pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Copper(I) chloride

Copper(I) chloride, also known as cuprous chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCl. It contains copper in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.
Properties
Copper(I) chloride is white when pure. It does not dissolve in water. It is green when in air because of conversion to copper(II) chloride. It can react with Lewis bases, a group of chemicals. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid easily. It dissolves in solutions that have ammonia in them. It absorbs carbon monoxide. It easily disproportionates into copper and copper(II) chloride. It reacts with ammonia and acetylene to make copper(I) acetylide, a reddish explosive.
Preparation
It can be made by reduction of copper(II) chloride. It was made at first by reacting copper with mercury(II) chloride. It can be made by heating copper(II) chloride very hot. Some chlorine is released, and copper(I) chloride is left behind.
Uses
Copper(I) chloride is used to make a fungicide, which is used to kill fungi. It is also used to make many organic compounds.
Related pages
Copper(I) oxide
Copper sulfate
Chlorine compounds
Caradrina agrotina

Caradrina agrotina is a moth of the Noctuidae family.
References
Caradrina agrotina in lepidoptera (reference contains no information except that it is found in Europe)
Noctuidae
Rolling Loud

Rolling Loud is a hip hop music festival. It was started in 2015 by Matt Zingler and Tariq Cherif. The first Rolling Loud took place on Feburary 28, 2015 at Soho Studios in Miami, Florida. It was headlined by Schoolboy Q, Juicy J, and A$AP Ferg.
Rolling Loud events have been held in Miami (2017-present), California (2017-present), New York (2019-present), Sydney, Australia (2019), Portugal (2020-present), Toronto (2022), Rotterdam, Netherlands (2023), Munich, Germany (2023), and Pattaya, Thailand (2023).
References
Other websites
Rolling Loud website
2015 establishments in the United States
Music festivals in the United States
Desert Island Discs

Desert Island Discs is a biographical and factual radio programme produced by Bob Symes. It is broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. It was first broadcast on the BBC Home Service on 29 January 1942.
Each week a person (called a "castaway") is asked to choose eight pieces of music, a book and a luxury item that they would take if they were to be cast away on a desert island (an island that is not lived on by humans). They discuss their lives and the reasons for their choices.
More than 3,000 episodes have been recorded. There aren't that many castaways, though, because a few castaways have appeared more than once. Some programmes had two people as the castaway.
The programme was created by Roy Plomley. After Plomley's death in 1985, the programme was presented by Michael Parkinson. From 1988 to 2006, it was presented by Sue Lawley. Since 2006, the show has been presented by Kirsty Young. She interviewed illustrator Quentin Blake on her first show, broadcast on 1 October 2006.
The light music composition by Eric Coates called "By the Sleepy Lagoon" is the signature tune of the programme.
References
Other websites
Desert Island Discs at BBC Radio 4
Sue Arnold, "The Lagoon Show", The Observer, London, 17 March 2002
BBC radio
Radio programs
1942 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in the United Kingdom
Rivara

Rivara is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Settlements in Piedmont
Bad Zwischenahn

Bad Zwischenahn (Low German: Twuschenahn) is a town and a municipality in Ammerland, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is on Zwischenahner Meer, about 15 km northwest of Oldenburg and about 70 km south of the North Sea coast.
Twin towns - sister cities
Bad Zwischenahn is twinned with:
Centerville, United States
Goluchow, Poland
Izegem, Belgium
References
Other websites
Ammerland
Spa towns in Germany
Anne Archer

Anne Archer (born August 25, 1947) is an American movie and television actress. She has been in many television programs and movies. She starred in the thrillers Fatal Attraction, Body of Evidence, Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger.
References
Other websites
1947 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Scientologists
Ole Nordhaug

Ole Nordhaug (3 February 1925 - 19 September 2021) was a Norwegian Lutheran bishop. He was the first Bishop of the Diocese of More from its creation in 1983 until his retirement in 1991. He was born in Bolsoy, Norway. He became the Dean of the Fredrikstad Cathedral from 1977 until 1983.
Nordhaug died on 19 September 2021 in Oslo, Norway at the age of 96.
References
1925 births
2021 deaths
Lutheran bishops
People from Oslo
AKM Jahangir Hossain

AKM Jahangir Hossain (1954 - 24 December 2020) was a Bangladeshi Bangladesh Awami League politician. He was a member of the Jatiya Sangsad from 1991 to 1995, 1996 to 2006 and from 2014 to 2018. From 1998 to 2001, he was Minister of Textiles and Jute.
Hossain died on 24 December 2020 at a Dhaka hospital from COVID-19 at the age of 66.
References
1954 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
Indonesian politicians
Swan Islands, Honduras

The Swan Islands, or Islas Santanilla, are a chain of three islands. They are in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. They are about ninety miles off the coastline of Honduras. They have a land area of .
Detailed location and features
They are within the EEZ of Honduras and belong to the Islas de la Bahia department of Honduras. They consist of three islands:
Great Swan Island (3 km long, 5.5 km2)
Little Swan (2.4 km long, 0.5 km wide, 2.5 km2)
Booby Cay (90 metres long, 70 m off the southwest corner of Great Swan, <0.01 km2)
Rosario Bank and Misteriosa Bank are 130 to 150 km north of the Swan Islands. The >5000 metres deep Cayman Trench separates them.
The islands have no people in them, except for a small Honduran navy garrison. Great Swan has a 3800' (1158 m) grass airstrip (ICAO code MHIC, IATA code SWA).
Historical background
Both the United States and Honduras claimed the Swan Islands until the United States dropped its claim. This was under the Guano Islands Act in 1972. The islands gained attention in the early 1960s. This was because of Radio Swan, which began broadcasting in May 1960 during preparation for, and during, the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba. The station was removed from the islands in the late 1960s. Its main transmitter was transferred for use in the Vietnam War.
In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch moved over Swan Island with winds of 180 mph.
References
Other websites
History of the Swan Islands
Caribbean islands
Islands of Central America
Geography of Honduras
Walbourg

Walbourg is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
References
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Hank Hill

Hank Rutherford Hill (born April 15, 1953) is a fictional character in the television series, King of the Hill. He lives in Arlen, Texas with his wife Peggy and his son Bobby. He was named one of the wisest people on television by The Economist. He suffers from Diminished Gluteal Syndrome (DGS) which is a fictional genetic disorder. He works at Strickland Propane and sells propane and propane accessories. He was born in the women's bathroom of Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, New York which he was horrified to find out. His father's name is Cotton who was a World War II veteran who had his shins "blowed off by a Japanman's machine gun" in combat, and had his feet attached to his knees, he has a Japanese half brother named Junichiro, and his cousin is the bassist and vocalist for ZZ Top, Dusty Hill. He is usually seen hanging out with his friends Dale, Bill and Boomhauer.
References
Notes
Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Television characters
Salvenach

Salvenach () was a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Courlevon, Jeuss, Lurtigen and Salvenach merged into Murten.
References
Other websites
Former municipalities of Fribourg
Lingolsheim

Lingolsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. It is a suburb of Strasbourg.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Les Enfants du Paradis

Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) is a French romantic drama movie. It was written by Jacques Prevert and directed by Marcel Carne and released in 1945. It stars Arletty as French courtesan Garance. She is loved by four men: a street mime, an actor, a criminal, and an aristocrat. The story is set among the lower class theatres of Paris between 1820 and 1840. Garance is courted by four men but leaves them all because they will not allow her to love in her own way. The three hour film has been described as France's Gone with the Wind.
Other websites
1940s historical movies
1945 romantic drama movies
French drama movies
French-language movies
French romance movies
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies directed by Marcel Carne
Alexander Rutskoy

Alexander Vladimirovich Rutskoy (; born 16 September 1947) is a Russian politician and a former Soviet military officer.
Rutskoy served as the only Vice President of Russia from 10 July 1991 to 4 October 1993, and as the Governor of Kursk Oblast from 1996 to 2000. In the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, he was made acting President of Russia, in opposition to President Boris Yeltsin.
References
1947 births
Living people
Soviet military people
Vice presidents
Russian politicians
Woomera Test Range

The RAAF Woomera Test Range is a weapons testing facility in South Australia. It is run by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It covers and area of , and is the world's largest weapons test facility on land. The range is a restricted area, called the Woomera Prohibited Area. The airspace above it is also restricted, and is called the Woomera Restricted Airspace.
The range was originally set up as a place for the British to test missiles during World War II. The British asked to do weapons testing here (in the centre of Australia), because not many people lived there. A Commonwealth weapons design and test project, called the Australian-Anglo Joint Project, was signed in 1946. The range originally had an area of .
Between 1955 and 1963, the British ran a series of seven nuclear-weapon tests at Maralinga, then inside the range. The Joint Project ran until 1980, when the British withdrew from the program. The range is still used as a testing site by the Australian Defence Force. Access is leased to foreign militaries and private companies for their own testing of weapons.
It is named after the Dharuk word for a spear-thrower.
References
Other websites
Official website
Military of Australia
South Australia
Nickel–zinc battery

A nickel-zinc battery, abbreviated NiZn, is a type of rechargeable battery. It is similar to the nickel cadmium battery but with a higher voltage of 1.6 V. Large nickel-zinc battery systems have been known for over 100 years. Since 2000, development of a stabilized zinc electrode system has made this technology competitive with other commercially available rechargeable battery systems. Cells in "AA" and "AAA" sizes are available. Nickel-zinc batteries are not as toxic as nickel-cadmium batteries, and they are less of a fire risk than lithium-ion batteries. The energy density is higher than nickel-cadmium, but not quite as high as lithium-ion.
Batteries
Bill Morey

William Morey (December 19, 1919 - December 10, 2003) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in Death Race 2000 (1975), Brainstorm (1983), and Real Men (1987). He was also a television actor appearing on small roles in Full House, Fraiser, Boy Meets World, and in Beggars and Choosers.
Morey died in Santa Monica, California from natural causes, aged 83.
Other websites
1919 births
2003 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Massachusetts
Dr. Tangalanga

Julio Victorio De Rissio (10 November 1916 - 26 December 2013), or Dr. Tangalanga, was a famous Argentine comedian, actor and writer. He was known for his prank phone calls to people who were not expecting it.
Tangalanga was born in Buenos Aires. His career began in 1964. Tangalanga died in Buenos Aires from natural causes. He was aged 97.
References
Other websites
Official website
90 Tangalangas
"Tal vez ya sea un poco conocido"
Argentina answers to the crazy call of Dr. Tangalanga, Matt Moffett. Wall Street Journal. December 15, 2007.
1916 births
2013 deaths
Writers from Buenos Aires
Argentine comedians
Actors from Buenos Aires
Harmony Korine

Harmony Korine (born January 4, 1973) is an American movie director, screenwriter, and actor, best known for writing Kids (1995), directed by Larry Clark. He then went on to both write and direct the movies Gummo (1997), Julien Donkey-Boy (1999), Mister Lonely (2007), Trash Humpers (2009), Spring Breakers (2012) and The Beach Bum (2019). He also wrote the drama movie Ken Park (2002), also directed by Clark.
Early life
Korine was born in Bolinas, California on January 4, 1973. He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. He is Jewish.
Personal life
Korine has been married to actress Rachel Korine (nee Simon) since 2007. The couple have a daughter, Lefty Bell.
References
Other websites
1973 births
Living people
Actors from Nashville, Tennessee
American screenwriters
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Movie directors from California
Writers from Nashville, Tennessee
Screenwriters from California
Endemism

Endemism is an ecological word meaning that a plant or animal lives only in a particular location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone. For example, many species of lemur are endemic to the island of Madagascar.
There are two types of endemism - paleoendemism and neoendemism. Paleoendemism means that a species used to live in a large area but now lives only in a smaller area. Neoendemism means that a species has recently appeared which is closely related to the main species or one that has formed following hybridization and is now classified as a separate species. This is a common process in plants especially those which exhibit polyploidy.
The opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution.
Endemic types are most likely to develop on islands because they are isolated. This includes remote island groups, like the Hawaiian Islands, the Galapagos Islands, and Socotra. Endemism can also occur in areas which are separated from other similar areas like the highlands of Ethiopia, or large bodies of water like Lake Baikal.
Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct because of only living in a small area. They are also vulnerable to the actions of man, including the introduction of new organisms. There were millions of both Bermuda petrels and "Bermuda cedars" (actually junipers) in Bermuda when it was settled at the start of the 17th century. By the end of the century, the petrels were thought to be extinct. Cedars, whose numbers were low as a result of centuries of shipbuilding, were nearly made extinct in the 20th Century by the introduction of a parasite. Both petrels and cedars are very rare today, as are other species endemic or native to Bermuda.
Endemic organisms are not the same as indigenous organisms -- a species that is indigenous to somewhere may be native to other locations as well. An introduced species, also known as a naturalized or exotic species, is an organism that is not indigenous to a given place or area.
Ecoregions with high endemism
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of endemic plants:
Fynbos in the Cape flower region (South Africa)
Hawaiian tropical dry forests (United States)
Hawaiian tropical rainforests (United States)
Kwongan heathlands (Australia)
Madagascar dry deciduous forests (Madagascar)
Madagascar lowland forests (Madagascar)
New Caledonia dry forests (New Caledonia)
New Caledonia rain forests (New Caledonia)
Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests (Mexico)
Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests (Guatemala)
Luzon montane rainforests (Philippines)
Luzon rain forests (Philippines)
Luzon tropical pine forests (Philippines)
Mindanao montane rain forests (Philippines)
Mindanao-Eastern Visayas rain forests (Philippines)
Palawan rain forests (Philippines)
Threats to highly endemistic regions
Some of the principal threats to these special ecosystems are:
Large scale logging operations
Slash-and-burn techniques (which are sometimes a part of shifting cultivation)
Destruction of habital or vegetation leads to endangering of the endemic species
References
Related pages
Biodiversity
Ecology
Souligny

Souligny is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
References
Communes in Aube
Commutativity of addition

The commutative property of addition is the property in mathematics which states that changing the order of addends does not change the sum.
For example, .
References
Number theory
Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park is a national park in the state of California, U.S.A.. Created on 1 October 1890, it was the second national park, after Yellowstone. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Yosemite covers 1,189 square miles (3,081 square kilometers) on the Sierra Nevada.
Over 3.5 million people visit the park each year. Despite the park's great size, most people spend time in Yosemite Valley, one of the most beautiful places in the park. Almost 95 percent of the park is wilderness. Yosemite has many waterfalls. The most famous of these is the world-famous Yosemite Falls, which at tall, is one of the tallest waterfalls in the world.
In the northern area of the park lies the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, a debated dam project. The reservoir floods. Many people supporting environmentalism are trying to get the dam removed.
The eighth major operating system of OS X by Apple Inc. is named after the Yosemite National Park, called OS X Yosemite.
Gallery
Related pages
List of World Heritage Sites in the United States
References
Other websites
1890 establishments in California
National parks in the United States
World Heritage Sites in the United States
Wilderness Areas of the United States
Geography of California
Madera County, California
Mariposa County, California
Tuolumne County, California
Samantha Barks

Samantha Jane Barks (born 2 October 1990) is a Manx singer and actress who first rose to fame after coming third in the BBC talent show-themed television series I'd Do Anything in 2008. In 2012, she was cast in her first movie as Eponine in the movie version of the long-running musical Les Miserables.
Filmography
Awards
2013 Elle Style Awards for Best Breakthrough Performance - Les Miserables
2012 Hollywood Film Festival Hollywood Spotlight Award - Les Miserables
2012 National Board of Review Award for Best Cast - Les Miserables
2012 Satellite Award for Best Cast - Motion Picture - Les Miserables
2012 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble - Les Miserables
2012 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture - Les Miserables - (nomination)
2012 Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture - Les Miserables - (nomination)
2012 San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture - Les Miserables - (nomination)
2012 an Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by an Ensemble - Les Miserables - (nomination)
2012 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture - Les Miserables - (nomination)
2012 Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Acting Ensemble - Les Miserables - (nomination)
2012 London Film Critics Circle Award for Young British Performer of the Year - Les Miserables - (nomination)
2012 Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Performer - Les Miserables - (nomination)
2012 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Breakthrough Performance - Les Miserables - (nomination)
References
Other websites
Samantha Barks' CV at United Agents
"Sam Singing Defying Defying Gravity"--YouTube
1990 births
British singers
Living people
Manx people
British movie actors
British artists
British television actors
Musical theater actors
Takuya Suzumura

is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics
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|1997||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||6||0||2||0||0||0||8||0
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|1998||0||0||||||||||||
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References
1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Aichi Prefecture
Castle on the Hill

"Castle on the Hill" is a 2017 song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran and is the double lead single from his third studio album /, along with "Shape of You". It topped the single charts in Iceland, Israel and Scotland. It went to number 2 in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom and number 3 in France, Hungary, Norway and Portugal. It also peaked at number 6 in the United States. The song refers to Framlingham Castle in his hometown of Framlingham in Suffolk.
References
2017 songs
Ed Sheeran songs
Francesco Cavalli

Francesco Cavalli (born Crema, Lombardy, 14 February 1602; died 14 January 1676) was an Italian composer. He lived in the early part of the Baroque music period. His real name was Pietro Francesco Caletti-Bruni, but he is better known as Cavalli, which was the name of his patron, a Venetian nobleman. He is remembered for his operas.
Life
Cavalli was born at Crema, Lombardy. He became a singer at St Mark's in Venice in 1616, then he was organist there, and in 1668 he became maestro di cappella.
He began to write for the theatre in 1639. Soon after that the first public opera house opened in Venice. Cavalli became so famous that he was invited to Paris in 1660 where he performed his opera Xerxes. He visited Paris again in 1662. He died in Venice at the age of 73.
Music and influence
Cavalli lived at the time that opera had just been invented by Jacopo Peri. Claudio Monteverdi composed the first really good operas. Cavalli became the most important Italian writer of operas in the middle of the 17th century. His operas use small orchestras, unlike those of Monteverdi, who was writing for the court in Mantua where there was lots of money for big orchestras. Cavalli had a good sense of drama and he wrote lovely melodies.
He wrote 57 operas, of which 27 survived. He also wrote some church music and some instrumental music.
1602 births
1676 deaths
17th-century Italian composers
Baroque composers
People from Lombardy
2023 Ecuadorian political crisis

A political crisis began in Ecuador on 17 May 2023 because the impeachment trial against President Guillermo Lasso. The impeachment process began in the National Assembly on 9 May and lasted until 17 May when Lasso dissolved parliament through the constitutional measure known as muerte cruzada ("mutual death"). This ended of the impeachment inquiry, it dissolved the National Assembly and caused an earlier general election.
References
May 2023 events
Politics of Ecuador
2023 in South America
2020s in Ecuador
Josephine Langford

Josephine Langford (born 18 August 1997) is an Australian actress. She is best known for her starring role as Tessa Young in the movies After and After We Collided.
References
1997 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Actors from Perth, Western Australia
Sounding line

A sounding line is a way to measure the depth, usually inside a body of water. The basic concept is that of a weight attached to a long rope.
Technology
Cornufer macrosceles

The Ti wrinkled ground frog (Cornufer macrosceles) is a frog. People have only seen it in one place: in the Nakanai Mountains on New Britain Island in Papua New Guinea. People have seen this frog about 900 meters above sea level.
References
Frogs of Oceania
Petrified wood

Petrified wood (from the Greek root Petro meaning "rock" or "stone"; literally "wood turned into stone") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree having turned completely into stone by the process of per mineralization. All the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (most often a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the wood. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three dimensional representation of the original organic material.
The petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment and is initially preserved due to a lack of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition.
Fossils
Rui Barbosa State School

Rui Barbosa State School a Brazilian school located in Campo Grande, founded on March 1, 1972.
History
In 1970, 3 rooms were built for catechesis, a missionary work of the Salesians, at the request of parents who were already working in the community. Literacy classes started in October.
In 1971, 14 more classrooms were built, in a joint effort by the community. The construction material was donated by the Campo Grande society linked to the Salesian Mission.
Promotions were carried out with the objective of seeking financial resources to complete the work. As the SED proves the need to create and authorize the Paulo VI Parish Gymnasium to operate, as of March 1, 1972, an agreement was signed between SED and the Paulo VI Social Work, creating the Rui Barbosa State College. This name was chosen due to the death of Rui Barbosa .
References
Schools
1970 establishments
1970s establishments in Brazil
Tim Robinson (cartographer)

Tim Robinson (26 March 1935 - 3 April 2020) was an English writer and cartographer. He was born in Yorkshire, England. Robinson made maps of the Aran Islands, Connemara, and the Burren in County Clare; these were published by Folding Landscape. His two-volume study of the Aran Islands, Stones of Aran, had good reviews of topographical and culture lore.
His most recent work was the publication of a three-volume study of Connemara called Listening to the Wind, A Little Gaelic Kingdom, and The Last Pool of Darkness. He was a member of the Irish arts organisation Aosdana.
Robinson won two Irish Book Awards: the 2007 Argosy Irish Non-Fiction Book of the Year for Connemara: Listening to the Wind and the 2011 International Education Services Best Irish-Published Book of the Year for Connemara: A Little Gaelic Kingdom.
Robinson died at a hospital in London on 3 April 2020 at the age of 85 of COVID-19 during the pandemic, aged 85. Robinson died two weeks after the death of his wife and collaborator Mairead Robinson.
References
British geographers
Writers from Yorkshire
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
1935 births
2020 deaths
Breanna Yde

Breanna Nicole Yde (born June 11, 2003) is an American child actor. She played Frankie Hathaway on the television show The Haunted Hathaways, Tomika on School of Rock, Zoey in the television film Santa Hunters, Akimi in Escape from Mr. Lemoncello's Library, and Gina on the Netflix television show Malibu Rescue.
References
2003 births
Living people
Australian actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is a person who organizes a venture to benefit from an opportunity, rather than working as an employee. Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy. These are the people who have the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate current and future needs and bring good new ideas to market.
Entrepreneurs who are successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits, fame and continued growth opportunities. Those who fail suffer losses and become less important in the markets. Many fail, lose money, and close the business. The entrepreneur assumes all the risks and rewards of the venture and is usually the sole proprietary, a partner or the owner of the majority of shares in an incorporated venture. As the main decision maker the entrepreneur monitors and controls the business activities.
According to Joseph Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) entrepreneurs regard profit as a standard for measuring achievement or success. He discovered that they:
Value self-reliance;
Strive for distinction through excellence;
Are highly optimistic;
Favor challenges of medium risk.
Entrepreneurship is sometimes categorized among the factors of production, along with land/natural resources, labor and capital. An entrepreneur combines these to manufacture goods or provide services. He or she typically creates a business plan, hires labor, acquires resources and financing, and provides leadership and management for the business.
Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their companies.
Given the riskiness of a new venture, the acquisition of capital funding is particularly challenging, and many entrepreneurs deal with it via bootstrapping.
While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring, others take on partners armed with greater access to capital and other resources.
Definitions of Entrepreneurship
Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur" or "entrepreneurship" (the word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb entreprendre, meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models:
They assumed that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.
Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight and Israel Kirzner. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs - not just companies - were responsible for the creation of new things in the search of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to discovery.
References
Related pages
Leadership
Business
Hapsa Hatarnai

Hapsa Hatarnai is a Bodo ceremony performed by an individual household in the company of his neighbours while entering a new house or a homestead. The principal domestic deities, such as, Bathou, Mainao together with other lesser divinities are worshipped with prayers and oblations. The ceremony is consummated with liberal drinking of country liquor called 'zou' or 'zu' followed by feast.
Ceremonies
Assam
Jewish Renewal

Jewish Renewal is a Jewish religious movement that started in the 1970s and 1980s and works toward the fusing of modern Judaism with incluences from Kabbalah, Hasidism, and various musical and meditation practices. The founder of Jewish Renewal was Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi who was originally from the Chabad Hasidic community. The Jewish Renewal movement has trained rabbis who would go on to serve in Reform and other non-Orthodox synagogues, bringing Hasidic and mystical Jewish practice to these other settings. Because of this, Jewish Renewal is sometimes described as "transdenominational", meaning that its followers and influence are not restricted to a single type of community.
Another major leader of Jewish Renewal is Rabbi Arthur Waskow who emphasised creativity in Jewish practice and the need to combine religion and advocacy on social issues.
The original Jewish Renewal group was called "B'nai Or Religious Fellowship", later renamed from B'nai Or ("Children of Light") to P'nai Or ("Faces of Light"). It was later renamed to ALEPH. The ALEPH organization ordained rabbis, cantors, and other rabbinic pastors. Over 200 rabbis were ordained through Jewish Renewal.
Most Jewish Renewal congregations and other religious activities are in the United States, however, some Jewish Renewal rabbis and centers are located elsewhere around the world.
The relative size of Jewish Renewal is somewhat small, but it is not known exactly. The total number of Jews affiliated with Jewish Renewal is not known. However, Jewish Renewal, along with Reconstructionist Judaism and Humanistic Judaism (and other such minor Jewish religious groups), represent around 4% of the roughly 7.5 million Jews in the United States (or 300,000 Jews).
Judaism
Holy Spirit in Christianity

In most Christian churches, the Holy Spirit, or Holy Ghost, is the third person of the Trinity. The Trinity is a God made up of three persons: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit, who share the same qualities and essence and are therefore One God. Christians who don't believe in the Trinity have a big difference in their beliefs about the Holy Spirit.
In Christian theology, pneumatology is the study of the Holy Spirit.
Since Christianity does indeed have a historical relationship with Judaism, theology experts often identify the Holy Spirit with the concept of the Ruach Hakodesh found in Jewish scripture, suggesting that Jesus may have just been expanding upon these Jewish concepts.
Names
Hebrew Bible
Source:
vrvHa kadSHvo (Ruah qadesow) - His Holy Spirit (Isaiah 63:10)
vrvHa kadSHKHa (Ruah qadseka) - Your Holy Spirit (Psalm 51:11)
vrvHa Aelohiym (Ruah Elohim) - Spirit of God (Genesis 1:2)
niSHmat-rvHa Hayiym (Nismat Ruah hayyim) - The Breath of the Spirit of Life (Genesis 7:22)
rvHa yhvah (Ruah YHWH) - Spirit of YHWH (Isaiah 11:2)
rvHa HaKHmah vbiynah (Ruach hakmah ubinah) - Spirit of Wisdom and Understanding (Isaiah 11:2)
rvHa `eTSah vgbvrah (Ruah esah ugeburah) - Spirit of Counsel and Might (Isaiah 11:2)
rvHa da`at vyirAat yhvah (Ruah daat weyirat YHWH) - Spirit of Knowledge and Fear of YHWH (Isaiah 11:2)
New Testament
pneumatos agiou (Pneumatos Hagiou) - Holy Spirit (Matthew 1:18)
pneumati theou (Pneumati Theou) - Spirit of God (Matthew 12:28)
o parakletos (Ho Paracletos) - The Comforter, cf. Paraclete John 14:26 (John 16:7)
pneuma tes aletheias (Pneuma tes Aletheias) - Spirit of Truth (John 16:13)
Pneuma Khristou (Pneuma Christou) - Spirit of Christ (1 Peter 1:11)
Depending on context:
pneuma (Pneuma) - Spirit (John 3:8)
Pneumatos (Pneumatos) - Spirit (John 3:8)
Related pages
Trinity
Holy Spirit
References
Christian terminology
István Turu

Istvan Turu (25 September 1962 - February 2021) was a Hungarian boxer. He competed in the men's lightweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was born in Torokszentmiklos, Hungary.
Turu died from COVID-19 during the pandemic in Hungary in February 2021, aged 58.
References
1962 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary
Hungarian Olympians
Boxers
Battle of Five Forks

The Battle of Five Forks was fought on April 1, 1865, southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, near the Five Forks, at the end of the Siege of Petersburg, and at the end of the American Civil War.
References
American Civil War battles
1865 in the United States
How to Steal 2 Million

How to Steal 2 Million is a 2011 South African action drama movie directed by Charlie Vundla and starring Menzi Ngubane, John Kani, Hlubi Mboya, Terry Pheto, Rapulana Seiphemo.
Other websites
2011 drama movies
2011 action movies
South African movies
Movies set in South Africa
Manabu Komatsubara

Manabu Komatsubara (born 2 April 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Gunma Prefecture
Maserati GranTurismo

The Maserati GranTurismo/GranCabrio is a 2-door 2+2 coupe built by the Italian luxury car brand Maserati. The GranTurismo has six generations. The GranTurismo was first shown at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show in Geneva.
First generation
The GranTurismo was first shown at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show in Geneva. It released on December 2007 for the 2008 model year, and was discontinued in 2019, maintaining its Italian style and design for 12 whole years. It has a unique style for a luxury coupe.
Though it was discontinued in 2019, it came back in 2023.
Convertible version
The cabriolet version, called the GranCabrio is basically a convertible version of the GranTurismo. It keeps the 4-seat design of the GranTurismo, and is also called 'GranTurismo Convertible' in the US and Canada.
Second generation
The second generation was revealed in late 2022. It is still a 4-seater, but the convertible version was revealed months after the GranTurismo. Back after 4 years, it has 3 trims: 2 petrol Modena and Trofeo, and 1 fully-electric Folgore.
Other websites
Maserati GranTurismo at Maserati.com
Maserati automobiles
Coupes
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Zoantharia

Zoantharia is an order of Anthozoa. Unlike the stony corals, these species do not have a hard skeleton. Most are very small. Some species form colonies.
Zoanthids can be distinguished from other colonial anthozoans and soft corals. Most of them (but not the family Zoanthidae) include sand and other bits of material in their tissue to help build their structure. The main characteristic of the order is that their tentacles are organised in two distinct rows.
Other websites
Cnidarians
Mexicans in California

California has a large Mexican American population. According to Census 2000, California had the largest Mexican-American population with 8.4 million. California was under Mexican rule from 1821 to 1846. Mexicans are the largest ethnic group in California.
References
Ethnic groups in California
Mexican people
Namika La Pass

Namika la (el. 3700 m.) is a high mountain pass in the Himalaya in Maqbuza Kashmir on the Srinagar-Leh highway.
Mountain passes of Pakistan
Guam kingfisher

The Guam kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamominus) is a reddish-orange bird in the kingfisher family, having blue wings and being about the same size as a North American robin. The only known Guam kingfishers left on Earth seem to live in captivity, with a breeding program having been established. There are an estimated 140 Guam kingfishers left. The Guam kingfisher is one of two subspecies, the other being the now-extinct Micronesian kingfisher.
References
Coraciiformes
Birds of Oceania
Peter & Lois' Wedding

"Peter & Lois' Wedding" is the sixth episode of the thirty-first season American animated television series Family Guy. Written by Mark Hentemann and directed by Joe Vaux, originally aired on on November 10, 2019, Fox In the episode, Peter and Lois tell the kids the story of how they met and fell in love. Guest Voices on Mike Judge as Beavis and Butt-Head
Plot
When the Wi-Fi goes out in the Griffin house, to keep the family entertained, Peter and Lois decide to tell the kids the story of how they met and fell in love in the '90s.
After graduating, Peter and his friends all move to the big city. But even after a break up with Lois, he still carries a torch for her. He works up the nerve to propose to her but finds that she's already engaged to Tom Tucker at the urging of her father. Peter makes a mix tape to win her back, but when things look settled, Carter plots to set Peter up.
Sending everyone to the MTV Beach House, Carter pays Daisy Fuentes to catch Peter in a compromising position, which infuriates Lois when she sees it. Following yet another breakup, Peter and his friends go into business and become tech entrepreneurs, but Peter still can't get over Lois. He interrupts her wedding to Tom Tucker to tell her he still loves her. She still refuses his advances, believing that he kissed Daisy. However, the latter informs her that she kissed Peter on Carter's orders, reconnecting the pair. They elope and are married at Fenway Park, despite some second thoughts from Lois who is already pregnant with Meg.
Waylon Smithers Jr commits suicide at age 50 by jumping into the Power Plant cooling towers after Mr. Burns marries Angelina Jolie.
Homer dies at 59 by getting shot by police after exiting a food bank with a sandwich where they thought he was robbing it. Clancy Wiggum dies at 62 after eating the sandwich Marge dies at 84 peacefully next to Ned, who appends a picture of her on the wall with his many other dead wives including Edna Krabappel Bart explodes fireworks in Seymour Skinner's direction, saying "Skinner Sucks." Skinner dies at 119 from a heart attack after that, but his powered wheelchair rolls over Bart with his body on it, killing him at 80 Lisa dies at 98, realizing that her lifetime of meditation has been a waste of time Ralph Wiggum dies at 120 as an evil king, poisoned by his descendant Maggie is depicted as a galaxy, and "never dies" closed the ending
Television episodes
Saint-Christoly-Médoc

Saint-Christoly-Medoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
References
Communes in Gironde
Turk 182

Turk 182 is a 1985 American action comedy drama movie directed by Bob Clark and starring Robert Ulrich, Timothy Hutton, Kim Cattrall, Robert Culp, Darren McGavin, Steven Keats, Paul Sorvino, Peter Boyle. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1985 action movies
1985 comedy-drama movies
American action movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Bob Clark
20th Century Fox movies
A Real Basket Case

A Real Basket Case is a fictional mystery novel that was written by Beth Groundwater. It was published by Five Star Publishing on March 21, 2007. It was later re-published in large print in January 2008. The novel follows the story of Claire Hanover who sets out to find out who murdered her husband.
It was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. The sequel, To Hell in a Handbasket is scheduled to be published in 2009.
Awards
Even though Beth Groundwater won the Princess of Rejection prize from the Sisters in Crime Guppies Chapter for having the second most rejections for her writings in the winter of 2005, A Real Basket Case was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.
Reviews
The novel got good reviews in several large newspapers. Barbara Bibel from Booklist review said that, "This will appeal to Desperate Housewives fans and those who like cozies with a bit of spice." Kirkus Reviews called A Real Basket Case "A tense, exciting debut." Author J.B. Thompson praised the novel, but he also said the main character could have been written better.
References
2007 books
English-language novels
Law of the Minimum

The Law of the minimum, also called Liebig's law of the minimum, is a law about the growth of plants. It states that the growth of a plant is limited by the resource which is most scarce, and not by the total amount of resources available. The law has also been used to predict the growth of populations.
Wassily Leontief (1905-1999) formulated a similar rule for economics: It is known as Leontief production function today.
Liebig's barrel
Dobenecks used the image of a barrel -- often called "Liebig's barrel" -- to explain Liebig's law. In a barrel, with staves of unequal length, the capacity of the barrel is determined by the shortest stave. This is also true for the growth of a plant: it is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply.
If a system satisfies the law of the minimum then adaptation will equalize the load of different factors because the adaptation resource will be allocated for compensation of limitation. Adaptation systems act as the cooper of Liebig's barrel and lengthens the shortest stave to improve barrel capacity. Indeed, in well-adapted systems the limiting factor should be compensated as far as possible. This observation follows the concept of resource competition and fitness maximization.
Due to the law of the minimum paradoxes, if we observe the Law of the Minimum in artificial systems, then under natural conditions adaptation will equalize the load of different factors and we can expect a violation of the law of the minimum. Inversely, if artificial systems demonstrate significant violation of the law of the minimum, then we can expect that under natural conditions adaptation will compensate this violation. In a limited system life will adjust as an evolution of what came before.
References
Botany
Hồ Ngọc Hà

Ho Ngoc Ha (born 25 November, 1984) is a Vietnamese singer, model and actress. She became famous when she won 1st prize of super model contest of Vietnam in 2003 and 2004, then she turned to act as singer.
Biography
Ho Ngoc Ha was born in Dong Hoi city, Quang Binh province to a banking family. Her grandfather was of French descent. She studied piano at Military College of Arts . She is now living in Ho Chi Minh City.
References
Other websites
Official website
1984 births
Living people
Vietnamese musicians
Quang Binh province
Singers
Ignazio La Russa

Ignazio Benito Maria La Russa (born 18 July 1947) is an Italian politician who is serving as President of the Senate of the Republic since 13 October 2022. He is the first politician with a neo-fascist background to hold the position of President of the Senate.
Notes
References
1947 births
Living people
Presidents of the Italian Senate
Antonio Puerta

Antonio Puerta (26 November 1984 - 28 August 2007) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="5"|Sevilla||rowspan="5"|La Liga||1||0
|-
|2004/05||6||1
|-
|2005/06||17||2
|-
|2006/07||30||2
|-
|2007/08||1||0
55||5
55||5
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}
References
1984 births
2007 deaths
Spanish footballers
Them Crooked Vultures

Them Crooked Vultures is an alternative rock band. It was formed in 2009 in Los Angeles. It is a supergroup (a band of musicians that are already popular). The band's members are Josh Homme (singing, guitar), John Paul Jones (bass guitar, keyboard) and Dave Grohl (drums). The group also has Alain Johannes when they play at concerts.
The band started making music in 2009. In October 2009, they released their first single. It was named "New Fang". In November 2009, they released the album Them Crooked Vultures. The album went to the number 12 spot on the Billboard 200. The group won a Grammy Award in 2011 for "New Fang". The band took a break in 2010.
In September 2022, the band played at two concerts. The concerts were for Taylor Hawkins, the drummer for Foo Fighters that had died. Greg Kurstin helped play the keyboards for the band during these concerts.
References
Musical groups established in 2009
Musical trios
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Belvès-de-Castillon

Belves-de-Castillon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
References
Communes in Gironde
Marvin Kaplan

Marvin Kaplan (January 24, 1927 - August 25, 2016) is an American actor. He is known for providing the voice of Choo-Choo in Top Cat. He is also known for appearing in the comedy movie It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) and The Great Race.
Kaplan was born on January 24, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York. His career began in 1949. He was married to Rosa Felsenberg from 1973 until they divorced in 1976.
He died on August 25, 2016 in Burbank, California of heart failure, aged 89.
References
Other websites
official website
An interview with Marvin Kaplan, April 2012 - Part One
An interview with Marvin Kaplan, April 2012 - Part Two
1927 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Itapúa

The Itapua department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Encarnacion.
Its ISO 3166-2 code is PY-7.
Geography
The Itapua department is in the southeastern part of the country, in the Oriental region. It has an area of , with a estimated population for 2013 of 551,128 for a Population density of .
Limits
To the north: Caazapa and Alto Parana departments.
To the south and east: Argentina, separated by the Parana river.
To the west: Misiones department.
Rivers
The main river in the department is the Parana river.
Climate
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Encarnacion was . The month with the most precipitation was December with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was January with .
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Encarnacion was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Districts
The department is divided in 30 districts:
Related pages
Departments of Paraguay
ISO 3166-2:PY
References
Other websites
Gobernacion de Itapua website
Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
Departments of Paraguay