pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pierre Part, Louisiana

Pierre Part is a census-designated place (CDP) in Assumption Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Census-designated places in Assumption Parish, Louisiana
List of presidents of France

This is a list of presidents of France.
List of presidents
French First Republic (1792-1804)
French Second Republic (1848-1852)
French Third Republic (1870-1940)
Political parties
French Fourth Republic (1946-1958)
Political Party:
French Fifth Republic (1958-present)
References
University of Miami

This is the university in Florida. For the university in Ohio, see Miami University.
The University of Miami is a private university in Coral Gables, Florida. Some people call the university "Miami of Florida," or "UM."
References
Other websites
University of Miami
Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in Florida
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1925 establishments in Florida
Matsuura River

Matsuura River (Song Pu Chuan , Matsuuragawa) is a river in Japan on the island of Kyushu . It flows through the territory of Saga Prefecture
The source of the river is located under Mount Seira (Qing Luo Shan , 599 m high), in the city of Takeo . The river flows north through the mountains, the Tanomi (Niao Hai Chuan ) river flows into it there, as well as the Kyuragi River (Yan Mu Chuan ) near Ochi village. Below Ochi, Matsuura flows through the plain, merges with the Tokusue River (De Xu Hui Chuan ) and flows into the Karatsu Bay of the Sea of Japan in the city of Karatsu.
The river is 47 km long, about 100 thousand people live in its basin (446 km2). According to the Japanese classification, Matsuura is a first class river.
About 84% of the river basin is occupied by natural vegetation, about 15% is agricultural land, and about 1% is built up.
The average spot on the river basin gets 2100 mm of rain per year.
Notes
Rivers of Japan
List of country musicians from Alabama

Pages appear in :Category:Country musicians from Alabama
This is a list of famous country musicians that are from Alabama, USA.
Hank Williams (d. 1953)
Emmylou Harris (born 1947)
In 1927 Jimmie Rodgers and other musicians made recordings in Tennessee; Those recording sessions (the Bristol Sessions) are sometimes called the "birthplace of country music".
Some country musicians moved to Alabama (but did not grow up there), including
Sara Evans (born 1971)
Related pages
Alabama (band)
Sources
Alabama
|Alabamaa
The Great American Broadcast

The Great American Broadcast is a 1941 American musical comedy movie directed by Archie Mayo and starring Alice Faye, John Payne, Jack Oakie, Cesar Romero, James Newill, The Ink Spots. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1941 comedy movies
1941 musical movies
American musical comedy movies
Movies directed by Archie Mayo
Belle Fourche, South Dakota

Belle Fourche is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Butte County.
Cities in South Dakota
County seats in South Dakota
Ryuji Kawai

Ryuji Kawai (born 14 July 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.
Club career statistics
|-
|1997||rowspan="6"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2000||J. League 2||13||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="8"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||11||0||3||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|-
|2004||9||0||1||0||3||0||3||1||16||1
|-
|2005||22||1||0||0||2||0||3||0||27||1
|-
|2006||25||1||3||0||9||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2007||33||3||2||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||42||3
|-
|2008||20||3||3||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||28||3
|-
|2009||11||0||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
145||8||18||1||31||0||6||1||200||10
145||8||18||1||31||0||6||1||200||10
|}
References
Yokohama F. Marinos
1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
International Business Times

The International Business Times (IBT), or simply the IBTimes, is an American online news publication. It publishes seven national editions in four languages. It offers news, opinion and editorial commentary on business and commerce. IBT is one of the world's largest online news sources, having forty million unique visitors each month. It was launched in 2005. It was founded by Etienne Uzac and Johnathan Davis. Its headquarter is in New York City.The current editor is Peter.S. Goodman.
History
In late 2005, Uzac and Davis, in New York, launched the IBT website.On August 4, 2013, IBT Media purchased "Newsweek " another news site. Peter S. Goodman, news editor of The Huffington Post, became editor in 2014. Goodman left the company in 2016. IBT Media later renamed as Newsweek Media Group.In September 2018, Newsweek Media Group once again became IBT Media with "Newsweek" became an independent company.
News and Content
In 2016, IBT hired John Crowley, the Wall Street Journal'''s digital editor, as its UK editor-in-chief. According to The Guardian, "Crowley said his focus would be on helping the site break exclusives, in-depth storytelling and new forms of digital journalism". In 2017, International Business Times UK joined a partnership with Bloomberg, Channel 4 and the BBC to work together to combat the spread of fake news. Consequently. In June 2017, Jason Murdock -- who covers cyber security for the International Business Times UK'' -- won Digital Writer of the year at the Drum Online Media Awards.
References
Other websites
2005 establishments in New York (state)
American websites
News websites
Finn Døssing

Finn Dossing Jensen (27 April 1941 - 24 June 2022) was a Danish footballer. He played as a centre forward. He began his career with Viborg FF. He played for the Denmark under-21 team in 1963.
Dossing died on 24 June 2022, aged 81.
References
1941 births
2022 deaths
Danish footballers
Buckhurst Hill

Buckhurst Hill is a town and civil parish in Essex, England.
Towns in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Ford Mondeo

The Ford Mondeo is a line of large family luxury compact vehicles produced by The Ford Motor Company since 1992. There have so far been five generations of the Mondeo.
First Generation (Mk1 1992-1996)
The Ford Mondeo Mk1 was released on November 16, 1992 and went on sale on March 22, 1993. It was a class leader back in its day thanks to its fine ride and handling and was competing against many other modern cars such as the Honda Accord, the Toyota Carina and more. The car was sold as a 4 door sedan, hatchback, and station wagon. The Mk1 was discontinued in 1996 as the Mk2 replaces it.
Second Generation (Mk2 1996-2000)
The Mk2 Mondeo (or known as the Mk1 Mondeo facelift of makeover) started production in 1996. It was released due to bad problems with the Mk1 towards the time being of 1996: The headlights had bad performance, passengers would get squashed in the back seat of the car due to the small spacing between the front seats and the back, etc. The Mk2 lacked all that, but still kept a similar body to the Mk1. The Mk2 was discontinued in 2000 to leave space for the Mk3.
Third Generation (Mk3 2000-2007)
The Mk3 started production in October 2000 to replace the Mk2. The Mk3 featured an all new design compared to previous models. The Mk3 was also wider and more comfortable than the previous models. It included all new headlights too.
2003 saw a facelift of the Mk3. It featured Ford's new high-tech stereo, a more powerful A/C/Heater, and featured an updated interior. It also featured more classy body colours compared to the ones offered on the 2000-2003 Mk3.
They once again updated the model in 2005 to keep customers interested in the model. The Mk3 was discontinued in 2007 for the Mk4.
Fourth Generation (Mk4 2007-2014)
The Mk4 was released in May 2007 in the United Kingdom and had five different trim levels: Edge, Zetec, Ghia, Titanium, and Titanium X. The Ford Mondeo Mk4 is the successor to the Mk3 and has new sporty styling and more interior space, it received a facelift in October 2010. The Mk5 replacement was meant to arrive in 2013 but due to production delays, it was pushed back to October 2014.
Fifth Generation (Mk5 2014-2022)
The Mk5 Mondeo first launched in the US in 2012 as the Ford Fusion, it was meant to arrive in Europe in 2013 but production delays pushed its launch back to October 2014, due to production moving from Belgium to Spain. Like previous Mondeos, it comes in many bodystyles, engines and trim levels and is attractively styled. In March 2021, Ford announced that they will be ending production of the Mondeo in March 2022 due to falling sales and growing demand for SUV's like Ford's own Kuga which has often outsold it in recent years.
References
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Mondeo
St. Gallen

St. Gallen is a city in the eastern part of Switzerland. It is near Lake Constance. St. Gallen is the capital of the canton of St. Gallen. The city was founded as a monastery by the Irish monk Gallus in the 7th century. In the Middle Ages a city grew around the monastery. The role of the monastery (and the city) was very important in the Middle Ages. One of the three remaining manuscripts of the Nibelungenlied are from the monastery of St.Gallen. Today, the monastery, with its library, and parts of the old town are classed as an UNESCO World Heritage site.
The city is about 675 meters above sea level and is in a part of Switzerland with many hills. As of 2004, about 70,000 people lived in the city. The urban area has about 100,000 to 120,000 people.
In the 18th and 19th century the city became known for its embroideries, which are still very well-known. Every four years, there is the St.Galler Kinderfest (Children's festival). This is a large representation of the primary (and some secondary) schools in the city. It's usually in early summer.
The city also has an university, which is known for its courses in economics, and (to a lesser extent), law.
In Switzerland, the city is also known for St.Galler Bratwurst, and a fair centered around agriculture, held once a year, in autumn. That fair is called OLMA (Ostschweizerische Land- und Milchwirtschaftsausstellung, roughly translates to Exhibition of agriculture and milk economics of eastern Switzerland).
In early summer there is also an open-air rock festival. Its called Open-Air St.Gallen, and held in a valley, near the river. Since the weather is not always as good, in many years it's a battle with the mud.
Other websites
Official website of the city of St.Gallen
Imperial free cities
Jiichiro Date

was a Japanese freestyle wrestler. He won the world cup in 1973 and an Olympic gold medal in 1976 and placed third at the 1975 World Championships. He was born in Oita Prefecture, Japan.
Date died of a heart attack in Tokyo, Japan on 20 February 2018 at the age of 66.
References
Other websites
1952 births
2018 deaths
Japanese wrestlers
People from Oita Prefecture
Japanese Olympic gold medalists
Jim Lange

Jim Lange (August 15, 1932 - February 25, 2014) was an American game show host and disc jockey. He was best known to radio listeners for his work as an announcer on stations in California. He was best known to television viewers as the host of The Dating Game. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Lange died from a heart attack on February 25, 2014 at his home in Mill Valley, California. He was aged 81. He was survived by his wife of over 35 years, Nancy Fleming, who won the Miss America crown in 1961.
References
Other websites
1932 births
2014 deaths
American game show hosts
American radio personalities
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Nuremberg Zoo

Nuremberg Zoo () is a zoo in the southeast of Nuremberg, Germany. The zoo covers . It has about 300 species of animals and is one of the largest European zoos.
Other websites
Map of the zoo
Projekt Delphinlagune
Polar bear baby Flocke
Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Nuremberg
Zoos in Germany
Saint-Lyé

Saint-Lye is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
References
Communes in Aube
Frontier(s)

Frontier(s) () is a 2007 horror movie. It was first shown at the Agde Film Festival in 2007. It had a limited release in the United States. The movie was originally rated NC-17 by the Motion Picture Association of America. The movie makers didn't want this rating, so the movie was released unrated. Earlier, it was shown at the After Dark Horrorfest.
Plot
A far right candidate is elected to the French presidency. That causes violent riots and protests in Paris.
A street gang made up of Muslim Arab teens hopes to get away from Paris. They need cash, though. The teens: Alex, Tom, Farid, a pregnant woman named Yasmine and her brother Sami perform a robbery during the chaos. Sami is shot. The group splits up. Alex and Yasmine take Sami to a hospital.
At the hospital, emergency room staff tell the police about Sami. Sami wants Yasmine to run before the police catch her. Sami's dying wish is he doesn't want Yasmine to have an abortion. Alex and Yasmine run away. Sami dies at the hospital.
Yasmine and Alex are chained in a muddy-floored pig pen. Alex breaks Yasmine's chains and allows her to run away. When the captors find out Yasmine has escaped, the family patriarch, von Geisler, cuts Alex's Achilles tendons.
Back in the pig pen, von Geisler grants Alex his last wish. Alex is killed.
A woman named Eva tells Yasmine she (Eva) is obedient. The family promised her that her parents would come back for her someday. Eva and Hans care for rejected children in the mine.
Eva takes Yasmine down to dinner. The family is waiting for her. They find out that Von Geisler is a former and still practicing Nazi. He has lived in the inn since the end of World War II. Von Geisler offers a toast to the new person. Yasmine quickly grabs a large knife. She takes von Geisler hostage. Hans grabs a shotgun. He shoots von Geisler dead. Hans himself is shot dead by Karl.
Cast
Karina Testa as Yasmine
Aurelien Wiik as Alex
Samuel Le Bihan as Goetz
Estelle Lefebure as Gilberte
David Saracino as Tom
Chems Dahmani as Farid
Adel Bencherif as Sami
Maud Forget as Eva
Amelie Daure as Klaudia
Rosine Favey as La mere
Joel Lefrancois as Hans
Patrick Ligardes as Karl
Jean-Pierre Jorris as Von Geisler
Release
Frontier(s) was going to be one of the 8 Films to Die For at Horrorfest 2007. However, the United States' MPAA Ratings Board gave the movie an NC-17. So the movie was instead released unrated in ten U.S. theaters for one week. It was released on DVD the next week.
Reception
Manohla Dargis from The New York Times gave the movie high marks. She said: "There's enough blood in the unrated film Frontier(s) to satiate even the most ravenous gore hounds. The real surprise here is that this creepy, contemporary gross-out also has some ideas, visual and otherwise.
Rotten Tomatoes' approval rating was 55% for the movie. That was based on 20 reviews.
Jim Ridley from The Village Voice, gave the movie a negative review. He said: "Give the French a taste of neo-fascism, race riots and paramilitary crackdowns, and they seek solace in the American cinema's current favorite pastime - vigorously art-directed torture porn.
References
French horror movies
Swiss movies
2007 horror movies
Maple Plain, Minnesota

Maple Plain is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States.
Cities in Minnesota
Rap rock

Rap rock (also called rock rap or rock hip hop) is a genre of music that combines the vocals and compositions of hip hop with many forms of rock.
Rap rock has become popular with its sub-genres rap metal and rapcore. Some of the most famous rap rock musicians include Linkin Park, Hollywood Undead, P.O.D., Vanilla Ice, Kid Rock, Eminem, Deuce, Bizzy Bone and Roscoe Dash. The genre began during the 1980s and it is still popular today.
Fusion music genres
Hip hop genres
Rock music
Steinar Amundsen

Steinar Amundsen (4 July 1945 - 16 June 2022) was a Norwegian sprint canoeist. He won a world title in 1970 and 1975. He also won an Olympic gold medal in 1968. He also won a bronze medal at the 1972 Games. Amundsen was born in Baerum, Norway.
Amundsen died on 16 June 2022 in Royken, Norway at the age of 76.
References
1945 births
2022 deaths
Norwegian Olympic bronze medalists
Norwegian Olympic gold medalists
Canoeists
Journey to Arzrum (movie)

Journey to Arzrum () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Moisei Levin. It stars Dmitry Zhuravlyov, Serafim Azanchevsky, and Konstantin Khokhlov.
Actors
Dmitry Zhuravlyov as Alexander Pushkin
Serafim Azanchevsky as Ivan Paskevich
Konstantin Khokhlov as Nurtsev
Georgy Sochevko as Chernishev
Nikolay Ryzhov as Rayevsky
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1936 movies
Soviet drama movies
Harkstead

Harkstead is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 276 people living in Harkstead.
References
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Deekshabhoomi

Deekshabhoomi is a historical place in India where about 1,000,000 people were converted from Hinduism to Buddhism at a single moment on October 14, 1956. These people were people of lower classes who converted under the leadership of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Ambedkar felt that their human rights could only be protected as Bhuddists.
Deekshabhoomi is in the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra in central India. It is an important tourist attraction.
References
Buddhism
Hinduism
B. R. Ambedkar
Maharashtra
Buddhist temples
Sonia Scurfield

Sonia Scurfield, B.A (nee Onishenko; September 19, 1928 - June 14, 2018) was a Canadian businesswoman. She was a co-owner of the Calgary Flames hockey team from 1985 to 1994. She became only the second woman, and the only Canadian woman, to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup when the Calgary Flames won the National Hockey League championship in 1989. She was born in Hafford, Saskatchewan.
Scurfield died from stomach cancer on June 14, 2018 in Calgary, Alberta at the age of 89.
References
Other websites
Photo of Sonia Scurfield with the Stanley Cup
Stanley Cup Engraving Facts
"Calgary Flames" . Canadian Encyclopaedia.
Calgary Flames Team History
The Ultimate Canadian Sports Trivia Book by Edward Zawadzki, page 82
1928 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Canada
Canadian businesspeople
Sportspeople from Saskatchewan
Sportspeople from Calgary
Chinese postman problem

The Chinese postman problem is a mathematical problem of graph theory. It is also known as route inspection problem. Suppose there is a mailman who needs to deliver mail to a certain neighbourhood. The mailman is unwilling to walk far, so he wants to find the shortest route through the neighbourhood, that meets the following criteria:
It is a closed circuit (it ends at the same point it starts).
He needs to go through every street at least once.
If the graph travelled has an Eulerian path, this circuit is the ideal solution.
Alan Goldman of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards first coined the name 'Chinese Postman Problem' for this problem, as it was originally studied by the Chinese mathematician Mei-Ku Kuan in 1962.
Other websites
Chinese postman problem (at MathWorld)
References
Graph theory
Chazemais

Chazemais is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Epistle

An epistle (from the , epistole, meaning "letter") is a writing sent to a person or group of people. It is usually written as a formal letter. It was common in ancient Egypt, being taught to scribes. The letters in the New Testament from Apostles to Christians are usually referred to as epistles. Those letters said to have been written by Paul are known as the Pauline epistles and the others as the General epistles.
The epistles of Cicero, and of Pliny the Younger tell a lot about life at the time of the Romans. Ovid produced a number of letters while he was in exile at coast of the Black Sea, Seneca's letters influenced many epistle-writers of later times.
Letters
Genres
Christian genres
Rychely

Rychely (born 6 August 1987) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Bahia.
Club career statistics
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Tokyo||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||9||1||0||0||0||0||9||1
|-
|2007||16||1||0||0||4||0||20||1
|-
|2008||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||16||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||3
41||5||1||0||4||0||46||5
41||5||1||0||4||0||46||5
|}
References
1987 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Blasterjaxx

Blasterjaxx is a Dutch DJ and record producer duo, Thom Jongkind (born 1990) and Idir Makhlaf (born 1992). They originated in The Hague and has been active since 2010. They mainly produce big room house and electro house music.
References
Dutch DJs
Dutch record producers
Living people
Bobby Ryan

Bobby Ryan (born Robert Shane Stevenson; March 17, 1987 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Anaheim Ducks for 7 seasons.
Before playing in the NHL, Ryan played 4 seasons with the Owen Sound Attack of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 2nd overall pick by the Anaheim Ducks in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.
Awards
Ryan won the silver medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics with Team USA.
Other websites
Bobby Ryan's NHL Player Page
1987 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey right wingers
Anaheim Ducks players
Living people
Ontario Hockey League players
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Swedish Hockey League players
TriStar Pictures

TriStar Pictures, Inc. is an American movie studio and production company. The company is a member of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group. TriStar Pictures is a sister studio of the older Sony studio Columbia Pictures. Sony Pictures Television runs a special label called "TriStar Television" for certain productions.
TriStar Pictures was created in 1982 and founded as Nova Pictures by Victor Kaufman, a high-ranking employee at Columbia. He convinced Columbia, CBS, and HBO to give him money for a new studio, and the first movie made by TriStar was The Natural in 1984. After making several successful movies such as the Rambo series, TriStar was eventually combined with Columbia, which in turn was bought by Sony. Despite taking a backseat to Columbia in the present day, TriStar still makes movies once in a while either through TriStar Productions or by releasing movies from other Sony departments.
References
Sony
American movie studios
Molly Hatchet

Molly Hatchet is a southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. They were formed in 1971 by Dave Hlubek and Steve Holland.
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American hard rock bands
Southern rock bands
Musical groups from Florida
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Antinatalism

Antinatalism, or anti-natalism, is a philosophical stance and social movement that gives a negative value to starting life. Antinatalists argue that humans (and sometimes other sentient beings) should stop making kids because it is morally bad. People who believe that making kids is morally good are called natalists. The term antinatalism was likely used for the first time by Belgian author Theophile de Giraud in his book L'art de guillotiner les procreateurs: Manifeste anti-nataliste. South African philosopher David Benatar has also published books in support of antinatalism.
Arguments
Negative Utilitarianism is the idea that stopping pain is more important than making people happy. This makes it different from utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the idea that people should do the most useful thing. The most useful thing in utilitarianism is making people happy. People who believe in negative utilitarianism idea say that making happiness is not needed. Since life has bad things, it is not worth starting. Some supporters of this idea argue that the worst pains in life do not make up for the best moments. This makes life not worth starting because it is too risky.
Realism can support antinatalism. This is because supporters of the idea have evidence showing that most people have an optimism bias. This means that they see the world as better than it actually is.
Religion can support antinatalism. This is because some religious sects (groups) believe creating life traps souls in a bad world. The Manichaeans, the Bogomils, and the Cathars are some of these groups that believe in the idea. Others include the Marcionites, and the Encratites.
Criticism
Natalists say that making kids is good because most people are happy.
Related pages
Abortion
Childfree
Emil Cioran
Misanthropy
Pessimism
Right to die
Ethics
Ecclesiastes (Chapter 4)
References
Biology
Ethics
Philosophical movements and positions
Brooke County, West Virginia

Brooke County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. At the 2020 census, 22,559 people lived there. Its county seat is Wellsburg.
References
West Virginia counties
Nâzım Hikmet Ran

Nazim Hikmet Ran (15 January 1902 - 3 June 1963), commonly known as Nazim Hikmet, was a Turkish poet, playwright and novelist. He was well liked for the "lyrical flow of his statements". Hikmet was often arrested for his political beliefs. He spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile. His poetry has been translated into more than fifty languages.
References
1902 births
1963 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Turkish poets
Thessaloniki
Michael Steele

Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American conservative political commentator, attorney, and Republican Party politician. Steele was the seventh lieutenant governor of Maryland from 2003 to 2007. He was the first African-American elected to statewide office in Maryland.
He made an unsuccessful run in the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Maryland, losing to Democrat Ben Cardin. He was the Chair of the Republican National Committee from 2009 to 2011.
In 2020, he formally endorsed Joe Biden for the presidency.
References
1958 births
Living people
American political commentators
Lieutenant Governors of Maryland
Lawyers from Maryland
Businesspeople from Maryland
Republican Party (United States) politicians
African American politicians
Leonid Plyushch

Leonid Plyushch (Ukrainian: Pliushch Leonid Ivanovich; 26 April 1938 - 4 June 2015) was a Ukrainian mathematician and Soviet dissident. Plyushch became a dissident by taking a public stance on political hot topics of the time. He was arrested in January 1972 on charges of anti-Soviet activity, and was jailed for a year before his trial began.
Plyushch was born into a Ukrainian working-class family in 1938 in Naryn, Kirghizia. He died on 4 June 2015 in France, aged 77.
References
Other websites
PLYUSHCH, Leonid Ivanovych at the Dissident Movement in Ukraine Virtual Museum
1938 births
2015 deaths
Ukrainian politicians
Soviet dissidents
Ukrainian mathematicians
Nazi concentration camp

A Nazi concentration camp was one of the death camps and labor camps operated by the Nazis during the Second World War throughout the occupied territories of the Third Reich for the imprisonment, enslavement and extermination of Jews and others that Nazi party considered undesirable. These facilities were the culmination of the final solution that became the Holocaust. Most inmates were brought to the camps in cattle cars. Upon arrival, they were stripped of all possessions, made to undergo Selection (where the Nazis would determine who lives and who dies), had their hair cut off, etc. Conditions were extremely inhumane.
Some of the main concentration camps were:
Auschwitz - The largest and most "productive" of them all.
Sobibor
Chelmano
Related pages
Extermination camp
Nazi concentration camps in Norway
Elias Rahbani

Elias Hanna Rahbani (; 1938 - 4 January 2021) was a Lebanese musician, composer, songwriter, orchestra conductor and reality television personality. He composed more than 2500 songs. He wrote the soundtrack for more than 25 movies. He composed songs for many artists including Fairuz and Sabah. Rahbani was born in Antelias, Lebanon. His career began in 1962. He was a reality show judge on SuperStar and Star Academy.
Rahbani died on 4 January 2021 at a Beirut hospital from COVID-19, aged 82.
References
1938 births
2021 deaths
Lebanese musicians
20th-century composers
Songwriters
Conductors
Television personalities
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon
AIDS orphan

An AIDS orphan is a child who became an orphan because at least one of their parents died of AIDS. (An orphan is a child with no parents.)
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), use the term "AIDS orphan" to talk about children whose mothers died of AIDS before the child's 15th birthday, whether the child's father is still alive or not. Because of this, some people say that 80% of all "AIDS orphans" still have one parent who is still alive.
There are 70,000 new AIDS orphans a year. People in the past have guessed that by the year 2010, over 20 million children would be AIDS orphans.
Because most people who get AIDS are people who have sex, most people who die of AIDS are people who make most of their family's money (because most people who have sex are old enough to work). This means that many AIDS orphans need help from their country's government to live, and need money. This happens a lot in Africa especially.
In 2007, South Africa had more AIDS orphans than any other country, (although South Africa uses the term "AIDS orphan" differently than UNICEF and WHO. South Africa uses the term to talk about children under age 18 who lost either their father or their mother to AIDS). In 2005, the country with the highest percentage of AIDS orphans among the country's orphans was Zimbabwe.
References
Other websites
AIDS Orphan Resources Around the Globe
!Nam Child Wiki (Namibian Wiki on Children)
HIV/AIDS
1996 U.S. campaign finance scandal

The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic United States politics during the 1996 federal elections. The Chinese government denied all accusations. Twenty-two people were eventually convicted of fraud or for funneling Asian funds into the United States elections, and others fled U.S. jurisdiction.
In late 1996, the Justice Department opened a task force to investigate allegations of illegal donations to the Clinton/Gore re-election campaign and to Clinton's legal defense fund. Ultimately, Justice Department prosecutors secured the conviction of several fund-raisers for various offenses. John Huang served 500 hours of community service and paid a $10,000 fine. Johnny Chung served 3000 hours of community service. Charlie Trie served four months of in-home detention. Maria Hsia served 90 days of home detention and paid a $5,300 fine. Indonesian billionaire James Riady was fined $8.6 million. Ernest Green served three months home detention. Michael Brown served 150 hours of community service and paid a $5000 fine. In all, the Justice Department task force secured criminal convictions against 22 people by 2001.
References
1996 in the United States
1990s in China
One America Appeal

The One America Appeal is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded on 7 September 2017, by all five then living former U.S. Presidents: Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. This aimed to encourage support for recovery efforts for Hurricane Harvey, but was then extended to include areas most affected by Hurricanes Irma and Maria.
The appeal was launched when the five former Presidents aired a joint PSA on the NFL's regular season opening broadcast.
References
2017 establishments in the United States
Jimmy Carter
George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Political organizations based in the United States
Eoin MacNeill

Eoin MacNeil (15 May 1867 - 15 October 1945) was an Irish scholar, Irish language enthusiast, nationalist and politician who served as Minister for Education from 1922 to 1925, Ceann Comhairle of Dail Eireann from 1921 to 1922, Minister for Industries 1919 to 1921 and Minister for Finance January 1919 to April 1919. He served as a Teachta Dala from 1918 to 1927. He was a Member of Parliament for Londonderry City from 1918 to 1922 and a Member of the Northern Ireland Parliament for Londonderry from 1921 to 1925
Other websites
Tierney/MacNeill Photographs, collection of over 500 images, the largest parts of the collection relate to the political and academic careers of Eoin MacNeill and his son-in-law Michael Tierney, UCD Digital Library Collection.
Gallery
1867 births
1945 deaths
editors
Irish historians
Irish academics
Members of Dail Eireann
People from County Antrim
Sonny Fox

Irwin "Sonny" Fox (June 17, 1925 - January 24, 2021) was an American television host, executive, and broadcasting consultant. He was the fourth full-time host of the children's television program, Wonderama.
Fox died on January 24, 2021 from COVID-19 in Los Angeles, aged 95.
References
1925 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Television personalities from New York City
Businesspeople from New York City
Barbâtre

Barbatre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Communes in Vendee
Eden Valley, Minnesota

Eden Valley is a city in Meeker and Stearns counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. About 1,042 lived here since the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Minnesota
William III, Landgrave of Thuringia

William III (30 April 1425 - 17 September 1482), called the Brave (in German Wilhelm der Tapfere), was landgrave of Thuringia (from 1445) and claimant duke of Luxemburg (from 1457). He is actually the second William to rule Thuringia, and in Luxembourg; he was the third Margrave of Meissen named William.
1425 births
1482 deaths
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg
Wesel citadel

The Wesel citadel, German: Zitadelle Wesel, is a citadel in the town of Wesel. It was built between 1688 and 1722. Architect was Johan de Corbin.
The Wesel citadel was the most important fort in Wesel.
Nowadays it is used for cultural purposes.
Other websites
Wesel citadel
Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Forts in Europe
Wesel (district)
18th-century buildings and structures
Holding company

A Holding company is a company, which has the purpose of owning stock (or shares) of other companies. In most cases, such companies do not sell products or services, they manage the companies they (partly) own. Probably one of the best known holding companies was the "Standard Oil of New Jersey", founded in 1889, which is called ExxonMobil today.
In general, there are three forms:
the holding company owns stock/shares of other companies; activities are limited to managing the companies.
in addition to the above, the companies have a common management, which take the strategic decisions.
in addition to item 1, the management influences the distribution of capital to its daughter companies. The holding is mainly used for managing financial resources.
References
Companies
Hadenfeld

Hadenfeld is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Steinburg (district)
Kramfors Municipality

Kramfors Municipality () is a municipality in Vasternorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Kramfors.
References
Other websites
Kramfors Municipality
Municipalities of Vasternorrland County
Ge Cuilin

Ge Cuilin (1930 - 27 December 2022) was a Chinese children's writer and poet from Wuxi.
Ge won with multipe fairy tales the National Outstanding Children's Literature Award during the first (1980-1985), third (1992-1994) and seventh (2004-2006) awards. A puppet film was made of her fairy tale "Wild Grape" and won the 1986 Munich TV Festival Youth TV Program Award.
Ge died on 27 December 2022, at the age of 92.
References
Children's writers
Chinese writers
1930 births
2022 deaths
Place of death missing
Rare Earth hypothesis

The Rare Earth hypothesis suggests that life on Earth needed an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological circumstances. It is proposed by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee. If it is true, then the chances of extraterrestrial life elsewhere is close to none.
The idea has nothing to do with the chemicals known as rare earths. The proposed idea suggests that the Earth itself is rare. Certainly, we do not know how rare it is or is not. At present we cannot see planets as small as Earth orbiting their stars. Presumably that could be decided if our powers of magnification were great enough.
References
Earth
Omer Beriziky

Jean Omer Beriziky (born 9 September 1950) is a Malagasy politician and diplomat. He was the Prime Minister of Madagascar from 2011 to 2014. He was elected in 2011.
References
Other websites
1950 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Madagascar
Emilio Estrada

Emilio Estrada Carmona (May 28, 1855 - December 21, 1911) was President of Ecuador September 1 through December 21, 1911.
He died in office from complications of heart failure on December 21, 1911 in Quito, Ecuador, aged 56.
Other websites
Emilio Estrada C. at estrada.bz
Enciclopedia del Ecuador por Efren Aviles Pino
1855 births
1911 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Presidents of Ecuador
People from Cuenca, Ecuador
ThaMuseMeant

ThaMuseMeant is an American folk rock band from Virginia.
Musical groups from Virginia
American rock bands
Jim Bede

James R. "Jim" Bede (17 April 1933 - 9 July 2015) was an American aircraft designer. He designed well over a dozen aircraft since the 1960s, but a string of business failures have kept most of these designs out of widespread use.
Bede died of an aneurysm in Cleveland, Ohio, aged 82.
References
1933 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from aneurysm
People from Cleveland
Eco-nationalism

Eco-nationalism (or ecological nationalism) is the belief that a country should not use any foreign energy source, and should instead make their own clean energy. Eco-nationalism could also be a belief that a country's native species and landscapes are a part of it's cultural identity, and should be protected.
Examples
Eco-nationalist ideas were used in Estonian, Lithuanian and Ukrainian independence movements in the 1980's. Supporters were particularly against nuclear energy.
References
Nationalism
Death Takes a Holiday

Death Takes a Holiday is a 1934 American romantic fantasy drama movie directed by Mitchell Leisen and was based on the 1924 play La morte in vacanza by Alberto Casella. It stars Frederic March, Evelyn Venable, Guy Standing, Katherine Alexander, Kathleen Howard, Gail Patrick and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was remade as Meet Joe Black in 1998.
Other websites
1934 romantic drama movies
1930s fantasy movies
American romantic drama movies
American fantasy movies
Movies directed by Mitchell Leisen
Movies based on plays
Paramount Pictures movies
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born as Maria Ludwig Michael Mies; March 27, 1886, Aachen - August 19, 1969, Chicago) was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to, and was addressed, as Mies, his surname. Along with Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the first masters of modern architecture.
Significant buildings
Barcelona Pavilion
Tugendhat House
Crown Hall
Farnsworth House
860-880 Lake Shore Drive
Seagram Building
New National Gallery
Toronto-Dominion Centre
Westmount Square
References
Other websites
Mies van der Rohe Society
Mies van der Rohe Foundation
Mies in Berlin-Mies in America
Great Buildings Architects
Elmhurst Art Museum, featuring McCormick House
Richard King Mellon Hall, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
Travel guide to Mies Buildings
1886 births
1969 deaths
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
American architects
German architects
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Aachen
Allama Iqbal International Airport

Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore is the second-largest civil airport in Pakistan, serving the capital of Punjab province. It has both international and domestic air traffic. It was first called the Lahore International Airport, but it was renamed in 2003 for Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal. He was the Islamic poet-philosopher who was a major supporter for the creation of the state of Pakistan. The airport has parking for 20 aircraft, and the airport terminal can handle up to five million passengers a year.
References
Other websites
Allama Iqbal International Airport website
Airports in Pakistan
Thomas Carney

Thomas Carney (August 20, 1824 - July 28, 1888) was the second Governor of Kansas.
Biography
Carney was born in Delaware County, Ohio. His parents were James and Jane (Ostrander) Carney. James died in 1828, making his wife a widow, and it left four young sons without a father. Thomas stayed at home, farming with his mother, until he turned 19 years old. He studied in Berkshire, Ohio. He lived there with an uncle. He worked in mercantile businesses. He created a successful wholesale business in Leavenworth, Kansas. He was elected to the Kansas Legislature in 1861. He married Rebecca Ann Cannady on November 13, 1861.
Career
After he was State Representative, Carney was elected Governor of Kansas. He was governor from 1863 through 1865. While he was governor, he focused on developing the state and solving the problems caused by the Civil War. He was elected Mayor of Leavenworth in 1865. He created the First National Bank of Leavenworth. He was also director of the Lawrence and Fort Gibson Railroad Company. He continued in business until 1875.
Death
Carney died on July 28, 1888 in Leavenworth, Kansas. He died of apoplexy. He is buried in Leavenworth in Mount Muncie Cemetery.
References
Kansas Republicans
1888 deaths
1821 births
Governors of Kansas
19th-century American politicians
People from Leavenworth, Kansas
Politicians from Ohio
Anna Maria Bernini

Anna Maria Bernini (born 17 August 1965) is an Italian politician, lawyer and university professor. She has been a member of the Italian Senate since 2013. In 2022, she became the Minister of University and Research in the Giorgia Meloni government.
References
1965 births
Living people
Italian academics
Italian lawyers
Politicians from Emilia-Romagna
People from Bologna
Corsept

Corsept is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Wimmenau

Wimmenau is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Sevierville, Tennessee

Sevierville is a city in and the county seat of Sevier County, Tennessee. 14,807 people lived here at the 2010 United States Census.
References
Cities in Tennessee
County seats in Tennessee
Sevier County, Tennessee
General-purpose programming language

A general-purpose programming language is a way to tell a computer what to do that makes a user's job easy and quick without much confusion. It is not restricted to only one field (e.g. HTML). They can be used for many different things. One example is BASIC, invented by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963.
programming languages
Burnhaupt-le-Bas

Burnhaupt-le-Bas is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Herman Krebbers

Herman Krebbers (18 June 1923 - 2 May 2018) was a Dutch violinist. He was born in Hengelo, Overijssel. In 1943 the 19-year-old violinist debuted with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and eventually became the Orchestra's Concertmaster in 1962. In parallel he led a career as a soloist and a chamber musician.
References
1923 births
2018 deaths
Musicians from Overijssel
People from Hengelo
Violinists
Vermillion, South Dakota

Vermillion is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Clay County, and it became a city in 1877. Vermillion is the tenth largest city in South Dakota; 10,571 people lived there at the 2010 census. The city is home to the University of South Dakota, a major college in the state.
References
Other websites
City of Vermillion website
County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1877 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Dakota Territory
Weather radar

A weather radar is a type of radar used to show where precipitation is. Weather radar can tell the movement of precipitation, what type it is (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future.
Modern weather radars are mostly Doppler radars, which can find the direction and speed of rain drops and the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of information can be used to find the structure of storms and tell if they signify any severe weather (tornadoes, flash floods, etc.).
References
Other websites
Radar tutorial
Weather Underground
Canadian weather radar FAQ
Meteorology
Radar
Irregular galaxy

An irregular galaxy is a galaxy that does not have a distinct regular shape, like a spiral or an elliptical galaxy.
Irregular galaxies do not fall into any of the regular types of the Hubble sequence. They do not have a bulge in the centre, nor any trace of spiral structure. They are quite common: they may make up a quarter of all galaxies. Most were once spiral or elliptical galaxies but were deformed by gravitational pull. Irregular galaxies also contain abundant amounts of gas and dust.
There are three sorts of irregular galaxies:
An Irr-I galaxy (Irr I) is an irregular galaxy that features some structure but not enough to place it cleanly into the Hubble sequence. Some of the irregular galaxies are small spiral galaxies that are being distorted by the gravity of a larger neighbour.
An Irr-II galaxy (Irr II) is an irregular galaxy that does not appear to feature any structure that can place it into the Hubble sequence.
Dwarf irregulars, This type of galaxy may be important, as they often have a low level of metallicity and relatively high levels of gas. This is similar to the earliest galaxies in the Universe. They may be a local (and recent) version of the faint blue galaxies known to exist in deep field galaxy surveys.
The Magellanic Cloud galaxies were once classified as irregular galaxies, but have since been found to contain barred spiral structures.
References
Galaxies