pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Japan Football Association

The is the governing body responsible for the administration of football in Japan. It is responsible for the national team, as well as club competitions.
History
The organisation was founded in 1921 as the , and became affiliated with FIFA in 1921. In 1945, the name of the organisation was changed to the ; its Japanese name was changed to the current title in 1975. This reflected common use of the word sakka (satsuka), derived from "soccer", rather than the older Japanese word shukyu (Cu Qiu ; literally "kick-ball"). The word sakka gained popularity during the post-World War II occupation of Japan by the Allied powers. The association generally translates its name to "Japan Football Association" in English, though "Japan Soccer Association" is also used.
Symbol
The symbol of the JFA is the Yatagarasu, a mythical three-legged raven that guided Emperor Jimmu to Mount Kumano. Yatagarasu is also the messenger of the supreme Shinto sun goddess Amaterasu.
Presidents
The following is a list of presidents of Japan Football Association (JFA). The Honorary President is Her Imperial Highness Princess Takamado.
Sponsorship
Japan has one of the highest sponsorship incomes for a national squad. In 2010, their sponsorship income amounted to over 12.5 million pounds.
Primary sponsors include Kirin, Adidas, Panasonic, Saison Card International, FamilyMart, Fujifilm, ANA, Bank of Yokohama, NTT Docomo and Nissan.
References
Other websites
Japan Football Association (JFA) - official website
1920s establishments in Japan
1921 establishments in Asia
Football organizations
Football in Japan
Xenon difluoride

Xenon difluoride is a chemical compound with the formula XeF2. This noble gas compound can be used as a good fluorinating agent. Xenon difluoride is the most stable compound of all xenon compounds.
The compound shows a trigonal bipyramidal pseudostructure or a linear real structure in VSEPR theory.
Xenon difluoride is solid in state of matter. It is achromatic (without color) and in crystal form. Under high pressure and temperature, the compound can be produced from xenon and fluorine directly.
Xenon difluoride is used in organic syntheses as fluorinating agent.
Xenon difluoride can be destroyed by heating. It then results in the pure substances fluorine and xenon. This reactions happens explosively, even though that the enthalpy of reaction is negative (). That is because the reaction changes the state of matter from solid to gas. The gas needs more space in room.
Further reading
Synthesis, Properties and Chemistry of Xenon(II) Fluoride
Fluorine compounds
Noble gas compounds
Boana aguilari

Boana aguilari is a frog that lives in Peru. Scientists have seen it between 1225 and 2080 meters above sea level.
This frog lives in the Pasco part of Peru, in the eastern Andes Mountains.
The adult male frog is 33.7-43.8 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 33.7-50.0 mm long. The adult male frog has thick, strong front legs and bony spines on its body. But it does not have the nuptial pad on its front feet the way some other adult male frogs do. This frog's head and back are light brown with light green marks. The throat is yellow-green in color. The belly is white in color and its feet are gray. The iris of the eye is light brown or pink with black marks.
References
Frogs of South America
Pœuilly

Poeuilly is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Breuil, Somme

Breuil is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Liu Penzi

Liu Penzi (; 10 AD - after 27 AD) was an emperor of China, who began to rule the Han Dynasty after the collapse of the Xin Dynasty. When Liu Xiu defeated the Red Eyebrows, he decided to spare Liu.
References
10 births
Emperors of Han Dynasty
Lahontan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Lahontan, Pyrenees-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
References
Lahontan, Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Plagne, Switzerland

Plagne was a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Plagne and Vauffelin merged into the new municipality of Sauge.
Former municipalities of Bern
Årjäng

Arjang is an urban area in the county of Varmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Arjang Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Varmland County
Örgryte New Church

The Orgryte New Church () is a church building in Orgryte in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It belongs to the Orgryte Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was opened on 6 July 1890.
References
Other websites
Church of Sweden churches
Churches in Gothenburg
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Key space

In cryptography, the key space of an algorithm refers to the set of all possible keys that can be used to initialize the cryptographic algorithm. For example, if an algorithm works using a key that is a string of 10 bits, then its key space is the set of all binary strings of length 10 bits; i.e. we have key space of size 210 = 1024.
To avoid attackers from guessing the key using a brute-force attack, the key space is usually designed to be very large. Another needed attribute is that the key space designed to be flat, having no or very few weak keys.
Examples
The block cipher Rijndael/AES uses a key of up to 256 bits, resulting in a key space containing about 2256 which is over 1.1579 x 1077 keys. This makes it computationally infeasible to check each possible key by brute force.
In the DES block cipher, a 56-bit key is used, resulting in a relatively small key space of size 256.
The ROT13 cipher is only designed to prevent people from accidentally reading messages (e.g. movie plot details). As there is no key, the key space is therefore empty.
References
Cryptography
Alien vs. Predator (movie)

Alien vs. Predator is a 2004 American horror science fiction crossover movie directed by Paul W.S. Anderson. It is the first movie which stars the extraterrestrial antagonists, the Aliens and the Predators in the same plot, and as deadly enemies of each other.
Plot
Set in 2004, Alien vs. Predator follows a group of paleontologists, archaeologists and others assembled by billionaire businessman Charles Bishop Weyland for an expedition to Bouvet Island, a remote Norwegian island north of Antarctica, after a mysterious heat signal is discovered under the ice cap. Weyland and the group discover a pyramid buried beneath the ice cap. However, the structure is an ancient hunting ground where Predators stalk and kill Aliens for sport. The humans are caught between them and start getting killed by them and must fight to survive and escape the place.
Cast
Sanaa Lathan as Alexa Woods
Roaul Bova as Sebastian de Rosa
Lance Henriksen as Charles Bishop Weyland
Other websites
Alien vs. Predator Central
2004 science fiction movies
2004 horror movies
2000s monster movies
American science fiction horror movies
British science fiction movies
British horror movies
Canadian science fiction movies
Canadian horror movies
German science fiction movies
German horror movies
Czech movies
Horror crossover movies
American monster movies
Predator movies
Alien movies
English-language movies
Movies set on islands
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Paul W.S. Anderson
Cerisy-Buleux

Cerisy-Buleux is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in northern France.
References
Communes in Somme
Kyozan Joshu Sasaki

(April 1, 1907 - July 27, 2014) was a Japanese and American Roshi Rinzai Zen teacher. He lived in the United States since 1962. He started the Mount Baldy Zen Center, near Mount Baldy in California. He was also its head abbot.
Joshu Sasaki died at Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles on July 27, 2014, aged 107.
References
Other websites
Kyozan Joshu Sasaki at the Mount Baldy Zen Center website
1907 births
2014 deaths
American Buddhists
American centenarians
Japanese centenarians
Japanese educators
Monks
Teachers
Eagles of Death Metal

Eagles of Death Metal is an American rock band from Palm Desert, California.
Career
The band released their debut studio album, Peace, Love, Death Metal on March 23, 2004 through AntAcidAudio. The song "I Only Want You" was featured in the 2004 racing game Gran Turismo 4, the television series Queer as Folk, an advertisement for Windows 8, and was a downloadable song for the Rock Band series.
Their second studio album Death by Sexy was released on April 11, 2006 in the United States and on July 3, 2006 in Europe through Downtown Records and Columbia Records. In the fall of 2006, they shared an opening support slot with Guns N' Roses, but it only lasted one show. Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses called the band "Pigeons of Shit Metal" from the stage that night and Eagles of Death Metal used the phrase on a T-shirt.
The band performed a live concert for the launch of the 2008 video game Midnight Club: Los Angeles at the Hollywood & Highland Virgin Megastore in Los Angeles. The band's third studio album Heart On was released on October 28, 2008.
Their fourth studio album Zipper Down was released on October 2, 2015. The album's first single "Complexity" was made available to stream on Pitchfork Media's website.
On November 13, 2015, the band performed a concert for a sell-out crowd of 1,500 people at Le Bataclan theatre in Paris. During the concert, four gunmen with AK-47 assault rifles entered the theatre. They opened fire and threw explosives into the crowd. The attack lasted about 20 minutes. They killed 87 people in the theatre. Four of the attackers died, three of them by blowing up their suicide vests. The fourth killed by police gunfire, and his vest blew up when he fell. Lead singer Jesse Hughes was able to escape the attack through the backstage and the rest of the band survived.
Discography
Studio albums
Peace, Love, Death Metal (2004)
Death by Sexy (2006)
Heart On (2008)
Zipper Down (2015)
References
Other websites
1998 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical duos
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from California
Li Guang

Li Guang (; ? - 119 BC) was a Chinese general of the Han Dynasty. His father, Li Xin, was a great military leader. Li Guang became a soldier when he was young. As Li Guang fought bravely in the battlefields, he was soon promoted to a general. He killed himself in the year 119 BC.
119 BC deaths
Han Dynasty generals
Year of birth unknown
Subsistence farming

Subsistence farming is the kind of farming done by farmers who have small plots, or little water, or otherwise grow enough only for themselves. Literally, subsistence agriculture means no extra food is produced to sell or trade. This means farming doesn't give them money to buy things. However, today most subsistence farmers also do trade to some degree. From time to time they may need money to buy essential things to keep going.
Subsistence farming may also mean shifting farming or nomadic herding (see nomadic people).
Examples:
A family has only one cow to give milk only for that family.
A farmer grows only enough wheat to make bread for his or her family.
References
Agriculture
Simple living
James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell (born 13 June 1831 in Edinburgh - died 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician, physicist and discoverer of Maxwell's equations.
Early life
Maxwell grew up in a rich religious family. In 1845, when he was only 14, he wrote a paper describing a way of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of string. In 1847 he started studying mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. In 1850 Maxwell changed to Peterhouse and then Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He won prizes from the university for his work and was given his degree in 1854. From 1855 to 1872 he did research on colour blindness.
Works
In 1856 Maxwell was made a professor of 'Natural Philosophy' (which is what science was called then) at Marischal College, Aberdeen. He worked there until the two colleges in Aberdeen joined together in 1860 and he lost his job. He then became a professor at King's College London. In 1861 he was elected to the Royal Society.
In 1871, he became the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. He studied many things, but is known best for his mathematical work on electromagnetism and on the behaviour of gases. He used the experiments of Michael Faraday to see how magnetism and electricity were connected. This helped him to make his equations that allowed scientists to understand light and radio waves.
He lived at Glenlair House, his family estate near the village of Parton, Castle Douglas in Kirkcudbrightshire. Maxwell died in 1879 from cancer, and is buried in the graveyard at Parton Church.
Publications
Maxwell, James Clerk, "On the Description of Oval Curves, and those having a plurality of Focus (geometry)|Foci". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. ii. 1846.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "Illustrations of the Dynamical Theory of Gases". 1860.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "On Physical Lines of Force". 1861.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". 1865.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "On Governors ".From the Proceedings of the Royal Society, No.100. 1868.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "Theory of Heat". 1871.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism". Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1873.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "Molecules ". Nature, September, 1873.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "Matter and Motion", 1876.
Maxwell, James Clerk, "On the Results of Bernoulli's Theory of Gases as Applied to their Internal Friction, their Diffusion, and their Conductivity for Heat".
Maxwell, James Clerk, "Ether", Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ninth Edition (1875-89).
1831 births
1879 deaths
Scientists from Edinburgh
Scottish mathematicians
British theoretical physicists
Scottish physicists
Communauté d'agglomération Saint Germain Boucles de Seine

The Communaute d'agglomeration Saint Germain Boucles de Seine is the communaute d'agglomeration, an intercommunal structure, in the western suburbs of Paris. It is located in the Yvelines and Val-d'Oise departments, in the Ile-de-France region, northern France. It was created in January 2016. Its population was 330,097 in 2016. Its seat is in Le Pecq.
Saint Germain
Yvelines
Val-d'Oise
South Island

The South Island is the larger of the two main islands of New Zealand. It is separated from the North Island by Cook Strait. The South Island covers and has a temperate climate. It is also known by its Maori name, Te Wai Pounamu. About 24% of New Zealand's population live in the South Island.
Related pages
North Island
Chatham Islands
References
Geography of New Zealand
Pacific islands
.223 Remington

The .223 Remington (.223 Rem) is a type of firearm cartridge. It is the most used cartridge for AR-15 type rifles.
Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges
Concept

A concept is an idea that is applied to all objects in a group. It is the way people see and understand something. The name used to identify a concept (the concept's label) is a "term". For example, the word "Dog" is the term to identify the concept of what a dog is. Everything that a person knows about a dog is the concept of the term dog.
Different terms can be used to identify the same concept. Car and Automobile are synonyms for the same concept. Different languages have different terms for the same concept. This is what makes translation possible. The terms may be different in each language, but the concept is the same. The concept of jumping is the same to a person from England and a person from Italy, but one person uses the term "Jump" to mean the concept and the other person uses "Salto".
Related pages
Abstraction
Language
Philosophy
Dina Powell

Dina Powell McCormick (Dina Habib , ; born June 12, 1973) is an American financial executive, philanthropist and political advisor. She is best known for having been the United States Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy to President Donald Trump.
References
1973 births
Living people
American philanthropists
American diplomats
Businesspeople from New York City
Politicians from New York City
People from Cairo
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Dana Ivey

Dana Robins Ivey (born August 12, 1941) is an American actress. In 1997, she won a Drama Desk Award.
Her best known movie roles were in The Color Purple (1985), Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988), The Addams Family (1991), Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), Two Weeks Notice (2002), Rush Hour 3 (2007), and The Help (2011).
References
1941 births
Living people
Drama Desk Award winners
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Atlanta
Arthur Hervet

Arthur Hervet (11 November 1938 - 23 November 2020) was a French Roman Catholic priest. He was a member of the Assumptionists. He was known for his fight for Romani people. He was born in Bannalec, France.
In the mid-1980s, Hervet became chaplain of a Church boat in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine called the Je Sers. He founded the association La Pierre Blanche which helped the homeless and former prisoners.
Hervet died in Lille on 23 November 2020 at the age of 82.
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
French Roman Catholic priests
Fur trade

The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the gain and sale of animal bodies, or parties. It is still a on going tradition. The North American fur trade flourished for 250 years. This long time can be roughly divided into three sections:
the "French Era" from 1600 to 1760 (See Coureur de bois)
the "British Era" from 1760 to 1816
the "American Era" from 1816 to 1850 (See John Jacob Astor)
Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major fur supplier of Western Europe and parts of Asia.
The North American fur trade was a central part of the early history of contact in The New World (North America) between European-Americans and Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada.
The North American fur trade flourished for 250 years. This long time can be roughly divided into three sections:
the "French Era" from 1600 to 1760 (See Coureur de bois)
the "British Era" from 1760 to 1816
the "American Era" from 1816 to 1850 (See John Jacob Astor)
One of the earliest companies in the fur trade business was the Hudson's Bay Company, which was created by an English royal charter in 1670. The company still exists today, but now works in the retail business and operates a number of department stores in Canada, the United States and all around the world.
Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major fur supplier of Western Europe and parts of Asia.
The North American fur trade was a central part of the early history of contact in The New World (North America) between European-Americans and Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada.
The North American fur trade flourished for 250 years. This long time can be roughly divided into three sections:
the "French Era" from 1600 to 1760 (See Coureur de bois)
the "British Era" from 1760 to 1816
the "American Era" from 1816 to 1850 (See John Jacob Astor)
One of the earliest companies in the fur trade business was the Hudson's Bay Company, which was created by an English royal charter in 1670. The company still exists today, but now works in the retail business and operates a number of department stores in Canada, the United States and all around the world.
References
Barbara Huck (2000) Exploring the Fur Trade Routes of North America (2nd Ed: May 2002)
Other websites
The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Great Fur Trade Canoes
A Brief History of the Fur Trade
History of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin
Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron, Nebraska USA
Commerce
Trade routes
Luník IX

Lunik IX is a borough (city ward) in the city of Kosice, Slovakia, in the Kosice II district. It is located in the western-central part of the city, surrounded by the boroughs of Peres, Myslava, Barca, Juh and Zapad.
Lunik IX houses the largest community of Romani people in Slovakia. It was originally built for 2,500 people. Estimates are that its population in 2021 is three times larger. Living standards are low. Services such as gas, water, and electricity are usually cut off, because the majority of inhabitants are not paying rent or utilities fees.
Health standards are low: diseases such as hepatitis, head lice, diarrhoea, scabies, and meningitis are common. Almost all people in the borough do not have a job. The borough has one elementary school and a kindergarten.
Lunik IX is serviced by a bus line, which stops only on selected bus stops. Boarding the bus is only allowed through the front door. Due to frequent attacks of aggressive residents, bus drivers deployed on the line receive a hazard pay.
History
There was a Romani village which was close by, but it was demolished in 1979. The Romani people were moved into Lunik IX. There was a landfill nearby. In the 1980s, about 2.000 people lived in Lunik IX, about half of them were Romani. Over time, the non-Romani population moved away, with the Romani taking flats after their departure, and the borough turned into a Romani ghetto.
In 1995, the city council of Kosice created a plan for the living conditions of dodgers, the maladjusted, and people from illegally occupied flats around Kosice. They were to be moved into Lunik IX, with "non-problematic" families being moved out if they requested it. The realization of this plan is on-going.
Statistics
Area:
Population: 6,411 (December 2017)
Density of population: 6,000/km2 (December 2017)
District: Kosice II
Mayor: Marcel Sana (as of 2018 elections)
References
Webarchive template wayback links
Coordinates on Wikidata
Geography of Slovakia
Margrave

A Margrave () is a German nobleman.
Originally the Holy Roman Emperor would give a Markgraf an area of the borders (the Marches or ) to look after. The Margrave would have to protect the people in the area from invaders, and at the same time protect the empire.
A Markgraf ranked higher than a graf, but lower than a duke. The Margraves of Brandenburg were in control of such an important area that they were made Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, which was the highest honour in the Imperial Parliament. There were no Kings in the Empire, so when the Margraves of Brandenburg took control of some territory outside the empire as well, they could call themselves King in Prussia.
As the Middle Ages ended and Europe and the Holy Roman Empire became more secure the military importance of the Margraves became less. At the end of the German Empire in 1918, there were no Markgrafs left. All had been given higher title, but may have kept the Markgraf title as an extra. The Kings of Prussia, for example, always kept the lower title Margraves of Brandenburg.
History of Germany
German nobility
Eden, Idaho

Eden is a city in Idaho in the United States.
Cities in Idaho
Jerome County, Idaho
Yankee Senor

The Yankee Senor is a 1926 American western movie. It was directed by Emmett J. Flynn. Actors include Tom Mix, Olive Borden, Tom Kennedy, Francis McDonald, Margaret Livingston, and Kathryn Carver. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1926 movies
1920s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
American silent movies
Movies directed by Emmett J. Flynn
Rashad Evans

Rashad Anton Evans (born September 25, 1979 in Niagara Falls, New York) is an American mixed martial artist. He currently fights for the UFC and fights out of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Evans is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Championship and was the winner of The Ultimate Fight season 2 in the heavyweight division. Evans holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Gaidojutsu
Other websites
Rashad Evans' Official website
Sportspeople from New York (state)
American mixed martial artists
1979 births
Living people
Jorge Vergara

Jorge Carlos Vergara Madrigal () (3 March 1955 - 15 November 2019) was a Mexican businessman and movie producer. He was born in Guadalajara. He was the founder of the company Grupo Omnilife. He owned the football club C.D. Guadalajara. Vergara was also owner of Costa Rican football team Saprissa.
Vergara produced movies such as The Assassination of Richard Nixon and the Oscar-nominated Y Tu Mama Tambien through the production company, Producciones Anhelo.
Vergara died on 15 November 2019 in New York City of a heart attack at the age of 64.
References
1955 births
2019 deaths
Mexican businesspeople
Mexican movie producers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Socialist Republic of Macedonia

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia (), was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and a nation state of the Macedonians.
References
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1963 establishments in Europe
1991 disestablishments in Europe
History of North Macedonia
Kilbourne, Louisiana

Kilbourne is a village in West Carroll Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Villages in Louisiana
Settlements in West Carroll Parish, Louisiana
Endicott Peabody

Endicott Peabody (February 15, 1920 - December 1, 1997) was an American politician. He was the 62nd Governor of Massachusetts from January 3, 1963 to January 7, 1965. Peabody was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Peabody ran for the United States Senate of Massachusetts, but lost to Edward Brooke. He then ran for Vice President of the United States in 1972, but lost to Edmund Muskie. He then moved to New Hampshire where he ran for other political offices there, but always lost.
Peabody died in Hollis, New Hampshire from leukemia, aged 77.
References
Other websites
Official Governor of Massachusetts Governor Biography
1920 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Cancer deaths in New Hampshire
Governors of Massachusetts
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Politicians from New Hampshire
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Mesozoic

The Mesozoic Era was the geological era in which dinosaurs lived, as well as the first mammals. It lasted about 186 million years, starting 252.2 mya (million years ago) with the P/Tr extinction and ending 65 mya with the K/T extinction (the one that killed all dinosaurs except birds).
Dinosaurs appeared around 231 mya (21 million years after the beginning of the Mesozoic). They evolved from the reptiles called archosaurs. Modern birds and crocodiles are part of that group.
Although mammals originated in the Upper Triassic, they did not live like dinosaurs. Mammals spent most of the long Jurassic and Cretaceous periods as small nocturnal animals living mainly in forests. Most lost their colour vision. Mammals today have some colour vision. Most have red-green colour blindness, with only two types of cone cells. Some Primates evolved a third type of cone cell, which gives them trichromacy. Colour is needed in forests to spot ripe fruit.
The Mesozoic is the middle of the three eras that make up the Phanerozoic eon. Before the Mesozoic was the Palaeozoic era. The K/T extinction in 65 mya also marks the beginning of the Cenozoic era, the one we live in.
The three Mesozoic periods were:
Triassic (252-201 mya)
Lower Triassic (252-247 mya)
Middle Triassic (247-237 mya)
Upper Triassic (237-201 mya)
Jurassic (201-145 mya)
Lower Jurassic (201-176 mya)
Middle Jurassic (176-161 mya)
Upper Jurassic (161-145 mya)
Cretaceous (145-66 mya)
Lower Cretaceous (145-100 mya)
Upper Cretaceous (100-65 mya)
Ecology
The ecology of this world was quite different to that of the Pleistocene, the era when humans evolved. For much of human history we lived in a cold world with quite a sharp difference between land and sea.
The Mesozoic was a much warmer world, with a higher temperature, and a high water stand. There was little or no ice at the poles and the continents had large areas covered with shallow continental seas.
Moreover, the continents were all quite near each other, or actually touching. Many land animals could walk or swim to other continents. Actually, the Mesozoic starts off with all the continents together in Pangaea. They stayed pretty close for the rest of the Mesozoic.
Textbooks have always described how the Mesozoic was the age of the dinosaurs, which has even more sense now that we know birds descended from land dinosaurs. It was the age, too, of extraordinary marine reptiles. Mammals were mainly small nocturnal animals which scurried around in the night-times of the great forests. We know from their loss of colour vision (which is trichromatic in fish and reptiles) that mammals lived a nocturnal life.
Plants
For most of the Mesozoic, the plants were different from those of today. Only in the Upper Cretaceous do we find flowering plants of the modern kind. Before then ferns, cycads and conifers covered the land. They were the typical food of the huge vegetarian dinosaurs. Horsetails like Equisetum formed the understory of the huge conifer forests.
References
Mesozoic
Aleksandr Aksinin

Aleksandr Timofeyevich Aksinin (, 4 November 1954 - 28 July 2020)) was a Soviet athlete. He won a gold medal winner of the 4 x 100m relay at the 1980 Summer Olympics. He also won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Aksinin was born in Leningrad.
Aksinin died on 28 July 2020, aged 65.
References
1954 births
2020 deaths
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Soviet Olympic bronze medalists
Soviet sprinters
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Townshend, Vermont

Townshend is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States.
Towns in Vermont
Machy, Aube

Machy is a commune in Aube in north-central France. In 2017, 115 people lived there.
References
Machy, Aube
Piero Angela

Piero Angela (; 22 December 1928 - 13 August 2022) was an Italian television host, science journalist, writer and pianist. He was best known for creating documentaries that were inspired by the BBC and David Attenborough.
Angela died on 13 August 2022 in Cagliari, Italy at the age of 93.
References
1928 births
2022 deaths
Italian television personalities
Italian journalists
Italian pianists
People from Turin
Tarzan (TV series)

Tarzan is a television series. It aired on NBC from 1966 to 1968. Tarzan was played by Ron Ely. The character is depicted as a well-educated man who has tired of civilization and returns to the jungle where he was raised. The show kept many of the elements of the classic movie series, such as "Cheeta". Other elements, such as "Jane", were dropped. This is because the producer Sy Weintraub wanted a "new look" for the story. CBS aired reruns during the summer of 1969.
1960s television series
Tarzan
Valparai

Valparai is a town in the district of Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. Valparai is 100 km away from the district headquarters Coimbatore. Areas in Valparai are mostly owned by private tea companies and large forest areas. It is a hill station, located 3500 feet(1100m) height above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats.
Earliest records say that in 1846 Ramasamy Mudaliar started a coffee plantation here. Later in 1864, the Karnatic coffee company started a coffee plantation in this area. In 1890, W.Wintil and Nordan bought this area from the Madras State Government (present Tamil Nadu) under the British Raj. Mr.Wintil deforested the forest areas in Valparai to cultivate tea and coffee.
According to the 2011 census, Valparai has a population of 70,859 with sex ratio of 1013 per 1000 males and literacy rate 78.47%. 59.68% of the population consist of Scheduled Castes and 1.75% population of the Scheduled Tribes.
References
Coimbatore district
Towns in Tamil Nadu
Spencer Grammer

Spencer Karen Grammer (born October 9, 1983) is an American actress best known for her roles as Summer Smith on the Adult Swim animated science fiction series Rick and Morty and as Casey Cartwright on the ABC Family college comedy-drama Greek. She is the daughter of Kelsey Grammer.
References
Other websites
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
1983 births
Living people
Charles Dolan

Charles Francis "Chuck" Dolan (born October 16, 1926) is an American billionaire. He is the founder of Cablevision. Dolan's business controls AMC Networks, MSG Networks, and The Madison Square Garden Company, which at one point were all part of Cablevision itself.
References
1926 births
Living people
American billionaires
Businesspeople from Cleveland
Angel of the North

The Angel of the North is a sculpture that is in Gateshead, England. It was made by the English sculptor Anthony Gormley. It was built in 1994 and was finished in 1998. It is made from copper, concrete and weathering steel.
Sculptures
Gateshead
1990s works
Human Touch (Bruce Springsteen song)

"Human Touch" is a 1992 song by Bruce Springsteen and is the title track from his ninth studio album Human Touch. It went to number 1 in Norway, Denmark, Spain and Italy and made the top 20 in New Zealand, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, Austria, Canada and Belgium. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1993.
Track listings
CD maxi
"Human Touch" - 6:28
"Souls of the Departed" - 4:16
"Long Goodbye" - 3:26
7-inch vinyl
"Human Touch" - 6:28
"Souls of the Departed" - 4:16
References
1992 songs
Rock songs
Bruce Springsteen songs
Hasan ibn Zayd

Hasan ibn Zayd, known as Great Dai, (born early 8th century, died 6 January 884) was a Persian king of the Tabaristan's Alids. He rebelled in Tabaristan (in 864) and fought with the Abbasids, Tahirids and the Saffarids dynasty. He created an independent Shia Islamic Alavid dynasty.
Hasan died in Amol.
Other websites
'ALIDS: Ecyclopedia Iranica
Mazandaran
History of Islam
Caliphates
8th-century births
884 deaths
Gillian Keegan

Gillian Keegan (born 13 March 1968) is a British politician and businesswoman. She was appointed the Education Secretary on 25 October 2022 and was previously Minister of State for Care and Mental Health from 6 September 2021 until 7 September 2022. She is a member of the Conservative Party. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Chichester since 2017.
Notes
References
Other websites
1968 births
Living people
UK MPs 2017-2019
UK MPs 2019-present
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Politicians from Lancashire
Kusel (district)

Kusel is a district (Kreis) in the south of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
The largest rivers are the Lauter and the Glan.
Towns and municipalities
References
Districts of Rhineland-Palatinate
Dalton City, Illinois

Dalton City is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Villages in Illinois
Andalusian nationalism

Andalusian nationalism called Andalucismo in Spanish, is the name given to the political separatist movement in the Iberian Peninsula. It wants the Andalusia people to be recognized as a "nation". The main political party is the Andalusian Nationalists Party but there are also smaller political groups supporting Andalusian nationalism, including Nacion Andaluza and Asamblea Nacional de Andalucia.
References
Politics of Spain
Nationalism
Andalusia
Konstrakta

Ana Duric, nee Ignjatovic, (born 12 October 1978), known professionally as Konstrakta is a Serbian singer and songwriter. She became famous as the lead vocalist of the indie pop band Zemlja gruva!, which was founded in 2007.
In 2019, Konstrakta decided to pursue a solo career. Konstrakta gained more significant recognition by representing Serbia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy with "In corpore sano". She finished 5th out of the 40 competing countries that year.
1978 births
Living people
Serbian singers
German papiermark

The German Papiermark (often just Papiermark) was the money of the Weimar Republic, from 1919 to 1923. On 15 November 1923 it was replaced by the Rentenmark, and in 1924, the Reichsmark became the official money. In 1914, the Gold standard was abolished; there was the First World War. The period when it was used was marked by a high inflation rate. At some time, the "millions" and billions of Mark were written in words, because there was not enough space on the paper.
Bills
Weimar Republic
Former currencies of Europe
Aubigny-en-Laonnois

Aubigny-en-Laonnois is a commune in the Picardie region in the Aisne department in north France.
Communes in Aisne
Rolex

Rolex is a Swiss company that makes watches and additional things for their watches. Their watches are often used as a status symbol. The watches are also often counterfeited, meaning people make fake watches that look like Rolexes, but are not.
Other websites
Rolex - The official site of Rolex
Companies of Switzerland
Wackersberg

Wackersberg is a municipality in Bad Tolz-Wolfratshausen, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
References
Bad Tolz-Wolfratshausen
Thymine

Thymine, or 5-methyluracil, is a pyrimidine base found in the nucleic acid DNA.
In RNA thymine is swapped for uracil to represent the same genetic information. In DNA, thymine (T) connects to adenine (A) by two hydrogen bonds. These pair bonds hold the two strands of the DNA double helix structure together.
Other websites
Computational Chemistry Wiki
Organonitrogen compounds
DNA
Baked potato

A baked potato is a type of cooked potato. It is done by using an oven to cook the potato. Some potato types are better for baking than others. Fillings and toppings might be added to it. It is also known as the jacket potato in some parts of the United Kingdom.
References
Baked foods
Potatoes
Mazaron ke phool

Published in December 2008 by Ilm-o-Irfan Publishers, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Pakistan , "Mazaron Ke Phool" (Graveyard Flowers) is the only Absurd Play in history of Urdu Literature. It was written by a Pakistan academic-writer, columnist and lawyer Mujtaba Haider Zaidi, the author of "Veto Oligarchy: the Fittest Deserve Supremacy".
Pakistani literature
Dainty green tree frog

The dainty green tree frog, dainty frog or graceful tree frog (Ranoidea gracilenta) is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in Queensland and New South Wales.
This frog lives in forests. It sits on reeds and floating plants in bodies of water, but it also lives in places where people grow fruit. In the winter, it climbs up to the tops of trees and stays away from water. In warmer weather, the female frog lays eggs on stems of grass in the water. The tadpoles take 14 days to become frogs.
The adult frog is 4.5 cm long. The dainty green tree frog is bright green with orange eyes, yellow feet, and yellow color on its sides. It is related to Ranoidea chloris.
References
Frogs of Australia
Miami Sound Machine

Miami Sound Machine was an American Latin music group. It started in 1975. It was originally called "Miami Latin Boys". In 1977, Gloria Estefan and another woman joined the group. After that, the group was renamed to "Miami Sound Machine". The group became very successful after Estefan joined.
The band had hit songs and albums. Starting with their album, Let it Loose, the group was called "Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine". In 1989, the group name was dropped. Estefan started performing under her name alone.
In 2002, a new group formed using the "Miami Sound Machine" name. That group did not have any of the previous band members. They were not very successful.
Albums
Live Again/Renacer (1977)
Miami Sound Machine (1978)
Imported (1979)
Miami Sound Machine (1980)
Otra Vez (1981)
Rio (1982)
A Toda Maquina (1984)
Eyes of Innocence (1984)
Primitive Love (1985)
Let It Loose (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine) (1987)
Cuts Both Ways (Estefan's debut solo album) (1989)
Miami Sound Machine: Miami Sound Machine (2002)
References
American pop music groups
Decatur County, Indiana

Decatur County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 25,740 people lived there. The county seat is Greensburg.
References
1822 establishments in Indiana
Indiana counties
Nikita Filatov

Nikita Vasilyevich Filatov (; born May 25, 1990) is a Russian professional ice hockey player who is currently a member of Salavat Yulaev of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Filatov was loaned to HC CSKA Moscow of the KHL by the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL) in December, 2011.
Other websites
Russian Prospects Profile
1990 births
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Living people
Ottawa Senators players
Russian ice hockey players
Springfield Falcons players
Syracuse Crunch players
American Hockey League players
Vito Fossella

Vito John Fossella Jr. (born March 9, 1965) is an American Republican politician and Borough President of Staten Island since 2022. He represented New York's 13th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives for six terms, from 1997 to 2009.
In March 2021, Fossella announced that he was running for Borough President of Staten Island and won the Republican nomination in July. He was elected Borough president in November 2021.
References
1965 births
Living people
United States representatives from New York (state)
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from New York City
Staten Island borough presidents
Julian McMahon

Julian McMahon (born 27 July 1968, in Sydney, Australia) is an Australian actor and former model. His father, Sir William McMahon was Prime Minister of Australia from 1971 to 1972. McMahon is best known for playing Cole Turner on the television series Charmed, Doctor Doom in the 2005-2007 Fantastic Four movie series and Christian Troy on the series Nip/Tuck.
Other websites
1968 births
Living people
Australian television actors
Charmed
Actors from Sydney
Australian models
Australian movie actors
Woodson County, Kansas

Woodson County (standard abbreviation: WO) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010 census, 3,309 people lived there. Its county seat is Yates Center.
History
19th century
In 1855, Woodson County was created.
Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (1.5%) is water.
People
Government
Presidential elections
Woodson County is very Republican. The only Democrat to win the county was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. Woodrow Wilson won a plurality in 1912.
Education
Unified school districts
Woodson USD 366
Communities
Cities
Yates Center
Toronto
Neosho Falls
Ghost towns
Defiance - located six miles east of Yates Center. The people moved to Yates Center after it was chosen as the permanent county seat in 1876.
Kalida - located two miles south of Yates Center. The people moved to Yates Center after it was chosen as the permanent county seat in 1876
References
More reading
Standard Atlas of Woodson County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 38 pages; 1904.
Other websites
County
Woodson County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
Woodson County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Kansas counties
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Izu Ōshima

Izu Oshima (Yi Dou Da Dao , Izu-oshima) is a Populated volcanic island in the Izu Islands in the Philippine Sea on the coast of Honshu Island in Japan with 22km (14 miles) to east of the Izu Peninsula and 36km (22 miles) to southwest of Boso peninsula.
References
Other Websites
Islands of Japan
Jussy-le-Chaudrier

Jussy-le-Chaudrier is a commune. It is in Centre-Val de Loire in the Cher department in central France. In 2020, 588 people lived there.
References
Communes in Cher
Whitney embedding theorem

The Whitney embedding theorem is a theorem in differential topology. It is named after Hassler Whitney, an American mathematician. It says that a manifold (or real-life object in space) can be shown on a flat thing like a piece of paper.
Mathematical theorems
Topology
Sara Anzanello

Sara Anzanello (July 30, 1980 - October 25, 2018) was an Italian volleyball player in the middle hitter-blocker role. Anzanello was born in San Dona di Piave, Venice. She played for Italy national team in 1998, when she was 17 years old. She had a total of 203 caps for her team.
Anzanello died on October 25, 2018 from leukemia in Venice at the age of 38.
References
Other websites
Official website
1980 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Italian volleyball players
1593

1593 was a common year.
Events
May 18 - Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
June 22 - Ottoman Empire defeated in Battle of Sisak, their first defeat in Europe.
July 25 - King Henry IV of France returns to Catholicism, and is recognized as King in most of France.
Births
July 8 - Artemisia Gentileschi, Italian painter
October 27 - Mumtaz Mahal, Mughal empress
Satya Wacana Christian University

Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University) is a university in Salatiga, Java, Indonesia. It is a private, Christian university.
20th-century establishments in Indonesia
1956 establishments in Asia
Colleges and universities in Indonesia
Central Java
John Backus

John Warner Backus (December 3, 1924 - March 17, 2007) was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented FORTRAN, the first widely used high-level programming language. He was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form (BNF).
He received the National Medal of Science in 1975 and the 1977 ACM Turing Award.
References
1924 births
2007 deaths
American computer scientists
American inventors
Scientists from Philadelphia
Scientists from Delaware
Lee Teng-hui

Lee Teng-hui (15 January 1923 - 30 July 2020), sometimes called the "father of Taiwan's democracy", was a politician of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan). He was the President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000.
Lee died of sepsis caused by multiple organ failure in Taipei on 30 July 2020, aged 97.
References
Other websites
Biography from Office of the President, ROC
Friends of Lee Teng-Hui Association
Lee Teng-Hui Academy
America and Taiwan, 1943-2004
Cornell University Magazine Profile
1923 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from sepsis
Presidents of the Republic of China
Mayors of Taipei
Bogalusa, Louisiana

Bogalusa is a city in Louisiana.
Cities in Louisiana
Settlements in Washington Parish, Louisiana
Quarterback sack

A quarterback sack is a move in American football. A defender rushes past the line of scrimmage and tackles the quarterback for a loss of yardage. In the National Football League, New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan made 22.5 sacks in the 2002 season alone, which remains a record.
American football
Sports words
sv:Amerikansk fotboll#Sammanfattning av termer i amerikansk fotboll
Westendorf, Tyrol

Westendorf is a municipality of the district of Kitzbuhel in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Thomas Szasz

Thomas Stephen Szasz (April 15, 1920 - September 8, 2012) was a psychiatrist and academic. He was a libertarian. In 1961 Szasz's third and most well known book, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, was published. Szasz died when he was 92.
Early life
Szasz was born in Budapest in Hungary to Jewish parents. He grew up speaking German and Hungarian. He also spoke French. In 1938 Szasz moved with his family to the United States. He studied medicine at the University of Cincinnati. However, he was more interested in politics and philosophy. In 1956 Szasz became a professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York in Syracuse.
Szasz's arguments
Szasz was a heretic in psychiatry. This means that his opinions were very different to the ideas generally accepted within psychiatry. He said that psychiatry is a pseudoscience. He compared it to religion. In Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry, Szasz argued that schizophrenia is a symbol that is 'worshipped' by psychiatrists in the same way that Christians worship Christ. He said that mental illness is not an illness of the brain but "problems of living". People described Szasz as being 'anti psychiatry'. In response to this Szasz wrote a book called Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared. He believed that mental hospitals are like prisons.
He argued that "death control", or the right to killing oneself, is a human right like birth control. However, he was against euthanasia by the state. Szasz did not believe that drug addiction is a disease. Instead, he thought that it is a social habit. He thought that drugs should be made legal.
Szasz was an atheist.
References
1920 births
2012 deaths
American atheists
Hungarian Jews
Scientists from Budapest
American psychiatrists