pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Denis Mack Smith

Denis Mack Smith CBE FBA FRSL (3 March 1920 - 11 July 2017) was a British historian. He has written many books and articles on the history of Italy from the Risorgimento onwards. He wrote biographies of famous Italians in history: Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II, and Benito Mussolini. He was born in London.
Career
Between 1942 and 1945, Smith was an officer in the British War Cabinet. From 1947 to 1962 he was a fellow, tutor and lecturer at the University of Cambridge. From 1962 to 1987 he was a Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He is an Honorary Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford and of Peterhouse, Cambridge.
Smith died on 11 July 2017 in London at the age of 97.
Bibliography
Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860: A Study in Political Conflict, 1954.
Garibaldi: A Great Life in Brief, 1956.
Italy: A Modern History, 1958, revised 1969, completely revised and reprinted as Modern Italy: A Political History, 1997.
A History of Sicily, with Moses Finley, in two volumes, Medieval Sicily 800-1713 and Modern Sicily after 1713, 1968; abridged and reprinted as the single volume A History of Sicily with Moses Finley and Christopher Duggan, 1986.
The Making of Italy, 1796-1870, 1968 (editor), reprinted as The Making of Italy, 1796-1866, 1988.
Great Lives Observed: Garibaldi, 1969 (editor).
Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento, 1971.
Vittorio Emanuele II, 1975.
Mussolini's Roman Empire (Le guerre del Duce), 1976.
Mussolini, 1981.
Cavour, 1985.
Il Risorgimento italiano. Storia e testi, 1987.
Italy and its Monarchy, 1989.
Mazzini, 1994.
La storia manipolata, 1998.
References
1920 births
2017 deaths
British historians
People from London
Ginestas

Ginestas is a commune of 1,445 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Communes in Aude
Martainville, Calvados

Martainville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Richard Roberts

Sir Richard John Roberts FRS (born 6 September 1943, Derby) is a British biochemist and molecular biologist.
He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Sharp for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".
Roberts has worked at Harvard University, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and New England Biolab. He was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours.
Work
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. Roberts and Sharp independently found out that the genes in adenovirus (which causes the common cold), were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing.
In 1997 Roberts proved that in the adenovirus coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns.
Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.
The second part of Robert's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version. This is now used in genetic engineering.
Suggested effect on evolution
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.
Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:
"Earlier it was believed that genes evolve mainly through the accumulation of small discrete changes in the genetic material. But their mosaic gene structure also permits higher organisms to restructure genes in another, more efficient way. This is because during the course of evolution, gene segments - the individual pieces of the mosaic - are regrouped in the genetic material, which creates new mosaic patterns and hence new genes. This reshuffling process presumably explains the rapid evolution of higher organisms".
References
1943 births
Living people
English biochemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
English molecular biologists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Derby
World Phenomenology Institute

The World Phenomenology Institute (WPI) is an academic organization that recommends scholarship in the area of phenomenology. The organization was founded by Polish-American philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (1923-2014) in 1976. It was first called the World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning.
Related pages
Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka
Phenomenology
Philosophy
Other websites
Research organizations in the United States
Scientific organizations based in the United States
1976 establishments in the United States
Elampalloor

Elampalloor is an urban village in Kollam district in the state of Kerala and is a part of Kollam Metropolitan Area, India. It is 12 km away from Kollam city, 23 km away from Paravur and 13 km away from Kottarakkara.
Demographics
India census, Elampalloor had a population of 28473 with 13783 males and 14690 females.
Public/private institutions near Elampalloor
Kollam Technopark
Aluminium Industries Limited (ALIND)
The Kerala Ceramics Limited
Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Co. Ltd. (KEL)
Lakshmi Starch Ltd
References
Villages in Kollam district
Hettinger, North Dakota

Hettinger ( ) is a city in, and the county seat of, Adams County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,226 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in North Dakota
County seats in North Dakota
Eva Estrada Kalaw

Eva Estrada Kalaw (June 16, 1920 - May 25, 2017) was a Filipino politician and professor. She served as a Senator in the Senate of the Philippines from 1965 through 1972. She was elected senator in 1965 under the Nacionalista Party. She was serving in Senate during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, she was part of a major transformation in Philippine domestic and foreign policies.
Kalaw was a candidate for President of the Philippines in 1986 and again in 1992.
Kalaw was born in Murcia, Tarlac, Philippine Islands. She studied at the University of the Philippines. Kalaw died on May 25, 2017 at a hospital in Manila at the age of 96.
References
Other websites
www.senate.gov.ph
www.geocities.com
www.kababaihan.org
Amazon.
1920 births
2017 deaths
Filipino politicians
Filipino academics
Disease-related deaths in the Philippines
Govi-Altai Province

Govi-Altai ( / , ) is an aimag (province) in western Mongolia.
Provinces of Mongolia
Makiko Mori

Makiko Mori was a Japanese novelist. She won the 1980 Izumi Kyoka Prize for Literature for her book . Her real name was Eiko Matsuura.
Early life and education
Mori was born on 19 December 1934 in Sakata, Japan. She was the second child of three children. Her father was a physician. When she was six years old, her father died. Mori began suffering from rheumatism when she was 10 years old. She graduated from Yamagata Prefectural Sakata Higashi High School in 1953. When she was 19 years old, her mother died. Mori left home after her mother's death. She moved to Kobe and then Tokyo. She began reading a lot. She loves to read the works of Jean-Paul Sartre, Franz Kafka, Kobo Abe and Yutaka Haniya.
Career
Mori made her debut as a writer in 1965 with the novel . Her novel won the Bungakukai New Writer's Award and was nominated for the Akutagawa Prize. Several of her other books were also nominated for this award, such as in 1965, in 1969, and in 1971. Three of her works were nominated for the Women's Literature Award. Her book won the Izumi Kyoka Prize for Literature in 1980.
Mori lived a solitary life. Her death was discovered on 17 November 1992. Throughout her career she wrote nine books. later wrote a book about her life that was called .
Style
Mori's style was known for her isolated female character who live depressing (sad) lives. They are often emotional and wander with little sense of identity. Many of her works are about isolation and end with death.
References
1934 births
1992 deaths
Japanese novelists
Charmont, Val-d'Oise

Charmont is a commune. It is in Ile-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France.
References
Communes in Val-d'Oise
Babe Parilli

Vito "Babe" Parilli (May 7, 1930 - July 15, 2017) was an American football player. He played quarterback for seven seasons in the National Football League and one in the Canadian Football League in the 1950s, and then in the American Football League for all ten seasons in the 1960s.
Parilli died on July 15, 2017 in Parker, Colorado of complications from multiple myeloma at the age of 87.
Parilli was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1982. On November 15, 2014, he was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame.
References
1930 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Cancer deaths in Colorado
Green Bay Packers players
Cleveland Browns players
Oakland Raiders players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
New England Patriots players
New York Jets players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Molokai

Molokai (sometimes mistakenly called Moloka`i) is the fifth largest island in the U.S. Hawaiian Islands. The island is 38 miles long and 10 miles across. Its land area is 261 square miles. The highest mountain is named Kamakou, and it is 4,970 feet (1,514 meters) high.
Molokai has many local indigenous names including Molokai 'Aina Momona (land of abundance), Molokai Pule O'o (land of powerful prayer), and Molokai Nui A Hina (of the goddess Hina). It is one of the least developed of the Hawaiian islands.
The only big town is named Kaunakakai, which is also the main or chief port on the island. The airport is in Central Molokai. Also on the island is Kalaupapa, which is a place for people who have a diease called leprosy.
Molokai has many Hawaiian fish ponds along its south shore. Many of these have been cleaned and fixed.
Islands of Hawaii
Liddes

Liddes is a municipality of the district Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Villages
Liddes-Ville, Chandonne, Fontaine, Rive-Haute, Drance, Fornex, Les Moulins, Vicheres, Chez-Petit and Palasui
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Valais
Wycombe Abbey

Wycombe Abbey is a private secondary boarding school for girls in High Wycombe, England. It has one of the best girls' boarding school exam results in the United Kingdom.
37% of students go on to Oxford or Cambridge universities. It was started in 1896 by Dame Frances Gove. The headmistress is Rhiannon Wilkinson. It costs PS11,100 per term for boarders. All girls year 79 have to learn Latin. It is a Church of England school with its own chapel.
References
Schools in Buckinghamshire
1896 establishments in England
Königstein, Bavaria

Konigstein is a market town in the district of Amberg-Sulzbach in the Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany.
References
Other websites
Official website
Amberg-Sulzbach
Bill Plager

William Ronald "Bill" Plager (July 6, 1945 - January 3, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He was born in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. Plager started his National Hockey League career with the Minnesota North Stars in 1967. He also played for the St. Louis Blues and Atlanta Flames. He left the NHL after the 1976 season.
Plager died on January 3, 2016 in Peterborough, Ontario, aged 70.
References
Other websites
1945 births
2016 deaths
Atlanta Flames players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Minnesota North Stars players
St. Louis Blues players
Ice hockey defencemen
Keith Greene

Keith Greene (5 January 1938 - 7 March 2021) was an English racing driver. He raced in Formula One from 1959 to 1962, participating in six World Championship Grands Prix and numerous non-Championship races. Greene was born in London.
Greene died of a cardiac arrest in London on 7 March 2021, aged 83.
References
Sportspeople from London
1938 births
2021 deaths
English Formula One drivers
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Super Mario Bros. (movie)

Super Mario Bros. is a 1993 American science fiction fantasy movie. It was produced by Jake Eberts and Roland Joffe. The movie was directed by Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel. Super Mario Bros. was released on May 28, 1993. The movie is a loose live-action version of the 1985 Nintendo video game of the same name. The movie stars Bob Hoskins as Mario, John Leguizamo as Luigi, Dennis Hopper as King Koopa, and Samantha Mathis as Princess Daisy.
The movie was received with mainly negative reviews from critics and holds a 24% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the movie two thumbs down on their television program Siskel & Ebert At the Movies. They also put the movie on their list for one of the worst films of 1993. It only made $20,915,465 of its $48 million budget.
Cast
Bob Hoskins as Mario Mario
John Leguizamo as Luigi Mario
Dennis Hopper as King Koopa
Samantha Mathis as Princess Daisy
Fisher Stevens as Iggy
Richard Edson as Spike
Fiona Shaw as Lena
Mojo Nixon as Toad
Dana Kaminski as Daniella
Francesca Roberts as Big Bertha
Gianni Russo as Anthony Scapelli
Don Lake as Sgt. Simon
Lance Henriksen as The King
Frank Welker as Yoshi, Goombas, and other creature voices
Dan Castellaneta as Narrator
References
Other websites
1990s American adventure movies
1993 comedy movies
1993 fantasy movies
1990s American drama movies
French comedy movies
French fantasy movies
French adventure movies
Japanese movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies based on video games
Movies set in New York City
Dystopian movies
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri
Movies about dinosaurs
Joseph Mascolo

Joseph Mascolo (March 13, 1929 - December 8, 2016) was an American musician and former dramatic actor.
Mascolo was born in West Hartford, Connecticut. He studied at the University of Miami and at the United States Military Academy. He began acting in 1957.
During his long career, he has acted in many movies such as Jaws 2, Heat and The Trail of the Incredible Hulk. He was best known for playing super villian Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's Days of Our Lives until his retirement in January 2016.
Mascolo was married to Rose Maimone in 1953. She died in 1986. They had one son. Mascolo then married Patricia Schultz in 2005. He lived in Los Angeles. California. Mascolo was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2015 and suffered a crippling stroke the same year.
Mascolo died on December 8, 2016 at his home in Los Angeles from complication of the disease, aged 87. He was survived by his wife Patricia, his sister Marie, his son Peter and a step-daughter Laura.
References
Other websites
His Personal Website
1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American movie actors
American television actors
Musicians from Connecticut
Actors from Connecticut
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
Leonid Kharitonov

Leonid Mikhailovich Kharitonov () (18 September 1933 - 19 September 2017) was a Russian bass-baritone (baritonal'nyi bas) singer. He was honoured with People's Artist of Russia and Honoured Artist of Russia. In other parts of Europe, he was noted for his 1965 video of the "Song of the Volga Boatmen". He was born in Irkutsk, Soviet Union.
Kharitonov died on 19 September 2017 in Moscow at the age of 84.
References
Other websites
Official Facebook page of Leonid Kharitonov
Official English language website of Leonid Kharitonov
Official website of Leonid Kharitonov in Russian
Narod.ru biography and songlist of Leonid Kharitonov in Russian
Biography of L.M. Kharitonov in Russian
Red Army webpage: Biography of Leonid Kharitonov, with discography and videos of performances in Japanese
List of Leonid Kharitonov's tours 1972-2005
Wordpress: Alexandrov Ensemble blog
1933 births
2017 deaths
Russian singers
West Carroll Parish, Louisiana

West Carroll Parish () is a parish located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,751. The parish seat is Oak Grove. The parish was founded in 1877, when Carroll Parish was divided.
References
1870s establishments in Louisiana
1877 establishments in the United States
David Moss (ice hockey)

David Moss (born December 28, 1981 in Livonia, Michigan) is an NHL ice hockey right winger for the Calgary Flames. He was picked by the Calgary Flames with the 220th overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played college hockey at the University of Michigan with the Michigan Wolverines ice hockey team.
Moss is the cousin of current Toronto Maple Leaf, Phil Kessel.
Other websites
1981 births
American ice hockey right wingers
Calgary Flames players
Living people
Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights players
Sportspeople from Michigan
American Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Cracked Rear View

Cracked Rear View is the major-label debut album by Hootie & the Blowfish. It was released on July 5, 1994 by Atlantic Records.
Reception
Cracked Rear View is Hootie & the Blowfish's most successful album. It was the highest-selling album of 1995, with 10.5 million shipments that year alone. It eventually shipped 16 million copies by March 31, 1999. Cracked Rear View reached number one on the Billboard 200 five times during 1995. The album also reached number one in Canada and New Zealand. Three million copies were sold through the Columbia House mail-order system.
Critical reviews of Cracked Rear View were mostly positive. The Allmusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it four and a half stars out of five. He wrote that it was "the success story of 1994/1995." He also said, "Although Hootie & the Blowfish aren't innovative, they deliver the goods. They turned out an album of solid, rootsy folk-rock songs that have simple, powerful hooks."
References
1994 albums
San Marcos Civic Center (NCTD station)

The San Marcos Civic Center is a Sprinter light rail station. It is served by North County Transit District. It is on San Marcos Boulevard.
Platforms and tracks
Other websites
Map of the station on Google Maps
North County Transit District stations
2008 establishments in California
Anzoátegui

Anzoategui (, ), is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. Anzoategui is known for its beautiful beaches that attract many visitors. Its coast has only one beach. The beach is about long.
The capital of Anzoategui is Barcelona. Other cities include Puerto la Cruz and El Tigre.
States of Venezuela
British Rail Class 314

British Rail Class 314 alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the second variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). Able to operate from 25 kV overhead line current collection only, the fleet worked outer-suburban services on the Strathclyde Passenger Transport rail network in Central Scotland.
314
314
Press Information Bureau

The Press Information Bureau, commonly abbreviated as PIB, is a nodal agency of the Government of India. Its parent agency is under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Their headquaters is in National Media Centre, New Delhi. Press Information Bureau distribute information to print, electronic and web media on government plans, policies, programme initiatives and achievements.
The head of PIB is also the Official Spokesperson of the Government of India and holds the rank of Principal Director General (or Special Secretary).
History
The Press Information Bureau was established in June 1919, Simla, as a small cell of the Home Ministry under the British government. Its main task was to prepare a report on India to be placed before the British Parliament.
The first head of the publicity cell was Dr. L.F. Rushbrook Williams of Allahabad University who was designated as Officer on Special Duty. Prof. Williams had earlier worked with Sir Stanley Reed on the Central Publicity Board.
In 1941, J. Natrajan became the first Indian to be head the Bureau as Principal Information Officer. The organisation's name was changed to the Press Information Bureau in 1946.
The Bureau has been reconstituted many times since the independence of India in 1947.
References
Other websites
History of PIB
Government agencies of India
Bayesian network

A Bayesian network is a kind of graph which is used to model events that cannot be observed. This can then be used for inference. The graph that is used is directed, and does not contain any cycles. The nodes of the graph represent random variables. If two nodes are connected by an edge, it has an associated probability that it will transmit from one node to the other.
Bayesian networks are mainly used in the field of (unassisted) machine learning. They have been used where information needs to be classified. Examples are image, document, or speech recognition, and information retrieval.
It is based on Reverend Thomas Bayes' discovery in the 1740s called Bayes' theorem.
History
The term "Bayesian networks" was made by Judea Pearl in 1985 to emphasize three aspects:
The often subjective nature of the input information.
The reliance on Bayes's conditioning as the basis for updating information.
The distinction between causal and evidential modes of reasoning, which underscores Thomas Bayes' posthumously published paper of 1763.
In the late 1980s, the seminal texts Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems and Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems summarized the properties of Bayesian networks and helped to establish Bayesian networks as a field of study.
Informal variants of such networks were first used by legal scholar John Henry Wigmore, in the form of Wigmore charts, to analyse trial evidence in 1913. Another variant, called path diagrams, was developed by the geneticist Sewall Wright and used in social and behavioral sciences (mostly with linear parametric models).
References
Mathematics
Artificial intelligence
Dominique Dunne

Dominique Ellen Dunne (November 23, 1959 - November 3, 1982) was an American actress. She was born in Santa Monica, California. Her parents were Dominick Dunne and Ellen Griffin Dunne. She was best known for her role as Dana Freeling in the 1982 horror movie Poltergeist.
On October 30, 1982, Dunne was strangled by her ex-boyfriend, John Thomas Sweeney, in the driveway of her Los Angeles home. She went into a coma and died five days later, aged 22. Sweeney was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in Dunne's death and went to prison for three and a half years.
References
Other websites
1959 births
1982 deaths
American murder victims
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Wolbachia

Wolbachia is a genus of bacteria which infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects. It is one of the world's most common parasitic microbes and is possibly the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere.
Gram-negative bacteria
Greek numerals

Greek numerals are a system of representing numbers using letters of the Greek alphabet. They are also known by the names Milesian numerals, Alexandrian numerals, or alphabetic numerals. In modern Greece, they are still in use for ordinal numbers, and in much of the same way that Roman numerals are in the West; for ordinary (cardinal) numbers, Arabic numerals are used.
At first, before it was used more, the Greek alphabet, Linear A and Linear B had used a different system with symbols for 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 operating with the following formula: | = 1, - = 10, * = 100, $? = 1000, = 10000.
The earliest alphabet-related system of numerals used with the Greek letters was a set of the acrophonic Attic numerals, operating much like Roman numerals (which derived from this scheme), with the following formula: I = 1, G = 5, D = 10, GD = 50, E = 100, GE = 500, Kh = 1000, GKh = 5000, M = 10000 and GM = 50000.
The acrophonic system was replaced by a new alphabetic system, sometimes called the Ionic numeral system, from the 4th century BC. Each unit (1, 2, ..., 9) was assigned a separate letter, each tens (10, 20, ..., 90) a separate letter, and each hundreds (100, 200, ..., 900) a separate letter. This requires 27 letters, so the 24-letter Greek alphabet was extended by using three obsolete letters: fau w, (also used are [Sigma (letter)|sigma] st or, in modern Greek, ST) for 6, koppa q for 90, and sampi sp for 900. To distinguish numerals from letters they are followed by the "keraia" (Greek --insect antenna), a symbol similar to an acute sign (Unicode U+0374).
Fau (also spelled vau, pronounced wow) may also be called digamma. The two are the same in meaning, and either symbol may be used to represent the number 6.
This alphabetic system operates on the additive principle in which the numeric values of the letters are added together to form the total. For example, 241 is represented as SMA' (200 + 40 + 1).
To represent numbers from 1,000 to 999,999 the same letters are reused to serve as thousands, tens of thousands, and hundreds of thousands. A "left keraia" (Unicode U+0375, 'Greek Lower Numeral Sign') is put in front of thousands to distinguish.
Higher numbers
The Greeks also used the myriad to denote 10,000 (M') and the myriad myriad for one hundred million (MM').
Other websites
The Greek Number Converter
References
Greek language
Numerals
Usina tree frog

{{Speciesbox
| image =Hypsiboas lundii.jpg
| status = LC
| status_ref =
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Boana lundii
| authority = (Burmeister, 1856)
| range_map =
|synonyms=*Hyla (Centrotelma) Lundii Burmeister, 1856
'Hyla pustulosa Reinhardt and Lutken, 1862Hylella punctatissima Reinhardt and Lutken, 1862Hyla punctatissima Peters, 1872Hyla punctatissima Boulenger, 1882Hyla punctatissima punctatissima Parker, 1933Hyla biobeba Bokermann and Sazima, 1973Hyla (Centrotelma) Lundii Caramaschi and Rodrigues, 2003Hypsiboas lundii Faivovich, Haddad, Garcia, Frost, Campbell, and Wheeler, 2005Boana lundii Dubois, 2017
| synonyms_ref=
}}
The Usina tree frog or Lund's frog (Boana lundii'') is a frog that lives in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Paul H. O'Neill

Paul Henry O'Neill (December 4, 1935 - April 18, 2020) was an American businessman and politician.
He served as the 72nd United States Secretary of the Treasury for part of President George W. Bush's first Administration. He resigned in December 2002 under pressure from the administration and became a harsh critic.
O'Neill was chairman and CEO of Pittsburgh-based industrial giant Alcoa from 1987 to 1999, and retired as chairman at the end of 2000. In 1995, he was made chairman of the RAND Corporation.
O'Neill died of lung cancer on April 18, 2020 in Pittsburgh, aged 84.
References
2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Businesspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
Politicians from Pittsburgh
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
1935 births
Will Vinton

William Gale "Will" Vinton (November 17, 1947 - October 4, 2018) was an American animator and filmmaker. He won an Oscar for his work and several Emmy Awards and Clio Awards. He was born in McMinnville, Oregon. Vinton was known for his works The California Raisins, The Adventures of Mark Twain and Return to Oz.
Vinton died of multiple myeloma in Portland, Oregon on October 4, 2018 at the age of 70.
References
Other websites
Vinton Entertainment
LAIKA, previously Vinton Studios
Freewill Entertainment
willvinton.net, Will Vinton's Claymation and Stopmotion Animation Site
Academy Award winning editors
Emmy Award winners
1947 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from multiple myeloma
American animators
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American editors
American voice actors
Actors from Portland, Oregon
Writers from Oregon
Clio Award winners
Camillo Ballin

Camillo Ballin (June 24, 1944 - April 12, 2020) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop, writer, missionary, and educator. He was the Roman Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia from 2001 until his death. He was born in Padua, Italy.
Ballin died on April 12, 2020 at the age of 75.
References
Other websites
EWTN Interview with Bishop Camillo Ballin -- Apostolic Vicar of Northern Arabia March 5, 2014
Interview with H.E. Mgr Camillo Ballin. May 2009. Oasis. Accessed on 22 April 2010.
Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Arabia
1944 births
2020 deaths
Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Italian writers
Italian educators
Ittre

Ittre is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007, 6087 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 39 North, 04deg 15 East.
References
Municipalities of Walloon Brabant
Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Nouvelle-Aquitaine () is one of the administrative regions of France. Its capital is Bordeaux. By land area, it is the largest region of France.
It is in the southwest of France formed in 2014 by three old regions: Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes was the temporary name for the region.
Geography
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is the largest region of France with an area of . It is in southwestern France and borders to the northwest with the Pays de la Loire region, to the north with the Centre-Val de Loire region, to the east with the Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes region, to the southwest with the Occitanie region and to the south with Spain.
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine has about of coast along the Atlantic Ocean.
The distances from Bordeaux, the capital of the region, to other cities are:
Paris, the national capital,
Toulouse,
Marseille,
Lyon,
Montpellier,
Nice,
Rivers
The only main drainage basin in the region is the Atlantic basin; some of the rivers in region, from south to north, are:
Adour -
Garonne -
Dordogne - ; it joins the Garonne river to form the Gironde estuary
Charente -
Sevre Niortaise -
Mountains
The territory of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed mostly by large plains and low plateaus ( high). In the northern part of the region, the highest point is Mont Bessou with an elevation of , in the Massif Central. In the southern part of the region, there are higher mountains in the Pyrenees.
The Pic Palas (), at , is the highest mountain of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is in the Pyrenees mountain range of southern Pyrenees-Atlantiques.
The highest point of the different departments in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region are:
Departments
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed by 12 departments:
Arr. = Arrondissements Cant. = Cantons Comm. = Communes
Demographics
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region had, in 2014, a population of 5,879,144, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The main cities with more than 30,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:
Gallery
Related pages
Aquitaine
Limousin
Poitou-Charentes
Regions of France
References
Other websites
Regional Council website
Prefecture of the region
2016 establishments in France
Peter L. Berger

Peter Ludwig Berger (March 17, 1929 - June 27, 2017) was an Austrian-born American sociologist. He was known for his work in the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of religion, study of modernization, and theoretical work to sociological theory.
Berger was best known for his book, co-authored with Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York, 1966), which is thought to be one of the most influential texts in the sociology of knowledge, and played a central role in the development of social constructionism.
Career
In addition to this book, some of the other books that Berger has written include: Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective (1963); A Rumor of Angels: Modern Society and the Rediscovery of the Supernatural (1969); and The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Social Theory of Religion (1967).
Berger has spent most of his career teaching at The New School for Social Research, Rutgers University, and Boston University. Before retiring, Berger had been at Boston University since 1981 and was the director of the Institute for the Study of Economic Culture.
More reading
Hein, David. "Christianity and Honor." The Living Church, August 18, 2013, pp. 8-10. [analysis and application of Berger's "On the Obsolescence of the Concept of Honor" (1970)]
James D. Hunter, Stephen C. Ainley. Making Sense of Modern Times: Peter L. Berger and the Vision of Interpretive Sociology
Robert Wuthnow. Cultural Analysis: The Work of Peter L. Berger, Mary Douglas, Michel Foucault, and Jurgen Habermas
Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe
References
Other websites
Peter Berger's blog
1929 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Austrian scientists
American sociologists
American theologians
Austrian writers
Writers from Massachusetts
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
Cytosol

The cytosol (also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, or groundplasm) is the internal fluid of the cell, and a part of cell metabolism occurs here.
Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways and glycolysis.
Cytosol mostly consists of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as protein). It contains about 20% to 30% protein.
Normal human cytosolic pH is (roughly) 7.0 (i.e. neutral), whereas the pH of the extracellular fluid is 7.4.
The texture of cytosol being described as granular can be attributed to the fact that in order to study the texture, an electron microsope must be used, which requires a process of dehydration prior to study.
References
Life: the science of biology. Purves, Sadava, Orians, Heller. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2004. (ILM USA)
Metabolism
Toshihiko Koga

was a Japanese judoka, 9th degree black belt. He was an Olympic champion who competed in the -71 kg and -78 kg divisions in the 1992 Summer Olympics. He also won a silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Koga died of cancer on March 24, 2021 at the age of 53.
References
1967 births
2021 deaths
Japanese Olympic gold medalists
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
Japanese judoka
Deaths from cancer
Commercial Act of South Korea

The Commercial Act of South Korea () is the law that controls commerce in South Korea. It was originally enacted on 1 January 1963. It currently consists of 5 main chapters: General Provisions, Commercial Transactions, Company, Insurance, and Maritime Commerce.
Amendments (changes) were made in 1963, 1984, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2008 and 2009. The biggest changes were made to comply with rules made by the International Monetary Fund. These changes were made during South Korea's foreign currency crisis in 1998. They were commentated to support corporate restructuring and improving accountability and transparency of management through efficient monitoring.
The concept of directors' fiduciary duty of loyalty was introduced into the statute in the Commercial Act and was imposed as a statutory obligation of directors of stock companies. The Commercial Act also newly included the concept of de facto directors liable for damages under certain circumstances. This enabled the Commercial Act to enhance managerial accountability by holding "owners", who do not hold any official corporate directorship, liable for mis-management and misconduct. Additionally, through the introduction of the shareholder proposal rights, the status of minority shareholders improved, securing the opportunities of minority shareholders to propose certain issues to the board of directors and the general shareholders' meeting.
More reading
Hwa-Jin Kim (1999) "Living with the IMF: a New Approach to Corporate Governance and Regulation of Financial Institutions in Korea", 17 Berkeley Journal International Law.
The Korean Commerce Code (sangbeob/Shang Fa ): SS 382-3, 401-2, 363-2
Economy of South Korea
Commerce
Legislation
History of South Korea
Badenhausen

Badenhausen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Osterode, in Lower Saxony, Germany. On 1 March 2013, it became part of the municipality Bad Grund.
References
Former municipalities in Lower Saxony
Olaudah Equiano

Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 - 31 March 1797) also known as Gustavus Vassa or Graves, was an important African involved in the British movement for the abolition of the slave trade. He was made a slave when he was a child but was later able to buy his freedom. He worked as an author, merchant, and explorer in South America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, and the United Kingdom, where he settled by 1792. In his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, he wrote about the horrors of slavery. This influenced the passing of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
References
1745 births
1797 deaths
Abolitionists
Slaves
Nigerian writers
Explorers
British writers
Samih al-Qasim

Samih al-Qasim, , , (born May 11, 1939 - died August 19, 2014) was a Arab-language poet from Israel. His poetry is influenced by two primary periods of his life: before and after the Six-Day War. He joined the Communist Rakah party in 1967, later Hadash - the Front for Democracy and Equality. Al-Qasim has published several volumes and collections of poetry.
He worked also as a journalist and was several times in prison because of his political activities.
Al-Qasim died aged 75 of cancer.
References
1939 births
2014 deaths
Communists
Druze
Israeli activists
Israeli journalists
Israeli writers
Jordanian people
Israeli poets
Political activists
Israeli-Arab people
Presbyornis

Presbyornis is an extinct genus of water bird. It was a wading bird, often walking in shallow water on its long legs.
Presbyornis was one of the first anseriforms. Because of its long legs and neck, it was initially mistaken for a flamingo. Later it was reclassified as an anseriform when the duck-like anatomy of its skull and bill was found. It is from an extinct group closely related to ducks and geese. Judging from numerous fossil findings, Presbyornis probably lived in colonies around shallow lakes. Its broad, flat bill was used to filter food (small plants and animals) from the water, in the manner of today's dabbling ducks.
The fossil record includes many complete skeletons from Green River Formation sites (early Eocene). This suggests that the birds nested in colonies, similar to many colony-nesting waterfowl or shorebirds today. Species of this bird have also been found in Maryland, Utah, England, and Mongolia.
Fossils are held in the Smithsonian Institution, the Natural History Museum, London, and the KUVP.
References
Anseriformes
Fossils
Ulsan

Ulsan is a metropolitan city in the southeast of South Korea. Big companies such as Hyundai Heavy Industries, Hyundai Hysco, Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Hyundai Motor Company, SK Innovation and S-Oil. are in Ulsan. Making motors, shipbuilding and petrochemical companies are the main industries in Ulsan. It has the largest area of Korean metropolitan cities but it has the lowest population. In Ulsan, there is a Whale Festival every year to celebrate whales.
Cities in South Korea
Jane Birkin

Jane Birkin (14 December 1946 in London - 16 July 2023 in Paris) was an English-French actress and singer. From the 1960s, she lived in France, mostly in Paris and Brittany. She played in many movies. She is also known for the song "Je t'aime, moi non plus". She died at her home, on 16 July 2023.
1946 births
2023 deaths
English actors
French actors
Mansa Konko

Mansa Konko is a town and Local Government Area in The Gambia. It is the capital city of the Lower River Region.
Cities in the Gambia
Local Government Areas of the Gambia
Waist chop

Waist chop or waist cutting, was an Imperial Chinese form of execution. The victim was cut into two pieces at the waist with a big sharp knife or sword.
History
Waist chopping was first used during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 BC - 256 BC). It was one of three ways people were executed:
zhan (Zhan ; waist chop)
chelie (Che Lie ; cutting a person into pieces), ,
sha (Sha ; cutting off the person's head).
There is a story that the poet, Yu Hongtu was killed by waist chop in 1734. Before he died, he wrote seven lines of the Chinese character "can" (cruel,naughty) with his own blood.
Sometimes the chopping was more than one cut. The first Ming dynasty emperor Zhu Yuanzhang had the poet Gao Qi cut into eight parts for his politically satirical writing.
In the modern Chinese language, "waist chop" has become a metaphor for the cancellation of an ongoing project, especially television programs.
References
Capital punishment
Uxbridge

Uxbridge is a town in west London which became a municipal borough in 1955. It has been part of the London Borough of Hillingdon since 1965. About 53,000 people live in Uxbridge. Its postcode is UB8.
London Borough of Hillingdon
Towns in London
Tom McCabe

Thomas "Tom" McCabe (28 April 1954 - 19 April 2015) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. He was Minister for Finance in the Scottish Executive, and was Member of the Scottish Parliament for Hamilton South until May 2011.
He became an MSP in the first elections to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, later holding the positions of Minister for Parliament (1999-2001), Minister for Health and Community Care (2003-2004), and Minister for Finance.
McCabe died in April 2015 after a short illness, aged 60.
References
1954 births
2015 deaths
Scottish Parliament Members
Politicians from South Lanarkshire
Concurrency (computer science)

In concurrent computing, multiple calculations are made within overlapping time frames. It takes advantage of the concept that multiple threads or processes can make progress on a task asynchronously. This general approach to writing and executing computer programs is called concurrency.
Concurrency is different from parallel computing, as parallel computing uses multiple processors, each of which are assigned a single, synchronous thread.
Computer science
Linn County, Missouri

Linn County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat is Linneus. In 2020, 11,874 people lived there.
References
1837 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Clingmans Dome

The clingmans dome is a mountain in the Smokey Mountain that has been created by air pressure that keeps the shape of the bubble. The clingmans dome tower as of 27 June 2022 was finished building 62 years ago and was made to allow visitors an opportunity to see the mountains and valleys surrounding Clingman's Dome with an unobstructed view. This is located at the border of Tennessee-North Carolina.
Mountains of the United States
Edi Rama

Edvin "Edi" Rama (born 4 July 1964) is an Albanian politician, artist and writer. He is also the Prime Minister of Albania since 2013, and the leader of the Socialist Party of Albania since 2005. He was the Minister of Culture, Youth, and Sports from 1998 to 2000 and Mayor of Tirana from 2000 to 2011.
References
1964 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Mayors
Prime Ministers of Albania
Socialist politicians
Albanian writers
Neil Olshey

Neil Oshley is the General Manager for the Portland Trail Blazers in the National Basketball Association.
Portland Trail Blazers
American people
1965 births
Living people
N. Richard Nash

Nathan Richard Nusbaum (June 8, 1913 - December 11, 2000), known as N. Richard Nash, was an American writer and dramatist. He was best known for writing Broadway shows, including The Rainmaker.
Other websites
N. Richard Nash Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
Britannica article on Nash
Article on Nash and The Rainmaker
AllMovie profile of Nash
1913 births
2000 deaths
American playwrights
American novelists
Writers from Philadelphia
Raven (wrestler)

Scott Anthony Levy (born September 8, 1964), better known by his ring name Raven, is an American wrestling producer, wrestling writer, and occasional author, actor and professional wrestler. He currently works for different independent promotions. During his career he has held multiple championships across the world.
He is a three-time World Champion. He won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship twice and the NWA World Heavyweight Championship once. He also held the WCW United States Championship once. He is the record holder for most reigns as WWF/E Hardcore Champion with 39 reigns.
References
Living people
1964 births
American professional wrestlers
Bengal monitor

Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis), also known as the common Indian monitor, is a monitor lizard found throughout Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. It measures up to 75 cm in body length with the tail about 100 cm in length. It feeds on small terrestrial vertebrates, ground birds and their eggs, arthropods and fish.
References
Monitor lizards
Reptiles of Pakistan
Reptiles of Asia
Bonham, Texas

Bonham is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Le Bélieu

Le Belieu is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Grackle

A grackle is a bird that lives around North and South America. They belong to the Icterid family.
Other websites
Common Grackle at cornell.edu
Icteridae
Bouy-Luxembourg

Bouy-Luxembourg is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Bouy-Luxembourg
Lebanon

Lebanon is a country in the Middle East, in Western Asia, next to the Mediterranean Sea. It has borders with Israel to the south, and Syria to the east and north.
History & Data
Lebanon was named Phoenicia under the Roman Empire. Some of the biggest temples in Antiquity were there at Heliopolis. In the eighth century Arabs conquered Phoenicia and imposed their religion Islam. But many areas in the mountains remained Christian as the "Maronites". However, the Christians who remained in the mountains became Arabized and started identifying themselves as "Arab Christians".
Lebanon has been independent since 1943. Its capital city is Beirut.
Lebanon has two chains of mountains. It has a long coastline. The area of Lebanon is 10,452 square kilometers.
The Cedar tree is the national symbol of Lebanon because many of them grow in the Lebanon Mountains.
Population of Lebanon
Around 5.2 million people live in Lebanon.
Around 14 million Lebanese people live outside Lebanon.
The people of Lebanon
About 68% of Lebanese people are Muslim and 32% are Christian.
The official language of Lebanon is Arabic and it is the most common language. French, English, and Armenian are also common languages.
Governorates and districts
Lebanon is divided into six governorates. These are divided into 25 districts. The districts are also divided into several municipalities. The governorates and their districts are listed below:
Beirut Governorate
The Beirut Governorate is not divided into districts and is limited to the city of Beirut
Nabatieh Governorate (Jabal Amel)
Bint Jbeil
Hasbaya
Marjeyoun
Nabatieh
Beqaa Governorate
Baalbek
Hermel
Rashaya
Western Beqaa (al-Beqaa al-Gharbi)
Zahle
North Governorate (al-Shamal)
Akkar
Batroun
Bsharri
Koura
Miniyeh-Danniyeh
Tripoli
Zgharta
Mount Lebanon Governorate (Jabal Lubnan)
Aley
Baabda
Byblos (Jbeil)
Chouf
Keserwan
Matn
South Governorate (al-Janoub)
Jezzine
Sidon (Saida)
Tyre (Sur)
Related pages
Lebanese Civil War
2020 Beirut explosion
List of rivers of Lebanon
Lebanon at the Olympics
Lebanon national football team
Heliopolis (Roman Phoenicia)
Notes
References
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1943 establishments
Kate Enoka

Kate Enoka (born 5 April 1994) is a New Zealand water polo player. She competed for the New Zealand women's national water polo team in the 2018 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
She was educated at Sacred Heart College, Lower Hutt. She played for Arizona State University's women's water polo team. She coaches at Tauranga Water Polo club.
References
Other websites
'We've worked so hard' - Tauranga native's inspirational quest at Olympic water polo spot 1News
1994 births
Living people
New Zealand water polo players
Sennariolo

Sennariolo (Sinnariolo) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 186 people lived there. Its area is 15.61 km2. It is 274 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia