pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Yuji Hironaga

is a former Japanese football player.
Biography
Hironaga was born in Osaka Prefecture on July 25, 1975. After graduating from Toin Gakuen High School, he joined Verdy Kawasaki (later Tokyo Verdy) in 1994. He played as defensive midfielder and center back. In 1994, the club won the championships for the J1 League and J.League Cup. He moved to his local club Gamba Osaka in 1998. He played many matches at Gamba, and returned to Verdy in June 1999. He played as a forward as well as a midfielder. His opportunity to play decreased in 2001 and he moved to the J2 League club Yokohama FC. He played many matches as defensive midfielder. He moved to Cerezo Osaka in 2003. He retired at the end of the 2004 season.
In July 1996, Hironaga was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played 2 matches as defensive midfielder. Although Japan won 2 matches, Japan lost at First round. At this time, Japan won Brazil in first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" (maiaminoQi Ji ) in Japan.
Statistics
|-
|1994||rowspan="4"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="4"|J1 League||18||1||2||0||3||0||23||1
|-
|1995||9||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|-
|1996||8||0||0||0||4||0||12||0
|-
|1997||18||0||1||0||5||0||24||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J1 League||26||3||1||1||2||0||29||4
|-
|1999||7||1||0||0||4||0||11||1
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J1 League||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2000||24||2||2||0||3||1||29||3
|-
|2001||Tokyo Verdy||J1 League||9||0||0||0||2||0||11||0
|-
|2002||Yokohama FC||J2 League||32||5||3||0||colspan="2"|-||35||5
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J1 League||19||0||0||0||3||0||22||0
|-
|2004||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
175||12||11||1||26||1||212||14
175||12||11||1||26||1||212||14
|}
References
Other websites
1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
J1 League players
J2 League players
Tokyo Verdy players
Gamba Osaka players
Yokohama FC players
Cerezo Osaka players
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Annabelle Wallis

Annabelle Wallis (born 25 September 1984) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Jane Seymour in Showtime's period drama The Tudors (2009-2010), Grace Burgess in the BBC drama Peaky Blinders (2013-2019), Mia Form in the supernatural horror movie Annabelle (2014) and Madison Mitchell in the horror movie Malignant (2021).
Her maternal great-uncle was Irish actor Richard Harris.
Wallis has been in a relationship with American actor Chris Pine since April 2018.
References
1984 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from Oxfordshire
People from Oxford
Port Clinton, Ohio

Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County. It is located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie, about 44 miles east of Toledo. The population was 6,056 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
Aharon Yadlin

Aharon Yadlin (; 17 April 1926 - 12 August 2022) was an Israeli educator and politician. He was born in Ben Shemen, Mandatory Palestine. In 2010, he was honored with an Israel Prize.
Yadlin studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
He was a member of the The Alignment after switching from the Labor Party.
He served as Deputy Minister of Education from 1964 through 1972, and as Minister of Education from 1974 through 1977 in the First Rabin Government.
Yadlin died on 12 August 2022 in Hatzerim, Israel at the age of 96.
References
Other websites
Bio at Knesset Website
1926 births
2022 deaths
Deputy government ministers of Israel
Members of the Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli educators
Jewish Israeli politicians
Mapai politicians
North Country (movie)

North Country is a 2005 American drama movie about a woman being harassed in a mining facility.
Other websites
2005 movies
2005 drama movies
American drama movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Niki Caro
Steuerberg

Steuerberg () is a municipality of the district of Feldkirchen in the Austrian state of Carinthia.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Carinthia (state)
Langenpreising

Langenpreising is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Erding (district)
Bernate Ticino

Bernate Ticino is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the northern Italian region of Lombardy.
References
Other websites
Official website
Settlements in Lombardy
Ashinazuchi and Tenazuchi

(ashinaduchitenaduchi) is a pair of Japanese deities
In ancient Japanese stories called the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, there was a god named Susanoo who was sent away from his home in the heavens to live on Earth in a place called Izumo. There, he met an old couple named who were children of a mountain god called Oyamatsumi. They told him about a scary monster called Yamata no Orochi, which had eaten seven of their eight daughters. Susanoo offered to kill the monster if they would give him their only surviving daughter, Kushinadahime, to be his wife.
Susano'o defeated Orochi and built a palace in the land of Suwa Province. He then appointed Ashinazuchi as the leader of the palace and gave him the name Inada no Miyatsuko Suga no Yatsunomimi no Kami (Dao Tian Gong Shi Zou Fang Zhi Ba Yi Ming Shen )
Family tree
References
Gods and goddesses of Japan
Steve Brookstein

Steve Brookstein (born 10 November 1968) is a British soul and jazz singer from London. He has been active since he won the 2004 UK series of talent show The X Factor. He has had 1 hit single to date, number 1 hit, Against All Odds a cover of the 1984 Phil Collins original his version was number 11 in Ireland. He was part of the Syco Music record label. His first album Heart & Soul reached number 1 in the United Kingdom album charts. His second album 40,000 Things only reached number 165.
References
British jazz musicians
British soul musicians
English singers
Musicians from London
The X Factor winners
1968 births
Living people
Wormingford

Wormingford is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 459 people living in Wormingford.
References
Civil parishes in Essex
Villages in Essex
Lancaster, Wisconsin

Lancaster is a city in Grant County, Wisconsin, United States.. As of the 2010 census, 3.868 people lived there. Lancaster is the county seat of Grant County.
History
Major G.M. Price laid out the town in 1837. He was asked to name it Lancaster by a relative who came from Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Lancaster was the home of the first governor of Wisconsin, Nelson Dewey.
Geography
Lancaster is located in the unglaciated "Driftless Area" of southwest Wisconsin. Its topography is very different from that of the rest of the state.
The city has a total area of . All of it is land.
Notable people
George Barnett - Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
Lisle Blackbourn - NFL head coach
William Simon U'Ren - Oregon politician
References
Other websites
City of Lancaster official website
Cities in Wisconsin
Grant County, Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
1837 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Brias

Brias is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a type of liberalism. It is a belief in economics and a political ideology. It is about civil and economic freedom.
Classical liberals believe in a small government, and believe that people will be ruled mostly by natural law. They believe that people have inalienable rights, which is to say rights that cannot be taken away. They also believe in a free market and property rights.
Notable people who developed classical liberalism during the 18th and 19th century are Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Thomas Jefferson. More recently, in the mid-20th century, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman were in favor. Many of the beliefs of classical liberalism are similar to those of libertarianism, in addition to some forms of conservatism.
References
Liberalism
Political philosophy
Conservatism
The Sixth of July

The Sixth of July () is a 1968 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Karasik. It stars Alla Demidova, Ivan Solovyov, and Armen Dzhigarkhanyan.
Actors
Alla Demidova as Maria Spiridonova
Ivan Solovyov as Andrei Kolegayev
Armen Dzhigarkhanyan as Prosh Proshian
Vyacheslav Shalevich as Yakov Blumkin
Andrey Kryukov as Boris Kamkov
Grigory Ostrin as Donat Cherepanov
References
Other websites
Russian drama movies
1968 drama movies
1960s historical movies
Soviet drama movies
Rick Bragnalo

Richard James Bragnalo (born December 1, 1951 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey centre.
Signed by the Washington Capitals as a free agent in 1976, Bragnalo played parts of four seasons for the Capitals. After playing a few years in the minors, Bragnalo moved onto playing hockey in Italy with the team of the Val Pusteria Wolves, former EV Bruneck. He signed for HC Milano Saima in 1990, scoring the goal that permitted Milano to win the league in 1990/91. He retired in 1992.
Other websites
Val Pusteria Wolves
1951 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Washington Capitals players
American Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Uzès

Uzes is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Communes in Gard
Sermizelles

Sermizelles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Yonne
Deep, Deep Trouble

"Deep, Deep Trouble" is a 1990 song performed by Bart Simpson. It is about Bart getting in trouble. He is told to mow the lawn by father Homer Simpson. The song was from the 1990 album The Simpsons Sing the Blues.
The song was released in early 1991. It charted in many countries. It reached #1 in Ireland.
References
Hip hop songs
1990 songs
The Simpsons
Bar Hill

Bar Hill is a village that can be found about 4 miles (7 km) northwest of Cambridge, in South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 4,233 people living in Bar Hill.
References
Villages in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Erica Yohn

Erica Yohn (October 1, 1928 - January 27, 2019) was an American actress.
Yohn had many small parts in movies, such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure, and television shows, such as Rhoda, ER, Murphy Brown, Quantum Leap and Kojak.
She had recurring roles on The Famous Teddy Z, State of Grace, Beverly Hills, 90210, and Picket Fences. She voiced Fievel and Tanya Mousekewitz's mother in An American Tail and its sequels.
Yohn died on January 27, 2019 in North Hollywood, California at the age of 90.
Personal life
Yohn was married to actor Tom Rosqui, who died in 1991, aged 62, from cancer.
Partial filmography
References
Other websites
1928 births
2019 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from the Bronx
Jump River (town), Wisconsin

Jump River is a town of Taylor County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. 311 people were living in Jump River as of 2000. Jump River has an area of 36 square miles.
References
Towns in Wisconsin
Taylor County, Wisconsin
Baton Rouge metropolitan area

The Baton Rouge metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, or simply the Baton Rouge metropolitan area or Greater Baton Rouge, is a sprawling metropolitan statistical area surrounding the city of Baton Rouge. Its principal city Baton Rouge is unusual because it has no major incorporated satellite cities, a rarity for a metropolitan area of its size. Comprising the western edge of the Florida Parishes regions, it is known as "Plantation Country", the "Capital Region", and "The 225" (a reference to its area code). At the 2010 U.S. census, the metropolitan area had a population of 802,484, up from 705,973 in 2000. At the 2020 census, its population increased to 870,569, up from 2020 estimates at 858,571.
References
Metropolitan areas of the United States
FIA Super Licence

The FIA Super Licence is a qualification allowing the licence (license) holder to take part in Formula One Grands Prix as a driver. The licence is issued by the FIA upon request.
There are several requirements to qualify for an FIA Super Licence. The driver requesting the licence must already have a Grade A competition licence. They must also meet the requirements of the FIA International Sporting Code, Appendix L. Appendix L lists other racing experience required. One of the following is required:
The driver must be the current champion in one of the lower FIA racing series. Examples of the lower series include Formula 3 (British, Italian, Japanese or Euroseries) or Formula Two (formerly known as GP2 and Formula 3000),
The driver must have finished well on a regular basis in one of the above categories.
Drivers who have competed in the IndyCar Series are eligible for a Super Licence if they finished in the top six places of the drivers championship.
This allows drivers from the United States domestic series to move into Formula One without first taking part in other FIA sanctioned events.
In rare and special cases, Appendix L allows the FIA to award a Super Licence to a driver who does not meet the normal requirements. A yes vote by all the members is required. The driver must also completed 300 kilometres of testing at racing speeds in a current car.
Nationality of drivers
The nationality that appears on the racing licence is the same one that appears on the driver's passport. This does not need to be the same as the country issuing the racing licence. A Frenchman living in Germany can race with a German licence, but the nationality displayed would still be French. In order to race as German, the driver would need to have German nationality as well. For drivers with multiple citizenships, the driver chooses which country to drive for.
Other websites
The official FIA Website
Appendix L to the International Sporting Code
Formula One
Carman (singer)

Carmelo Domenic Licciardello (January 19, 1956 - February 16, 2021) known by his stage name, Carman, was an American contemporary Christian music singer-songwriter, television host, life coach and evangelist.
Between 1987 and 1989, he was named Charisma magazine's readers' choice for favorite male vocalist. In 1990 and 1992, Billboard named him the Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year.
Carman died on February 16, 2021 at a Las Vegas, Nevada hospital from problems caused by hernia surgery at the age of 65.
References
1956 births
2021 deaths
American gospel singers
American singer-songwriters
American television presenters
American gospel musicians
American guitarists
Musicians from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Staldenried

Staldenried (Walliser German: Schtaaluried) is a municipality of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It consists of the largest hamlet of Gspon, the hamlets of Zur Kirche and Zur Tanne along with about twenty small settlements.
References
Other websites
Official website of Staldenried
Aerial cableway website
Municipalities of Valais
Charles's law

Charles's Law is a basic law in physics and chemistry. It describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas, if the pressure and amount of gas do not change. It is also known as the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac or the Law of Volumes.
According to Charles's Law, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when measured at a constant pressure. In other words, as the temperature of a gas increases, its volume increases, and as the temperature decreases, its volume decreases. This relationship can be written mathematically as:
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
where V1 and T1 are the initial volume and temperature, and V2 and T2 are the final volume and temperature.
Charles's Law assumes that the pressure and amount of gas do not change. In reality, pressure can influence the behavior of gases, so the ideal gas law, which uses all three variables (pressure, volume, and temperature), often describes gas behavior more accurately.
Charles's Law is particularly useful in applications involving the expansion or contraction of gases due to temperature changes, such as in gas thermometers or the behavior of gases in various engineering processes.
Laws of physics
Thermodynamics
Physical chemistry
Little Miss Broadway

Little Miss Broadway is a 1938 musical comedy-drama movie. Shirley Temple plays an orphaned girl named Betsy Brown. Edna May Oliver plays Sarah Wendling. The movie is about an apartment landlord who demands certain occupants pay $2,500, or move out. This movie is also about adoption and musical plays. Critics gave the movie very positive reviews.
American comedy-drama movies
1938 comedy movies
English-language movies
1930s American musical movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Irving Cummings
1930s American drama movies
Wilkes County, Georgia

Wilkes County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 9,565 people lived there. The county seat is Washington.
References
1777 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Dave Thomas

David "Dave" Thomas (July 2, 1932 - January 8, 2002) was the founder of Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers, and was its chief executive officer (CEO). He never graduated from high school, but did earn his GED in 1993.
Thomas is also famous as a commercial spokesman for his company. He first appeared in a Wendy's TV commercial in 1989, and by the time he died, he had appeared in over 800, including every Wendy's commercial that aired in the 1990s.
American chief executives
1932 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from neuroendocrine cancer
Cancer deaths in Florida
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Q-Productions

Q-Productions is an independent record label founded by Abraham Quintanilla Jr in 1993, to help build further awareness for his daughter, Selena. After Selena's death, Abraham Quintanilla Jr opened the record label to the public to help find new stars in the music and film industries. Q-Productions specializes in Tejano music.
Artists signed
Selena
Jennifer Pena (1996-2001)
La Fuerza
Los Tres Reyes
Cortez De La Sierra
Jorge Roel Y Potrillo
References
http://Q-productions.com/qzone.html
http://q-productions.com/about.html
American record labels
Oak Harbor, Washington

Oak Harbor is a city located on Whidbey Island in Island County, Washington, United States. The population was 22,075 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Washington (state)
The Way We Were

The Way We Were is a 1973 American romantic drama movie directed by Sydney Pollack. It stars Barbra Streisand and Robert Redford. Arthur Laurents wrote both the novel and screenplay. It is based on his college days at Cornell University and his experiences with the House Un-American Activities Committee.
References
1973 romantic drama movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies directed by Sydney Pollack
Movies composed by Marvin Hamlisch
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Round-bottom flask

Round-bottom flasks (round-bottomed flasks or RB flasks) are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware.
They are used mostly for chemical or biochemical work. Today, they are usually made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass. There is at least one tubular section known as the neck with an opening at the tip. Two or three-necked flasks are made. Round bottom flasks come in many sizes.
References
Glass
Laboratory equipment
Jonathan Cohen (diplomat)

Jonathan R. Cohen is an American diplomat. He was the acting United States Ambassador to the United Nations from January 1, 2019 to September 10, 2019, replacing Nikki Haley. Before, he was a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs, from August 2016 to June 2018.
Cohen was nominated by President Donald Trump in early 2018 to become United States Deputy Representative to the United Nations and was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on May 24, 2018.
On April 11, 2019, President Trump nominated Cohen to be Ambassador of the United States to Egypt.
References
Living people
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Politicians from California
Arunjit Borah

Arunjit Borah (born July 26, 1977) is an Indian filmmaker. He gained recognition for his work as a director and has been involved in projects such as Taxii, Letters from Deuta, Midnight Song, Zibah and Mini.
Early life and education
Borah was born and raised in Dibrugarh, Assam, India. After completing his schooling, Borah pursued an Executive MBA from Vinayak Mission University.
Career
After a few years in the corporate sector, Borah decided to pursue his passion for filmmaking. He began his film career as a 1st Assistant Director in the Hindi feature film Project Marathwada.
Borah gained recognition for his short film "Taxii," which received critical acclaim in various film festivals in India and abroad. The film's engaging storyline and direction showcased Borah's talent as a filmmaker. He collaborated with composer Brandi Thomas from Los Angeles for the film's music. Following Taxii, Borah directed his second short film, Letters from Deuta. He then directed a Jammu Tourism TVC titled "Discover Jammu," which highlighted the region's attractions.
In 2021, Borah released his first feature film, "Midnight Song," in the Assamese language. Additionally, Borah directed the Hindi short film "Zibah," exploring the sensitive subject of Female Genital Mutilation, which was screened at international film festivals and received awards.
Filmography
"Midnight Song" (2021) - Director
"Sunbeam" (2020) - Director (Video)
"Taxii" (2019) - Director (Short)
"Happy Birthday Joy" (2018) - Director (Short)
"Jammu tourism Ad" (2018) - Director (Short)
"Letters from Deuta" (2017) - Director (Short)
"Essel group's corporate AV" (2017) - Director (Video)
"Baat Sai Rau" (2017) - Director (Video)
"48 Hours with Zublee and Her Band" (2016) - Director (Short)
"Duru duru" - Director (Video)
References
Other Websites
IMDb
Indian filmmakers
Living people
1977 births
Walter Pérez Villamonte

Walter Perez Villamonte (3 November 1936 - 29 March 2018) was a Bolivian Roman Catholic bishop.
Perez Villamonte was ordained to the priesthood in 1962. He served as titular bishop of Churbis and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sucre, Bolivia, from 1995 to 1998. He then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Potosi, Bolivia, from 1998 to 2009.
Perez Villamonte died on 29 March 2018 at the age of 81.
References
1936 births
2018 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops
Bolivian people
Orosirian

The Orosirian is the third geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic. It began 2.05 billion years ago (bya) and ended at 1.8 bya.
The latter half of the period was a time of mountain-building on nearly all continents. It was the time when the supercontinent Columbia began to form.
Two of the largest known impact events on Earth happened during the Orosirian. At the beginning of the period, 2023 million years ago (mya), a large asteroid hit the earth and created the Vredefort impact structure. The event that created the Sudbury Basin structure happened near the end of the period about 1850 mya.
Palaeoproterozoic
Megalania

Megalania (Varanus prisca) was a giant monitor lizard that lived in southern Australia. It was part of a species of megafauna that lived during the Pleistocene, and appears to have disappeared around 40,000 years ago. The first Aboriginal settlers of Australia may have encountered living Megalania.
Megalania is the land-based lizard known to have existed. Judging from its size, Megalania would have fed mostly upon medium- to large-sized animals, including any of the giant marsupials like Diprotodon .
Size
Ralph Molnar in 2004 determined a range of possible sizes for Megalania. He did this by scaling up from dorsal vertebrae, after he determined a relationship between dorsal vertebrae length and total body length. If it had a long thin tail like the Lace monitor (Varanus varius), then it would have reached a length of . If its tail-to-body proportions were more similar to that of the Komodo dragon, then a length of around is more likely. Using 7 m as the maximum length, Molnar estimated the average weight of the lizard at , and as the maximum.
This is twice the length of their closest living relative, the Komodo dragon of eastern Indonesia.
References
Fossils
Monitor lizards
Reptiles of Australia
Alyosha Ptitsyn Grows Up

Alyosha Ptitsyn Grows Up () is a 1953 Soviet comedy movie directed by Anatoly Granik. It stars Viktor Kargopoltsev, Olga Pyzhova, and Valentina Sperantova.
Actors
Viktor Kargopoltsev as Alyosha
Olga Pyzhova as Alyosha grandma
Valentina Sperantova as Grandmother Sima
Natalya Polinkovskaya
Yuri Bublikov as Andrey
Tamara Alyoshina as Natalya, Alyosha's mother
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1953 movies
Soviet comedy movies
Happy Flight (1949 movie)

Happy Flight () is a 1949 Soviet comedy movie directed by Vladimir Nemolyayev. It stars Nikolay Kryuchkov, Mikhail Zharov, and Vera Orlova.
Actors
Nikolay Kryuchkov as Driver Sinichkin
Mikhail Zharov as Driver Zachyosov
Vera Orlova as Fenya
Olga Vikland as Dispatcher Telegina
Vladimir Popov as Garage foreman
Anatoly Gorunov as Alexey Trofimov
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1949 movies
Soviet comedy movies
Sankt Ulrich am Pillersee

Sankt Ulrich am Pillersee is a municipality of the district of Kitzbuhel in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Jazz

Jazz is a type of music which was invented in the United States. Jazz music combines African-American music with European music. Jazz first became popular in the 1910s. Some common jazz instruments include the saxophone, trumpet, guitar, piano, double bass, and drums.
What is jazz?
It is difficult to give an exact definition for "jazz". A singer Nina Simone said, "Jazz is not just music, it is a way of life, it is a way of being, a way of thinking". But when we talk about jazz as music, one important part of jazz is improvisation (improv), which means the person playing is making music up as they go along. If a jazz band is playing a song, the song may have several solos where one player will improvise while the rest of the band, except for the rhythm section (such as the piano, bass, or drums), does not play. Most jazz is very rhythmic, which is called "swing," and uses "blue" notes. Blue notes are notes that are played at a slightly different pitch from normal.
History
Jazz began in the United States in the early 20th century. Jazz music was first based on the music of African slaves who were forced to work in the plantations of the southern United States. This included call and response songs, spirituals, chants and blue notes. These characteristics are what developed blues, a sad song that slaves sung during their labor. These influences were indirect, through earlier musical forms such as ragtime.
Jazz also has musical styles from European music, as well as the brass and stringed instruments and (sometimes) the use of musical notation.
There have been different types of jazz through time. New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s. Dixieland jazz was also popular. In the 1930s, there was swing jazz, which was also called big band jazz. In the 1940s, bebop became a major type of jazz, with fast songs and complex harmony.
Large jazz bands, which are called big bands, were also popular in the 1940s. Big bands usually have 5 saxophone players, 4 or 5 trumpet players, 4 trombone players, a piano player or guitar player, an acoustic bass player, a drummer, and sometimes a singer.
In the 1950s, there was hard bop jazz. In the 1960s, there was modern jazz and free jazz. In the 1970s, jazz fusion began to blend jazz music with rock music. Some jazz is still played with the same improv methods as it did at its beginning, except with modern electronic instruments.
International Jazz Day
April 30 is an "International Jazz Day". Each year jazz concerts and educational events take place around the world. This is the day to increase understanding to jazz. The United Nations Education and Science Organization (UNESCO) also take part in this event. People celebrate the day, because they believe the history of jazz has something to do with peace, freedom and equality.
References
Other websites
Jazz -- A documentary movie by Ken Burns on PBS
Free 1920s Jazz Collection available for downloading at Archive.org
Jazz Foundation of America
Jazz at the Smithsonian Museum
Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame website
Smithsonian Jazz Oral History Program | National Museum of American History
African-American history
Viroid

Viroids are the smallest infectious pathogens known. They consist solely of short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coats. They are mostly plant pathogens (plant diseases), some of which are can cause crop loss. Viroid genomes are extremely small in size. They are about 80 times smaller than the smallest virus. The human pathogen (causes diseases in humans) hepatitis D virus is a defective RNA virus similar to viroids.
Viroids were the first "sub-viral pathogens" discovered and named by Theodor Otto Diener. He was a plant pathologist at the U.S Department of Agriculture's Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland, in 1971. The first viroid to be identified was the Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). About 33 species have been identified.
References
Virology
Avion Express

Avion Express is an airline based in Vilnius, Lithuania. The airline operates a fleet of 39 aircraft on flights in Europe, North Africa, America and the Middle East. The airline is owned by Avion Solution Group.
References
Further reading
Avion Express
Companies of Lithuania
Airlines of Europe
Out of the Game

Out of the Game is the seventh album by Rufus Wainwright.
Track listing
"Out of the Game" - 4:06
"Jericho" - 3:44
"Rashida" - 3:00
"Barbara" - 3:56
"Welcome to the Ball" - 3:26
"Montauk" - 3:57
"Bitter Tears" - 3:32
"Respectable Dive" - 4:55
"Perfect Man" - 3:58
"Sometimes You Need" - 3:21
"Song of You" - 4:51
"Candles" - 7:42
References
2012 albums
Rufus Wainwright albums
Jojo Rabbit

Jojo Rabbit is a 2019 comedy-drama movie written and directed by Taika Waititi, based on Christine Leunens's book Caging Skies.
Roman Griffin Davis plays Johannes "Jojo" Betzler, a Hitler Youth member who finds out his mother (Scarlett Johansson) is hiding a Jewish girl (Thomasin McKenzie) in their attic. He also deals with an imaginary friend-version of Adolf Hitler (Waititi). The movie also stars Rebel Wilson, Stephen Merchant, Alfie Allen, and Sam Rockwell.
The movie had its world premiere at the 44th Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2019. Jojo Rabbit was released theatrically in the United States on October 18, 2019, and in New Zealand on October 24, 2019. It had strong positive reviews, although many criticized how the Nazis were seen as almost harmless and funny.
Awards and nominations
References
2019 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
Czech movies
New Zealand movies
Movies directed by Taika Waititi
American satirical movies
World War II movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by Michael Giacchino
2010s satirical movies
Movies about Adolf Hitler
Movies about antisemitism
Nödinge-Nol

Nodinge-Nol is an urban area in the county of Vastra Gotaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Ale Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Vastra Gotaland County
Masahiro Ito

Masahiro Ito (born 9 November 1988) is a former Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
Club career statistics
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|2007||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
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References
1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyogo Prefecture
Joint State Political Directorate

The Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU; ) was the secret police of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1934. It was after the Cheka and before the NKVD. Its official name was the Joint State Political Directorate.
The OGPU was theoretically supposed to operate with more restraint than the original Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka. The OGPU's powers were greatly increased in 1926, when the Soviet criminal code was amended to include a section on "anti-state terrorism". The law were vaguely written and very broadly interpreted. Even before then, it set up tribunals to try the most exceptional cases of terrorism, usually without calling any witnesses. In time, the OGPU's powers grew even greater than those of the Cheka.
Perhaps its most spectacular success was the Trust Operation of 1924-1925. OGPU agents contacted emigres in western Europe and pretended to be on a large group working to overthrow the communist regime, known as the "Trust". Exiled Russians gave the Trust large sums of money and supplies, as did foreign intelligence agencies. The Trust finally succeeded in luring one of the leading anti-Communist operators, Sidney Reilly, into Russia to meet with the Trust. Once he was in Russia, he was captured and killed. It was a great propaganda success.
From 1927 to 1929, the OGPU engaged in intensive investigations of an opposition coup. Stalin soon made a public decree that any and all opposition views should be considered dangerous and gave the GPU the authority to seek out hostile elements. There were many trials during Stalin's Five Year Plan.
The OGPU was responsible for the creation of the Gulag system. It also became the Soviet government's arm for the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Greek Catholics, the Latin Catholics, Islam and other religious organizations. The OGPU was also the main secret police agency for the detection, arrest, and liquidation of anarchists and other dissident left-wing factions in the early Soviet Union.
The OGPU was merged into the newly created all-union People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) in July 1934. Its last change was into the more widely known Committee for State Security (KGB).
References
Soviet intelligence agencies
Police
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
1934 disestablishments
Apremont, Oise

Apremont is a commune. It is in the Oise department in northern France.
Communes in Oise
Quasimodo

Quasimodo is the hunchback in the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame written by Victor Hugo. He was raised by Claude Frollo. Though the townspeople believe Quasimodo is a monster, he befriends Esmeralda.
Characters in written fiction
Fictional murderers
Movie characters
Idriss Déby

General Idriss Deby Itno (; June 18, 1952 - April 20, 2021) was a Chadian politician. He became President of Chad in 1990. He won six presidential elections.
Assassination
On 20 April 2021, Deby was killed while commanding his army against rebels calling themselves FACT in the north of Chad during the Northern Chad offensive, at the age of 68.
References
Other websites
1952 births
2021 deaths
African Union chairpersons
Deaths by firearm
Heads of state of Chad
Luise Rainer

Luise Rainer (January 12, 1910 - December 30, 2014) was a two-time Academy Award-winning German-born Austrian-American movie actress. She was the first person to win two Academy Awards in a row. The first was for her role as Anna Held in The Great Ziegfeld, and the second was for her role as a Chinese farmer in The Good Earth.
Rainer was born in Duesseldorf and was Jewish.
Rainer died from pneumonia in her home in London, England, aged 104.
References
Other websites
Photographs of Luise Rainer
1910 births
2014 deaths
Actors from North Rhine-Westphalia
American centenarians
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Austrian Jews
Austrian movie actors
Austrian stage actors
Austrian television actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Deaths from pneumonia
German centenarians
German Jews
German movie actors
German television actors
Infectious disease deaths in England
Jewish American actors
Chevak, Alaska

Chevak is a city in Alaska, United States. The people speak either English, Cup'ik or both.
References
Cities in Alaska
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Alaska
Ary de Sá

Ary Facanha de Sa (1 April 1928 - 16 August 2020) was a Brazilian long jumper. At the 1952 Summer Olympics he finished fourth in the long jump. He also competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
He became South American long jump champion in 1952, won silver medals in 1956 and 1958 and a bronze medal in 1954.
Sa died on 16 August 2020 at the age of 92.
References
1928 births
2020 deaths
Brazilian athletes
Brazilian Olympians
Long jumpers
Carsten Niebuhr

Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr (March 17, 1733 - April 26, 1815) was a German mathematician, surveyor, cartographer, and explorer.
Niebuhr was the son of a Hanoverian farmer. He was self-educated. He travelled throughout the Middle East including Arabia, Persia (Iran), Syria and India. He was the only surviving member of a Danish/German team after the others died from illness and malaria. He wrote at least two books on his trips to the region which were later translated in to English and published in two volumes in the 1790s. Later editions were published around 1825.
Niebuhr's maps of the region including Sinus Persicus, made about 1765 of the Persian Gulf is considered one of the most accurate of his time and was used for nearly 100 years.
Other websites
Travels in Arabia is an old book from 1892 that talks about Carsten Neibuhr's travels
1733 births
German mathematicians
1815 deaths
Catalan Wikipedia

The Catalan Wikipedia () is the Catalan-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in March 2001, and is the fourth-oldest edition of Wikipedia.
It is the 17th largest edition by article count.
As of May 2013, it had over 400,000 articles.
As of March 11, 2016, the number of the Catalan Wikipedia's articles reached 500,000.
References
Other websites
Catalan Wikipedia main page
Wikipedias
Websites established in 2001
Juan de Herrera

Juan de Herrera (Roiz, Cantabria, 1530 - Madrid, 15 January 1597) was a Spanish architect, mathematician, geometer and soldier, considered one of the maximum exponents of Spain's Renaissance architecture.
His architectural style, called herreriano in his honour, was representative of the reign of Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598) and was a notable influence on 17th century Spanish architecture.
Geometers
Prospecting

Prospecting is the physical search for minerals, fossils, precious metals or mineral specimens. It is also known as fossicking or, on a large scale, as mineral exploration.
Metals
Minerals
vi:Tham do dia chan
Annabeth Gish

Anne Elizabeth "Annabeth" Gish (March 13, 1971 near Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a television, movie and stage actress. She has acted in many movies, including Mystic Pizza (1988) and Beautiful Girls (1996). She was born near Albuquerque but was raised near Cedar Falls and Waterloo, Iowa.
References
Actors from Iowa
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Albuquerque, New Mexico
People from Cedar Falls, Iowa
People from Waterloo, Iowa
1971 births
Living people
Kardinal Offishall

Jason Drew Harrow (born May 12, 1976), better known by his stage name Kardinal Offishall is a Canadian rapper, record producer, DJ, and record executive.
Offishall has won many awards including 3 Juno Awards, 4 MuchMusic Video Awards, 3 SOCAN Awards and 1 Canadian Urban Music Award.
Discography
Kardinal Offishall has released 5 studio albums and 1 EP:
Albums
EP's
Websites
Kardinal Offisha's Official website
1976 births
Living people
Canadian musicians
Canadian rappers
People from Ontario
Reno, Lamar County, Texas

Reno is a city in Lamar County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
List of country musicians from North Carolina

Pages appear in :Category:Country musicians from North Carolina
This is a list of famous country musicians from North Carolina, USA.
Charlie Daniels (d. 2020)
Emmylou Harris (born 1947), grew up in N.C.
Randy Travis (born 1959)
Ryan Adams (born 1974)
Kellie Pickler (born 1986)
The following other musicians have had at least one number one song or album on country music charts: Luke Combs, Scotty McCreery.
At least one musician got her first and only single, on two American country music charts (14th and 17th place) and Billboard Hot 100 (81st place).
Bands from North Caroline with number one songs on country music charts, include Parmalee.
Sources
North Carolina
|North Carolina
Hawthorne Heights

Hawthorne Heights are an American rock band. They formed in 2001 and were originally called "A Day in the Life" but later changed their name and lineup.
They have released three albums and a number of singles. Their album titled Fragile Future was released on August 5, 2008, in the United States and on August 11, 2008, in the United Kingdom. Their most recent album is called Skeletons, and was made available on June 1, 2010. Their other albums include If Only You Were Lonely and The Silence in Black and White. They spawned emo classics such as "Saying Sorry" and "Ohio Is for Lovers".
Casey Calvert, who played guitar and did the screaming for the band, died on November 24, 2007, and another member found him in the morning. They had to push back touring etc., and had started on a tour already and had big plans.
Later, another person in the band, Micah Carli, started doing the harsh death growl vocals for the band.
They have had many tours including the Never Sleep Again tour, the Warped Tour and Projekt Revolution. They played the Never Sleep Again tour with fellow band Silverstein.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Tribute albums
Arteries Untold: The String Quartet Tribute to Hawthorne Heights
Videography
This Is Who We Are (DVD)
Members
Current
JT Woodruff - lead vocals, guitars (2001-Present)
Micah Carli - lead guitar, backing vocals (2001-Present)
Matt Ridenour - bass, backing vocals (2001-Present)
Eron Bucciarelli - drums (2001-Present)
Previous
Casey Calvert (deceased) - guitars, vocals (2003-2007)
Related pages
Hawthorne Heights songs
Ohio Is for Lovers
Niki FM
Silver Bullet
Saying Sorry
This Is Who We Are
Pens and Needles
Sugar in the Engine
The Transition
Hawthorne Heights albums
The Silence in Black and White
If Only You Were Lonely
Fragile Future
Skeletons
References
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Emo bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Dayton, Ohio
Betty Metcalf

Elizabeth Metcalf (August 28, 1921 - June 23, 2017) was an American optometrist and former politician in the state of Florida. Metcalf was born in New Jersey and moved to Florida 1962. She served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1982 to 1988 for district 114. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
Metcalf died on 23 June 2017 from vascular dementia in Miami, Florida, aged 95.
References
1921 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from vascular dementia
Disease-related deaths in Florida
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from Florida
Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow laws were a number of laws requiring racial segregation in the United States. These laws were enforced in different states between 1876 and 1965. "Jim Crow" laws provided a systematic legal basis for segregating and discriminating against African Americans. The laws first appeared after the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era and were enforced through the mid-twentieth century. They were about segregating black and white people in all public buildings. "Jim Crow" was a racist term for a black person. Black people were usually treated worse than white people. This segregation was also done in the armed forces, schools, restaurants, on buses and in what jobs blacks got. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled that such segregation in state-run schools was against the US Constitution. The decision is known as Brown v. Board of Education. The other Jim Crow laws were abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought against the Jim Crow laws.
Background
After the Civil War, the U.S. government tried to enforce the rights of ex-slaves in the South through a process called Reconstruction. However, in 1876, Reconstruction ended. By the 1890s, the Southern states' legislatures were all-white again. Southern Democrats, who did not support civil rights for blacks, completely ruled the South. This gave them a lot of power in the United States Congress. For example, Southern Democrats were able to make sure that laws against lynching did not pass.
Starting in 1890, Southern Democrats began to pass state laws that took away the rights African Americans had gained. These racist laws became known as Jim Crow laws. For example, they included:
Laws that made it impossible for blacks to vote (this is called disenfranchisement). Since they could not vote, blacks also could not be on juries.
Laws that required racial segregation - separation of blacks and whites. For example, blacks could not:
Go to the same schools, restaurants, or hospitals as whites
Use the same bathrooms as whites or drink from the same water fountain
In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a case called Plessy v. Ferguson that these laws were legal. They said that having things be "separate but equal" was fine. In the South, everything was separate. However, places like black schools and libraries got much less money and were not as good as places for whites. Things were separate, but not equal.
Photo gallery
References
"Jim Crow Laws". Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Student Resources In Context. Web. November 7, 2013.
African-American history
Racism
United States law
Bothnian Bay

Bothnian Bay (; ) is a bay in the northest of the Gulf of Bothnia.
The largest island is Hailuoto, which is part of Finland. It is the only permanently populated island in the bay.
Perameri National Park is located in Bothnian Bay.
Geography of Finland
Bays
Geography of Sweden
Salina, Oklahoma

Salina is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
Other websites
Towns in Oklahoma
Oracle Database

Oracle database is a relational database management system that is made by the Oracle Corporation.
Oracle Corporation
Myth Makers: Trixie in Toyland

Myth Makers: Trixie in Toyland is a platforming video game for the computer, PlayStation 2, and most recently the Nintendo Wii. The game was created by Data Design Interactive, a British company. It is one of three parts of their Myth Makers series of video games.
References
2005 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Selma Blair

Selma Blair (b. June 23, 1972) is an American actress. She acts in a variety of movie genres. She played Cecile Caldwell in the movie Cruel Intentions. She played Vivian in Legally Blonde.
Blair was born in Southfield, Michigan.
In October 2018, Blair revealed that she had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
References
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Michigan
People with multiple sclerosis
1972 births
Living people
Gobichettipalayam

Gobichettipalayam is a town and municipality in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the second largest city and urban concentration in Erode district and is the administrative headquarters of Gobichettipalayam taluk. The town is administered by a municipality established in 1949. It is known as "Mini Kollywood" because of the movies produced there. This town has a population of 60,279 as of 2011. The population is mostly by the Kongu Vellalar community. There are a significant number of North Indians, Gurkhas, Malayalis, Uralis, Mudaliar, Vanniyar, Dalits, Nadar and Vettuva Gounders. As per the religious census of 2011, Gobichettipalayam had 90.3% Hindus, 7.1% Muslims, 2.5% Christians and 0.1% others.
Places of Interest
The Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman Temple is in Pariyur, about 3 km from Gobichettipalayam, where a 'Fire Walking Ceremony' (Kundam) is held during January every year.
The Amarapaneeswarar Temple is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and his consort Soundaranayaki Amman, located in Pariyur. The temple itself is built completely of white marble.
The Adinarayana Swamy Temple is a temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu located at Pariyur and the chief deity of the temple is Adhi Narayana Perumal. He is represented along with his companions Sri Devi and Bhu Devi.
Reference
Erode district