Free-electron laser

A free-electron laser, or FEL, is a laser that produces a very bright beam of light. It is basically a super flashlight. It shares the same optical properties as conventional lasers such as emitting a beam consisting of coherent electromagnetic radiation which can reach high power. The FEL used operating principles to form the beam that are very different operating principles of a conventional laser. Unlike gas, liquid, or solid-state lasers such as diode lasers, in which electrons are excited while bound to atoms, FELs use a relativistic electron beam as the lasing medium which moves freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. The free-electron laser has the widest frequency range of any laser type, and can be widely tunable, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, to ultraviolet, to X-rays.
Free--electron lasers were invented by John Madey in 1976 at Stanford University. The work builds on research done by Hans Motz and his coworkers who made the first undulator at Stanford in 1953 using the wiggler magnetic configuration which is at the heart of a free-electron laser. Madey used a 24 MeV electron beam and 5 m long wiggler to amplify a signal. Soon afterward, other laboratories with accelerators started developing such lasers.
Free-electron lasers use a lot of electricity when they operate. To reduce the energy needed to keep them operating, scientist use an energy recovery linear accelerator to recycle the high-energy electron beam that activates the laser.
References
Further reading
Madey, John, "Stimulated emission of bremsstrahlung in a periodic magnetic field". J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1906 (1971)
Madey, John, Stimulated emission of radiation in periodically deflected electron beam, US Patent 38 22 410,1974
Boscolo, et al., "Free-Electron Lasers and Masers on Curved Paths". Appl. Phys., (Germany), vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 46-51, May 1979.
Deacon et al., "First Operation of a Free-Electron Laser". Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 38, No. 16, Apr. 1977, pp. 892-894.
Elias, et al., "Observation of Stimulated Emission of Radiation by Relativistic Electrons in a Spatially Periodic Transverse Magnetic Field", Phys. Rev. Lett., 36 (13), 1976, p. 717.
Gover, "Operation Regimes of Cerenkov-Smith-Purcell Free Electron Lasers and T. W. Amplifiers". Optics Communications, vol. 26, No. 3, Sep. 1978, pp. 375-379.
Gover, "Collective and Single Electron Interactions of Electron Beams with Electromagnetic Waves and Free Electrons Lasers". App. Phys. 16 (1978), p. 121.
"The FEL Program at Jefferson Lab"
Other websites
Lightsources.org
UCSB Free-Electron Laser
Free-Electron Laser Open Book (National Academies Press)
The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Free-Electron Laser research and applications
European XFEL
PSI SwissFEL
SPring-8 Compact SASE Source
Electron beam transport system and diagnostics of the Dresden FEL
The Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments FELIX
W. M. Keck Free Electron Laser Center
Jefferson Lab's Free-Electron Laser Program
Free-Electron Lasers: The Next Generation by Davide Castelvecchi New Scientist, January 21, 2006
Airborne megawatt class free-electron laser for defense and security
FERMI@Elettra Free-Electron Laser Project
Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL)
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