pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Katrín Jónsdóttir

Katrin Jonsdottir (born on 31 May 1977 in Reykjavik, Iceland) is former Icelandic association football defender who played for various clubs throughout Norway, Iceland and Sweden, most notably Valur. She was a regular in the Iceland women's national football team, and she now has the record for the most appearances for the team.
Club career
She has played for the Icelandic clubs of Valur, Breidablik UBK, Stjarnan; the Norwegian club of Kolbotn Fotball; and the Swedish clubs of Umea IK and Djurgardens IF.
International career
Jonsdottir played for the Under-17 and Under 21 Icelandic youth teams. She made her senior team debut in May of 1994 in a exhibition game against Scotland.
She helped Iceland qualify for the UEFA Women's Championship in 2009, however, her team lost all three group stage matches against Norway, France and Germany.
She appeared in the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 and helped her team advance to the knockout stage, where Iceland would eventually get knocke out in the quarter-finals against Sweden.
Honours
Breidablik
Urvalsdeild kvenna (premier league) 4:
1991, 1992, 1994, 1996
Bikarkeppni KSI (FA-Cup) 3:
1994, 1996, 1997
Deildarbikarinn (League-cup) 2:
1996, 1997
Kolbotn
Toppserien 3:
2004, 2005, 2006
Valur
Urvalsdeild kvenna (premier league) 6:
2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
Bikarkeppni kvenna (Icelandic woman's cup) 3:
2006, 2009, 2010
Other websites
KSI Player profile
References
Icelandic footballers
1977 births
Living people
People from Reykjavik
Ian Abercrombie

Ian Abercrombie (11 September 1934 - 26 January 2012) was an English actor.
Career
Abercrombie was known for playing Alfred Pennyworth in Birds of Prey. He appeared as Elaine Benes's boss, Justin Pitt, during the sixth season of Seinfeld, and Rupert Cananaugh, Ian Hainsworth's butler, in Desperate Housewives. His career started in 1955 and would last until his death in 2012.
Personal life
Abercrombie was born in September 11, 1934 in Grays, Essex, England. Abercrombie was married to Elizabeth Romano from 1956 until they divorced. Lastly he married Gladys Abercrombie until his death in 2012.
Death
Abercrombie died on January 26, 2012, at 10:30am, in Hollywood, California from kidney failure. He was 77 years old.
References
Other websites
Ian Abercrombie at Wookieepedia (a Star Wars wiki)
1934 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Essex
Deaths from renal failure
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Saint-Biez-en-Belin

Saint-Biez-en-Belin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
Eldorado, Texas

Eldorado is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Schleicher County.
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Keenen Ivory Wayans

Keenen Ivory Desuma Wayans (born June 8, 1958) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He first became known as the host and the creator of the 1990-1994 Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color. He directed Scary Movie (2000). From 1997 to 1998, he hosted the talk show The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show. He also directed the 2004 comedy movie White Chicks.
References
1958 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television directors
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York City
Robert Braithwaite (engineer)

Robert Braithwaite, CBE, DL (12 May 1943 - 7 March 2019) was a British entrepreneur and marine engineer. He was known as the Founder and President of the luxury powerboat manufacturer, alongside John Macklin, Sunseeker. He was born in Otley, Yorkshire.
Braithwaite died in the early hours of 7 March 2019, aged 75.
References
1943 births
2019 deaths
British businesspeople
People from Yorkshire
Marine engineers
Izabella Zielińska

Izabella Jadwiga Zielinska (nee Ostaszewska; 10 December 1910 - 20 November 2017) was a Polish pianist and educator. She was with one of the longest artistic biographies in Poland, starting back in 1935. She was born in Klimkowka, Austria-Hungary (present-day Klimkowka, Republic of Poland). In 2016 she celebrated her 106th birthday.
Zielinska died on 20 November 2017 in London at the age of 106.
References
Other websites
1910 births
2017 deaths
Polish pianists
Polish educators
Polish centenarians
Hiiu County

Hiiu County () is one of the 15 counties of Estonia. It is the smallest county both in terms of area and population. It is made up of Hiiumaa, the second-largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it.
Municipalities
The county has 1 rural municipality - Hiiumaa Parish. The only urban settlement, Kardla, is part of the parish since 2017.
References
Other websites
Hiiumaa.ee - Hiiumaa portal
Hiiumaa County Government - Official website (in Estonian)
2018 California wildfires

The 2018 California wildfires killed more people and did more damage than any other year on record. More than 7,500 wildfires burned an area of . That was the largest number of acres burned in a recorded fire season, according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) and National Interagency Fire Center, as of November 11, 2018.
The fires caused more than US$2.975 billion in damage. That included $1.366 billion in wildfire suppression costs. Through the end of August 2018, Cal Fire alone spent over $432 million on operations.
The Mendocino Complex Fire was the biggest wildfire in California history. This fire caused over $257 million in damage. At least one firefighter was killed.
The Camp Fire did more damage than any other in California history. The fire alone destroyed or damaged more than 17,000 homes and businesses. It also killed 84 people.
More than 100 people were killed by the wildfires in California in 2018. The wildfires caused billions of dollars in damage.
References
2018 in California
2018 fires
Fires in California
Laviana

Laviana () is a municipality found in the autonomous community of Asturias in Spain.
Municipalities in Asturias
Diaphragm

The diaphragm is a muscle that is at the bottom of the ribcage of mammals.
What it does
When breathing in, the diaphragm pulls down so that the size of the lungs increases, allowing air to enter the lungs.
When breathing out, the diaphragm rests and goes up making a dome shape, decreasing the size of the lungs and pushing air out.
This increases the surface area of the air so that there is more oxygen that the lungs can hold.
Other websites
Science Aid: Lungs
Anatomy of the respiratory system
Muscles
Abortion in the United States

In the United States, abortion was federally legal under Roe v. Wade (the 1973 court case with which abortion was no longer a criminal act) until 2022. In 2022, the Supreme Court decided Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, ending federal abortion rights.In several states, there are trigger laws under which made abortion illegal, and these laws came into effect when Roe vs. Wade ended. The decision also impacted abortion rights in Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mississippi, most of which are Republican. Most anti-abortion movement officials are conservative Republicans in a number of U.S. states. Few, however, are anti-abortion while advocating for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals (examples include the Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians, PLAGAL for short).
Hyde amendment
The Hyde amendment (enacted in 1976) doesn't allow Medicare, Medicaid, or other federal funds to be used for abortion except if the mother's life is in danger, the mother was raped/sexually assaulted, or became pregnant through incest. This applies to thirty-two out of fifty states. They include Iowa, Pennsylvania, Kansas, Virginia, and Michigan.
Related pages
Abortion
Roe v. Wade
References
United States law
Controversies in the United States
United States
Breakfast sausage

Breakfast sausage is a type of fresh pork sausage made from seasoned ground meat mixed with bread crumbs. Breakfast sausage has a blander flavor than many other types of sausage, such as British or Italian-style sausages.
Using breakfast sausages
Breakfast sausages are not cured or smoked like other types of sausages, which means that they have to be cooked soon after they are purchased (unless they are frozen). Uncooked sausages should be stored in the refrigerator or the freezer. Individuals handling them should wash their hands in hot soapy water, because uncooked pork is unhealthy for humans. Pork sausages have to be heated until all of the meat inside is cooked.
They are usually fried or grilled in a pan until they are browned and served at breakfast, often with cooked eggs, pancakes, and toasted bread. Breakfast sausages are also used in other dishes, such as "toad in the hole" a cooked batter dish.
Types of breakfast sausages
Different types made from pork and beef mixtures as well as poultry can now be found. There are also vegetarian types that use textured vegetable protein in place of meat. Breakfast sausages are available in patties or slices from a large roll, or in weiner-like links of different lengths and thickness.
Sausage
Breakfast foods
Devil Fish (1984 movie)

Monster Shark or Devil Fish in english titles, is a 1984 Italian science fiction horror-comedy thriller action monster movie directed by Lamberto Bava. this film was final film of Cinema Shares closing in 1986. provided by special effects done by Ovidio Taito and Germano Natali. filming was provided include, Florida, Italy in May 5-10 1984.
Plot
in Florida, 1984. then an mysterious thing by an mutated violent Dunkleosteus/Giant octupus hybrid named Devil Fish created by a mercenary experiment to hunt by humans by eating them.
Cast
Michael Sopkiw as Peter
Valentine Monnier as Dr. Stella Dickens
Iris Peynado as Sandra Hayes
Dagmar Lassander as Sonja West
William Berger as Professor Donald West
Gianni Garko as Sheriff Gordon
Lawrence Morgant as Dr. Davis Barker
Cinzia De Ponti as Florinda
Ralph Luca as Devil Fish creature vocalizations
References
1980s horror thriller movies
Italian horror movies
French horror movies
American horror movies
1984 horror movies
Movies directed by Lamberto Bava
Ljubiša Samardžić

Ljubisa Samardzic (19 November 1936 - 8 September 2017) was a Serbian actor and director. He was best known as Surda in the popular television series Vruc vetar. He was a popular cinema actor in the Serbian movie industry. Samardzic was a member of the Central Committee of Yugoslav Communist Party in late 1980s.
Samardzic was born in Skopje, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
References
Other websites
1936 births
2017 deaths
Yugoslavian communists
Movie actors
Movie directors
Serbian actors
Television actors
People from Skopje
Châtellerault

Chatellerault is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a subprefecture of the Vienne department. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.
Geography
Chatellerault is in the centre of the Vienne department. The Vienne river flows through the city. Several tributaries of the Vienne river join the river in Chatellerault or near it: Clain, Ozon and Envigne.
Chatellerault is at about from Bordeaux, from Paris, from Marseille and from Toulouse.
The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The commune of Chatellerault is surrounded by the communes:
Climate
The climate of Chatellerault, in the Koppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
Population
The inhabitants of Chatellerault are known, in French, as Chatelleraudais (women: Chatelleraudaises).
With a population of 31,722, Chatellerault has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Evolution of the population in Chatellerault
Chatellerault forms, with three other communes, the urban area of Chatellerault with a population of 40,124 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Chatellerault, formed by 32 communes, with a population of 69,645 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Administration
Chatellerault is a subprefecture of the Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Chatellerault and the administrative centre () of three cantons
Chatellerault-1, with 25,646 inhabitants (2014).
Chatellerault-2, with 26,004 inhabitants (2014).
Chatellerault-3, with 21,733 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Le Pays Chatelleraudais ().
Twinned and partner towns
Chatellerault is twinned with:
Velbert, Germany, since 1965
Kaya, Burkina Faso, since 1976
Corby, United Kingdom, since 1979
Bouctouche, Canada, since 1984
South Kent County, Canada
Castellon de la Plana, Spain, since 1987
Hamilton, United Kingdom, since 1993
Pila, Poland, since 1994
Notable people
This is a list of people of interest who were born or resided in Chatellerault :
Clement Janequin, French musician
Rodolphe Salis (Le Chat noir)
Bernard Panafieu, French prelate of the Catholic church
Christiane Martel, French actress and beauty queen
Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French author
Gallery
Related pages
Arrondissement of Chatellerault
Communes of the Vienne department
References
Other websites
Ville de Chatellerault - official website
Subprefectures in France
Communes in Vienne
Déservillers

Deservillers is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Irouléguy

Irouleguy is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Communes in Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Galmaarden

Galmaarden is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007, 8158 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 45 North, 03deg 58 East.
References
Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Sputnik programme

The Sputnik programme was a Soviet Union spacecraft programme. Sputnik 1, the first satellite in the programme, was launched on October 4, 1957. This was the first man-made satellite ever to enter orbit.
The United States was very surprised when the Soviet Union sent Sputnik 1 into space. It did not want to fall behind. So, it began spending more money on science and education. This was when the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States began.
Etymology
The word Sputnik comes from the ,
or , not .
References
Other websites
Sputnik, Citizendium
Soviet spacecraft
Satellites
1950s in the Soviet Union
1950s in spaceflight
Charlie Watts

Charles Robert Watts (2 June 1941 - 24 August 2021) was an English drummer and composer.
Overview
Watts was born in London. His career began in 1959.
He was known for being the main drummer of the Rolling Stones. He was one of the band's longest serving members from 1963 until his death.
In 1989, Watts was elected to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Rolling Stones.
In 2016, he was named 12th on Rolling Stones "100 Greatest Drummers of All Time" list.
In addition to being a rock drummer, Watts was also a Jazz drummer and stated in a lot of interviews that he would have much rather had been a Jazz drummer, than a Rock drummer.
Watts studied in Architecture, and also drew the room layout of the hotel rooms he stay in when touring with the Rolling Stones.
Death
Watts died in a London hospital on 24 August 2021, at the age of 80.
References
Other websites
Charlie Watts on Drummerworld
Charlie Watts and the Tentet
1941 births
2021 deaths
English rock drummers
English composers
Musicians from London
Writers from London
The Rolling Stones members
Musicians from Middlesex
Record producers
Dew point

The dew point is the temperature where water vapor condenses into liquid water.
All air holds different amounts of water vapor. The dew point shows the amount of moisture in the air. The higher the dew point is, the higher the level of moisture in the air at a given temperature. The dew point of humid air will be higher than the dew point of dry air.
Condensation of water vapor starts when the temperature of air is lowered to its dew point and beyond. The dew point, like other measures of humidity, can be found from measurement taken by a hygrometer.
Related pages
Relative humidity
Other websites
What is the dew point?
NOAA Dew point
dew point formula
Windows program for Heat Index, Dew Point, etc
Dew point evaporates on KPRC newscast ("The dew point is absolutely worthless information")
Often Needed Answers about Temp, Humidity & Dew Point from the sci.geo.meteorology Usenet newsgroup
Weather
Weather measurements
Johanna Bassani

Johanna Bassani (25 April 2002 - 5 May 2020) was an Austrian combined Nordic skier and ski jumper.
Career
She began her career with the team UVB Hinzenbach, winning the championship in her Austrian hometown of Attnang-Puchheim at the age of twelve.
In her debut at the Summer Grand Prix in 2019, Bassani finished 18th. In October 2019, she won the silver medal at the Austrian national Nordic combined championships. Afterwards, she focused on the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in Lausanne with Nordic combined.
After finishing eighth in the Gundersen individual event, Bassani competed with the Austrian Nordic combined team, winning the silver medal. She then finished 11th at the 2020 Nordic Combined Continental Cup in Eisenerz.
She was named to the Austrian national team for the 2020 Nordic Junior World Ski Championships in Oberwiesenthal.
Death
Bassani died on 5 May 2020 at the age of 18.
References
2002 births
2020 deaths
Austrian skiers
People from Upper Austria
People who committed suicide
Suicide in 2020
Brooksville, Florida

Brooksville is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Hernando County.
Geography
Brooksville has a total area of 11.3 square miles.
Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Lift Me Up

"Lift Me Up" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released October 28, 2022 by Westbury Road, Roc Nation, Def Jam and Hollywood Records as the lead single for the soundtrack of the film Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). The song is Rihanna's first solo release in six years. She wrote the song with Nigerian singer Tems, Ryan Coolidge, Priscilla Renea, and its producer. Ludwig Goransson.
It broke the record for most-added song on pop radio, with 519 adds. It entered at number three on the UK Singles Chart and at number two on the US Hot 100, behind Taylor Swift's "Anti-Hero". It became her highest-charting song since "Wild Thoughts" also reached number two on the Hot 100 in 2017.
The song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Rihanna performed the song at the 95th Academy Awards (Oscars) on March 12, 2023.
Awards and nominations
Charts
References
2022 songs
Rihanna songs
R&B songs
R&B ballads
The Violin Maker of Cremona

The Violin Maker of Cremona is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Herbert Prior, Mary Pickford, and Owen Moore.
Actors
Herbert Prior - Taddeo Ferrari
Mary Pickford - Giannina, Taddeo's Daughter
Owen Moore - Sandro
David Miles
Harry Solter - The Judge
Marion Leonard - The Judge's Companion
References
Other websites
American movies
1909 movies
American silent movies
American drama movies
Philip Greaves

Sir Philip Greaves (born 19 January 1931) is a Barbadian politician. He served as an acting governor-general from 1 July 2017 until 8 January 2018.
References
1931 births
Living people
Governors-General of Barbados
Mesosphere

The mesosphere is a part of the atmosphere. It is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. On Earth, the mesosphere starts at 50 kilometers above the planet to about 90 km above the planet.
The mesosphere is the most poorly understood part of the atmosphere. The mesosphere lies above the highest point for flying a plane, but below the lowest point for flying a spaceship. It also has a layer of electrically charged particles called the ionosphere.
Other websites
Description with links to other atmospheric topics
Layers of Earth's atmosphere
Karlmann King

The Karlmann King is a low-production SUV that is manufactured in Italy and the United States.
The price starts at $1.85 million, for the standard version. It is the most expensive SUV in the world. It features a 6.8-liter V10 engine which produced 398 horsepower. However, because the Karlmann King weighs an abnormally-heavy 10,580 pounds (Without armor), its top speed is a mere 87 mph. The car features optional bullet proofing. Only 9 units will be built in Italy, however a larger, unknown number will be built in the United States in a modified and more standardized version. Other features include independent air conditioning for the front and rear, a coffee machine, neon sky lighting, a flat-screen TV, electric tables, air purification, a bar, a laptop and a fridge. All of the electric features can be controlled via an in and out-car app or a built-in control panel. Entertainment options include a Hi-Fi sound system, a PlayStation 4, phone projection, satellite TV and Wi-Fi.
References
Sport utility vehicles
Constitutional right

A constitutional right is a right or freedom which is guaranteed to citizens by that country's constitution. In the United States constitutional rights are guaranteed by the United States Constitution. Most of these rights are contained in the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US constitution.
For example, nearly half of all the countries in the world have some form of guaranteed right to health care protected by their country's constitution. However, a right to health care is not a constitutional right in the United States. Besides the US, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Liberia are among those countries where citizens all have a constitutional right to own firearms. But only Guatemala's rights are as broad as the Second Amendment's rights in the United States. The constitutions of about 182 countries guarantee some form of Freedom of religion. The constitutional rights granted by the First Amendment, including freedom of the press, freedom of speech, the right to petition and the freedom of assembly, are almost unique to the United States.
References
Constitutions
Rights
Vezot

Vezot is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
Inkwilersee

Inkwilersee is a small lake on the border of the municipalities of Inkwil, Canton of Berne, and Bolken, Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. The surface area is .
Other websites
Inkwilersee short introduction
Lakes of Bern
Canton of Solothurn
Michael Hirsh (producer)

Michael Hirsh is a Belgian-Born Canadian producer. He works at Canadian Animation Studio and Entertainment Company Nelvana.
Progamming
Franklin
Blaises Home
Babar
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Pippi Longstocking
Redwall
Guardians of the Galaxy
The Adventures of Tintin
Max & Ruby
Maggie and the Ferocious Beast
The Berenstain Bears
Rupert
Cardcaptors
Sonic X
Stickin' Around
Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends
Ella the Elephant
Corduroy
Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse
Rolie Polie Olie
Little Bear
Arthur
Cosmic Quantum Ray
Pelswick
The Backyardigans
The Doodlebops
Braceface
6teen
Dino Dan
The Adventures of Tintin
Seven Little Monsters
Strawberry Shortcake's Berry Bitty Adventures
George and Martha
Sabrina: The Animated Series
Elliot Moose
Polly Pocket
Busytown Mysteries
George Shrinks
World of Quest
The Proud Family
Living people
1948 births
Producers
The Beginning of the Legend

The Beginning of the Legend () is a 1976 Soviet drama movie directed by Boris Grigoryev and stars Larisa Luzhina, Georgiy Burkov, and Oleg Orlov.
Actors
Larisa Luzhina as Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina
Georgiy Burkov as Aleksei Ivanovich Gagarin
Oleg Orlov as Yuri Alekseievich Gagarin
Svetlana Ponomaryova as Nastya (as Sveta Ponomaryova)
Mayya Bulgakova as Ksenia Gerasimovna
Vilnis Bekeris as Albert
Boris Grigorev as Dronov
Vera Altayskaya
Yury Grigorev
Vladimir Gusev as Pilot
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1976 movies
Soviet drama movies
List of governors of Kansas

The Governor of the State of Kansas is the head of state for the State of Kansas. Under the Kansas Constitution, the Governor is also the head of government. The Governor is the Commander-in-Chief of the Kansas National Guard when not called into Federal use.
Kansas has had 47 governors since becoming a state.
The current governor is Laura Kelly. She started on January 14, 2019.
Since 1962, the governor lives in the governor's mansion.
List of Governors
Governors of Kansas Territory
Governors of Kansas
References
1861 establishments in Kansas
Rebecca Stead

Rebecca Stead is an American children's author. She graduated from Vassar College in 1989. She is the author of three popular children's books: First Light, When You Reach Me, and Liar & Spy.
Early life
Stead was born in New York City on January 16, 1968. From the time she was young, she was interested in literature and writing. She worked as a lawyer and public defender several years. Stead is married to a lawyer named Sean O'Brien. They have two children. She began writing again when she was raising her children.
Books and achievements
Stead has written three young adult books. Her first book, First Light, was published in 2007. It is about a young boy who is studying climate change. Her second book, When You Reach Me, was published in 2009. It is a mix of mystery, historical fiction, and a school story. It won the Newbery Medal in 2010. Her next book, Liar and Spy, was published in 2012. This book is about a seventh grade boy living in Brooklyn, New York, and how he feels about problems with his best friend. Liar and Spy won the Guardian Prize in 2013. Her latest book is Goodbye Stranger.
References
Writers from New York City
1938 births
Living people
Vassar College alumni
Taylor, Alabama

Taylor is a town in the U.S. state of Alabama.
Towns in Alabama
Tupi language

The Tupi Language was the language spoken by the indigenous Tupi People of Brazil. It was related to Guarani. When Portuguese colonizers first came to Brazil, many of the first people they met spoke Tupi. The Portuguese learned the language so that they could talk to the Tupi and convert them to Christianity. Tupi became a lingua franca of Brazil for many years. Its use was encouraged by Jesuit missionaries.
In 1759, the Prime Minister of Brazil forced the Jesuits to leave. More Portuguese settlers that did not speak Tupi moved to Brazil around the same time. These things made most Brazilians want to speak Portuguese instead of Tupi. While Old Tupi is no longer spoken, the Nheengatu language is descended from it.
Brazil
Languages of South America
Glenrowan, Victoria

Glenrowan is a small town in the northeast of Victoria, Australia. It is 184km northeast of Melbourne and 14km from Wangaratta. It is near the Warby Ranges and Mt. Glenrowan. At the 2006 census, Glenrowan had a population of 952. It used to be on the main road between Melbourne and Sydney, the Hume Highway. The new Hume Freeway now goes around the town.
History
The first people to live in the area were the Australian Aboriginal tribal group called the Pallanganmiddang. Glenrowan was named after farmers James Hutton Rowan and George Christian Rowan who had large farms in the area between 1846 and 1858. The township was laid out and land sold in 1857. In 1862 Cobb and Co had a stopping place for changing horses on their stagecoaches. The Post Office was opened on February 22, 1870. The small town had a police station, hotels and a boot maker.
In 1873 railroad was built, and the town moved about a mile to be closer to the station. In 1876 the first school was built and Thomas Curnow was the teacher. He would become famous as the Hero of Glenrowan, the man who stopped the train.
The Siege of Glenrowan
It is famous for the bushranger Ned Kelly, who was captured there in 1880 after a siege and shootout with police. The Kelly Gang had captured many of the people living in the town and held them hostage in a hotel. The hotel was called the Glenrowan Inn and was owned by Mrs.Ann Jones. They had pulled up the railway track hoping that the train carrying extra policemen would crash. The school teacher Thomas Curnow got out of the hotel and was able to stop the train. The police surrounded the hotel and began shooting at the bushrangers. It is estimated that 15,000 bullets were fired during the shooting. The Kelly Gang had made suits of armour to stop the bullets from hurting them. The police set fire to the hotel. Eventually Ned Kelly was shot and captured. The rest of the gang, Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne were killed.
Mrs. Jones took the government to court. She wanted to be paid PS1050 for the destruction of her hotel during the siege.
In May 2008, archaeologists dug up the ruins of the Glenrowan Inn to learn more about the siege and shoot out.
Today
Glenrowan is a popular rest point for those travelling on the Hume Freeway. In the township of Glenrowan, off the highway, tourists can rest, walk and examine the famous Kelly siege sites.
Related pages
Ned Kelly
References
Other websites
Localhero: History of Glenrowan
History of the siege of Glenrowan
Australian National Heritage listing for the Glenrowan Heritage Precinct
Google Street View- Ned Kelly animated theatre
Ned Kelly
Batik

Batik is an Indonesian method of dyeing cloth and making it resistant using wax. Such fabrics originally come from the island of Java. Nowadays, batik also can be found worldwide, mainly in Asia and Africa.
History of batik
Batik is an ancient fabric wax-resist dyeing tradition of Java island (nowadays part of modern Indonesia). In the Ramayana--ancient Sanskrit epics dated 500 BC--, the island of Java is recorded as the island that already had seven kingdoms long before the story of Ramayana created, and Batik is one of the regarded clothes that have glorious value that originally made by the manufacturers within the kingdoms' environment itself. Batik is a part of an ancient Javanese tradition and has been taught for centuries, the art of batik is most highly developed in Java and some of the best batiks in the world still made there until today.
Due to the colonialism, batik also became popular in the Western countries, especially since the Dutch colonial era.
Technique
To make a batik, they use the cloth as the paper, and they just start drawing hot wax over the cloth. And they said if we repeated the process, it will be more colorful. For the first step, make sure the cloth is washed. Batik patterns are drawn with pencil and later drawn again using a hot wax. The very common thing that people use is the pen-like instrument called a tjanting. After the cloth is dry, the areas keep their original color, and it also shows the pattern between the areas that have the color and do not have the color. It gives them a pattern. Then the artist repeats the process once for each color. A very traditional type of batik, called written batik, is drawn using only a tjanting. The cloth needs to be drawn on both sides and put in a color bath three or four times. The process may take up to a year.
References
Clothing
Textile arts
Cloth
Green manure

Typically, a green manure crop is grown for a specific period, and then plowed under and incorporated into the soil. Green manures usually perform several functions, that include soil improvement and soil protection:
Leguminous green manures such as clover contain nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria in root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen in a form that plants can use.
Green manures increase the percentage of organic matter (biomass) in the soil, thereby improving water retention, aeration, and other soil characteristics.
The root systems of some varieties of green manure grow deep in the soil and bring up nutrient resources unavailable to shallower-rooted crops.
Common cover crop functions of weed suppression and prevention of soil erosion and compaction are often also taken into account when selecting and using green manures.
Some green manure crops, when allowed to flower, provide forage for pollinating insects.
Historically, the practice of green manuring can be traced back to the fallow cycle of crop rotation, which was used to allow soils to recover.
Green manure crops
Winter cover crops such as oats or rye have long been used as green manures.
Mustard
Clover
Fenugreek
Lupin
Sunn hemp
Winter tares
Winter field beans
Ferns of the genus Azolla have been used as a green manure in southeast Asia.
Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens) Common in the southern US during the early part of the 20th century, before being replaced by soybeans. Popular today in most tropical countries, especially in Central America where it is the main green manure used in Slash/Mulch farming practices.
Green manures in organic farming
Organic farming relies on soil health and cycling of nutrients through the soil using natural processes, such as the addition of animal manures. If animal manures are not available, in a stockless rotation, green manures perform a vital function of fertilization.
Related pages
Fertilizer
Other websites
Overview of cover crops and green manures
Using green manure to grow rice
Fertilizers
Marina Bay MRT station

Marina Bay MRT station (NS27/CE2/TE20) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South Line and Circle Line, located on the boundary of Downtown Core and Straits View planning areas in Singapore. The station is designed by Aedas.
It was the southern terminus of the North South Line until late November 2014. However, most trains terminate at Marina Bay instead of Marina South Pier possibly due to the low passenger demand at Marina South Pier. Passengers who are going to Marina South Pier should observe the television screens on the station platforms and listen to announcements which will notify commuters when a train that is terminating at Marina South Pier arrives. Circle Line trains that begin from here terminate at Stadium MRT station, with a few trains terminating at HarbourFront MRT station during peak hours. When the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line opened, it became 3-line interchange.
Marina Bay is mainly used as an interchange station as there are very little buildings nearby.
Exits
A: Marina Station Road, Marina South Pier, Marina Barrage, Bayfront Avenue Taxi Stand
B: Asia Square, Central Boulevard, Marina Bay City Gallery, Marina Bay Financial Centre, Marina Bay Link Mall, Marina Bay Residences, Marina Bay Sands, Marina Bay Suites, Marina Boulevard, The Promontory @ Marina Bay
It is possible to walk 500 meters to Downtown MRT station from Exit B of the station.
Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
References
Other websites
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Singapore
Shovelnose frog

The shovelnose frogs are nine species of frog in the genus, Hemisus. The is the only genus in the Family Hemisotidae. They are found in tropical and subtropical sub-Saharan Africa.
The shovelnose frogs are medium sized frogs, reaching a length of . They are round-bodied, with short legs. Their head is small and narrow, with a hard, upturned nose.
The shovelnose frogs are digging frogs. They live most of their life underground. The female will dig underground while it is in amplexus. It then will lay the eggs in an underground hole. The male will leave through the tunnel, and the female will stay with the eggs. Once enough rain has fallen, the female will dig, with her nose, towards a water source. The tadpoles will stay there until metamorphosis. The tadpoles may stay out of water for up to a few days.
Unlike most digging frogs, the shovelnose frogs dig head first. Other frogs dig rear first.
Some species are kept as pets.
Species
Family HEMISOTIDAE
Genus Hemisus
Hemisus barotseensis - Mongu Shovelnose Frog (Channing & Broadley, 2002)
Hemisus brachydactylus - Masiliwa Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)
Hemisus guineensis - Guinea Shovelnose Frog (Cope, 1865)
Hemisus guttatus - Spotted Shovelnose Frog (Rapp, 1842)
Hemisus marmoratus - Marbled Shovelnose Frog (Steindachner, 1863)
Hemisus microscaphus - Lake Zwei Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1972)
Hemisus olivaceus - Olive Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)
Hemisus perreti - Perret's Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1972)
Hemisus wittei - Witte's Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)
References
Amphibian Species of the World: Hemisus
Frogs of Africa
Great Chicago Fire

The Great Chicago Fire was a large fire that started on Sunday October 8, 1871 in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The fire started out as nine separated fires. It burned until Tuesday October 10, 1871 when rain started to fall.
The fire destroyed and $192,000,000 in property. About 100,000 people were left homeless. Three hundred people died. Because of a large fire the night before, firefighters were too tired to quickly put out these fires.
No one is sure what caused the fire. A legend says that it started when a cow knocked over a lantern in Catherine O'Leary's barn on De Koven Street.
The oldest structure left standing in the area where the fire burned is the Couch family tomb. This stone tomb was built in 1858.
Not all of the city was destroyed. Important places like the Stock Yards, where animals were slaughtered, were not damaged. Neither was the railroad system.
The second red star of the Chicago flag represents the fire.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Great Chicago Fire & the Web of Memory
1871 in the United States
19th century in Chicago
Fires in the United States
October events
Data center

Data center is a special building or room built to house a lot of running computer servers. It provides fast network connections between servers to communicate and process a lot of data, and some for talking to the outside world. There are cooling machines to deal with heat from each server and control moisture to stop computers from breaking too fast. There is often an emergency electricity supply from an UPS (or diesel generator) to make sure that computers still work even when mains power goes out. And there are usually some kind of fire extinguishers there to keep fire from computers if there happen to be any.
Data centers are normally built and used by companies that need a lot of always-on computer, companies that are hired to do computing for someone else (for example, ones that do web hosting), and most modern telecommunication companies.
Related pages
Cloud computing
Supercomputer
Internet
Computer networking
2001–02 Asian Club Championship

The 2001-02 Asian Cup Championship was 21st and the last Asian Cup Championships. The AFC Champions League was created after this tournament. The champions were Suwon Samsung Bluewings, defeating Anyang LG Cheetahs 0[4] -0[2]. The tournament final was played in Azadi Stadium, Tehran.
Suwon Samsung Bluewings won their second title on this tournament.
References
Football competitions in Asia
Guilt (emotion)

Guilt is a feeling that a person has when they realise or believe that they have done something wrong. This usually depends on that person's own conscience, their understanding of right and wrong. Guilt is usually related to remorse ("feeling sorry"). The American Psychological Association (APA) defines guilt as a "self-conscious emotion" denoted by a "painful appraisal of having done (or thought) something that is wrong." It also notes that such emotion can inspire people to reverse or compensate for perceived wrongdoing.
The origins of guilt as a human emotion are widely debated and theorized within many different disciplines. Examples of avenues through which guilt may be derived include society, culture, religion, and family.
According to Carolyn Zahn-Waxler, professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Grazyna Kochanska, professor of developmental psychology at the University of Iowa, people first experience guilt during conscious development in childhood. Because guilt is complex and empathetic, many professionals characterize it as a defining emotion that distinguishes humans from other animals.
Guilt can sometimes cause anxiety. A person may react to their guilt in either a peaceful or violent way. A person might begin blaming the victim of their own actions. Guilt contributes to many psychological conditions and to psychopathy. For example, some researchers suggest that sociopaths have little or no regard for others and therefore feel little guilt. Conversely, people who have schizophrenia or depression feel too much guilt and may find themselves projecting guilt onto hallucinations or ruminating on past mistakes. Additionally, people who experience anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), may become preoccupied with guilt about their thoughts or actions.
References
Emotions
Argeș (river)

Arges is a river in the southern part of Romania. It is a tributary of the Danube River.
Tributaries
The following are the tributaries of the Arges River:
Left: Buda, Valea cu Pesti, Valea Lupului, Limpedea, Chiciura, Valea Iasului, Valsan, Valea Satului, Raul Doamnei, Rancaciov, Carcinov, Budisteanca, Sabar, Calnau, Dambovita, Rasa, and Luica.
Right: Capra, Cumpana, Valea lui Stan, Arefu, Banesti, Valea Danului, Tutana, Schiau, Bascov, Neajlov and Zboiul.
Tributaries of the Danube
Turkana boy

Turkana boy, or Nariokotome boy, is the fossil KNM-WT 15000. It is a nearly complete skeleton of a hominid who died in the early Pleistocene 1.5 million years ago (mya), near present-day Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya. This specimen is the most complete early human skeleton ever found. It was first classified as Homo erectus; after much heated debate, it was re-classified as Homo ergaster.
His age at death has been estimated from 7 years six months to as old as 15 years. The most recent scientific review suggests 8 years of age. It was first thought that he would have grown to 1.85 m tall, but recently a height of 1.63 m was proposed. Research showed that his growth differed from that of modern humans: he would have had a shorter and smaller adolescent growth spurt.
The skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of a team led by Richard Leakey, at Nariokotome near Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya.
Adolescence and maturity
The shape of the pelvis identifies that the specimen was a male. His estimated age at death depends upon whether the maturity stage of his teeth or skeletal is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of modern humans or chimpanzees.
A key factor here is that while modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, chimpanzees do not. While initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, more recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early Homo. This affects the estimation of both his age and his likely stature as a fully grown adult.
Morphology
The pelvis is narrower than in Homo sapiens, which might indicate more efficient running, whether to run down small game or to avoid predators. The Boy was relatively tall, which would have increased his surface area and helped him to lose heat.
Body hair may also have been thinner to hasten cooling. Body hair was lost in the shift towards savanna living. In equatorial Africa, modern humans evolved this trait an estimated one million years ago.
The skeleton still had features (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin) not seen in H. sapiens. The arms were slightly longer. Turkana Boy had a projecting nose rather than the open flat nose seen in apes.
References
Sources
- Good popular level presentation
- Technical papers
Hominins
Fossils
Kenya
Prehistoric Africa
Archaeological sites in Africa
Lincolnton, North Carolina

Lincolnton is a small city in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States, within the Charlotte metropolitan area. The population was 10,683 at the 2010 census. Lincolnton is northwest of Charlotte. The city is the county seat of Lincoln County.
References
Cities in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
List of towns in Ontario

A town is a sub-type of municipalities in the Canadian province of Ontario.
List of towns
References
Ontario
Lady with black hat (Amisani)

Lady with black hat (also known as Signora con cappello nero) is a 19th-century painted, in oil by the italian noble painter Giuseppe Amisani, made in 1913 his part of the official collection of Metropolitan City of Milan.
Description
Small oil painting by Giuseppe Amisani, depicting a half-length woman, with the profile facing left: she is wearing a large black hat and a black dress with a white shirt.
Related pages
Giuseppe Amisani
Other websites
Il cappello nero, Amisani Giuseppe, Lombardia Beni Culturali
1910s paintings
Paintings in Milan
Paintings by Giuseppe Amisani
Conrad Totman

Conrad Davis Totman (born January 5, 1934) is an American historian, academic, writer, translator and Japan studies expert. Totman is a retired professor at Yale University.
Early life
Totman was born in Conway, Massachusetts. He studied at the University of Massachusetts. He was granted a Ph.D. in Asian history at Harvard University in 1964.
Career
Totman taught Japanese history at the University of California at Santa Barbara, at Northwestern University, and at Yale. He retired from Yale in 1997.
Select works
In an overview of writings by and about Totman, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 140+ publications in 4 languages and 7,800+ library holdings.
Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600-1843, 1967
The collapse of the Tokugawa bakufu, 1862-1868, 1980
Japan before Perry: a short history, 1981
Tokugawa Ieyasu, shogun: a biography, 1983
The origins of Japan's modern forests: the case of Akita, 1985
The green archipelago: forestry in preindustrial Japan, 1989
Tokugawa Japan: the social and economic antecedents of modern Japan, 1990
Early Modern Japan, 1993
The lumber industry in early modern Japan, 1995
A History of Japan, 2000
Pre-industrial Korea and Japan in environmental perspective, 2004
Japan's imperial forest, Goryorin, 1889-1945: with a supporting study of the Kan/Min division of woodland in early Meiji Japan, 1871-76, 2007
References
Other websites
Yale faculty website
Japanologists
Living people
1934 births
American historians
Ramah, Colorado

Ramah is a town in El Paso County, Colorado, United States. The population was 123 at the 2010 census. The name comes from from India.
References
Towns in Colorado
Krebs cycle

The Krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs) is a part of cellular respiration. Its other names are the citric acid cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle).
The "Krebs cycle" is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms in their energy conversion processes. It is important to many biochemical pathways. This suggests that it was one of the earliest parts of cellular metabolism to evolve.
The Krebs cycle comes after the link reaction and provides the hydrogen and electrons needed for the electron transport chain. It takes place inside mitochondria.
Summary
The diagram below shows how this part of respiration is an ever-repeating cycle which produces ATP and gives off CO2. The ATP is a molecule which carries energy in chemical form to be used in other cell processes. To summarize:
Two molecules of carbon dioxide are given off
One molecule of GTP is formed
Three molecules of NAD+ are combined with hydrogen (NAD+ - NADH)
One molecule of FAD combines with hydrogen (FAD - FADH2)
Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2 two QH2 (ubiquinol) and four CO2.
Related pages
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Electron transport chain
Other websites
Lecture
Krebs cycle animation
References
Metabolism
Cellular respiration
Muse, Oklahoma

Muse is an unincorporated community in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, United States. Muse is located along Oklahoma State Highway 63 southeast of Talihina.
References
Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma