pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Second Battle of Ypres

The Second Battle of Ypres was a battle of the First World War. It was fought for control of the town of Ypres in western Belgium. It happened in the spring of 1915. It was the first time that Germany successfully used chemical weapons on a large scale on the Western Front. It was also the first time a former Colonial power defeated a major European power in European soil. The battle was the beginning of a new danger; gas, which will cost both sides thousands of casualties the rest of the war.
Prelude
During the months of April and May 1915, the two sides fought over Hill 60. The allies captured the hill five days before the Second battle of Ypres began. Hill 60 was on the southeast edge of the Ypres Salient. It was an excellent Observation post to see the salient. Hill 60 would also be involved in the battle that followed.
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 had not allowed "projectiles" that carried poison gas. Before the second battle at Ypres, the Germans had placed 5,700 chlorine gas cylinders in front of their trenches. For weeks before the battle, the allied high command picked up intelligence the Germans intended to use poison gas. However, they didn't believe the Germans would do it.
Gas attacks
The first casualties of the chlorine gas attack in World War One were the French (mostly Algerian soldiers). They were not trained for this kind of attack. When the first Chlorine gas was released into the air, the French began to retreat in massive numbers. This left the Canadians without any French support. It also left their center open to any German attack. But the Germans were unprepared for the results of the gas attack. Their reserves of manpower were low and they failed to take advantage of the French withdrawal. Canadian and British troops quickly filled the gap in the lines to stop the Germans from attacking.
Some Germans were exposed to the gas as well. By the end of the battle the Allies and Germans had suffered massive casualties. The Canadians alone suffered over 6000 casualties. Gas masks were rare at the time, and the Allied troops did not have them. A Canadian ceramic maker was able to recognize the color of the gas. He immediately told the soldiers to urinate on a towel and put it over their face. This isolated (separated) the gas components and stopped the gas from killing the Canadian soldiers.
This was actually the second time the Germans had used gas against enemy troops. The first attempt was at the Battle of Bolimov, Russia in February 1915. The freezing temperatures caused the gas to fall to the ground harmlessly.
References
1915 in Europe
1910s in Belgium
Battles involving Canada
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
Flanders
West Flanders
Charles Boycott

Charles Boycott (12 March 1832 - 19 June 1897) was the man on which the modern word of refusing trade or any commercial or social relation with a person or organisation "boycott" invented.
"Boycott" us not the origin English word but it was named for the name of Charles Boycott.
Strangely he was the person who was first victim of being "boycott". Farmers of Mayo County of Ireland had started the movement of refusing any trade, commercial or social relationships with Charles Boycott
English people
1832 births
1897 deaths
Protocol (movie)

Protocol is a 1984 American comedy movie directed by Herbert Ross and starring Goldie Hawn, Chris Sarandon, Andre Gregory, Gail Strickland, Cliff DeYoung, Ed Begley, Jr., Kenneth Mars, Joel Brooks. It was distributed by Warner Bros..
Other websites
1984 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Herbert Ross
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Movies set in Asia
Tuna sandwich

A tuna sandwich (also known as tuna fish sandwich) is a type of sandwich that has tuna. Like a peanut butter and jelly sandwich and a peanut butter sandwich, it has bread on the top and bottom. One tuna sandwich has 290 calories. A tuna sandwich is usually made with white bread.
References
Sandwiches
Poison Ivy (musician)

Kristy Marlana Wallace (born February 20, 1953) is an American guitarist, songwriter, arranger, producer, and sometimes a vocalist. Wallace is better known by the stage names of Poison Ivy and sometimes Poison Ivy Rorschach. She was a co-founder of the American garage punk band The Cramps.
She was married to Lux Interior for 37 years until he died on February 4, 2009.
References
1953 births
American guitarists
American punk musicians
Living people
Musicians from California
Manabu Wakabayashi

Manabu Wakabayashi (born 3 June 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tochigi Uva.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Tochigi||rowspan="2"|Football League||29||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||31||4
|-
|2005||20||14||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||14
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||4||0||3||1||0||0||7||1
|-
|2006||9||0||1||1||5||0||15||1
|-
|2007||13||3||1||0||4||0||18||3
|-
|2008||Ehime||J. League 2||33||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||2
|-
|2009||Tochigi||J. League 2||38||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|-
|2009||Tochigi Uva||Football League||||||||||||||||
146||23||8||3||9||0||163||26
146||23||8||3||9||0||163||26
|}
References
1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Tochigi Prefecture
Valley Center, California

Valley Center is a census-designated place in San Diego County, California. It has a population of 10,087 people.
References
Census-designated places in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California
Alberto Marchán

Alberto Marchan is a sprinter from Venezuela. Marchan competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was born on 29 April 1947.
References
Other websites
1947 births
Living people
Venezuelan sprinters
Venezuelan Olympians
Filé

File is a powdered spice. It is made from dried sassafras leaves. It is used in small amounts as a thickening agent in Cajun and Creole cooking. In Cajun culture, it is widely used as a seasoning in gumbo.
Spices
Todd Nance

Todd Nance (November 20, 1962 - August 19, 2020) was an American blues rock drummer. He was best known as the original drummer of Widespread Panic. He was a member of the band until 2016. He was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Nance died on August 19, 2020 at the age of 57.
References
1962 births
2020 deaths
American drummers
American blues musicians
American rock musicians
Musicians from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Kurt Jara

Kurt Jara (born 14 October 1950) is an Austrian football manager and former player. He played as midfielder in different European leagues.
Playing career
Club career
He started his professional career with FC Wacker Innsbruck. Then he went to Spain and played for Valencia CF (1973) . 1975 he went to the German Bundesliga team MSV Duisburg where he played five seasonsHe reached the UEFA Cup semi-finals in 1979. After one season with FC Schalke 04 he ended his career in the Swiss Super League with Grasshopper.
International career
He made his debut for Austria in a July 1971 friendly match in Sao Paulo against Brazil and played at the 1978 and 1982 World Cups. He played 59 matches for the team and scored 14 goals. His last international was an April 1985 World Cup qualification match against Hungary.
Managerial career
He coached the Swiss clubs Grasshopper, FC St. Gallen and FC Zurich, the Austrian teams VfB Modling and FC Tirol Innsbruck, the Greece club Xanthi, APOEL from Cyprus and the German Bundesliga teams Hamburger SV and 1. FC Kaiserslautern. In the season 2005-06 he was the manager of Red Bull Salzburg but was sacked due to transfer discrepancies. Since then he is retired.
Honours
Player
Austrian Football Bundesliga: 1971, 1972, 1973
Austrian Cup: 1970, 1973
Swiss Super League: 1982, 1983, 1984
Swiss Cup: 1983
Manager
Hamburger SV
DFL-Ligapokal: 2003
References
Other websites
Living people
1950 births
Association football midfielders
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
FC Red Bull Salzburg managers
FC St. Gallen managers
Elfen Lied

is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Lynn Okamoto. It was originally serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Young Jump from June 2002 to August 2005, with the 107 chapters collected into twelve tankobon volumes. Elfen Lied revolves around the interactions, views, emotions, and differences between human beings and the Diclonii, a mutant species similar to humans in build but distinguishable by two horns on their heads and "vectors", transparent telekinetically controlled arms that have the power to manipulate and cut objects within their reach. The series is centered on the teenage Diclonius girl "Lucy" who was rejected by human beings and subsequently wants revenge.
The series' title is German for "Elves' Song" or more formally "song of the elves" and takes its name from the song "Elfenlied", which is featured in the story. Elfen Lied involves themes of discrimination, social alienation, identity, prejudice, revenge, abuse, jealousy, regret, and the value of humanity.
References
Steve Pisanos

Steve Pisanos (born Spiros Pisanos; tou Nikolaou kai tes Athenas; November 10, 1919 - June 6, 2016) was an American USAF Colonel. He served as a fighter pilot for the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Air Force (USAF) 4th Fighter Group in World War II. By the end of his career in 1974, he received 33 decorations and distinctions.
He was the author of the book The Flying Greek, published in April 2008, where he has recorded all of his personal adventures and detailed war fighting experiences. The book is commented by his friends and renowned USAF aviators Gabby Gabreski and Chuck Yeager.
Pisanos died on June 6, 2016 from heart failure at his home in Rancho Bernardo, San Diego, California, aged 96.
References
Other websites
http://www.theflyingreek.com/Steve_Pisanos/Biography/biography.php
http://imansolas.freeservers.com/Aces/Pisanos_english.html
http://www.eaglesquadrons.com/coppermine/thumbnails.php?album=237
4th Fighter Group Association WWII
1919 births
2016 deaths
American aviators
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
American military personnel of World War II
American colonels
Deaths from heart failure
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Athens
Writers from California
Fallen Angel (1945 movie)

Fallen Angel is a 1945 American crime mystery movie directed by Otto Preminger and was based on the novel of the same name by Marty Holland. It stars Alice Faye, Linda Darnell, Dana Andrews, Bruce Cabot, Charles Bickford, John Carradine and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1945 crime movies
1940s mystery movies
1940s American crime movies
American mystery movies
Movies based on books
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Otto Preminger
Ternengo

Ternengo is a comune in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Escalante, Utah

Escalante is a city in Garfield County, Utah, United States.
Cities in Utah
Boris Komnenić

Boris Komnenic (; 29 March 1957 - 6 March 2021) was a Serbian actor. He appeared in more than sixty movies from 1980 until 2011.
He was known for his roles in Days of Dreams, Taiwan Canasta, Dancing in Water, The Misfit Brigade, The Belgrade Phantom, When I Grow Up, I'll Be a Kangaroo, Loving Glances and Novogodisnje vencanje.
Komnenic died on 6 March 2021 in Belgrade, aged 63.
References
Other websites
1957 births
2021 deaths
Serbian actors
Peter the Great (1937 movie)

Peter the Great () is a 1937 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. It stars Nikolai Simonov, Mikhail Zharov, and Nikolay Cherkasov.
Actors
Nikolai Simonov as Tsar Pyotr I
Mikhail Zharov as Alexander Danilovich Menshikov
Nikolay Cherkasov as Prince Alexei
Mikhail Tarkhanov as Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev
Viktor Dobrovolsky as Yaguzhinsky, an officer / Fedka, a debtor
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1937 movies
Soviet drama movies
Movies about royalty
Movies set in Russia
Movies set in palaces
Movies set in the 17th century
Movies set in the 18th century
Karkonosze

Karkonosze (, , ) is the highest part of the Sudeten mountains between Silesia and Bohemia. The Schneekoppe, high, is the highest point.
This mountain also contain the source of the Elbe River and is also known for the Rubezahl, who is a giant, gnome or mountain spirit.
Other websites
Official Krkonose Mts. National Park website
Official Karkonoski Park Narodowy website
Karkonosze - information, history
Vesely vylet
Mountains of Europe
Hradec Kralove Region
Age of the universe

In cosmology, the age of the universe is the amount of time since the Big Bang. The best measurement of the age of the Universe is 13.8 billion years (specifically, 13.798+-0.037 billion years). The most recent and most accurate measurements were made by the Planck spacecraft. These measurements were made using the cosmic microwave background radiation and the expansion of the Universe.
History
In the 1800s, evidence from geology showed that the Earth was at least millions of years old. Later, it was thought that the universe was unchanging. However, in the 1920s, Georges Lemaitre and Edwin Hubble determined that the universe was expanding (see Hubble's law). Although the estimates made using the initial data were low, radioactive dating on Earth could be used to give measurements of 11-20 billion years to 13-15 billion years. Eventually, scientists were able to make much better measurements using spacecraft.
Ultimate fate
Essentially unknown, but the fate of planet Earth is known. The Sun will eventually become a red giant and consume the Earth.
References
Cosmology
Circus Cowboy

Circus Cowboy is a 1924 American western drama movie directed by William A. Wellman and starring Buck Jones, Marian Nixon, Jack McDonald, Ray Hallor, Marguerite Clayton. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and is a lost movie.
Other websites
1924 drama movies
1920s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Movies directed by William A. Wellman
Fayette, Mississippi

Fayette is a city in Jefferson County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,614 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Jefferson County.
References
Cities in Mississippi
County seats in Mississippi
Barcelona S.C.

Barcelona Sporting Club () is an Ecuadorian sports club based in Guayaquil. They are best known best for its professional football team. Internationally known as Barcelona de Ecuador or Barcelona de Guayaquil, in Ecuadorian land it is simply referred as Barcelona or El Idolo (BSC).
They currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A, the highest level of football in the country, and hold the distinction of being the only club in Ecuadorian history to not have played in the Serie B.
References
Other websites
Official site
1920s establishments in South America
1925 establishments
Football in Ecuador
Guayaquil
South American football clubs
Organizations based in Ecuador
Garni

Garni ("Garhni" in Armenian) is a village in the Armenian province of Kotayk.
Other websites
Garni at Armenica.org
Settlements in Armenia
Besmilr Brigham

Besmilr Brigham (born Bess Miller Moore; September 28, 1913 - September 30, 2000) was an American poet. She also wrote short stories.
Brigham was born Bess Miller Moore in Pace, Mississippi. She graduated from Mary Hardin-Baylor College (now University of Mary Hardin-Baylor) in Belton, Texas. After that, she studied at the New School for Social Research in New York. In New York she met Roy Brigham. Then she married him.
According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, "She came to prominence during the women's movement of the 1960s, and her work is noted for its innovative structure, sound, and rhythm."
Brigham is also known as Besmilr Moore Brigham. The Besmilr Women Writers Award is named after her.
Works
1969. Agony dance: death of the dancing dolls (poetry)
2000. Run through rock: selected short poems of Besmilr Brigham (C. D. Wright, ed.)
1971. Heaved from the earth. (poetry)
For further reading
Kenyon Review
References
1913 births
2000 deaths
American poets
Writers from Mississippi
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Idaho's 1st congressional district

Idaho's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S state of Idaho. The district is in the western part of the state. The congressional district is in the suburbs of Boise, Idaho and is in Ada and Canyon counties. It also includes the entire northern part of the state, through the Panhandle. The people who live in the district elect a person to represent the district in the United States House of Representatives. The 1st district is currently represented by Russ Fulcher, a Republican.
Election history
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
References
Congressional districts of Idaho
Lolo Ferrari

Lolo Ferrari (9 February 1963 - 5 March 2000) was the stage name of a French dancer and actress billed as "the woman with the largest breasts in the world", though their size was artificially achieved. She was born Eve Valois in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dome.
She started as a model and a prostitute.
Encouraged by her husband, Ferrari underwent numerous plastic surgery operations to create a silicone-enhanced bust (22 enlargements, a Guinness world record).
She became a regular guest on the television series Eurotrash on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.
Ferrari committed suicide by drug overdose in Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes.
References
1963 births
2000 deaths
Drug-related suicides
French movie actors
French models
French television personalities
People from Clermont-Ferrand
Pornographic actors
Prostitutes
Suicides in France
World record holders
Theological noncognitivism

Theological noncognitivism is the position that religious language - specifically, words such as "God" - and "Allah" - are not coherently defined. It is sometimes considered synonymous with ignosticism and igtheism.
One argument holds to the claim that definitions of "God" and "Allah" are irreducible, self-instituting relational, circular. For example, a sentence stating that "God is He who created everything, apart from Himself", is seen as circular rather than an irreducible truth.
Noncognitivism
Waldkirch, Switzerland

Waldkirch is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website of the municipality of Waldkirch
Municipalities of St. Gallen
Ann E. Todd

Ann Phillips Basart (born Ann Todd Phillips; August 26, 1931 - February 7, 2020), better known by her stage name Ann E. Todd, was an American child actress. She was a noted music librarian later in life. She acted between 1939 and 1953. She appeared in movies such as Zaza (1939), Homesteaders of Paradise Valley (1947), Arthur Takes Over (1948) and Cover Up (1949). She also made appearances in The Stu Erwin Show between 1950 and 1953.
Todd was born in Denver, Colorado. Her father was composer Burrill Phillips. She was married to Robert Basart from 1951 until his death in 1993. Todd had dementia for the final seven years of her life. She died on February 7, 2020, at the age of 88.
References
Other websites
1931 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Denver
American child actors
American movie actors
American teachers
American television actors
Deaths from dementia
Educators from Denver
Librarians
Soft palate

The soft palate is a part of the mouth, at the roof of the back of the throat, above the uvula (also called Palatine uvula). When something touches there, it creates a gag reflex.
Mouth
Elm Grove, Louisiana

Elm Grove is an unincorporated community in Bossier Parish, Louisiana, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Settlements in Bossier Parish, Louisiana
Magenta, Marne

Magenta is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.
In 2019, 1,697 people lived there. It was named after the 1859 Battle of Magenta, now in Italy.
Twin town
Magenta is twinned with:
Magenta, Italy, since 2009
Related pages
Communes of the Marne department
References
Communes in Marne
Ruth Rendell

Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh (nee Grasemann; 17 February 1930 - 2 May 2015), also known as Barbara Vine, was an English writer. She wrote mostly psychological thrillers and murder mysteries. She released at least 90 books and was best known for her character Inspector Wexford.
Rendell was born in South Woodford, Essex (now London). Her mother was born in Sweden and grew up in Denmark, while her father was English. She was married to Don Rendell until his death from prostate cancer in 1999. They had a son, Simon (born 1953).
Rendell had a stroke in January 2015. She died on 2 May 2015 in London, aged 85.
References
Other websites
1930 births
2015 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from stroke
English children's writers
English novelists
Writers from Essex
Writers from London
Members of the House of Lords
People from the London Borough of Redbridge
People from Suffolk
United Kingdom Life Peers
Jeotgalicoccus coquinae

Jeotgalicoccus coquinae is a species of gram-positive bacteria. The cells are coccoid. It belongs to the family Staphylococcaceae.
References
Gram-positive bacteria
Luwian language

Luwian was the language of the Luwian people. It is ordered under the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages. It died around 600 BCE. Linguists believe that it had two laryngeal consonants inherited from Indo-European, because their cuneiform writing had two symbols that represent laryngeal sounds.
Further reading
Indo-European languages
Charlottesville car attack

On August 12, 2017, a car crashed into a group of people at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Heather Heyer died and 19 others were injured. James Alex Fields Jr. was arrested and sentenced to life in prison. He had previously expressed neo-Nazi and white supremacist beliefs.
During the 2020 George Floyd protests, the United States Marine Corps made a rule against showing the Confederate flag at their bases. In the announcement, they said "events like the violence in Charlottesville in 2017 highlight the divisiveness the use of the Confederate battle flag has on our society."
References
2017 in Virginia
2017 murders in the United States
August 2017 events
Western Andes tree frog

The western Andes tree frog (Hyloscirtus sarampiona) is a frog. It lives in Colombia on the Cordillera Occidental in the Andes Mountains. Scientists have seen it at 2190 meters above sea level.
References
Frogs of South America
Rodinia

Rodinia, meaning "to give birth", is the name of a supercontinent. It had most or all of Earth's landmass when the Neoproterozoic era began.
Rodinia existed between 1.1 billion and 750 million years ago. It formed from parts of an older and poorly understood supercontinent.
Rodinia broke up in the first period of the Neoproterozoic, the Tonian. Later its continental fragments were re-assembled to form Pangaea 300250 million years ago. In contrast with Pangaea, little is known yet about the exact position and history of Rodinia.
The extreme cooling of the global climate around 700 million years ago (the so-called Snowball Earth of the Cryogenian period) and the rapid evolution of primitive life during the following Ediacaran and Cambrian periods may have been caused by the breaking up of Rodinia.
Break-up
The break-up of Rodinia is understood better than its formation. Extensive flood basalt flows and volcanic eruptions of Neoproterozoic age are found on most continents. This is evidence for large scale rifting about 750 million years ago. As early as 850 and 800 million years ago, a rift developed, eventually becoming an ocean in the Ediacaran.
In a separate rifting event about 610 million years ago (halfway in the Ediacaran period), the Iapetus Ocean formed. It might be that all continental mass was again joined in one supercontinent between roughly 600 and 550 million years ago. This hypothetical supercontinent is called Pannotia.
Its effect on life
Unlike later supercontinents, Rodinia itself was entirely barren. It existed before life colonized dry land. It was before the ozone layer formed, so Rodinia was too exposed to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight for organisms to live there and leave fossils. However, its existence probably affected the marine life of its time.
In the Cryogenian period, the Earth experienced large glaciations, and temperatures were at least as cool as today. Substantial areas of Rodinia may have been covered by glaciers or the southern polar ice cap.
The eventual rifting of the continents created new oceans, and seafloor spreading, which produces warmer, less-dense oceanic lithosphere. Due to its lower density, hot oceanic lithosphere does not lie so deep as old, cool oceanic lithosphere. In periods with relatively large areas of new lithosphere, the ocean floors come up, causing the sea level to rise. The result was a greater number of shallower seas.
The increased evaporation from the larger water area of the oceans may have increased rainfall, which, in turn, increased the weathering of exposed rock. This increased rainfall may have reduced greenhouse gas levels. When CO2 level dropped, the period known as Snowball Earth began. Increased volcanic activity also introduced nutrients into the seas. This may have played an important role in the development of the earliest animals.
References
Supercontinents
Neoproterozoic
The Saturdays

The Saturdays are a five person Anglo-Irish girl group. They were formed in 2007 in London. They released their first single, "If This Is Love" in 2008. The group consists of Una Healy, Mollie King, Frankie Sandford, Vanessa White and Rochelle Humes. They have sold over four million singles in the UK and Ireland.
Other websites
Official website
2007 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British girl groups
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups from London
Musical quintets
Grant McBride

Grant Anthony McBride (29 December 1949 - 12 February 2018) was an Australian politician. He was born in Sydney. McBride was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of The Entrance on the New South Wales Central Coast for the Australian Labor Party from 1992 to 2011.
In May 2007, McBride was appointed Assistant Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. On 8 November 2010, McBride announced that he would not run in the 2011 state election.
McBride died in Sydney of Alzheimer's disease on 12 February 2018 at the age of 68.
References
1949 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Sydney
Politicians from Sydney
Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are a taxon of bacteria which conduct photosynthesis. They are not algae, though they were once called blue-green algae. It is a phylum of bacteria, with about 1500 species. In endosymbiont theory, chloroplasts (plastids) are descended from cyanobacteria. Their DNA profile is evidence for this.
Cyanobacteria have an extremely long fossil record, starting at least 3,500 million years ago. They were the main organisms in the stromatolites of the Archaean and Proterozoic eons.
The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is highly significant. The early atmosphere on Earth was largely reducing, that is, without oxygen. The cyanobacteria in stromatolites were the first known organisms to photosynthesise and produce free oxygen. After about a billion years, the effect of this photosynthesis began a huge change in the atmosphere. The process, called the Great Oxygenation Event, took a long time. Eventually, it killed off most of the organisms which could not live in oxygen, and led to the kinds of environment we know today, where most organisms use and need oxygen.
Light detection
Cyanobacteria have a way of detecting light. Conrad Mullineaux, of Queen Mary University of London, said, "It has a way of detecting where the light is; we know that because of the direction that it moves".
"In a single-celled pond slime, they observed how incoming rays are bent by the bug's spherical surface and focused in a spot on the far side of the cell. By shuffling along in the opposite direction to that bright spot, the microbe moves towards the light".
Related pages
Ice algae
References
Gram-negative bacteria
Cell biology
Photosynthesis
Ira Einhorn

Ira Samuel Einhorn (May 15, 1940 - April 3, 2020), known as "The Unicorn Killer", was an American convicted of murdering his ex-girlfriend, Holly Maddux. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
On September 9, 1977, Maddux disappeared following a trip to collect her belongings from the apartment she and Einhorn had shared in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Eighteen months later, police found her partially mummified body in a trunk in Einhorn's closet.
After his arrest, Einhorn fled the country and spent twenty-three years in Europe before being taken back to the United States. He said that his ex-girlfriend had been killed by CIA agents who framed him for the crime because he knew too much about the agency's paranormal military research.
He was convicted and served a life sentence at a prison in Pennsylvania until his death in prison in April 2020 of heart disease, aged 79.
References
1940 births
2020 deaths
People who died in prison custody in the United States
American environmentalists
American people convicted of murder
People from Philadelphia
Jewish American criminals
Ashtabula County, Ohio

Ashtabula County is the northeasternmost county in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 101,497. The county seat is Jefferson.
References
Ohio counties
1811 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in Ohio
Dale Danks

Alney Dale Danks Jr. (August 27, 1939 - June 9, 2021) was an American Republican politician and lawyer. He was the Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi from 1977 to 1989. Until 1995, he was a member of the Democratic Party.
Danks died as a result of a stroke on June 9, 2021 in Jackson at the age of 81.
Biography
He first became the mayor of Jackson, Mississippi, in 1977. He was a Democrat at that time. In 1981, he won the election to be the mayor of Jackson again. In 1989 he lost the mayor office to J. Kane Ditto.
References
1939 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Lawyers from Mississippi
American mayors
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Mississippi
Businesspeople from Mississippi
People from Jackson, Mississippi
1960 Formula One season

The 1960 Formula One season was the 10th of the championship. The champion was Jack Brabham in a close battle.
Season review
1960 Drivers Championship final standings
References
Formula One seasons
1960 in sports
Ernie Broglio

Ernest Gilbert Broglio (; August 27, 1935 - July 16, 2019) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball from 1959 to 1966. He was born in Berkeley, California. Broglio was best known as the "other player" in the controversial trade that sent future Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder Lou Brock from the Cubs to the Cardinals in June 1964.
Broglio died on July 16, 2019 from cancer in San Jose, California at the age of 83.
References
1935 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in California
Chicago Cubs players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Sportspeople from Berkeley, California
Billy Zane

William George "Billy" Zane, Jr. (born February 24, 1966), mostly known as Billy Zane or Bill Zane, is an American television, voice, stage, video game, and movie actor, music executive, and movie producer. He has appeared in over 100 movies. He played the main antagonist Caledon N. "Cal" Hockley in the 1997 James Cameron's blockbuster movie Titanic.
Zane was born on February 24, 1966 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Lisa Collins from 1989 until they divorced in 1995.
References
Other websites
1966 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American video game actors
Movie producers from Chicago
Actors from Chicago
Cantigny, Somme

Cantigny is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Iris Cummings

Iris C. Cummings (born December 21, 1920), also known by her married name Iris Critchell, is an American aviator and former competition swimmer. She represented the United States at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
She was accepted into the University of Southern California's first Civilian Pilot Training Program in 1939. During World War II, she was a member of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs).
References
1920 births
Living people
American swimmers
American Olympians
American aviators
American military personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Military people from California
Yalobusha County, Mississippi

Yalobusha County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 12,678 people lived there. Its county seats are Water Valley and Coffeeville.
References
1830s establishments in Mississippi
1834 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Shkëlqim Troplini

Shkelqim Troplini (1 October 1966 - 7 November 2020) was an Albanian wrestler. He competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
On 7 November 2020, Troplini died of COVID-19 at the age of 54.
References
1966 births
2020 deaths
Albanian people
Olympians
Wrestlers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Albania
The Wild Dog Dingo

The Wild Dog Dingo () is a 1962 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Karasik. It stars Galina Polskikh, Vladimir Osobik, and Talas Umurzakov.
Actors
Galina Polskikh as Tanya
Vladimir Osobik as Kolya
Talas Umurzakov as Filka
Anna Rodionova as Zhenya
Inna Kondrateva as Mother
Nikolai Timofeyev as Father
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1962 movies
Soviet drama movies
Takashi Kasahara

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Kasahara was born on March 26, 1918. He played for Keio University. He won the 1937 Emperor's Cup. He also played for Keio BRB which was consisted of his alma mater Keio University players and graduates. He won the 1939 and 1940 Emperor's Cup at the club with Yukio Tsuda, Hirokazu Ninomiya and Saburo Shinosaki. 1940 Emperor's Cup was the last Emperor's Cup before the war because Emperor's Cup was suspended for World War II from 1941 to 1945.
On June 16, 1940, when Kasahara was a Keio University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match. This match was the first match since 1936 Summer Olympics and the only match in the 1940s in Japan's "International A Match" due to World War II.
Statistics
|-
|1940||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}
References
Other websites
1918 births
Year of death missing
Japanese footballers
Japan international footballers
Aminet

Aminet is the world's largest archive of Amiga-related software and files.
Aminet was originally hosted by several universities' FTP sites, and is now available on CD-ROM and on the web.
In 1 April 2013, Aminet has 80592 packages online.
History
In January 1992, Swiss student Urban Muller start to work with software archive. It had been started by other members of a computer science students' club.
Soon the archive became famous worldwide. In 1995 Aminet has started to distribute on monthly CD-ROMs.
By using a single master site for creating ftp scripts for each slave site, Aminet reduced to a bare minimum for setting up new mirror sites.
Aminet also shows practical use of metadata schema by software repositories. Reports of daily additions to this software archive were posted automatically to Usenet or could be requested as an email newsletter.
Most of the programs on Aminet were public domain or shareware, but software companies made updates and demo versions of their programs available.
Now Aminet becomes wider by platform specific sites archiving software for AmigaOS 4, AROS or MorphOS only.
References
Technology companies of Europe
Archives
Arthur Janov

Arthur "Art" Janov (; (August 21, 1924 - October 1, 2017) was an American psychologist, psychotherapist, and the creator of primal therapy, a treatment for mental illness that involves repeatedly descending into, feeling, and experiencing long-repressed childhood pain. He was born in Los Angeles, California.
Janov directed a psychotherapy institute called the Primal Center in Santa Monica, California. Janov was the author of many books, most notably The Primal Scream (1970).
Janov died in his sleep of respiratory arrest after suffering a stroke at his home in Malibu, California on October 1, 2017 at the age of 93.
References
Other websites
Dr Arthur Janov's Primal Center
Janov's Reflections on the Human Condition Arthur Janov's Blog
Grand Delusions--Psychotherapies Without Feeling (2005) unpublished manuscript available at the Primal Center's website
Life Before Birth website
1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from respiratory arrest
Deaths from stroke
American psychologists
Writers from Los Angeles
VMU

The Sega Dreamcast VMU is a memory card made just for the Sega Dreamcast machine that plays video games. It is put in slot one or two on the Sega Dreamcast controller. It can save games, backgrounds and other extra features for the Sega Dreamcast. Also, it can save minigames that can be played on the remote itself running on a battery using D-pad, A, B, start, and select buttons. The games are shown on a small screen on the controller. (This screen usually shows pictures and game statistics when playing on the Dreamcast).
Technology
Sega
sv:Sega Dreamcast#VMU
Catalina affair

The Catalina affair () was a military confrontation and diplomatic crisis in June 1952 between the USSR and Sweden. It was during the Cold War. Soviet fighter aeroplanes shot down two Swedish Air Force aeroplanes over the Baltic Sea. Both aircrafts were found in 2003.
References
Other websites
1952 in Europe
1950s in the Soviet Union
1950s in Sweden
Cold War
Merritt, British Columbia

Merritt is a Canadian city in British Columbia, Canada. Marritt is in the south-central Interior of British Columbia and also in the Nicola Valley. As of 2006, Marritt had 6,998 people. The current mayor of Merritt is Susan Roline. Merritt is home to a BCHL (British Columbia Hockey League) team called the Merritt Centennials which is the oldest ice hockey team in the league. In 2008, the Country Music Hall of Fame relocated from Calgary to Merritt.
Other websites
City of Merritt's Official website
Cities in British Columbia
Örgryte IS

Orgryte IS is an association football club which in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The club won the first Swedish national championship in 1896, and was one of the stronger teams in Swedish association football of the late 19th century and early 20th century.
The club also won the Swedish national championship in 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1902, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1913 and 1985
References
Other websites
Official website
Swedish football clubs
1887 establishments in Europe
Sport in Gothenburg
1880s establishments in Sweden
Diario Frontera

Diario Frontera is a Venezuelan regional newspaper, headquartered in Ejido, in the state of Merida. Founded in 1978, its slogan is "El diario del occidente del pais" (The Daily of the occident of the country).
Features
The newspaper is distributed as standard colored format. It contains regional, national, and international news. It has two supplements, issued every Sunday: Aqui entre Nos magazine, and a supplement for children, Chipilin. It has special editions for occasions like Feria del Sol and Dia del Trabajador.
History
Diario Frontera was founded by Jose Benedicto Monsalve, along with the writer Rafael Angel Gallegos, who was the first director, on 12 August 1978. At the beginning, it was printed in black and white using a rotary owned by Diario Critica.
In the eighties, Diario Frontera became a generalist newspaper, printed in black and white, and with 20 pages. Since 1989, it has printed a page or a section dedicated to the University of the Andes, due to the great number of students and the importance of the University in the life of the city.
In June 2005, it printed an inquiry about a student of the university killed by the police. Diario wrote that the student had been hit by the policemen, but also revealed his belonging to an armed political group. The headquarter of the newspaper was attacked by groups of students; it was the beginning of riots that then spread all over the city. The pleas of Reporters Without Borders remained unheard.
In 2008, on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary, Diario has revamped graphics (logo, typeface).
Directors
Rafael Angel Gallegos
Alcides Monsalve
References
Related pages
List of Venezuelan newspapers
Merida, Venezuela
Other websites
Diario Frontera website
1978 establishments
Newspapers in South America
Spanish-language newspapers
Merida (state)
York County, Virginia

York County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 70,045 people lived there. Its county seat is Yorktown.
References
Virginia counties
Carlo Rolandi

Carlo Rolandi (2 July 1926 - 8 August 2020) was an Italian sailor. With Agostino Straulino, he finished 4th in the Star competition at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Naples. Rolandi was the president of the Italian Sailing Federation from 1981 to 1988.
Rolandi died on 8 August 2020, aged 94.
References
1926 births
2020 deaths
Italian Olympians
Sportspeople from Naples
Italian sailors
Otho, Iowa

Otho is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowacc
Hideaki Tominaga

Hideaki Tominaga (born 27 August 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Blaublitz Akita.
Club career statistics
|-
|1998||Kokushikan University||Football League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2000||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2001||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||16||2||4||1||0||0||20||3
|-
|2002||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||32||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|-
|2003||Nagoya Grampus Eight||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2004||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||38||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||39||3
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Yokohama||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||30||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||3
|-
|2006||15||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|TDK||rowspan="3"|Football League||15||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2008||13||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2009||30||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2010||Blaublitz Akita||Football League||||||||||||||||
193||10||9||1||2||0||204||11
193||10||9||1||2||0||204||11
|}
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Fukui Prefecture
Chenareh

Chenareh (, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam. At the 2006 census, its population was 433, in 101 families.
References
Cities in Iran
Kurdistan Province
SCP – Containment Breach

SCP - Containment Breach is a horror video game created by Joonas "Regalis" Rikkonen, based on fictional stories from the SCP Foundation wiki. The player is a human test subject, imprisoned in an underground testing facility which is used for containing and studying entities known as SCPs. The goal of the game is to escape from the facility during a breach of these anomalies while also avoiding security teams that are sent in to contain them. The game's map is randomly generated, and features multiple entities from the SCP wiki.
The game was released on April 15, 2012, and was supported with digital content updates until its most recent update 1.3.11 on July 29, 2018.
Gameplay
The player controls a prisoner named D-9341 as they attempt to escape an underground research facility during a breach of its contained entities, known as SCPs. During gameplay, the player walks around the facility collecting items in order to escape, while also being chased by multiple SCPs and armed enemies, which must be avoided or else the player will be killed.
The game is set in a first-person perspective with the player in full control of D-9341, and is able to walk and sprint in any direction. One of the important game mechanics is the blink meter. During the entire gameplay, the blink meter will slowly decrease and eventually force the player to blink, but the player can also blink on command. This mechanic is likely in the game because of SCP-173, who operates based on whether or not the player can see them. The player can save and load games depending on difficulty, with the game's medium difficulty only allowing saving at certain points in the game, and the game's hardest difficulty not allowing saving at all.
2012 video games
Horror video games
Sons-et-Ronchères

Sons-et-Roncheres is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Tutu (plant)

Tutu is a common name of Maori origin for plants in the genus Coriaria (Coriariaceae) found in New Zealand.
Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:
Coriaria angustissima
Coriaria arborea
Coriaria lurida
Coriaria plumosa
Coriaria pteridoides
Coriaria sarmentosa
They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the plant parts are poisonous, containing the neurotoxin tutin.
Both the seeds and sap of tutu are highly poisonous, resulting in many cattle deaths in the early days of European settlement. After removing the poisonous seeds, Maori people prepared a drink from the fruit, which they often boiled with a type of seaweed (rimu). The resulting jelly (rehia) was then fermented.
Honey containing tutin can be produced by honey bees feeding on honeydew produced by sap-sucking vine hopper insects (Scolypopa australis) feeding on tutu. The toxin is in the sap of the Tutu bush. This sap is eaten by the hoppers, but not all is digested. The undigested sap which contains a lot of plant sugars as well as tutin is excreted as honeydew onto the leaves of the bush. Bees then gather the honeydew and toxic honey is the result.
The last recorded deaths from eating honey containing tutin were in Northland, New Zealand, in 1890, although sporadic outbreaks of toxic honey poisoning continue to occur. Poisoning symptoms include delirium, vomiting, and coma.
References
Cucurbitales
Plants of New Zealand
Almanac

An almanac is a type of reference that is published yearly. It includes information about weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates and tide tables. Information about astronomy are also found in almanacs, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, lists of all types, timelines, sports, and more. It can also be used to tell time, and is pocket sized. The first almanac was invented in 1457.
Reference works
The Incredibles (video game)

The Incredibles is a 2004 video game based on the 2004 animated movie of the same name. It was released for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It had Samuel L. Jackson and Jason Lee returning as the voices of Frozone and Buddy Pine.
Gameplay
For Mr. Incredible's levels, he can attack enemies and lift objects. For Dash's levels, he can race in an obstacle course.
Plot
Unlike the movie, the game ends with just the Incredibles defeating the Omnidroid.
Reception
The game had good reviews.
2004 video games
Game Boy Advance games
The Incredibles
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Superhero video games
THQ games
Xbox games
Thenpennai River

Thenpennai River is a river in Tamil Nadu in India. In the Hindu religion, this river is holy.
This river starts in Karnataka state in the Nanthidurga mountains. This river divides into two rivers at Thirukovilur. One river is called Kedilam and other is Thenpennai.
Rivers of India