pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Special Cases

"Special Cases" is a song on English trip-hop band Massive Attack's fourth full-length album, 100th Window. It was released as the first single from this album on 24 February 2003, reaching #15 in the UK Singles Chart. Having Sinead O'Connor on vocals, it was for many fans of the band their first exposure to the new album.
In addition to a radio edit of the original song, the single release contains a remix by Canadian electronica artist Akufen, as well as "I Against I", a song performed with Mos Def that appeared on the soundtrack of the 2002 film Blade II. 12" vinyl releases contained more remixes of "Special Cases" by Vladislav Delay, who is credited as "Luomo" for this release.
The song was also made into two separate videos. The Enhanced CD contains one of these, and the other video is on a rare DVD release of the single.
Track listing
CD (VSCDT1839)
"Special Cases" (radio edit) - 3:46
"Special Cases" (Akufen Remix) - 9:56
"I Against I" - 5:40
"Special Cases" (Video Version 2) - 5:09
12" (VST1839)
"Special Cases (Akufen Remix)" - 9:56
"Special Cases (Luomo's Casing)" - 7:56
DVD (VSDVD1839)
"Special Cases" (Video Version 1) - 5:09
"Special Cases" (radio edit) - 3:46
"Special Cases" (Akufen Remix) - 9:56
"Special Cases" (Luomo's Casing Edit) - 4:43
References
Other websites
inflightdata.com - Massive Attack Discography
MASSIVEATTACK.IE song info entry on Special Cases
Massive Attack songs
2003 songs
Sinead O'Connor songs
Temple, New Hampshire

Temple is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States.
Towns in New Hampshire
José Antonio Camacho

Jose Antonio Camacho (born 8 June, 1955) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Real Madrid and Spain national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1973-74||rowspan="16"|Real Madrid||rowspan="16"|La Liga||5||0
|-
|1974-75||34||0
|-
|1975-76||33||1
|-
|1976-77||32||2
|-
|1977-78||15||2
|-
|1978-79||0||0
|-
|1979-80||33||0
|-
|1980-81||34||0
|-
|1981-82||33||2
|-
|1982-83||34||1
|-
|1983-84||30||1
|-
|1984-85||33||0
|-
|1985-86||29||0
|-
|1986-87||32||0
|-
|1987-88||30||0
|-
|1988-89||7||0
414||9
414||9
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1975||3||0
|-
|1976||3||0
|-
|1977||6||0
|-
|1978||0||0
|-
|1979||1||0
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||13||0
|-
|1982||10||0
|-
|1983||7||0
|-
|1984||12||0
|-
|1985||7||0
|-
|1986||11||0
|-
|1987||4||0
|-
|1988||4||0
|-
!Total||81||0
|}
References
1955 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
Rayo Vallecano managers
Sevilla FC managers
Teleportation

Teleportation is the supposed movement of matter from one point to another without travelling across the physical space between them. This has been shown in science fiction movies to move objects and people quickly from one place to another. In the real world however, no one knows if and how such a move could ever be performed. Therefore it remains a purely fictional idea to date.
Physics
Science fiction
Transport
Bretigney

Bretigney is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Michael McCormack (Australian politician)

Michael Francis McCormack (born 2 August 1964) is an Australian politician. He was the leader of the National Party and Deputy Prime Minister of Australia from February 2018 until June 2021. He is also Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development.
McCormack has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2010, representing the Division of Riverina in New South Wales. He was a newspaper editor before entering politics.
McCormack was removed as party leader on 21 June 2021 in a National Party leadership spill, with Barnaby Joyce taking over as leader.
References
1964 births
Living people
Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from New South Wales
Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry

Sedinam Kinamo Christin Moyowasifza Curry (alternately stylized as Sedinam Kinamo Christin Moyowasifza-Curry or SKCM Curry) is an American activist, politician, and presidential candidate for the Green Party.
In 2008, Curry actively sought the Green Party's vice presidential nomination. She did not secure this nomination, and instead serving as a manager for the presidential campaign of Cynthia McKinney.
Curry's first attempt at running for the presidency was during the 2016 United States presidential election. She filed with the Federal Election Committee on December 31, 2015. She lost the nomination to Jill Stein.
Curry is currently running for the 2020 presidential nomination of the party.
References
1962 births
Living people
American political activists
2016 United States presidential candidates
2020 United States presidential candidates
Politicians from Los Angeles
Green Party of the United States politicians
Jyrki Yrttiaho

Jyrki Valto Yrttiaho (4 May 1952 - 17 February 2021) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the Finnish Parliament from 2007 until 2015. He was a member of the Left Alliance. Yrttiaho was born in Pelkosenniemi, Finland. Yrttiaho was also a member of the Raisio City Council from 2004 until his death.
Yrttiaho died in Raisio on 17 February 2021, aged 68.
References
1952 births
2021 deaths
Finnish politicians
Maximilien de Robespierre

Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre (; 6 May 1758 - 28 July 1794) is one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution. He was born in Arras, France and he went to school to become a lawyer and got his degree at law school. He was elected to the Estates General to help make laws for France. He fought against the French Monarchy, the death penalty, and slavery, and for democratic reforms and the people to have more power. He gained a reputation for defending the poor. His friends called him "incorruptible" for sticking to his moral values and killing his enemies. Later he was elected president of the powerful Jacobin political group.
Robespierre led the committee of public safety during 1793. Through it, he was able to execute the king. Even though Robespierre got thousands of people executed, Robespierre cared about the working class.
He executed King Louis XVI because he was convicted of treason. Under the advice of Robespierre, the Committee of Public Safety came to control France. The period that the Committee of Public Safety ruled France is known as "The Reign of Terror" and Maximilien de Robespierre was their leader. In the Thermidorian Reaction Robespierre was caught and executed with 21 of his followers with a guillotine. The National Convention were the people who overthrew Maximilien de Robespierre.
Early life
Maximilien de Robespierre was born in Arras in the old French province of Artois. His family has been traced back to the 12th century in Picardy; some of his ancestors in the male line worked as notaries in Carvin near Arras from the beginning of the 17th century. It has been suggested that he was of Irish descent, his surname possibly a corruption of "Robert Speirs".
References
Other websites
1758 births
1794 deaths
French politicians
People of the French Revolution
French deists
Former dictators
Future (rapper)

Nayvadius DeMun Wilburn (born November 20, 1983), better known as Future is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer who has worked with Drake, Juice Wrld and Lil Wayne. In 2019, Future, Kendrick Lamar, Jay Rock and James Blake won the Best Rap Performance category at the 61st Grammy Awards for the song "King's Dead".
References
1983 births
Living people
American hip hop singers
American singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Rappers from Atlanta
Trap musicians
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
American songwriters
Singers from Atlanta
Wrangell Island

Wrangell Island is an island in the Alaska Panhandle of southeastern Alaska. It is long and 8-23 km (3-14 miles) wide. It has a land area of , making it the 29th largest island in the United States. Wrangell is separated from the mainland by the narrow Blake Channel.
Wrangell has been ruled by Russia, Great Britain and the United States. It was visited in 1799 by The Dragon, a ship out of Boston, Massachusetts. They traded with the Stikine Tlingit peoples. It was occupied in 1834 by the Russians. It is named after Ferdinand Wrangel, a German explorer in Russian service. From 1867 to 1877 it was a U.S. military post. Later it was a stopping point for hunters, explorers and miners using the Stikine river route to the Yukon.
The island contains the city of Wrangell, Alaska. Wrangell Island is heavily forested and contains an abundance of wildlife. The only other community is Thoms Place. Wrangell Island's total population was 2,401 at the 2000 census. Fishing and mining are the main jobs. A sawmill closed in the 1990s. The island and surrounding areas contain many recreational areas. It is at the mouth of the Stikine River.
References
Islands of Alaska
North Oaks, Minnesota

North Oaks is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States.
Cities in Minnesota
One Night Love Affair

"One Night Love Affair" is a 1985 song by Canadian singer Bryan Adams and is the fifth single from his fourth studio album Reckless. It went to number 13 in the United States, number 19 in Canada and number 85 in Australia. It did not chart in New Zealand.
References
Bryan Adams songs
1985 songs
Mines of Paris

The Mines of Paris (in French Carrieres de Paris -- "quarries of Paris") are made up of a number of abandoned, underground mines under Paris, France, connected together by large chambers called galleries. Three main networks exist; the largest, called the grand reseau sud ("large south network"), lies under the Ve, VIe, XIVe and XVe arrondissements, a second under the XIIIe arrondissement, and a third under the XVIe, though other minor networks are found under the XIIe, XIVe and XVIe for instance. Together, the mines and galleries run for about 280 kilometres.
Exploring the mines is not allowed by the prefecture and people caught get heavy fines. A limited part of the network (1.7 km) was used as an underground ossuary (storage place for human bones) in the past known as the catacombs of Paris, and can be legally visited from the entrance on Place Denfert-Rochereau. The entire network is commonly but mistakenly called "the catacombs". Despite restrictions, the network is often toured by urban explorers popularly called cataphiles.
Ossuary
During the 18th century, the growing population of Paris resulted in the filling up of existing cemeteries, raising public health concerns. Towards the end of the 18th century, it was decided to create three new large cemeteries and to condemn the existing cemeteries within the city limits. Human remains were slowly moved to a rebuilt section of the abandoned mines that would later become a ossuary. The entrance is located on present day Place Denfert-Rochereau.
The ossuary became a tourist attraction on from the early 19th century and has been open to the public on a regular basis from 1867. Although it is officially called the Ossuaire Municipal, it is widely known as "the catacombs". Though the entire network of Paris' mines is not a burial place as such, the term 'Catacombs' is commonly used to refer to the whole network.
Related pages
Cataphile
References
Paris
Subterranea
Iba Der Thiam

Iba Der Thiam, also known as I. D. Thiam (26 February 1937 - 31 October 2020), was a Senegalese writer, historian, and politician. He was in the government of Senegal as Minister of Education from 1983 to 1988. He was First Vice-President of the National Assembly of Senegal from 2001 to 2012.
Thiam was born in Kaffrine, Senegal. He was a member of the Convention of Democrats and Patriots and the Senegalese Democratic Party.
Thiam died on 31 October 2020 in Dakar, Senegal at the age of 83.
References
1937 births
2020 deaths
Senegalese politicians
Senegalese writers
Historians
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis

The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis is the leader of London's Metropolitan Police Service. Sir Mark Rowley has been appointed to the position in 2022.
The Commissioner is known as the highest-ranking police officer in the United Kingdom, although their powers are generally over the Metropolitan Police Service's area run: the Metropolitan Police District. However, unlike other police forces the Metropolitan Police has certain things they must do nationally such as leading counter-terrorism policing and the protection of the Royal Family and high members of Her Majesty's Government. The person who holds the job also reports to the Home Secretary and the public nationally amongst many others (the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime, the Mayor of London, Londoners), different to smaller police forces who are only reportable to residents and their local Police and Crime Commissioner or police government.
The rank is usually referred to as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, the Met Commissioner or simply just "Commissioner".
The Commissioner's annual salary without pension contributions or allowances from 1 September 2016 is PS270,648 + PS2,373.
References
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
1820s establishments in England
Drax the Destroyer

Drax the Destroyer (Arthur Sampson Douglas) is a fictional character and superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and its universe. He was created by Mike Friedrich and Jim Starlin and first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 in February of 1973.
He lost his family from the Mad Titan Thanos. His main goal was to defeat Thanos. Drax would become a hero and a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy, and is an ally of the Avengers.
Drax has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise, including animated television series, action figures, and video games. American actor Dave Bautista portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Thor: Love and Thunder (2022) and Guardians of the Galaxy: Holiday Special (2022 television movie). Drax also appears in the Disney+ animated series What If..? (2021).
Source
Some text was copied from Drax the Destroyer (Marvel) at Heroes Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
Marvel Comics superheroes
La Capelle

La Capelle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France. In 2015, 1,813 people lived there.
Communes in Aisne
Chakwal

Chakwal is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Chakwal District.
Cities in Pakistan
David Wallace (The Office)

David Wallace is a fictional character in the American comedy series The Office, played by Andy Buckley. Wallace is introduced in the second season as the new chief financial officer of Dunder Mifflin.
Wallace is named after David Foster Wallace, a favorite author of John Krasinski and executive producer Michael Schur.
His character is a wealthy executive at the corporate headquarters in New York. He is seen as supportive of Regional Manager Michael Scott, Jim Halpert and Toby Flenderson. He is let go in the sixth season. He later sells his patent for a toy vacuum, called "Suck It," to the U.S. military for $20 million and later buys Dunder Mifflin and becomes CEO in the eighth-season finale, "Free Family Portrait Studio".
References
The Office (U.S. TV series) characters
Pakistani folklore

Pakistan has a wide variety of folklore, mostly circulated regionally. However, certain tales have related variants in other regions of the country or in neighbouring countries. Some folktales like Shirin and Farhad are told in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, and almost all nations of Central Asia and Middle East, with all having claimed the folklore to have originated in their land. Pakistani mythology here means the myths and sacred narratives of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the ancient Pakistan and its borderlands.
Pakistani culture
Tom Poberezny

Thomas Paul Poberezny (October 3, 1946 - July 25, 2022) was an American aerobatic world champion. He was chairman of the annual Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) Fly-In and Convention from 1977 to 2011 and president of EAA from 1989 to 2010.
Poberezny was a member of the Eagles Aerobatic Team. In 2016, he was honored into the National Aviation Hall of Fame.
Poberezny died on July 25, 2022 at the age of 75.
References
1946 births
2022 deaths
American aviators
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Aerobatic pilots
Harrell, Arkansas

Harrell is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
Towns in Arkansas
Marin Alsop

Marin Alsop (born Manhattan, New York, October 16, 1956) is an American conductor.
Alsop went to Yale University and then got a master's degree from the Juilliard School in violin playing. She won the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center in 1989, where she studied with famous conductors such as Leonard Bernstein.
Alsop has conducted many of the world's most famous orchestras. Since 2002 she has been the conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 2007 she will become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony. This will make her the first woman conductor of an important American orchestra.
Alsop has won many prizes and made lots of recordings. She has conducted and recorded many pieces by American composers, including the complete orchestral works of Samuel Barber.
Other websites
www.marinalsop.com - her official website
1956 births
Living people
American conductors
Yale University alumni
False vacuum

A false vacuum is an idea from theoretical physics: In quantum field theory, such a vacuum might exist for a very long time, before it changes its state. Much like with a true vacuum, a false vacuum exists where the energy is minimal. In the case of a true vacuum, this is at a global minimum of the energy function. With a false vacuum, the energy function is only at a local minimum. As is illustrated in the figure, there is a "peak" between the local minimum and the global minimum of the energy function.
Bubble nucleation
How the system changes its energy state is called bubble nucleation: Somewhere in the universe, a bubble will appear, with a lower energy state inside the bubble. This bubble will then spread and change the energy state of its surroundings.
All energy fields are thought to be in a true vacuum state except one, the Higgs field. The Higgs field is thought to be Metastable, where it is only in its local minimum energy and is not in a true vacuum state yet.
Vacuum decay
Vacuum decay is a theory that, should the Higgs field release its potential energy, it will create a cascade effect where more energy is released over and over again, releasing even more energy, creating a sphere that destroys everything it interacts with.
This would be completely undetectable, and some may exist already (though very unlikely. Close to impossible) Even so, they might never reach Earth due to the expansion of the universe. Current calculations suggest that if this occurs, it will be in trillions of years. By that point, the universe will be going through Heat Death.
Physics
Cosmology
Sagy, Val-d'Oise

Sagy is a commune. It is in Ile-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France.
References
Communes in Val-d'Oise
Pentlow

Pentlow is a village and civil parish in Braintree district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 228 people living in Pentlow.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Somatic nervous system

The somatic nervous system (SNS) is part of the peripheral nervous system. It controls various muscles and the sensory input from external stimuli
The SNS controls voluntary body movements by skeletal muscles. Its outgoing (efferent) nerves stimulate muscle contraction. Its incoming (afferent) nerves relay sensation from the skin, and sense organs to the central nervous system. This includes touch, hearing, and sight.
The SNS does not, however, control reflex arcs.
References
Nervous system
K-19: The Widowmaker

K-19: The Widowmaker is a 2002 independent historical movie about one of the first Soviet nuclear submarines. The film is directed and produced by Kathryn Bigelow. The lead actors are Harrison Ford and Liam Neeson. The film had mixed reviews and did not make much money. The film had a budget of $90 million.
Plot
Captain Alexei Vostrikov commands a ballistic submarine with executive officer Mikhail Polenin. Vostrikov replaces a drunk reactor officer with Radtchenko. The ship tests missiles near the United States. Vostikov has the ship do risky things like crash into the icecaps. One of the rods of the nuclear reactant gets damaged. Men are exposed to radiation and get sick. Vostrikov says no to American help. The fixed pipe leaks and torpedo fuel catches fire. Tension arises between officers and commanders. Radtchenko fixes the problem. Polenin tricks the officers and arrests them. Vostrikov has the submarine dive to avoid overheating. Later in the Soviet Union, Vostrikov is tried for breaking orders. Polenin defends Vostrikov. Twenty-seven men had died from the radiation. Many years later, Vostrikov and Polenin meet again at the cemetery. Vostrikov toasts and honors the dead men.
Cast
Harrison Ford as Captain 2nd Rank Alexei Vostrikov, Commanding Officer
Liam Neeson as Captain 3rd Rank Mikhail "Misha" Polenin, Executive Officer
Peter Sarsgaard as Lieutenant Vadim Radtchenko, Reactor Officer
Joss Ackland as Marshal Zolentsov, Defence Minister
John Shrapnel as Admiral Bratyeev
Donald Sumpter as Captain 3rd Rank Gennadi Savran, Medical Officer
Tim Woodward as Vice-Admiral Konstantin Partonov
Steve Nicolson as Captain 3rd Rank Yuri Demichev, Torpedo Officer
Ravil Isyanov as Captain 3rd Rank Igor Suslov, Political Officer
Christian Camargo as Petty Officer Pavel Loktev, Senior Reactor Technician
George Anton as Captain-Lieutenant Konstantin Poliansky, Missile Officer
James Francis Ginty as Seaman Anatoly Subachev, Reactor Technician
Lex Shrapnel as Captain-Lieutenant Mikhail Kornilov, Communications Officer
Ingvar Eggert Sigurdsson as Captain 3rd Rank Viktor Gorelov, Chief Engineer
Sam Spruell as Senior Seaman Dmitri Nevsky
Sam Redford as Petty Officer 2nd Class Vasily Mishin
Peter Stebbings as Kuryshev
Shaun Benson as Chief Petty Officer Leonid Pashinski
Kristen Holden-Ried as Captain-Lieutenant Anton Malahov
Dmitry Chepovetsky as Sergei Maximov
Tygh Runyan as Petty Officer 1st Class Maxim Portenko, Sonar Operator
Jacob Pitts as Grigori
Michael Gladis as Senior Seaman Yevgeny Borzenkov
JJ Feild as Andrei Pritoola
Peter Oldring as Vanya Belov
Joshua Close as Viktor
Jeremy Akerman as Fyodor Tsetkov, Captain of the S-270
References
Hope Lange

Hope Elise Ross Lange (November 28, 1933 - December 19, 2003) was an American movie, stage, and television actress.
Lange was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Selena Cross in the 1957 movie Peyton Place.
In 1969 and 1970, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Carolyn Muir in the sitcom The Ghost & Mrs. Muir.
Lange died on December 19, 2003, at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California, as a result of an ischemic colitis infection at the age of 70.
References
Other websites
Emmy Award winning actors
1933 births
2003 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Connecticut
Wielen

Wielen is a small village in the County of Bentheim in Lower Saxony, Germany, and belongs to the Joint Community (Samtgemeinde) of Uelsen.
Constituent communities
Along with the namesake Ortsteil, there are outlying centres named Balderhaar, Striepe and Vennebrugge.
References
Other websites
Wielen
Joint Community's webpage
County of Bentheim (district)
Sœur Emmanuelle

Soeur Emmanuelle (born Madeleine Cinquin, November 16, 1908 - October 20, 2008) was a Belgian-born French nun.
She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie. At the age of six she saw her father drown. She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy. In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun.
She worked in Notre-Dame de Sion high school in Istanbul in 1930s.
In 1971 she saw how poorly trash collectors in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them. She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France. After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts.
Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having had views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry. She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (Although she does not agree with this comparison). In 2003, French television broadcast Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman.
She died on 20 October 2008.
Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.
Other websites
95-year-old nun is France's favourite woman
De Madeleine Cinquin a Soeur Emmanuelle
1908 births
2008 deaths
Belgian Roman Catholics
Nuns
People from Brussels
Flip Saunders

Philip Daniel "Flip" Saunders (February 23, 1955 - October 25, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. During his career, he coached the Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons and Washington Wizards. He began his career as a coach in 1977. He retired in 2015 due to health reasons.
Saunders was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at the University of Minnesota. Saunders died of Hodgkin's lymphoma in Minneapolis, Minnesota, aged 60.
References
Other websites
NBA.com Profile
1955 births
2015 deaths
American basketball players
Cancer deaths in Minnesota
Deaths from Hodgkin's lymphoma
National Basketball Association coaches
Sportspeople from Cleveland
Sportspeople from Minneapolis
Shanag

Shanag is a genus of small carnivourus dinosaur. It was a dromaeosaur, a relative of the Velociraptor.
Shanag was about 1.5 meters with a weight of five kilograms when fully grown.
References
Theropods
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Prisoner's dilemma

The prisoner's dilemma is a paradox about co-operation. It shows why two "rational" individuals might not co-operate, even if it seems in their best interests. It is studied in game theory.
Game structure
Setup
The police catch two criminals after they committed a crime. The police do not know which person committed the crime and which person just helped. They question the two in separate cells. Each prisoner can either stay silent or betray (hurt) the other by blaming the crime on them. If both stay silent, they only go to jail for 2 years. If one betrays and the other stays silent, the one that stays silent goes to jail for 10 years and the other one does not go to jail at all. If they both betray each other, they each go to jail for 5 years. No matter what happens, the prisoners will never see each other again.
Strategies
If you are a prisoner in this situation and you care only about yourself, the way to get the smallest sentence is to betray the other prisoner. No matter what, you get a shorter sentence when you betray than when you do not.
If the other prisoner stays silent and does not betray, then betraying means you do not go to jail at all instead of going to jail for 6 months.
If the other prisoner betrays, then betraying lets you go to jail for 5 years instead of 10 years. In other words, it's always best for you to betray, even though the two of you would be better off if you both stayed silent. Betraying the other prisoner is your "dominant strategy" because it is always the best thing for you to do, no matter what the other prisoner does.
The prisoner's dilemma does not have same result if some of the details are different.
Game theory was much studied during the Cold War period. In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union.
References
Logical paradoxes
Sabrina Ferilli

Sabrina Ferilli (born 28 June 1964) is an Italian actress. She played Ramona in the 2013 movie The Great Beauty.
References
Other websites
1964 births
Living people
Actors from Rome
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Italian voice actors
Grace Dieu (ship)

Grace Dieu was the flagship of King Henry V of England and one of the largest ships of her time. It was launched in 1418. The ship only sailed on one voyage, after which it was kept anchored in the River Hamble. The ship was burned in 1439 after being struck by lightning.
Design and construction
Grace Dieu was designed by William Soper, a burgess of Southampton and clerk of the King's Ships. She was clinker-built with three planks nailed together along each part of her hull and waterproofed with tar and moss sandwiched between the timbers. She was long with a beam, comparable in size with HMS Victory and twice as large as Mary Rose. The ship weighed between 1,400 tons and 2,750 tons. Two other ships, Valentine and Falcon were built to follow her. A dock was specially built for her construction near Town Quay in Southampton.
The remains of Grace Dieu show that it might have been built in a hurry, with some of the planks and ribs only roughly finished. She was a vast ship requiring 2735 oak, 1145 beech, and fourteen ash trees for her timbers. When completed in 1418, she was one of the largest wooden ships of the time.
1420 voyage
In 1420, Grace Dieu made her only voyage under the command of the Earl of Devon, with orders to sail down the English Channel. The expedition suffered a mutiny even before leaving port, when the crew objected to soldiers and archers being aboard to guard the vessel. Grace Dieu's sailors attempted to prevent the soldiers from boarding by abusing the clerk who was registering their names and threatening to throw the register into the sea. When the ship finally left port, nine of the crew incited a further mutiny against the captain by refusing to take their stations and insisting that the cruise be abandoned. Grace Dieu was brought into the nearest port, St. Helen's on the Isle of Wight, and the crew departed. A clerk who questioned their loyalty as they departed was assaulted and had his clothing torn.
Service after Henry V's death and loss
When Henry V died in 1422, his ships were treated as his private property rather than as part of the kingdom's navy. Many were sold off to pay his debts.
In 1430 William Soper, when he was already in charge of the administration of the entire navy, dined with the commander of the Florentine merchant fleet on board Grace Dieu.
Subsequently, Grace Dieu was laid-up in the River Hamble. Her mast and equipment were removed. She was burnt to the waterline after being set ablaze by lightning in 1439.
Rediscovery
The remains of Grace Dieu are still in the River Hamble at Bursledon, near Southampton, Hampshire. For many years the wreck was believed to be that of a Danish galley or a nineteenth-century merchant ship. In 1933 a proper survey identified the wreck, and its great size. The site was protected by the Protection of Wrecks Act on 5 February 1974. In 2004 the site was excavated by Channel 4's archaeology programme Time Team for the 2005 series. Only 50 metres from the wreck lie those of another vessel, believed to be Grace Dieu'''s contemporary Holigost''.
References
Sailing ships
Le Barp

Le Barp is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński

Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski (4 May 1944 - 4 January 2015) was a Polish professor of sociology. He was the founder and first head of the Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Political Studies, Rector of Collegium Civitas in Warsaw.
He was a Fellow at the Institute of Human Sciences in Vienna, the University of Notre Dame, and Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin. He is a member of the Polish National Council for Civil Service and the National Council for European Integration.
Wnuk-Lipinski was born in Sucha. He was the author of a social fiction dystopia trilogy, Apostezjon (Wir pamieci, Rozpad polowiczny, Mord zalozycielski). He was the winner of Janusz A. Zajdel Award in 1988 for Rozpad polowiczny.
Wnuk-Lipinski died in Warsaw, Poland, aged 60.
References
1944 births
2015 deaths
Polish academics
Polish sociologists
Ruby Tjangawa Williamson

Ruby Tjangawa Williamson is a Pitjantjatjara artist from Amata, in central Australia. She makes acrylic paintings and traditional wood carvings, and is one of the most successful artists from the region. Her paintings have attracted critical acclaim for her unusually modern style. Ruby paints sacred stories from the Dreamtime that have morals or lessons from her people's traditional law. She uses the typical style of the Western Desert, but the techniques and imagery are more modern. Her style is said to be experimental.
Ruby is a member of the Pitjantjatjara nation. She was born about 1940, at a sacred site near Kata Ala, Western Australia. She grew up with her family in the bushland along the western side of the border with South Australia. Her family spent most of their time travelling between her father's homeland near Pukara and her mother's around Mantamaru. When Ruby was a teenager, they followed other Pitjantjatjara families to settle at Ernabella, far to the east. Ruby grew up and went to school at the mission there until she got married.
Ruby's husband was a stockman whose family came from what is now Amata, west of Ernabella. After they got married, they moved north to Areyonga, where he worked on the cattle station. They later moved back to his homeland, where he got a job on the Musgrave Park station. They had five children together, before her husband died in his early 40s.
In 1999, the senior women of Amata, including Ruby, founded Minymaku Arts (it is now called Tjala Arts). Ruby began working there herself in 2000. Her first solo exhibitions were in Hobart in 2003 and 2005, and then in Melbourne in 2008. Her artwork has been shown alongside works by other Tjala artists in every major city in Australia. She has also had her work shown in group exhibitions in Singapore and the United States. Her work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Queensland Art Gallery, the National Gallery of Australia, and the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory.
References
More reading
1940 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
Artists from Western Australia
The Last Days of Pompeii (1908 movie)

{{Infobox film
| name = The Last Days of Pompeii
| image = The Last Days of Pompeii (1908).webm
| caption =
| director = Arturo Ambrosio Luigi Maggi
| producer = Arturo Ambrosio
| writer = Roberto Omegna
| based_on = {{based on|'The Last Days of Pompeii1834 novel|Edward Bulwer-Lytton}}
| starring = Luigi Maggi Lydia De Roberti Umberto Mozzato
| music =
| cinematography = Roberto Omegna Giovanni Vitrotti
| editing =
| studio = Ambrosio Film
| distributor = Ambrosio Film
| released = December 1908
| runtime = 17 minutes
| country = Italy
| language = Silent Italian intertitles
| budget =
}}The Last Days of Pompeii'' () is a 1908 Italian silent drama movie directed by Arturo Ambrosio and Luigi Maggi and stars Luigi Maggi, Lydia De Roberti, and Umberto Mozzato. The movie is about the last days of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, when the volcano Mount Vesuvius erupted on 24 October 79 AD and destroyed it.
Actors
Luigi Maggi as Arbace
Lydia De Roberti as Nidia
Umberto Mozzato as Glauco
Ernesto Vaser as Il padrone di Nidia
Mirra Principi
Cesare Gani Carini
References
Other websites
1908 movies
Italian drama movies
Italian silent movies
Movies about volcanoes
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies set in the 1st century
Amanda Gorman

Amanda S. C. Gorman (born March 7, 1998) is an American poet, writer, speaker, and political activist. She read one of her poems during the installment ceremony of the American President Joe Biden in January 2021, getting praise.
Sources
1988 births
Living people
African American writers
American poets
American political activists
Writers from Los Angeles
Tetsuya Takada

Tetsuya Takada (born 31 July 1969) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1993||Fujita||Football League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1994||rowspan="6"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||15||0||0||0||1||0||16||0
|-
|1995||27||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||4
|-
|1996||12||1||3||0||0||0||15||1
|-
|1997||28||1||3||0||1||1||32||2
|-
|1998||18||0||0||0||3||0||21||0
|-
|1999||23||0||1||0||1||1||25||1
|-
|2000||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||11||0||1||0||0||0||12||0
134||6||9||0||6||2||149||8
134||6||9||0||6||2||149||8
|}
References
1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
People from Hiroshima
Andlau

Andlau is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
References
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Zita of Bourbon-Parma

Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 - 14 March 1989) was the last Empress of Austria. She was the wife of Charles I of Austria She was born a princess of the Duchy of Parma.
1892 births
1989 deaths
Italian Roman Catholics
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Servants of God
Austrian royalty
Biggs, California

Biggs is a city in Butte County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, 1,964 people lived there.
References
Cities in California
Settlements in Butte County, California
Saint-Thomas-de-Courceriers

Saint-Thomas-de-Courceriers is a commune of 246 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Mayenne
Bart's Friend Falls in Love

"Bart's Friend Falls in Love" is the 22nd episode of the 3rd season of The Simpsons. It was first shown on television on May 7, 1992. In the episode, Bart's friend Milhouse gets a girlfriend named Samantha Stanky. Bart gets jealous and tells Samantha's father about the relationship. Samantha's father sends her to a different school that only allows girls. While this happens, Homer tries to lose weight using a subliminal stimuli cassette tape. However, Homer is given a tape about using better vocabulary instead.
The beginning of the episode is a parody of the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark. The end of the episode is a parody of the movie Casablanca.
Story
Milhouse shows Bart his new toy, a Magic 8-Ball. Bart asks the Magic 8-Ball if he and Milhouse will still be friends at the end of the day. The Magic 8-Ball says that they will not. A girl from Phoenix, Arizona named Samantha Stanky becomes a new student at the Springfield Elementary School. Milhouse falls in love with Samantha. When school is over, Milhouse brings Samantha to Bart's treehouse and kiss each other.
Milhouse does not spend time with Bart anymore. This makes Bart feel jealous and left out. Bart tells Samantha's father about her relationship. Samantha's father gets angry at her and puts her in a catholic school that is for girls. Bart starts to feel guilty when he sees that Milhouse is very sad, so he tells Milhouse that he told Samantha's father about the relationship. Milhouse gets very angry and fights Bart. When they calm down, they go to the school that Samantha has been put in. Samantha loves the new school, but she still loves Milhouse. She kisses Milhouse, knowing that she will get punished for doing so.
While this happens, Lisa thinks that Homer is too obese. Marge orders a cassette tape that will subliminally get Homer to lose weight. However, they are given a tape on how to have better vocabulary. Homer has been using more complex words, but he is also getting more weight. When Homer finds out that the tape is only making him more obese, he throws the tape away and no longer uses complex words.
Reception
Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said that the episode is a "keeper". He says that the episode "gets into pre-teen emotions but never becomes sappy." He also says that the other story with Homer "provides terrific laughs as well." Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed thought it was tough to see Milhouse in a relationship, but said "Still, the love triangle makes for some interesting drama". Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict thought that the main story was "drawn out" but liked the story with Homer. Nathan Ditum of Total Film and Colin Kennedy of Empire said that the episode's parody of Raiders of the Lost Ark is the best movie parody of the show.
References
Other websites
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
1992 television episodes
Qingdao

Qingdao is a Chinese city. It is an important seaport. The Tsingtao Brewery is the country's second largest brewery.
Cities in China
Tainui, New Zealand

Tainui is a small suburb of Dunedin. It lies south of Andersons Bay and Musselburgh close to Dunedin's coastline (Ocean Beach}. In 1905 the ground hosted its one and only rugby test and hosts Dunedin's A&P show yearly. It has two primary schools located in the suburb.
References
Dunedin
Mina Sato

Mina Sato (Zuo Teng Shui Cai , Sato Mina ? , Born December 7, 1998) Is a Japanese bicycle racer , and track specialist .
She trained with Benoit Vetu ,
In May 2021, Mina Sato competed in the Hong Kong Nations Cup , where she placed fourth in the sprint and keirin tournament.
In October 2021, she was second place in keirin and fourth in team speed. She thus becomes the first Japanese woman to medal at the world keirin .
References
1998 births
Japanese cyclists
Living people
Olivette, Missouri

Olivette is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri
Phillips County, Montana

Phillips County is a county found in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 4,253 people. Its county seat is Malta. Before February 5, 1915, Phillips County was part of Blaine County, Montana, and before 1912 both were part of Chouteau County, Montana. It was named for rancher and state senator Benjamin D. Phillips.
Its northern boundary is the Canada-United States border with Saskatchewan. The Missouri River defines its southern boundary.
References
1910s establishments in Montana
1915 establishments in the United States
Montana counties
Josep Tarradellas

Josep Tarradellas i Joan (), 1st Marquess of Tarradellas (1899 in Cervello, Baix Llobregat - 1988 in Barcelona) was a Spanish politician. He was President of Catalonia from 1954 to 1980.
References
1899 births
1988 deaths
Presidents of the Government of Catalonia
Nagtglas's African dormouse

The Nagtglas's African dormouse (Graphiurus nagtglasii) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and sometimes in Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
References
Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2004. Graphiurus nagtglasii . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Graphiurus
Daylighting

Daylighting is where natural light comes through windows, skylights and other openings.
Light sources
Sustainable technologies
Windows (architecture)
Hakkı Atun

Hakki Atun (born 7 October 1935) is a Turkish Cypriot politician. He was the Prime Minister Northern Cyprus from 1994 to 1996. He was born in Famagusta in 1935. He was the Speaker of the Assembly from 1985 to 1993 and again from 1996 to 1998.
References
1935 births
Living people
Turkish politicians
Speakers of the Assembly of Northern Cyprus
Prime Ministers of Northern Cyprus
Jazzercise

Jazzercise is a fitness company started by Judi Sheppard Missett in 1969.
References
Companies based in California
1969 establishments in the United States
Plouzévédé

Plouzevede () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
References
Communes in Finistere
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I (; 10 March 1503 - 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 to 1564.
References
1503 births
1564 deaths
16th century in Germany
Holy Roman Emperors
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Aruba Dushi Tera

"Aruba Dushi Tera" (; "Aruba Sweet Land") is the anthem of Aruba.
Lyrics
References
Aruba
Dutch anthems
North American anthems
First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt

The first inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt as the 26th president of the United States, took place on September 14, 1901 in Buffalo, New York. It took place after the assassination of President William McKinley.
John R. Hazel, U.S. District Judge for the Western District of New York, administered the oath of office. While some people called it an inauguration, others called it a swearing-in ceremony.
References
1901 in the United States
Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt, Theodore
1900s in New York (state)
20th century in Buffalo, New York
Auto racing

Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, autosport or motorsport) is a sport involving racing cars. Auto racing began in France in 1895 and is now one of the world's most popular spectator sports.
Types of auto racing
Formula One is the top level racing championship worldwide. Formula One cars have no fenders or quarter panels like regular passenger cars. At the front and back of each car there is a spoiler, or wing, which uses air to push the car onto the ground and give it more grip to go faster. Each Formula One race takes place in a different country. These races are called Grands Prix (French for "grand prize").
Indy Cars look very similar to Formula One cars, but race on oval tracks that have only banked left-hand turns, and more complex road courses which have both left and right hand turns.
Endurance races are a type of race involving heavily modified cars called touring cars and purpose-built race cars called sports prototypes. Each race team has more than one driver because endurance races last for several hours, so drivers take turns. The world's most famous endurance race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans in France.
NASCAR is an American organization that runs races on oval tracks with many cars or pickup trucks. The cars, called stock cars, look like passenger cars, but have plenty of racing upgrades.
Related pages
Motor sports
Grey's crowned guenon

The Grey's crowned guenon (Cercopithecus pogonias grayi), also known as the crowned guenon, crowned monkey, golden-bellied guenon, or golden-bellied monkey, is a species of monkey. They are mainly found in Central Africa which includes countries like Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Nigeria. Mona monkeys get up to in length and weigh . The lifespan of the crowned guenon is 20 years in captivity. They feed on mostly fruit, leaves, shoots, insects, and crops.
References
Mammals of Africa
Old World monkeys
Alan Reed

Alan Reed, also known professionally as Alan Reed Sr., (August 20, 1907 - June 14, 1977) was an American actor and voice actor. He was best known as the original voice of Fred Flintstone on The Flintstones.
References
Other websites
1907 births
1977 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American television personalities
Actors from New York City
Thundorf in Unterfranken

Thundorf is a municipality in the district of Bad Kissingen in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Bad Kissingen (district)
George Washington University Hospital

The George Washington University Hospital is the hub of a major medical center in Washington, D.C. in the United States. It is affiliated with the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences. The current building was opened on August 23, 2002. Since 1997, The George Washington University Hospital has been jointly owned and operated by a parnership between a subsidiary of Universal Health Services and The George Washington University.
In 1981 after being shot, Ronald Reagan was taken to the hospital.
References
Other websites
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Hospitals in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
George Washington University