pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Caroline van der Plas

Carolina Ann Maria "Caroline" van der Plas (born 6 June 1967) is a Dutch journalist and politician. She is party leader of FarmerCitizenMovement (BoerBurgerBeweging - shortened BBB), a party focused on the interests of the rural environment in general and of the farmers in particular.
She started her career in journalism at the Deventer Dagblad and specialised in agricultural topics. From 2019 to 2020, she was chief editor of Pig Business magazine and pigbusiness.nl website.
She was co-founder of the FarmerCitizenMovement in 2019 and list puller in the 2021 Dutch general election. Van der Plas was the only one of her party who was elected, so she has been both parliamentary group leader and an MP since March 2021.
Van der Plas was born Cuijk and lives in Deventer. She is a widow (her husband passed away in 2019) with two sons. Her father was a well-known Deventer sports journalist and her (from Ireland originating) mother a CDA alderwoman in the same Overijssel city. She herself was also a member of the CDA party. In 2018, she gave up membership because of the lack of support for the farmer's interests in her opinion.
Her party in recent months has surged ahead in Opinion Polling; following a strong showing in the 2023 Elections.
References
Bio at Parlement.com
de Stentor
Agraaf
1967 births
Living people
Dutch journalists
Dutch party chairs
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
People from Deventer
Politicians from North Brabant
Writers from North Brabant
Mettingen

Mettingen is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Mettingen is about east of Rheine and west of Osnabruck.
Places close to Mettingen
Villages close to Mettingen are Recke in the west, Neuenkirchen, (Lower Saxony) in the north, Ibbenburen in the south and Westerkappeln in the east.
Notable persons
The founders of the textile company C&A, Clemens and August Brenninkmeyer, were born in Mettingen. Also Annika Suthe, participant of the 2004 Summer Olympics (javelin throw) was born there.
References
Other websites
Steinfurt (district)
Santa Cruz Sentinel

The Santa Cruz Sentinel is a daily newspaper made in Santa Cruz, California, and covers Santa Cruz County, California. The newspaper is owned by Media News Group.
1856 establishments in California
Santa Cruz County, California
Newspapers in California
Laterns

Laterns is a municipality in Feldkirch in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.
References
Settlements in Vorarlberg
Kurrajong electorate

Kurrajong is one of the five multi-member electorates in the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. It is named after the original name for Capital Hill, which was called Kurrajong Hill by the early settlers.
Election results
References
Electorates of the Australian Capital Territory
Châlons-du-Maine

Chalons-du-Maine is a commune of 572 people (). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Mayenne
Fashion (2008 movie)

Fashion is a 2008 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed and co-produced by Madhur Bhandarkar starring Priyanka Chopra, Kangana Ranaut and Mugdha Godse in lead roles. The film's screenplay was co-written by Ajay Monga, Bhandarkar and Anuraadha Tewari and principal photography occurred in Mumbai and Chandigarh. Its music was composed by Salim-Sulaiman and the songs' lyrics were written by Irfan Siddiqui and Sandeep Nath.
It opened on 29 October 2008 to highly positive reviews. Critics praised its screenplay, cinematography, music, direction and performances. It collected at the box-office and was commercially successful. It earned 240 crore against a budget of 120 crore. This film was also a turning point in Chopra's career.
Fashion received several awards and nominations at ceremonies across India. At the 54th Filmfare Awards, the film received 7 nominations including Best Director and won 2 awards; Best Actress for Chopra and Best Supporting Actress for Ranaut. It also won Best Actress for Chopra and Best Supporting Actress for Ranaut at the 56th National Film Awards. Several publications listed Fashion as one of the "best women-centric films in Bollywood".
Cast
Priyanka Chopra as Meghna Mathur
Kangana Ranaut as Shonali Gujral
Mugdha Godse as Janet Sequeira
Arjan Bajwa as Manav Bhasin
Samir Soni as Rahul Arora
Ashwin Mushran as Rohit Khanna
Kitu Gidwani as Anisha Roy
Arbaaz Khan as Abhijit "Abhi" Sarin
Suchitra Pillai-Malik as Avantika Sarin, wife of Abhijit Sarin.
Rohit Roy as Kartik Suri, a photographer.
Raj Babbar as Mr. Mathur, Meghna's father.
Kiran Juneja as Mrs. Mathur, Meghna's mother.
Chitrashi Rawat as Shomu.
Manini Mishra as Sheena Bajaj.
Harsh Chhaya as Vinay Khosla.
Konkona Sen Sharma (cameo) as herself
Ranvir Shorey (cameo) as himself
Wendell Rodricks (cameo) as himself
Manish Malhotra (cameo) himself
Karan Johar (cameo) as himself
Madhur Bhandarkar (cameo) as himself
Diandra Soares (cameo) as herself
Pooja Chopra (cameo) as herself
Kanishtha Dhankhar (cameo) as herself
Aanchal Kumar (cameo) as herself
Sucheta Sharma (cameo) as herself
Alesia Raut (cameo) as herself
Noyonika Chatterjee (cameo) as herself
Hemangi Parte (cameo) as herself
Kavita Khadayat (cameo) as herself
Daman Chaudhary (cameo) as Makeup Artist
Usha Bachchani as Sheetal
Rakshanda Khan (cameo) as a reporter
Rohit Verma as Viren (special appearance)
Atul Kasbekar (Cameo) as a photographer
Sheena Bajaj as Meghna's cousin (child artist)
References
Giovanni Ferrari

Giorgio Ferrini (born 18 August, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1958-59||Varese||Serie C||34||10
|-
|1959-60||rowspan="16"|Torino||Serie B||38||4
|-
|1960-61||rowspan="15"|Serie A||32||2
|-
|1961-62||32||3
|-
|1962-63||34||2
|-
|1963-64||32||7
|-
|1964-65||33||10
|-
|1965-66||28||1
|-
|1966-67||33||2
|-
|1967-68||28||4
|-
|1968-69||18||2
|-
|1969-70||22||4
|-
|1970-71||21||0
|-
|1971-72||23||2
|-
|1972-73||29||0
|-
|1973-74||23||0
|-
|1974-75||17||0
477||53
477||53
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1962||3||0
|-
|1963||0||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||0||0
|-
|1967||1||0
|-
|1968||3||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}
References
1939 births
1976 deaths
Italian footballers
Sportspeople from Trieste
Hedylidae

Hedylidae is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order,
They are also called the "American moth-butterflies". Butterflies evolved from moths, and this group is rather moth-like.
They are living sister group to the butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea. In 1986, Scoble combined all 35 species into a single genus Macrosoma. They are all entirely neotropical species from central and southern America and the Caribbean.
DNA sequence analysis of this group continues.
References
Butterflies
EyeEm

EyeEm is a free online photo sharing service. The service is available as an app for iOS and Android devices and as a website . EyeEm offers users the opportunity to edit photos and share them with the photo community and also on other social networks . A "sell" function was also added in mid-2015, with EyeEm sharing the service's users with 50% of the revenue.
References
Companies of Germany
American League Championship Series

In Major League Baseball, the American League Championship Series (ALCS), played in October, is a playoff round that decides the winner of the American League pennant. The winner of the series moves on to play the winner of the National League Championship Series in baseball's championship, the World Series. It is a "best-of-seven" series, meaning the first team to win four games
History
In 1969, MLB expanded the leagues to two divisions. As a result, the League Championship Series was implemented. Originally, it was a best-of-five series, meaning a team had to win three games to advance to the World Series. In 1985, the LCS was expanded to a best-of-seven format.
Since 1995, the two winners of the ALDS advance to the ALCS.
List
Click the link on the far left for detailed information on that series.
+Denotes wild-card team (since 1995).
References
American League
Baseball lists
North America sport-related lists
Oxford Circus

Oxford Circus is the busy intersection of Oxford Street and Regent Street in the West End of London. It is served by Oxford Circus tube station, which is directly beneath the junction itself.
History
The Circus was constructed in the beginning of the 19th century, and was designed by John Nash.
Diagonal crossing
In 2009, Westminster City Council started a PS4m scheme for the area, allowing shoppers to cross the intersection diagonally as well as the usual 'straight ahead', turning it into a "pedestrian scramble", much like Tokyo's Shibuya crossing.
The crossing opened on November 2nd of the same year, by which time the cost had risen to PS5 million. The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, said it was "a triumph for British engineering, Japanese innovation and good old common sense". Others noted that a similar crossing in Balham, South London had opened in 2005 at a cost of only PS98,000.
References
City of Westminster
Roads in London
List of elements by boiling point

This is a list of elements sorted by their boiling point.
Element categories are shown with colors:
Chemistry lists
You Won't See Me

"You Won't See Me" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney, but listed as Lennon-McCartney. It was first released on the band's 1965 album Rubber Soul. It is about McCartney's bad relationship with Jane Asher at the time, when she wanted to become an actress. It was recorded during a very long recording session in November 1965. Author Mark Lewisohn called this final recording session a "marathon" recording session, because it lasted all through the night. This was to make sure Rubber Soul was released before Christmas.
Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
Paul McCartney - double-tracked lead vocal, bass guitar, piano
John Lennon - backing vocal, tambourine
George Harrison - backing vocal, lead guitar
Ringo Starr - drums, hi-hat
Mal Evans - Hammond organ
References
Sources
The Beatles songs
1965 songs
Anne Murray songs
Jamkaran

Jamkaran (; also Romanized as Jamkaran, Jamgaran, Jam-i-Karan, and Jam'karan) is a village in Iran. It is on the outskirts of the city of Qom.
References
Villages in Asia
Settlements in Iran
Big Energy

"Big Energy" is a song recorded by American rapper Latto. It was released on September 24, 2021, as a single from her album 777 (2022). It samples American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey's 1995 single "Fantasy", which samples the Tom Tom Club song "Genius of Love" (1981). The song topped Billboard's Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs radio chart.
A remix featuring Carey and DJ Khaled was released on March 28, 2022, and helped the song reach number three on the US Billboard Hot 100.
Charts
References
2021 songs
Hip hop songs
Mariah Carey songs
List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand

The Speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand (; ; ) is the presiding officer of the lower chamber of the National Assembly of Thailand.
The Speaker of the House of Representatives is a MP, usually from the majority party in the House of Representatives. The Speaker or the President is elected at the beginning of a House session immediately after an election, there are no term limits for the office.
List
References
Maasai

The Maasai are an ethnic group of people that live in Kenya and in the north of Tanzania. They are well known for the way that they dress and because they live near some national parks in Africa that a lot of tourists go to. They speak a language called Maa.
The Maasai are an old nomad African tribe in the group of Nilotes who have always lived in Africa principally in the north of Tanzania and southern Kenya. They were discovered by settlers around the 19th century.
They live near the African savannah in animal reserves, for example the Masaai Mara reserve and the Serengeti.
The women build houses called Manyatta; the men build a fence around the village to protect them from lions.
The Masaai people live with animals because they are pastrolists. The more cattle a Maasai man has, the richer he is. They can't live without animals because their wealth comes from them . The Masaai drink cow's blood because they believe they will be stronger.
The Maasai speak Maa, very similar in pronuncuation to their Nilotic counterparts, the Luo and Kalenjin.
They are Christians, animists (their own religion) and some Maasai are Muslim.
Physically, they are very tall and slim. Everybody wears bandannas and beaded jewellry, apply dye from dried up cow blood.
They shave their women during marriages and their men pay a lot of dowry,in form of cattle to the bride's family.
During initiation,the boys in their teen ages, jump over fire and kill a lion in order to be called men. There on,they can get married.
The Maa people have a bad practice of Female Genital Mutilation in order to make them 'women'. This is a bad practice as this could make the young girls die from complications in birth,over bleeding. But the government of Kenya, Tanzania and NGO's have educated the locals over the dangers of FGM.
Other websites
Ethnic groups in Tanzania
Ethnic groups in Kenya
United States Navy Reserve

The United States Navy Reserve (USNR), known as the United States Naval Reserve from 1915 to 2005, is the Reserve Component (RC) of the United States Navy.
Members of the Navy Reserve, called reservists. They are enrolled in the Selected Reserve (SELRES), the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR), the Full Time Support (FTS), or the Retired Reserve program.
References
United States Navy
Peter Shirayanagi

was a Japanese priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Tokyo.
Early life
Shirayanagi was born in Hachioji, Tokyo. He studied in Rome.
Priest
Shirayanagi was ordained as a priest in 1954.
Bishop
Shirayanagi was named Archbishop of Tokyo in 1970. As a leader of Japanese Bishops, Shirayanagi encouraged the Japanese to seek reconciliation with former enemies in Asia.
Cardinal
In 1994, Pope John Paul II created Cardinal Shirayanagi. He retired in 2000, and his title became "Emeritus Archbishop of Tokyo".
References
Other websites
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Shirayanagi, Peter Seiichi
Catholic-Hierarchy, Peter Seiichi Cardinal Shirayanagi
http://www.tokyo.catholic.jp/eng_frame.html ;
1928 births
2009 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
People from Tokyo
Roman Catholic archbishops
Chink (slur)

Chink or ching chong ( or Qing Chong (qing chong), is a racial slur for a Chinese person. It is primarily used in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, India, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malaysia. Sometimes, it can be used to refer to anyone of Asian heritage or appearance.
Related pages
Anti-Chinese sentiment
China
Chinese diaspora
Chinese Americans
Chinese Australians
Chinese Brits
Chinese Canadians
Chinese Malaysians
Chinese New Zealanders
Chinese Singaporeans
Pejoratives
English profanity
Slurs
Tochigi (city)

is a Japanese city in Tochigi Prefecture.
History
In the Edo period. Tochigi was a significant city.
In the early Meiji period, the city of Tochigi was the Prefectural capital of the old Tochigi Prefecture. After the old Utsunomiya Prefecture and Tochigi Prefecture merged, Tochigi City was briefly the prefectural capital. The capital was moved to Utsunomiya soon after.
References
Other websites
http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/hp/menu000001000/hpg000000364.htm ; http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/
Cities in Japan
Settlements in Tochigi Prefecture
David Pearce (boxer)

David "Bomber" Pearce (8 May 1959 - 20 May 2000) was a British professional boxer. He was a heavyweight and cruiserweight. He won the Welsh and British heavyweight boxing titles in September 1983. He won the titles in a bout against Neville Meade. Of his 22 bouts, he won 17 (13 by knockout), lost four and drew once. He retired from boxing due to medical reasons. He was born in Pillgwenlly, Newport, Monmouthshire.
Pearce had epilepsy in his final years. He died of sudden arrhythmic death syndrome on 20 May 2000, at the age of 41.
References
Other websites
1959 births
2000 deaths
British boxers
People from Newport
Welsh sportspeople
Groß Hehlen

Gross Hehlen is a village north of the town of Celle in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is linked to the town via the K 27 district road which joins the main B 3 federal highway from Bergen. Gross Hehlen is linked to its neighbouring village of Scheuen to the north via the L 240.
References
Other websites
The official website of the town of Celle
Celle
Villages in Lower Saxony
Judsonia, Arkansas

Judsonia is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Cities in Arkansas
Python (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Python () was a large serpent or dragon. She was said to live at the center of the Earth, believed by the ancient Greeks to be at Delphi. Her mother was Gaia (Mother Earth). She was killed by the god Apollo.
References
Greek legendary creatures
Republics of Russia

In Russia, republics are a type of federal subject. They were originally created as nation states for non-Russian ethnic groups, but have since lost most of their autonomy.
Status of Southeast Ukraine
On 18 March 2014, Russia annexed the Autonomous Republic of Crimea of Ukraine after an unrecognized referendum.The peninsula became the Republic of Crimea, the 22nd republic of Russia. However, Ukraine and most of the international community do not recognize Crimea's annexation. United Nations General Assembly declared the vote to be illegitimate.
On 24 February 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine and took large areas of southern and eastern Ukraine. As early as March leaders in the unrecognized Luhansk People's Republic and Donetsk People's Republic both said their wish to join Russia, originally once Russia captured all their claimed territory. However, after quick Ukrainian gains in the east in September, Russia and the unrecognized republics rushed a series of referendums on annexation to Russia. The referendum results claimed a large majority supported annexation. On 30 September 2022, Putin formally announced the annexation of the two republics. However, the referendums were recognized internationally as a sham while the European Union and G7 said they were illegal. United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres condemned the annexations as a violation of the UN Charter.
Kherson Oblast, another region annexed by Russia, was originally thought to be upgrading itself to a "people's republic", according to United States intelligence. However, it never happened, and by the time of the referendums in late September 2022, Kherson's status in Russia stayed unmentioned. When Kherson was annexed, along with neighbouring Zaporizhzhia Oblast, they became oblasts instead of republics.
Republics
For the individual flags of the republics, see Flags of the federal subjects of Russia.
References
Sources
Federal subjects of Russia
BR Standard Class 8

The BR Standard Class 8 was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive made by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways. Only an example was made. It was named Duke of Gloucester. It was made at Crewe Works in 1954. It is known as the Duke. It was a replacement for the destroyed Princess Royal Class vehicle number 46202 Princess Anne. It was involved in the Harrow and Wealdstone rail disaster of 1952.
Gallery
Sound
71000 passing St Andrew's Junction
References
'British Railways standard 3 cylinder 4-6-2 express passenger steam locomotive No. 71000' (HMSO, British Transport Commission: London, 1957), p. [58] (Performance and efficiency tests, Bulletin No. 15)
'British Railways standard class "8" locomotives' (Engineer: 1954, 197, 81)
'B.R. class 8 4-6-2 locomotive No. 71000' (Locomotive, Railway Carriage and Wagon Review: 1954, 60)
'British Railways prototype class '8" express passenger locomotive' (Railway Magazine: 1954, 100)
Clarke, David: Riddles Class 6/7 Standard Pacifics (Locomotives in Detail volume 5) (Ian Allan: Hinckley, 2006)
Herring, Peter: Classic British Steam Locomotives (Abbeydale Press: London, 2000) Section "BR Standard Class 8"
Hopkins, Danny and Streeter, Tony: 'The Duke's Bad Day' (Steam Railway Magazine: 2007, 338)
Langston, Keith: Made in Crewe: 150 Years of Engineering Excellence (Mortons Media: Horncastle, 2006),
Nock, O.S.: 'Performance and efficiency tests on B.R. class 8 locomotive' (Engineer: 1957, 204)
Further reading
Gilbert, Dr. P. T. (Ed.): A Detailed History Of BR Standard Steam Locomotives. Volume 1. Background to Standardisation and Pacific Classes (Railway Correspondence & Travel Society (RCTS): 1994)
Other websites
The 71000 Trust website - latest news and photos of the Duke of Gloucester
The Duke of Gloucester website - more detail and pictures
Steam Special along the West Cumbria Coast 24th Feb and 10 March 2007
Standard Class 8
Individual locomotives
British Railways steam locomotives
John Stabb

John Dukes Schroeder (July 12, 1961 - May 7, 2016), known professionally as John Stabb, was an American punk rock singer. He was best known as one of the founding members of the hardcore punk band Government Issue. He also sang in the bands Betty Blue, The Factory Incident, Stabb, Stain, Emma Peel, Weatherhead, and History Repeated.44
Stabb was born in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Rockville, Maryland. While living in Rockville, he attended Colonel Zadok A. Magruder High School. Stabb occasionally acted. He was also a freelance writer for Washington City Paper and Forced Exposure.
Personal life
Stabb married his long-time partner Mina Devadas on St. Patrick's Day 2016 while he was at Holy Cross Hospital (Silver Spring). After a 112-day battle with stomach cancer, he died at a hospice in Rockville, Maryland, on May 7, 2016, at 54.
References
Other websites
Official Artist Page - John Stabb Schroeder website
John Stabb Schroeder - Discogs Discography catalog
1961 births
2016 deaths
American rock singers
Cancer deaths in Maryland
Deaths from stomach cancer
Musicians from Maryland
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
People from Rockville, Maryland
Cordage

Cordage may mean:
Rigging, cords and ropes attached to masts and sails on a ship or boat
Rope, yarns, plies or strands twisted or braided together into a larger form
Related pages
String (disambiguation)
Cord (disambiguation)
Rope (disambiguation)
Network

Network might refer to:
Computer network
Virtual private network
Neural network
Social network
Television network
Transport network
Related pages
Contact network, a disambiguation page
Cachapoal Province

Cachapoal Province () is one of three provinces of the central Chilean region of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (VI). Its capital is the city of Rancagua.
The province is named after the Cachapoal river that flows through the province from east to west.
Geography
The Cachapoal province has an area of , the largest province in the O'Higgins region.
Cachapoal is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered to the north by the Santiago Metropolitan region, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Colchagua province and to the west by the Cardenal Caro province.
Most of the province is in the valley of the Cachapoal river; it is region where grapes are grown to produce wine.
Population
The people from the province are called Cachapoalino (women: Cachapoalina).
(last national census), there were 542,901 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Rancagua, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 206,971 inhabitants, followed by the city of Rengo (30,891 inhabitants).
Administration
As a province, Cachapoal is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 17 communes (comunas). The city of Rancagua serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.
Related pages
Provinces of Chile
References
Other websites
Territorial division of Chile
Gobierno Regional de O'Higgins Official website
Province of Cachapoal website
Provinces of Chile
Knox County, Illinois

Knox County is a county in Illinois.
References
1825 establishments in Illinois
Illinois counties
Alexander Oparin

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (Uglich, Russia, - Moscow, 21 April 1980) was a Soviet biochemist.
He was notable for his ideas on the origin of life, and for writing an early book The Origin of Life. One of his ideas was that oxygen would tend to destroy organic molecules essential for the evolution of early life. It was later found that the earth's atmosphere at first had almost no oxygen in it.
He also studied the biochemistry of plants, and enzyme reactions in plant cells. He developed the foundations for industrial biochemistry in the USSR.
His theory
These were some of the main ideas in his first book:
1. There is no fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter. Life must have arisen as a natural evolution of matter.
2. Methane is in the atmospheres of Jupiter and the other giant planets. Oparin thought the infant Earth had a strongly reducing atmosphere, containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor. In his opinion, these were the raw materials for the evolution of life.
3. At first there were the simple solutions of organic substances. Their behaviour was governed by their atoms and by the arrangement of those atoms in molecules. Gradually, as the result of the growth and increased complexity of the molecules, structures with new properties developed. These newer properties were determined by the spatial and mutual arrangement of the molecules.
4. In this process biological orderliness already exists. Competition, speed of cell growth, survival of the fittest, struggle for existence and, finally natural selection produced the characteristics of living things.
Oparin outlined a way in which basic organic chemicals might form into microscopic localized systems. These would be precursors of the cell from which primitive living things could develop. He cited work done with organic chemicals which, in solution, form droplets and layers. Oparin suggested that different types might have formed in the Earth's primordial ocean. They were subject to a selection process leading eventually to life.
Bibliography
Oparin A.I. 1924. The origin of life. Moscow: Moscow Worker, (in Russian).
English translation: Oparin A.I. The origin and development of life. (NASA TTF-488) Washington: D.C.L GPO, 1968.
Oparin A.I. 1924. The origin of life, 2nd edition. Moscow.
English translation of 2nd ed: The origin of life. 1938, reprinted Dover 1952.
Oparin A. & Fesenkov V. Life in the Universe. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences publisher, 3rd edition, 1956 (in Russian)
English translation: Oparin A. and V. Fesenkov. Life in the Universe. New York: Twayne Publishers 1961.
Related pages
Miller-Urey experiment
Origin of life
Abiogenesis
References
Russian chemists
1894 births
1980 deaths
Biochemists
Eid festival

In Islam, Eid is the name of two Islamic festivals:
Eid ul-Fitr, after fasting the month of Ramadan, on the first day of Shawwal.
Eid ul-Adha, remembering Prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son to Allah, on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, for those not on pilgrimage.
The Eids are celebrated by Muslims all around the world.
Other websites
Are the two Eids pagan? Quranaloneislam.org
Islamic festivals
Insulator (electricity)

An electrical insulator is a material that does not easily allow flow of electricity through an electric current. Materials typically used to insulate include rubber, plastic and glass. In transformers and electric motors, varnish is used. Insulating gases such as Sulfur hexafluoride are used in some switches. Wires that carry electric currents are usually insulated so the electricity goes to the right place.
Insulator can mean not only the material but things that are made of that material. They are made of various materials such as: glass, silicone, rubber, plastic, oil, wood, dry cotton, quartz, ceramic, etc.
The type of insulator will depend on the uses. Insulators have high electrical resistivity and low conductivity. The insulators prevent the loss of current and make the current more efficient by concentrating the flow.
Insulator devices
Electric power transmission uses three types of overhead insulator: pin insulator, suspension insulator, and strain insulator.
The pin insulator is the earliest developed insulator. Pin type insulators can have up to three parts, depending on the amount of voltage.
The suspension insulator is for voltages above 33KV. Multiple insulators are connected in series.
The strain insulator is the same as a suspension insulator but it is used horizontally, whereas the suspension insulator is used vertically. The strain insulator is used to relieve the line of excessive tension, which happens when there is dead end of the line or sharp curve.
References
Electricity
Electronics
Leontyne Price

Leontyne Price (born February 10, 1927) is an American soprano. She is particularly associated with Verdi roles, notably in the operas Il trovatore and Aida. She was one of the first black singers to enjoy an international career in opera.
Life and career
Price was born in Laurel, Mississippi. She studied at Central State College, Wilberforce, Ohio, and with Florence Kimball at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City. She began her professional career in 1952, when she appeared as Bess in George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess on Broadway, followed by an international tour. She made her recital debut in New York City in 1954, and appeared in a television production of Tosca for NBC in 1955.
Her actual operatic debut took place in San Francisco in 1957, as Mme Lidoine in Poulenc's Le dialogue des carmelites, followed by her first Aida. The role of Aida would quickly become her signature role and the vehicle for her debuts in 1958 at the Vienna State Opera, the Royal Opera House in London and at La Scala in Milan both in 1960. She also appeared at the Salzburg Festival as Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni and Leonora in Il trovatore.
She made her debut at the Lyric Chicago Opera in 1959, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1961, as Leonora in Il trovatore. She was to sing at the Met for twenty-four consecutive seasons. Amongst her greatest roles are the female lead in operas such as Verdi's Ernani, Un ballo in maschera, La forza del destino, Mozart's Don Giovanni and Cosi fan tutte, Puccini's Manon Lescaut, Madame Butterfly, La fanciulla del West, Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos, etc.
She created the role of Cleopatra in Samuel Barber's Anthony and Cleopatra for the opening of the new Metropolitan Opera at Lincoln Center in 1966.
Leontyne Price was one of the outstanding lyric-dramatic sopranos of her generation, she had a rich, warm and luscious voice enhanced by a fine stage presence. She retired from the stage in 1985.
Sources
The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon and Schuster, 1987.
The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Sopranos
Kennedy Center honorees
American opera singers
Singers from Mississippi
1927 births
Living people
Dry Ridge, Kentucky

Dry Ridge is a city in Grant County, Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
Grant County, Kentucky
Charles Stewart Parnell

Charles Stewart Parnell (27 June 1846 - 6 October 1891) was an Irish member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He led the Irish Parliamentary Party. He played an important part in the fight for Home Rule for Ireland.
Background
Charles Stewart Parnell was born in Avondale, County Wicklow. His family was upper class. He was the seventh child of John Henry Parnell and his American wife Delia Tudor Stewart. Parnell's great-grandmother was in the Tudor family so he was related to the British Royal Family.
His parents separated when he was six. He was sent to different schools in England, where he was unhappy. His father died in 1859 and he inherited his fortune. He then studied at Cambridge University (1865-9) but never graduated. He was Sheriff of his county, Wicklow, prior to being an MP (member of the House of Commons).
Member of Parliament
Charles Stewart Parnell was first elected to the House of Commons, as a Home Rule League MP for Meath, on 21 April 1875. During his first year Parnell mostly stayed quiet and watched. He first drew attention in 1876 when he said a group of Irish rebels called Fenians (accused of killing a police officer) did not kill anyone.
Home Rule
Parnell fought for Ireland's right to be self-governing Home Rule Movement. At first he met with Fenians, but he later decided to work with Michael Davitt. He was elected president of Davitt's movement, (called the "Land League") on 21 October 1879. After becoming the MP for Cork City, he formed a new group with ideas from many other groups called the Irish National League which later became the Irish Parliamentary Party. Although Ireland did not become independent for many years, Parnell's work in Parliament pushed Ireland much closer to their goal by unifying Irish politics.
Personal life
Katherine O'Shea
On 24 December 1889 Captain William O'Shea decided to divorce his wife Katherine O'Shea. O'Shea had already separated from his wife, but would not divorce her as she was expecting a substantial inheritance.
O'Shea at last filed for divorce. He claimed she had an affair and three children with Parnell. Parnell did not reply to the claim, and the divorce was granted. Because divorce is not allowed by Catholics, many Catholics who supported Parnell did not like him anymore and he became less popular.
Parnell married Katherine after her divorce. The damage from his affair caused many people to lose respect for him, and he became less powerful. Many members of his party left him. He died on 6 October 1891 of a heart attack and in the arms of his wife. He was 45 years old.
References
1846 births
1891 deaths
Irish politicians
People from County Wicklow
Nylon

Nylon is an artificial fibre. It is one of the most commonly used polyamides, and was first used on February 28, 1935.
Nylon makes a silky material which was first used in toothbrushes. It is strong, hard and water resistant. It is used to make clothes. In fact, polyamides are mostly used for synthetic fibres in clothing. Nylon can also be used to make other materials, such as parachutes, ropes, string for tyres, carpets, fishing nets and cloth and socks.
Nylon was invented by Wallace Carothers at Du-Pont.
References
Fibers
Ginger ale

Ginger ale is a soft drink flavored with the root of a plant known as ginger. It has a sweet yet spicy flavor. Even though it has the name ale, which can be another word for beer, it is not beer. It is enjoyed by all ages. Canada Dry is a well known maker of ginger ale. Most ginger ales come in a green can.
Related beverages
Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink flavored with ginger root. Ginger beer is spicier than ginger ale and popular in some Caribbean countries, such as Trinidad.
Ginger ale
OXO (video game)

OXO is a tic-tac-toe video game, and one of the first video game ever made. It was made in 1952 for the EDSAC computer by Alexander S. Douglas for his Ph.D. thesis on human-computer interaction at the University of Cambridge.
Puzzle video games
Early video games and events
West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana

West Feliciana Parish (French: Paroisse de Feliciana Ouest) is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,310. The parish seat is St. Francisville. The parish was created in 1824.
References
19th-century establishments in Louisiana
1824 establishments in the United States
Mains hum

Mains hum is a signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on local alternating current frequency, and usually some harmonic content. The changing magnetic flux caused by the mains current links with the windings of the pickup, inducing a voltage by transformer action.
Sound
Lincoln Center

Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is a group of building in New York city used for showing performing arts. It is a complex of buildings. The Lincoln Center is located in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Henry Timms is the president. The Lincoln Square neighborhood was named for United States President Abraham Lincoln.
History and facilities
A group of civic leaders led by John D. Rockefeller III built Lincoln Center. It was part of the "Lincoln Square Renewal Project" during Robert Moses's program of urban renewal in the 1950s and 1960s. Respected architects were contracted to design the major buildings on the site. Over the next thirty years the area around Lincoln Center became a new cultural hub.
Rockefeller was Lincoln Center's first president in 1956. He became its chairman in 1961. Rockefeller is credited with raising more than half of the $184.5 million in private funds needed to build the complex. The center's three buildings, Avery Fisher Hall (formerly Philharmonic Hall), David H. Koch Theater (formerly the New York State Theater) and the Metropolitan Opera House were opened in 1962, 1964 and 1966, respectively.
The center may have been named because it was located in the Lincoln Square neighborhood. It is unclear whether the area was named as a tribute to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. The name was bestowed on the area in 1906 by the New York City Board of Aldermen. The records give no reason for choosing that name.
References
Landmarks in Manhattan
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of India under the Indian Constitution. It provides justice to people, protects the fundamental rights of citizens, decides on cases involving federal disputes and protects the Constitution of India.
India
Law of India
Terry Pratchett

Sir Terry Pratchett OBE (Terence David John Pratchett; 28 April 1948 - 12 March 2015) was an English author. He was known for his fantasy works, including the famous Discworld series. His first novel, The Carpet People, was published in 1971. He was the UK's best-selling author of the 1990s. He was born in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England.
Pratchett died at his home in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, England on 12 March 2015 from a severe chest infection with final complications from his Alzheimers, aged 66.
References
Other websites
TerryPratchettBooks.com Official US site
Transworld Official UK, Europe and Canada site
TerryPratchettBooks.org Fan site
1948 births
2015 deaths
English science fiction writers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Wiltshire
English novelists
Infectious disease deaths in England
Writers from Buckinghamshire
Evenks

The Evenks (Evenki: Ewenki) are an ethnic group native to Northern Asia. Most of them are living in Russia (Siberia) or China (Inner Mongolia). Small number of them also live in Mongolia and Ukraine.
Evenks are a Tungusic people. They are related to the Manchu and the Oroqen.
Related pages
Tungusic languages
References
Ethnic groups in China
PEN Oakland awards

The PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award is for U.S. multicultural writers. It is to "promote works by writers of all cultural and racial backgrounds and to educate both the public and the media as to the nature of multicultural work." It was created by PEN Oakland in 1991. It was named in honor of Josephine Miles. PEN Oakland was created in 1989. The award was called the "Blue Collar PEN Award" by The New York Times.
References
Other websites
PEN Oakland awards
1991 establishments in California
Literary awards
Hargicourt, Somme

Hargicourt is a former commune. It is found in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Trois-Rivieres.
References
Former communes in Somme
Eduardo Paes

Eduardo da Costa Paes (, born 14 November 1969) is a Brazilian politician who was the mayor of the city of Rio de Janeiro from 2009 to 2012, re-elected for a second term from 2013 to 2016 and returning elected again in 2021.
References
1969 births
Living people
Mayors of Rio de Janeiro
Edward VI of England

Edward VI (12 October 1537 - 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland, from 28 January 1547, until his death on 6 July 1553.
Edward was the son of Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymour. His mother died 12 days after his birth. He became king at the age of 9 when his father died. Although he had two older sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, Edward was the next in line for the throne because he was male. Because he was such a young king, the country was governed by nobles. He had two advisors (or regents). The first was his uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, who became Lord Protector. For the first two-and-a-half years of Edward's reign, Lord Somerset advised and guided the young king. Somerset was then replaced by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.
Edward was the first Protestant king of England. Although his father, Henry VIII, had broken the Church of England away from the Roman Catholic Church, he had not changed much else. Most of the major changes to the Church of England happened during Edward's reign. They were led by Somerset, Northumberland and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. Also during his reign, England tried to take over Scotland. After a good start, it ended in defeat. His reign also saw economic problems and unrest.
He died when he was years old, probably from tuberculosis. Before he died, Edward named his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. He was trying to prevent Mary, a Catholic, from returning the country to Catholicism. However, Mary overthrew Jane less than two weeks later and became the queen. Mary undid the reforms of Edward's reign, but Elizabeth restored them in 1559.
Religious changes
Laws were passed to make churches more plain. Catholic churches were rich in decorations and colour. Now under Edward, stained glass windows and icons were removed from churches; the furniture within churches became very basic and plain.
The actual services became more plain and the common person could now understand what was being said at services - now called Holy Communion - were in English rather than Latin. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer also in English. Priests did not have to dress in the bright clothing associated with the Catholic Church and under Edward. They were also allowed to marry. The king remained as Head of the Church.
All of these changes were a major break from the traditions of the Catholic Church. In parts of Germany and Switzerland, religious groups had also broken away in protest against the wealth and corruption of the Catholic Church. They became known as Protestant, and England under Edward, became a Protestant country with an independent Church of England.
Edward had never been a healthy boy and his health failed in 1553. After the nine-day reign of Lady Jane Grey, his Catholic half-sister Mary became queen of England and the country went through another period of religious changes.
1537 births
1553 deaths
House of Tudor
Kings and Queens of England
16th century in England
Wuyi Mountains

The Wuyi Mountains are a mountain range with an area of 60 km2 that cover the northern border of Fujian province with Jiangxi province, China.
Mountains of China
Biosphere reserves
Babatunde Fashola

Babatunde Raji Fashola, SAN (Yoruba: Babatunde Raji Fashola; born 28 June 1963) is a Nigerian lawyer, politician and current Federal Minister of Works and Housing. He served two terms as Governor of Lagos State.
References
1963 births
Living people
Politicians from Lagos
Nigerian lawyers
Wall cloud

Wall clouds (or pedestal clouds) are localized, large and persistent lowering cloud formations that develop below the rain-free region of thunderstorms. Rotating wall clouds are indicative of mesocyclones in thunderstorms. Wall clouds do not always rotate, though.
Wall clouds are formed by a process known as entrainment, when an inflow of warm, moist air rises and overpowers rain-cooled air during a downwind downdraft.
References
Severe weather
Clouds
Beaverville, Illinois

Beaverville is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Villages in Illinois
Doubs (river)

The Doubs is a river in eastern France and western Switzerland. It is a left tributary of the Saone river that flows through the Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region and the French-speaking Switzerland.
The Doubs department is named after this river.
Geography
The Doubs river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Neublans-Abergement, a commune in the Jura department near the confluence of the Doubs and the Saone.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Neublans-Abergement (52 years)
Course
The Doubs river starts in the commune of Mouthel in the Doubs department, at an altitude of about in the Jura Mountains near the French-Swiss border. Then it flows to the northeast and pass through the Lac de Saint-Point lake and forms the border between France and Switzerland for several kilometres before going into Switzerland, into the canton of Jura, in the region known as Clos du Doubs. The waterfall named as Saut du Doubs on the French-Swiss border. Then the river turns to the west and gets back into France. Finally, the river flows to southwest to join the Saone river.
The Doubs river flows through one region and three departments in France, and two cantons (Neuchatel and Jura) in Switzerland. It flows through the following communes, among others:
Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region (first part)
Doubs: Pontarlier
Switzerland: Saint-Ursanne in the Jura canton
Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region (second part)
Doubs: Besancon
Jura: Dole
Saone-et-Loire: Verdun-sur-le-Doubs
The river forms several lakes:
Lac des Brenets (elevation: )
Lac de Moron (elevation: )
Lac de Biaufond (elevation: )
The Doubs river flows into the Saone river as a leftt tributary in the city of Verdun-sur-le-Doubs.
Main tributaries
The main tributaries, over 30 km long, of the Doubs river are:
Left tributaries:
Drugeon - 35.5 km
Dessoubre - 33.3 km
Clauge - 35.4 km
Loue - 122.2 km
Orain - 39 km
Guyotte - 41.1 km
Right tributaries:
Allaine - 65 km
Hydroelectricity
The Doubs is used for electricity generation (hydroelectricity). Among several hydroelectric stations, the most important are the Dam of Chatelot, tall, and the Dam of Refrain, tall.
Gallery
Related pages
List of rivers of France
List of rivers of Switzerland
References
Rivers of Switzerland
Rivers of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte
Kirchnerism

Kirchnerism ( ) is an Argentine political movement which supports the populist ideals of Nestor Kirchner and his wife Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, both of which were Presidents of Argentina. At first it was seen as part of Peronism, Kirchenists do not support Peronists and identify as part of left-wing populism.
References
Argentina
Bush Hill Park railway station

Bush Hill Park railway station is in the London Borough of Enfield in north London. It is in Travelcard Zone 5, on the Enfield Town branch of the Lea Valley Lines. The station, and all trains serving it, is operated by London Overground.
References
Railway stations in the London Borough of Enfield
Railway stations served by National Express East Anglia
1880 establishments in the United Kingdom