pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aquifer

An aquifer is an underground layer where the material contains water. That can be less solid material like sand, gravel, clay or silt, but it can be rock as well, as long as the rock allows water to get in (that means that it is water-bearing).
Groundwater can be taken out of the ground by digging a well. The study of water in aquifers is called hydrogeology.
Groundwater in rock formations
One kind of groundwater is found in underground rivers in caves where water flows freely underground. This may occur in eroded limestone areas known as karst topography, but those are only found in small parts of the Earth.
Usually, groundwater is found in the pore spaces, or tiny openings, of rocks under the ground. The pores in the rocks are saturated, or filled up, with water, much like a kitchen sponge. The groundwater can be pumped out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.
If a rock unit of low porosity is highly fractured, it can make a good aquifer (via fissure flow), if the water can get through it. Porosity is important, but, alone, it does not make an aquifer. The Deccan Traps (a flood basaltic lava) in west central India are good examples of rock with high porosity but low permeability, so they are poor aquifers. The (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk of south east England has a reasonably high porosity, but low grain-to-grain permeability. Much of its good water-yielding characteristics being due to micro-fracturing and fissuring.
Examples
The Great Artesian Basin in Australia is arguably the largest groundwater aquifer in the world. (over 1.7 million km2). It plays a large part in water supplies for Queensland and remote parts of South Australia.
The Guarani Aquifer with an area of 1.2 million km2 is shared by Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
The Ogallala Aquifer of the central United States is one of the world's great aquifers. It underlies portions of eight states, contains primarily fossil water from the time of the last glaciation. Annual recharge, in the more arid parts of the aquifer, is estimated to total only about 10 percent of annual withdrawals.
The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is the world's largest known fossil water aquifer system.
Exploitation
Aquifers can occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be exploited for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them which can be exploited as groundwater resources. If more water is taken out than get in again one speaks of over-harvesting. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, population growth has led to over-population which has caused the lowering of water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea (saline intrusions). In these cases the aquifer contains brackish water.
When water seeps (comes slowly) out of the ground, it is called a seep or "spring (water)". It usually means there is an aquifer under the ground.
References
Markov model

A Markov model is when things are predicted from other things that came immediately before. For example, if it usually snows after it rains, you might guess that it will snow tomorrow if it is raining today. A Markov model is part of probability theory. Mostly, it tries to predict "states" from previous states. Some Markov models include the Markov chain and the Markov decision process.
Markov chain
The Markov chain is a simple Markov model. It has "the Markov property," which means that future states of the variable are because of the previous states of the variable.
Hidden Markov model
A hidden Markov model is a type of Markov chain. This is very similar to a basic Markov model, but when the state is only partially observable or noisily observable. In other words, past states are related to the state of the system, but they don't tell us enough to perfectly know the state we are trying to predict. This has used commonly. For example, it helps computers automatically turn speech audio into words.
Markov decision process
A Markov decision process is a type of Markov chain. A Markov decision process goes from one state to another. It uses a vector to do this.
Uses
Markov chains are used to predict the future. They can predict prices and wind power.
References
Gustav Gerneth

Gustav Gerneth (15 October 1905? - 22 October 2019) was a German World War II-veteran and claimed to be the oldest person ever to have been born and die in Germany, (excluding emigrants), as well as the oldest living man in the world at the time of his death. However, his age is not validated by Guinness World Records and Gerontology Research Group.
Gerneth worked in a shipping company and at a gas plant during World War II. He was a Russian prisoner-of-war until 1947 when he was released from imprisonment. He married his wife Charlotte (died in 1988) in 1930 and the couple had three sons, all of whom now deceased.
If his claimed age is true, Gerneth became the oldest living man in Europe after Spaniard Francisco Nunez-Olivera's death on 29 January 2018, and later also the first German person to become 113 and 114 years old as well as the oldest living man in the world on 19 January 2019 after the death of Japaneseman Masazo Nonaka, who became the oldest living man after Nunez-Olivera's death (Nonaka died on 20 January Japanese time). Nonaka and Gerneth were, after the death of Americanman Richard Overton (also a World War II-veteran) on 27 December 2018, the last two living men born before 1907.
Gerneth lived in Saxony-Anhalt in the same brick house with steep entrance stairs for over 40 years, before his death just a week after celebrating his claimed 114th birthday.
References
1905 births
2019 deaths
German centenarians
Supercentenarians
Franco Cerri

Franco Cerri (January 29, 1926 - October 18, 2021) was an Italian jazz guitar player.
Cerri was seen as the most authoritative Italian guitarist in the jazz field, and his innate sympathy has meant that many viewers, seeing its shares on TV (especially in the 60s), come close to jazz, and studying guitar.
Much appreciated at the international level, has worked with notable musicians such as Django Reinhardt, Gorni Kramer, Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan, Billie Holiday, Stephane Grappelli, Lee Konitz, Dizzy Gillespie, Tullio De Piscopo, Pino Presti, Jean-Luc Ponty.
Cerri died on 18 October 2021 in Milan, Italy, at the age of 95.
Discography
Albums
1952 - The Franco Cerri Quintet, with Flavio Ambrosetti
1958 - Jazzin' with Cerri
1959 - Franco Cerri and his European Jazz Stars, with Lars Gullin, Flavio Ambrosetti, George Gruntz, Karl Theodor Geier, Pierre Favre
1960 - Franco Cerri Quartet
1960 - Franco Cerri Quartet and Choristers
1961 - Franco Cerri International Jazz Meeting
1963 - Bossa nova (Columbia, QPX 8043)
1964 - Chitarra, QPX 8059)
1966 - 12 bacchette per una chitarra 1968 - La sera a casa con te (Compagnia Generale del Disco CGD, POP 73)
1970 - Franco Cerri Jazz (Dire, FO 338)
1973 - Metti una sera Cerri (Music, LPM 2012; with Nando De Luca, Pino Presti and Tullio De Piscopo)
1974 - From Cathetus to Cicero, with Stefano Cerri and Gianluigi Trovesi
1975 - A Limen 1975 - Querce platani e cerri 1976 - Nuages (Dischi Ricordi)
1976 - Franco, Tony e Pompeo (Mallobia, LP 003; with Tony Scott and Bunny Foy)
1977 - Un suo modo di dire (Dire, FO 347)
1978 - Noi duero 1979 - Demoiselle 1981 - Omaggio a Bill Evans (Dire, FO 361; with Enrico Intra and Lucio Terzano)
1982 - Effetto Alfa 1984 - Franco Cerri Today! (Dire, FO 372)
1985 - From Milan to Frankfurt 1990 - Jazz in Italy (with Enrico Intra quartet; Ariston Records, ARJ/701)
1990 - Di jazz in jazz (Dire, FO386)
1993 - Cerri & Cerri 1995 - A Django, en souvenir de Milan 1997 - From Milan to Brussels 1998 - Images 1999 - Di Jazz in Cerri...di Cerri in Jazz 2000 - In punta di Cerri 2003 - From Cathetus to Cicero (re-edit - CD)
2004 - Ieri & oggi (re-edit of Metti Una sera Cerri + bonus tracks - CD)
2006 - Just Smile (host)
2011 - Bossa with Strings (Blue Serge)
2012 - Cerrimedioatutto'' (M.A.P. Golden Jazz)
References
Italian jazz musicians
Italian guitarists
1926 births
2021 deaths
Cologne

Cologne (, ) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It is on the Rhine River. About 1,060,000 people live there, making Cologne the biggest city in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in the southern part of the 'Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration' of cities with a combined total population of about 10 million people. This is one of the most densely populated areas of the world.
Cologne has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
History
The city was founded by the Romans in the year 50 AD. Before that, it was a Roman castle ("castellum") and a town inhabited by a local German tribe named Ubier at least for 100 years. Archaeologists have found out that the surrounding area was populated already during the Stone Age.
Traditionally, the city was always Roman Catholic. That changed only recently after the Second World War, as a result of massive immigration of Protestants from the East of Germany. Still the largest number of people, 41.6%, are Roman Catholic, compared to 17% Protestant. 10% of the people are Muslim.
Sights
The most interesting thing to see there is Cologne Cathedral. This church was built from about 1248 to about 1550, but completed only in 1880. The United Nations list it as 'World Cultural Heritage'. Cologne's archbishop Rainald von Dassel brought the relics of the biblical Three Wise Men there in 1164. They are kept in a very beautiful golden shrine in the cathedral. Three golden crowns in the coat of arms of the city symbolize them. They made Cologne a major place of pilgrimage.
The University of Cologne alone has more than 50,000 students. It was founded 1919 and is one of the biggest universities in Germany. There are several specialized Schools in addition to the university. The Hochschule fur Musik is the biggest academy of music in Europe. Cologne has two colleges of arts and the sports college again is one of the biggest institutions of its kind worldwide.
Cologne has 31 museums. It has one of the busiest train stations in Europe. It is the only train station next to a big cathedral.
Culture
People in Cologne and nearby have their own dialect. They call it Kolsch. During Carnival time it even appears on nationwide broadcasts.
Cologne has a handful of broadcasting stations. The Westdeutscher Rundfunk, part of the network ARD, is the biggest producer of television and radio programs in Germany.
Cologne is also famous for Eau de Cologne (Kolnisch Wasser).
Related pages
Berlin
Bonn (nearby city)
Dusseldorf (nearby city)
Frankfurt/Main
Hamburg
Leverkusen (nearby city)
Munich
References
Other websites
German page on the city
German page of the University
German page of the cathedral
German page of the broadcasting station Westdeutscher Rundfunk
Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
1st-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Germany
50 establishments
Edmondo Fabbri

Edmondo Fabbri (born 16 September, 1921) is a former Italian football player.
References
1921 births
1995 deaths
Italian footballers
Backward compatibility

Backward compatibility refers to hardware or software that can successfully use interfaces and data from earlier versions of the system or with other systems. For example, Perl, the scripting language, was designed to be backward compatible with awk, an earlier language that Perl was designed to replace.
Backward compatibility is more easily accomplished if the previous versions have been designed to be forward compatible, or extensible, with built-in features such as hooks, plug-in, or an application program interface (API) that allows the addition of new features.
The term backward combatible (notice the "b") is sometimes used to describe hardware or software that is designed without regard for compatibility with earlier versions, causing the two versions to fight (or combat) each other. In this case, the two versions cannot share data easily and may have features that cause errors or crashes when they are installed on the same computer, often because the computer does not understand which version is being referred to. Even if the earlier version is removed, remaining vestiges of it may cause problems in running the newer version.
Computer terminology
Dave Anderson

David Poole Anderson (May 6, 1929 - October 4, 2018) was an American sportswriter. He was born in Troy, New York. In 1981 he won a Pulitzer Prize for commentary on sporting events. He was the author of 21 books and more than 350 magazine articles.
Anderson died on October 4, 2018 at the age of 89 in Cresskill, New Jersey from heart failure.
References
Other websites
Pulitzer Prize winners
1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American columnists
Journalists from New York City
People from Troy, New York
Proxy murder

A proxy murder is when a person murders on behalf of someone else. Proxy comes from the Latin word procuratio which means to take care of.
An example of this would be an assassin killing for money. Another example would be a person that convinces someone that loves them to kill another person for them. Another example was in prisons where criminals in prison would act as the executioner for people sentenced to death. Lady Betty (1750--1807) was a famous hangwoman and prisoner in the Roscommon Gaol. The Nazis used proxy killings in World War II when they got prisoners to shoot Jewish prisoners instead of doing it themselves. The prisoners were told if they did not do it they would be shot as well.
A documentary movie was made in 2009 looking at mass killings in the US. It is called Murder by Proxy.
References
Murders
Women's rights movement

The women's rights movement is a feminist movement, where women act to get what men have but what women have been denied. The women's rights movement has fought for things such as letting women vote, giving women access to jobs (such as doing construction work) that only men were allowed to do before, and even the right to same-sex marriage. Women and men can both stand for this movement. Women's rights leaders such as Susan B. Anthony encouraged many women to join the women's rights movements. In different societies throughout history, women have had different amounts of rights. The movement fighting for women's rights to vote is called women's suffrage. While there has been a ton of progress, many countries still do not allow women to vote, among other basic rights.
Related pages
Gender equality
UN Women
Human rights
International Women's Day
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Olympe de Gouges
Universal suffrage
Feminism
Activism
José Manuel Jurado

Jose Manuel Jurado (born 29 June 1986) is a Spanish football player. He plays for FC Schalke 04.
Club career statistics
|-
|2005/06||Real Madrid||La Liga||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Atletico Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||33||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|-
|2007/08||16||2||1||0||5||0||22||2
|-
|2008/09||Mallorca||La Liga||35||9||4||0||colspan="2"|-||39||9
|-
|2009/10||Atletico Madrid||La Liga||||||||||||||||
87||11||9||0||6||0||102||11
87||11||9||0||6||0||102||11
|}
References
1986 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Wakoku

Wakoku was the name used by early China and its neighboring states to refer to what is now known as Japan. There are different ideas about how much power the early kings of Japan had.
According to ancient Chinese books like the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties, the borders of Japan were described as being five months from east to west and three months from north to south.
The Wajin, who were people from Japan, were mentioned in historical documents like the Book of Han and the Geographical Survey of Japan, dating back to around the 2nd century BC.
In the late 7th century, the Yamato kingdom, which was also known as Yamato, changed its external name to Japan, but its relation to Japan mentioned in the Book of the Later Han is not clear. There are differences in the descriptions found in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang.
See also
Wa (Japan)
Wajin
Yamato Kingship
Goguryeo-Wa War
Yayoi period
Kofun period
Yamatai
Five kings of Wa
Al-Wakwak
Pages with unreviewed translations
Articles containing Japanese-language text
History of Japan
Sylvia Syms

Sylvia May Laura Syms, (6 January 1934 - 27 January 2023) was an English actress.
Syms is best known for her roles in Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957), Ice Cold in Alex (1958), No Trees in the Street (1959), Victim (1961), and The Tamarind Seed (1974).
In 2006 she played Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in the Stephen Frears movie The Queen, about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, and the few days after that, leading up to the funeral.
In the last year of her life, Syms lived at Denville Hall, a retirement home for actors in London. She died there on 27 January 2023, at the age of 89.
References
Other websites
1934 births
2023 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Giuseppe Bergomi

Giuseppe Bergomi (; born 22 December 1963) is an Italian former professional footballer who spent his entire career at Inter Milan.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Inter Milan
Serie A: 1988-89
Coppa Italia: 1981-82
Supercoppa Italiana: 1989
UEFA Cup: 1990-91, 1993-94, 1997-98
Italy
FIFA World Cup: 1982
Individual
UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1988
Pirata d'Oro (Inter Milan Player of the Year): 1990
Premio Nazionale Carriera Esemplare "Gaetano Scirea": 1997
FIFA 100: 2004
Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2016
Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2020
Orders
4th Class / Officer: Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 1991
References
Other websites
1963 births
Living people
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian footballers
Association football defenders
1982 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Concept car

A concept car, also known as a show car or prototype car, is a car made to showcase new design and new technology. They are made to be shown at motor shows and are not mass-produced. General Motors designer Harley Earl is known for inventing the concept car.
Concept cars never go into production directly. They must undergo many changes before the car is ready to be sold publicly. Safety and regulatory checks are required to make sure the final design is road legal. The prototype car might look distinct from the final product.
References
Automobiles
Anonymous function

In computer science and mathematics, an anonymous function is a function with no name. Usually, a function is written like: . It can be written anonymously as . Anonymous functions exist in most functional programming languages and most other programming languages where functions are values.
Examples in some programming languages
Each of these examples show a nameless function that multiplies two numbers.
Python
Uncurried (not curried):(lambda x, y: x * y)Curried:(lambda x: (lambda y: x * y))
When given two numbers:
>>>(lambda x: (lambda y: x * y)) (3) (4)
12
Haskell
Curried:\x -> \y -> x * y\x y -> x * yWhen given two numbers:
>>> (\x -> \y -> x * y) 3 4
12
The function can also be written in point-free (tacit) style:
(*)
Standard ML
Uncurried:
fn (x, y) => x * y
Curried:
fn x => fn y => x * yPoint-free:(op *)
JavaScript
Uncurried:(x, y) => x * yfunction (x, y) {
return x * y;
}Curried:x => y => x * yfunction (x) {
return function (y) {
return x * y;
};
}
Scheme
Uncurried:(lambda (x y) (* x y))Curried:(lambda (x) (lambda (y) (* x y)))Point-free:*
C++ 11
Uncurried:
[](int x, int y)->int
{
return x * y;
};
Curried:
[](int x)
{
return [=](int y)->int
{
return x * y;
};
};
C++ Boost
Uncurried:_1 * _2
Note: What you need to write boost lambda is to include <boost/lambda/lambda.hpp> header file, and using namespace boost::lambda, i.e.
#include <boost/lambda/lambda.hpp>
using namespace boost::lambda;
Related pages
Lambda calculus
Closure
Function
Functional programming language
Other websites
Anonymous Functions in Math and CS
Computer programming
Functions and mappings
Mathematical notation
Verzeille

Verzeille is a commune of 493 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
References
Communes in Aude
Ryoichi Kurisawa

Ryoichi Kurisawa (born 5 September 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="5"|Tokyo||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||6||0||colspan="2"|-||3||1||9||1
|-
|2005||34||3||2||0||5||1||41||4
|-
|2006||13||1||1||0||2||0||16||1
|-
|2007||22||0||3||0||5||0||30||0
|-
|2008||4||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||6||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||11||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|-
|2009||32||0||2||0||4||0||38||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
122||5||13||0||21||2||156||7
90||5||11||0||17||2||118||7
|}
References
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Grafton, Illinois

Grafton is a city in Illinois in the United States.
Cities in Illinois
Oral cancer

Oral cancer is cancer of any part of the mouth. It can start in the mouth, lips, or the oropharynx (the part of the throat at the back of the mouth).
A person can get oral cancer without having any other type of cancer. However, oral cancer can also happen because of metastasis. This means that the person had cancer in some other part of their body, and it spread to the mouth. The person's cancer may be far away from the mouth, or it may be in a part of the body that neighbors the mouth. For example, if a person has cancer of the nasal cavity, the cancer can spread to the mouth.
Types of Oral Cancers
There are a few different types of oral cancers. But about 90% (9 in every 10 cases) are a type called squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cells make up the main part of the outer layer of the skin. These cells line the lips, mouth, and throat. A "carcinoma" is a type of cancer that can start in these cells in the skin.
Squamous cell carcinomas most often start in the tongue. But they can also start in any other part of the mouth, including the floor of the mouth (under the tongue); the inside lining of the cheek; the gums; the lips; or the palate (the roof of the mouth).
Other oral cancers include:
Adenocarcinoma, which starts in a salivary gland
Lymphoma, which can start in the tonsils
Melanoma, which can start from cells in the mucus membrane that lines the inside of the mouth
References
Cancer
Diseases and disorders of the mouth
Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin

The Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin is the first person in the line of succession of Wisconsin's executive branch.
The lieutenant governor is Sara Rodriguez, a Democrat who took office on January 3, 2023.
References
David Levering Lewis

David Levering Lewis (born May 25, 1936) is an American historian. He is a professor of history at New York University. He won the Pulitzer Prize two times for part one and part two of his biography of W. E. B. Du Bois in 1994 and 2001.
References
1936 births
Living people
Pulitzer Prize winners
American historians
New York University faculty
Writers from Little Rock, Arkansas
Writers from New York City
Springfield, Illinois

Springfield is the capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County, Illinois. It is close to the center of the state. In the 2000 census, Springfield had more than 110,000 people living in it.
Capitol
The state Capitol, in the middle of Springfield, is where the General Assembly (the state's legislature) meets and where the governor's office is. The Capitol is a big building with a dome that can be seen from many miles away. Springfield also has an old capitol, which is now a historic site.
People
Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln before he was elected president in 1860. Lincoln was a lawyer and practiced law many places in Illinois. His office is near the old capitol. When he died, his body was brought back to Springfield. His home, his law office, his tomb are all open to the public. Springfield also has a new building with a museum and library dedicated to him and his presidency.
Roads
Springfield has two Interstate highways: I-55 and I-72. I-55 runs from Chicago to Springfield and then through St. Louis, Missouri. Springfield also has many smaller roads to other cities.
Notes
References
Further reading
Angle, Paul M. "Here I have lived": A history of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821-1865 (1935, 1971)
Crouthamel, James L. "The Springfield Race Riot of 1908." Journal of Negro History 1960 45(3): 164-181. in Jstor
Harrison, Shelby Millard, ed. The Springfield Survey: Study of Social Conditions in an American City (1920), famous sociological study of the city vol 3 online
Laine, Christian K. Landmark Springfield: Architecture and Urbanism in the Capital City of Illinois. Chicago: Metropolitan, 1985. 111 pp.
Lindsay, Vachel. The Golden Book of Springfield (1920), a novel excerpt and text search
Senechal, Roberta. The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot: Springfield, Illinois, in 1908. 1990. 231 pp.
VanMeter, Andy. "Always My Friend: A History of the State Journal-Register and Springfield." Springfield, Ill.: Copley, 1981. 360 pp. history of the daily newspapers
Wallace, Christopher Elliott. "The Opportunity to Grow: Springfield, Illinois during the 1850s." PhD dissertation Purdue U. 1983. 247 pp. DAI 1984 44(9): 2864-A. DA8400427 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Winkle, Kenneth J. "The Second Party System in Lincoln's Springfield." Civil War History 1998 44(4): 267-284.
External links
You Know You're From Springfield When... (Springfield History)
State capitals in the United States
County seats in Illinois
Saint-Martin-des-Monts

Saint-Martin-des-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
References
Communes in Sarthe
Sydney funnel-web spider

A Sydney funnel-web spider or Atrax robustus is a funnel-web spiders. Their bite is very serious and venomous and has killed 13 people since 1927. It is found in Sydney, Australia.
Website
Sydney funnel-web spider at the Museum of Australia
Spiders
VLC media player

VLC media player (also known as VLC or VideoLAN Client) is a free software media player by the VideoLAN project.
It is a highly portable multimedia player, encoder, and streamer that supports many kinds of audio and video. VLC can repair and play corrupt files, damaged or unfinished.
It is one of the most platform-independent players, available for BeOS, BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Solaris and Windows CE, and has over 50 million downloads for version 0.8.6.
VLC uses a large number of free decoding and encoding libraries. Many of its codecs are provided by the libavcodec codec library from the FFmpeg project, but it uses mainly its own muxer and demuxers. VLC gained honor as the first player to support playback of encrypted DVDs on Linux by using the libdvdcss DVD library.
History
VLC was initially the client for the VideoLAN project, and it was originally made by students at the Ecole Centrale de Paris, and was released under the GPL license on the 1 February 2001. It now has supporters and contributors worldwide.
The icon of VLC is a traffic cones collected by Ecole Centrale's Networking Students' Association.
Design principles
VLC has a very flexible design, which makes it easier to include modules for new file formats, codecs or streaming methods. There are more than 300 modules in VLC. VLC also supports highly personalizable skins through the skins2 interface, Winamp 2 and XMMS skins and can play high definition recordings of D-VHS tapes duplicated to a computer using CapDVHS.exe
Related pages
List of media players
Comparison of media players
List of multimedia (audio/video) codecs
References
Other websites
Official Website
Free software
Kisamor

Kisamor, (1788-1842), was a famous female doctor in Sweden. Her real name was Maria Jansson, but she was always called Kisamor. Kisamor means "The Mother in Kisa" in English, and Kisa was the place were she worked. She was a doctor before it was allowed for a woman to be a doctor, and she is the most famous woman doctor in Sweden in the 19th century.
She was born in Orebro. Her father was a doctor in natural medicine, and she wanted to become one too. But her father wouldn't let her. Instead, her forced her to marry a farmer. The marriage became unhappy, and she divorced her husband.
She often visited sick people and worked as a doctor in natural medicine. One day, she was given a house in Ostergotland as a gift by some rich women after she had made them well after sickness. She visited the sick in their cottages, and sometimes they came to her in the inn called Kisa, and therefore, she was called "The Mother in Kisa".
She became famous, and people came to her from all over the country to ask her for help. In 1825, she was given special permission to work as a doctor, even though it was forbidden for a woman to work as a doctor.
Related pages
Lovisa Aarberg
Sources
Osterberg, Carin et al., Svenska kvinnor: foregangare, nyskapare. Lund: Signum 1990. ()
http://art-bin.com/art/akisamo.html
Other websites
http://art-bin.com/art/akisamen.html
1788 births
1842 deaths
Swedish scientists
COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong

The COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The virus was first confirmed to have spread to : Hong Kong on 23 January 2020.
Hong Kong was not affected badly during the first wave of the pandemic, many believe it is because people normally wear face masks in Hong Kong.
References
Hong Kong
21st century in Hong Kong
Schloss Lenzburg

Schloss Lenzburg (also known as Lenzburg Castle) is a castle that was started above the older part of the town of Lenzburg in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is one of the oldest castles in Switzerland.
Castles in Europe
11th-century buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Switzerland
Chris Broderick

Christopher Alan Broderick (born March 6, 1970) is an American musician. He is best known for having been the guitarist for American thrash metal band Megadeth. He also played the guitar and keyboard for power metal band Jag Panzer. From 2001 to 2003 he played guitar for Nevermore while they were on tour. He played with them again from 2006 to 2007. He is now the main guitarist for Act of Defiance, a band he made with Shawn Drover. Broderick also joined In Flames in 2019 as a touring guitarist.
Bands
Jag Panzer 1997-2008
Nevermore 2001-2003, 2006-2007 (live member only)
Megadeth 2008-2014
Act of Defiance 2014-present
In Flames 2019-2022 (live member only)
References
1970 births
Living people
Megadeth members
Laurean Rugambwa

Laurean Rugambwa (July 12, 1912 - December 8, 1997) was a Tanzanian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is known as the first cardinal from sub-Saharan Africa. Laurean Rugambwa was born in Bukongo, Tanganyika (modern Tanzania). He became a priest in 1943. In Rome, he studied Canon law at the Pontifical Urban College.
In the early 1950s, Rugambwa became a bishop. He was the first Tanzanian bishop. Rugambwa was made a cardinal by Pope John XXIII in 1960.
Cardinal Rugambwa participated in the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965.
References
Other websites
Tanzania Episcopal Conference , His Eminence Laurean Cardinal Rugambwa
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic Hierarchy, Catholic-Hierarchy
1912 births
1997 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic bishops
Tanzanian people
Raymond Séguy

Raymond Gaston Joseph Seguy (8 December 1929 - 21 March 2022) was a French Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1954. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gap, France from 1981 to 1987 and as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Autun, France, from 1987 until his retirement in 2006.
References
1929 births
2022 deaths
French Roman Catholic bishops
Burlington, New Jersey

Burlington is a city in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States and a suburb of Philadelphia. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population was 9,920.
References
Cities in New Jersey
Seine (disambiguation)

The Seine is a river in France.
Seine may also refer to:
Hauts-de-Seine, a French department in the Ile-de-France region
Seine-Maritime, a department in the northwest of France in the Normandy region
Seine-Saint-Denis, a department in the center of France in the Ile-de-France region
Bank of Ceylon

Bank of Ceylon is a state-owned, major commercial bank in Sri Lanka. Its head office is located in an iconic cylindrical building in Colombo. The Bank has a network of 628 branches, 689 ATMs machines, 123 CDM network and 15 loan centres.
In addition to the local presence, the bank maintains an off-shore banking unit in the head office in Colombo, and three branches in Male, Chennai and Seychelles, and subsidiary in London.
History
BOC was founded in 1939, with Sir Ernest de Silva as its first chairman. At the time, Ceylon was a British colony and the then governor Sir Andrew Caldecott ceremoniously opened the bank on 1st August. The English government introduced the banking arm for for its government-oriented businesses. Two years later, in 1941, BOC started to expand beyond the city of Colombo. It opened its first branch in Kandy. Subsequently, BOC added branches in major cities such as Galle, Jaffna, Kurunegala, Batticaloa, Trincomalee, Badulla and Panadura.
References
Ceylon
Companies of Sri Lanka
Fraction (mathematics)

A fraction is a number that shows how many equal parts there are. When we write fractions, we show one number with a line above (or a slash next to) another number. For example, , and 1/4.are different ways of writing the same fraction (in this case a quarter). The top number tells us how many parts there are, and the bottom number tells us the total number of parts.
The top part of the fraction is called a numerator. The bottom part of the fraction is called a denominator. For example, for the fraction , the 1 is the numerator, and the 4 is the denominator.
Examples of fraction
A room where of the people are girls, has 1 girl for every 4 people.
A cake can be thought of as being made up of 4 equal parts, where each is 1 part of 4. This can be written as , and is called a "quarter". Similarly, 2 parts of the cake (2 quarters) can be written , which is also equal to 1/2 (one-half).
Mathematical fractions
A fraction is a mathematical expression relating two quantities or numbers, where one divides the other. When the two quantities are whole numbers (or integers), this is called a rational number (such as the fraction ). When the two quantities are polynomials, this is called a rational function.
Mathematically, a fraction is a quotient of numbers, representing the number's value when the numerator (upper number) is divided by the denominator (lower number). Thus means one divided by two, or, in decimals, 0.5.
To find of , the denominators are multiplied, and because denominator 2 multiplied by 2 equals 4, we have that x = , or 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25.
(In this case, " of" means "multiplication".)
To find divided by , multiply by the reciprocal of , which is 2. That answer is 1.
Multiplying
To multiply two fractions, the first numerator is multiplied by the other numerator, and the first denominator is multiplied by the other denominator. For example. x = . One can simplify this by dividing both numbers by a common factor. This would be after the simplication.
Related pages
Algebraic fraction
Egyptian fraction
Mixed number
Ratio
References
Other websites
Curricula for Creating Fractions
Worksheets:Fractions
Interactive and dynamic worksheets to visualize fractions
Worksheets: Identifying Fractions
Worksheets: Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers
Curricula for Teaching about Equivalent Fractions
Free online quizzes about Fractions
Printable fraction worksheets for elementary grades.
Alicia Garza

Alicia Garza (born January 4, 1981) is an American civil rights activist. She is known for co-founding the Black Lives Matter movement.
1981 births
Living people
People from California
American civil rights activists
Black Lives Matter
Patricio Echegaray

Patricio Echegaray (17 October 1946 - 9 August 2017) was an Argentine politician. He was born in San Jose de Jachal, Argentina. He served as Secretary General of the Communist Party of Argentina from 1986 until his death in 2017. Before, he served as the 26th Secretary General of the Juvenile Communist Federation from 1980 through 1985.
Echegaray died of pancreatic cancer on 9 August 2017 in Buenos Aires at the age of 70.
References
Other websites
1946 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Argentine politicians
Communists
Masahiro Fukuda

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Fukuda was born in Yokohama on December 27, 1966. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Mitsubishi Motors (later Urawa Reds) in 1989. In 1989/90 season, he scored 36 goals in 26 matches and became a top scorer. The club also won the champions and was promoted to Division 1. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and founded new league J1 League. The club finished at the bottom place in 1993 and 1994 season. n 1995, he scored 32 goals and became a top scorer. In 2002, the club won the 2nd place at J.League Cup. He retired end of 2002 season.
On July 27, 1990, Fukuda debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. In 1992, he was selected the Japan for Asian Cup which held in Japan. He played 4 games and scored 1 goal in the semifinal against China. Japan won the champions first time. In 1993, he played at 1994 World Cup qualification in Doha. However Japan failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. It was known as the "Agony of Doha" (dohanoBei Ju ) in Japan. He played 45 games and scored 9 goals for Japan until 1995.
Statistics
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Mitsubishi Motors||JSL Division 2||26||36||0||0||1||0||27||36
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||18||7||2||0||0||0||20||7
|-
|1991/92||15||7||3||2||0||0||18||9
|-
|1992||rowspan="11"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="8"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||4||2||9||4||13||6
|-
|1993||27||4||2||3||0||0||29||7
|-
|1994||25||6||3||2||0||0||28||8
|-
|1995||50||32||3||2||colspan="2"|-||53||34
|-
|1996||4||3||0||0||7||4||11||7
|-
|1997||29||21||0||0||8||4||37||25
|-
|1998||17||7||3||4||0||0||20||11
|-
|1999||23||13||2||1||4||0||29||14
|-
|2000||J2 League||12||2||0||0||0||0||12||2
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|J1 League||14||2||4||0||3||0||21||2
|-
|2002||27||3||1||0||9||1||37||4
287||143||27||16||41||13||355||172
287||143||27||16||41||13||355||172
|}
|-
|1990||5||0
|-
|1991||2||0
|-
|1992||8||3
|-
|1993||15||3
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||15||3
|-
!Total||45||9
|}
References
Other websites
1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
1992 AFC Asian Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Sportspeople from Yokohama
GameStop

GameStop is an American company that sells things like video games. The company is based in Grapevine, Texas, United States. Grapevine is a suburb of Fort Worth. Plus, it has over 5,509+ retail stores throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe, all around the world. Children from aged 0-18 years old will feel the right while choosing an age-appropriate game for home. This is as of February 1, 2020.
References
Other websites
1980s establishments in Texas
1984 establishments in the United States
American video game companies
Companies based in Texas
Retail markets
Cathleen Synge Morawetz

Cathleen Synge Morawetz (May 5, 1923 - August 8, 2017) was a Canadian-born American mathematician. Morawetz's research was mainly in the study of the partial differential equations governing fluid flow. She is Professor Emerita at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at the New York University, where she has also served as director from 1984 to 1988. She was born in Toronto, Canada.
In 2012, she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Morawetz died on August 8, 2017 at her home in Greenwich Village, New York at the age of 94.
References
1923 births
2017 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian mathematicians
American mathematicians
People from Toronto
Ken Dreyfuss

Ken Dreyfuss is a coxswain from USA. Dreyfuss competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born on 8 October 1947.
References
Other websites
1947 births
Living people
American rowers
American Olympians
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I

Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi, Asaf Jah I is the first ruler of Hyderabad Kingdom in 1720. He is the founder of Asaf Jahi dynasty.
Personal life
Asaf Jah was married to Sayed-UnNissa Begum, who belonged to a Sayed family from Gulbarga With this marriage he had four children, two daughters and two sons; Ghazi-Uddin and Nasir Jung. From other wives he had four more sons; Salabat Jung, Nizam Ali Khan-(later Nizam II), Basalat Jung, and Mogal Ali Khan.
References
1671 births
1748 deaths
Indian monarchs
Nizams of Hyderabad
18th century in India
Arcadia, Iowa

Arcadia is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Def by Temptation

Def by Temptation is a horror movie of 1990. The movie is set in New York City. It is about two friends who move in together. Samuel L. Jackson plays a father.
This movie was released in March 1990.
1990 horror movies
American horror movies
American independent movies
Natasha Zvereva

Natalya "Natasha" Zvereva (; born April 16, 1971) is a retired tennis player from Belarus. Playing initially for the Soviet Union, Zvereva won many doubles titles during the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s.
Other websites
1971 births
Belarusian tennis players
Female tennis players
French Open champions
Living people
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
List of Afghanistan ODI cricketers

This list includes all players who have played at least one ODI match. The list is arranged in the order of debut appearance. Where more than one player won their first caps in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically at the time of debut.
Background
Since their first match in 2009, 54 players have represented the Afghanistan national cricket team in One Day Internationals (ODIs). A One Day International is an international cricket match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). An ODI differs from Test matches in that the number of overs per team is limited, and that each team has only one innings.
The Afghanistan Cricket Federation was formed in 1995. But cricket was banned by the Taliban until 2000. When the ban was lifted, the team experienced a "meteoric rise through international cricket". They were admitted to the ICC as an affiliate member in 2001, and in 2006 played and beat the Marylebone Cricket Club in Mumbai. Later in 2006 they toured England, winning six out of seven matches against county second XI teams. They joined the World Cricket League in 2008, winning Divisions Five and Four in their inaugural years, and the following year won Division Three. In 2009, Afghanistan narrowly missed out on a place in the 2011 Cricket World Cup, finishing fifth in the 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier. Their final position earnt them ODI status, and the opportunity to take part in the four-day ICC Intercontinental Cup. Their first ODI was the fifth-place play-off of the 2009 World Cup Qualifier against Scotland, which they won by 89 runs.
Key
Players
Statistics are correct as of 28 February 2022.
Related pages
List of Afghanistan Twenty20 International cricketers
References
Lists of One Day International cricketers
ODI
Asia sport-related lists
Civil war

A civil war is a type of war that takes place between two or more groups in one country. While civil wars can take place for many reasons, there are two common reasons.
The first is because the different groups disagree about who should be in charge, or how the country should be run. If two political parties disagree about the result of an election, this might lead to a war if the two sides cannot or would not come to an agreement.
The second is because one group of people does not want to be part of the country anymore. This is known as a war of secession. Lots of people living in a certain area might decide that they want independence to make their own country. Very few national leaders would be happy to give up land that is part of that country, and a war could result.
Sometimes the people who want to break away do not necessarily want to form a whole new country, but they might want more autonomy over their affairs. This happens sometimes when different ethnic groups belong to the same nation.
Civil wars can go on for many years and be just as destructive and damaging as international wars. Civil wars tend to become complicated very quickly. A civil war might start between two sides, but groups might break up and the new, different sides could start fighting each other. Groups who were not involved at the beginning can easily be sucked in, as they fight to defend themselves against both sides. Civil wars with many different sides all fighting each other have occurred. Sometimes foreign countries help one side, or different countries help different sides. This can become a proxy war.
Examples
Civil wars include:
English Civil War (1642-1651)
American Civil War (1861-1865)
Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)
Vietnam War (1955-1975)
Mexican Revolution (1911-1920)
Russian Civil War (1917-1921)
Finnish Civil War (1918)
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Pakistan Civil War (1971)
Sri Lankan Civil War (1983-2009)
Syrian Civil War (2011-present)
References
Marmara University

Marmara University is a high-educational institution in the Asian part of Istanbul.
Important people who graduated from Marmara University
Aydin Dogan-Turkish Businessman
Kemal Sunal-Turkish actor
Recep Tayyip Erdogan-Turkish President
Colleges and universities in Turkey
Fila Brasileiro

Brazilian Mastiff is a large mastiff-type dog that descends by crossing the Roman Mastiffs with the Bloodhound to develop this dog breed.
Trivia: This dog was also known in Brazil as Fila Brasileiro. Brazilian Mastiff is not a hound-type dog is a mastiff dog breed looks like a bloodhound than a mastiff.
Dog breeds
Mansfield Town F.C.

Mansfield Town F.C. is a football club which plays in England.
Name
1897-1906 Mansfield Wesleyans F.C.
1906-1910 Mansfield Wesley F.C.
1910-present Mansfield Town F.C.
League position
Former position
1897 establishments in the United Kingdom
English football clubs
Mansfield
Des Plaines River Valley Bridge

The Des Plaines River Valley Bridge is a post-tensioned concrete girder bridge in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Illinois. It carries Interstate 355 over the Des Plaines River, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, the Illinois and Michigan Canal, several railroad lines, Bluff Road, New Avenue and a forest preserve.
This is officially named the Veterans Memorial Bridge.
There are title plaques on the square pillars at the North and South entrances to the bridge. The bridge is long.
References
Bridges in Illinois
2007 establishments in Illinois
Howitzer

A howitzer is a special type of big gun used by an army. It has a short barrel, and is used to fire a shell over a short distance. The barrel length of a howitzer is 15 to 25 times of the caliber. Howitzers are special because they're made to fire higher than a cannon but lower than a mortar. Howitzers are almost always used to shoot at targets on the ground, but they can be used for targets on water, or in the air. The name howitzer comes from an old Czech word, haufnice, which was a catapult that could fire many stones. The sinking of the USS Maine was most responsible for causing the Spanish-American War. On February 15th, 1898, the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor and sank, killing over 260 of those stationed to the boat.
Related pages
List of howitzers
References
Étables

Etables is a commune in the Ardeche department in the Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes region in southern France.
Etables