pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alphabetical order

Alphabetical order is a way to sort (organize) a list. It helps a reader to find a name or a title in the list. It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet. Some lists in alphabetical order were used during the early Roman Empire. It became commonplace after the Renaissance.
Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet. Different languages have different rules for sorting. Note also, that there are different ways to sort numbers, and special characters, such as letters with diacritics. German has the letters a,o,u, and ss.
Option one: the letter with diacritics is treated the same way as the one without, a is treated as a, o as o and u as u. (Known as DIN 5007-1, usually used for encyclopedias)
Option two: the letter is treated the same as some replacement: a is replaced by ae, o be oe, u by ue, and ss by ss (Known as DIN 5007-2, used for phone books)
Note that these may be different by language: Danish also has a letter a, but sorts it after z, and not treated like a as in German.
English
A list of items like Eric, Lydia, Andrea, and Bob is organized by their first letter. A comes before B, and B comes before E, and E comes before L in the alphabet. When alphabetical order is used:
Andrea
Bob
Eric
Lydia
If many words have the same first letter, they are sorted by their second letters.
Larry
Leonard
Linda
Lydia
After that, the third and fourth letters are used until the whole list is sorted.
The words a, an and the are ignored. Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma. Spaces and hyphens ( - ) are ignored, too.
A Long Day's Journey Into Night
The Long Goodbye
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
The Long Road Home
Long Voyage Back
The Long Walk
A formula can be used to systematically ignore a, an and the. For Microsoft Excel, it would be:
=IF(LEFT(A2,2)="A ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-2),IF(LEFT(A2,3)= "An ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-3),IF(LEFT(A2,4)="The ",RIGHT(A2, LEN(A2)-4),A2)))
That can also be listed like this:
Long Day's Journey Into Night, A
Long Goodbye, The
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
Long Road Home, The
Long Voyage Back
Long Walk, The
Names are usually ordered by Family name, not given name.
Gene Hackman
Tom Hanks
Katharine Hepburn
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Names are often written with the last names first.
Hackman, Gene
Hanks, Tom
Hepburn, Katharine
Hewitt, Jennifer Love
Numbers can be sorted in two ways. Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest. This is the normal way to sort numbers.
1
3
9
18
27
81
Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words. This way is often used for numbers in titles.
Eighteen
Eighty-one
Nine
One
Three
Twenty-seven
Alphabet
Rag doll

A rag doll is a children's toy. It is a cloth figure of a doll. They are traditionally home-made from (and stuffed with) spare scraps of material. They are one of the oldest children's toys in existence. Today, many rag dolls are commercially produced to look like the original home-made dolls. These dolls usually have simple features, soft cloth bodies, and patchwork clothing.
Dolls
Soul Kitchen (song)

"Soul Kitchen" is a 1967 song by The Doors. It is the second track from their debut studio album The Doors. Lead singer Jim Morrison plays tribute to the soul food restaurant Olivia's at Venice Beach, California. It was included on their 1970 live album Absolutely Live.
References
1967 songs
Blues rock songs
Hard rock songs
Psychedelic rock songs
The Doors songs
Devar Jee Angne Mein Hain!

Devar Jee Angne Mein Hain! (transl. Brother-in-law is in the courtyard ) is an Indian television Romance series. It aired from 8 March 2021 to 10 September 2021 on Sony SAB. It was produced by Edit II Production. It stars Priyamvada Kant and Gaurav Sareen.
Plot
Devar Jee Angne Mein Hai is about Madhav Agarwal, a happy-go-lucky boy and his life, how he comes to Delhi with his friend Manish aka Montu and his acting dreams and meets Anand Ahuja, a famous confectioner of Chandni Chowk. There he gets a job, how he falls in love with his boss's daughter Sargam and how he keeps this secret from him.
Cast and characters
Main
Priyamvada Kant as Sargam Ahuja
Gaurav Sareen As Madhav Agarwal
Naveen Bawa as Anand Ahuja
Smita Singh as Sunita Ahuja
Sandeep Anand as Manish "Montu" Tripathi
2021 Indian television series debuts
2021 television series endings
2021 disestablishments in Asia
Marcelo H. del Pilar

Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan (August 30, 1850 - July 4, 1896), was a leading propagandist of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.
Marcelo H. del Pilar was born in Cupang (now Barangay San Nicolas), Bulacan, on August 30, 1850, to parents Julian del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaytan. He studied at the Colegio de San Jose and later at the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law course in 1880. In 1882, del Pilar founded the nationalist newspaper Diariong Tagalog (Tagalog Newspaper). He organized various anti-friar demonstrations while in the Philippines. He also wrote anti-friar pamphlets like the Dasalan at Tocsohan, Caiigat Cayo, etc. Del Pilar went to Spain in 1888 to escape persecution by the Spanish authorities. He became the second editor of La Solidaridad (Solidarity) in Madrid.
Publication of the La Solidaridad stopped in 1895 due to lack of money. Del Pilar decided to return to the Philippines to lead a revolution against Spain. However, he cancelled his trip due to his illness. Del Pilar died of tuberculosis in Barcelona on July 4, 1896, a pauper, away from his wife and 2 children.
References
Villarroel, Fidel, (1997). Marcelo H. del Pilar, his religious conversions. Manila : University of Santo Tomas Pub. House.
1850 births
1896 deaths
Filipino journalists
Spanish writers
Wise Blood (movie)

Wise Blood is a 1979 American German comedy-drama movie directed by John Huston (who also stars) and is based on the 1952 novel of the same name by Flannery O'Connor. Also starring Brad Dourif, Dan Shor, Mary Nell Santacroce, Harry Dean Stanton, Amy Wright, Ned Beatty and was distributed by New Life Cinema.
Other websites
1979 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
German comedy movies
German drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by John Huston
Trélou-sur-Marne

Trelou-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle

Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,179 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Berry Creek, California

Berry Creek (formerly Berry Valley) is a census-designated place (CDP) of California in the United States.
References
Census-designated places in California
Settlements in Butte County, California
Doon, Iowa

Doon is a city in the northwestern part of Iowa in the United States. In 2000, there were 533 people living there.
Cities in Iowa
Deap Vally

Deap Vally is a pair of Americans, Lindsey Troy and Julie Edwards, who make music together. They started their band in Los Angeles in 2011. Lindsey sings and plays the guitar. Julie plays the drums.
Career
They met at a needlework class that Julie Edwards was teaching. Lindsey Troy was performing music on her own at the time. Edwards was playing drums and keyboards and singing in a band called The Pity Party
In July 2012 they released their first single "Gonna Make My Own Money" on Ark Recordings. The next month the band was signed to Island Records.
Their first album Sistrionix was released in June 2013.
References
2010s American music groups
Musical groups established in 2011
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from California
2011 establishments in California
Jimmie C. Holland

Jimmie Cristine Holland (9 April 1928 - 24 December 2017) was an American medical researcher and psychiatrist. She was born in Nevada, Texas. She was the founder of the field of psycho-oncology.
In 1977, she worked with two colleagues to establish a full-time psychiatric service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. The program was one of the first of its kind in cancer treatment, and trained its psychologists to specialize in issues specific to people with cancer.
Holland died of a heart attack on 24 December 2017 in New York City at the age of 89.
References
1928 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American psychiatrists
Scientists from Texas
1927 Toronto municipal election

Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1927. Thomas Foster defeated Sam McBride. He was elected mayor for the third time in a row. Toronto voters also voted in favour of daylight saving time.
Toronto mayor
Results
Thomas Foster - 42,617
Sam McBride - 38,477
William D. Robbins - 6,317
Board of Control
There was only one change in the membership of the Board of Control. Sam McBride chose to run for mayor, and the open seat was won by former Alderman Bert Wemp.
Results
Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 48,739
A.E. Hacker (incumbent) - 43,153
D.C. MacGregor (incumbent) - 34,813
Bert Wemp - 34,450
J. George Ramsden - 26,489
Clifford Blackburn - 22,959
Frank Whetter - 21,878
James Simpson - 10,946
City council
Ward 1 (Riverdale)
W.A. Summerville (incumbent) - 6,500
Robert Siberry - 4,707
Robert Allen - 3,926
Robert Luxton (incumbent) - 3,822
Richard Honeyford - 3,747
Bertie Grant - 2,488
William Tyler - 590
Samuel Fieldhouse - 438
Ward 2 (Cabbagetown and Rosedale)
John Winnett (incumbent) - 5,618
James Cameron - 5,513
John R. Beamish (incumbent) - 4,882
Charles A. Risk (incumbent) - 4,591
Ward 3 (Central Business District and The Ward)
Harry W. Hunt (incumbent) - 6,879
Andrew Carrick (incumbent) - 4,324
Percy Quinn - 3,565
Robert Yeomans - 3,016
Wallace Kennedy - 1,826
Ward 4 (Kensington Market and Garment District)
Claude Pearce - 3,798
Ian Macdonnell (incumbent) - 3,468
Nathan Phillips (incumbent) - 3,091
Samuel Factor (incumbent) - 2,615
Mason Saunders - 1,802
Jacob Romer - 441
Ward 5 (Trinity-Bellwoods)
William James Stewart (incumbent) - 6,954
Wesley Benson - 4,767
Benjamin Miller (incumbent) - 4,416
Sol Eisen - 2,208
Robert Prince - 1,241
Robert Leslie - 2,711
Joseph Bell - 1,763
Ward 6 (Davenport and Parkdale)
Brook Sykes - 9,482
John Laxton (incumbent) - 7,362
John Boland (incumbent) - 7,182
Richard Tuthill - 4,280
Gordon Gibb - 3,327
Alexander Greenhill - 1,358
Albert Robinson - 1,202
Ward 7 (West Toronto Junction)
Alexander Chisholm - 3,993
William J. Wadsworth - 3,756
Samuel Ryding (incumbent) - 3,742
William Davidson (incumbent) - 3,492
Albert Smith - 546
Ward 8 (East Toronto)
Walter Howell (incumbent) - 4,988
Robert Dibble (incumbent) - 4,892
Robert Baker (incumbent) - 4,340
Isaac Pimblett - 3,874
Albert Burnese - 3,348
William Robertston - 2,576
Joseph Turner - 1,233
David Mackay - 572
Dave McCorie - 394
Albert Jacks - 315
Results taken from the January 1, 1927 Toronto Daily Star and might not exactly match final tallies.
References
Election Coverage. Toronto Star. January 1, 1927
1927 in North America
1927
1920s in Ontario
Lawrence High School (Kansas)

Lawrence High School (LHS) is a public secondary school in Lawrence, Kansas, USA. It is operated by Unified School District 497. It serves students of grades 9 to 12. The school is one of the two public high schools located in the city. Lawrence High had 1,260 students in the 2007-2008 school year. The school colors are red and black. The mascot is the "Chesty Lion".
Lawrence High School was created in 1857. It was created to help educate Lawrence because there were a lot of people living there. The first classes were held in the basement of a Unitarian Church. Three years later, the school was moved to the current place of Liberty Memorial Central Middle School, on Massachusetts Street. In 1930, the Lion became the school symbol. In 1946, it made its official debut as the school mascot. Lawrence High moved to its current place on Louisiana Street in 1954.
Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Currently Lawrence High has more than 100 state championships in various sports, one of the highest totals in the United States. The first state championship was won in 1914 in boys basketball. Due to the success of Lawrence High and the University of Kansas, Lawrence was featured as a candidate for Titletown, United States by ESPN.
Football
The Lawrence High School Chesty Lions have 31 undefeated seasons in football. This is the most in the United States. The Chesty Lions won a High School Football National Championship in 1960. From 1930-2008, games were played at Haskell Memorial Stadium. Once the new football stadium was finished being built at Lawrence High School, the football team started playing games at the new stadium in 2009.
State Championships
Lawrence High has won the following state championships:
^ predates KSHSAA playoffs and AP poll
+predates KSHSAA playoffs; ranked #1 in final AP poll
Notable alumni
Erin Brockovich, had a movie made about her when she helped a town win a $333 million lawsuit because Pacific Gas and Electric Company had contaminated their water supply
Danny Manning, led the University of Kansas basketball team to the 1988 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament championship
Brian McClendon, Google Earth creator
Alan Mulally, former Ford Motors CEO
Sri Srinivasan, Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
References
Other websites
Lawrence, Kansas
High schools in the United States
Sodium phosphite

Sodium phosphite is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and phosphite ions. Its chemical formula is HNa2O3P.
Properties
It is a white solid. It is a salt of phosphorous acid. It is poisonous. It is a reducing agent.
Preparation
Sodium phosphite is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with phosphorous acid.
Related pages
Sodium phosphate
Sodium hypophosphite
Phosphine
Other websites
Chem Spider (has formula and diagram)
Phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds
Loulou

Loulou is a 1980 French erotic drama movie directed by Maurice Pialat and starring Gerard Depardieu, Isabelle Huppert, Patrick Poivey, Xavier Saint-Macary, Guy Marchand, Humbert Balsan. It was distributed by New Yorker Films.
Other websites
1980 drama movies
1980s erotic movies
French drama movies
Movies directed by Maurice Pialat
Arad County

Arad (; Hungarian: Arad, Serbian: Arad/Arad) is a county (judet) of Romania, in Crisana. The capital of Arad County is Arad. About 185,272 people live in Arad County.
Geography
Arad County has an area of 7,754 km2.
The Mures River and the Crisul Alb River both flow through Arad County.
Divisions
Arad County has one municipality, 9 towns and 68 communes.
Municipalities
Arad
Towns
Chisineu-Cris
Curtici
Ineu
Lipova
Nadlac
Pancota
Pecica
Santana
Sebis
Communes
Villages
Clit
Chelmac
Fiscut
Sampetru German
Arad
Transylvania
Stone structure

Stone structures, or "megaliths", have been built by men for thousands of years. Many of these structures were built around the same time (the 3rd millennium BC).
Some of the better known ones are:
Easter Island
Egyptian pyramids
Medicine wheels
Stone circle
Stone circle (Iron Age)
Stonehenge, which is in England.
Stone ship
Ziggurats
Prehistoric buildings and structures
Barge

A barge is a simple looking boat with a flat surface and long structure. Barges usually transport goods to different places.
In Great Britain, during the Industrial Revolution, a substantial network of narrow barges was developed from 1750 onwards.
From 1825 there was competition from the railways. Eventually the British rail system took over from canal traffic due to the higher speed, falling costs and route flexibility of rail transport.
Barges carrying bulk and heavy cargoes continue to be viable. There is no cheaper way to move really heavy loads. Originally, British canals had locks only wide, so narrowboats could be no more than 6'10" wide if they were to be able to navigate the system. It was soon realised that narrow locks were too limiting, and later locks were doubled in width to .
On the British canal system the term 'barge' is used to describe a "Thames [sailing barge], Duch [barge], or other styles of barge". The people who move barges are often known as lightermen.
A narrowboat is a particular type of canal boat, built to fit the narrow locks of the United Kingdom.
References
Boats
Artifact (error)

In natural science and signal processing, an artifact or artefact is any error in the perception or the way any information is represented or introduced by the equipment or technique(s).
Computer science
In computer science, digital artifacts are abnormalities introduced into digital signals because of digital signal processing.
Microscopy
In microscopy, visual artifacts are sometimes introduced when processing samples into slide form.
Remote sensing
Medical imaging
In medical imaging, artifacts are wrong representations of structure of tissues. They are made by imaging techniques such as ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These artifacts may be caused because of the energy-tissue interaction between ultrasound and air. Physicians usually learn to recognize some of these artifacts to avoid mistaking them for actual pathology.
Radar
Radar echoes from something causes ghost images to appear. All those echoes must be filtered in order to get the where the object is, how fast it is going and the type of object it is. It may include aircraft, and weather.
References
Medical imaging
Optics
Hutthurm

Hutthurm () is a municipality in Passau in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Passau (district)
List of One Day International cricket matches played by Bangladesh and Scotland

The cricket teams of Bangladesh and Scotland have played against each other in One Day Internationals since 1999. They have met on 4 occasions. Bangladesh is most successful with 3 victories while Scotland has not won any games. The other game was abandoned without a ball played.
Summary of results
List of ODIs
Key
(D/L) denotes that the Duckworth-Lewis method was used in the match
# denotes that the team batting second were chasing a revised target
Related pages
Bangladesh national cricket team
Scotland national cricket team
References
Other websites
ESPNcricinfo
Cricket lists
Bangladeshi cricket lists
Sport in Scotland
Catholic Church in Portugal

The Portuguese Catholic Church is a Catholic Church in Portugal, they have communion with the Pope in Rome. The Catholic Church is the world's largest Christian organisation. Catholicity is Portugal's largest religion, it has existed since the Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Roman Empire.
Statistics
There are around nine million baptised Catholics in Portugal, which is around 84% of the population.
Portugal have 20 dioceses, 2789 priests. Around 19% of the national population attend mass and take the sacraments regularly. In 2010, the average age of priests was 62. In 2012, 88% of the Portuguese population considered themselves culturally Catholic in a survey sponsored by a Christian organization.
References
Churches in Europe
Aix-en-Issart

Aix-en-Issart is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
1187

Events
May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders
July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin.
September 20 - October 2 - Siege of Jerusalem - Saladin captures Jerusalem.
October 29 - Pope Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi, proposing the Third Crusade.
Alexis Branas attempts to seize Constantinople in defiance of his master Isaac II Angelus.
Cathedral of St. Jacob consecrated in Szczecin, Pomerania
Destruction of Sigtuna - archbishop is killed
Knut Eriksson builds a castle in the island of Stockholm
Compass in Europe
The Toltecs are deposed at Chichen Itza
Zen Buddhism comes to Japan
King of Ankor Vat, Jayavarman VII defeats Cham conquerors
Ghorin Muhammed conquers Punjab
Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa
Births
September 5 -- King Louis VIII of France (d. 1226)
Arthur I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1203)
Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1239)
Deaths
July 4 -- Raynald of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch (executed, b. c. 1125)
October 19 -- Pope Urban III
November 9 -- Emperor Gaozong of China (b. 1107)
December 17 -- Pope Gregory VIII (b. c. 1100)
Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator of scientific works (b. c. 1114)
Roger de Moulins, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
Count Raymond III of Tripoli (b. 1140)
1187
Annalise Braakensiek

Annalise Braakensiek (9 December 1972 - 6 January 2019) was an Australian model, actress, and television presenter. She was born in Sydney. She was known for her role as Claudia Macpherson in the 2000 television series Pizza and on the 2003 movie Fat Pizza.
Braakensiek was found dead in her Sydney apartment on 6 January 2019 at the age of 46.
References
Other websites
1972 births
2019 deaths
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian models
Actors from Sydney
Vasco da Gama, Goa

Vasco da Gama (), often shortened to Vasco, is a city in the state of Goa on the west coast of India. It is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. It is the headquarters of the Mormugao taluka (subdistrict). The city lies on the western tip of the Mormugao peninsula, at the mouth of the Zuari River, about from Panaji, Goa's capital, and about from Dabolim Airport.
The city was founded in 1543 and remained in Portuguese hands until 1961, when it became part of India. The 1888 constructed Mormugao Port remains a busy shipping route in Asia. It is one of the major ports of independent India. The ship-building area of Goa Shipyard Limited that builds Navy and Coast Guard vessels was also built here in 1957 (during the Portuguese-era). Initially built around the city's harbour as the barge-repair yard Estaleiros Navais de Goa, the area has now expanded to include more related activities. The Indian Navy also has a presence in Mormugao, with its vast campuses, which include the naval base INS Hansa that shares control over the Dabolim Airport enclave.
References
Cities in India
Goa
Bush rat

The bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) is a small Australian nocturnal animal. It is an omnivore. It is one of the most common species of rats.
The bush rat is found most in the coastal regions of southwestern Australia. It is mostly in the lowlands, but the bush rat can also be found in parts of the Australian Alps and on some offshore islands.
It is a pest species because it can destroy cane fields. It is also host to more parasites than any other Australian rodent.
References
Old World rats and mice
Mammals of Australia
Technical support scam

A technical support scam is a form of telephone fraud that tricks people by pretending that they are a service which helps people fix their computers. In most cases they convince the victim they have a computer problem that does not actually exist. A common type is when someone gets a call from someone (usually from places like India) pretending to be from a company that sounds real such as "Microsoft" or "Windows" support. Often the caller tries to gain the victim's trust. They may use confusing and very technical language to sound authentic. They may ask the victim to perform several tasks on their computer. Often they target legitimate files on the victim's computer saying these are viruses. These tactics are designed to scare people into letting the scammer fix the problem (that does not really exist). The caller may have the victim install malicious software that could capture sensitive data, such as online banking passwords or credit card information.
References
Types of crime
Elliot Moose (TV series)

Elliot Moose is a Canadian and French children's educational television series. It is based on the books produced by Canadian studio Nelvana In Co-production with French Animation Studio Fantome Animation For The Third Season and in association with TVOntario and PBS Kids.
Canadian television series
Lester L. Bond

Lester Legrant Bond (October 27, 1829 - April 15, 1903) was an American politician. He was the acting Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from August 18, 1873 through December 1, 1873 when Joseph Medill left for Europe.
Bond was born on October 27, 1829 in Ravenna, Ohio. He was married to Mary Aspenwell. They had a daughter, Laura Bond. Bond died on April 15, 1903 in Chicago, Illinois from a stroke, aged 73.
References
1829 births
1903 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Ohio
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Campton Hills, Illinois

Campton Hills is a village in Kane County, Illinois. It is a far western suburb of Chicago. 11,131 lived here according to the 2010 US Census.
References
Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago
Leitmotif

A leitmotif (pronounced , "LITE-mow-teef") (also spelled leitmotiv), is a German word meaning leading motif. It is a little musical theme that is often repeated in a piece of music, very often in opera. The leitmotif is linked in the musical story with a person or a thing or an idea. The leitmotif might be a short tune, but it can also be a rhythm or just a chord.
The word "leitmotif" is sometimes used in other things such as literature. In a book it might be an idea that keeps coming during the story. It can also be used in movies or video games.
The word "leitmotif" is particularly associated with the operas of Richard Wagner. The leitmotif helps to make the story dramatic and bind it together, because it makes the music easier to understand. Sometimes a leitmotif will change during an opera as the character changes. Various dramatic effects can be made with leitmotifs. For example, a leitmotif might be played before a character comes onstage, so the audience will know who is coming before the actor can be seen. Three examples of leitmotifs from Wagner's Ring Cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen are: the leitmotif for the chief god Wotan (a person), the leitmotif for the Tarnhelm, the invisibility helmet, (a thing), and the leitmotif for the Renunciation of Love (an idea).
The use of leitmotif was not completely new in the 19th century. For example: the first four notes of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are used like a leitmotif during the whole symphony. It was, however, Carl Maria von Weber who first used it a lot in his operas. A music critic called F. W. Jahns used the word to describe Weber's work. Hector Berlioz wrote a symphony called Symphonie Fantastique which has a tune which he called idee fixe ("fixed idea") to represent the love between the two characters.
Wagner did not actually use the word "leitmotif". He preferred to call such themes "Grundthema" (basic idea) or simple "Motiv". Some people, such as Eduard Hanslick, who did not like Wagner's music, thought that Wagner's use of leitmotifs made the music too simple. Claude Debussy said the use of leitmotifs in operas was like having a world where crazy people would always use "visiting cards" to introduce themselves and then start singing their names to be sure everyone knew what was going on.
Many other composers used leitmotifs in a similar way to Wagner, e.g. Richard Strauss in his operas, Elgar in his oratorios The Kingdom and The Apostles or Alban Berg in his opera Lulu.
Leitmotifs or music themes are also used to dramatise movies. For example, the famous Jaws theme uses a leitmotif for the shark.
Musical forms
Opera terminology
Cotton County, Oklahoma

Cotton County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 6,614 people lived there. Its county seat is Walters.
Geography
The county has a total area of 642 square miles.
Oklahoma counties
1912 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oklahoma
Bromine monochloride

Bromine monochloride, also known as bromine(I) chloride, bromochloride, or bromine chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrCl. It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state and chloride ions.
Properties
It is a red-brown gas. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used in analytical chemistry to see how much mercury is in something. It can be used to kill bacteria and mold in industrial places. It is highly toxic.
Related pages
Bromine trifluoride
Bromine compounds
Chlorine compounds
Thüngen

Thungen () is a market community in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (Administrative Community) of Zellingen.
Geography
Location
Thungen is in the Wurzburg Region, 25 km north of Wurzburg and 30 km west of Schweinfurt, in the north of the Main Triangle (Maindreieck) on the river Wern.
The community has only the Gemarkung (traditional rural cadastral area) of Thungen.
References
Further reading
Fritz Kugler: Thungener Heimatbuch, Markt Thungen 1988, keine ISBN
Hannskarl Frhr. von Thungen: Das Haus Thungen 788 - 1988. Geschichte eines frankischen Adelsgeschlechts. Echter Verlag, Wurzburg 1988, .
Main-Spessart
Pope Stephen VII

Pope Stephen VII (??? - 15 March 931) was pope of the Roman Catholic Church from February 929 until 15 March 931 when he died.
He was elected by Marozia from the Tusculani family, as a stop-gap measure until her own son John was ready. Before being elected, he was the cardinal-priest of St Anastasia in Rome.
He died on 15 March 931 in Rome and was succeeded by Pope John XI.
References
930s deaths
Stephen VII
Year of birth unknown
Daikaku-ji

is a Japanese Buddhist temple in Kyoto.
History
The earliest structures were built in the early Heian period as a villa of Emperor Saga (785-842). Osawa pond, the artificial lake in the Japanese garden, was created in Saga's lifetime.
After Saga's death, a Buddhist temple complex was established at the site. Imperial princes were often appointed as abbot of the temple.
In the 14th century, the temple came to be associated with the Kameyama branch of the Imperial family.
Timeline
July 16, 1324 (Genko 4, 22nd day of the 6th month):: Former-Emperor Go-Uda died at the temple.
August 38, 1338 (Ryakuo 1, 13th day of the 7th month): Ashikaga forces burned the temple.
1626 (Kan'ei 3): Emperor Go-Mizunoo added an Edo period shinden.
Related pages
History of Japan
Daikakuji Seamount
References
Other websites
Daikaku-ji website
Japan-guide.com, Daikaku-ji
Kyoto National Museum -- "Treasures of Daikaku-ji," including portrait of Go-Uda and the former-emperor's will
Buddhist temples in Japan
9th-century buildings and structures
Mediterranean Region, Turkey

The Mediterranean Region is a geographical region of Turkey. The largest city in the region is Antalya. Other big cities are Adana, Mersin and Kahramanmaras.
It is next to the Aegean Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the north, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the northeast, the Southeastern Anatolia Region to the east, Syria to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
Mediterranean Region, Turkey
Samuel Brannan

Samuel Brannan (March 2, 1819 - May 5, 1889) was an American businessman. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He started the first newspaper in San Francisco, which was called The California Star. He was the first person to tell everyone about the gold in California during the California Gold Rush. He was also the first person millionaire of the Gold Rush
Brannan moved to Yerba Buena, a place in northern California. He talked with the people who lived there and decided that the land by the Sacramento River would be a safe place for the Mormons to live. A lot of people didn't agree with him, so the new city didn't work. Brannan was the first person to do a lot of things there, like building a flour mill (a place that makes bread) and teaching in English.
Brannan started the first newspaper in San Francisco, which was called The California Star, on January 9, 1847. Brannan sold the newspaper to a friend, and then it was called The Daily Alta California.
In June 1847, Brannan went to Green River, Wyoming, to meet with Brigham Young, who was the head of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Young was leading a group of Mormons to the Great Basin area. Brannan wanted Young to bring the Mormons to California, but Young wanted to stay in Utah. Brannan wasn't happy about that, and went back to California. Brannan was the only church leader in California, so the Mormons paid him their tithes (a small part of their money). But there is no record of Brannan sending the money to his church leaders in Utah, so it's possible that he kept it for himself. Many members stopped paying him and moved to the Salt Lake valley, where most of the other Mormons were.
References
1819 births
1889 deaths
American journalists
Journalists from California
Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (usually abbreviated to HTTP) is a communications protocol. It is used to send and receive webpages and files on the internet. It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and is now coordinated by the W3C. HTTP version 1.1 is the most common used version today. It is defined in RFC 2616.
About half of websites already use its successor HTTP/2 (which almost all web browsers support), and 25% of websites already support its much faster successor HTTP/3, which is the latest version of the protocol, published in 2022. HTTP/3 has lower latency for real-world web pages, if enabled on the server, load faster than with HTTP/2, and even faster than HTTP/1.1, in some cases over 3x faster than HTTP/1.1
The secure variant of HTTP is called HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), and is used by more than 79% of websites, such as payment websites (if it's not used, then it's a clear signal that the payment site is a scam).
HTTPS is used by default by most web browsers (even if not requested by the user), assuming the web server supports it. If browsing to a website, and the web browser shows it starting with http: without an s before the colon (or an unlocked icon is seen), then that website is not secure, then passwords or other data sent to them can be stolen. HTTPS encrypts all the information that is sent and received. This can stop malicious users such as hackers from stealing the information. HTTPS uses port 443 for communication instead of port 80.
HTTP works as such, a user agent, usually meaning the web browser, connects to a (web) server. A user agent could also be a web crawler, or so-called "spider", but most users do not use such tools (they are used by search engines, such as Google). The server must be located using a URL or URI. It normally connects to port 80 on a computer.
Request message
The request message (for HTTP/1.1 and older) contains the following (i.e. it's in plain text; no longer used with HTTP/2 and later):
Request line, such as GET /images/logo.gif HTTP/1.1, which requests the file logo.gif from the /images directory
Headers, such as Accept-Language: en
An empty line
An optional message body
The request line and headers must all end with two characters: a carriage return followed by a line feed, often written <CR><LF>. The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace. In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all headers except Host: are optional.
A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 standard.
References
Internet
Computer protocols
Ruby Dee

Ruby Dee (nee Wallace; October 27, 1922 - June 11, 2014) was an American actress, screenwriter and playwright. She acted in many television series and movies. She won many awards, including Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards. She starred in Do the Right Thing, Jungle Fever No. 2 and in American Gangster. She also did many stage plays. She was married to activist and actor Ossie Davis.
Dee died on June 11, 2014, at her home in New Rochelle, New York, from natural causes at the age of 91.
References
Other websites
1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Cleveland
African American actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
All Progressives Congress

The All Progressives Congress is a strong political party in Nigeria. It is the incumbent political power in Nigeria. It was founded on 6 February 2013.
Formation
APC was formed in February 2013. It is the amalgamation of three political parties - the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) and the new PDP - a faction of then opposition party People's Democratic Party.
References
2013 establishments in Africa
2010s establishments in Nigeria
Political parties in Nigeria
Ugo Mifsud Bonnici

Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, KUOM (born 8 November 1932) is a Maltese politician. He was the fifth President of Malta from 4 April 1994 until the same day in 1999.
References
1932 births
Living people
Presidents of Malta
Two Weeks Vacation

Two Weeks Vacation is a 1952 American animated short film. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The cartoon follows Goofy on an ill-fated vacation trip traveling cross country. It was directed by Jack Kinney and features the voices of Pinto Colvig as Goofy and Alan Reed as the narrator and a hitchhiker.
Releases
1952 - Original theatrical release
1957 - Disneyland, episode #4.11: "How to Relax" (TV)
c. 1983 - Good Morning, Mickey!, episode #35 (TV)
1998 - The Ink and Paint Club, episode #1.43: "On Vacation" (TV)
Home media
The short was released on December 2, 2002 on Walt Disney Treasures: The Complete Goofy.
Additional releases include:
1984 - "Cartoon Classics: Sport Goofy's Vacation" (VHS)
1992 - "Cartoon Classics - Special Edition: Happy Summer Days" (VHS)
2005 - "Classic Cartoon Favorites: Extreme Adventure Fun" (DVD)
References
Other websites
Two Weeks Vacation at The Encyclopedia of Animated Disney Shorts
Roadside Disney: Trailer Tales from 2719 Hyperion, essay on the topic of travel trailers in Disney films; May 6, 2008
American road movies
1950s English-language movies
American animated movies
Annie Lennox

Ann Lennox OBE (born 25 December 1954) is an Academy Award-winning Scottish pop-rock singer. She is best known for being the lead singer of the Eurythmics. Lennox has also released five albums on her own.
1954 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
British feminists
People from Aberdeen
Scottish pop singers
Scottish rock singers
New wave singers
Scottish singer-songwriters
New Minas

New Minas is a village located in the eastern part of Kings County in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley. As of 2011, the population was 5,135.
References
Other websites
Villages in Nova Scotia
Heli Susi

Heli Susi (14 November 1929 - 8 June 2020) was an Estonian teacher and translator. She was born in Tallinn. In 2018, she was elected a member of PEN International. She worked as a translator and taught German at the Tallinn Conservatory.
Susi died on 8 June 2020 in Tallinn, aged 90.
References
1929 births
2020 deaths
European translators
Estonian educators
People from Tallinn
Dardanelle, Arkansas

Dardanelle is a city in Yell County, Arkansas, United States. It is near Lake Dardanelle.
The population was 4,228 at the 2000 census. Along with Danville, it is one of two county seats for Yell County.
References
Other websites
Dardanelle Chamber of Commerce
City of Dardanelle Arkansas Portal style website, Government, Business, Library, Recreation and more
City-Data.com Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Dardanelle
Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Euclidean space

Euclidean space is the space Euclidean geometry uses. In essence, it is described in Euclid's Elements. The Euclidean plane () and three-dimensional space () are part of Euclidean space, which can be generalized to any dimension n (in which case one writes ).
Euclidian space is sometimes called Cartesian space. A few other spaces and mathematical objects that are similar were added later. Euclid based his work Elements on certain axioms. Euclidean space can be described using such axioms.
Related pages
Elliptic geometry
Hyperbolic geometry
References
Other websites
Euclidean Space and Metric Spaces
Geometry
Péter Márki-Zay

Peter "MZP" Marki-Zay (, born 9 May 1972) is a Hungarian politician, marketer, economist, electrical engineer and historian. He has been the mayor of Hodmezovasarhely since 2018. He is the co-founder of the Everybody's Hungary Movement.
Marki-Zay won the 2021 opposition primary and is the candidate of the United for Hungary challenging Prime Minister Viktor Orban in the 2022 parliamentary election.
References
1972 births
Living people
Hungarian mayors
Hungarian economists
Hungarian engineers
Hungarian historians
Sonic X-treme

Sonic X-treme was a platform game developed by Sega Technical Institute. It was being developed from 1994 until Sega cancelled it in 1997. It was meant to be the first 3D Sonic the Hedgehog game. It was also meant to be the first new Sonic game for the Sega Saturn.
Background
When Nintendo released Super Mario 64, it was a popular 3D platformer, so Sega wanted to compete with Nintendo with their own 3D Sonic game.
Development
Sonic X-treme was developed for the Sega 32x, but then development moved to the Sega Saturn.
Story
The story of the game was that Robotnik was trying to steal six magic rings from Tiara Boobowski and her father, so Sonic wants to stop him.
Cancelation
Sonic X-treme was canceled in 1997 because of development issues and crunch time. To make up for this, SEGA put Sonic 3D Blast on the SEGA Saturn instead.
Sonic the Hedgehog games
Michelle Benson

Michelle Benson (born September 11, 1968, western Minnesota) is an American accountant and politician. She is a member of the Republican Party. She is a member of the Minnesota Senate for District 31. The district includes sections of Sherburne, Isanti and Anoka counties near the northern Twin Cities regional area.
Minnesota Senate
During 2010, Benson went against incumbent Debbie Johnson for the Republican nomination. She won the nomination and later the election. Benson co-authored a bill that allowed businesses and individuals to discriminate against same-sex couples. She voted against legislation that would have increased penalties for hate crimes.
Running for Governor of Minnesota
Benson began her campaign to be the first female Governor of Minnesota on September 1, 2021.
References
Republican Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
1968 births
Living people
Politicians from Minnesota
Quebec City

Quebec City (Ville de Quebec in French) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is the second largest city in Quebec, behind Montreal. It is known for its winter fair, beautiful churches, and an old hotel called Chateau Frontenac. It is next to the Saint Lawrence River. There are almost 700,000 people in the whole area.
The city was created in 1608 at a First Nations (native) Canadian place called Stadacona. People came from France to live there. The English captured the city in 1759 during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The walls made to keep the city safe are still there. The walls that surrounded Old Quebec are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico. They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.
Quebec City has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koppen climate classification).
Most people in Quebec City speak French. Many also speak English as a second language.
Media
Quebec City Stations
CKMI Global Television Network
CFCM TVA
CBVT SRC
CHMG Telemag
References
Other websites
Official website
World Heritage Sites in Canada
Winnie Harlow

Chantelle Whitney Brown-Young (born July 27, 1994), known professionally as Winnie Harlow, is a Jamaican-Canadian fashion model. Harlow has vitiligo and often raises awareness of the condition. In 2014, she was a contestant for America's Next Top Model.
References
1994 births
Living people
Canadian models
Canadian activists
People from Ontario
Axel Zwingenberger

Axel Zwingenberger (born 7 May 1955, Hamburg, Germany) is a blues and boogie-woogie pianist He is said to be one of the best boogie-woogie musicians in the world.
Biography
Zwingenberger was born in Hamburg, Germany. He had eleven years of piano training. In 1973 he listened to recordings of boogie-woogie pianists Albert Ammons, Meade Lux Lewis, and Pete Johnson. He joined piano playing partners Hans-Georg Moeller, Vince Weber and Martin Pyrker. In 1974, he played at the First International Blues-and-Boogie Woogie Festival of the West German Radio Station in Cologne which was followed by Hans Maitner's annual festival Stars of Boogie Woogie in Vienna.
1975 Zwingenberger signed his first recording contract.Since then he made recordings with famous artists like Lionel Hampton, Jay McShann, Big Joe Turner, Lloyd Glenn, Joe Newman, Sippie Wallace, Mama Yancey, Champion Jack Dupree, Sammy Price, Ray Bryant, Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman, Vince Weber, and the Mojo Blues Band, among others. In spring 2009 he renewed his relationship with Charlie Watts, drummer of The Rolling Stones. Together with bassist Dave Green, they played concerts labeled as 'The ABC&D of Boogie Woogie'.
Being a steam engine fan since childhood he also edited a book with his own photos of steam engines. (Axel Zwingenberger, Vom Zauber der Zuge - The Magic of Trains photo book - )
Selective discography
Zwingenberger also appeared on Just For A Thrill by Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings
Books
Richard Cook & Brian Morton: Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings, Penguin, first issue 1992, 8th 2006,
Colin Larkin: The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz, Guinness Books UK, from 1992 on,
Peter Silvester: The Story Of Boogie Woogie - A Left Hand Like God, Quartet Books UK, 1988, updated issue 2009, Scarecrow Press,
References
Other websites
Axel Zwingenberger's homepage
Interview with Axel Zwingenberger
1955 births
Living people
Blues pianists
German pianists
Boogie Woogie pianists
Paparazzi (song)

"Paparazzi" is a song by American pop singer Lady Gaga from her first album, The Fame (2008). It was released digitally in Ireland and United Kingdom on July 6, 2009 and Australia was released on July 10, 2009 as the prev_title from the album. It is about a stalker who follows someone to become famous. The music video is eight minutes long.
The song managed to reach number one in Germany; the top five in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the UK; and the top ten in the US. It became Gaga's fourth consecutive number-one song on Billboard's Pop Songs airplay chart. On February 29, 2016, the Recording Industry Association of America certified "Paparazzi" 4x Platinum for sales and streams equal to four million copies in the United States.
Charts
Year-end charts
References
2008 songs
2009 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs
France at the Olympics

France has taken part in every Olympic Games with the possible exception of the 1904 Games. In 1904, different sources list Albert Corey as taking place in the games for either the United States or France.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for France is FRA.
History
France has hosted the Games 5 time:
1900 Summer Olympics in Paris
1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix
1924 Summer Olympics in Paris
1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble
1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville
French athletes have won 671 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. Fencing and cycling are their best sports. France has won 94 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Most of these are in alpine skiing.
Medal tables
Medals by Summer Games
Medals by Winter Games
Medals by summer sport
Leading in that sport
Medals by winter sport
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
France at Olympic.org
France profile at London2012.com
Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Wuthering Heights (1920 movie)

Wuthering Heights is a 1920 British silent drama movie directed by A. V. Bramble. The movie is based on the 1847 novel by Emily Bronte. The movie has the same name as Bronte's novel. It stars Milton Rosmer, Ann Trevor, Colette Brettel, Warwick Ward, Cecil Morton York, Cyril Raymond, Dora De Winton. It is a lost movie.
Other websites
1920 drama movies
1920s historical movies
British silent movies
British drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by A. V. Bramble
Cadillon

Cadillon is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Cadillon