pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hamas

Hamas (, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, , literally "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant group. It was started in 1987 during the First Intifada by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi as the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood organization in Egypt. In the 2006 Palestinian election, Hamas got 74 of 132 seats in parliament and controls the Gaza Strip. The group wants to build a Palestinian state based on Sharia law in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. Hamas does not recognize the State of Israel.
Name
Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement". The Hebrew meaning of the name Hamas (Hms; as used in the Hebrew Bible) is "violence".
Violence
Hamas is known for its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which plans and carries out attacks on Israel. Because of its policy of suicide bombings and rocket attacks on civilians in Israel, the United States, European Union and other countries call it a terrorist organisation. The country of Jordan has made the group illegal. However, many of the international press, including the English-language edition of the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz, refer to Hamas members by the more neutral term "militants."
Popularity
In early 2006, Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the Palestinian parliament. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling Fatah party, the main part of the PLO. Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and reached statehood, and was thought to be corrupt.
Local work
Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there is much poverty. Such efforts have increased its support. In the first half of 2007, Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.
Hamas is also associated in some way with Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine headed by Ahmed Jibril.
References
Arab-Israeli conflict
Gaza Strip
National liberation movements
Nationalist organizations in Palestine
Political parties in Asia
Politics of Palestine
Sunni organizations
1987 establishments in Asia
Islamic terrorism
MS Estonia

M/S estonia was a big blue and white ferry that sank during a storm on the Baltic Sea. The closest ship to Estonia when she made the S.O.S signal was the Europe, a large cruise ship that was the first to get the SOS signal from the Estonia. While sinking the ship capsized and sunk. All of the passengers of MV Estonia died. No lifeboats was found.
Shipwrecks
Heat sink

A heat sink is an object that cools another part that is too hot. It works with a CPU fan to do this. The heat sink is in contact with the part that should be cooled. It takes heat away and dissipates it, for example into the air around it.
Heat sinks are found in most computers. The chips inside a computer can get very hot. Therefore, they need to be cooled, so that they don't break. This is usually done with a heat sink. Heat sinks are also found in most high fidelity audio amplifiers.
Computer hardware
pt:Dissipador
Maidstone West railway station

Maidstone West railway station is one of three railway stations which serve Maidstone in Kent. It is on the Medway Valley Line.
Related pages
Maidstone Barracks railway station
Maidstone East railway station
Other websites
Train times and station information for Maidstone West railway station from National Rail
Railway stations in Kent
Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (; 6 February 1890 - 20 January 1988), also known as Badshah Khan (), Frontier/Simant Gandhi or Bacha Khan () and honourably addressed as Fakhr-e-Afghan (), was a Pashtun independence activist. He pushed against British colonial rule in India. He was a political and spiritual leader. Khan was known for his nonviolent works and pacifism.
Khan died on 20 January 1988 under house arrest in Peshawar, Pakistan from problems caused by a stroke, aged 97.
References
1890 births
1988 deaths
Indian activists
Politicians from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Tuscola, Illinois

Tuscola is a city in Illinois in the United States.
Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup Group F

In the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, Group F is a part of the tournament where teams compete against each other. It will happen from July 20th to July 30th, 2023. The teams in this group are France, Jamaica, Brazil and Panama. The two best teams from this group will move on to the next round, called the round of 16.
Teams
Notes
Standings
In the round of 16:
The winners of Group F will advance to play the runners-up of Group H.
The runners-up of Group F will advance to play the winners of Group H.
Matches
All times listed are local.
France vs Jamaica
Brazil vs Panama
France vs Brazil
Panama vs Jamaica
Panama vs France
Jamaica vs Brazil
References
External links
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup
Stanley Falkow

Stanley Falkow, PhD, (24 January, 1934 - 5 May, 2018) was an American microbiologist and a professor of microbiology and immunology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He was known for his study of how infectious microbes and host cells interact to cause disease at the molecular level. He created molecular Koch's postulates, which have guided the study of the microbial determinants of infectious diseases since the late 1980s.
Falkow died on May 5, 2018 at the age of 84 at his home in Portola Valley, California of complications from myelodysplastic syndrome.
References
1934 births
2018 deaths
American microbiologists
Scientists from New York (state)
Stanford University faculty
People from Albany, New York
Mull

Mull (, ) is the second largest island of the Inner Hebrides (after Skye). It lies off the west coast of Scotland in the council area of Argyll and Bute.
It has an area of . Mull is the fourth largest Scottish island and the fourth largest island surrounding Great Britain (excluding Ireland).
In the 2011 census the usual population of Mull was 2,800. In the summer there are also many tourists. Much of the population lives in Tobermory, the only burgh on the island until 1973, and its capital.
Tobermory is also home to Mull's only single malt Scotch whisky distillery: Tobermory distillery (formerly Ledaig).
References
Inner and Outer Hebrides
Argyll and Bute
Indigofera

Indigofera is a big genus of about 700 species of flowering plants. They mostly grow in tropical areas of the world. They were used to make Indigo dye.
Faboideae
Ezzatolah Entezami

Ezzatolah Entezami (, June 21, 1924 - August 17, 2018) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His first role was as Masht Hassan in the 1969 movie The Cow. He later appeared in many movies such as Mr. Naive, Hamoun, and in 40 Years Old. He also appeared in the television series Hezar Dastan.
Entezami died in Tehran on August 17, 2018 from complications of a stroke at the age of 94.
References
Other websites
An interview with Ezzatollah Entezami in connection with the recently produced biopic "... and the Blue Sky", directed by Ghazaleh Soltani and produced by Ghasem Gholipour, Mehr News Agency, 21 November 2010, (in Persian). Photo reportage of the interview: .
1924 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Actors from Tehran
South Medwin River

The South Medwyn is a river in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland. As it flows west it joins the River Clyde. The two rivers join about 1.5 km south of Carnwath.
South Medwin
Lanarkshire
Tubilandu Ndimbi

Albert Tubilandu Ndimbi (15 March 1948 - 17 June 2021) was a Congolese football goalkeeper. He played for Zaire in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He also played for AS Vita Club.
References
1948 births
2021 deaths
Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers
Aniche

Aniche () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 10,146 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Ornithopter

An ornithopter from the ancient Greek language is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers try to make the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects seem real. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as these flying creatures. Manned ornithopters have also been built, and some have worked. The machines are of two general types: those with engines, and those powered by the muscles of the pilot.
Aircraft
Dance Gavin Dance

Dance Gavin Dance is a post-hardcore band that came from Sacramento, California. The band, as of February 2023, has five members; unclean vocalist Jon Mess, clean vocalist Tilian Pearson, rhythm guitarist Andrew Wells, drummer Matthew Mingus, and lead guitarist, Will Swan.
References
Sacramento, California
Ladislao De Gauss

Ladislao De Gauss (6 July 1901 - 2 February 1970) was a Croatian painter and illustrator. His work was in the avant-garde style.
Biography
De Gauss was born in Budapest. He came from a noble family in Rijeka, a city in what is now in Croatia. After studying classics in Rijeka, he went to the Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest. He graduated from the academy with an official qualification as a drawing teacher. He then returned to Rijeka to live and work. In 1928 he was one of the founders of a group of avant-garde painters in the city. In 1945 he moved to the Italian city of Trieste. He died there at the age of 69.
There are works by De Gauss in the Revoltella Museum in Trieste and the National Gallery of Art in Rijeka. There is also a mosaic and a small religious painting in a church at the town of Kozala in Croatia.
References
Bibliography
Fulvio Monai, Passato e Presente del collezionismo isontino, Studi Goriziani, XXXI, gennaio-giugno 1962, p. 135
Onorare con una mostra l'opera di Lao de Gauss, Il Piccolo, 3. 12. 1970
Anna Antoniazzo Bocchina, Arte e artisti figurativi a Fiume dal 1900 al 1945, Fiume: Rivista di studi fiumani, II, Nr. 1, Padova, May 1982, pp. 36, 38-40, 42-46, figg. 1 and 11
1901 births
1970 deaths
People from Budapest
Croatian painters
Stefan Vodenicharov

Stefan M. Vodenicharov (1 September 1944 - 8 June 2020) was a Bulgarian educator and politician. He was President of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences from 2012 to 2016. He was the Minister of Education, Youth and Science briefly in 2013.
Vodenicharov died in Sofia on 8 June 2020, aged 75.
References
1944 births
2020 deaths
Bulgarian writers
Bulgarian politicians
Academics
Montauroux

Montauroux is a commune of 6,479 people (2018). It is in Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France.
Communes in Var
The Vagina Monologues

The Vagina Monologues is a monologue play written by Eve Ensler. The production has been staged in many countries. Ensler originally starred in the play by herself, but she was later replaced by three celebrity monologists. A television version featuring Ensler was shown on cable TV channel HBO. Much of the profits made from the production went to women's anti-violence charities.
References
Other websites
The Vagina Monologues at Random House
V-Day official site
Official UK Page
The Vagina Monologues at HBO.com
Women
American plays
Black-backed jackal

The black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas or Lupulella mesomelas) is a canine that comes from eastern and southern Africa.
The black-backed jackal lives in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe, Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. It is a least concern species. It is still killed because, it attacks farm animals and it carries rabies.
References
Canids
Mammals of Africa
Feuguerolles-Bully

Feuguerolles-Bully is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Lorentz force

Lorentz's law is a law discovered by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. Lorentz's law defines force that acts on moving charged particles in an electromagnetic field. Force consists of magnetic force and electric force.
F = qE (electric force)
If the charge is positive, the direction of the electric force is equal to direction of electric field.
F = qv*B (magnetic force)
The direction of the magnetic force is given by the right hand rule.
If charged particles move with velocity v in an electric field E and a magnetic field B
F = qE + qv*B
F : force (vector)
q : charge (scalar)
E : electric field (vector)
v : velocity of particle (vector)
B : magnetic field (vector)
* is vector cross product.
Using this law, J.J. Thomson measured mass-to-charge ratio.
Electromagnetism
United States Army Rangers

The United States Army Rangers are designated U.S. Army Ranger units, past or present, or are graduates of the U.S. Army Ranger School. The term ranger has been in use unofficially as a military term since the early 17th century.
References
1942 establishments in the United States
United States Army
Colquitt County, Georgia

Colquitt County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 45,898 people lived there. The county seat is Moultrie.
References
1856 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Mathura

Mathura is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Mathura is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India.
Other websites
More Information about Mathura
Cities in Uttar Pradesh
Jay Porter

J. W. "Jay" Porter (January 17, 1933 - October 11, 2020) was an American Major League Baseball player. He appeared with the St. Louis Browns in 1952, Detroit Tigers between 1955 and 1957, Cleveland Indians in 1958, Washington Senators in 1959, and St. Louis Cardinals in 1959. Porter was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma.
Porter died of respiratory failure on October 11, 2020 in Jupiter, Florida at the age of 87.
References
Other websites
Sports Illustrated 10 Greatest Characters in Detroit Tigers History
BaseballLibrary.com Profile
Baseball-Almanac Profile
1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Baltimore Orioles players
Cleveland Indians players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Detroit Tigers players
Washington Nationals players
Sportspeople from Oregon
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
People from Shawnee, Oklahoma
Flag of San Marino

The flag of San Marino has two equal horizontal bands of white and light blue, with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center.
San Marino
San Marino
Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood

Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood is the fifteenth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in October 2012. It was his first full-length album on Double Six Records label.
Track listing
Personnel
John Cale - vocals, keyboards, piano, organ, synthesizer, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, electric viola, bass guitar, percusions, programming
Dustin Boyer - guitars, synthesizer, background vocals
Michael Jerome Moore - drums, percusions, cajon
Joey Maramba - bass guitar
Danger Mouse - bass guitar, synthesizer and programming on "I Wanna Talk 2 U"
Erik Sanko - bass guitar on "Scotland Yard"
Eden Cale - background vocals on "Hemingway"
John Cale albums
2012 albums
BBC v HarperCollins Publishers Ltd

BBC v Harper Collins (2010) EWHC 2424 was a 2010 case in English law. The BBC asked that the courts stop HarperCollins from publishing a book by Ben Collins. In the book, Collins revealed that he was 'The Stig' on the BBC's Top Gear. The BBC didn't want people to know this. The BBC lost the case.
References
2010 in television
2010 in the United Kingdom
BBC
Riverside, Ohio

Riverside is a city in Ohio in the United States.
Cities in Ohio
Hirotaka Takeuchi

is a Japanese mountain climber. He is best known as the first Japanese man who reached the top of the 14 tallest peaks in the Himalayas.
Fewer than 30 people have climbed all 14 mountains.
References
Living people
1971 births
Japanese sportspeople
Mountain climbers
Hudson, New York

Hudson is a city located along the west border of Columbia County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 6,713. It is the second-largest in the county.
Hudson is the county seat of Columbia County.
References
Cities in New York (state)
County seats in New York (state)
Philippe Harache

Philippe Harache (born 12 April 1954 in Orbec) is a French aerospace engineer and businessman. He is the former Vice-President of Eurocopter.
Graduate from Institut polytechnique des sciences avancees (1976), Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University, INSEAD and Harvard University, Philippe Harache started his career in 1978 as Helicopter engineer.
In 1982, he was President of Samaero at Singapore.
He became Vice-President of Eurocopter in 2001. He retired in 2010.
Since 2002, he has also been an adviser of France.
Further reading
Academie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les francais du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), Harache, Philippe
Award
Chevaliers of the Legion d'honneur
References
1954 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut polytechnique des sciences avancees
French aviators
French aerospace engineers
Harvard University alumni
Cricqueville-en-Auge

Cricqueville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Tsintaosaurus

Tsintaosaurus (; meaning "Qingdao lizard", after the old transliteration "Tsingtao") is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur found in China.
Like other hadrosaurs, it walked on all fours but it could also move on its rear legs alone. They probably lived in herds.
References
Hadrosauridae
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Coat of Arms of the Central African Republic

The Coat of Arms of the Central African Republic is divided on five fields, its small cardiac shield contains the golden star, symbol of African freedom and aspirations to unite the continent. The star is located on contour of the "Black Africa". The silver head of the elephant on green background and green Baobab tree on a silver background represents strenght and rich Fauna and Flora of the Central Africa. Three diamonds on yellow field symbolizes mineral richness, they are also a reference to national motto of the Central Africa "Unite Dignite, Travail" (Unity, Dignity, Work) placed on a blue ribbon under the shield. The hand on fourth blue background is emblem of Independent movement founded in 1952 by Barthelemy Boganda. The pointing finger of the hand indicates on a star - symbol of freedom. Above the shield is "Sun of the Freedom" and on its background the date of 1 december 1958 (French: 1 DECEMBRE 1958), on this day was founded autonomic republic of Central Africa. The slogan above the sun in Songo language is "Zo Kwe Zo" which means "Human is equal to human". The coat of arms is complemented by two flags and republican Order of Merit.
References
National coats of arms
Central African Republic
Bœurs-en-Othe

Boeurs-en-Othe is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Yonne
Pope Benedict XII

Pope Benedict XII (; died April 25, 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was a French priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 198th Pope from 1334 to 1342.
He was the third of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.
Early life
Jacques Fournier is believed to have been born in Saverdun in the Comte de Foix near Toulouse.
He became a Cistercian monk; and he studied at the University of Paris.
In 1311, he was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey.
Bishop
In 1317, Fourier was made bishop of Pamiers.
In 1327, he became Bishop of Mirepoix in the Ariege.
Cardinal
Pope John XXIII made Fourier a cardinal in 1327.
Pope
Cardinal Fourier was elected pope in 1335; and he chose to be called Benedict XII.
Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
Benedict XII ordered the construction of the Palais des Papes in Avignon.
Related pages
List of popes
Avignon Papacy
References
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XII
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Fourier
1280s births
1342 deaths
French popes
Loren Bouchard

Loren Hal Bouchard (born October 10, 1969 ) is an American stand-up comedian, actor and voice arist. He is best known as the creator of Bob's Burgers.
References
Other websites
1969 births
American stand-up comedians
American voice actors
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Terry Meeuwsen

Terry Meeuwsen (born March 2, 1949) is an American television personality and co-host for the Christian Broadcasting Network's (CBN) 700 Club, author and singer.
Meeuwsen was the 1972 Miss Appleton, the 1972 Miss Wisconsin and the Miss America for 1973. She took both the swimsuit and talent competitions. She was the first Miss Wisconsin to be crowned as Miss America.
After her reign as Miss America, Meeuwsen began her television career WTMJ-TV in Milwaukee in 1978. She co-hosted, with Pete Wilson, the daily news and feature program A New Day. She hosted the program for almost eight years. She left the station in 1986.
Meeuwsen later accepted a position at the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
Meeuwsen appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a guest co-host. She was then made as permanent co-host for 700 Club. She sat close to CBN founder Pat Robertson. Since the year 2000, she has co-hosted the CBN television show Living the Life. Both the 700 Club and Living the Life show on Freeform.
Meeuwsen was born in De Pere, Wisconsin.
References
Television evangelists
People from Wisconsin
People from Virginia
1949 births
Living people
Woman of the Year

Woman of the Year is a 1942 American romantic comedy movie directed by George Stevens and starring Spencer Tracy, Katherine Hepburn, Fay Bainter, Reginald Owen, William Bendix, Gladys Blake, Roscoe Karns. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 2 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1943.
Other websites
1942 romantic comedy movies
MGM movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies directed by George Stevens
Epsach

Epsach is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
References
Municipalities of Bern
Thomas P. O'Neill III

Thomas Phillip O'Neill III (born September 20, 1944) is an American politician and lawyer. He leads a public relations and government affairs firm called O'Neill and Associates in Boston. He is the son of Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill, Jr., who was Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987. From 1975 to 1983, O'Neill was Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
References
1944 births
Living people
Lawyers from Massachusetts
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
Baboon

Baboons are monkeys of the genus Papio. They are one of the largest kinds of monkey. It is an intelligent Old World monkey. It lives on the ground in groups called troops. Troops can be as small as a few baboons or as big as several hundred members.
Distribution
Baboons live in forests and on savannahs in Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. As they move into the open land, the family groups come together into groups several hundred strong, led by adult males that work together to protect the others from predators.
Diet
Baboons are omnivores (they eat both plants and meat). They eat grasses, roots, insects and other small animals, like lizards, small mammals, fish, birds, and snakes. In some places, they steal food from humans.
Predators
Leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, lions, hyenas and people hunt the baboon. To scare the predator away, baboons can show their eyelids, show their teeth, chase the predator, and make noise.
To understand their lives, one must see them in their natural environment.
References
Old World monkeys
Mammals of Africa
Mammals of Asia
The Gordon Sisters Boxing

The Gordon Sisters Boxing is a 1901 American silent movie. It stars Bessie Gordon and Minnie Gordon.
Actors
Bessie Gordon as Boxer In Black
Minnie Gordon as Boxer In White
References
Other websites
American movies
1901 movies
American silent movies
American sports movies
Identity Thief

Identity Thief is a 2013 comedy movie starring Jason Bateman and Melissa McCarthy. Bateman plays Sandy in this comedy. McCarthy plays Diana, the woman who stole Sandy's identity. Amanda Peet is also part of the cast.
This movie received negative reviews. Yet, it debuted at number one in the United States.
2013 comedy movies
English-language movies
American comedy movies
Hailles

Hailles is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Peon

Peon is the name for an unskilled worker, who gets a wage, for the time he works. Very often a peon worked in a system of unfree labor, for example debt bondage, or Indentured servitude.
Slavery
PM

PM or pm may refer to:
Post meridiem (p.m.), the second half of the day on a 12-hour clock
Prime minister
Promethium (symbol Pm), a chemical element
Petametre (Pm), a unit of length (1015 m)
Picometre (pm), a unit of length (10-12 m)
Picomolar (pM), a unit of molar concentration
Particulate matter, very small particles suspended in the air
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (ISO country code)
.pm, internet top-level domain for Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Related pages
The Last Airbender (video game)

The Last Airbender is a video game for Wii and Nintendo DS. It is based on the movie of the same name. It was released on 29 June 2010 in USA. It was released in Europe on 6 August 2010. It will be released in Australia on September 2010. Like the previous Avatar games, it was developed by THQ Studio Australia and published by THQ.
Character
Aang - Air Nomads
Zuko - Fire Nations
Related pages
The Last Airbender
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Avatar: The Last Airbender (video game)
References
The Last Airbender - Wii
Other websites
Official game page from THQ.com
Avatar: The Last Airbender games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
THQ games
Video games based on movies
Meservey, Iowa

Meservey is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Emirate of Granada

The Emirate of Granada was an Islamic kingdom established in 1238. As the Reconquista was very successful after the conquest of Cordoba in 1236, the emirate officially became a tributary state in 1238 and was called the Kingdom of Granada. The Nasrid emirs and kings were responsible for building most of the palaces in the Alhambra. The taifa became a vassal state of the Christian kingdom of Castile for the next 250 years. The Nasrid sultans and kings paid tribute to the Christian kings and cooperated with them in the battle against rebellious Muslim kings under Castilian rule.
On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim leader, Muhammad XII, surrendered complete control of Granada, to Ferdinand and Isabella, after the city was besieged in the Battle of Granada.
Other websites
Emirate of Granada on screen
Al-Andalus III: el Sultanato De Granada (1232-1492) y Una Breve Resena Sobre la Alhambra
R.H. Shamsuddin Elia, Historia de Al-Andalus, Boletin Ndeg 53 -08/2006 Al-Andalus III: El Sultanato De Granada (1232-1492)
Nicolas Homar Vives, Genealogy of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
Genealogy of the Muslim dynasties in Spain
1230 establishments
15th-century disestablishments
1230s establishments in Africa
13th-century establishments in Spain
Former countries in Europe
Art Paul

Arthur Paul (January 18, 1925 - April 28, 2018) was an American graphic designer. Paul was born in South Side, Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Rogers Park. He was the founding art director of Playboy magazine for 30 years. During his time at Playboy, he created illustrators and artists to illustrate (Andy Warhol, Salvador Dali, and James Rosenquist among them).
Paul died from complications of pneumonia on April 28, 2018 at a hospital in Lake View, Chicago at the age of 93.
References
1925 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Chicago
American military personnel of World War II
Artists from Chicago
Boston National Historical Park

The Boston National Historical Park (est. October 1, 1974) is a group of eight sites in Boston, Massachusetts associated with the American Revolutionary War: the Bunker Hill Monument; Charlestown Navy Yard; Dorchester Heights; Faneuil Hall; Old North Church; Old South Meeting House; Old State House; and the Paul Revere House.
Gallery
National Historical Parks of the United States
Vernay, Switzerland

Vernay was a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.
History
Vernay was created on 1 January 2006 from the merger of the former municipalities of Autavaux, Forel and Montbrelloz. The administrative seat is in Forel. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Vernay, Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Pres and Vuissens merged into the new municipality of Estavayer.
References
Other websites
2006 establishments in Switzerland
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Fribourg
Tuili

Tuili (Tuili) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,023 people lived there. Its area is 24.59 km2. It is 208 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Kids Help Phone

Kids Help Phone (), is a Canadian service for children and young people. It provides counselling and information on the phone and the internet to children who may have problems that they need to talk about with someone. The telephone number is free to call or the person may leave a post on the Kids Help Phone website.
As a charity Kids Help phone relies on the support of community-based volunteers and individual and corporate donors for financial support.
References
Childhood
Charities
Non-profit organizations of Canada
Warren Bennis

Warren Gamaliel Bennis (March 8, 1925 - July 31, 2014) was an American scholar, organizational consultant and author. He is thought to be a pioneer of Leadership studies. Bennis was a University Professor and Distinguished Professor of Business Administration and Founding Chairman of The Leadership Institute at the University of Southern California.
Bennis died in Los Angeles, California, aged 89.
References
Other websites
The Leadership Advantage by Warren Bennis, article, full text online
The Secrets of Great Groups, article, full text online
Creating a Transparent Culture, full text online
Warren Bennis biography on Leading Thinkers Board at Best Practice Institute
Warren Bennis biography at BBC
Warren Bennis article in Compass
1925 births
2014 deaths
Educators from New York City
Writers from New York City
A Hard Day's Night

A Hard Day's Night was a 1964 album by The Beatles, released on 10 July of that year. It was the soundtrack to the movie of the same name, starring the Beatles and directed by Richard Lester. It was their third album. It is said that the title was accidentally said by Ringo Starr during the filming of the movie.
The movie was made because United Artists, a movie company, wanted to sell a soundtrack album. Many movies that included rock and roll were not good movies. The Beatles did not want to star in a movie unless it was well made, with a good plot. United Artists agreed, and a playwright, Alun Owen, was hired.
Alun Owen travelled with the Beatles on a concert tour. He was to write a fictional story at first, based on how the band interacted with other people, but Owen decided the best story to tell was real, based on what he saw. The "grandfather" character (played by Wilfrid Brambell) was added to appeal to older viewers. Brambell was a popular television actor, who starred in Steptoe and Son (a forerunner of Sanford and Son) as a "dirty old" junk dealer.
Even with a script, the Beatles improvised (made up) some of their own dialogue in the movie. They also acted out ideas from the director, Richard Lester.
Movie overview
In the movie's storyline, the Beatles go to London to perform in a television program. Paul's family send along his grandfather, so he and Paul can keep each other company. The grandfather is a "mixer", and likes to cause trouble between people. (He is also noticed often as being "very clean"; a play on Brambell's "dirty" television role.)
The Beatles enjoy breaking rules and expectations, and playing jokes. Their manager Norm and road manager "Shake" try to make things run smoothly, but have a busy time keeping up with both the Beatles and Paul's grandfather, and making sure the television show goes as planned. (Norm and Shake were based loosely on road managers Neil Aspinall and Mal Evans.)
Songs on the album
This is the only Beatles album on which all songs are by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and their first to only have only songs written by the Beatles.
A Hard Day's Night
I Should Have Known Better
If I Fell
I'm Happy Just To Dance With You
And I Love Her
Tell Me Why
Can't Buy Me Love
Any Time At All
I'll Cry Instead
Things We Said Today
When I Get Home
You Can't Do That
I'll Be Back
The first seven songs were used in the movie.
The Beatles albums
1964 albums
Rock and roll albums
Merced County, California

Merced County ( ) is a county in the northern San Joaquin Valley section of the Central Valley, in the U.S. state of California.
As of the 2020 census, the population was 281,202. The county seat is Merced. The county is named after the Merced River. It is located north of Fresno County and Fresno, and southeast of Santa Clara County and San Jose.
References
Other websites
Merced County Official Website
1850s establishments in California
1855 establishments in the United States
Graphite

Graphite, like diamond, is an allotrope of carbon. They are very similar to each other but the different structures of the molecule affect the chemical and physical properties. Graphite is made of layers of carbon atoms. These layers can slide over each other very easily. This means that it is very soft. It is a dull gray in appearance. Due to the delocalized electrons between the layers, it can conduct electricity very well.
Graphite can be formed from coal put under high heat and pressure. Also, graphite can be turned into diamond with enough heat and pressure. This is how synthetic (man-made) diamonds are made.
Most graphite comes from mines in northeastern China. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Canada and the United States. It is also called Lead Black because it looks like the metal lead. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 originating from the Greek language.
It can be used as a lubricant to make mechanical devices run smoother. The most common use of graphite is the "lead" in a pencil, which also has clay.
High-purity graphite is used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors, such as RBMKs and AGRs.
Related pages
Carbon
Allotropes of carbon
Union Parish, Louisiana

Union Parish (French: Paroisse de l'Union) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,107. The parish seat is Farmerville. The parish was created on March 13, 1839.
References
1830s establishments in Louisiana
1839 establishments in the United States
Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems

Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems is a paper published by Claude Shannon discussing cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory. It is one of the foundational treatments (primitives) of modern cryptography. It is also a proof that all theoretically unbreakable (un-crack-able) ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad encryption algorithm.
Shannon published an earlier version of this research in the classified report A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography, Memorandum MM 45-110-02, Sept. 1, 1945, Bell Laboratories.
In 1948, Shannon published his great paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" which is considered one of the founding works of the field of information theory.
Related pages
Confusion and diffusion
Product cipher
References
Shannon, Claude. "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", Bell System Technical Journal, vol.28(4), page 656-715, 1949.
Other websites
Online retyped copy of the paper
Scanned version of the published BSTJ paper
Cryptography
Glenville, Minnesota

Glenville is a city in Freeborn County, Minnesota, United States.
Cities in Minnesota
Phil Leeds

Phil Leeds (April 6, 1916 - August 16, 1998) was an American television and movie actor. Leeds' eyes, rubbery face and wizened made him known in movies and his guest appearences in television programs such as in; The Dick Van Dyke Show, Roseanne, The Golden Girls, Three's Comapany, Friends, Everybody Loves Raymond, Wings, The Patty Duke Show, The Larry Sanders Show, and as a ghost in the movie Ghost.
Leeds was born on April 6, 1916 in New York City, New York. Leeds was married to Toby Brandt until she passed in 1987, and had no children. Leeds died on August 16, 1998 from pneumonia in Los Angeles, California, he was 82 years old.
References
Other websites
1916 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Actors from New York City
American television actors
American movie actors
Skövde Municipality

Skovde Municipality () is a municipality in Vastra Gotaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Skovde.
References
Other websites
Skovde Municipality
Municipalities of Vastra Gotaland County
Warwick, Rhode Island

Warwick ( , more locally ) is a city in Kent County, Rhode Island, United States. It is the second largest city in the state, with a population of 82,823 at the 2020 census.
References
Cities in Rhode Island
Omeros

Omeros (1990) is the epic work of poetry by Derek Walcott. This epic poem helped Walcott win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992. The title refers to the Greek myths about Homer. The poem refers to characters in the Iliad and Odyssey. But the poem is set on the Caribbean island of St. Lucia where Walcott was born.
The three-hundred-page epic describes modern Caribbean life. Walcott's heroes are ordinary men and women who live in the modern world.
Related pages
Caribbean poetry
Epic poetry
References
Epic poems
Nobel Prize in Literature winners
1992 books
Saint Lucia
Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.

The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. is an Indian sugar company headquartered in Pune, India.
The company was founded in 1934 by Chandrashekhar Agashe, who served as its managing director till his death in 1956. His elder son, Panditrao Agashe served as managing director of the syndicate from 1956 till his own death in 1983. After which, Agashe's younger son, Dnyaneshwar Agashe, served as managing director of the company till 1996; serving as chairman of the syndicate till his death in 2009. Agashe's grandson, Ashutosh Agashe has been managing director at the company since 17 December 1996.
References
1930s establishments in India
1934 establishments in Asia
Companies of India
Pune
Hogenakkal Falls

Hogenakkal Falls is a waterfall in South India on the Kaveri river in the Dharmapuri district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.Sometimes referred to as the "Niagara Falls of India," it is known for medicinal baths and hide boat rides, projecting itself as a major tourist attraction.
Carbonatite rocks in this site are considered to be the oldest of its kind in South Asia and one of the oldest in the world. The Government of Tamil Nadu made a proposal to convert the falls into providing drinking water for the state.
Reference
Dharmapuri district
Modisi

Modisi is a Village on the northern coast of the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is in the province of North Sulawesi. It is known for having a large amount of marine life. Modisi has a population of 10,350 at the 2010 Census.
References
Cities in Indonesia
North Sulawesi
Born Reckless (1930 movie)

Born Reckless is a 1930 American crime comedy movie directed by John Ford and stars Edmund Lowe, Lee Tracy, Marguerite Churcill, Frank Albertson, Ward Bond, John Wayne, Randolph Scott. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1930 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by John Ford
Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu

Calin Constantin Anton Popescu-Tariceanu (b. 14 January 1952, Bucharest) is a Romanian politician. On 28 December 2004, he was prime minister of Romania.
He was president of PNL and vice-president of PLD.
He founded Radio Contact Romania. He is president of Automotive Trading Services (ATS), which represents Citroen in Romania.
1952 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Romania
Politicians from Bucharest
Presidents of the Senate of Romania
Some Hearts

Some Hearts is the debut studio album by American country music singer Carrie Underwood. The album was released on November 15, 2005 through Arista Nashville. Some Hearts stayed on the Billboard Top 200 for over two years. It sold over 6 million copies. it was the best-selling album of 2005, 2006 and 2007 by a female country artist.
References
2005 albums
Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash

Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash is a Facebook group where members can share and discuss Internet memes relating to Bernie Sanders, an American politician and junior United States senator from Vermont. Sanders was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and is currently a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. The page has been thought to have boosted Sanders' popularity among millennials more than Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump.
, the group had about 394,448 members. The content of Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash is user submitted. Members of the group create posts as commentary for Sanders and his presidential campaign. Many of the posts edit the politician into memes.
One notable meme from the page, "Bernie v. Hillary", features a political poster comparing the two candidates on a particular issue mainly depicting Clinton as the less favorable option with Sanders being the preferred option.
The group was created in early October 2015 by college student Will Dowd and author Sean Walsh with the purpose of supporting the 2016 Bernie Sanders presidential campaign.
A spin-off dating group, Bernie Sanders Dank Meme Singles, was founded by nonprofit director Beth Hannah, who works for the Human Resource Development Council in Havre, Montana. Members post either Internet memes, personal advertisements, or selfies.
References
Bernie Sanders
Internet memes
Rui Campos

Rui Campos (born 2 August, 1922 - 2 January 2002) was a retired Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He played as a defender, more precisely as a free, at the beginning of his career and had good technique, but following his transfer to the Sao Paulo, he turned into a midfielder, a role he played with a certain offensive propensity, which allowed him to score several goals. He formed an excellent understanding with Bauer and Noronha, nicknamed the "Golden Trio," which made the Sao Paulo midfield one of the best in the world at the time. Rui was regarded as one of the best ever football players.
Club career
After starting his career in Bonsucesso, he moved to Fluminense, where he remained for two years; on 1 May 1944, he arrived at Sao Paulo, where thanks to his skills, he first formed part of the defense and then of the midfield, making himself decisive in both positions. He is remembered as one of the club's greatest idols. He left Sao Paulo in 1952, passing through Bangu and Palmeiras, retiring from the activity with the shirt of the latter team.
International career
Rui played with the Brazilian national team from 1944 to 1950. With the national team, he won the Copa Roca in 1945, two Rio Branco Cups, and the South American Championship in 1949. In 1950, Rui was a team member that reached the final of the World Cup, however, the Brazilians lost to Uruguay. Like many participants in the final, Rui did not volunteer for the national team after this match.
Death
Rui died on January 2, 2002, at the age of 79.
Honours
Club
Sao Paulo
Campeonato Paulista: 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949
International
Brazil
Copa Roca: 1945
Copa Rio Branco: 1947, 1950
Taca Oswaldo Cruz: 1950
South American Championship: 1949
FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 1950
South American Championship Runner-up: 1945, 1946
Copa Rio Branco Runner-up: 1946, 1948
1922 births
2002 deaths
Brazilian footballers
San Maurizio d'Opaglio

San Maurizio d'Opaglio is a comune in the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Silvery Dust

Silvery Dust () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Abram Room. It stars Mikhail Bolduman, Sofiya Pilyavskaya, and Valentina Ushakova.
Actors
Mikhail Bolduman as Samuel Steal
Sofiya Pilyavskaya as Doris Steal
Valentina Ushakova as Jen O'Connel
Nikolai Timofeyev as Allan O'Connel
Vsevolod Larionov as Harry Steal
Vladimir Belokurov as Upton Bruce
References
Other websites
1953 drama movies
Soviet drama movies
Movies directed by Abram Room
Teosinte

The teosintes are a group of large grasses of the genus Zea found in Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua.
There are five recognized species of teosinte: Zea diploperennis, Zea perennis, Zea luxurians, Zea nicaraguensis and Zea mays.
Poaceae
Harold Stassen

Harold Edward Stassen (April 13, 1907 - March 4, 2001) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party.
Stassen was born in West St. Paul, Minnesota. He studied at the University of Minnesota Law School.
He was the 25th Governor of Minnesota. He served as governor from 1939 to 1943. He ran for President of the United States nine times in the Republican primaries from 1944 to 1992 (1944, 1948, 1952, 1964, 1968, 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992).
Stassen married Esther G. Glewwe in 1929. Their marriage would last until his death in 2001. They had two children; Glenn and Kathleen.
Stassen died in Bloomington, Minnesota from natural causes, aged 93.
References
Other websites
1907 births
2001 deaths
Governors of Minnesota
Politicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
1964 United States presidential candidates
1968 United States presidential candidates
1984 United States presidential candidates
1988 United States presidential candidates
1992 United States presidential candidates
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Gordo, Alabama

Gordo is a town of Alabama in the United States. The name was derived from the Battle of Cerro Gordo during the Mexican-American War.
References
Towns in Alabama
John H. Land

John H. Land (November 5, 1920 - November 21, 2014) was an American politician. He was the longest serving mayor in the history of Florida and one of the longest serving mayors in the United States. After having serving as mayor since 1970, Land lost his mayoral seat to Joe Kilsheimer on April 8, 2014. Land was born in Plant City, Florida.
Land died in a hospital in Orlando, Florida from a massive stroke, aged 94.
References
1920 births
2014 deaths
American mayors
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from Florida
Republican Party (United States) politicians