pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Treblinka extermination camp

Treblinka was a Nazi death camp during World War II. It was in Poland, which was controlled by Germany at that time. The camp was in a forest northeast of Warsaw.
The goal of death camps like Treblinka was to kill millions of people as quickly as possible. Treblinka was open from July 23, 1942, to October 19, 1943, during Operation Reinhard, the deadliest part of The Holocaust. At Treblinka, the Nazis killed at least 700,000 and 900,000 Jewish people, and at least 2,000 Roma people. The Nazis killed more Jews at Treblinka than at any death camp other than Auschwitz.
Treblinka I: Labor camp
Nazi officials opened Treblinka in November 1941 as a forced labor camp. The Nazis sent two groups of people to Treblinka to work as slaves:
Jewish people; and
Non-Jewish Polish people who had gotten into trouble
However, they kept the Jews and Poles in separate parts of the camp.
Most of the prisoners at Treblinka worked in a gravel pit; in an irrigation area; or in the forest, where they cut wood to fuel the camp's cremation ovens.
Between 1941 and 1944, more than 20,000 people were prisoners at Treblinka I. More than half of them died from hunger, disease, mistreatment, and summary executions (executions without a trial).
Treblinka II: Death camp
In July 1942, the Nazis finished building Treblinka II, a death camp, about a mile from the labor camp (Treblinka I). At this time in history, the Nazis were already killing people at two other death camps: Belzec and Sobibor.
The Nazis committed genocide at Treblinka until November 1943. They murdered up to 925,000 Jewish people at the camp. They killed many of them with carbon monoxide in gas chambers.
Sonderkommando
Most Jewish men who were sent to Treblinka were killed right away. However, a few were chosen to be its slave-labor units, called Sonderkommando. When the Nazis murdered people in the gas chambers, they forced the Sonderkommando to bury the victims' bodies in mass graves. These bodies were exhumed in 1943 and cremated on large open-air pyres, along with the bodies of new victims.
In early August 1943, the Sonderkommando revolted. Several Nazi guards were killed and about 200 prisoners escaped from the camp; almost a hundred survived the subsequent chase. Because of this, in October 1943, the Nazis stopped killing prisoners in Treblinka's gas chambers.
Destruction
In late July 1944, Soviet troops were getting close to Treblinka. There were between 300 and 700 Jewish prisoners left at the camp. The Nazi guards shot them all. The Nazis then quickly destroyed the camp. Before running away, they built a farmhouse for a watchman and sloughed over the ground to try to hide the evidence of their genocide. Then they ran away from the camp.
During the last week of July 1944, Soviet troops arrived at Treblinka.
Related pages
Nazi concentration camps
The Holocaust and the Final Solution
World War II
Genocide
References
Nazi concentration camps in Poland
Suba language

Suba is a language spoken by the Suba people of east Africa. It is almost extinct. It is a Bantu language believed to have developed from the interactions between the Luo and the Bantu speakers of Lusoga. These Lusoga migrated from the Baganda kingdom because of a conflict between tribes.
References
Bantu languages
Languages of Africa
Neotominae

Neotominae is a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. It consists of three tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice. Most of them are found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.
Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.
Taxonomy
Subfamily Neotominae
Tribe Baiomyini
Baiomys - Pygmy Mice
Scotinomys - Brown Mice
Tribe Neotomini
Neotoma - Pack Rats
Xenomys - Magdalena Rat
Hodomys - Allen's Woodrat
Nelsonia
Tribe Ochrotomyini
Ochrotomys - Golden Mouse
Tribe Peromyscini
Peromyscus - Deer Mice
Reithrodontomys - New World Harvest Mice
Onychomys - Grasshopper Mouse
Neotomodon - Mexican Volcano Mouse
Podomys - Florida Mouse
Isthmomys - Isthmus Rats
Megadontomys - Giant Deer Mice
Habromys
Osgoodomys - Michoacan Deer Mouse
Related pages
New World rats and mice
References
Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick, R. D. Bradley. 2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40:251-258.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Rodents
New Brighton, New Zealand

New Brighton is a coastal suburb of Christchurch. It is 8 kilometers east of the Christchurch Central and has an architecturally unique pier and scenic coastline. It was damaged in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. It has three primary schools in the suburb and was the first to have trading on Saturdays in 1946.
References
Christchurch
Alford, Aberdeenshire

Alford (pronounced "aaford") is a large village in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland, lying just south of the River Don. The place-name is thought to come from the Scots "auld ford"; its original position being on the banks of the Don. The "L" sound in the word has, over time, been dropped, and is silent.
Notable residents
Alford is the birthplace of the renowned poet, Charles Murray.
Stewart Milne, chairman of both the Stewart Milne Group and Aberdeen Football Club was born nearby and attended school in Alford
Alford is also the birthplace of the person who played the most games for Glasgow Rangers, Douglas Herbert Gray, who played 948 games for the team.
References
Towns in Aberdeenshire
Biodegradation

Biodegradation is a chemical process in which materials are dissolved by bacteria or other biological elements. If a material is biodegradable, it means that it can be consumed by microorganisms and turned into compounds that are natural. It is an important process in ecology and waste management. Items that are biodegradable are considered environmentally friendly because they can turn back into elements found in nature.
Organic materials, such as those that come from plants and animals, can be degraded aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). Some artificial or inorganic materials can also be biodegraded. It is possible to identify specific microorganisms that are able to biodegrade these materials.
In nature, different materials biodegrade at different speeds. Most microorganisms that help biodegradation need light, heat, water and oxygen.
Related pages
Compost
References
Waste management
Sabaneta, Dominican Republic

San Ignacio de Sabaneta is a city and municipality in northwestern Dominican Republic. It is the main city of the Santiago Rodriguez province. It is usually called only Sabaneta or Santiago Rodriguez.
History
The town was founded in 1844 by Santiago Rodriguez and others in a small savanna (Sabaneta means a "small savanna") north of the Cordillera Central mountain range. In 1854, the town was elevated to the category Military Post and in 1858 it became a municipality of the Santiago province.
San Ignacio de Sabaneta was the centre of the fight against the Spanish soldiers during the first period of the Restoration War (1863-1865).
When in 1879 Monte Cristi became a province, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made a municipality of that new province. When the new province of Santiago Rodriguez was created in 1948, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made the head municipality of the province.
Population
The city had, in , a total population of 34,540: 17,935 men and 16,605 women. The urban population was of the total population.
Geography
San Ignacio de Sabaneta is on the northern side of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range") and has a total area of , about of the total area of the province of Santiago Rodriguez. The city is an elevation of , and at to the northwest of Santo Domingo.
It does not have any municipal district (a municipal district is a subdivision of a municipality).
The municipality of San Ignacio de Sabaneta has the Monte Cristi province to the north, the municipality of Moncion to the northwest, the Santiago province to the west, the San Juan province to the southeast, the Elias Pina province to the south and the municipality of Villa Los Almacigos and the Dajabon province to the west.
Climate
San Ignacio de Sabaneta has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Koppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in winter.
The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of rainfall, followed by October with .
The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of and the second is December with .
San Ignacio de Sabaneta is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming: tobacco and cattle raising for milk.
References
Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1844 establishments in the Dominican Republic
F.C. Saturn Ramenskoye

FC Saturn Ramenskoye (, or English: State-Owned Enterprise of the Moscow Region Football Club Saturn Moscow Region) is a Russian football team near the Moscow area of Ramenskoye. It was also known as FC Saturn Moscow Region. In 2006, the club broke the record for the most draws in a Russian Premier League season, 16 draws. The club closed down in 2011, as there were bad financial problems. However, it was revived on the base of their former farm club FC Saturn-2 Moscow Region.
The club's past names were Krylya Sovetov (1946-1957), Trud (1958-1959) and Saturn Ren-Tv (2002-2004).
Titles
Russian football clubs
1946 establishments in the Soviet Union
Kiro Gligorov

Kiro Gligorov (, ; May 3, 1917 - January 1, 2012) was the first President of the Republic of Macedonia from 1991 to 1999.
References
1917 births
2012 deaths
Presidents of North Macedonia
Jeffrey Dahmer

Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer (May 21, 1960 - November 28, 1994) was an American serial killer. He was born in Wisconsin and moved to Ohio in 1966. He murdered young males in Wisconsin and Ohio from 1978-1991. In 1992, he was convicted of 15 murders. Dahmer later confessed to 17 murders in all, dating back to his first victim in 1978. The jury rejected Dahmer's insanity defense, and he was sentenced to 15 life terms (life imprisonment is the maximum penalty that Wisconsin has, but not Ohio, which has the death penalty). He was beaten to death with workout equipment by another inmate, Christopher Scarver, who had been jailed for murder, on the morning of November 28, 1994. Scarver also killed another inmate, Jesse Anderson, at the same time with the workout equipment. Anderson had been jailed for murder as well. They had all been working out together.
Dahmer was diagnosed with three personality disorders: antisocial, borderline, and schizotypal.
References
1960 births
1994 deaths
Deaths by beating
American murder victims
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American rapists
American serial killers
Criminals from Ohio
Gay men
LGBT people from Ohio
LGBT people from Wisconsin
Murdered criminals
People murdered in the United States
People who died in prison custody in the United States
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with borderline personality disorder
Africa Finance Corporation

Africa Finance Corporation (AFC) is a pan-African Multilateral Development Financial Institution which is established by sovereign African states with the main motive to provide remedies to Africa's infrastructure deficit and challenging operating environment.
History
Africa Finance Corporation (AFC) was commissioned on December, 2007 by the founding President and Chief Executive Mr Austine Ometoruwa, then Citibank Africa Investment Bank Head and by the founding Chairman Chukwuma Soludo.
Project
PowerEdit
Cen Power Kpone IPP in Ghana
Cabeolica Wind farm in Cape Verde
450MW IPP In Republic of Benin
350MW IPP in Ghana
300MW IPP in Mozambique
Technical Adviser to the Central Bank of Nigeria on its US$2 billion Power and Aviation Intervention *Fund (PAIF)
References
2007 establishments in Africa
Economy of Africa
International organizations
Boötes

Bootes, pronounced with both 'O's as 'bootez', is one of the 88 modern constellations in the northern sky. The name is from the Greek word , which means herdsman someone who takes care of animals.
Shape
The constellation's shape is like a kite. Bootes has the third brightest star in the night sky, called Arcturus (a Bootis). The astronomer Ptolemy listed it in the 2nd century when he made a list of 48 constellations.
The Cloverleaf quasar is visually in Bootes.
Main stars
a Bootis (Arcturus) is the brightest and most important star of the constellation, with a magnitude of -0.04, the 3rd brightest star of the sky. It is an orange giant star
b Bootis (Nekkar), yellow giant with magnitude 3.49 and 219 light years from the Earth
y Bootis (Ceginus), Delta Scuti variable with magnitude 3,04
d Bootis (Princeps), another yellow giant.
Deep-sky objects
NGC 5248, spiral galaxy, 10o south of Arcturus
NGC 5466, globular cluster, 9o northwest of Arcturus, near M3, a globular cluster in the constellation Canes Venatici.
References
Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Madison County, Florida

Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on December 26, 1827. As of 2020, 17,968 people lived there. Its county seat is Madison.
References
Florida counties
1827 establishments in Florida Territory
Uppsala Municipality

Uppsala Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Uppsala.
References
Other websites
Uppsala Municipality
Municipalities of Uppsala County
Battle of Black Jack

The Battle of Black Jack happened on June 2, 1856, when anti-slavery people, led by abolitionist John Brown, attacked the camp of Henry C. Pate near Baldwin City, Kansas. The battle is one event of "Bleeding Kansas," and it was part of the lead up to the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865.
In 2012 the National Park Service designated the battlefield a National Historic Landmark.
References
Other websites
The Black Jack Battlefield and Nature Trust
"Santa Fe Trail Site " View From USGS Aerial Photographs.
Bleeding Kansas
M. H. Mohamed

Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed (15 June 1921 - 26 April 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. Mohamed was the 14th Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1989-1994) as well as being a former member of Parliament and government minister.
Mohamed was the first Sri Lankan Moor to hold office as Mayor of Colombo from 1960 to 1962.
References
1921 births
2016 deaths
Speakers of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Mayors
Mendionde

Mendionde is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in southwest France.
Mendionde
Spin welding

Spin welding (also called thermal welding) is a technique used to model thermoplastic materials. The material is remodelled by using enough friction to make it so the material will be heated so much that is able to change its shape or have something attached to it. This is done by using a lathe, drill press or milling machine.
Construction
Technology
Flag of Greenland

The Flag of Greenland was designed by Greenlander Thue Christiansen. It features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk at the center. The top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white.
Its local name in the Greenlandic language is Erfalasorput, which means "our flag", but Aappalaartoq (meaning "the red") is also used for both the Greenlandic flag and the Dannebrog. Today Greenlanders display both the Erfalasorput and the Dannebrog, often side by side.
Greenland first thought of the idea of a flag of its own in 1973, when five Greenlanders proposed a green, white and blue flag. The following year, a newspaper printed eleven design proposals (all but one of which was a Nordic Cross), and polled the people to determine the most popular. The Dannebrog was better liked than any. Little came of this effort.
In 1978, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, making it an equal member of the Danish Kingdom. The home rule government asked for flag proposals, receiving 555. 293 were made by Greenlanders.
Out of all the designs, the current red-and-white design by Christiansen narrowly won over a green-and-white Nordic cross by a vote of fourteen to eleven. Christiansen's red-and-white flag was officially adopted on June 21, 1985.
To honor the tenth anniversary of the Erfalasorput, the Greenland Post Office issued commemorative stamps and a leaflet by its creator. He described the white stripe as representing the glaciers and ice cap; the red stripe, the ocean; the red semicircle, the fjords; and the white semicircle, the icebergs and pack ice. The design is also reminiscent of the setting sun half-submerged below the horizon and reflected on the sea.
Greenland
Greenland
26th of July Movement

The 26th of July Movement was the name of the political party led by Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution. In Spanish, it is called Movimiento 26 de Julio, it is often abbreviated M-26-7. The name comes from the date of the attack on the Moncada Barracks, in Santiago de Cuba, which was carried out on 26th July 1953. The participants were condemned to long prison terms, but were freed at an amnesty in 1955. After this, they formed the movement. Their strategy was armed resistance, in small cells, that were spread all over the country, and were kept secret. Frank Pais was made the leader of the resistance in Cuba, other activists were Raul Pujol, Celia Sanchez, Haydee Santamaria, Aldo Santamaria and Vilma Espin.
Fidel castro and other Moncadistas went into exile. Castro went to Mexico, where he met Ernesto Guevara. In 1956, Fidel and Raul Castro, Juan Almeida Bosque, Ramiro Valdes Menendez, Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos went back to Cuba to support the cells there. After two years of guerilla fighting, Fulgencio Batista fled from Cuba, in 1959.
Until the fall of Batista, the forces did not have a Marxist ideology, rather they were different people collaborating to overturn the Batista regime. Later they started to work together with the Communist Party of Cuba. In 1961, they merged with the Communist Party.
1950s in Cuba
Political parties in Cuba
Nationalist organizations in North America
National liberation movements
1953
July events
Hexacontagon

A hexacontagon or 60-gon is a shape with 60 sides and 60 corners.
Regular hexacontagon
A regular hexacontagon is represented by Schlafli symbol {60} and also can be constructed as a truncated triacontagon, t{30}, or a twice-truncated pentadecagon, tt{15}. A truncated hexacontagon, t{60}, is a 120-gon, {120}.
One interior angle in a regular hexacontagon is 174deg, meaning that one exterior angle would be 6deg.
Area
The area of a regular hexacontagon is (with )
and its inradius is
The circumradius of a regular hexacontagon is
This means that the trigonometric functions of p/60 can be expressed in radicals.
Constructible
Since 60 = 22 x 3 x 5, a regular hexacontagon is constructible using a compass and straightedge. As a truncated triacontagon, it can be constructed by an edge-bisection of a regular triacontagon.
Dissection
Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2 parallelograms.
In particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the regular hexacontagon, m=30, and it can be divided into 435: 15 squares and 14 sets of 30 rhombs. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 30-cube.
References
Naming Polygons and Polyhedra
60
Wasquehal

Wasquehal is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France.
Communes in Nord
Carnotaurus

Carnotaurus was a predatory dinosaur that lived 70 million years ago. It was a large theropod which lived in South America during the Upper Cretaceous between about 72 and 70 million years ago. Although there is only one well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the southern hemisphere. The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the Chubut Province of Argentina.
Carnotaurus is a member of the Abelisauridae, a group of large theropods. The abelisaurids were a family of large theropods which lived only in the ancient southern supercontinent Gondwana. They were the dominant predators of the later Cretaceous of Gondwana. They occupied the ecological niche filled by the tyrannosaurids in the northern continents.
Description
Carnotaurus was a lightly built, bipedal predator, in length and weighing . As a theropod, Carnotaurus was highly specialized and distinctive. It had thick horns above the eyes, a feature not seen in other carnivorous dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck. Also, it had small, vestigial forelimbs, smaller even than those of Tyrannosaurus.
The remains include skin impressions showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping scales about 5 mm in diameter. The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers.
The distinctive horns and muscular neck may have been used in fighting rivals of its own species. Rivals may have fought with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers. The feeding habits of Carnotaurus remain unclear: some studies suggest the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as sauropods, while other studies find it preyed mainly on relatively small animals. Carnotaurus was well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods.
Palaeoecology
The animal lived in an environment of estuaries, tidal flats or coastal plains. The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods. The most common vertebrates collected include lungfish, turtles, crocodiles, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals. Turtles are represented by at least five taxa. In 2011, the discovery of a new enantiornithine bird from the La Colonia Formation was announced.
Media
It appears in the movie Dinosaur (2000), when two Carnotaurus were killing other species of Iguanodon, Parasaurolophus, Pachyrhinosaurus or Stygimoloch. And in Jurassic World 2: Fallen Kingdom (2018), when fighting a Sinoceratops and gets taken down by the iconic "Rexy" the Tyrannosaurus rex. Later on in the movie, when it escapes the "Lockwood Manor" and in Michael Crichton's book "The Lost World" (1995)
References
Abelisauridae
Dinosaurs of South America
Hugh Scott

Hugh Doggett Scott Jr. (November 11, 1900 - July 21, 1994) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was Senate Minority Leader from 1969 to 1977.
Scott died at his home in Falls Church, Virginia on July 21, 1994 from cardiac arrest at the age of 93.
References
1900 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Anti-communists
Minority leaders of the United States Senate
American military personnel of World War II
United States senators from Pennsylvania
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Virginia
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Virginia
Voni

Voni (Greek: Bone, Turkish: Gokhan) is a village in the Nicosia District of Cyprus. It was orignially Voni but renamed to Gokhan in 1974.
References
Settlements in Cyprus
Villages in Europe
OS X Yosemite

OS X Yosemite (version 10.10) is the eighth important version of OS X. OS X is Apple's computer operating system. It was announced at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2014 on June 2, 2014. It was released to developers and beta testers on that same day. It was released to everyone on October 16, 2014. OS X Yosemite is named after Yosemite National Park in California.
References
MacOS
Büllingen

Bullingen or Bullange is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liege.
In 2007, 5453 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 24 North, 06deg 15 East.
References
Municipalities of Liege
Häfelfingen

Hafelfingen is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Liam McIntyre

Liam James McIntyre (born 8 February 1982) is an Australian actor. He is best known for playing the lead role on the Starz television series Spartacus: Vengeance. He also voices Captain Boomerang in the DC Animated Movie Universe.
References
1982 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian stage actors
Australian voice actors
Actors from Adelaide
Inayatullah Mashriqi

Inayatullah Mashriqi or Inayatullah Khan al-Mashriqi also sometimes called Allama Mashriqi (1888-1963) was an Indian and later Pakistani mathematician, evil genius and political leader. He was the founder of the fascist Khaksar Movement.
References
1888 births
1963 deaths
People of British India
Pakistani scientists
Fascists
Nursholeh

Nursholeh (22 August 1957 - 23 August 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was Mayor of Tegal between 2017 and 2019. He lost his re-election bid in 2018. He was born in Tegal, Central Java. He was a member of the Golkar Party.
Nursholeh died on 23 August 2020, one day after his 63rd birthday in Tegal.
References
1957 births
2020 deaths
Indonesian mayors
Classics

Classics or classical studies is a branch of the humanities which studies classical antiquity. It includes many fields of study such as history, philosophy, history, art, languages, literature, and archaeology. In the Western world, it focuses on Mediterranean cultures such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome. A person who works in classical studies is called a classicist. The study of classical literature was traditionally the main focus of the humanities.
Humanities
Love Is News

Love Is News is a 1937 American comedy movie directed by Tay Garnett and starring Tyrone Power, Loretta Young, Don Ameche, George Sanders, Dudley Digges, Pauline Moore, Jane Darwell. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was remade in 1948 as That Wonderful Urge.
Other websites
Love Is News in the Internet Movie Database
1937 comedy movies
American comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Tay Garnett
Avogadro's law

Avogadro's law is a gas law in chemistry that states "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules". This means that if two gases have the same volume and pressure, and temperature, they will have the same number of molecules.
References
Gases
Luri language

Luri language is a language spoken in the Lorestan Province of southwest Iran.
Languages of Iran
Lorestan Province
Iranian languages
Marsiling MRT station

Marsiling MRT station (NS8) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line in Woodlands, Singapore. It opened on 10 February 1996. It was first named Woodlands West Station.
Former Codes
From 1996-2001 the code for Marsiling Station was N18.
References
Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1996 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Singapore
Woodlands, Singapore
Bo Bice

Harold Elwin "Bo" Bice, Jr (born November 1, 1975) is an American singer. He was a runner-up on American Idol.
In 2003, Bice was arrested for possession of marijuana, drug paraphernalia and public intoxication. He avoided jail time by agreeing to enter a drug program.
References
Other websites
Country musicians from Alabama
Southern rock musicians
American rock guitarists
American Idol contestants
Living people
1975 births
Singers from Huntsville, Alabama
Musicians from Huntsville, Alabama
Rucphen

Rucphen is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2019, 22,572 people lived there.
Settlements in North Brabant
Municipalities of North Brabant
Computational complexity theory

Computational complexity theory is a part of computer science. It looks at algorithms, and tries to say how many steps or how much memory a certain algorithm takes for a computer to do. Very often, algorithms that use fewer steps use more memory (or the other way round: if there is less memory available, it takes more steps to do). Many interesting algorithms take a number of steps that is dependent on the size of the problem.
Different classes of complexity
Constant Complexity
Complexity theory also looks at how a problem changes if it is done for more elements. A problem of constant complexity class is the only class in which this is not true. A problem with constant complexity takes the same number of steps to complete no matter the size of the input or the number of elements it is computed on. Broadcasting a message can be thought of as a problem of constant complexity. No matter how many people need to receive a message, all can listen on to one single broadcast with no extra broadcasts needed.
Linear complexity
Mowing the lawn can be thought of as a problem with linear complexity. Mowing an area that is double the size of the original takes twice as long.
Quadratic complexity
Suppose you want to know which of your friends know each other. You have to ask each pair of friends whether they know each other. If you have twice as many friends as someone else, you have to ask four times as many questions to figure out who everyone knows. Problems that take four times as long when the size of the problem doubles are said to have quadratic complexity.
Logarithmic complexity
This is often the complexity for problems that involve looking things up, like finding a word in a dictionary. If the dictionary is twice as big, it contains twice as many words as the original to compare to. Looking something up will take only one step more. The algorithm to do lookups is simple. The word in the middle of the dictionary will be either before or after the term that needs to be looked up, if the words do not match. If it is before, the term needs to be in the second half of the dictionary. If it is after the word, it needs to be in the first half. That way, the problem space is halved with every step, until the word or definition is found. This is generally known as logarithmic complexity
Exponential complexity
There are problems that grow very fast. One such problem is known as the Travelling salesman problem. A salesman needs to take a tour of a certain number of cities. Each city should only be visited once, the distance (or cost) of the travelling should be minimal, and the salesman should end up where he started. This problem has exponential complexity. There are n factorial possibilities to consider. Adding one city (from n to n+1) will multiply the number of possibilities by (n+1). Most of the interesting problems have this complexity.
Theoretical computer science
Centre Georges-Vézina

The Centre Georges-Vezina, called the Colisee de Chicoutimi at first, is an arena in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada that has space for 4,651 pepple (including 3,683 seats). It where the Chicoutimi Sagueneens ice hockey team play. It is named for Georges Vezina, who played for the Montreal Canadiens as the goaltender and was from Chicoutimi. The arena was built in 1949 and has an ice surface of 200 feet by 100 feet, which is what the Olympics use.
Indoor arenas
Sports buildings in Canada
1949 establishments in Canada
1748

1748 was a leap year.
Events
July 25 - A Solar eclipse happened. It was one of the reasons Charles Messier became an astrologer.
February 15-Jeremy Bentham
Hans Christian Ørsted

Hans Christian Oersted (14 August 1777 - 9 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist. He is best known for discovering a relationship between electricity and magnetism, a field now known as electromagnetism.Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. Oersted's law and the oersted (Oe) are named after him. He also discovered that aluminium was an element.
Oersted was also a writer and poet. His poetry series Luftskibet ("Airship") was inspired by the balloon flights of his physicist friend, Etienne-Gaspard Robert.
References
1777 births
1851 deaths
Danish physicists
Danish chemists
Parliament of Kazakhstan

The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ) is the bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan. The lower house is the Mazhilis, with 107 seats which are elected to four year terms. The upper house is the Senate, which has 47 members.
As of January 2007, 10% of the parliament's representatives are women and 19% of local and city council officials are women.
References
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Government of Kazakhstan
1996 establishments in Kazakhstan
Rémondans-Vaivre

Remondans-Vaivre is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Scinax cretatus

Scinax cretatus is a frog. It lives in Brazil.
This frog lives near the edges of forests and lakes. It lives in forests not far above sea level.
The adult male frog is 25.8 to 34.7 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 29.2 to 32.5 mm long. The skin on its back is dark brown with white stripes.
References
Frogs of South America
List of active volcanoes

Active volcanoes are volcanoes which are erupting, or have erupted in modern times. Many volcanoes have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand years, but are not erupting at this moment. Some scientists consider a volcano active if it has erupted in the Holocene period (historic times).
Most volcanoes live many thousands of years and erupt many times. However, most do not erupt even once in a human lifespan. Signs of unrest such as unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas emissions indicate that a volcano is active. An example of an active volcano is Mount St. Helens in the United States (US).
There are more than 1,500 volcanoes that could be active today. An estimated 500 million people live near active volcanoes.
Planet Venus has more volcanoes than Earth. Some may be active.
Select list
There are active volcanoes in every part of the world. There are about 1,500 active volcanoes, many in the region of the Pacific Ocean.
The Pacific "Ring of Fire" is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where there are 400+ volcanoes.
Other regions
Other regions of active volcanoes include the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and other places.
Barren Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
Erta Ale, Ethiopia
Fuego, Guatemala
Heard Island and McDonald Islands in Antarctica
Kilauea, Hawaii
Lakagigar in Iceland
La Palma in the Canary Islands
Loihi, Hawaii
Mount Erebus in Antarctica
Mount Etna in Italy
Soufriere Hills on the Caribbean island of Montserrat
Stromboli in Italy
Teide in Spain (Canary Islands)
Vesuvius in Italy
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha`apai
Related pages
List of volcanoes
Dormant volcano
List of extinct volcanoes
Geyser
References
Active
Equanimeous St. Brown

Equanimeous Tristan Imhotep J. St. Brown (born September 30, 1996) is an American football wide receiver for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Notre Dame and was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL Draft.
References
1996 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Chicago Bears players
Green Bay Packers players
The Sopranos

The Sopranos is an American crime drama television series. It ran from 1999 until 2007. The programe is based on the life of Italian American organized crime. The main character, Tony Soprano, is a New Jersey-based waste consultant who also is a member of American Mafia. Soprano is trying to battle the problems of his home life and his work life. In the first episode we meet the Soprano family, who seem to have an average American life. When Tony talks to his counsellor, we learn about his secret criminal based life.
The program and its actors won many awards. It was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in every year it was able to. The Sopranos won at least one Emmy Award for acting in every eligible year except 2006 and 2007. In 2000 and 2001, The Sopranos earned two consecutive George Foster Peabody Awards.
Other websites
1999 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s crime television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s crime television series
American crime drama television series
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
HBO television series
Peabody Award winners
Television series set in New Jersey
English-language television programs
Argol, Finistère

Argol () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Finistere
A Rage in Harlem

A Rage in Harlem is a 1991 movie starring Forest Whitaker, Danny Glover, Robin Givens and Gregory Hines. The movie is set around 1950s New York City. It was given an R rating by the MPAA. The movie was shot in Cincinnati.
1991 comedy movies
English-language movies
American comedy movies
American independent movies
Wikimedia UK

Wikimedia UK (WMUK) is a charity that helps people who work on Wikimedia projects in the United Kingdom. It is a Wikimedia chapter owned by the Wikimedia Foundation.
Wikimedia UK started out as Wiki Educational Resources Limited. However, because of money problems they became Wiki UK Limited. They failed to get charitable status at first. As a result, the group made changes to what it did so it could become a charity.
The group has worked with museums and others. They have organised things for volunteers in the United Kingdom to do. Some of the organisation's board members have been in controversies because of what they've done on Wikipedia. There were claims that a Wikimedia UK staff member was promoting Gibraltarpedia.
References
Wikimedia Foundation
Charities of the United Kingdom
Kansas City, Missouri

Kansas City is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The Kansas River and Missouri River meet one another in Kansas City. The city has about 448,000 people, and the entire metropolitan area has about 2,000,000 people, some of whom live in the state of Kansas. Its mayor is Sly James. Some sports teams there are the Royals (baseball), the Chiefs (American football), and the Wizards (soccer). Kansas City is well known for some of its barbecue restaurants, and is also an important place for business.
References
County seats in Missouri
East Carroll Parish, Louisiana

East Carroll Parish () is a parish located in the Mississippi Delta in northeastern Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,459. The parish seat is Lake Providence.
References
1870s establishments in Louisiana
1877 establishments in the United States
Ivan Nikulin: Russian Sailor

Ivan Nikulin: Russian Sailor () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Igor Savchenko. It stars Ivan Pereverzev, Boris Chirkov, and Stepan Kayukov.
Actors
Ivan Pereverzev as Ivan Nikulin
Boris Chirkov as Zakhar Fomichyov (as B. Chirkov)
Stepan Kayukov as Papasha (as S. Kayukov)
Erast Garin as Tikhon Spiridonovich (as E. Garin)
Zoya Fyodorova as Marusya Kryukova
References
Other websites
Russian drama movies
Russian war movies
1944 war movies
1944 drama movies
Movies directed by Igor Savchenko
Water politics in the Near East

The Syria-Lebanon-Palestine boundary was a product of the post-World War I Anglo-French partition of Ottoman Syria.
References
Politics of Jordan
Alvin Wistert

Alvin "Moose" Wistert (June 26, 1916 - October 3, 2005) was an American Football player.
American football offensive tackles
Sportspeople from Chicago
1916 births
2005 deaths
Bailey's Prairie, Texas

Bailey's Prairie is a village in the U.S. state of Texas.
Villages in Texas
Oriana Di Siena

Oriana Di Siena is an Italian water polo player. She competed for the Italian women's national water polo team in the 1994 World Aquatics Championships.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Italian water polo players
Astrakhan Oblast

Astrakhan Oblast (, Astrakhanskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia. It is an oblast. It is in southern Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Astrakhan. About 1,000,000 people lived there at the 2010 Census.
Geography
Astrakhan Oblast borders the Caspian Sea, Kazakhstan, Volgograd Oblast, and Kalmykia. It is in the Russian Southern Federal District.
History
Historically, Astrakhan Oblast was home to the Buzhans, a Slavic tribe in southern Russia and is home to the Astrakhan Tatars.
During the Soviet era, many nuclear bombs were tested underground in Astrakhan Oblast.
Population
Ethnic groups
According to the 2010 census, the ethnic groups of Astrakhan Oblast were:
Largest cities and towns
Related pages
Astrakhan Khanate
Music of Astrakhan
Elections in Astrakhan Oblast
Hinduism in Russia
References
1090

1090 (MXC) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By area
Africa
Bejaia becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.
Europe
Third expedition of the Almoravid army in al-Andalus who subdue the taifas kingdoms. Cordoba, Seville, Grenada, Malaga, Almeria and Ronda fall to the troops of Yusuf ibn Tashfin.
By topic
Arts and culture
Troubadours begin playing in Provence.
Technology
Song Dynasty Chinese writer Qin Guan writes the Can Shu (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive.
Births
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153)
Eliezer ben Nathan of Mainz
Qin Hui, Chinese Song Dynasty Prime Minister (d. 1155)
Deaths
June 26 - Jaromir (Bishop of Prague)
July 3 - Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen (b. c. 1060)
October 6 - Saint Adalbero
References
Tuscumbia, Missouri

Tuscumbia is a village in and the county seat of Miller County, Missouri, United States. The population was 203 at the 2010 census, at which time it was a town.
References
Villages in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
George Medal

The George Medal (GM) is the second highest civil award of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. It ranks below the George Cross. It is only awarded for non-combat acts of bravery.
The GM was created on 24 September 1940 by King George VI. At this time, during the height of The Blitz, there was a desire to reward acts of civilian courage. It was decided that the George Cross and the GM would recognise civilian bravery in the face of enemy action and brave deeds more widely.
Announcing the new award, the King said:
"In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution".
The Warrant for the GM was published in the London Gazette on 31 January 1941. The medal is granted in recognition of "acts of great bravery". The GM was originally not issued posthumously, but the warrant was amended in 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have been subsequently made.
The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to military personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy. As the Warrant states:
"The Medal is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted".
Bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award. In undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon to indicate each bar. Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GM.
The details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in the London Gazette.
Related pages
Victoria Cross
George Cross
Elizabeth Cross
References
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
Crystle Stewart

Crystle Danae Stewart (born September 20, 1981) is a beauty queen from Houston, Texas. She won the Miss USA beauty contest in 2008.
Stewart graduated from the University of Houston in 2007. She won the Miss Texas USA 2008 title in a state pageant held in Laredo, Texas on July 1, 2007. She competed against 121 other contestants. She is the second African American to win the crown at Miss Texas USA. Chelsi Smith was crowned Miss Texas USA 1995. Smith later became Miss USA and Miss Universe.
Stewart became the ninth Texan to win the Miss USA title.
Stewart hosted the Miss Teen USA 2009 competition on July 31, 2009 with Seth Goldman. Goldman and Stewart again hosted the Miss Teen USA pageant on July 24, 2010. Stewart hosted the 2011 Miss Texas USA contest with Jason Feinberg.
References
Other websites
Miss Texas USA official website
Crystle Stewart
Beauty pageant winners
1981 births
Living people
Miss USA
Models from Houston
Alex Dawson

Alexander Downie Dawson (21 February 1940 - 17 July 2020) was a Scottish football player. He was born in Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire. Between 1957 and 1961, he played for Manchester United. From 1961 to 1967, he played for Preston North End. From 1968 to 1971, he played for Brighton & Hove Albion.
Dawson died on 17 July 2020, aged 80.
References
1940 births
2020 deaths
Footballers from Aberdeen
Association football forwards
Manchester United F.C. players
Paraguay

Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay (), is a small country in South America. It is landlocked, meaning that it is not next to the ocean. It is bordered to the North and East by Brazil, the West by Bolivia, and the South and Southeast by Argentina. The main languages are Spanish and Guarani.
Paraguay's population is about 6 million. The ethnic makeup of the population is the following: Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) 80%, European 20%, unmixed Amerindian 1-3%, Asian 1-4%.
Over (20%) of the population lives below the poverty line.
Paraguay has two official languages, Spanish and Guarani. Guarani is recognized as a national language.
The capital city is Asuncion. Asuncion was founded in 1537 by a Spaniard named Juan de Salazar. Paraguay was a colony of Spain, but became independent in 1811.
From 1865-1870 Paraguay lost land and most of its male population in the War of the Triple Alliance against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It gained land in the Chaco War against Bolivia in the 1930s.
Paraguay's main religion is Roman Catholicism.
The weather is humid in the east and dry in the west.
Government and politics
Administrative subdivisions
Paraguay has 17 departments and one capital district (Distrito Capital). The departments are formed by districts.
The departments are grouped in two geographic regions, separated by the Paraguay river:
Occidental (Western) region or Chaco, to the north of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraguay, Boqueron and Presidente Hayes)
Oriental (Eastern) region, to the south of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Parana, Amambay, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Paraguari, San Pedro and Neembucu; the capital district is part of this region)
References
Notes
Spanish-speaking countries
1811 establishments
1810s establishments in South America
Sacé

Sace is a commune of 320 people (1999). It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.
Communes in Mayenne