pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Oriole

The oriole ( or Old World oriole) is a bird in the family Oriolidae. They make up the genus Oriolus. Old World orioles are found areas of Africa, Asia and Europe. They are most often found in tropical areas but one species lives in cooler areas. The golden oriole is the only species of Old World oriole which is not a tropical bird.
Many species have bright coloured feathers.
The orioles evolved in Australasia, and later spread to Eurasia. They are not related to the New World oriole. New World orioles are members of the blackbird family Icteridae and are native to the Americas .
The kinds of oriole
This is a list of kinds of orioles, in the English and Latin languages:
Golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus
Brown oriole, Oriolus szalayi
Halmahera oriole, Oriolus phaeochromus
Ceram oriole, Oriolus forsteni
Buru oriole, Oriolus bouroensis
Timor oriole, Oriolus viridifuscus
Olive-backed oriole or White-bellied Oriole, Oriolus sagittattus
Yellow oriole or Green oriole, Oriolus flavocinctus
Dark-throated oriole, Oriolus xanthonotus
White-lored oriole, Oriolus albiloris
Isabella oriole, Oriolus isabellae
African golden oriole, Oriolus auratus
Black-naped oriole, Oriolus chinensis
Green-headed oriole, Oriolus chlorocephalus
Great-billed oriole, Oriolus crassirostris
Western black-headed oriole, Oriolus brachyrhynchus
Forest oriole, Oriolus monacha
Black-headed oriole, Oriolus larvatus
Black-winged oriole, Oriolus nigripennis
Black-hooded oriole, Oriolus xanthornus
Black oriole, Oriolus hosii
Black and crimson oriole, Oriolus cruentus
Maroon oriole, Oriolus trailili
Silver oriole, Oriolus mellianus
Figbird Sphecotheres viridis
References
Other websites
Oriole videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Passeri
Castellón de la Plana

Castellon de la Plana (), Castello de la Plana (official) (), or simply Castellon, is the capital city of the province of Castellon, in the Valencian Community (Spain). It is located in the east of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Costa del Azahar by the Mediterranean Sea. The mountain range known as Desert de les Palmes rises inland north of the town.
References
Cities in the Valencian Community
Municipalities in the Valencian Community
Capital cities in Spain
Crystal City, Texas

Crystal City is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Zavala County. About 7,446 people lived there in 2013. The "San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad" stopped in Crystal City.
Crystal City was home to a large internment camp in World War II. It was the largest internment camp for Germans and those of German descent in the US. Almost all the children and many of the wives interned here were American citizens. Most were held here for four years.
References
County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Imprisonment and detention
World War II
Arrondissement of Istres

The arrondissement of Istres is an arrondissement of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhone department, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Istres.
History
The arrondissement of Istres was created in 1981.
Geography
The arrondissement of Istres is in the south of the Bouches-du-Rhone department. It is bordered to the north and east by the Aix-en-Provence arrondissement, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and to the west by the Arles arrondissement.
The arrondissement of Istres is the smallest arrondissement of the department in area, ; it has a population of 312,489 inhabitants.
Composition
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There are 6 cantons in the arrondissement of Istres and 3 of them do not have all their communes in the arrondissement:
Berre-l'Etang (1306) (partly)
Istres (1310)
Marignane (1311)
Martigues (1324)
Salon-de-Provence-2 (1327) (partly)
Vitrolles (1329) (partly)
Communes
The arrondissement of Istres has 18 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Berre-l'Etang (13014)
Carry-le-Rouet (13021)
Chateauneuf-les-Martigues (13026)
Ensues-la-Redonne (13033)
Fos-sur-Mer (13039)
Gignac-la-Nerthe (13043)
Istres (13047)
Le Rove (13088)
Marignane (13054)
Martigues (13056)
Miramas (13063)
Port-de-Bouc (13077)
Rognac (13081)
Saint-Chamas (13092)
Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts (13098)
Saint-Victoret (13102)
Sausset-les-Pins (13104)
Vitrolles (13117)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:
Related pages
Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhone department
List of arrondissements of France
References
Istres
Death and funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska

Lech Kaczynski, the fourth President of the Republic of Poland, died on 10 April 2010. He died in a plane crash outside of Smolensk, Russia. The plane was a Tu-154 belonging to the Polish Air Force. The crash killed all 96 on board. His wife, Maria Kaczynska, was also among those killed.
The speaker of parliament, Bronislaw Komorowski, soon became Acting President by law.
After the death of Kaczynski was announced, Komorowski declared a week of mourning. It went from 11 to 18 April. A state funeral for Lech and Maria was held on the last day. Several countries observed a day of national mourning on the day of the funeral. Afterwards, the couple were buried together in a crypt in the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow.
President of the United States Barack Obama cancelled his plans. He made a public statement. He spoke of his sadness and blamed the volcanic ash that was disrupting air travel over Europe at the time.
References
2010 in Europe
21st century in Poland
Kaczynski
Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip

Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip is a 1940 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film was directed by Clyde Geronimi and features original music by Leigh Harline and Oliver Wallace. The film was animated by Clyde Geronimi, Ken Muse, Ed Love, Marvin Woodward, and Ray Abrams. The voice cast includes Walt Disney as Mickey, Lee Millar as Pluto, and Billy Bletcher as Pete. It was the 109th short in the Mickey Mouse film series to be released, and the third for that year.
The fame of the short has since grown some historical significance, as Walt Disney himself was filmed recording his lines as Mickey Mouse for it, making it one of the only times he was shown doing his voice on camera. Alongside him as voice dubbing is actor Billy Bletcher as the voice of Pete.
The cartoon follows Mickey Mouse and his dog Pluto traveling by train, except they have a rule forbidding dogs from entering the train; Pete plays a menacing conductor intent on enforcing this rule.
Releases
1940 - Original theatrical release
c. 1980s - "A Disney Vacation" (TV)
1986 - "Adventures with Mickey" (TV)
1998 - The Ink and Paint Club, episode # 1.43: "On Vacation" (TV)
2009 - Have a Laugh! (TV)
Home media
The short was released on May 18, 2004 on Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Living Color, Volume Two: 1939-Today.
Additional releases include:
c. 1965 - Highlights included in "Mickey's Memorable Moments, Volume 2" (Super 8)
1984 - "Cartoon Classics - Limited Gold Edition: Mickey" (VHS)
1987 - "Memorable Mickey" (VHS)
1998 - "The Spirit of Mickey" (VHS)
2006 - "Walt Disney's Funny Factory: With Mickey" (DVD)
2009 - "Walt Disney Animation Collection: Classic Short Films Volume 1: Mickey and the Beanstalk" (DVD)
2010 - "Have a Laugh!: Volume 2" (DVD)
References
Other websites
Disney animated movies
Short movies
Lygia Fagundes Telles

Lygia Fagundes da Silva Telles ( de Azevedo Fagundes; ; April 19, 1918 -- April 3, 2022) was a Brazilian novelist and writer. She won the Camoes Prize. She was elected as the third woman in the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1985. She was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.
Telles died on April 3, 2022 in Sao Paulo, Brazil two weeks before her 99th birthday.
References
1918 births
2022 deaths
Writers from Sao Paulo
Brazilian centenarians
Balas y Chocolate

Balas y Chocolate () is the eighth studio album by Mexican latin singer Lila Downs. Released on March 24, 2015. It was going to be much darker than her earlier material, though it became an upbeat electronic-folk inspired album. The album features collaborations from Juan Gabriel and Juanes. It reached the top of the charts in Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Spain and the United States. It also reached the top ten in other major markets.
Track listing
References
Other websites
Balas y Chocolate on iTunes.
2015 albums
Lila Downs albums
Lairière

Lairiere is a commune of 52 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Communes in Aude
Puttin' On the Ritz

"Puttin' On the Ritz" is a popular ballad. It was written by Irving Berlin. He wrote this song in May 1927. It was first published in December 1929. The song lyrics tell people that if they are feeling blue they should go "where fashion sits" and "put on the Ritz." "The Ritz" most likely refers to the Ritz Tower at 465 Park Avenue, New York City. This is a luxury residential building originally built as an apartment hotel just before this song was written.
The original 78rpm was recorded by Leo Reisman & his Orchestra (Lew Conrad vocals) in New York City on January 20, 1930 and released on Victor records catalog number 22306. Several other artists sang and recorded the song later in 1930, including Fred Astaire who recorded it on March 26, 1930.
In the early 1980s, Taco released a synthpop euro disco-style version of "Puttin' On the Ritz" in 1981 by RCA Records and Peer Studios. His performance consisted of song and tap. It hit #4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
References
Pop songs
1920s songs
1927 works
1982 songs
Banana squash

Banana squash is an edible squash, or gourd, in the Cucurbita family. developed from the butternut squash, a type of winter squash. Its name was given for its elongated shape and yellow colour.
Like the butternut squash, it has a potato-like texture and seeds in the middle. It is classified as a fruit because it has seeds. Its mild flesh can be either sweet or savoury.
Gallery
References
Cucurbitaceae
Fruits
Mike McGlone

Michael "Mike" McGlone (born 10 August 1972) is an American actor, singer, songwriter, and comedian. He is best known as the GEICO insurance spokesperson.
References
1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York (state)
Jaime Carbonell

Jaime Guillermo Carbonell (July 29, 1953 - February 28, 2020) was an American computer scientist. His works focused on natural language processing tools and technologies.
He earned his B.S. degrees in Physics and in Mathematics from MIT in 1975 and did his Ph.D. under Dr. Roger Schank at Yale University in 1979.
He joined Carnegie Mellon University as an assistant professor of computer science in 1979 and lived in Pittsburgh from then. He was affiliated with the Language Technologies Institute, Computer Science Department, Machine Learning Department, and Computational Biology Department at Carnegie Mellon.
References
American computer scientists
Academics from Pennsylvania
1953 births
2020 deaths
Relativism

Relativism is the idea that points of view have no absolute truth or validity. They only have relative, subjective value according to viewpoint and circumstances.
Common statements that might be considered relativistic include:
"That's true for you but not for me."
"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder."
"You can't judge other cultures by the standards of your own."
There are many forms of relativism.
The term often refers to truth relativism, which is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism).
As moral relativism, moral principles apply only in a limited context. In context, principles and ethics do hold; out of context they do not.
There are similar ideas in nihilism, scepticism and amoralism.
Various applications
People who agreed with the idea of relativism include Paul Feyerabend, Isaiah Berlin and Richard Rorty.
The Roman Catholic Church, especially under John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, has identified relativism as one of the most significant problems for faith and morals today.
The Church and some philosophers define relativism as the denial of absolute truth. They say that without absolute truth, there can be no moral values. If there are no moral values, there might not be sin, and God may not exist. In their view, relativism constitutes a denial of the capacity of the human mind and reason to arrive at truth. Truth, according to Catholic theologians and philosophers (following Aristotle and Plato) consists of adequatio rei et intellectus, the correspondence of the mind and reality. Another way of putting it states that the mind has the same form as reality. This means when the form of the computer in front of someone (the type, color, shape, capacity, etc.) is also the form that is in their mind, then what they know is true because their mind corresponds to objective reality.
The denial of an absolute reference, of an axis mundi, denies God, who equates to Absolute Truth, according to these Christian philosophers. They link relativism to secularism, an obstruction of religion in human life.
Pope Leo XIII (1810-1903) was the first known Pope to use the word relativism in the encyclical Humanum Genus (1884). Leo XIII condemned Freemasonry and claimed that its philosophical and political system was largely based on relativism.
References
Philosophical movements and positions
Puppy Linux

Puppy Linux is an operating system for computers. It is based on GNU/Linux and it is completely free and is open source software. Puppy Linux is sometimes called a mini distribution because of its size (approximately 100MB) when compared to other GNU/Linux operating systems such as Ubuntu.
Puppy Linux, which was started by Barry Kauler in June 2003, runs well on low-end personal computers (some of which have less than 32MB RAM.) Currently (May 2009) the latest version of this Linux distribution is Puppy Linux 4.2 "Deep Thought."
Sources
Linux distributions
East Coast Bays (New Zealand electorate)

East Coast Bays is an electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It is in Auckland.
Election results
References
New Zealand electorates
Spouse of the prime minister of the United Kingdom

The spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the wife or husband of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
History
There have been forty-four women and three men who have been married to British prime ministers in office. There have also been four bachelor and nine widower prime ministers; the last bachelor was Edward Heath (1970-1974) and the last widower was Ramsay MacDonald (1924, 1929-1935).
The Duke of Grafton (1766-1768) is the only Prime Minister to have divorced and remarried while in office, while Boris Johnson was the only one to have a de jure spouse in Marina Wheeler, due to their separation in 2018. Johnson eventually married Carrie Johnson in 2021. They were the first unmarried couple to live in Downing Street before their marriage.
Role
The role of the British prime minister's spouse is not an official office and are not given a salary or official duties. Over time the position has evolved. Cherie Blair, have gained public attention through their own independent careers and achievements, as well as attending engagements such as the African First Ladies Summit.
Living former spouses
There are currently seven living spouses of former prime ministers:
References
Treaty of Nanking

The British forced China to sign the Treaty of Nanking after China l the First Opium War in 1842. The treaty stated that China had to give Britain Hong Kong, 2 billion dollars cash, and open 5 port cities. This led China to give up sovereignty to Europe.
References
19th century in China
Treaties of China
1840s treaties
Treaties of the United Kingdom
1842
Rudy Giuliani

Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani (born May 28, 1944) is a politician from New York in the United States. He is a Republican and campaigned to become President of the United States in 2008. Giuliani was mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2001. Giuliani became more well known during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. In 2001, Time magazine named him "Person of the Year" and he received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 2002, and acclaimed as one of the greatest mayors in American history.
Rudy was campaigning in 1993 with the show Seinfeld where he appeared as the NYC Mayor candidate as the "over count" cholesterol man by eating too much yogurt. This "product placement" of Mayor Giuliani is often referred to as an excellent example of electioneering and boosted his popularity accordingly.
On January 12, 2017, President-elect Donald Trump named Giuliani his Cyber Security Adviser. Giuliani was also an important person in the Trump-Ukraine scandal, where he was accused of being one of the people who asked the Ukrainian government to investigate Joe Biden.
References
Other websites
Joinrudy2008.com - Presidential campaign site
1944 births
Living people
American political commentators
Mayors of New York City
New York University alumni
Politicians from Brooklyn
Time People of the Year
2008 United States presidential candidates
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Carlsberg

Carlsberg is a brewery in Denmark. Its headquarters are in Valby. The first beer was manufactured on November 10, 1847. In 1968, Carlsberg opened its first brewery in Malawi, Blantyre.
Beer in Europe
1847 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Denmark
Companies of Denmark
Theresa Klein

Theresa Klein is a German water polo player. She was part of the German women's national water polo team at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships, 2006 European Water Polo Championship, and 2007 World Aquatics Championships, 2008 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2009 FINA Water Polo Women's Championship.
References
Other websites
Krystina Alogbo, Theresa Klein - Women's Water Polo Day Four, zimbio
German water polo players
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon

Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon is a commune of the Ardeche departement in the southern part of France.
It was the birthplace of Eugene Delacroix (1798--1863), one of the most important of the French Romantic painters.
Communes in Ardeche
Fonches-Fonchette

Fonches-Fonchette is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Communes in Somme
Afro

The afro is a type of hairstyle that is noted for its large size. The hair is curled out, forming a ball shape. For some people, this is how their hair grows because it is naturally curly. Not all beauty salons can offer this hairstyle, though.
It is called the afro because most people who can grow an afro naturally have ancestors from Africa. The afro became popular among Civil Rights activists in the 1960s in the United States. They were tired of white people's hair and bodies being called beautiful and black people's hair and bodies being called ugly. So they grew their hair into afros on purpose. The afro became less popular in the middle of the 1970s through the late 1990s. Then it came back with the natural hair movement. In the 1960s, wearing an afro was seen as a political choice, but in the 21st century it can also be just a style choice. Some people wear an afro only because they do not want to straighten their hair with hot tools or chemicals.
An afro can be any length, short or long, but it is different for everyone, especially depending on the person's race and ethnicity. Europeans and Asians will tend to have wavier, looser curls, so they usually cannot grow natural afros. Some people say it is in poor taste or bad manners for a white person to call their hairstyle an "afro" because that cuts the afro off from its history as a way black people showed their hair could be beautiful even when white-majority cultures said it wasn't. Some Jewish people also can naturally grow afros, because of their curly hair. These hairstyles are often called "Jewfros."
The afro needs care. In a 2015 interview in Glamour, Dr. Rolanda Wilkerson of Pantene said people with afros should wash their hair once a week instead of every day, air-dry instead of using a hair dryer, and moisturize.
References
Hairstyles
Cepoy

Cepoy is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France.
References
Communes in Loiret
Selma, Switzerland

Selma was a municipality of the district Moesa in the canton of Graubunden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the municipalities of Arvigo, Braggio, Cauco and Selma combined and became the new municipality of Calanca.
Former municipalities of Graubunden
Demonstration (military)

In military terminology, a demonstration is an attack or show of force on a battlefield designed to trick or mislead an enemy. Unlike a feint, a demonstration does not make contact with the enemy. It is usually used as a supporting attack intended to deceive an enemy into thinking the demonstration is the main attack.
An example of a demonstration in the American Civil War was at the Battle of Gettysburg. On July 2, 1863, General Robert E. Lee ordered Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell to stage a demonstration against Culp's Hill on the Union right flank. This was in support of Lieutenant General James Longstreet's main attack against the Union left flank.
Advantages
The advantages of a demonstration include:
A demonstration does not make actual contact with an enemy and the demonstrating force may be used elsewhere on the battlefield. In April 1945, the amphibious attack on Okinawa involved landing craft that made a demonstration on the southeast coast of the island. Once they had drawn Japanese troops away from the actual landing site, they returned to serve as reserves in the actual landing.
A full force is often not necessary to deceive the enemy. For example, in modern warfare, the noise of helicopters often gives away troop movements by air. However, in a demonstration, empty helicopters may land and take-off several times leading the enemy to believe there is a large scale attack coming.
Simulation devices (when available) may be used to trick enemy reconnaissance. For example, during Operation Overlord in World War II inflatable tanks, fake radio chatter and dummy paratroopers which made the sounds of rifle fire when hitting the ground.
Disadvantages
Disadvantages include:
Without enemy contact, it is harder to convince an enemy the demonstration is a real attack. At Gettysburg, Lee's orders to Ewell on July 1 had been contradictory and confusing. If practicable, Ewell was to take the heights but not to bring on a general engagement. Ewell took that to mean a demonstration. On July 2, Lee made himself clearer. Ewell was to demonstrate against the Union right side to prevent General George G. Meade from transferring troops to the left side of the line, where the main Confederate attack was planned. Ewell's orders were to attack if the opportunity presented itself by the demonstration not getting results from the Union commander. Ewell apparently decided the demonstration had not worked and attacked.
A demonstration is often discovered earlier than a feint. A feint has to appear real to the enemy so contact is often necessary to continue the deception. A feint must be of great enough strength to convince the enemy it is a real attack. The key is to show the enemy what it expects to see. A demonstration may need be to be only long enough to get the enemy to hesitate.
References
Other websites
DCS: A-10C - Show of Force in Operation Bactria
Demonstration
Forserum

Forserum is a locality in Nassjo Municipality in Jonkoping County in Sweden. In 2010, 2,039 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Jonkoping County
Warren Commission

The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963. Its purpose was to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963.
Commission report
The Commission took its unofficial name--the Warren Commission--from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. According to published Transcripts of Johnson's presidential telephone conversations, some major officials did not want to form this commission. Also that several commission members took part only reluctantly. One of their chief reservations was that a commission would create more controversy and people's fears would be proved valid.
The 88th U.S. Congressional session passed Senate joint resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
Its 889-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. It was made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. They also stated that Oswald acted entirely alone. The commission said that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commission's findings have proven controversial. They have been both challenged and supported by later studies.
Members
Committee
Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (chairman) (1891-1974)
Richard Russell, Jr. (D-Georgia), U.S. Senator, (1897-1971)
John Sherman Cooper (R-Kentucky), U.S. Senator (1901-1991)
Hale Boggs (D-Louisiana), U.S. Representative, House Majority Whip (1914-1972)
Gerald Ford (R-Michigan), U.S. Representative (later 38th President of the United States), House Minority Leader (1913-2006)
Allen Welsh Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence and head of the Central Intelligence Agency (1893-1969)
John J. McCloy, former President of the World Bank (1895-1989)
General counsel
J. Lee Rankin (1907-1996)
References
Other websites
Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
The Truth Behind JFK's Assassination, Newsweek
John F. Kennedy
1655

1655 was a common year.
Events
March 25 - Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens.
April 7 - Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII
April - Admiral Robert Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.
May 7 Pope Alexander VII is chosen to be pope.
May 10 - English troops land on Jamaica
August 9 - Oliver Cromwell divides England into districts under major-generals
New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces.
The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected, the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building that was designed as a library.
Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan
Eluru

Eluru is the largest city in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is on the banks of Tammileru river. Eluru is one of the 14 municipal corporations, and headquarters of the Vijayawada mandal and West Godavari district. The city is well known for its wool-pile carpets and hand woven products.
Eluru Railway station is the major railway station which serves the city, others being Powerpet, Vatlur and Denduluru stations. Eluru is well connected to road and state run APS RTC bus services from major cities from Eluru New Bus Station and ariport is near to gannavaram that's about 35kms from eluru .
References
Cities in Andhra Pradesh
Fireplace

A fireplace is a brick or metal structure used to hold a fire. Fireplaces are most often used for heating but they can also be used for cooking. The part of the fireplace that holds the fire is called a firebox or a firepit. There is a chimney or flue above the firebox that lets the smoke from the fire go outside.
Until the early 1900s, most homes had one or more fireplaces as a source of heat for the residents of the house. In the mid-1900s, gas, oil, and electric heaters became more common and fireplaces were used less often as a source of heat. In the late 1900s, fireplaces were less commonly built in new houses.
References
Other websites
Fireplace -Citizendium
Fire
Home appliances
HVAC
Texas Tech University

Texas Tech University is a public university in Lubbock, Texas. It started in 1923 and now has about 30,000 students.
Sports
Texas Tech's athletics teams are called the Red Raiders, except for the women's basketball team, which is called the Lady Raiders. Texas Tech has 15 varsity teams and they compete in the Big 12 Conference.
References
Other websites
Texas Tech University
Big 12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Texas
Lubbock, Texas
1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Texas
Barbelo

Barbelo is a goddess in Gnosticsm. She is also called Thought, Providence, Forethought, or Foreknowledge. She is believed to be the first emanation of Bythos.
In the Apocryphon of John, a writing in the Nag Hammadi Library, Barbelo is described as "The first power, the glory, Barbelo, the perfect glory in the aions, the glory of the revelation."
The Apocryphon of John continues:
"This is the first thought, his image; she became the womb of everything, for it is she who is prior to them all, the Mother-Father, the first man (Anthropos), the holy Spirit, the thrice-male, the thrice-powerful, the thrice-named androgynous one, and the eternal aeon among the invisible ones, and the first to come forth."
Relation to other systems of thought
The Gnostic account of Barbelo is quite similar to Tantric thought. In Kashmir Shaivism, Shakti is similarly the second Tattva or first emanation of Shiva.
References
The Nag Hammadi Library. The Apocryphon of John Retrieved Oct. 21, 2004.
Gods and goddesses
Savanna, Oklahoma

Savanna is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
Towns in Oklahoma
J. B. Pritzker

Jay Robert "J. B." Pritzker (born January 19, 1965) is an American venture capitalist, philanthropist, and private business owner based in Chicago. He is the 43rd and current Governor of Illinois and has been serving since 2019. He was reelected in 2022.
Pritzker was managing partner and co-founder of the Pritzker Group, a private investment firm that operates middle-market service and industrial companies and invests in digital technology companies. He has a net worth of around $3.4 billion. This makes Pritzker the richest officeholder in the United States.
He ran as the Democratic Party candidate for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election against Governor Bruce Rauner. His running mate was state legislator Juliana Stratton. Pritzker beat Rauner in the election in a landslide victory of 52% to 39%. His tenure as governor has been known for his response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois.
Pritzker was born and raised in Atherton, California. He is a member of the Pritzker family. His older sister is Penny Pritzker, former United States Secretary of Commerce. He studied at Milton Academy and graduated from Duke University. In 1993, he earned his Juris Doctor from Northwestern University.
References
Other websites
Governor JB Pritzker official government website
JB for Governor campaign website
1965 births
Living people
Governors of Illinois
Philanthropists from Chicago
Businesspeople from California
Politicians from California
Businesspeople from Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
Lawyers from California
Lawyers from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Atherton, California
Coke (fuel)

Coke is a fuel used mainly in blast furnaces to reduce iron oxide to produce iron. It contains carbon, and is similar to coal. It is made from coal by cooking out things that are not carbon. Coke is a product of destructive distillation of coal. This is done in an airless furnace or oven (kiln) at temperatures as high as but usually around . This baking drives off volatile parts of the coal, such as water, gas, and tar.
Coke is an almost pure form of carbon. The calorific value (heat energy produced when a fuel is burnt) of coke is about 56,000 kilojoules/kilogram.
Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces iron oxide (hematite) to the iron product.
Although coke is more expensive than coal, it can be used in households as a clean fuel, relatively free of smoke and impurities. At the present day its use in domestic heating has been less than oil or gas, but in the 20th century it was often used in kitchen stoves.
References
Fuel
Loa River

The Loa is a U-shaped river in Chile's northern Antofagasta region. It is the longest river of the country and the main river in the Atacama Desert.
Geography
The Loa river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Course
The Loa river starts on the Andean mountain slopes at the base of the Mino volcano near the Bolivian border, at an elevation of about , in the comuna of Ollague, Calama, Antofagasta.
The river flows south, for about , to the oasis of San Francisco de Chiu Chiu or simply Chiu Chiu. Two left tributaries joints the Lao river in this part the river:
San Pedro de Inacaliri, or simply San Pedro, river. It joints the Loa river before Chiu Chiu.
Salado river. It joints the Loa river about south of Chiu Chiu.
From Chiu Chiu, the Loa flows to the west, running through the city of Calama. The San Salvador river joints the Loa in this part of course as its only important right tributary.
Then the Loa flows north for about to Quillagua, an oasis in the comuna of Maria Elena, Tocopilla province in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile. The Loa is crossed by the Pan-American Highway in this area.
From Quillagua, the river turns westward again and marks the border between the regions of Tarapaca and Antofagasta. Finally, the Loa flows in the Pacific Ocean.
Main tributaries
Because the Loa river flows throug a very arid region, a desert, there are very few permanent tributaries; they are:
Left tributaries
San Pedro de Inacaliri - long.
Salado - long.
Right tributary
San Salvador - long.
Gallery
Related pages
List of rivers of Chile
References
Other websites
Cuenca Rio Loa
Rivers of Chile
E. E. Cummings

Edward Estlin Cummings (October 14, 1894 - September 3, 1962) or best known as E. E. Cummings was an American poet. He is also known for his works as a painter, essayist, author, and playwright. He had created about 2,900 poems, two autobiographical novels, four plays and several essays. E. E. Cummings had done a lot of drawings as well as paintings. He is best known as the preeminent voice of 20th century poetry.
References
Bloom, Harold, Twentieth-century American literature, New York : Chelsea House Publishers, 1985-1988. .
Friedman, Norman (editor), E. E. Cummings: A Collection of Critical Essays.
Friedman, Norman, E. E. Cummings: The Art of his Poetry.
James, George, E. E. Cummings: A Bibliography.
McBride, Katharine, A Concordance to the Complete Poems of E.E.Cummings.
Mott, Christopher. "The Cummings Line on Race ." Spring: The Journal of the E. E. Cummings Society, vol. 4, pp. 71-75, Fall 1995.
Norman, Charles, E. E. Cummings: The Magic-Maker, Boston, Little Brown, 1972.
Sawyer-Laucanno, Christopher, E. E. Cummings: A Biography, Sourcebooks, Inc. (2004) .
Other websites
E. E. Cummings, Lifelong Unitarian Biography of Cummings and his relationship with Unitarianism
Papers of E. E. Cummings at the Houghton Library at Harvard University
E. E. Cummings Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Poems by E. E. Cummings at PoetryFoundation.org
The paintings of E. E. Cummings
Jonathan Yardley, E. E. Cummings: A Biography, Sunday, October 17, 2004, Page BW02, The Washington Post Book Review
Christopher Sawyer-Laucanno, E. E. Cummings: A Biography, Sourcebooks, Inc., 2004, 606 pages,
SPRING:The Journal of the E. E. Cummings Society
Modern American Poetry
American Poems, 153 poems listed with user comments
1894 births
1962 deaths
American poets
American Christians
Harvard University alumni
Writers from Massachusetts
Brandon, South Dakota

Brandon is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in Minnehaha County, which is in the eastern part of the state. The city is about five miles east of Sioux Falls, and 8,785 people lived there at the 2010 census.
References
Other websites
Brandon city website
Cities in South Dakota
Arthur Jensen

{{Infobox scientist
|name=Arthur Jensen
|birth_name = Arthur Robert Jensen
|image = Arthur Jensen Vanderbilt 2002.jpg
|caption = Arthur Jensen, 2002 at ISIR
|birth_date =
|birth_place = San Diego, California, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place = Kelseyville, California, U.S.
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| fields = Educational psychology, intelligence, cognition, behavior genetics
| nationality = American
| workplaces = University of California, Berkeley, Editorial boards of Intelligence and Personality and Individual Differences
|alma_mater = Columbia UniversitySan Diego State UniversityUniversity of California, Berkeley
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1956
| doctoral_advisor = Percival Symonds
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
|known_for = Heritability of IQ, race and intelligence, g factor
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences = Charles Spearman, Hans Eysenck
| awards = Kistler Prize (2003), ISIR Lifetime Achievement Award (2006)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| spouse = Barbara Jensen
}}
Arthur Robert Jensen (August 24, 1923 - October 22, 2012) was an American psychologist and writer. He was a professor of educational psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. Jensen was known for his work in psychometrics and differential psychology. He was the author of over 400 scientific papers published in refereed journals. He sat on the editorial boards of the scientific journals Intelligence and Personality and Individual Differences''.
Jensen was controversial. He said that race affected IQ. A 2019 study found him to be the most controversial intelligence researcher.
Jensen died on October 22, 2012 at his home in Kelseyville, California at age 89.
References
1923 births
2012 deaths
American psychologists
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Writers from San Diego, California
Scientists from San Diego, California
Virovitica-Podravina County

Virovitica-Podravina County is a county in Croatia. The county seat is Virovitica. Other notable towns are Slatina and Orahovica.
Municipalities
References
Counties of Croatia
Fever (Adam Lambert song)

Fever is a song by international pop singer/songwriter Lady Gaga. The song, however, was given to Adam Lambert to be released off the album For Your Entertainment for mainstream radio in New Zealand. The song hit #3 on the New Zealand Pop chart in September 2010. The song was released by Lambert on August 3rd, 2010.
Adam Lambert songs
2010 songs
Bexar County, Texas

Bexar County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 2,009,324 people lived there. The county seat is San Antonio.
Geography
The county has a total area of 1,256 square miles. It is in south-central Texas.
Bordering counties
Kendall County (north)
Comal County (north)
Guadalupe County (northeast)
Wilson County (southeast)
Atascosa County (south)
Medina County (west)
Bandera County (northwest)
People
In 2010, there were 1,714,773 people living in Bexar County.
Places
Cities
Converse
Grey Forest
Helotes
Live Oak
San Antonio (county seat)
Towns
China Grove
Hollywood Park
St. Hedwig
Other
Adkins
Atascosa
Cross Mountain
Lackland AFB
Leon Springs
Losoya
Macdona
Martinez
Randolph AFB
Sayers
Scenic Oaks
Stone Oak
Timberwood Park
References
Texas counties
Landresse

Landresse is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

Lock Haven is the county seat in Clinton County, Pennsylvania. It started as a town in 1833. It was declared a city in 1870. As of 2020, there were 9,040 people living in the city.
The most damaging floods in Lock Haven happened in June 1972 when remnants from Hurricane Agnes crossed Schuylkill County within 75 miles of Lock Haven.
References
County seats in Pennsylvania
Cities in Pennsylvania
1833 establishments in the United States
Sean Marquette

Sean Rodriguez Marquette (born June 30, 1988) is an American actor, who is best known for being Johnny Atkins in The Goldbergs and Schooled, and for voicing Mac in the Cartoon Network series Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends from 2004 to 2009.
Life and career
His brother Chris is an actor. His father is Cuban. He made his acting debut on television in the soap opera series All My Children in 1995 as Jamie Martin.
Other websites
1988 births
Actors from Dallas
Living people
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
Saint-Péray

Saint-Peray is a town and commune in the Ardeche departement, in the southern part France. The commune has a population of about 6,500 people as of the year 1999.
Related pages
Communes of the Ardeche department
References
Communes in Ardeche
From Dawn Till Sunset

From Dawn Till Sunset () is a 1975 Soviet drama movie directed by Gavriil Egiazarov and stars Nikolai Pastukhov, Igor Ledogorov, and Lyubov Sokolova.
Actors
Nikolai Pastukhov as Fyodor Vasilevich Roznov
Igor Ledogorov as General Stukovsky
Lyubov Sokolova as Pelagia Ivanovna Rozhnova, Fyodor Roznov's wife
Yevgenia Sabelnikova as Valya
Boris Tokarev as Motya Zakharov
Zhanna Prokhorenko as Nadya, eldest daughter Feodor Vasilevich Roznov
Boris Ivanov as Savely, a singer in a restaurant
Valentina Berezutskaya as Makarikha
Yevgeny Shutov as Ivanovich
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1975 movies
Soviet drama movies
Cretingham

Cretingham is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 193 people living in Cretingham.
References
Suffolk Coastal
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Pont-sur-Vanne

Pont-sur-Vanne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Yonne
Angie, Louisiana

Angie is a village in Washington Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Villages in Louisiana
Settlements in Washington Parish, Louisiana
Vince Neil

Vincent Neil Wharton (born February 8, 1961 in Hollywood, California) is an American musician. He is the lead singer of the heavy metal band Motley Crue.
He joined Motley Crue in 1981 and released Too Fast for Love on November 10, 1981. He then went on to record Shout at the Devil, Theatre of Pain, Girls, Girls, Girls and Dr. Feelgood with Motley Crue before both Neil and Motley Crue parted ways. He then went on a solo career but rejoined Motley Crue when both their fortunes were declining. The band then released Generation Swine on June 24, 1997 but there was a lot of tension in the band and Tommy Lee left the band. Lee was replaced by Randy Castillo and the band recorded New Tattoo on July 11, 2000. The band went on hiatus after Castillo died of cancer on March 26, 2002. The band then released their ninth studio album Saints of Los Angeles on June 24, 2008.
He was ranked at #33 in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader.
References
Other websites
Official website
1961 births
Living people
American heavy metal musicians
American racecar drivers
American rock singers
Singers from Los Angeles
Motley Crue members
Nawshirwan Mustafa

Nawshirwan Mustafa (22 December 1944 - 19 March 2017) was an Iraqi Kurdish politician. He served as the General Coordinator (rYkhkhaery gshty / rekxeri gisti) of the Movement for Change () from 2009 until his death in 2017. He served as the leader of the official opposition in the Kurdistan Region. He was born in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Mistafa died in Sulaymaniyah due to lung cancer on 19 May 2017 at the age of 72.
References
1944 births
2017 deaths
Iraqi politicians
Kurdish politicians
Leval, Territoire de Belfort

Leval is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Territoire de Belfort department in northeast France.
References
Communes in Territoire de Belfort
Cole County, Missouri

Cole County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat and largest city is Jefferson City, the state capital. In 2020, 77,279 people lived there. The county was organized on November 16, 1820. It is south of the Missouri River.
References
1820 establishments in Missouri Territory
Missouri counties
Romolo Tavoni

Romolo Tavoni (30 January 1926 - 20 December 2020) was an Italian sports executive. He directed the racing team Scuderia Ferrari during the 1959 Formula One season. He was born in Formigine, Kingdom of Italy.
Tavoni died on 20 December 2020 at the age of 94.
References
1926 births
2020 deaths
Italian businesspeople
Shiloh (biblical city)

Shiloh was a city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. It is located in what is now the West Bank. In the Bible, it was the first capital of Israel.
Other websites
Rabbi Ariel Bar Tzodeck's Insight into Shiloh (a Kabbalist perspective)
Shiloh in the Jewish Encyclopedia
photos of the Mosaic from Tel Shiloh
photos of the Mosaic from Tel Shiloh "Church of the ark found in the west bank"
Photos of Tel Shiloh
More Archeology at Tel Shiloh
Archaeological sites in Israel
Old Testament
West Bank
Ancient Israeli settlements
Zero She Flies

Zero She Flies is the third album by the folk singer Al Stewart. It was released in 1970. It is the first of Stewart's albums that has a song about history. The song is called "Manuscript". It is about the things that started World War I, like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Al Stewart; except where indicated.
Original LP release
"My Enemies Have Sweet Voices" (Stewart, Peter Morgan)
"A Small Fruit Song"
"Gethsemane, Again"
"Burbling"
"Electric Los Angeles Sunset"
"Manuscript"
"Black Hill"
"Anna"
"Room of Roots"
"Zero She Flies"
2007 Collectors' Choice Music edition
"My Enemies Have Sweet Voices" (Stewart, Peter Morgan) - 5:14
"A Small Fruit Song" - 2:02
"Gethsemane, Again" - 5:28
"Burbling" - 3:19
"Electric Los Angeles Sunset" - 3:47
"Manuscript" - 4:45
"Black Hill" - 1:22
"Anna" - 1:47
"Room of Roots" - 3:52
"Zero She Flies" - 5:35
"Stormy Night" - 3:29
"News from Spain" - 6:05
"Lyke-Wake Dirge" (Traditional) - 4:22 vocals by Mimi Farina
1970 albums
Al Stewart albums
Rjukan

Rjukan is a city in Norway. It is in the county of Telemark. The town had 3,386 people living there in January 2007.
Between September and March, Rjukan is in the shadow of the mountains and does not get sunlight.
Geology
The city lies in a narrow valley.
History
Rjukan became a city in 1996.
In 2013, large mirrors were placed on the mountainside to reflect the sun into the town square.
References
Other websites
Video about the sun mirrors
Ice climbing in Rjukan
Postcard from Tinn
Cities in Norway
Montécheroux

Montecheroux is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region in eastern France.
Geography
The commune is from Saint-Hippolyte.
Population
Related pages
Communes of the Doubs department
References
Other websites
Montecheroux on the intercommunal Web site of the department
Communes in Doubs
Skoghall

Skoghall is an urban area in the county of Varmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Hammaro Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Varmland County