing is twinned with:
Related pages
Communes of the Nord department
Other websites
Tourcoing town council website (in French)
Tourcoing Volley-Ball Lille Metropole (Official website of the top team, in French)
See pictures from Antonio Mucherino's web site
Communes in Nord
Khamaj

Khamaj is an Hindustani classical Music based Raga which is named after Khamaj Thaat. Khamaaj is also known for having many popular Thumri's and Ghazal's composed in this raaga.
References
Indian music
Lage

Lage is a city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, approximately 8 km northwest of Detmold. It has about 36,000 inhabitants.
Twin Towns
The town is twinned with
, Horsham.
References
Other websites
Official website
Lippe Rural District
Asian Rowing Championships

The Asian Rowing Championship is a rowing championship organised by the Asian Rowing Federation for competitors from the Asian countries.
Senior Championships
Para events from 2015.
Junior Championships
Indoor Championships
from 2004.
Coastal Championships
2017, 2018, 2019, 2020.
Masters Championships
2019, 2020.
Asian Cups
from 2010.
References
https://www.arfrowing.com/web/events-results/event-listing/
https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arfrowing.org/
https://web.archive.org/web/20130605031935/http://www.arfrowing.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=B40
https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.rowing.org.hk/
https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.rowing.org.my/mra/
https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.jara.or.jp/eng/
https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.jara.or.jp/
https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.rcat.or.th/
https://web.archive.org/web/20180831003850/http://www.arfrowing.org/
https://www.arfrowing.com/web/
https://www.indiarowing.com/AsianRowingGames.php
https://www.indiarowing.com/News.php
http://www.worldrowing.com/news/finals-of-the-asian-rowing-champs
http://www.worldrowing.com/news/asian-rowing-championships-used-as-step-to-olympics
http://www.rowing.org.hk/
http://www.rowing.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/38th-HKRC-Race-Bulletin-for-Disciplinary-Forces-Cup_20160726.pdf
https://www.hksi.org.hk/news/e_wn1_r2_20040915
https://aisyahrower.com/about-aisyah/achievements/
https://www.scmp.com/article/470350/teenage-triathlete-and-rower-rewarded-their-efforts
http://www.worldrowing.com/news/medal-spread-at-asian-indoor-rowing-championships
https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040701/cth3.htm
https://www.sa.gov.tw/English/NewsDetail?Type=8&page=5&id=2145&n=2543
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/30723226/local-bulletin-
Other websites
https://ocasia.org/sports/federations/53-asian-rowing-federation.html
Rowing
Asian
Lonnie Laffen

Lonnie Laffen (July 16, 1958 - December 23, 2020) was an American politician. He was a member of the North Dakota Senate from the 43rd District from 2010 to 2018. He was a member of the Republican party. Laffen was born in Wimbledon, North Dakota.
Laffen died of a heart attack on December 23, 2020, in Grand Forks, North Dakota at age 62.
References
1958 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from North Dakota
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Disease-related deaths in North Dakota
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Öland County

Oland County () was a county on the Swedish Baltic Sea island of Oland, with the seat in Borgholm. It was established in 1819, and disestablished in 1826, when it was reunited with Kalmar County.
Governors
Axel Adlersparre (1819-1821)
Erik Gustaf Lindencrona (1821-1826)
1819 establishments
1820s disestablishments
Former counties of Sweden
19th-century establishments in Sweden
Disestablishments in Sweden
1810s establishments in Europe
19th-century disestablishments in Europe
Kalmar County
Asnières-sur-Vègre

Asnieres-sur-Vegre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
Confident (Demi Lovato song)

"Confident" is a 2015 song by Demi Lovato and is the title track to her fifth studio album Confident. It topped the single charts in Israel and made the top 30 in New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Czech Republic and Scotland. The music video was directed by Robert Rodriguez.
Track listing
Digital download
"Confident" - 3:25
"Confident" (The Alias Remix) - 5:08
Digital remixes - EP
"Confident" (The Alias Remix) - 5:08
"Confident" (VARA Remix) - 3:38
"Confident" (Gianni Kosta Remix) - 3:48
"Confident" (Volkoder Remix) - 5:17
"Confident" (DJ Lynnwood Remix) - 4:30
References
2015 songs
Demi Lovato songs
Pop rock songs
Electropop songs
Vallermosa

Vallermosa (Biddaramosa) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,932 people lived there. Its area is 61.75 km2. It is 70 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia