pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla

Francisco Maria Oreamuno Bonilla (4 October 1801, Cartago, Costa Rica - 23 May 1856) was head of state of Costa Rica from November to December 1844.
Bonilla studied law, but did not complete the course. He still worked as a lawyer, and was later a customs official, a judge, and a regional governor.
In 1843 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly. He was very quickly made Vice President, and was also president of the Congress.
In 1844 he became President and put in place the new Constitution drafted by the Assembly in March 1844. He was opposed by sectors of the Army, led by the military commander general of Costa Rica, General Pinto. After the coup failed, Bonilla removed Pinta from the army.
He resigned in December, when the after the assembly refused to allow him to use force to settle problem between some of the provinces. His resignation was not accepted, but he was allowed to retire to his hometown. He was replaced on an interim basis by Rafael Mora Murillo and later by Jose Rafael Gallegos.
He continued to serve as Vice President, and in 1856, brought in many laws and actions to try to control a cholera epidemic. He got cholera, and died on 23 May 1856.
References
Presidents of Costa Rica
Escape from the Planet of the Apes

Escape from the Planet of the Apes is a 1971 American science fiction action movie directed by Don Taylor and is the third movie in the original Planet of the Apes series. It stars Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Bradford Dillman, Natalie Trundy, Eric Braeden, William Windom, Sal Mineo, M. Emmet Walsh and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1971 science fiction movies
1971 action movies
Planet of the Apes movies
American action movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Don Taylor
Movies about apes
Movies about time travel
Movies set in Los Angeles
Indiana

Indiana is a U.S. state in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Other cities and towns include Bloomington, Gary, Fort Wayne, South Bend, Evansville, Muncie, Lafayette, and Marion. People who live in Indiana are sometimes called Hoosiers.
Indiana's state bird is the cardinal. Indiana's state flower is the peony. Indiana's state tree is a tulip tree.
Indiana has borders with four other states: Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio. It also touches Lake Michigan, which is the only one of the Great Lakes that is completely inside the United States.
History
Before it was called Indiana, most people who lived there were indigenous. France colonized the area, renaming it New France. They enslaved the indigenous peoples, and introduced black slaves. In the 18th century, the United States took the area from France. Many slave owners from Kentucky and Virginia moved into the area. By 1820, it had become a state called Indiana. The government ordered all slaves to be freed, but black people were still enslaved there into at least the 1830s.
Attractions
One attraction of Indiana is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, where the Indianapolis 500 is held every year. The Indianapolis 500 is one of the biggest car races in the United States. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is not actually in Indianapolis. It is in a town called Speedway, which is completely surrounded by Indianapolis.
Sports
The Indianapolis 500 car race is based in Indianapolis. Professional sports teams include the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL) and the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Colleges and universities in Indiana with well-known sports teams include Purdue University, the University of Notre Dame, and Indiana University.
Related pages
List of law enforcement agencies in Indiana
List of counties in Indiana
List of rivers of Indiana
References
Other websites
The Official website of the State of Indiana
Official Indianapolis city government website
1816 establishments in the United States
Willandra Lakes Region

The Willandra Lakes Region is a World Heritage Site that covers 2,400 square kilometres in south-western New South Wales, Australia. It includes important natural and cultural features. The lakes were formed about two million years ago, but are now dry. The Australian Aborigines camped around the lakes, especially in the sand dunes on the lake shores for at least 50,000 years. These dunes are crescent shaped, and are called lunettes. The world's oldest cremation, of an woman more than 40,000 years ago, was found in a lunette at Lake Mungo. A small section of the region is protected by the Mungo National Park. As well as Lake Mungo, there is also Lake Mulurulu which was the last lake to hold water, the Prungle lakes which have been dry for more than 20,000 years, and Lake Chibnalwood which has a 30 metre high lunette, one of the biggest in the world.
The Willandra Lakes Region was added to the Australian National Heritage List in May 2007.
Movies
2003 - Journey of Man
Related pages
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
References
Other websites
World heritage listing for Willandra Lakes
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Geography of New South Wales
Australian National Heritage List
Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf

Mohammed Saeed al-Sahhaf ( ; 30 July 1940 - ) also known as Baghdad Bob or Comical Ali, is an Iraqi former diplomat and politician. He became well known during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, during which he was the Media and Foreign Affairs Minister under Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. He was spokesman for the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and Saddam's government.
References
1940 births
Iraqi politicians
January Jones

January Kristen Jones (born January 5, 1978) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character Betty Draper on the TV series Mad Men.
Early life
Jones was born and raised in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. She is named after January Wayne, a character in Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough. She has two sisters - Jacey and Jina.
Career
Jones has had roles in the movies Anger Management (2003), Love Actually, and Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. In 2005, she was in The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada. It was directed by and starred Tommy Lee Jones. In We Are Marshall (2006), she played the wife of football coach William "Red" Dawson.
She had the lead female role in the movie Love's Enduring Promise. Her character falls in love with a man who saves her father's life. She currently acts in the AMC series Mad Men as young housewife and mother Betty Draper Francis. She is also known for her role as Cadence Flaherty in the 2003 comedy American Wedding, the third movie of the American Pie series.
Jones was ranked No.82 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2002. She appeared on the cover of "The Hot Issue" of British GQ magazine in May 2009.
On November 14, 2009, Jones hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live. She got bad reviews for this performance.
In 2011, she starred alongside Liam Neeson and Diane Kruger in Unknown, directed by Jaume Collet-Serra,. She also played Emma Frost in X-Men: First Class.
Personal life
She said in Vanity Fair in 2009 that she has joined Oceana as a celebrity spokesperson. She was working to save endangered sharks. Jones dated singer-songwriter Josh Groban from 2003-06.
Jones gave birth to a son, Xander Dane Jones, on September 13, 2011.
Filmography
References
Other websites
1978 births
People from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Actors from South Dakota
American models
American movie actors
American television actors
Living people
Hostel: Part II

Hostel: Part II is an American horror drama of 2007. It is the sequel to the original Hostel and set in Slovakia like its predecessor. This horror drama performed slightly poor. It was restricted to adults in certain countries: in particular, New Zealand banned Hostel: Part II after its distributor would not remove the scene in which Lorna is in torture, though an edited version was released onto DVD in 2008.
Other websites
(US)
(International)
2007 horror movies
American horror movies
Czech movies
Multilingual movies
Lionsgate movies
Movies directed by Eli Roth
The Guardian

The Guardian is a British newspaper. It is published every day, except on Sunday. It is owned by the same company as The Observer, which only publishes on Sunday. The Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner.
History
The newspaper was founded in 1821. It was founded by textile traders and merchants. The Guardian was seen as "an organ of the middle class", or, in the words of C.P. Scott's son Ted, "a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last". In 2005, Sir Max Hastings stated that he writes for The Guardian "because it is read by the new establishment", reflecting the paper's growing influence.
Until 1959 The Guardian was called The Manchester Guardian.
Three of the four people who wrote leaders for the Guardian joined the Social Democratic Party on its foundation in 1982. The paper supported Tony Blair when he wanted to lead the Labour Party and to become Prime Minister.
In 1999 theguardian.com started. At the time it was a website called Guardian Unlimited.
Characteristics
The Guardian describes itself as centre-left.
References
Other websites
History of the Guardian
Founding of the Manchester Guardian
1821 establishments
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
1820s establishments in the United Kingdom
Guardian Newspaper (e-paper)
W. H. Auden

Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 - 29 September 1973) was a Anglo-American poet. He was born in York and moved to Harborne, Birmingham in 1908, then to New York City in 1939. He wrote several famous poems such as Funeral Blues, and As I Walked Out One Evening. He signed his works W. H. Auden. He died in Vienna, Austria and is buried in Kirchstetten.
Auden was an Anglican and was gay. He married Erika Mann in 1935 to enable her to escape Nazi Germany. His partner from 1946 until his death was Chester Kallman (1921-1975).
Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
References
1907 births
1973 deaths
American LGBT people
American poets
American Protestants
English Anglicans
English LGBT people
English poets
Gay men
LGBT Christians
LGBT poets
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from York
Writers from Birmingham
Writers from Yorkshire
California's 30th congressional district

California's 30th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California. It is San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County, California. The cities in the district are: Bell Canyon, Canoga Park, Los Angeles, Chatsworth, Los Angeles, Encino, Los Angeles, Granada Hills, Los Angeles, Hidden Hills, Northridge, Los Angeles, Porter Ranch, Los Angeles, Reseda, Los Angeles, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, Studio City, Los Angeles, Tarzana, Los Angeles, Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, West Hills, Los Angeles, Winnetka, Los Angeles, and Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. The people who live in the district elect a representative in the United States House of Representatives. The district is currently represented by Democrat Brad Sherman.
Election history
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
References
30
Södertälje SK

Sodertalje SK is an ice hockey club in the town of Sodertalje in Sweden. It was established on 22 February 1902 and originally practiced gymnastics, track and field athletics, soccer, tug of war and speed skating. A bandy section was established in 1907. The 1910's and 1920's saw the club scoring successes in competitive cyccling. The club started practicing and playing ice hockey in January and February 1925.
The club won the Swedish national ice hockey championship in the years of 1925, 1931, 1941, 1944, 1953, 1956 and 1995. The club also lost the national finals in the years of 1928, 1929, 1932, 1937, 1942, 1946, 1951 and 1986.
References
Other websites
Official website
Sodertalje SK
Sodertalje SK
1900s establishments in Sweden
Adolf Grünbaum

Adolf Grunbaum (; May 15, 1923 - November 15, 2018) was a German-American philosopher and a critic of psychoanalysis. He was the first Andrew Mellon Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh from 1960 until his death. He was born in Cologne.
He also was Co-Chairman of its Center for Philosophy of Science from 1978 until his death, Research Professor of Psychiatry since 1979, and Primary Research Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science since 2006.
His works include Philosophical Problems of Space and Time (1963), The Foundations of Psychoanalysis (1984), and Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis (1993).
Grunbaum was Jewish. He died in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on November 15, 2018 at the age of 95.
References
1923 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Analytic philosophers
German Jews
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish philosophers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Cologne
Refugees from Nazism
Yale University alumni
Les Canadiennes de Montréal

The Les Canadiennes (, formerly the Montreal Stars are a women's ice hockey team in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). They have won the League championship four times and the Clarkson Cup (the highest honour in North American women's hockey) two times, more than any other women's team.
History
The Montreal Stars were formed in 2007. The team was formed from players from the Montreal Axion a team that played in the National Women's Hockey League before its demise. Through the team's young history they have seen success in every season.
The Montreal Stars have a total of four regular season championships and two Clarkson cups in four seasons.
In 2015 the name was changed to Les Canadiennes after a close relationship was created between the team and the NHL Montreal Canadiens.
References
Montreal Stars win women's national hockey championship, in CBC news, March 21, 2009.
Montreal Stars down Whitecaps to capture Clarkson Cup ,TSN.ca, March 21, 2009
Montreal 2011 Clarkson Cup Champions , March 27, 2011.
Montreal wins Clarkson Cup . March 28, 2011.
St-Pierre backstops Montreal to Clarkson Cup title in CBC news, March 27, 2011.
Montreal Stars: Game on to beat Breast Cancer 2011
Other websites
Les Canadiennes on CWHL website
Montreal CWHL Facebook page
Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Sport in Montreal
Ada, Minnesota

Ada is a city in Norman County in the state of Minnesota in the United States. It is also the county seat.
Cities in Minnesota
County seats in Minnesota
Phuket

Phuket (; , , or Tongkah) is a municipality and island off the coast of Thailand. It is the largest Thai island. It's capital is the tourist city of Phuket.
Gallery
Other websites
Phuket Province - official website (in Thai)
Phuket City - official website (multilingual (powered by Google Translate)
Notes
Cities in Thailand
Islands of Asia
Saulon-la-Rue

Saulon-la-Rue is a commune in the Cote-d'Or department.
Communes in Cote-d'Or
Rio Grande, Ohio

Rio Grande ( ) is a village in Gallia County, Ohio, United States. The population was 830 at the 2010 census.
References
Villages in Ohio
Apple Macintosh

The Apple Macintosh or just Mac is a line of personal computers made by the American company Apple Inc. The Macintosh was one of the first computers in which the people could use a mouse for pointing on a screen which had icons. This new way of working with a computer (interface) was known as graphical user interface. It was this feature of the Macintosh that made it so popular.
History
Processor history
The Apple-Intel transition was when Apple changed the CPU of Macintosh computers from PowerPC processors to Intel x86 processors. It was announced at the 2005 World Wide Developers Conference. Steve Jobs announced it.
Macintoshes were different than other personal computers for many years based on their central processor unit (CPU). At the start, Macs used Motorola 68000 chips instead of Intel chips. Later, Macs used PowerPC chips. In 2006, Macs started to use Intel chips. In 2020, Macs started to use Apple Silicon chips. Today, Macs are sold with Apple M1 chips.
Macintoshes
Software
The Mac does not have the Windows operating system installed on it. It has its own range of operating systems, known as macOS. The newest operating system is known as "Big Sur". Macs can run both Windows and macOS at the same time with help of a program called "Boot Camp", which comes on every Mac.
In general, Macintosh computers cost more than other computers of the same speed.
Related pages
iMac
MacBook
MacBook Air
MacBook Pro
Other popular products of Apple include iPod, iPhone and iPad.
References
Macintosh
Ariane Rump

Ariane Rump is a German water polo player. She was part of the German women's national water polo team at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships, and 2007 World Aquatics Championships.
References
Other websites
FINA world championship Ariane Rump
Ariane Rump Getty
German water polo players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Calhoun County, Florida

Calhoun County is a county in Florida. It is named after John C. Calhoun. He lived in South Carolina and was a member of the United States Senate. He later became the President of the United States.
References
Florida counties
1838 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Florida Territory
Lahore Qalandars

Lahore Qalandars (; ; abbreviated as LQ) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Lahore and was founded in 2015. It is owned by Fawad Rana (Qatar Lubricants Company Limited (QALCO)). Brendon McCullum is the captain of Lahore Qalandars, while the head coach is Aqib Javed.
Squad
References
Other websites
Official website
Cricket clubs in Pakistan
Lahore
Pakistan Super League
2015 establishments in Pakistan
Bob Arum

Robert Arum (born December 8, 1931) is an American lawyer, boxing promoter and businessman. He is the founder and CEO of Top Rank, a professional boxing promotion company. He also worked for the US Attorney's Office for the southern district of New York in the tax division during his legal career before moving into boxing promotion.
References
Other websites
BoxingInsider.com Biofile interview with Bob Arum
NSAC Fines Arum
Top Rank
Interview
1931 births
Living people
Lawyers from New York City
Businesspeople from New York City
Eduardo Galvão

Eduardo Galvao (19 April 1962 - 7 December 2020) was a Brazilian actor. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. His career began in 1989. He was known for his roles as Otacilio in Porto dos Milagres, Armando in O Beijo do Vampiro and as Dr. Roger in Bom Sucesso.
Galvao died of COVID-19 on 7 December 2020 in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 58.
References
1962 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Jimmy O. Yang

Jimmy O. Yang (; born June 11, 1987) is a Hong Kong-American actor, stand-up comedian, and writer. He is best known for starring as Jian-Yang in the HBO comedy series Silicon Valley.
References
Living people
1987 births
Hong Kong actors
Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Chinese voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Comedians from Los Angeles
Watertown, Massachusetts

Watertown is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the greater Boston area. The population was 31,915 at the 2010 census. Watertown is one of fourteen Massachusetts municipalities that have been granted city forms of government but kept the name town.
History
The area of Watertown was inhabited for thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from England. The tribes of the Pequossette and the Nonantum, had settlements on what is now called the Charles River. The Pequossette built a fishing weir to trap herring. This was at the site of the current Watertown Dam. Every year the alewife and blueback herring swim upstream from their adult home in the sea. this is to spawn in the fresh water where they came from.
The first settlement of Watertown was at the Saltonstall Plantation in 1630. This was one of the earliest of the Massachusetts Bay settlements. It was begun by a group of settlers led by Richard Saltonstall and the Rev. George Phillips. It was officially incorporated that same year. The alternate spelling "Waterton" is seen in some early documents.
The first buildings were on land that is now in the city of Cambridge. It was known as Gerry's Landing. For its first quarter century Watertown ranked next to Boston in population and area. Since then its city limits have been greatly reduced.
The Stanley Brothers built the first of their steam-powered cars, called Stanley Steamers, in Watertown in 1897.
References
Other websites
Watertown official website
Armenian Library and Museum of America
Watertown Community Foundation
Cities in Massachusetts
1630 establishments in Massachusetts
Lyssach

Lyssach is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website of Lyssach
Municipalities of Bern
Coup de Torchon

Coup de Torchon, also known as Clean Slate, is a 1981 French crime movie directed by Bertrand Tavernier and was based on the 1964 novel Pop. 1280 by Jim Thompson. It stars Philippe Noiret, Isabelle Huppert, Jean-Pierre Marielle, Stephane Audran, Eddy Mitchell, Guy Marchand, Jean Champion and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1982.
Other websites
1981 crime movies
French crime movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Bertrand Tavernier
Super Paper Mario

Super Paper Mario (also known as Paper Mario 3) is a Wii role playing game released in 2007. It is the third game for the Paper Mario series to be released on platform. The game was going to be released for the GameCube, like its predecessor), but was instead released for the Wii.
Gameplay
The player controls Mario and his companions and has to explore different lands of a town called Flipside, fights enemies to gain levels and solves puzzles. As the story progresses, Princess Peach, Luigi, and Bowser become playable. Super Paper Mario is a 2D and 3D game since one of Mario's abilities is to change the perspective of the environment.
Story
Mario and his friends set out to collect eight Pure Hearts in each chapters, in order to destroy the Chaos Heart and prevent the black hole from destroying the world.
Companions
In each Paper Mario game, there have always been members that follow Mario and help him in battles. Pixl is a name that comes from the word pixel, but is also a reference to pixie, which is a name for a fairy. Each pixl has a different power and look, but despite having many members, the player can only use one. In Super Paper Mario, Tippi, also called Tiptron, is the player's butterfly partner. She has the ability to give tips to Mario and makes invisible objects appear. The player can recruit one of the Pixls in each chapters as the game progresses.
Reception
Most of the reviews for Super Paper Mario were positive such as IGN that gives a score of 8.9 out of 10. Most critics praised the plot because it has a great sense of humor, but said that the graphics were fine, but not extraordinary. The game has sold more than 2.28 million copies worldwide.
References
Mario roleplaying games
2007 video games
Wii games
Spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a serious genetic disease that causes nerves and muscles to stop working. Babies affected by SMA often get weak and might die after their lungs fail. Adults who develop the disease gradually lose the ability to move their bodies. The muscle weakness is known to worsen as the patient ages.
Spinal muscular atrophy is inherited from parents who might or might not have the disease themselves but both of whom have a fault (mutation) in their genes that predisposes to the disease. Around one in 25 to one in 50 persons, depending on the country, carries a faulty gene of SMA.
Spinal muscular atrophy is the most common genetic disease causing deaths of babies. Only one medicine helps in SMA, it is called Spinraza.
Types
Type 0
It can already be observed before birth. It is the most rare and most severe form of the condition. Infants who have it tend to move less in the womb. As a result, they are often born with joint deformities or contractures. They have very weak muscle tone (hypotonia) at birth. Their respiratory muscles are also very weak. Most of them do not survive past infancy due to respiratory failure. Some also develop congenital heart defects.
Type I
Also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is the most common form of all. Its severe form can be seen at birth or within the first few months. Children affected cannot control their head movements. Others may struggle sitting down without any assistance. Others may have difficulty swallowing, which often lead to difficulty feeding. Some may also develop breathing problems because of the weakness of their respiratory muscles. Due to respiratory failure, most patients who suffer from this type of condition do not survive past early childhood.
Type II
It is also called Dubowitz disease. It is identified by muscle weakness that develops in children between ages 6 and 12 months. They usually cannot sit without support. Apart from difficulty sitting, they usually cannot stand nor walk without help. Other signs include involuntary trembling (tremors) in their fingers, develop scoliosis, and respiratory muscle weakness that can be life-threatening. Many individuals with this type of condition often can only live up to their twenties or thirties.
Type III
Another name is Kugelberg-Welander disease. It causes muscle weakness in mid-childhood. While many can stand and walk earlier on without much help, as the condition progresses over time, walking and climbing stairs tend to become increasingly difficult for them. Most individuals suffering from this condition tend to require wheelchair assistance later in their lives. Unlike other types, they usually have normal life span.
Type IV
It is rare and usually manifests in early adulthood. Patients often experience mild to moderate muscle weakness, tremors, and very mild breathing problems.
References
Other websites
Genetic disorders
Obdam

Obdam is a village and former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Koggenland.
21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Holland
Former municipalities of North Holland
Koggenland
Projectile

A projectile is something that is sent flying through the air, usually as a weapon. Any solid object that is thrown or fired out of something is a projectile. For example, an arrow fired from a bow, a bullet, or even a rock from a slingshot are all projectiles.
Projectile weapons have been used for a long time. Bows and slingshots are very old weapons that were used hundreds of years ago. Now most countries use projectile weapons instead of melee weapons like swords. This is because modern projectile weapons such as guns, rocket launchers, and artillery cannons can shoot at long ranges and are usually more deadly than melee weapons.
Related pages
Ballistics
References
Mechanics
Ballistics
Élisabeth Toutut-Picard

Elisabeth Toutut-Picard (born 17 December 1954) is a French politician representing La Republique En Marche!. She was elected to the French National Assembly on 18 June 2017, representing the 7th constituency of the Haute-Garonne department.
Picard was diagnosed with COVID-19 on 7 March 2020 during the 2019-20 pandemic.
References
1954 births
Living people
French politicians
Katanga Province

Katanga Province was a province in the south of the Democratic Republic of Congo before it was split into four provinces. Its mountains have many valuable ores including the majority of the world's cobalt.
References
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Proletariat

The proletariat (often shortened to "prole" in slang) is a term used by communists for a segment of society. It describes the class of workers in urban areas who work in industry or manufacturing. These urban workers are different from the peasants, who are workers who do farming jobs in rural areas. Someone is who part of the proletariat class is called a proletarian.
The political way of thinking of communism states that the proletariat should have a revolution and take over the means of production. They are often sarcastically referred to as "wage-slaves."
The proletariat is the laboring bulk of society that does most of the useful, necessary work, and pays most of the taxes. It is also perceived by "capitalists" (another communist term) as being necessary for those reasons: labor and taxes, plus being available to exploit to produce profits.
History
The word proletariat comes from the Latin word proletarius, which means "maker of offspring". In Ancient Rome, the proletarii were the people who were so poor that the only form of property that they had were their children, who could be used as soldiers.
Modern use
Karl Marx used the word proletariat to describe people who did not own the means of productions (such as factories and land) and had to work for others for a wage. He thought the proletariat class could overthrow the capitalist system and society more just. He learned about the word while studying Roman law in Berlin. In Marxist theory, the lumpenproletariat ("rag-proletariat" in German) were a class of people who were not interested in revolution.
Marx believed that the bourgeoisie exploited the proletariat.
References
Related pages
Bourgeoisie
Class struggle
Exploitation
Marxism
Lumpenproletariat
The Communist Manifesto
Communism
Social classes
Polling, Weilheim-Schongau

Polling is a municipality in Weilheim-Schongau in Bavaria, Germany.
References
Weilheim-Schongau
Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit

The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit (; abbreviated OSPPE), commonly called the Pauline Fathers, is a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was founded in Hungary during the 13th century.
This name comes from the hermit Saint Paul of Thebes. After his death, the Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite was founded.
References
Roman Catholic religious orders
Rurey

Rurey is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Sainghin-en-Weppes

Sainghin-en-Weppes is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 5,481 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Dancing at Lughnasa (movie)

Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1998 American British Irish historical drama movie directed by Pat O'Connor and was based on the 1990 play of the same name by Brian Friel. It stars Meryl Streep, Michael Gambon, Kathy Burke, Catherine McCormack, Sophie Thompson, Brid Brennan, Rhys Ifans, Lorcan Cranitch, Carolyn Pickles and was distributed by FilmFour Distributors.
Other websites
American drama movies
British drama movies
Irish drama movies
1998 drama movies
1990s historical movies
Movies directed by Pat O'Connor
Movies based on plays
Movies set in Ireland
Twist (dance)

"The Twist" was a song written by Hank Ballard. Ballard's version of the song was not a hit, but a cover version by Chubby Checker became an international hit and made the dance very popular.
Checker followed with "Let's Twist Again", which was another huge hit.
References
Dances
Pop music
Richard Grenville

Sir Richard Grenville (1542 - 1591) was an English sailor, sea captain and explorer. He took part in the early English attempts to settle the New World. He was in the fight against the Spanish Armada. He died in 1591 at the Battle of Flores, fighting against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship, the Revenge, to the far more numerous Spanish.
Sir Richard Grenville was a British naval commander.
He was born of an old Cornish family in about 1541.
His grandfather, Sir Richard, was a marshal of Calais during the time of Henry VIII.
Richard Grenville's father commanded and lost his life in the "Mary Rose" in 1545.
At an early age Richard Grenville served in Hungary under the emperor Maximilian against the Turks.
1542 births
1591 deaths
English explorers
English sailors
Luke Youngblood

Luke Youngblood (born 12 June 1986) is an British actor and voice actor. He is known for playing Ben in The Story of Tracy Beaker, young Simba in The Lion King at several London venues, Lee Jordan in the Harry Potter film series and Magnitude on the NBC comedy series Community. He played Sid in the ABC musical comedy series Galavant. He currently voices William in Baby Shark's Big Show! and Do in Do, Re & Mi and is living in Hollywood, California.
Biography
Youngblood was born and raised in London and grew up with his younger sister Jessica, in a family of Kenyan descent. He showed interest in acting at an early age, and during his teenage years attended acting classes, and appeared in several local production plays. He studied acting at the prestigious Sylvia Young Theatre School, but later pursued a degree in fashion design at the London College of Fashion.
Trivia
He originated the role of Young Simba in The Lion King at the Lyceum Theatre in London, England.
He was a designer on the series Project Catwalk.
He played Nipper in the 1994 West End revival of Oliver!, which was directed by Sam Mendes.
He trained at the Sylvia Young Theatre School in London.
He was set to reprise his role of Lee Jordan in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2, but his scenes were ultimately cut from the film.
Other websites
1986 births
Living people
People from Westminster
British voice actors
English voice actors
Black British actors
Set designers
English television actors
English movie actors
Alfreton

Alfreton is a town in Amber Valley in Derbyshire; it is at the junction of the A38 and A61 roads. It has a population of about 22,000. The Alfreton area has 41,000 people in it.
Local economy
The work in Alfreton was coal mining. Since the mines closed in the 1960s, it is now light industry and warehousing. The Thornton's chocolate factory is to the south of Alfreton.
The A38 road was extended north to Alfreton in the early 1970s. Alfreton town centre has six charity shops, which stock a wide variety of clothes, ornaments and jigsaws.
Politics
Alfreton's MP is Judy Mallaber.
Notable Residents
Benjamin Outram, Engineer was born here in 1764
James Young (Scottish chemist) got oil from coal here in 1848.
Norman Whitehead (1915-1983), was born and painted here during the 1930s.
Education
The local secondary school is Alftreton Grange Arts College (ages 11-18) on Grange Street. The school was renamed, having been Mortimer Wilson School for many years.
References
Towns in Derbyshire
Westboro, Missouri

Westboro is a city in Atchison County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri
Neunforn

Neunforn is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
References
Municipalities of Thurgau
André Conte

Andre Bolivar Conte Sanchez (April 25, 1995) is a Panamanian technologist, programmer, human rights and environmental activist. He has been a prominent figure in many mass protests against corruption in Panama. He ran as an independent candidate for deputy in the National Assembly for the 8-8 circuit in the 2019 elections.
Conte was arrested in January 2021 for allegedly being the leader of Anonymous Panama, hacking the Panamanian National Police's computer servers and making a Denial-of-Service attack on the Ministry of Education's computer. He was placed under house arrest and ordered not to use the internet and delete all his social media platforms. His trial is pending.
References
Panamanian politicians
1995 births
Belfast, New Zealand

Belfast () is a suburb of Christchurch. It is north of the city and is close to the Waimakariri River. It is named after Belfast in Northern Ireland. It was once separated from the city until 2000 when it was joined up the subdivision of Northwood. It has a school and freezing works in the suburb. The most notable resident is New Zealand cricketing great Shane Bond.
References
Christchurch
Symphony

A symphony is a piece of music written for an orchestra to play. It may be quite a long piece. Usually it is divided into parts, usually 3 or 4 parts, which are called movements.
The first movement of a symphony can be a fast movement, often in sonata form. The second movement can be a slow movement. The third movement can be a minuet or scherzo and a trio. The fourth movement may be called "Finale"; it can be in Rondo form or sonata form or a combination of these. There are lots of different ways of writing a symphony, but this is the pattern that was used by Joseph Haydn who is known as the "Father of the Symphony", and many composers since have used his pattern of movements for their symphonies.
Connotations
The word "symphony" comes from the Greek words "sym" (together) and "phone" (sound).
"Symphonic" means "like a symphony". It is often used to describe music which is quite long and develops tunes over a long period.
A large orchestra is often called a "symphony orchestra". This is to distinguish it from a small orchestra called a "chamber orchestra".
Some of the most famous composers of symphonies are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Gustav Mahler, Jean Sibelius and Dmitri Shostakovich.
Related pages
Symphonic poem
Musical forms
Selkirk, Manitoba

Selkirk is a Town in Manitoba. It is west of Winnipeg. It was named after the 5th Earl of selkirk. It was incorporated as a Town in 1882 and as a CITY in 1998 and as a Town again in 2018
At the 2016 census, Selkirk's population was 10,278.
Transportation
The Town of Selkirk has 2 taxi services: Wills Taxi and First Rate Taxi.
It also has Selkirk Transit and Selkirk Mobility.
Ecomony
Selkirk has many businesses. These include McDonald's, Dairy Queen, and A&W. It also has Sterling Press and International Pipe.
Sports
Andrew Murray lives in Selkirk.
Selkirk is home to The MJHL Selkirk Steelers and the KJHL Selkirk Fishermen.
Demographics
References
Cities in Manitoba
Siberian roe deer

The Siberian roe deer or eastern roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) is a species of roe deer found in northeastern Asia. In addition to Siberia and Mongolia, it is found in Kazakhstan, the Tian Shan Mountains, Eastern Tibet, the Korean peninsula, and northeastern China.
Deer
Mammals of Asia
Voiced palatal lateral affricate

The voiced palatal lateral affricate is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Consonants
Maryo J. de los Reyes

Mario Margarito "Maryo" Jorolan de los Reyes (December 12, 1952 - January 27, 2018) was a Filipino movie and television director. He was born in Santa Cruz, Manila. His 2003 movie Magnifico was entered into the 54th Berlin International Film Festival.
Reyes suffered a heart attack and died on 27 January 2018 in Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines, at the age of 65.
References
Other websites
1952 births
2018 deaths
Movie directors
Television directors
Filipino people
Disease-related deaths in the Philippines
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Potamophylax (insect)

Potamophylax is a genus of insects belonging to the family Limnephilidae.
Species
List of species includes:
Potamophylax albergaria Malicky, 1976
Potamophylax alpinus Tobias, 1994
Potamophylax coronavirus
Potamophylax juliani Kumanski, 1999
Potamophylax winneguthi
Potamophylax qafshtamaensis
References
Insects
Kammerstein

Kammerstein is a municipality in Roth in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Roth (district)
Sagittarius A*

Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is a bright astronomical radio source at the center of the Milky Way. It is in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius.
The radio source is part of a larger astronomical feature known as Sagittarius A. Sagittarius A* is thought to be a supermassive black hole, like those that are at the centers of most spiral and elliptical galaxies. Observations of the star S2 in orbit around Sagittarius A* were used to show the presence of the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole. This led to the conclusion that Sagittarius A* is the site of that black hole.
Related pages
Sagittarius A
Sagittarius
References
Other websites
Astronomical objects
Milky Way
Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer

Charles Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, (born 20 May 1964), styled Viscount Althorp between 1975 and 1992, is a British nobleman, peer, author, journalist, and broadcaster.
He is the younger brother of Diana, Princess of Wales. He is the maternal uncle of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.
Spencer worked as an on-air correspondent with NBC News from 1986 to 1995 for the network's morning programme, Today, and NBC Nightly News. He also worked as a reporter for Granada Television from 1991 to 1993.
Spencer was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Northamptonshire in November 2005. Spencer is also a patron of the Northamptonshire County Cricket Club.
Titles
20 May 1964-9 June 1975: The Honorable Charles Edward Maurice Spencer
9 June 1975-29 March 1992 Viscount Althorp
29 March 1992 The Right Honorable The Earl of Spencer
(https://infogalactic.com)
References
1964 births
Living people
Journalists from London
British television presenters
Television news anchors
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British historians
English Earls
Members of the House of Lords
People educated at Eton College
Panampatta

Panampatta is a village near Pathanapuram in Kollam district, Kerala state, India.
Politics
Panampatta is a part of Pathanapuram assembly constituency in Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency). Shri. K. B. Ganesh Kumar is the current MLA of Pathanpuram. Shri. Kodikkunnil Suresh is the current member of parliament of Mavelikkara.
Geography
Panampatta is a small village in Thalavoor panchayat. Panampatta is junction in Pathanapuram-Kottarakkara road. It connects places such as Karyara, etc. Vellangadu bridge is one of the main landmark of Panampatta.
References
Villages in Kollam district
Berend Jansema

Berend Pieter "Be" Jansema (24 January 1943 - 14 February 2021) was a Dutch civil servant and politician. He was a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. He was an alderman of Houten from 1979 until 1981 and mayor of Rossum and Heerewaarden from 1981 until 1989. He later was mayor of Harlingen from 1989 until 1997 and of Coevorden from 1998 until 2003.
Jansema was born in Wagenborgen (Eemsdelta) and died in Maspalomas, Gran Canaria on 14 February 2021, aged 78.
References
1943 births
2021 deaths
Aldermen of the Netherlands
Dutch civil servants
Dutch councillors
Dutch mayors
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from Groningen (province)
A Burglar's Mistake

A Burglar's Mistake is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Harry Solter, Charles Inslee, and Marion Leonard.
Actors
Harry Solter as Henry Newman
Charles Inslee as Dick Folsom
Marion Leonard as Mrs. Newman
Adele DeGarde as One of the Children
Robert Harron as The Messenger
Raymond Hatton as At Folsom's / Secretary (unconfirmed)
Arthur V. Johnson as Policeman
David Miles as At Folsom's
Owen Moore as At Folsom's
Herbert Prior as Policeman
Gertrude Robinson as One of the Children
Mack Sennett as At Folsom's / Policeman
Dorothy West as One of the Children
References
Other websites
American movies
1909 movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Cephalothorax

The cephalothorax, also called a prosoma, is the body part of some arthropods where the head and the thorax are one.
It is common in crustacea and chelicerates. The cephalothorax may be covered with a tough carapace.
References
Arthropods
Body parts
Animal anatomy
Jamie-Lynn Sigler

Jamie-Lynn Sigler (born May 15, 1981) is an American actress and singer born in Jericho, New York.
Career
She is best known for playing Meadow Soprano in The Sopranos. She also played call girl Heidi Fleiss in an American television movie. She was born in Jericho, New York.
Personal life
In January 2016, Sigler revealed that she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis when she was 20 years old.
References
Actors from New York (state)
American television actors
1981 births
People with multiple sclerosis
Living people
Sandy Gall

Henderson Alexander "Sandy" Gall, CMG, CBE (born 1 October 1927), is a Scottish journalist, author, and former ITN news presenter. His career as a journalist has lasted more than 50 years.
Gall was born in Penang, Malaysia. He studied at the Aberdeen University.
References
Other websites
Sandy Gall CV at PFD
Sandy Gall CV at Knight Ayton Management
1927 births
Living people
Scottish journalists
Scottish television presenters
Brandon Rogers (YouTuber)

Brandon Rogers (born August 3, 1988) is an American YouTuber, comedian, actor, writer and filmmaker. He has co-written and voiced in Helluva Boss (2019-present).
Biography
Born on August 3, 1988 in Hayward, California, he started to dabble on YouTube. He has over 6 million subscribers on his YouTube channel.
Personal life
Brandon grew up from a conservative family and became a liberal gay man.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
References
Other websites
1988 births
American YouTubers
LGBT actors
Gay men
LGBT people from California
Actors from California
People from Hayward, California
Living people
Peyton Place (novel)

Peyton Place is a novel by Grace Metalious. It was published in 1956. It is a "tell-all" book about the secrets of a small town in New England. It sold more than 100,000 copies in its first month of release. The book was the basis for a movie of the same name starring Lana Turner, and a 1965 prime time television soap opera starring Mia Farrow and Dorothy Malone.
References
Vanity Fair: Peyton Place's Real Victim
1956 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Sarcoxie, Missouri

Sarcoxie is a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri
Jasper County, Missouri
Cylon

The Cylons are fictional robots on the science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica.
The Story So Far
The people from the Twelve Colonies of Kobol created the Cylon robots. They told them to work for them and fight for them. The Cylons stood up to the people from the Colonies and fought against them. The Cylons went away after the war and changed into real people as well as robots. After forty years, the Cylons came back and almost killed all the people in the Colonies. They went after the people that were not killed in many ships.
Types of Cylons
Skinjob Cylons look the same as normal people. It is very hard to know if they are Cylons or normal people. There are many Skinjobs that look the same. There are only twelve looks. Cylons that look the same do not always act the same.
Centurions are metal robots with armor. Humans sometimes call them toasters because they are shiny like a toaster. Centurions fight and work. They are the only type of Cylons to not be alive.
Cylon raiders are small ships that fight other small ships. The ship is actually a type of animal.
Fictional races
Battlestar Galactica
La Chapelle-d'Angillon

La Chapelle-d'Angillon is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. About 613 people lived there in January 2019.
Population
References
Communes in Cher
Ljugarn

Ljugarn is a locality in Gotland Municipality in Gotland County in Sweden. In 2010, 238 people lived there. It is located on the East Coast of Swedsih Baltic Sea island of Gotland and lies south of Slite.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Gotland County
Ronnie Schell

Ronald Ralph "Ronnie" Schell (born December 23, 1931) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Richmond, California. He appeared on the May 28, 1959, episode of the TV quiz program You Bet Your Life. As a stand-up comedian, he first developed his act at the world-famous hungry-i nightclub in San Francisco, California. Schell is best known in his 1960s television role as Duke Slater in Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C..
References
Other websites
Ronnie Schell - Kliph Nesteroff interview
Appearance on You Bet Your Life
1931 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Contra Costa County, California
Comedians from California
People from Richmond, California