pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vas deferens

The vas deferens (or ductus deferens) is a duct in a man's body. It is also present in other male vertebrates. Its function is to carry sperm away from the testes, towards the penis.
There are two of these ducts, which are tubes surrounded by smooth muscle. They connect the left and right epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in order to move sperm. Each tube is about 30 centimeters long. During ejaculation the smooth muscle in the wall of the vas deferens contracts. That pushes the sperm toward the penis. The sperm go from the vas deferens into the urethra. Other male sex glands push out at the same time.
Vasectomy
There is a surgery called vasectomy that is a method of contraception. The two vasa deferentia (Latin plural) are cut and sealed, so the sperm cannot get out of the body. This is usually permanent, but in some cases it can be reversed. Sometimes instead of cutting the vas deferentia, the surgeon puts something to block the sperm instead of cutting them.
Related pages
Cystic fibrosis
Notes
Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Coat of arms of Greece

The coat of arms of Greece has a white cross on a blue shield. There are two laurel branches around the shield.
Greece
National symbols of Greece
Kauko Juhantalo

Kauko Johannes Juhantalo (28 April 1942 - 26 April 2020) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He served as a member of the Parliament of Finland many times (1979-1993, 1995-1999, 2003-2007, 2015-2019). He was also Minister of Trade and Industry from 1991 to 1992.
Juhantalo was born in Kankaanpaa, Satakunta. He died of cancer on 26 April 2020, two days before his 78th birthday.
References
Other websites
1942 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in Finland
Finnish politicians
Pope Cyril V of Alexandria

Pope Cyril V of Alexandria (Abba Kyrillos V) (1831-1927) was the 112th Pope of Alexandria from 1874-1927. He was the leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. He is the longest-serving church official who was been ranked as Pope in history.
Patriarchs
1831 births
1927 deaths
Copts
Stealing Heaven

Stealing Heaven is a 1988 British Serbian romantic drama movie directed by Clive Donner and was based on the novel of the same name by Marion Meade. It stars Derek de Lint, Kim Thomson, Denholm Elliott, Bernard Hepton, Kenneth Cranham, Rachel Kempson, Angela Pleasence, Patsy Byrne, Timothy Watson, Victoria Burgoyne.
Other websites
1988 romantic drama movies
British romantic drama movies
Serbian movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Clive Donner
White House Communications Director

The White House communications director or White House director of communications, also known officially as Assistant to the President for Communications, is part of the senior staff of the President of the United States.
The communications director is responsible for creating and promoting the agenda of the president and leading its media campaign.
Directors
References
Omiki

is an offering of sake or other alcoholic drinks offered to gods in Japanese Shinto.
References
Tiger Shroff

Tiger Shroff, born Jai Hemant Shroff, is an Indian actor who stars in Hindi langauge films in the Bollywood movie industry. He is the eldest child of Bollywood star Jackie Shroff and his wife Ayesha Shroff. His debut film is called Heropanti, which was released in 2014 with him taking up the lead role alongside lead actress Kriti Sanon. Forbes 100 has named Tiger Shroff as one of the most influential and wealthiest Bollywood actors.
Tiger Shroff is of Bengali and Gujarati descent from both of his parents. He has a younger sister, Ayesha, who is three years junior to him. He is also known for the foundation of the company Prowl and is a prominent symbol of Pepsi India. He has also helped many actors train for their movies.
Tiger Shroff has starred in many bollywood films including the Baaghi series. His next films, Rambo, Ganapath and Heropanti 2 are expected to be filmed in the year 2023 where the films will be released the following year. Tiger Shroff is a devotee of Lord Shiva, the supreme god of Hinduism, and holds a fast every Monday. He is also a professional dancer and model alongside his acting career.
Awards and nominations
References
Other websites
Tiger Shroff on Instagram
1990 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Actors from Mumbai
Taekwondo practitioners
Turbe, Travnik

Turbe is a settlement in the Travnik municipality, FB&H, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The name is derived from Turkish turbe.
Population
Related pages
Travnik
References
Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Villages in Europe
Haruki Nishimura

Haruki Nishimura (born 31 May 1987) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||Arte Takasaki||Football League||32||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|-
|2009||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
32||1||1||0||0||0||33||1
32||1||1||0||0||0||33||1
|}
References
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Ashley Mattingly

Ashley Mattingly (September 10, 1986 - April 15, 2020) was an American model. She was the Playboy Playmate of the Month for March 2011. Mattingly was born in Dallas, Texas.
Mattingly died by suicide on April 15, 2020 in Austin, Texas at the age of 33.
References
1986 births
2020 deaths
Suicides in the United States
Models from Texas
People from Dallas
Cryptanalysis

Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptos, "hidden", and analyein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves finding a secret key. In non-technical language, this is the practice of codebreaking or cracking the code, although "break" can also mean just a part of a complete solution.
People have been making and breaking codes for many centuries. In the 1930s specialized machines were invented to do the calculations. Code-breaking machines such as the Colossus computer were important during World War II. Computers were the main tool of cryptanalysis in the Cold War and later.
Related pages
Code
Cryptography
References
Helen Fouche Gaines, "Cryptanalysis", 1939, Dover.
Other websites
Basic Cryptanalysis
Simon Singh's crypto corner
Distributed Computing Projects
UltraAnvil tool for attacking simple substitution ciphers
A lot of real encrypted messages on newsgroups
A javascript codesystems solver for many types of ciphers, with examples
The National Museum of Computing Cipher Challenge
Cryptography
Junnosuke Schneider

Junnosuke Schneider (born 22 May 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama.
Club career statistics
|-
|2000||Horikoshi||Prefectural Leagues||||||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="6"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||24||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||25||0
|-
|2003||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2004||26||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|2005||40||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||42||0
|-
|2006||31||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||18||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||Gainare Tottori||Football League||34||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|2010||Yokohama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
183||0||9||0||0||0||192||0
183||0||9||0||0||0||192||0
|}
References
1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Japanese association football goalkeepers
Fins, Somme

Fins is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Emerson Thome

Emerson Thome (born 30 March 1972) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1992/93||Academica Coimbra||||3||0
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Tirsense||||25||2
|-
|1994/95||Portuguese Liga||30||3
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Benfica||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||0||0
|-
|1996/97||0||0
|-
|1997/98||Alverca||||0||0
|-
|1997/98||Benfica||Portuguese Liga||16||1
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Sheffield Wednesday||rowspan="3"|Premier League||6||0
|-
|1998/99||38||1
|-
|1999/00||17||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||rowspan="2"|Premier League||20||0
|-
|2000/01||1||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Sunderland||rowspan="3"|Premier League||31||1
|-
|2001/02||12||1
|-
|2002/03||1||0
|-
|2003/04||Bolton Wanderers||Premier League||26||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Wigan Athletic||League Championship||15||0
|-
|2005/06||Premier League||4||0
|-
|2005/06||Derby County||League Championship||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||J. League 2||31||0
|-
|2007||J. League 1||9||0
74||5
171||3
40||0
285||8
1972 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
In the Name of Life

In the Name of Life () is a 1947 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. It stars Viktor Khokhryakov, Mikhail Kuznetsov, and Oleg Zhakov.
Actors
Viktor Khokhryakov as Doctor Vladimir Petrov
Mikhail Kuznetsov as Doctor Aleksandr Kolesov
Oleg Zhakov as Doctor Aleksei Rozhdestvensky
Klavdiya Lepanova as Lena
Lyudmila Shabalina as Vera
References
Other websites
Russian drama movies
1947 drama movies
Movies directed by Iosif Kheifits
Movies directed by Aleksandr Zarkhi
Soviet drama movies
Siddheshwar Prasad

Professor Siddheshwar Prasad (born 19 January 1929) is an Indian politician. He is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from the Nalanda Constituency of Bihar in 1962, 1967 and 1971. He was the Governor of Tripura from June 1995 to June 2000.
References
1929 births
Governors of Tripura
Living people
Interregnum

An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. It can also refer any gap in the continuity of a government, organization, or social order. The period of interregnum may be peaceful, or it may collapse into chaos and anarchy.
In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an interregnum is usually avoided due to a rule described as "the king is dead, long live the King", i.e. the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty. This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event.
Pope's interregnum (or sede vacante)
An interregnum occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a sede vacante (vacant seat). The interregnum ends immediately upon election of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals.
Related pages
English Interregnum
Periods and ages in history
Monarchy
NES Remix

NES Remix is a video game for the Wii U console. It was developed by indieszero and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 18, 2013. In this game, the player has to complete challenges in Nintendo Entertainment System games. For example, the player may have to defeat a number of enemies in Super Mario Bros. while under a time limit.
Games
References
Other websites
Official website
2013 video games
Wii U games
Cacao tree

The cacao tree is a small tree originally grown in tropical South America. It only grows to 4 to 8 meters in height. Its seeds are called cocoa and are used to produce cocoa butter, chocolate drinks, and chocolate. Now the trees are grown in plantations in many tropical countries.
Cultivation
Cacao is planted on over 70000 square kilometres worldwide with 40% of production coming from Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia. Each country produces about 15%, with smaller amounts coming from Brazil, Nigeria, and Cameroon.
A tree begins to bear fruit when it is 4 or 5 years old. In one year, when mature, it may have 6,000 flowers, but only about 20 pods. About 300-600 seeds (10 pods) are required to produce around 1 kg of cocoa paste.
There are three main cultivar groups of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate. The most prized, rare, and expensive is the Criollo Group, the cocoa bean used by the Maya. Only 10% of chocolate is made from the Criollo, which is less bitter and more aromatic than any other bean. The cacao bean in 80% of chocolate is made using beans of the Forastero Group. Forastero trees are significantly hardier than Criollo trees, resulting in cheaper cacao beans. Trinitario, a hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, is used in about 10% of chocolate. For details of processing, see cocoa.
Cacao beans were commonly used as currency in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. In some areas, such as Yucatan, they were still used in place of small coins as late as the 1840s.
Other websites
The food of the Gods - the nature, growth, cultivation, manufacture and history of Cocoa, by Brandon Head, from Project Gutenberg
Malvaceae
Peter Osgood

Peter Osgood was a former football player. He has played four times for the England national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1965-66||rowspan="9"|Chelsea||rowspan="9"|First Division||32||7
|-
|1966-67||10||6
|-
|1967-68||42||16
|-
|1968-69||35||9
|-
|1969-70||38||23
|-
|1970-71||27||5
|-
|1971-72||36||18
|-
|1972-73||38||11
|-
|1973-74||21||8
|-
|1973-74||rowspan="4"|Southampton||First Division||10||1
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="3"|Second Division||40||13
|-
|1975-76||33||6
|-
|1976-77||30||5
|-
|1976-77||Norwich City||First Division||3||0
|-
|1977-78||Southampton||Second Division||13||3
|-
|1978||Philadelphia Fury||NASL||22||1
|-
|1978-79||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||First Division||9||2
|-
|1979-80||Second Division||1||0
418||133
22||1
440||134
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1970||3||0
|-
|1971||0||0
|-
|1972||0||0
|-
|1973||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}
References
1947 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English footballers
Sportspeople from Berkshire
Plant community

A plant community (sometimes "photosynthesis" or "photosynthesis") is a collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types.
Plants
Ecology
Ed Markey

Edward John "Ed" Markey (born July 11, 1946) is an American politician. He is the United States senator of Massachusetts serving since July 2013. Before being senator, Markey was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Massachusetts. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
Markey is a progressive. He has focused on climate change and energy policy. He is the Senate author of the Green New Deal. Markey's progressive policies have made him popular with younger voters. The Hill called him "a Gen-Z Icon".
In 2020, then-U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III ran against Markey for the Democratic nomination in that Senate race. Markey beat Kennedy III with 55% of the vote. Markey became the first person to beat a member of the Kennedy family in an election.
Since 1988, Markey has been married to Susan Blumenthal, who works for the Health and Human Services for Women's Health. From 2005 to 2017, he was a writer for The Huffington Post.
References
Other websites
1946 births
Living people
United States senators from Massachusetts
United States representatives from Massachusetts
People from Malden, Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Redemption (theology)

Redemption is a key concept in many religions: Very broadly speaking, it means that there will be an event, that will free a single person, a group of people, or all people from evil. It is commonly used in Judaism, Christianity and Gnosticism. In Buddhism, the term enlightenment has a similar meaning.
Theology
Yalobusha River

The Yalobusha River is a river, long, in north-central Mississippi in the United States. It is a principal tributary of the Yazoo River, which is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The name "Yalobusha" comes from the Choctaw word yalooboshi, meaning "little tadpole", from yalooba, "tadpole", and -ushi, "diminutive".
References
Rivers of Mississippi
Hirtzbach

Hirtzbach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Barra do Bugres

Barra do Bugres is a city in Brazil, with about 30,000 people. It is located in the state of Mato Grosso Do Sul. It is located at the confluence of the Paraguay River and the Bugres River. Local economy is focused on agriculture. The city is about from the state capital, Cuiaba.
Cities in Mato Grosso do Sul
Kenichi Sugano

Kenichi Sugano (born 8 August 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
References
1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Hampstead

Hampstead is a district of London, England, about north-west of Charing Cross. It is part of the London Borough of Camden. It is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for the large and hilly parkland Hampstead Heath. Some of the most expensive housing in the London area, or indeed anywhere in the world is in Hampstead, with large houses selling for up to PS50m (2008). The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom.
Hampstead has long been known as a residence of writers, composers, ballerinas, intellectuals, actors, artists and architects, many of whom created a bohemian community in the late 19th century. After 1917, and again in the 1930s, it became base to a community of avant garde artists and writers and was host to a number of emigres and exiles from the Russian Revolution and Nazi Europe.
References
Areas of London
Pan de jamón

Pan de jamon () is a type of bread eaten in Venezuela. It is commonly eaten during the Christmas season.
Preparation
The dough is made with flour, yeast, butter, egg, sugar, salt, and milk. The dough is then filled with ham, olives, and raisins.
History
It is unknown where the bread came from. Miro Popic, a Venezuelan journalist thought that it came from Gustavo Ramella, a owner of a bakery in Caracas in 1905. In that time, only ham was used as the filling. It had became very popular that other bakeries sold the bread with other fillings like raisins, and then olives and nuts.
Variations
As the time passes, new type of this bread have been made. Some are now filled with cream cheese, turkey, and mushrooms. Some use puff pastry as the dough instead.
References
Venezuelan food
Breads
Roald Dahl

Roald Dahl (13 September 1916 - 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, poet, screenwriter, short-story writer and wartime fighter pilot best known for his children's novels.
Early life
Roald Dahl was born on 13 September 1916 in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales to Norwegian parents. He was educated in England, Llandaff Cathedral School, and then worked in Africa for the Shell Oil Company. In the Second World War, he was an RAF fighter pilot. It was after an air-crash and "a monumental bash on the head" that he began to write. The crash was the subject of his first published story, "Shot Down Over Libya".He wrote matilda and the twits
Writing
He wanted to become an adult book writer but ended up as a children's book writer. He had a tragic life since his father and oldest sister both died when he was young. Roald Dahl said that the key to his success rested in sympathizing with children and realizing that to children, parents and school teachers are the enemy.
Dahl wrote many famous children's stories and adult horror stories. Many of his books and stories have been made into films and television shows all over the world. Among his most popular books are Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, James and the Giant Peach, Matilda, The Witches, The BFG, and Kiss Kiss. Many of his children's books have pictures drawn by Quentin Blake.
Dahl was married to Patricia Neal from 1953 until they divorced in 1983. They had four daughters (one of whom died before them) and a son. Dahl was married to Felicity Crosland from 1983 until his death. He lived in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. He died on 23 November 1990 in Oxford, from myelodysplastic syndrome, aged 74.
Model Sophie Dahl is his granddaughter.
There is a Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden.
Roald Dahl has also been know to have anti-semetist imagery in many of his novels.
Books
Poems
Revolting Rhymes
Dirty Beasts
Rhyme Stew
Non-Fiction
Boy: Tales of Childhood
Going Solo
References
Other websites
1916 births
1990 deaths
British autobiographers
British children's writers
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Disease-related deaths in England
Welsh novelists
Writers from Cardiff
Susan Jameson

Susan I M Jameson (formerly Jamieson; born 13 August 1941) is an English actress. She is best known for her role leaving Myra Booth (formerly Dickinson) in the British soap opera Coronation Street, Esther Lane in the BBC crime drama series New Tricks and Mrs Wibbsey opposite Tom Baker in Doctor Who.
1941 births
English actors
Living people
Federation Cynologique Internationale

The Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI, World Canine Organisation) is an association of kennel clubs. It is based in Thuin, Belgium.
It has 84 members and contract partners (one member per country) that each issue their own pedigrees (rules about how each type of dog should look) and train their own judges. The FCI makes sure that the pedigrees and judges are of one FCI member are recognised by all other FCI members.
Other websites
World Canine Organisation, in English
Dogs
1911 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Belgium
Animal organizations
Bunroku

was a after Tensho and before Keicho. This period started in December 1592 and ended in 1596. During this time, the emperor was .
The nengo Bunroku means "Enlightened Benevolence".
Events of the Bunroku era
1592 (Bunroku 1): Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea (Bunroku no Eki), also known as Bunroku-Keicho no Eki.
1592 (Bunroku 1): Ogasawara Sadayori discovered the Bonin Islands; and the territory was granted to him as a fief by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
1592 (Bunroku 1): Silver coins called Bunroku-tsuho were minted . Copper coins were issued at the same time, but none are known to have survived.
1593 (Bunroku 3): Former-Emperor Ogimachi died.
1593 (Bunroku 3): Toyotomi Hideyori is born to Hideyoshi's mistress Yodo-Dono.
1595 (Bunroku 4): Toyotomi Hidetsugu loses his position and power.
Land reform and a general census of the population and a national survey are undertaken in 1589-1595.
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1592 establishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
1596 disestablishments
16th-century disestablishments in Japan
The Vanishing (1993 movie)

The Vanishing is a 1993 drama thriller movie. It stars Sandra Bullock, Nancy Travis, Jeff Bridges and Kiefer Sutherland. It is about the abduction and murder of a girl named Diane (played by Bullock). This was directed by George Sluizer, who also directed a 1988 version of The Vanishing. The one released in 1993 got substandard reviews while in theaters.
1993 thriller movies
1993 drama movies
1990s psychological movies
1990s English-language movies
American drama movies
American thriller movies
Movies directed by George Sluizer
20th Century Fox movies
Movies set in Washington (state)
Movies set in Wyoming
Movies about abduction
Álvaro Mejía (athlete)

Alvaro Mejia Florez (15 May 1940 - 12 January 2021) was a Colombian long-distance runner. He competed in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games 5,000 meter final. He was born in Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Mejia competed in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics in the 10,000 meters and in the 1972 Munich Olympics.
Mejia also won the 1971 Boston Marathon. He won a bronze medal at the 1971 Pan American Games in the 10,000 metres. Mejia won the Saint Silvester Road Race in 1966.
Mejia died on 12 January 2021 in Bogota, Colombia at the age of 80.
References
1940 births
2021 deaths
Long-distance runners
Colombian Olympians
Sportspeople from Medellin
Nampcelles-la-Cour

Nampcelles-la-Cour is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa

The lieutenant governor of American Samoa is the second highest-ranking political figure in American Samoa, behind the governor.
List of lieutenant governors of American Samoa
Appointed lieutenant governors
Frank Barnett (Democrat, 1974-76)
Elected lieutenant governors
References
Monchel-sur-Canche

Monchel-sur-Canche is a commune. It is in Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in north France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Lewis

Lewis is the northern part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island in the Western Isles (or Outer Hebrides) of Scotland.
Its biggest town is called Stornoway, which has a population of over 5000. Most people on the island speak Gaelic. On the island, there is a town called Barvas, which is the place which has the biggest percentage of Gaelic speakers (74.7% of the people speak Gaelic).
Related pages
Callanish stones
Outer Hebrides
Spine

The spine is a column of vertebrae in the back part of the torso (upper body). It is also called the backbone or vertebral column. There is a spinal canal that runs through the length of the spine. Inside this canal is the spinal cord. Animals that have a spine are called vertebrates, and animals that do not have one are called invertebrates. Humans have a spine, so we are vertebrates. Many vertebrates, including mammals, have intervertebral discs separating the vertebrae.
Regions
The vertebral column has five regions. These regions from top to bottom are:
Cervical - Shown in red, this region supports the head. It is made up of 7 vertebrae. The first two, called the atlas and axis, connect the spine to the skull.
Thoracic - Shown in blue, this region supports the ribs. It is made up of 12 vertebrae.
Lumbar - Shown in yellow, this region is located in the lower back. It is made up of 5 vertebrae.
Sacral - Shown in green. It is made up of 5 vertebrae that are fused together.
Coccygeal - Shown in purple. It is made up of 3 to 5 vertebrae.
Spinal canal
The spinal column has an opening called spinal canal and this opening is used for nerves. The part of the central nervous system in the spinal column is called spinal cord.
References
Gray's Anatomy: The Vertebral Column - The 1917 Gray's Anatomy is available via the Bartleby project. It is available with full colour diagrams. The initial version of this article was copied and pasted from the 1917 Gray's anatomy, which is in the public domain.
Other websites
North American Spine Society is a multidisciplinary medical organization that advances quality spine care through education, research and advocacy.
Spinal anatomy and back pain
Spine anatomy illustrations
Spine anatomy
Vertebral column basics
Bones
Tourism (constituency)

The Tourism, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the associations in the tourist industry.
References
Functional constituencies of Hong Kong
Australia Act 1986

The Australia Act 1986 is the name of a pair of separate but related pieces of legislation. One was an Act of the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia. The other was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. These nearly identical Acts were passed by the two parliaments because no one knew which one had the power to do so.
The Australia Act ended the possibility for the UK to make laws for Australia. Also the UK could not be involved in Australian government. And no one could appeal from any Australian court to a British court.
1986
Politics of Australia
Legislation
1980s in Australia
1980s Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Law of Australia
Yellowbeard

Yellowbeard is a 1983 American British comedy movie directed by Mel Damski and starring Peter Boyle, Graham Chapman, Cheech Marin, Tommy Chong, Peter Cook, Martin Hewitt, Marty Feldman, Spike Milligan, Eric Idle, James Mason, John Cleese, Nigel Planer, Susannah York, Beryl Reid, David Bowie. It was distributed by Orion Pictures.
Other websites
1983 comedy movies
British comedy movies
American comedy movies
2011 Super Outbreak

The 2011 Super Outbreak was a major tornado outbreak that happened during April 2011. It was the biggest tornado outbreak in US history. 362 tornadoes appeared during the outbreak. 3 EF5 tornadoes dropped down along with 12 EF4 tornadoes and 21 EF3 tornadoes. About 321 people died because of the tornadoes.
Meteorogical synopsis
April 25
On the evening of April 25, dangerous supercells started forming across Arkansas, Northeast Texas, and Southeast Oklahoma. The supercells then merged into a massive squall line of severe thunderstorms. The severe thunderstorms produced tornadoes. Then, heavy rain formed northwest of the line of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. An EF2 tornado struck Vilonia, Arkansas, and an EF3 tornado struck Hot Springs Village, Arkansas. Later, the severe thunderstorms and tornadoes moved into Tennessee and Mississippi.
April 26
On April 26, the severe thunderstorms and tornadoes moved back into Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. On the evening of April 26, dangerous supercells formed over Texas. Those supercells produced dangerous tornadoes, like EF2 or EF3. Then, those supecells moved into Oklahoma and Arkansas. The squall line of severe thunderstorms moved back into Tennessee and Mississippi.
April 27
On April 27, the supercells moved into Tennessee and Mississippi, and the squall line of severe thunderstorms moved into Alabama. Then, the supercells moved into Alabama, and produced 3 EF5 tornadoes, 13 EF4 tornadoes, and 23 EF3 tornadoes. The squall line of severe thunderstorms moved into Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
April 28
On April 28, the supercells merged into a very large squall line, and moved into Kentucky and the Carolinas. The old squall line of severe thunderstorms moved into Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. Then later, the new squall line moved into Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. The storm produced some tornadoes. The other squall lines disappeared. There were five deaths.
Aftermath
The Governor of Alabama, Robert J. Bentley, declared a state of emergency in Alabama after the outbreak. The tornadoes caused many power outages because power lines were damaged. More than 675,000 homes that the Tennessee Valley Authority served did not have electricity after the storms. Alabama Power said that 370,000 people in Alabama did not have power after the storms.
References
Tornado outbreaks
2011
2011 in the United States
Mezzanine

Mezzanine is the third studio album by English trip hop group Massive Attack. It was released on 20 April 1998. It was produced by Massive Attack and Neil Davidge. The album was released by Virgin Records.
The album was provided on their website for legal download many months before the CD release. It was one of the first major uses of the MP3 format by a commercial group. It does not use the jazzy sounds and the rapping of Tricky, similar to what Massive Attack did in Blue Lines and Protection. Mezzanine has a dark sound, heavy bass guitars and distorted guitars. This is similar to industrial music and post-punk.
Mezzanine had the number one spot on many music charts. It did this on music charts in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. It is Massive Attack's best selling album. The album had four singles: "Risingson", "Teardrop", "Angel" and "Inertia Creeps". These singles went on music charts in the United Kingdom.
Track listing
References
1998 albums
Massive Attack albums
Trip hop albums
Virgin Records albums
Teaching Mrs. Tingle

Teaching Mrs. Tingle is a 1999 American black comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Kevin Williamson and was produced by Cathy Konrad. Teaching Mrs. Tingle was released on August 20, 1999. The movie was originally going to be called Killing Mrs. Tingle but it was delayed and retitled because of the Columbine High School massacre.
The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 19% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
Cast
Helen Mirren as Mrs. Eve Tingle
Katie Holmes as Leigh Ann Watson
Jeffrey Tambor as Coach Richard 'Spanky' Wenchell
Barry Watson as Luke Churner
Marisa Coughlan as Jo Lynn Jordan
Liz Stauber as Trudie Tucker
Michael McKean as Principal Potter
Lesley Ann Warren as Mrs Faye Watson
Molly Ringwald as Miss Banks
Vivica A. Fox as Miss Gold
Abraham Benrubi as Brian Berry
Robert Gant as Professor
References
Other websites
1999 comedy movies
1990s black comedy movies
1990s teen comedy movies
American black comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
English-language movies
Impact of the Columbine High School massacre
Movies set in California
Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse

Raymond VII of Saint-Gilles (July 1197 - 27 September 1249) was Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence from 1222 until his death.
He was the son of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Joan of England. During the Albigensian Crusade in May of 1216, he set out from Marseille and besieged Beaucaire, which he captured on August 24. He fought to get the county of Toulouse back from Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester and later Simon's son Amaury VI of Montfort.
When Raymond died, Alphonse became count of Toulouse, and after Alphonse's death the county was captured by France. Raymond VII was buried beside his mother Joan in Fontevrault Abbey.
1197 births
1249 deaths
French nobility
Lindstrom, Minnesota

Lindstrom is a city in Chisago County, Minnesota, United States.
Cities in Minnesota
All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference

The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference is a major political party of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
Overview
In 1932 Pro-Congress Sheikh Abdullah formed Kashmir's first political party, the All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference, with a demand for merger of Kashmir and Jammu with British India. His party was renamed the National Conference in 1939 to suite the secular nature of Kashmiri culture. The All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, led by Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah, espoused a secular ideology and wished to create a secular, democratic but independent Kashmir with close ties to British India.
When the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was converted into a secular political party in 1939, the Muslim leaders amended the Constitution of the Muslim Conference, renamed it as the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, modified its objectives and threw its membership open to all the people of the State. On 13 June 1941, the breakaway factions of the National Conference revived the erstwhile Muslim Conference under the leadership of Choudry Ghualm Abbas.
The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference led the Muslim movement for accession into Pakistans favor in the State.
On July 19, 1947, a convention of All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference, adopted the "Accession to Pakistan Resolution" demanding accession of the Kashmir state to Pakistan.
In 1955 the All-Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was the political party in power in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Even today All-jummu and Kashmir Muslim Conference is in power in Azad Jamu and Kashmir.
History and achievements of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference
The movement was started by the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference after its induction as a political platform of the Muslims in August 1932 in Srinagar. Prominent amongst the participants were Sardar Gohar Rehman, Chaudhry Ghulam Abbass, Chaudhry Muhammad Taj, Khwaja Ghulam Ahmad Ashai, Agha Syed Hussain Shah Jalali, Haji Jaffer Khan, Mistri Yaqoob Ali, Sheikh Ghulam Qadir and even Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah himself. Sardar Gohar Rehman favoured the formation of Provincial Muslim Conference in Jammu, but he was prevailed upon by the others to relegate his demand in favour of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference.
To unite Kashmiri Muslims on a common platform. It was an enormous task in the wake of the deep variance in the political thinking of Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah and Mir Waiz Mohammed Yusuf Shah who parted way along with his his aides towards the end of the first session.
Presidents of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (deceased)
Rais-ul-Ahrar Quaid e Millat Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas (deceased)
Agha Syed Hussain Shah Jalali (deceased)
Mir Waiz Kashmir Muhammad Yousuf Shah (deceased)
Sardar Mohammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (deceased)
Raja Muhammad Haider Khan (deceased)
Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan
Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan
Political parties in Kashmir
Robert Zemeckis

Robert Lee Zemeckis (born May 14, 1952) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Chicago and raised in the community area of Roseland, Chicago.
Zemeckis directed Romancing the Stone, Back to the Future, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Back to the Future Part II, Back to the Future Part III, Death Becomes Her, Forrest Gump, Contact, What Lies Beneath, Cast Away, The Polar Express, and A Christmas Carol.
References
Other websites
1952 births
Living people
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
Patricia Quintana

Patricia Quintana (1946 - 26 November 2018), was a Mexican Chef, writer, businesswoman and professor. She was a known international cook and expert in Mexican gastronomy. She was born in Mexico City. She studied and taught on ancestral Mexican cuisine mixed with the classical. She was the owner City of Mexico of the restaurant Izote from 2001 to the 2013, but resigned to start a banquet catering company.
She was culinary ambassador of her country for the world, distinction that awarded her the Office of Tourism and the Association of Restaurants of Mexico.
Quintana died in Mexico City on 26 November 2018 from an aortic aneurysm at the age of 72.
References
1946 births
2018 deaths
Chefs
Mexican businesspeople
Mexican academics
Writers from Mexico City
Bolu

Bolu is a city in northern Turkey. The city is in the Black Sea Region. In 2013, 174,687 people lived there.
Cities in Turkey
Zbigniew Romaszewski

Zbigniew Jan Romaszewski (2 January 1940 - 13 February 2014) was a Polish conservative politician and human rights activist.
After the June 1976 protests, he was co-founder of assurance to workers charged by the communist regime. He was one of the founders of the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR). He became Chief of Bureau of Intervention of the Committee for Social Self-defence KOR in 1977. In 1980, he was the founder of the Helsinki Committee in Poland. In the early 1980s, he was chief of Commission of Intervention and Law-abidingness of Solidarity. During martial law in Poland he established independent Radio Solidarity. In 1982, he was arrested and jailed by the communist regime until 1984.
Romaszewski died in a hospital in his hometown of Warsaw, after a week of induced coma. He was aged 74.
References
Other websites
Official website
1940 births
2014 deaths
Human rights activists
Politicians from Warsaw
The Oval

The Oval is a place in London, England where important cricket matches are played. The Oval is the home place for Surrey County Cricket Club when they play other counties and England often play their last home test matches there at the end of the summer.
The Oval is located in Kennington, South London. The nearest tube station is also called Oval but you can get to the place easily from Vauxhall station.
Cricket
1845 establishments in England
52 (number)

Fifty-two is a number. It comes between fifty-one and fifty-three, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 13, 26, and 52.
Integers
Corporation for Public Broadcasting

The Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) is an American privately owned non-profit corporation created in 1967 by an act of the United States Congress and funded by the federal government.
It was created to promote and help support public broadcasting.
References
1967 establishments in the United States
Kellmünz

Kellmunz (official: Kellmunz a.d.Iller) is a municipality in Neu-Ulm in Bavaria in Germany.
Geography
Kellmunz is in Upper Swabia at the river Iller, about 30 km south of Ulm and 15 km north of Memmingen.
References
Neu-Ulm (district)
Max Rostal

Max Rostal (born Cieszyn, 7 August 1905; died Bern, 6 August 1991) was a violinist who was a famous violin teacher. He was Austrian-born, but later took British citizenship.
He was born in Cieszyn and studied with Carl Flesch. From 1930 to 1933 he taught at the Berlin Hochschule, from 1944 to 1958 at the Guildhall School of Music, London and then at the conservatory in Bern, Switzerland. Many of his pupils became famous players. They include three members of the Amadeus Quartet.
Rostal played a wide variety of music, including many newly composed works such as Violin Concerto no 2 by Bela Bartok.
He died in Bern.
1905 births
1991 deaths
Austrian violinists
British violinists
Aline, Oklahoma

Aline is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. According to 2010 US Census, there were 207 people living there.
References
Towns in Oklahoma
Yuri Kayurov

Yuri Ivanovich Kayurov (; born September 30, 1927) is a Soviet and Russian movie and theater actor. He was honored with the People's Artist of the RSFSR (1979). He was born in Cherepovets. He is known for playing the role of Vladimir Lenin in the movie Lenin in Paris. He is also a stage actor in Moscow.
References
Other websites
1927 births
Living people
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
Russian stage actors
Kirka

Kirill "Kirka" Babitzin (22 September 1950 - 31 January 2007) was a Finnish singer. Kirka's most famous songs include "Hengaillaan", "Leijat" (Kites) and "Varrella virran" (Down by the River)". Kirill Babitzin was born in Helsinki in 1950. His parents were Russian emigrants. He first got into music at the age of five when his grandmother gave him an accordion. He won an accordion competition when he was ten years old. He was soon attracted to rock and roll music. His first band was 'The Creatures', which he joined in 1964 assuming stage name Kirka.
Other websites
website
Finnish singers
1950 births
2007 deaths
Zitkála-Šá (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin)

Zitkala-Sa (Lakota for Red Bird; February 22, 1876 - January 26, 1938), also known by her missionary and married names Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, was a political activist in the 20th century. Through out her life she wrote nine books that brought attention to the life of an Native American person in the 20th century, including American Indian Stories, Old Indian Legends, American Indian Stories and other writings, Dance in a Buffalo Skull, American Indian and Old Indian Legends, Impressions of an Indian childhood Dreams and Thunder, Iktomi And The Ducks And Other Sioux Stories and The School Days Of An Indian Girl, and An Indian Teacher Among Indians. She won the Indiana State Oratorical Contest in 1896 after she gave her speech "Side By Side." In 1916 she was elected as the secretary of the Society of American Indians. She worked there until 1919. In 1924 she helped to pass the Indian Citizenship Bill. In 1928 she joined the Merriam Report, which was a group of people working together to investigate and show the rights of American Indians at the time. In the middle of December 1928 she gave another speech speaking about the group's findings. She started the council of American Indians in 1926 and spent the rest of her working life working there.
References
1876 births
1938 deaths
Native American people
American writers
Anne Buttimer

Anne Buttimer (31 October 1938 - 15 July 2017) was an Irish geographer. She was emeritus professor of geography at University College, Dublin. She was born in Cork, Ireland. She was president of the IGU 2000-2004 and the first geographer to be vice-president of Academia Europaea in 2012.
Buttimer died of endometrial cancer in Dublin on 15 July 2017 at the age of 78.
More reading
References
Other websites
1938 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from endometrial cancer
European geographers
People from Cork (city)
Irish scientists
Electoral district of Ramsay

Ramsay is an electoral district of South Australia. It was created in 1985.
Ramsay is in Adelaide.
Election results
References
Ramsay
Robert Klein

Robert Klein (born February 8, 1942) is an American comedian, singer, and actor. He was born in New York City. He was nominated for a Best Actor in a Musical Tony Award for 1979's They're Playing Our Song. He was known for hosting Saturday Night Live twice.
Klein starred in many movies such as The Owl and the Pussycat, Hooper, Primary Colors, Radioland Murders, Ira and Abby, One Fine Day, Two Weeks Notice, How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, The Last Unicorn, and The Safety of Objects.
References
Other websites
1942 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Singers from New York City
Evane Hanska

Evane Hanska (Evelyne-Anne Pedrotti 4 April 1944 - 27 April 2021) was a French actress, and writer. She won the 1989 Mottart Prize, for La Romance de la Goulue.
Works
Les Raouls, 1976
Mes annees Eustache, 2001
Filmography
La vie amoureuse de l'homme invisible (1971),
La Maffia du plaisir (1971),
La michtonneuse (1972),
References
1944 births
2021 deaths
French actors
Butcher

A butcher is person whose job is to prepare and sell meat. Some butchers also kill the animals the meat is from. Butchers also prepare sausages, and other meat-products.
Food-related occupations
COVID-19 pandemic in Angola

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Angola in late March 2020, with its first two cases confirmed on 21 March.
Response
Beginning in 20 March, all Angolan borders were closed for 15 days. President Joao Lourenco banned all arrivals at airports and stopped passenger vessels docking at Angolan ports for 15 days. All these bans lasted until 4 April.
Cases
On 21 March, the Ministry of Health confirmed the first two positive COVID-19 cases. The two cases had returned from Portugal.
On 29 March, the first two coronavirus-related deaths were recorded, while the total number of confirmed cases rose to seven.
References
21st century in Angola
Angola
Eastern Ontario

Eastern Ontario is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is a wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa River and the Saint Lawrence River. Quebec is to the north and the U.S. state of New York is to the east and south. The subregion is sometimes called Southeastern Ontario. According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 1,603,625. It has an area of .
The following counties are in Eastern Ontario:
Prescott and Russell
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
Lanark County
Renfrew County
Leeds and Grenville
Frontenac County
Lennox and Addington County
Sometimes Hastings County, Prince Edward County, and Northumberland County are also included in Eastern Ontario but usually they are considered part of Central Ontario. Large cities in Eastern Ontario include Ottawa, Cornwall, and Prescott.
French explorers and fur traders were the first Europeans in the subregion. A large number of Franco-Ontarian still live in Eastern Ontario. After the American Revolutionary War, many United Empire Loyalists moved into Eastern Ontario.
Regions of Ontario
University of Texas tower shooting

The University of Texas tower shooting was a school shooting in the United States. It happened on August 1, 1966. It took place in Austin, Texas at University of Texas at Austin.
Sixteen people were killed in the incident. A 17th victim succumbed to his injuries in 2001.
Charles Whitman was the mass murderer. It has been suggested that Whitman's violent impulses, with which he struggled for years, were caused by a tumor on his brain. Whitman had killed his wife and his mother hours earlier.
After the shootings, the observation deck was closed. The many bullet holes were repaired. The tower was closed again in 1975 after four suicides. It reopened in 1999 after security features were put up.
References
1966 in the United States
1960s crimes in the United States
1960s in Texas
August events
Disasters in Texas
History of Austin, Texas
Mass murder in Texas
Massacres in the United States
Murder in the 1960s
Murders by firearm in the United States
University and college shootings in the United States
Whitingham, Vermont

Whitingham is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States.
Towns in Vermont