pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Duchess (disambiguation)

Duchess is a rank of nobility. It is the female equivalent of Duke.
Duchess may also be:
Books, music and movies
The Duchess (movie), a 2008 movie
The Duchess (book), a book first published in 1998 as Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire by Amanda Foreman
Duchess (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland), a character in Lewis Carroll's book
"Duchess" (song), a 1980 song by Genesis
"Duchess" (The Stranglers song)
Places
Duchess, Alberta, a village in Canada
Duchess Landing, Oklahoma, a settlement in Oklahoma, USA
Duchess Theatre, London, England
People
Lashina, a fictional DC Comics character also known as "Duchess"
Duchess, a character in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, an American animated TV series
"Duchess", the code name for the title character in the American animated TV series Archer
The Duchess, a character in the video game American McGee's Alice
Norma-Jean Wofford, rhythm guitarist with Bo Diddley from 1962 to 1966, nickamed "Duchess"
Transport
HMS Duchess, any of several British ships
Duchess (boat), a historic sponge-hooking boat in Tarpon Springs, Florida
Beechcraft Duchess, American monoplane
Duchess class, a name for the unstreamlined locomotives of the LMS Princess Coronation Class of British railway locomotives
Miscellaneous
Duchess (restaurant), a restaurant chain in Connecticut, USA
Duchess (solitaire), a card game for one person
Duchess lorikeet, a species of parrot
Duchess potatoes or Duchesse potatoes, a way of cooking potatoes
Duchess Stakes, a Canadian horse race
Duchess, a brand of packaged sweet baked goods made by Carolina Foods
Similar spelling
Dutchess (disambiguation)
Michael Anthony Bilandic

Michael Anthony Bilandic (February 13, 1923 - January 15, 2002) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1976-1979). He was a member of the Democratic Party. He became mayor after being elected by the Chicago City Council to become acting mayor, upon the death of Richard J. Daley, beating Wilson Frost.
Bilandic was born on February 13, 1923 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at DePaul University. He was married to Heather Morgan. Bilandic died on January 15, 2002 in Chicago, Illinois from heart failure, aged 78.
References
Other websites
First Inaugural Address
Second Inaugural Address
1923 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
DePaul University alumni
Chicago City Council members
Mayors of Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Gawker Media

Gawker Media is an American online media company and blog network. It was founded and is owned by Nick Denton. It is based in New York City.
References
Gawker Media. Terms of Use
Penenberg, Adam L. "Can Bloggers Strike It Rich?" Wired. September 22, 2005.
Denton, Nick. "Nano Wars" March 8, 2005.
Thompson, Clive. "Blogs to Riches - The Haves and Have-Nots of the Blogging Boom" New York Magazine. February 20, 2006.
Carr, David. "A Blog Mogul Turns Bearish on Blogs", New York Times, July 3, 2006
Pareene, Alex. "Memo: Gawker Sells Three Sites" April 14, 2008.
Other websites
Tom Zeller, Jr.. "A Blog Revolution? Get a Grip", New York Times, May 8, 2005 (registration required)
Vanessa Grigoriadis, "Everybody Sucks: Gawker and the rage of the creative underclass, New York magazine, October 22, 2007
Gawker Media Traffic
Gawker.com
Media in the United States
Companies based in New York City
41

Year 41 (XLI) is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Saturninus.
Events
Roman Empire
January 24 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula) is assassinated by his unhappy Praetorian Guards.
January 25 Claudius is made Roman Emperor by the Senate.
Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.
Seneca the Younger is banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla
Claudius restores religious freedom to the Jews throughout the empire.
An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.
Asia
Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shentong. He places his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.
Births
February 12 - Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, son of Claudius and Messalina
Deaths
Julia Drusilla, daughter of Caligula
Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus
Milonia Caesonia, wife of Caligula
41
Margaret Atwood

Margaret Eleanor Atwood (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian writer. She is best known for writing novels. She has also published 15 books of poetry. The Edible Woman was her first novel, published in 1969.
Her novel The Handmaid's Tale was the first winner of the Arthur C. Clarke Award, in 1987. The sequel, The Testaments, was released on September 10, 2019.
Her book The Blind Assassin won the 2000 Booker Prize.
References
1939 births
Living people
Canadian novelists
Agnostics
Award winning writers
Booker Prize winners
Canadian activists
Canadian feminists
Canadian poets
Children's writers
Feminist writers
Harvard University alumni
Canadian science fiction writers
University of Toronto alumni
Kola nut

The kola nut is the fruit of the kola tree, a genus (Cola) of trees that are native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. The caffeine-containing fruit of the tree is a flavoring ingredient in drinks. Such beverages often use the word "cola".
Fruits
Nuts
Malvaceae
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (, April 15, 1898 - March 13, 1968), commonly known as I. I. Chundrigar, was Prime Minister of Pakistan for about 2 months from October 17, 1957 to December 16, 1957.
1898 births
1968 deaths
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Mercury-arc rectifier

A Mercury-arc rectifier is a type of rectifier used for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The cathode is made from a pool of liquid mercury. Mercury-arc rectifiers were rugged and durable. They could carry higher currents than most other types of rectifier.
The mercury-arc rectifier was invented in 1902 by Peter Cooper Hewitt. They were used to provide power for industrial electric motors, electric railways, trams, and electric locomotives. Other uses included radio transmitters and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission. They were the primary method of high power rectification before the advent of solid-state electronics in the 1970s. The solid-state rectifier has since replaced the mercury-arc rectifier.
References
Rectifiers
Electronic components
1981 Manitoba general election

The Manitoba general election of November 17, 1981 was held to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, Canada. The New Democratic Party won the election. They won 34 out of 57 seats. The Progressive Conservative Party won the remaining 23 seats. The Manitoba Liberal Party didn't win any seats for the first time in its history. The Progressive Party (which ran for the first time), the Communist Party, and Western Canada Concept Party also ran candidates in the election. None of these parties won any seats.
Howard Pawley of the New Democratic Party became premier.
1981 elections
1981 in Canada
November events
1980s elections in Canada
election
General elections in Canada
Saint-Jean-Saint-Nicolas

Saint-Jean-Saint-Nicolas is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
References
Communes in Hautes-Alpes
2023 Hawaii wildfires

A group of wildfires broke out in the U.S. state of Hawaii in early August 2023. They were mostly on the island of Maui, with small fires on Hawai`i. They caused a lot of people to be evacuated and caused a lot of damage. The wildfires killed at least 90 people in Lahaina.
An emergency proclamation was signed on August 8. It allowed multiple actions. These included activation of the National Guard, appropriate actions by the director of the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency and the Administrator of Emergency Management, and using state money to deal with conditions created by the fires. On August 9, the state government of Hawaii issued a state of emergency for the whole state. On August 10, President Joe Biden issued a federal major disaster declaration.
References
2020s fires in the United States
August 2023 events
2023 in the United States
21st century in Hawaii
Jeffrey Bryce

Jeffrey Bryce is a retired weightlifter from Great Britain. Jeffrey competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics. He was born on 28 April 1948.
References
Other websites
1948 births
Living people
British weightlifters
British Olympians
Sanamahists

Sanamahists or Sanamahi Chatpas are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to the aspects of Sanamahism, the Meitei religion. The term is mainly used by the Meitei people who follows the traditions of their ancestral culture.
Meitei religion
Farmington, New Hampshire

Farmington is a town in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, 6,786 people lived there.
Other websites
Farmington Historical Society
Museum of Farmington History
Puddledock Press of Farmington New Hampshire
Towns in New Hampshire
1790s establishments in North America
Mali Federation

The Mali Federation was a country in the west of Africa. Senegal and Mali came together and made this country. (Mali's name was French Sudan at that time). It started on April 4 1959 and it was controlled by France. However, it became independent on June 20 1960.
The Federation's prime minister was Modibo Keita, and the government was in Dakar. The Federation ended a short time after independence because Senegal left on August 20 1960 because they had a disagreement about politics.
History of Mali
History of Senegal
Former countries in Africa
1959 establishments in Africa
1960 disestablishments in Africa
Former federations
Altrincham

Altrincham is a town in the borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England.
Altrincham has an ice-rink and a cinema.
Towns in Greater Manchester
Trafford
Plaintext

In cryptography, plaintext is the information which the sender wants to transmit to the receiver(s).
Before computers, plaintext meant text in the language of the communicating parties. Since computers, the definition has been expanded. It now includes not only the electronic representation of text, such as emails and word processor documents, but also the computer representation of speech, music, pictures, videos, ATM and credit card transactions, sensor data, and so forth. That is basically any information which the communicating parties might wish to hide from others. The plaintext is the normal representation of the data before any action has been taken to hide it.
The plaintext is used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext. Some systems, however, use a cascade of layers of encryption (called 'rounds') in which case the ciphertext output of one encryption algorithm becomes the plaintext input to the next. Triple DES is an example.
Related pages
Cleartext
Cryptography
Cérilly, Yonne

Cerilly is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Yonne
Asante Samuel Jr.

Asante Samuel Jr. (born October 3, 1999) is an American football cornerback for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida State and was drafted by the Chargers in the second round of the 2021 NFL Draft. He is the son of former NFL cornerback Asante Samuel.
References
1999 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
Los Angeles Chargers players
Universal City, Texas

Universal City is a city in Bexar County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
2018 Leicester helicopter crash

On 27 October 2018, an AgustaWestland AW169 helicopter crashed shortly after take-off from the King Power Stadium, the home ground of Leicester City in Leicester, United Kingdom.
Club owner Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha was on board, as well as two other passengers and two pilots. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch is currently leading an investigation into the accident. It was confirmed all 5 occupants died.
References
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2018
2018 in the United Kingdom
Leicester
October 2018 events
Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon

Wat yai chai mongkhon is a Buddhist temple in Ayutthaya, Thailand. built in 1357. It is the most important temple in Ayutthaya. It is a historical landmark and a popular tourist attraction.
References
Buddhist temples in Thailand
14th-century buildings and structures
Roger Delgado

Roger Caesar Marius Bernard de Delgado Torres Castillo Roberto (1 March 1918 - 18 June 1973), better known as Roger Delgado, was a British actor. He began his acting career in 1939. He is best known as the first actor to play the Master in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who. He appeared as the Master in 37 episodes from 1971 until his death in 1973.
Delgado was born in Whitechapel, London. He was the son of a Belgian mother and a Spanish father. He served as a major during the Second World War. He was married to Kismet Shahani.
On 18 June 1973, Delgado was killed in a car accident in Nevsehir, Turkey. He was 55. He died while filming the French-German TV miniseries La Cloche tibetaine (English: Tibetan Bell).
References
Other websites
1918 births
1973 deaths
Actors from London
British military personnel of World War II
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Road accident deaths
Limit of a sequence

In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered set of mathematical objects (most notably a list of numbers). In some cases, the sequence tends towards a limit, in which case the limit is denoted using the symbol (as in ), and the sequence is said to be convergent, otherwise it is divergent.
In a convergent sequence, the absolute difference between the value of the current term and the limit, , will decrease towards 0, as the sequence progresses.
Formal Definition
We call the limit of the sequence if the following condition holds:
For each real number , there exists a natural number such that, for every natural number , we have .
In other words, for every measure of distance , we can find an infinite number of terms of the sequence that are closer than to the limit. We say that the sequence converges to or tends to the limit , which we write as or . The limit can be also shown to be unique.
If a sequence converges to a limit, then it is convergent; otherwise it is divergent.
History
The Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea is famous for formulating paradoxes that involve limiting processes.
Leucippus, Democritus, Antiphon, Eudoxus and Archimedes developed the method of exhaustion, which uses an infinite sequence of approximations to determine an area or a volume. Archimedes succeeded in summing what is now called a geometric series.
Newton dealt with series in his works on Analysis with infinite series (written in 1669, circulated in manuscript, published in 1711), Method of fluxions and infinite series (written in 1671, published in English translation in 1736, Latin original published much later) and Tractatus de Quadratura Curvarum (written in 1693, published in 1704 as an Appendix to his Optiks). In the latter work, Newton considers the binomial expansion of (x+o)n, which he then linearizes by taking the limits as o tends to 0.
In the 18th century, mathematicians like Euler succeeded in summing some divergent series by stopping at the right moment; they did not much care whether a limit existed, as long as it could be calculated. At the end of the century, Lagrange in his Theorie des fonctions analytiques (1797) opined that the lack of rigour precluded further development in calculus. Gauss in his etude of hypergeometric series (1813) for the first time rigorously investigated under which conditions a series converged to a limit.
The modern definition of a limit (for any e there exists an index N so that ...) was given by Bernhard Bolzano (Der binomische Lehrsatz, Prague 1816, little noticed at the time), and by Karl Weierstrass in the 1870s.
Related pages
Limit of a function
References
Mathematical analysis
Sequences and series
Leader of the Opposition (Belize)

The Leader of the Opposition of Belize is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in Belize and also elected official who, according to the Constitution, "commands the support of those elected official that do not support the Government. He/she speaks on behalf of the Opposition Members of Belize's House of Representative.
List
Lists of Leaders of the Opposition
Mike Crispino

Mike Crispino is an American sportscaster. He is the radio play-by-play announcer for the New York Knicks.
He called Boston Celtics games during the 1989-1990 season. He called New England Patriots pre-season games in 1992. From 1988-92, he called the play-by-play for college basketball games on ESPN and SportsChannel, while also calling college football, boxing, baseball, and lacrosse for the New England Sports Network. He has also been play by play announcer for the New York Giants, New York Jets, New York CityHawks, PGA Golf, and Bridgeport Bluefish.
References
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Lacrosse announcers
National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Tennis broadcasters
Living people
People from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)
Li Ka-shing

Sir Li Ka-shing (born 13 June 1928) is a Hong Kong businessman, investor, and philanthropist. As of June 2019, Li is the 30th richest person in the world. He has a wealth of US$29.4 billion.
He is the senior advisor for CK Hutchison Holdings and CK Asset Holdings, after he retired from the Chairman of the Board in May 2018; through it, he is the world's leading port investor, developer, and operator of the largest health and beauty retailer in Asia and Europe.
References
1928 births
Living people
Chinese philanthropists
Chinese businesspeople
Johann Gottlieb Graun

Johann Gottlieb Graun (1702 or 1703 27 October 1771) was a German composer and violinist
Life
Early life
Graun was born in Wahrenbruck. His father was a tax collector. His brothers were Carl Heinrich Graun and August Friedrich Graun. Johann was the second oldest son. He and Carl studied in the Kreuzschule, Dresden. He sang in the choir. Johann Zacharias Grundig taught Graun music and singing. He and Carl left the Kreuzschule in 1721. He studied playing the violin with Johann Georg Pisendel. He went to Padua to study the violin with Giuseppe Tartini.
Career
In 1726, he became the Konzertmeister in the court of Merseburg. That means he was the leading violinist of the orchestra in Merseburg. From 1726 to 1727 Wilhelm Friedemann Bach studied the violin with Graun. He wrote six violin sonatas in Merseburg. In 1731 he became the Konzertmeister in the court of Waldeck. He married Dorothea-Josepha Schmiel in 1731. In 1732, he became a member of the Kapelle in Ruppin. He worked for crown prince Frederick of Prussia. Carl, Graun's brother, joined the orchestra. He taught Franz Benda violin playing. In 1740, Frederick became king. Graun moved to Berlin. He became the Konzertmeister in Berlin.
He wrote instrumental music in Berlin. He was the Konzertmaster in Berlin until he died. He died in Berlin on October 27, 1771.
Music
Graun often worked together with his brother. They both marked their music with "Graun". This made it difficult to tell which brother wrote a piece of music. Graun mostly wrote instrumental music. His music includes symphonies, concertos, operas, chamber music.
Notes
References
1771 deaths
1700s births
18th-century German composers
German violinists
Concertmasters
Donetsk People's Republic

Donetsk People's Republic was a partially recognised country in the Donbas region of Ukraine. When the War in Donbas started in 2014, a few hundred pro-Russian separatists proclaimed it in part of Donetsk Oblast.
Donetsk Oblast is all to the east of Ukraine, at the border with Russia. Approximately at the same time, other people started Luhansk People's Republic in Luhansk Oblast. In both parts, there are many ethnic Russians. Russia aided the start of these non-recognised states.
In early 2022 Russia, Syria and DPRK officially recognised the state along with the Luhansk People's Republic, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
In late 2022, the Donetsk People's Republic, alongside three other separatist oblasts, became a republic of Russia. However, the international community agrees that Donetsk legally belongs to Ukraine and that the annexation of Donetsk was illegal.
Related pages
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
European countries
Eastern European countries
2014 establishments in Europe
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
Unrecognized countries
Puppet states
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (marketed as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Part 2) is a 1986 American horror comedy movie directed by Tobe Hooper. It is a sequel to The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. It was written by L. M. Kit Carson and produced by Carson, Yoram Globus, Menahem Golan and Hooper.
It stars Dennis Hopper, Caroline Williams, Bill Johnson, Bill Moseley and Jim Siedow. It is the only movie where Leatherface dies.
References
1986 horror movies
1986 comedy movies
American comedy movies
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre movies
Movies set in Texas
Angela Bettencourt

Angela Maria Monteiro Bettencourt (25 June 1951 - 10 April 2021) was a Brazilian librarian. She was very important to the digitization of book collections.
Life
She graduated from the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, and Brazilian Institute of Information in Science and Technology (IBICT) .
She was coordinator at the National Library of Brazil of the large digitization projects.
Works
A hemeroteca digital brasileira
References
Other websites
Bettencourt, Angela M. Monteiro, WorldCat Identities
1951 births
2021 deaths
Brazilian people
Librarians
Rozenburg

Rozenburg is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. On 18 March 2010, it has become a part of the municipality of Rotterdam.
21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in South Holland
Former municipalities of South Holland
Rotterdam
Holy Diver

Holy Diver is the first studio album by Dio, an American heavy metal band. It was released in 1983. In October 1982, Singer Ronnie James Dio had left Black Sabbath to make his own band. Black Sabbath's drummer, Vinny Appice, joined Dio, as well as bassist Jimmy Bain and guitarist Vivian Campbell. The band made the album in 1983, and released it on May 25.
Holy Diver is Dio's best selling album. Many critics liked the album, and it has been named one of the best heavy metal albums of the 1980s. It went to number 56 on the Billboard 200, an American music chart. It has been certified platinum by the RIAA.
Track listing
References
1983 albums
Hilarion (Kapral)

Metropolitan Hilarion (born Igor Alexeyevich Kapral, ; 6 January 1948 - 16 May 2022) was a Canadian-American Orthodox prelate. He was the bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR), Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York, First-Hierarch of the ROCOR from 18 May 2008 until his death in 2022.
Hilarion died on 16 May 2022 at a hospital in New York City, aged 74.
References
1948 births
2022 deaths
Eastern Orthodox bishops
People from New York City
People from Alberta
Crysis (video game)

Crysis is a first person shooter computer game involving science fiction. In the game, humans must survive an invasion by aliens. This is the first game to use all of the features of DirectX 10. It's a free-to-explore game. This game takes place in 2020 on an island south of China that is hit by a meteor. Both the North Korean and American army gets involved, but the North Korean Army gets there first. Both armies later find out that the meteor is an alien ship. At that time an alien invasion threatens the whole world. Meanwhile, the American forces attack the island to take control from the Koreans.
Main features
Time of lighting: The game represents a true time of the day.
Real Time Ambient (means surroundings) Maps: CryENGINE 2 pre-calculates the amount of ambient light in indoor surfaces, improving the quality of lighting when applying new light sources and shadows. This means current light position and color can be dynamically added to light intensity (means strength or density of lights) applied in interiors.
Dynamic Soft Shadows: natural looking shadows.
Light Beams: Like ones you will find between the leaves of trees.
Long Range View Distance: of about 8 kilometers range.
Parallax Occlusion Mapping: for greater sense of depth. In other words, to let the hero concentrate on an attractive thing. Such as an explosion.
3D Ocean Technology: to create a realistic ocean depends on wind and wave variables.
Facial Animation: to let the faces in the game look realistic as they react with the environment.
Object Motion Blur: this feature will help to blur things when they move fast.
Depth of Field: like of the camera's.
Breakable Buildings: So someone can break anything in the game.
Breakable Vegetation System: Even the jungles can be affected by weapons.
Advanced Rope Physics: These ropes can even be affected even by the rain.
Component Vehicle Damage: Every thing in a car, plane, boat etc. is breakable.
Next-Gen Physics System: allows game developers to make a full-of-life game.
Story
You play a soldier called Nomad. You and three soldiers look for missing people on an island. You find that Koreans attacked the island. America attacks the island. In the middle of the fighting, aliens come out of a mountain. Aliens then make a cold sphere (ball shape) on the island. America shoots a nuke at the sphere. The sphere becomes bigger, because it took the energy from the explosion. You then fight a big alien on a big ship.
Game information
The publisher is EA Games and it is developed by Crytek. It was released on November 16 2007. A sequel, Crysis 2, was released in March 2011.
Other websites
Technical support
Official Site
Recent news
Shooter video games
2007 video games
Electronic Arts video games
Igor Dodon

Igor Dodon (; born 18 February 1975) is a Moldovan politician. He was wthe President of Moldova from 23 December 2016 to 24 December 2020. He was the leader of the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova.
He was Minister of Trade and Economics in the governments of Vasile Tarlev and Zinaida Greceanii from September 2006 to September 2009 and was a member of the Parliament of Moldova from 2009 to 2016.
He lost his re-election bid to former Prime Minister Maia Sandu on 15 November 2020.
Notes
References
1975 births
Living people
Presidents of Moldova
The Conquest of Malacca (epic poem)

The Conquest of Malacca (Malaca conquistada) is an epic poem by Portuguese poet Francisco de Sa de Meneses.
General information
The Conquest of Malacca is an epic poem. It was published in 1634. It is one of the more noted Portuguese poem of the 17th century.
Author
Francisco de Sa de Meneses was a poet of Baroque. He was born about 1600 and died in 1664.
Form
The poem is written in ottava rima (oitava-rima in Portuguese). In other words it is composed of stanzas of eight lines, rhymed abababcc. The same strophe was used earlier by Luis de Camoes in The Lusiads.
Canto as armas e o grande Lusitano
Que, desde a ocidental extrema parte,
Aonde o Sol se levanta do oceano
Levou das Quinas santas o estandarte
E (castigado o perfido tirano)
A cidade ganhou, por forca e arte,
Do aureo reino, e trocou com pio exemplo
A profana mesquita em sacro templo.
Story
The poem by Francisco de Sa de Meneses tells about the batles of Malacca. The battle was fought in 1511. Portuguese forces, led by Afonso de Albuquerque, the governor of India, seized the city of Malacca. The city was a strong fortress. It controlled the strait of Malacca, which was the way to China.
Translation
The poem was translated into English by Edgar C. Knowlton, Jr. The book was published by University of Malaya Press in Kuala Lumpur in 1970.
References
Bibliography
Other websites
Francisco de Sa de Meneses, Malaca conquistada at Bibliotecva Nacional de Portugal.
Epic poems
Portuguese poems
17th-century works
750

750 was a common year.
Events
By Geography
Asia
After the defeat of his army in the Battle of the Zab the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan II, is overthrown and killed. Al-Saffah is proclaimed the first Abbasid Caliph. The capital of the Caliphate will later moved from Damascus to Baghdad, within the territory of the former Persian Empire; this transfer will prove to be a momentous event for Baghdad, which develops into a centre of international trade and culture.
Africa
The Ghana Empire begins.
750
Lalla (title)

Lalla () (literally, "lady") is a (tamazight) Amazigh title of respect. The title is a prefix to her given name or personal name, and is used by females usually of noble or royal background. It may also be used to address older women out of respect. Any woman believed to be descended from Muhammad has the title of Lalla. Likewise, any man who is believed to be descended from Muhammad has the title of Sidi or Moulay (Moulay being a higher honorific).
References
Titles
Ailly-sur-Noye

Ailly-sur-Noye is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
References
Communes in Somme
Camera obscura (disambiguation)

Camera obscura means "darkened chamber" to describe early devices for projecting an image on a screen, by use of a lens or a pinhole.
Camera obscura can also mean
Camera Obscura, an attraction at the Cliff House in San Francisco.
Camera Obscura (band), an indie band from Glasgow
Camera Obscura (album), by Nico
Camera Obscura, one of the translated titles of a 1932 novel by Vladimir Nabokov
The Camera Obscura (Fatal Frame) is also the name of a camera used to exorcise spirits by taking pictures, used in the game Fatal Frame
Camera Obscura (Doctor Who) a novel based on the Doctor Who series
Camera Obscura (German band), a German instrumental group, who had a minor hit in 1983 with the Destitution EP
Related pages
Pinhole camera
Aerial root

An Aerial root is a root which is above the ground. Different plants have grown them. They can have different functions:
For support: Sometimes such roots are grown for support. Ivy plants have them to cling to structures, such as stone walls, or other trees. The Banyan tree (also known as strangler fig) grows them downward from branches into the forest floor. Eventually, the host tree dies.
Roots for breathing: Some plants grow in environments where there is much water in the soil. They may then grow such roots (upwards) to breathe air. Black mangroves have such roots, for example.
As a parasite. Parasites sometimes grow these, into the host to get nutrients. One example of this is the mistletoe.
Roots to propagate: Some plants have above-ground roots. In some places, little plants (with leaves and roots) develop. They will drop off at some point, and develop into new plants (that are clones of the parent). Examples for this are strawberries or the spider plant.
Images
References
Plant anatomy
Reinaldo Azambuja

Reinaldo Azambuja (born 13 May 1963) is a Brazilian politician. He has been the governor of Mato Grosso do Sul since 2015. In the 2014 elections in Mato Grosso do Sul, he ran for governor. Azambuja finished second in the first round and won the election in the second round against candidate Delcidio Amaral.
Life
Born in Campo Grande, son of Zulmira Azambuja Silva and Roberto de Oliveira Silva, now deceased, Reinaldo Azambuja began studying business administration at the Catholic University of Don Bosco in his hometown, but dropped out that same year, in 1982, after his death father was forced to take over the family farming business. He moved to Maracas, in the interior of the state, after turning 18 and married Fatima Silva a year after his father's death. Reinaldo has three children: Thiagi, Rafael and Rodrigo.
References
1963 births
Living people
Brazilian politicians
Buddhist crisis

The Buddhist Crisis was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam. The crisis was characterized by a series of discriminating acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance mainly led by Buddhist monks.
The crisis was started when the President Ngo Dinh Diem banned the flying of the Buddhist flag. That led to the shooting of nine unarmed civilians who were protesting a ban of the Buddhist flag on May 8 and suicide by burning of Thich Quang Duc on June 11. The crisis ended when Ngo Dinh Diem was assassinated on November 2, 1963.
Background
A survey said that about 70-90 percent of South Vietnamese people were Buddhist. The President called it biased. A member of the Catholic minority, his government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions etc. Diem once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) converted to Catholicism believing that their career prospects depended on it. Many were also refused promotion if they did not convert. Also, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Viet Cong guerrillas was done so that weapons were only given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran private armies, and in some areas forced conversion and looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas. Some Buddhist villages converted to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diem's regime. The Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions. In 1959, Ngo Dinh Diem dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary. The Vatican flag was usually flown in public services and events while the Buddhist flag was not allowed to be flown in public services and/or events.
Vietnam War
1960s conflicts
1960s in Asia
Eddie Irvine

Edmund "Eddie" Irvine, Jr. (Born 10 November 1965, Newtownards, County Down) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland. He raced under a British Driving License.
Irvine spent time in the 1980s and early 1990's in Formula Ford and F3000. He joined Formula One in 1993, scoring a point on his debut as he replaced Emanuele Naspetti. He stayed on for Jordan in 1994 and 1995, before going on to drive for Scuderia Ferrari in 1996. His results were not as successful as Michael Schumacher's, including eight straight DNF's (Did not Finish) in a row in 1996. He eventually improved, scoring more podiums as he went along with the team.
In 1999 Michael Schumacher, the "#1 driver" for Ferrari was injured during a race at Silverstone. Irvine was made the #1 driver. The team put all their efforts towards Irvine winning a driver's championship. It wasn't successful, but Irvine did place second in the championship. Irvine left Ferrari after that season because he was frustrated with Ferrari's policy on team orders, which meant that one driver was labelled as "being #1." So, Irvine joined the new Jaguar Racing team in 2000, where he finally became the lead driver. However, the car was not competitive and reliable, so Jaguar, despite having lots of experience with Irvine, had little results. Irvine obtained the only two podiums Jaguar would ever see, and Irvine retired from Formula One after 2002.
References
1965 births
Living people
British Formula One drivers
Northern Irish sportspeople
Clearing, Chicago

Clearing, one of the 77 official community areas. It is located on the southwest side of the city of Chicago, Illinois. The southern portion of Chicago Midway International Airport is located within this community area.
Chrysler Village is on the eastern edge of the Chicago neighborhood of Clearing nestled between Midway Airport and the Clearing Industrial District.
Other websites
Official City of Chicago Clearing Community Map
Community areas of Chicago
Judy Cornwell

Judy Valerie Cornwell (born 22 February 1940) is an English actress.
Cornwell is best known for her role as Daisy in the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances. She played Anya Claus in the 1985 movie Santa Claus: The Movie.
Other websites
Judy Cornwell on IMDb
1940 births
Living people
Justin Amash

Justin A. Amash (; born April 18, 1980) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the only Libertarian member of the United States Congress. He used to be a member of the Republican Party. In January 2011, he was elected as the U.S. Representative for . He left office in 2021.
Amash chaired the Liberty Caucus and is the first and only Libertarian to hold a seat in Congress. Amash received national attention when he became the first Republican congressman to call for the impeachment of Donald Trump, a position he maintained after leaving the party.
Although it was said that he would run for Libertarian nomination for the 2020 presidential election, he chose to run for reelection to the House as an independent. On April 28, 2020, he announced the formation of an exploratory committee to seek the Libertarian presidential nomination. However, he announced that he would not run for president on May 16.
Notes
References
1980 births
Living people
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Lawyers from Michigan
Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
United States representatives from Michigan
Libertarian Party (United States) politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Zhao Qiguo

Zhao Qiguo (25 February 1930 - 3 January 2023) was a Chinese soil scientist.
Zhao studied at the Department of Agronomy at the Wuhan University in 1949, and later moved to Huazhong Agricultural University due to the changement of the department where he graduated in 1953. He was an elected member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1991. He was a member of the Academic Division of Earth Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1991. He worked as a researcher at the Institute of Soil Science. He became the director of the Nanjing Soil Research Institute and the chairman of Soil Science Society of China.
Qiguo died in Nanjing on 3 January 2023, at the age of 92.
References
Chinese academics
1930 births
2023 deaths
List of Oceanian countries

This is a list of countries in the Continent of Oceania.
Notes
References
Lists of countries
Oceania
Odds

In mathematics, odds are the chance that an event will happen compared to the chance that it will not happen. For example, if there is an equal chance that it will rain or that it will not rain, the odds of it raining are 1:1 (which is read as "1 to 1"). If it is twice as likely that it will not rain, then the odds of it raining are 1:2 (read as "1 to 2").
Uses for odds
Odds are often used in gambling, especially in horse racing.
In statistics, when the odds are written as fractions, the ratio of the odds of two related experimental events is called the odds ratio. This is often written as for short.
Related pages
Probability
References
Other websites
Ask Dr. Math: Odds Slang for Probability?
Probability theory
Statistics
Gambling
Friedrich Miescher

Johannes Friedrich Miescher (13 August 1844 - 26 August 1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist. He discovered nucleic acid in 1869. He also discovered protamine.
References
DNA
Swiss biologists
1844 births
1895 deaths
Scientists from Basel
Soignies (Walloon Parliament constituency)

Soignies is a constituency of Wallonia.
Members
Election results
References
Constituencies of the Parliament of Wallonia
Amberg (CDP), Wisconsin

Amberg is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wisconsin in the United States.
Census-designated places in Wisconsin
Daikon

Daikon (Japanese for 'big root') or mooli, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus, is a mild-flavored winter radish usually characterized by fast-growing leaves and a long, white, root.
References
Leaf vegetables
Root vegetables
Brassicaceae
Time in Australia

Mainland Australia has three official time zones. The full names of the time zones are usually shortened by dropping the Australian. Most Australian external territories are in different time zones. Many parts of Australia have daylight saving time.
History
The three official standard time zones were set up in February 1895.
Originally South Australia was nine hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) but in May 1899 they added another thirty minutes to that. Some people have disliked having this non-whole number of hours difference. In 1986 and 1994 they tried to take the thirty minutes away again or add another thirty minutes but they failed.
When the Australian Capital Territory separated from New South Wales they kept using Eastern Standard Time. When the Northern Territory separated from South Australia they kept using Central Standard Time.
Changes
There have been some other changes.
Broken Hill in far-western New South Wales uses Central Standard Time.
Lord Howe Island sets its clocks 10:30 ahead of GMT.
Some towns on the Eyre Highway in the south-east corner of Western Australia, between the South Australian border almost as far as Caiguna, use Central Western Standard Time. This is an unofficial time zone 45 minutes ahead of the official Western Australian time.
The Indian Pacific train has its own time zone when travelling between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta. They call it "train time".
Outside territories
Australia's many outside territories follow their own time zones. None follow daylight saving time.
Daylight saving time
South Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania use daylight saving time every year. In these regions daylight saving time begins on the first Sunday in October at 2:00 am local standard time, and ends on the first Sunday in April at 3:00 am local daylight saving time. The starting and finishing times are sometimes changed when there are special events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, in Australia.
The Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia do not have daylight saving time. People living in the northern parts of Australia tend not to be in favour of daylight saving.
References
The Australian National Time System National Standards Commission Leaflet No. 8, January 2003. Linked via Wayback machine
NSW Legislative Council Hansard, 2 March 2005
Daylight Saving Petitions
Daylight Saving Time History of daylight saving time implementation dates at the Bureau of Meteorology website.
Other websites
Time Zones in Australia
Time zones
Australia
WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009

WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 is a wrestling video game that was published by THQ. It is available for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, Wii and Xbox 360 systems. The game is also featured as a mobile phone game which can be downloaded. It featured new features like the Inferno match, a newer tag team match, and also four new game modes: Create-a-Finisher, Road to WrestleMania, Career and multiplayer season. The game received positive reviews from video game reviewers. Triple H and Shawn Michaels both as member of D-Generation X are on the cover.
It is part of the WWE SmackDown vs. Raw video game series.
Other websites
Official game website
2008 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
SmackDown vs. Raw 2009
Mobile games
THQ games
Rabbit Hash, Kentucky

Rabbit Hash is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Boone County, Kentucky, United States, with a population of 315 (2010 census).
The community is well-known for electing dogs as their mayor.
Mayors
References
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Census-designated places in Kentucky
Texas Legislature

The Texas Legislature is the state legislature of Texas. It is made up of two parts: the Texas House of Representatives (lower house) and the Texas Senate (upper house). The House has 150 members and the Senate has 31 members. The legislature meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas.
Both houses are currently controlled by the Republican Party, with Dan Patrick as President of the Senate and Dennis Bonnen as Speaker of the House. Both are Republicans.
Makeup
Senate
House of Representatives
References
Organizations based in Texas
State legislatures of the United States
1836 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Texas
Bicameral legislatures
New Summerfield, Texas

New Summerfield is a city in Cherokee County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
Kasaragod

Kasaragod District () is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. Kasaragod became part of Kannur district following the reorganisation of states and formation of Kerala in November 1, 1956. Kasaragod was declared as a district on 24 May 1984.
References
Districts of Kerala
The White Fang

The White Fang () is a 1946 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Zguridi. It stars Oleg Zhakov, Yelena Izmailova, and Lev Sverdlin.
Actors
Oleg Zhakov as Weedon Scott
Yelena Izmailova as Alisa, his wife
Lev Sverdlin as Matt
Nikolai Plotnikov as Handsome Smith
Osip Abdulov as Tim Keenan
References
Other websites
Russian drama movies
1946 adventure movies
1946 drama movies
1940s family movies
Movies about wolves
Movies set in forests
Movies set in Canada
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Aleksandr Zguridi
Soviet drama movies
Kathryn Bernardo

Kathryn Chandria Manuel Bernardo (born March 26, 1996) is a Filipina actor who became known for playing Mara in the TV show Mara Clara (2010-2011). She has also starred in other TV shows Princess and I (2012-2013), Got to Believe (2013-2014), Pangako Sa 'Yo (2015-2016), and La Luna Sangre (2017-2018). She has also starred in different films such as Way Back Home (2011), Must Be... Love (2013), She's Dating the Gangster (2014), Crazy Beautiful You (2015), Barcelona: A Love Untold (2016), Can't Help Falling in Love (2017), The Hows of Us (2018), Three Words to Forever (2018), and Hello, Love, Goodbye (2019).
References
1996 births
Filipino actors
List of cities and towns in Germany

Complete list of 2,073 cities in Germany (as of September 1, 2005)
Only municipalities with independent administration and that have the Stadtrecht (city rights) are included.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
Towns
Lists of settlements in Europe
La Pommeraye, Calvados

La Pommeraye, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Catharsis

Catharsis is a term in the Greek theatre meaning the purification of emotions through art. This was the effect of the tragedy as the main and earliest genre of the Greek theatre. It was originally used by Aristotle in the Poetics.
It was also used in psychology.
Related articles
Art therapy
Mimesis
References
Emotions
Psychology
Drama
The Cabin in the Woods

The Cabin in the Woods is a 2012 American horror movie directed by Drew Goddard and produced by Joss Whedon. It stars Kristen Connolly, Chris Hemsworth, Anna Hutchison, Fran Kranz, Jesse Williams, Bradley Whitford, Richard Jenkins, and Sigourney Weaver. It was released on April 13, 2012 to positive reviews.
Other websites
The Cabin in the Woods Wiki
2012 horror movies
2010s monster movies
2010s satirical movies
American ghost movies
American horror movies
American monster movies
American parody movies
American satirical movies
English-language movies
Zombie movies
Werewolves in movies
Apocalyptic movies
Movies set in forests
Lionsgate movies
Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey

Ho-Ho-Kus is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. In the 2010 census, it said that 4,078 people lived here.
References
Boroughs in New Jersey
Melinda Plowman

Melinda Plowman (born May 13, 1941), also called Melinda Ann Casey and Melinda Casey, is an American actress and associate director. She started acting aged 6 and was in many movies and television series in the 1960s. Her first lead role was in the 1966 horror movie Billy the Kid Versus Dracula. She joined the Directors Guild of America in the 1970s and was an associate director in the 1990s.
Filmography (as an actress)
References
Other websites
1941 births
Living people
Actors from Texas
Movie directors from Texas
American child actors