pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kes (movie)

Kes is a 1969 British drama movie directed by Ken Loach and based on the 1968 novel A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines. It stars Dai Bradley, Freddie Fletcher, Lynne Perrie, Colin Welland, Brian Glover, Duggie Brown and was distributed by United Artists.
Other websites
1969 drama movies
1960s British drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Ken Loach
Movies set in England
Movies about birds
Movies about bullying
Sils im Engadin/Segl

Sils im Engadin/Segl (; Romansh ), often also as Sils i.E./Segl, is a municipality and village in the Upper Engadine in the Swiss canton of the Graubunden. It is found of the district of Maloja.
The municipality has two villages Segl Maria (Romansh, ; Seglias is part of Segl Maria) and Segl Baselgia (German: Sils Baselgia; Baselgia is Romansh for church), the Val Fex (German: Fextal), and the three Maiensasse Grevasalvas, Blaunca and Buaira above Plaun da Lej on the left side of the valley.
References
Other websites
Official website of the tourist office
Official website of the municipality
Website for the Corvatsch-Furtschellas lift system (in German)
Municipalities of Graubunden
Fantasia (music)

The fantasia (from ; also , , ) is a musical composition with its style in the art of improvisation. Because of this, it rarely follows any rules of strict musical form (as with the impromptu).
Related pages
Canzona
Capriccio
Chorale fantasia
Chromatic fantasia
Ricercar
Tiento
Voluntary
Sources
Brett, Philip, Jennifer Doctor, Judith LeGrove, and Paul Banks. 2001. "Britten, (Edward) Benjamin". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Field, Christopher D. S. 2001. "Fantasia." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Howes, Frank, and Christina Bashford. 2001. "Cobbett, Walter Willson". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Kennedy, Michael. 2006. The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, revise, Joyce Bourne, associate editor. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
More reading
Antcliffe, Herbert. 1920. "The Recent Rise of Chamber Music in England". Musical Quarterly 6, no. 1 (January): 12-23.
Meyer, Ernst Hermann. 1946. English Chamber Music. London: Lawrence & Wishart. Reprinted, New York: Da Capo Press, 1971. . Reference on the early English fantasy (fantazy, fantasie, fantasia.).
Classical music
Musical forms
Ramadan Shalah

Ramadan Abdullah Mohammed Shalah (1 January 1958 - 6 June 2020) was a Palestinian militant. He was the leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) between 27 October 1995 and 2018. PIJ has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Israel.
In 2006, he was placed on the United States FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.
In April 2018, Shalah suffered a many strokes. He died on 6 June 2020 in Lebanon from heart surgery-related problems, aged 62.
References
1958 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Palestinian terrorists
Palestinian Muslims
Disgrace of Gijón

The "Disgrace of Gijon" is the name given to the 1982 FIFA World Cup match between West Germany and Austria. It was played at the El Molinon stadium in Gijon, Spain, on June 25, 1982. The match was the last game of Group 2, with Algeria and Chile having played the day before. With the outcome of that match already decided, a win by 1 or 2 goals for West Germany would result in both West Germany and Austria qualifying ahead of Algeria, who had defeated West Germany in the first game. West Germany took the lead after 10 minutes, with the remaining 80 minutes being characterized by few serious scoring attempts on either side. Both teams were accused of match-fixing, although FIFA ruled that neither team broke any rules.
As a result of this, and similar events at the previous World Cup in Argentina, FIFA changed the group system for future tournaments, so that the final two games in each group would be played at the same time. In German, the match is known as (lit. "Non-aggression pact of Gijon") or (lit. "Disgrace of Gijon"), while in Algeria it is called (, "Scandal of Gijon"); it is also called the (in reference to the annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938).
Background
Note: 2 points for a win, 1 for a draw, first tie-breaker is goal difference.
Algeria began the tournament with a shock 2-1 win over West Germany on the opening day. This would be described as the "greatest World Cup upset since North Korea beat Italy in 1966", and as "one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history". Algeria became the first African team to defeat a European team at the FIFA World Cup. They then lost 2-0 to Austria, before beating Chile 3-2 in their final match. Algeria's win against Chile made them the first African team to win twice at a World Cup.
As Algeria played their final match the day before West Germany played Austria, the two European teams knew what result they needed in order to both qualify for the next round. A West German win by one or two goals would see both West Germany and Austria qualify. A larger West German victory, by three goals or more, would see West Germany and Algeria qualify (this is because Algeria had scored more goals than Austria, which meant they would qualify even with the same goal difference), while a draw or an Austrian win would eliminate the West Germans.
Match
Details
Aftermath
West Germany and Austria ended up advancing from the group, at the expense of Algeria. Austria ended up losing to France in Group D, while West Germany lost the final to Italy.
References
Other websites
Video highlights of the game on BBC Sport (UK only)
1982 FIFA World Cup
The Pumpkin Eater

The Pumpkin Eater is a 1964 British psychological drama movie directed by Jack Clayton and was based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Penelope Mortimer. It stars Anne Bancroft (in her Oscar nominated performance), Peter Finch, James Mason, Cedric Hardwicke, Eric Porter, Janine Gray, Yootha Joyce, Maggie Smith and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Other websites
1964 drama movies
1960s psychological movies
British drama movies
Movies directed by Jack Clayton
Movies based on books
Movies about abortion
Columbia Pictures movies
Philipp Tischendorf

Philipp Tischendorf (born June 7, 1988 in Berlin, Germany) is a German figure skater. He was the 2007 German national silver medalist. Tischendorf is coached by Michael Huth, with former coaches Jurgen Bertko and silver Olympic medalist Romy Oesterreich.
In March 2007, Philipp was injured while practising a quadruple Lutz jump on the ice and was forced to not participate the 2007/2008 because of injury.
Other websites
1988 births
Living people
German figure skaters
Sportspeople from Berlin
Heritage Lottery Fund

The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) is a fund established in the United Kingdom under the National Lottery etc. Act 1993. The Fund opened for applications in 1994. It uses money raised through the National Lottery to transform and sustain the UK's heritage. From museums, parks and historic places to archaeology, the natural environment and cultural traditions, HLF provides grants to support all aspects of the UK's diverse heritage.
By 2008, HLF had awarded a total of PS4 billion to more than 26,000 projects across the UK.
Conservation organisations of the United Kingdom
Blankenheim, North Rhine-Westphalia

Blankenheim is a municipality in Euskirchen, a district (Kreis) in North Rhine-Westphalia.
References
Other websites
Official website
Tourist info
Eifel Museum Blankenheim
Euskirchen (district)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Coordinates on Wikidata
Municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Evarts, Kentucky

Evarts is a city in Harlan County, Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
Harlan County, Kentucky
Ira Brown

Ira Demon Brown is a Japanese basketball player from USA. Brown competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He was born on 3 August 1982.
References
Other websites
1982 births
Living people
American basketball players
American Olympians
Sportspeople from Texas
Glyptapanteles

Glyptapanteles is a genus of endoparasitoid wasp found in Central and North America. The larvae of the members of Glyptapanteles manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards.
Reproduction
Female Glyptapanteles stick their ovipositor into caterpillar hosts. The eggs hatch inside the caterpillar. The caterpillar feeds and grows normally until the 4th or 5th instar. Then up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate.
Behaviour changes
After the larvae of Glyptapanteles emerge, the caterpillar takes up position near the cocoons of the pupae, arches its back, and ceases to move or feed. It will occasionally spin silk over the pupae. However, when disturbed, it begins to thrash violently. This behavior is to strike at and repel possible predators of the pupae, so improving the survival odds of the wasp pupae. Only about one in twenty non-parasitized caterpillars responded in this fashion. In 60% of cases, the parasitized caterpillars successfully warded off these potential predators. No longer eating, the affected caterpillar eventually dies.
Mortality rates for pupae not guarded by parasitized caterpillars were significantly higher.
Mechanism
In the course of Grosman's research, it was discovered that not all larval Glyptapanteles emerge from their caterpillar host. One or two remain behind and active. Probably these larvae manipulate the host. It is a kind of altruism, since these larvae miss their own chance of pupating in order to protect the brood.
References
Wasps
Parasitoids
United Service Organizations

The United Service Organizations Inc. (USO) offers recreational support for members of the U.S. military. The USO provides programs in 140 centers worldwide funded by private and public donations and support from the United States Department of Defense. It is not a government agency.
USO Tours
USO works to boost military morale. Since 1941, the USO became the soldier's "home away from home" and began a tradition of entertaining the troops with live performances called Camp Shows that continues today. These "tours" typically feature big name actors or actresses, comedians, pop musicians, and pin-up models.
Support and services
The USO serves both in time of war and during time of peace. During the 1990s, the USO provided services to 5 million active duty service members and their families, and more support after start of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.
References
Other websites
USO Clubs in World War II
President Bush speech USO World Gala, 2008: Text and video, Oct. 1, 2008
United States Army
1941 establishments in the United States
Kollamula

Kollamula is a village in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state,India.
Language
Malayalam is the native language of Kollamula.
Demographics
India census, Kollamula had a population of 22,765 with 11,171 males and 11,594 females.
Politics
Kollamula is a part of Pathanamthitta Loksabha constituency. Mr. Anto Antony is the current Member of Parliament of the constituency.
Weather
The climate of the place is moderate and pleasant. Tropical climate is prevailed here throughout the year.
Transportation
The major transportation service of this place is provided by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC).
References
Villages in Pathanamthitta district
Jhal Jhao

Jhal Jhao () is a small town in the southern part of Balochistan, Pakistan in Awaran District. It lies at 26deg18'10N 65deg34'49E and is 347m (1141ft) above sea level. The town's population is about 10,000 (in the year 2005). The town is made up mainly of mud houses and small canals that give water. It is surrounded by tall, dry mountains and deserts. The only way get in and out of Jhal Jhao is by the Bela Awaran Road.
The town does not have a lot of money, as there is no industry nearby. It is also impossible to grow anything near Jhal Jhao as it is too dry and hot. It only rains 2-3 times a year, never more than 20 mm. Most of the money earned comes from shoemaking.
In 1987, US aid developed a small road which would join Jhal Jhao with the Bela Awaran Road. Before that, the only way to enter Jhal Jhao was by helicopter, or animals such as horses and donkeys. At the moment there are no construction projects happening in Jhal Jhao.
Tehsils of Balochistan
Deadline Hollywood

Deadline Hollywood, also known as Deadline and Deadline.com, is an online news site. It was founded as the news blog Deadline Hollywood Daily by Nikki Finke in 2006. The site is updated many times a day. They focus on entertainment news.
References
Roger A. Young

Roger Arliner Young (August 20, 1899-November 9, 1964) was a zoologist, biologist, and marine biologist. She was the first Black American woman to get a Ph.D. in zoology. She is best known for her groundbreaking research in fertilization and her revolutionary article published in Science in 1924, "On the Excretory Apparatus in Paramecium." She was the first Black woman to publish in Science magazine or any other biology publication. She was the first Black woman to do research at Woods Hole, in Massachusetts. In fact, in 2005, a Congressional Resolution said she had "broken through many barriers to achieve greatness in science." She also was a co-founder of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity.
Early life and education
Young was born in Clifton Forge, Virginia. She grew up in Burgettstown, Pennsylvania. Young had to take care of her mother. Her mother could not work. Young also had health problems.
Young attended Howard University. She began when she was twenty-seven years old. She planned to study music. In 1921, she met Ernest Everett Just. She took a biology class from him. He became her mentor. She decided to study zoology. It took Young from 1916-1923 to complete college.
Young started studying for her Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1924. The same year, she published her article in Science magazine. She completed her Master's degree. Her advisor was Frank Lillie. She was invited to join Sigma Xi, an honors research society, a group that honors good work in science. Usually, Sigma Xi did not offer membership to people with only Master's degrees. She did not pass her exams for her doctoral degree. In January of 1930 she left the university. She felt embarrassed and did not continue trying. In 1937, she began studying under L. V. Heilbrunn at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1940, she finally completed her Ph.D.
Research
Young's research focused on ocean life. Usually she focused on reproduction. She studied how radiation affected sea urchin eggs. She researched salt and water in paramecia. She studied fertilization in paramecia.
Career
Young worked in Just's lab at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts in the summer of 1926. She taught as head of the Howard University zoology department when Just worked on research in Europe.
After Young left the University of Chicago, she still did research at Woods Hole. She taught at Howard University until 1937.
Between 1935 and 1938, Young published four articles.
Young became an assistant professor at the North Carolina College for Negroes in Raleigh after she got her Ph.D. She was the head of the Biology department at Shaw University. She then taught for a while in Texas and at Jackson State College in Mississippi. In 1962 she taught at Southern University.
Personal life
Young suffered from mental health problems her whole life. That is why she changed jobs a lot. She died in New Orleans on November 9, 1964.
References
1899 births
1964 deaths
American zoologists
African-American people
Marine biologists
Evanston, Wyoming

Evanston is a city near the southwest corner of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Uinta County. In 2019, about 11,600 people lived there.
Evanston was built in 1868 for the Union Pacific Railroad. The city is along the Bear River and Interstate 80. It is almost 6800 feet above sea level.
Sources
Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
Sipaliwini District

Sipaliwini is a district of Suriname. It does not have a regional capital.
As of the 2012 census, 37,065 people lived there. It has an area of which is the largest district of Suriname by area.
Districts of Suriname
Pyinmana

Pyinmana (, ; population: 100,000 (2006 estimate)) is a small town in Mandalay Division of Myanmar. The government in 2005 decided to move the capital city from Yangon to an area away west of Pyinmana on November 6, 2005, near the town, named Naypyidaw, which means Royal City. Pyinmana is approximately north of Yangon.
Towns in Asia
Geography of Myanmar
The Man with the Golden Gun (movie)

The Man with the Golden Gun is a 1974 British spy movie directed by Guy Hamilton and is the ninth movie in the James Bond franchise. It is the second to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond and also stars Christopher Lee, Britt Ekland, Maud Adams, Herve Villechaize, Clifton James, Richard Loo, Soon-Tek Oh, Marc Lawrence, Bernard Lee, Lois Maxwell, Marne Maitland, Desmond Llewelyn. The movie is based on the 1965 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming and was distributed by United Artists. Lulu sings the title song of the movie.
Other websites
1974 movies
1970s spy movies
James Bond movies
Movies set in China
Movies set in Hong Kong
Movies set in Thailand
Movies about technology
Movies directed by Guy Hamilton
Movies composed by John Barry
Roger Moore
Jean Kent

Jean Kent (Joan Mildred Summerfield; 29 June 1921 - 30 November 2013) was a British movie and television actress. She was also known as Jean Carr. She was born in Brixton, London. Kent was known for her role as Mille Harris in The Browning Version.
Kent died in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk on 30 November 2013, aged 92. She died following a fall a few days earlier at her home in Westhorpe, Suffolk.
References
Other websites
BBC: Jean Kent at 90
Jean Kent recalls her appearance on This Is Your Life
British Pictures Stars
Photographs of Jean Kent
1921 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Euroa

Euroa is a town in north-east Victoria, Australia about 147 kilometers from Melbourne. It is close to the Strathbogie Ranges. In 2006 there were 2,776 people living in the town. The name Euroa comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "joyful".
History
Major Mitchell camped on the banks of the Seven Creeks at Euroa during his 1836 expedition from Sydney.
The Post Office opened on 1 January 1854 as the township was settled. Euroa became famous when the bank was robbed by Ned Kelly on December 10, 1878. The Kelly Gang got away with about PS2000. There are a number of historic buildings still standing in Euroa. These include the Farmers Arms Hotel which was built in 1876, and is now used as a museum. Other buildings are the post office (1890), the old National Bank buildings (1885), the Euroa Hotel (1884) and Blairgowrie House (1890). The first church built in Euroa was the Catholic Church (1867).
The Euroa court house was built in 1892 at a cost of PS1354. It was designed by architect J.T.Kelleher, but many now believe it was the work of A.J.McDonald. The court house was closed in 1989.
Sheep farming was a major business, with fine wool Saxon merino sheep being introduced in 1851. Farmers are now making more money from horses.
Facilities
Euroa is roughly midway between Melbourne and Albury. The area is very flat, although the Strathbogie Ranges about 20 km south east of the town.
Euroa has several retirement villages, one high school, and two primary schools. The Shire of Strabogie is based in Euroa.
The main road from Melbourne northward is the Hume Highway. A by-pass was built around the town and since then Euroa has been a quiet town with little growth or business.
The town is located on the main North East railway, and is served by V/Line passenger services.
Sport
The town has an Australian Rules Football team, the "Euroa Magpies", competing in the Goulburn Valley Football League.
Golfers play at the course of the Euroa Golf Club on Walters Road.
Famous people
Three winners of the Victoria Cross for Australia came from the Euroa area:
Lieutenant Leslie Cecil Maygar - 5th Victorian Mounted Rifles, A.F. - Boer War
Corporal Alexander Stewart Burton - 7th Battalion, A.I.F. - World War I
Lieutenant Frederick Harold Tubb - 7th Battalion, A.I.F. - World War I
Sports people
Euroa is the birthplace of cricket legend, Merv Hughes.
Other websites
Australian Places - Euroa
References
Ned Kelly
Relative humidity

Relative humidity is a way of describing how much humidity is present in the air, compared to how much there could be. Meteorologists often use the relative humidity as a measurement to describe the weather at various places.
When the temperature is warm, more water vapor can be in the air than when it is cold. If the actual amount of vapor is compared to the total amount there could be as a fraction, then the number tells if the air feels dry or moist. The value is usually written in percent, where 0% means that the air is totally dry, and 100% means that it is so moist that mist or dew is about to form.
When the temperature is lowered to the dew point, relative humidity become 100% and the water vapor condenses, making precipitation as dew, rain or snow (etc.).
Weather measurements
Meteorology
Prime Minister of Samoa

The prime minister of the Independent State of Samoa () is the head of government of Samoa. The prime minister is a member of the Samoan Legislative Assembly. They are appointed by the O le Ao o le Malo (Head of State) for a five year term.
The incumbent is Fiame Naomi Mata'afa since 24 May 2021.
List of prime ministers (since 1959)
References
Mishon Ratliff

Mishon Ratliff (born February 3, 1993), also simply called Mishon, is an American singer, dancer and actor. Ratliff is best known for his role as Taylor "Tay" Sutton on the ABC Family television series Lincoln Heights. He has appeared on music television broadcast such as Soul Train, America's Most Talented Kid, The Mo'Nique Show and 106 & Park. As well as being an actor, Mishon is a musician who plays the keyboard and both acoustic and electric guitar.
Discography
Studio albums
Independent albums
Extended plays
Mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Filmography
Films
Television
Theatre
References
Other websites
Official Website
Mishon's YouTube
1993 births
Living people
Musicians from Los Angeles
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
South Sulawesi

South Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It is the biggest province in Sulawesi island. The capital is in Makassar.
Provinces of Indonesia
Sulawesi
Cellophane

Cellophane is a bioplastic wrapping material. It is a thin, transparent sheet made of cellulose. It has low permeability. That means very little air, oils, greases, bacteria, and water can get in. That makes it useful for food packaging.
Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger.
It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his idea. He added glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had built a machine to make the film. He called the product "Cellophane", from the words cellulose and diaphane ("transparent"). Cellophane was patented that year.
DuPont built the first cellophane manufacturing plant in the US. One of their chemists found a way to make it moisture proof. The material became hugely popular.
"Cellophane" is a general term in some countries, but in other countries it is a registered trademark.
Cellophane played a crucial role in developing the self-service retailing of fresh meat. The transparency helped customers see the quality of meat before buying. Cellophane also largely prevents discoloration of food.
References
Polymers
Synthetic materials
Panorama (The Cars album)

Panorama is the third studio album by American new wave band The Cars, released in 1980.
Background
The record marked a departure from the upbeat pop rock and hard rock of the group's previous albums, embodying a more aggressive and experimental sound. It was not as commercially successful as The Cars' previous or subsequent albums (until 1987's Door to Door). However, it peaked at number 5 on the Billboard 200 chart and has been certified platinum by the RIAA.
As a single from the album, the song "Touch and Go" peaked at number 37 on the Billboard 200.
Track listing
References
The Cars albums
1980 albums
Archaeplastida

The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae sensu lato "in a broad sense") are a major group of eukaryotes. It include the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, land plants and the minor group glaucophytes. It also includes the Rhodelphidia, an eukaryotrophic flagellate that is sister to the Rhodophyta, and probably picozoans. The Archaeplastida have chloroplasts that are surrounded by two membranes. All other groups which have chloroplasts, besides the amoeboid genus Paulinella, have chloroplasts surrounded by three or four membranes.
The cells of the Archaeplastida do not have centrioles. They have mitochondria with flat cristae. They usually have a cell wall that contains cellulose. Food is stored as starch. However, these characteristics are also shared with other eukaryotes. The main evidence that the Archaeplastida form a monophyletic group comes from genetic studies. These studies show their plastids probably had a single origin. Not all scientists agree with these studies. Photosynthetic organisms with plastids of different origin (such as brown algae) do not belong to the Archaeplastida.
The archaeplastidans fall into two main evolutionary lines. The red algae are colored with chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins, like most cyanobacteria, and accumulate starch outside the chloroplasts. The green algae and land plants are colored with chlorophylls a and b, but do not have phycobiliproteins. Also, starch is built up inside the chloroplasts. These two groups are called Viridiplantae (Latin for "green plants") or Chloroplastida. The glaucophytes have cyanobacterial color. They are unusual as they havea cell wall within their plastids (called cyanelles).
Archaeplastida should not be confused with the older and obsolete name Archiplastideae. This term refers to cyanobacteria and other groups of bacteria.
References
Eukaryotes
Rafiq Azad

Rafiq Azad (born Rafiqul Islam Khan; February 14, 1942 - March 12, 2016) was a Bangladeshi poet, editor and writer. He was born in Tangail. He wrote over 45 collections of poetry including Prakriti O Premer Kabita, Asambhaber Paye, Sahasra Sundar, Haturir Nichae Jiban, Khub Beshi Durea Noy, Khamakaro Bahaman Hey Udar Amiyo Batas and others. He was a freedom fighter during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. Azad was called as one of the most important young poets in the post-Liberation War period.
Azad died in Dhaka, Bangladesh from a stroke on March 12, 2016. He was aged 74.
References
1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Bangladeshi poets
Bangla Academy Literary Award winners
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak
Bangladeshi Muslims
Meridian arc

In geodesy, a meridian arc is the distance between two points with the same longitude. In geometry it is an arc: a segment of a curve. The length of an imaginary rope laid over the globe would be that distance.
Two or more such measurements at different places get the shape of the reference ellipsoid which is most like the shape of the geoid. This process is called "the determination of the figure of the Earth". The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth used a single arc. The latest determinations use astro-geodetic measurements and the methods of satellite geodesy to get the reference ellipsoids.
The Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes about 240 BC, first calculated a good value for circumference of the Earth. He knew that on the summer solstice at local noon the sun goes through the zenith in the ancient Egyptian city of Syene (Assuan). He also knew from his own measurements that, at the same moment in his hometown of Alexandria, the zenith distance was 1/50 of a full circle (7.2deg). Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene, Eratosthenes concluded that the distance between Alexandria and Syene must be 1/50 of Earth's circumference.
In 1687 Newton published in the Principia a proof that the Earth was an oblate spheroid of flattening equal to 1/230.
Related pages
Struve Geodetic Arc
References
Geodesy
1868

Events
Helium is discovered.
Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women is published.
Births
Francisco Carreon
Leondra Kruger

Leondra Reid Kruger (born July 28, 1976) is an American politician and lawyer. She is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California since 2015. She was acting Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States from 2010 to 2011.
Kruger is seen as a potential nominee for the Supreme Court of the United States, after the announcement of Justice Stephen Breyer's retirement in 2022.
References
1976 births
Living people
University of Chicago faculty
Lawyers from California
American judges
Politicians from Glendale, California
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Bay County, Florida

Bay County, Florida is a county in Florida.
References
Florida counties
1913 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Florida
Kirstie Alley

Kirstie Louise Alley (January 12, 1951 - December 5, 2022) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the TV show Cheers, where she played Rebecca Howe from 1987 to 1993. She won an Emmy as the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for 1991. A year later, she won a Golden Globe for her acting in Cheers as well. She also won an Emmy in 1994 for her role in the TV drama show David's Mother.
Other roles that have been well-liked by the public and the critics that Alley is known for include: playing Diane Barrows in It Takes Two and a single mother in Look Who's Talking, Look Who's Talking Too, and Look Who's Talking Now (all co-starring John Travolta). Alley has won two People's Choice Awards in the years 1991 and 1998.
Alley was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard.
Personal life
From 1971 until 1977 Kirstie was married to Robert Alley. They began dating in high school and were distant cousins.
From 1983 until 1997 she was married to Parker Stevenson. They had two children, son William True Stevenson (born September 28, 1992) and daughter Lillie Price Stevenson (born June 15, 1994). William and Lillie were adopted.
Alley was raised Methodist but was more recently a member of the Church of Scientology. In 2007, Alley gave $5 million to the Church of Scientology.
Death
After a battle with cancer, Alley died on December 5, 2022 at age 71.
Filmography
References
Other websites
Kirstie Alley - Fab Actress
Unofficial List of Scientology courses completed by Kirstie Alley
Kirstie Alley latest news and blogs
1951 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American actors
21st-century American actors
Actors from Wichita, Kansas
American actors
Emmy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People's Choice Award winners
Scientologists
Varna (Hinduism)

Varna is a social concept from the Brahmin leaders of Hinduism in India
People became divided into four classes depending on their type of work. Brahmins were priests and teachers. Kshatriyas were the warriors. Vaishyas did agriculture, trading and commerce. The shudras were the general working class. A common misconception is that the Vaishyas and Shudras were generally looked down upon, and treated badly by Brahmins and Kshatriyas, which was true for the later part of the Vedic age. But was untrue for the earlier part. This type of social division is called the Varna system in Hinduism.
Hinduism
History of India
James V. Schall

James Vincent Schall, S.J. (January 20, 1928 - April 17, 2019) was an American Jesuit Roman Catholic priest, teacher, writer, and philosopher. He was born in Pocahontas, Iowa. Schall was Professor of Political Philosophy in the Department of Government at Georgetown University. He retired from teaching in December 2012.
Of his many publications his book Another Sort of Learning ("a reflection on different aspects of lifelong learning") was seen as his best known work.
In 2010, Schall was diagnosed with jaw and bone cancer. He died on April 17, 2019 in Los Gatos, California at age 91.
References
1928 births
2019 deaths
American Jesuits
American philosophers
Academics from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Iowa
List of political parties in New Zealand

Politicians in New Zealand can belong to one of several political parties. Two of the largest parties are the Labour Party and the National Party.
List of major political parties
The following parties have members in the New Zealand Parliament:
ACT New Zealand
Green Party
Labour Party
Maori Party
National Party
List of minor political parties
The following parties are registered political parties that can stand in elections but currently have no elected members of the New Zealand Parliament:
Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
Heartland New Zealand Party
New Conservative
New Zealand First
New Zealand Outdoors Party
ONE Party
Social Credit Party
Sustainable New Zealand Party
Tea Party New Zealand
The Opportunities Party (TOP)
Vision NZ
New Zealand
political party
Janet Asimov

Janet Opal Asimov (nee Jeppson; August 6, 1926 - February 25, 2019), usually written as J. O. Jeppson, was an American science fiction writer, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst.
She started writing science fiction in the 1970s. She was married to Isaac Asimov from 1973 until he died in 1992. They worked together on a lot of science fiction books for kids. Some of these books were in the Norby series. She died in February 2019 at the age of 92.
References
American psychoanalysts
American science fiction writers
American psychiatrists
1926 births
2019 deaths
Mariner 2

Mariner 2 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the second spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 2 was the first successful mission from Earth to another planet.
Mission
Mariner 2 was launched on August 27, 1962 aboard an Atlas-Agena B rocket at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The aim of the Mariner 2 mission was to fly-by the planet Venus and return information on the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, charged particle environment, and mass. Mariner 2 was at its closest to Venus, at a distance of 34,773 km, on December 14, 1962. Orbital perihelion was on December 27, 105,464,560 km away. The last radio signal from Mariner 2 was received on January 3, 1963. Mariner 2 is still orbiting around the Sun today.
Design
The spacecraft's design was exactly the same as that of Mariner 1. Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program, but it had to be destroyed shortly after launch because its trajectory was wrong.
Discoveries
The spacecraft found out that the surface temperature on Venus was at least 425 degC (797 degF), on both the day and night sides. It discovered that Venus rotates in the opposite direction from most planets in the Solar System. The spacecraft also found that the atmosphere of Venus is mostly of carbon dioxide and that there is a very high pressure at the planet's surface. Continuous cloud cover was detected but no magnetic field was, however. It also found that solar wind is continuous and that the density of cosmic dust between planets is much lower than it is near Earth.
References
Other websites
Mariner 02
1960s in spaceflight
Archery

Archery is the practice of using a bow to shoot arrows. Archery has historically been used in hunting and combat and has become a precision sport. A person practicing archery is called an archer, and one who enjoys or is an expert at archery is sometimes called an toxophilite.
History
The earliest evidence of archery dates back more than 9,000 years. The bow probably was used in hunting first and later adopted as a tool of warfare. It was one of the earliest forms of artillery.
Classical civilizations, notably the Persians, Macedonians, Nubians, Greeks, Parthians, Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, had large numbers of archers in their armies. Archers in chariots were especially important in armies of ancient Egypt. Arrows were very destructive against massed formations, and the use of archers helped win battles.
One of the primary sub-genres of archery is mounted archery. Japanese Samurai, North American tribes, Turkish nomadic groups, Persian armies and more honed the skill of hunting and warfare through mounted archery. The army of the Mongol Empire was mostly archers on horseback.
Though archery fell out of practical use, it never fully went away as a sport. As early as the 1480s in Britain, societies like the Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers were having archery competitions.
References
Other websites
Archery Interchange UK The UK's largest online archery community.
The Great Northwood Bowmen Medieval Longbow Archery and re-enactment Society, re-enacting the 15th century, based in London.
Bowhunting Basics
Archery Information
Archery Pictures
War
Summer Olympic sports
Wood Moy

Wood Moy (10 June 1918 - 8 November 2017) was a Chinese-born American actor. He was born in Guangzhou, China, but raised in New York City. He was known for his role as Jo in the movie Chan Is Missing (1982). He also appeared in Howard the Duck (1986), Class Action (1991) and as Mr. Lee in Final Analysis (1992).
Moy died in New York City on 8 November 2017 of pneumonia at the age of 99.
References
Other websites
1918 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Chinese movie actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
Nordmaling Municipality

Nordmaling Municipality () is a municipality in Vasterbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Nordmaling.
References
Other websites
Nordmaling Municipality
Municipalities of Vasterbotten County
Pam Bondi

Pamela Jo Bondi (born November 17, 1965) is an American attorney, lobbyist and politician. She is a Republican. She served as the 37th Attorney General of Florida from 2011 to 2019.
Bondi was born in Tampa, Florida. She grew up in nearby Temple Terrace. She has been married twice. Each marriage ended in divorce.
References
Other websites
1965 births
Living people
Lawyers from Florida
American lobbyists
Attorneys general
Politicians from Tampa, Florida
Republican Party (United States) politicians
British Rail Class 320

The British Rail Class 320 is an alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) train found on the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT) rail network in Central Scotland, and is used exclusively on the North Clyde Line between Helensburgh and Airdrie, North Lanarkshire via Glasgow Queen Street railway station.
2010 Service
What with the introduction of the class 380 dsiros for the Inverclyde line, the class 334s will be put to service on the Airdrie to Bathgate route, the class 320s will be split between the cathcart circle lines and the Argyll line, 14 of the 1990 built EMUs will be put to work on the Glasgow - Newton, Neilston and Cathcart Circle lines, while the remaining units shall work alongside the class 318s on the North Clyde/Argyll lines. This can not happen without, the class 320s bogies being upgraded, currently, they have a 75 mph top speed, in November 2010 the class will be driven under their own power to WABTEC Doncaster by GBRF drivers where they will be given a full refurbishment scheme which shall include new seats, toilets fitted, painting into the new scotrail saltire livery and their top speed raised to 90 mph.
320
320
Connie Mack Stadium

Connie Mack Stadium orginially called Shibe Park was a baseball stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The stadium opened in 1909 as Shibe Park and was renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1953. The Philadelphia Athletics of the American League played in the stadium unitl the 1954 season. The relocated to Kansas City in 1955. The National League's Philadelphia Phillies played at the stadium from 1938 until the stadium was closed down in 1970. The stadium was destroyed in 1976.
1909 establishments in the United States
1976 disestablishments in the United States
Baseball stadiums
Buildings and structures in Philadelphia
Khrushchev's Secret Speech

Krushchev's Secret Speech was the speech in which Nikita Krushchev denounced Joseph Stalin after the latter's death. The speech was a spoken report to the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956. Its title was On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences.
The report was known as the "Secret Speech" because it was delivered at a closed session of Communist Party delegates, with guests and members of the press excluded. Although the text of the Khrushchev report leaked almost immediately, the official Russian text was published only in 1989 during the glasnost campaign of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
The speech was based on an investigation of the repressions of the delegates of the 1934 XVII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. They were victims of the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. Estimates of Stalin's role in history were quite changed by the speech. Many in the West who had been Communist Party member, or at least sympathetic fellow-travellers, resigned their memberships and no longer defended the reputation of Stalin. Russian writers like Solzhenitsyn found they were treated with more sympathy. The speech was a significant turning-point in history.
The speech caused such shock to the audience that, according to some reports, some of those present suffered heart attacks, and others later committed suicide. Many Soviet citizens were confused by De-Stalinization. They had been fed on praise of the "genius" of Stalin. This was especially obvious in the Georgian SSR, Stalin's homeland, where rioting ended with the Soviet Red Army crackdown on 9 March 1956.
References
1956 in Europe
1950s in the Soviet Union
Speeches
February events
Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania

Plymouth Meeting is a census-designated place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The settlement was founded in 1686. 6,177 people lived in Plymouth Meeting at the 2010 census.
References
Census-designated places in Pennsylvania
Akkadian language

Akkadian () or Assyro-Babylonian was a Semitic language (part of the Afro-Asiatic language family) that was spoken in ancient Iraq. The first-known Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system from ancient Sumer.
Akkadian is divided into several varieties based on geography and historical period:
Old Akkadian, 2500-1950 BC
Old Babylonian/Old Assyrian, 1950-1530 BC
Middle Babylonian/Middle Assyrian, 1530-1000 BC
Neo-Babylonian/Neo-Assyrian, 1000-600 BC
Late Babylonian, 600 BC-100 AD
The earliest known Akkadian inscription was found on a bowl at Ur. It was addressed to a very early pre-Sargonic king of Ur by his queen Gan-saman, who is thought to have been from Akkad.
The Akkadian Empire, established by Sargon of Akkad, introduced the Akkadian language (the "language of Akkad") as a written language. It used Sumerian cuneiform orthography (writing method) for the purpose. During the middle Bronze Age (Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian period), the language displaced Sumerian. Sumerian probably became extinct as a living language by the 18th century BC.
References
Semitic languages
Mesopotamia
Extinct languages
Isfana

Isfana is a small town in Kyrgyzstan. It is the administrative center of Leilek District. Over 27 thousand people live in Isfana.
References
Towns in Asia
Settlements in Kyrgyzstan
Malayala Manorama

Malayala Manorama is a daily newspaper in Malayalam published from Kottayam, Kerala, India by the Malayala Manorama Company Limited.
According to World Association of Newspapers, as of 2016, it was the fourteenth most circulated newspaper in the world.
Chief Editors
Kandathil Varghese Mappillai (1890 - 1904)
K. C. Mammen Mappillai (1904 - 1938, 1947 - 1954)
K. M. Cherian (1954 - 1973)
K. M. Mathew (1973 - 2010)
Mammen Mathew (2010-present)
Printing centres
Kottayam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Thrissur, Kannur, Kollam, Palakkad, Malappuram, Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha, Mangalore, Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi, Dubai, Manama and Doha
Subsidiaries
References
News websites
Newspapers published in India
Ahmed Ben Bella

Ahmed Ben Bella (25 December 1918 - 11 April 2012) was an Algerian soldier. He was the first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965.
He was born in Maghnia, Algeria. He was a Sunni Islam. Ben Bella joined the French Army in 1936.
He went to prison for forming a group to fight French rule. He escaped and went to Tunisia. He was arrested again in 1956 and got out of prison in 1962.
He became president in 1963. In 1965, Houari Boumedienne made him stop being Presindent. He was under house arrest until 1980. He was allowed to live in Switzerland. He lived for 10 years in Lausanne. In 1990 he was able to return to Algeria.
References
1918 births
2012 deaths
Presidents of Algeria
Muslims
Queen of Outer Space

Queen of Outer Space is a 1958 science fiction movie. The screenplay was written by Charles Beaumont and Edward Bernds (uncredited). It was based on an outline by Ben Hecht. The movie was directed by Edward Bernds. It was shot in CinemaScope.
Cast member Lisa Davis said that Gabor's costumes were custom-made while those for the rest of the cast were "retreads" from Forbidden Planet. Davis and co-star Patrick Waltz fell in love at first sight on the set. The two married in June 1958.
Cast
Eric Fleming as Captain Patterson, an astronaut
Dave Willock as Lt. Mike Cruze, an astronaut
Patrick Waltz as Lt. Larry Turner, an astronaut
Paul Birch as Prof. Konrad, an astronaut
Laurie Mitchell as Queen Yllana, the ruler of Venus
Zsa Zsa Gabor as Talleah, a scientist and member of the Queen's court
Lisa Davis as Motiya, a member of the Queen's court
Barbara Darrow, Kaeel, Talleah's friend
Story
Captain Patterson and his crew crash-land on Venus. They are captured by Venusians. The planet is ruled by cruel Queen Yllana. She wears a mask. She has banished men from the planet. The women long for the love of men again. The astronauts are helped by the beautiful Talleah and her friends.
They plot to overthrow the evil Queen. Patterson removes the Queen's mask. She is scarred by radiation burns caused by men and their wars. In a rage, the Queen tries to destroy Earth and its warlike peoples. She dies in the attempt. The Venusians are free to enjoy the love of men again.
References
American science fiction movies
1958 movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Edward Bernds
Screenplays by Ben Hecht
Shewanella

Shewanella is the only genus included in the Shewanellaceae family of marine bacteria. Shewanella is a marine bacterium capable of modifying (or converting to an altered state) metals so they are much less toxic and can break up in the environment.
Gram-negative bacteria
Fresnoy-le-Château

Fresnoy-le-Chateau is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Fresnoy-le-Chateau
Worcester Sharks

The Worcester Sharks are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2006. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the San Jose Sharks of the NHL. They play their home games in Worcester, Massachusetts at the DCU Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Stockton Thunder.
Other websites
Worcester Sharks' Official Site
American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
San Jose Sharks
Worcester, Massachusetts
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Massachusetts
Joinville-le-Pont

Joinville-le-Pont is a commune. It is in the Val-de-Marne department in France.
The commune is in the southeastern suburbs of Paris. It is from the center.
In 2018, 19,516 people lived there.
References
Communes in Val-de-Marne
Kathleen Nolan

Kathleen Nolan (born September 27, 1933) is an American actress. She was known for her role as Kate McCoy, a housewife in the Walter Brennan series The Real McCoys.
Nolan was born Jocelyn Schrum in St. Louis, Missouri. Nolan became the first female President of the Screen Actors Guild (1975-1979, two terms). She is a life member of the Actors Studio.
References
Other websites
Screen Actors Guild biography
1933 births
Living people
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri