pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ed Emery (politician)

Edgar G. H. Emery (May 25, 1950 - August 7, 2021) was an American businessman, engineer, and Republican politician. He was a member of the Missouri Senate from 2013 until 2021. He was also a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 2003 until 2011. Emery was born in Nevada, Missouri.
In June 2021, Emery announced his plans to run for the United States House of Representatives for Missouri's 4th district in 2022.
Emery died at a hospital in Columbia, Missouri on August 7, 2021 from a heart attack, aged 71.
References
1950 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Missouri
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Businesspeople from Missouri
People from Columbia, Missouri
Lyudmila Ivanova

Lyudmila Ivanovna Ivanova (Russian: Liudmila Ivanovna Ivanova; 22 June 1933 - 7 October 2016) was a Soviet and Russian film and stage actress, People's Artist of the RSFSR (1989).
She was awarded the Order of Honour and the Order of Friendship.
She composed many songs for the guitar.
References
1933 births
2016 deaths
Russian movie actors
Russian stage actors
Soviet movie actors
What Will People Say

What Will People Say () is a 2017 internationally co-produced drama film directed and written by Iram Haq. The movie's scenes set in Pakistan were all shot in India, mostly in Rajasthan.
Cast
Maria Mozhdah - Nisha
Ekavali Khanna - Najma, Nisha's mother
Rohit Suresh Saraf - Amir, Nisha's cousin
Ali Arfan - Asif, Nisha's older brother
Sheeba Chaddha - Nisha's paternal aunt, Mirza's sister
Jannat Zubair Rahmani - Salima, Nisha's cousin
Himanshu Jaykar - Salima's Brother
Lalit Parimoo - Nisha's uncle
Farukh Jaffer - Nisha's grandmother, Mirza's mother
Related pages
List of submissions to the 91st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Norwegian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
Other websites
2017 drama movies
Norwegian drama movies
German drama movies
Swedish drama movies
French drama movies
Danish drama movies
Indian movies
Movies about religion
British Rail Class 23

British Rail Class 23, originally called English Electric Type 2, was a class of ten diesel-electric locomotives built by the English Electric Company in 1959. They were numbered from D5900 to D5909. The power unit was a Napier Deltic T9-29 9 cylinder engine of 1,100 bhp. This drove an EE generator, which powered the four traction motors. The Class 23 was nicknamed "Baby Deltic" because of its similarity to the Class 55.
23
Bernardino Piñera

Bernardino Pinera Carvallo (22 September 1915 - 21 June 2020) was a Chilean prelate of the Catholic Church. He was born in Paris, France. When he died at age 104, he was the oldest living Catholic bishop. Pinera was ordained as a priest on 5 April 1947 and worked for the Catholic Action. On 11 February 1958, Pope Pius XII appointed Pinera Carvallo auxiliary bishop of Talca.
In May 2020, he was diagnosed with COVID-19. Pinera died on 21 June 2020 from pneumonia caused by COVID-19 in Santiago de Chile, aged 104.
References
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy
1915 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile
Chilean centenarians
Chilean Roman Catholic bishops
People from Paris
Chief Keef

Keith Farrelle Cozart (born August 15, 1995), better known by his stage name Chief Keef, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He was born in South Side, Chicago and raised in Washington Park. Keef's music first became popular among high school students from Chicago's South Side during his teen years in the early 2010s.
In 2012, Keef's popular street single "I Don't Like" was remixed by rapper Kanye West, reaching the Billboard Top 10. His debut album Finally Rich was released in December 2012, and featured the successful singles "I Don't Like" and "Love Sosa".
References
1995 births
Trap musicians
Gangsta rappers
Living people
Rappers from Illinois
American record producers
Singers from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
Anal stage

The anal stage is the second stage in Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory. Freud believed the personality developed through several stages during childhood. These stages focused on the erogenous zones. The anal stage occurs between ages 18 months to three years. This is the period when a child toilet trains. According to Freud, pleasure is derived from controlling the anus (the primary erogenous zone) and the bladder. A toilet training conflict or fixation results in a rigid or disordered personality.
Notes
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Ubaldo Jiménez

Ubaldo Jimenez (born January 22, 1984) is a pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles. He became the first pitcher for the Colorado Rockies to throw a no-hitter on April 17, 2010. He is from the Dominican Republic. In 2010, Jimenez was the starting National League pitcher at the MLB All-Star Game, which the National League won.
Colorado Rockies players
1984 births
Living people
Baltimore Orioles players
Jacques Bravo

Jacques Bravo (29 December 1943 - 18 December 2019) was a French politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. From 2001 through 2014, he was the Mayor of the 9th arrondissement of Paris. From 1995 through 2014, he was the Councillor of Paris.
Bravo was born in Valognes, France. He died on 18 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 75.
References
1943 births
2019 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Holyoke, Massachusetts

Holyoke is a city in southwestern Massachusetts. It is close to Springfield. The city was settled in 1745 and incorporated in 1850. Holyoke had almost 40,000 people at the 2010 census.
Cities in Massachusetts
1745 establishments
1740s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Grace VanderWaal

Grace Avery VanderWaal (born January 15, 2004) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She is known for her ukulele performances and for winning the 11th season of America's Got Talent.
Early life
VanderWaal was born in Lenexa, Kansas. She then moved to Suffern, New York. She has one brother and one sister. She has been writing and singing her songs since she was three years old.
Career
She starred in the 2016 American popular show America's Got Talent and performed her original song "I don't my name". She advanced the further rounds after winning the golden buzzer. She performed the original song "Beautiful things" that sang about her sister in the quarterfinals. And she made it to the semi-finals, and she performed the original song "Light the Sky" in the semi-finals. She also won the most votes in the audience polls, winning Season 11 of America's Got Talent.
In December 2016, she released her debut mini-album "perfectly imperfect" and won 9th place on the US Billboard album chart for the first time. She went on to release her first full-length album "Just the beginning" in 2017 and a mini-album "LETTERS: Vol 1" in December 2019.
In March 2020, she made her debut as an actress by appearing in the Disney+ movie Star Girl.
References
Other websites
2018 Documentary about VanderWaal by UPROXX
VanderWaal's "Tiny Desk Concert" at NPR
2004 births
Living people
American pop singers
American pop musicians
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Musicians from New York (state)
Singers from Kansas
Musicians from Kansas
Writers from Kansas
Actors from New York (state)
Actors from Kansas
Sam Peckinpah

David Samuel "Sam" Peckinpah (February 21, 1925 - December 28, 1984) was an American movie director and screenwriter. He is known for his work in the 1969 movie The Wild Bunch. He also directed Straw Dogs (1971), Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973) and Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974). He also appeared as an actor in the 1979 movie The Visitor.
1925 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Movie directors from California
People from Fresno, California
Screenwriters from California
Virgin Islands at the Olympics

The United States Virgin Islands has been in 9 Summer Olympic Games. They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games 7 times. Peter Holmberg took second place in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
The Virgin Islands Olympic Committee was formed in 1967 and recognized by the IOC the same year.
Olympic Medal table (Summer)
Olympic Medal table (Winter)
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Home page
Virgin Islands, US profile at London2012.com
United States Virgin Islands
Nations at the Olympics
Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7

Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam (Christ our Lord came to the Jordan), BWV 7 is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was written for the Feast of St. John the Baptist. It was first performed on 24 June 1724. It is based on the hymn Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam.
Structure
The cantata is written for SATB choir, alto, tenor, and bass soloists, two oboes d'amore, two solo violins, two violins, a viola, and basso continuo. It has seven movements.
Chorale:
Aria:
Recitative:
Aria:
Recitative:
Aria:
Choral:
References
Other websites
Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach
Île-de-France

Ile-de-France is a region of France. The capital city is Paris. It is also the capital city of France. In 2013 about 12 million people lived in the region. About 2.1 million people live in the city of Paris.
There are 8 departments in the region. They are:
Essonne
Hauts-de-Seine
Paris
Seine-et-Marne
Seine-Saint-Denis
Val-d'Oise
Val-de-Marne
Yvelines
893

893 was a common year.
Events
Simeon I succeeds Vladimir as king of Bulgaria.
Galindo II Aznarez succeeds Aznar II Galindez as Count of Aragon.
Asser writes his Life of King Alfred.
Battle of Benfleet: The Saxons defeat the Vikings.
The Greek clergy is expelled from Bulgaria, and the Greek language is replaced with the Slav-Bulgarian vernacular (known as Old Church Slavonic).
Births
Louis the Child, last Carolingian ruler of the East Franks
Deaths
King Aznar II Galindez of Aragon
Stephen I, Patriarch of Constantinople
893
Claiborne, Louisiana

Claiborne is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Census-designated places in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana
Portable application creators

Portable application creators allow the creation of portable applications (also called: portable apps).
Creators of true portable applications
No agent/client is required for these (also called "agentless" solutions):
VMware ThinApp
Xenocode Virtual Application Studio ISV Edition
InstallFree
Ceedo (using Argo Application installer)
LANDesk Application Virtualization
CDE (Linux)
Related software
These programs require an agent or client (to run the compiled app)
Citrix XenApp
Microsoft Application Virtualization
Symantec Endpoint Virtualization Suite
AppZero
Endeavors Application Jukebox
References
Computing
Danish krone

The Danish krone is the money used in Denmark and Greenland. 100 ore are 1 krone. It first became the national currency in 1873 when it replaced the "rigsdaler". Krone is the Danish word for crown. The plural of krone is kroner.
References
Other websites
Banknotes of Denmark
Currency of Europe
1873 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Denmark
Economy of Denmark
Petroleum

Petroleum, (from Greek petra - rock and elaio - oil) also called crude oil, is a thick and black liquid. It is a natural material mainly made of hydrocarbons. Most petroleum is found by drilling down through rocks on land or off-shore on the continental shelf. Major producers are in the Middle East, the Americas, and Russia. It is the most important world fuel source. It supplies 38% of the world's energy and is also used to make petrochemicals.
Crude oil is a mixture of many different chemicals (mostly hydrocarbons), most of which burn well. It is separated into simpler, more useful mixtures by fractional distillation in oil refineries to give separate chemicals such as gasoline (or petrol) for cars, kerosene for airplanes and bitumen for roads. The bitumen gives crude oil its dark black color; most of the other chemicals in crude are slightly yellow or colorless.
Petroleum can be easily transported by pipeline and oil tanker. Refined petroleum is used as fuels; mainly gasoline (petrol) for cars, diesel fuel for diesel engines used in trucks, trains and ships, kerosene fuel for jets and as lubricants.
Petrochemicals:
alcohols
antiseptics
artificial rubber
detergents
drugs
explosives
food additives
insecticides
perfumes
plastics
textile fiber
Problems
Petroleum resource is limited and non-renewable. Some believe it will run out within 70 years after a peak oil early in the 21st century.
Burning petroleum or other fossil fuel adds the carbon in the oil to the oxygen in the air to create carbon dioxide, which is an air pollutant. The carbon can be removed from the carbon dioxide by plants.
There is a lot of crude oil left underground. Oil companies quote "reserves" which some people confuse with the actual amount of oil underground, but are more to do with the cost of extracting it by oil wells. Most of the crude left underground is in the Middle East which is not a politically stable part of the world. Some governments with lots of oil reserves work together through OPEC to keep production low and prices high. Politicians in countries that burn much oil complain about high oil prices, because voters complain. However many environmentalists worry about damage being done by using oil as a fuel source (especially global warming) and are therefore happy when prices are kept high so that people use less oil.
Related pages
Asphalt
Coal
Natural gas
Oil sands
Other websites
US Energy Information Administration - Part of the informative website of the US Government's Energy Information Administration.
Environmental effects of oil extraction
BP Statistical Review of World Energy
PetroTalk Portal for petro related Articles, Discussion, Links and more
Oil, petroleum: Development, production, consumption and reserves
World oil consumption World oil consumption
Crude: 2007 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary [3 x 30 minutes] about the formation of oil, and humanity's use of it
Petroleum crude oil Citizendium
Data
Department of Energy EIA - World supply and consumption
Department of Energy EIA - Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports to USA
US petroleum prices - from US Department of Energy EIA
European Brent prices since 1987
Treaty of Portsmouth

The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on 5 September 1905 after negotiations at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine in the United States. It was named after nearby Portsmouth, New Hampshire. US President Theodore Roosevelt got the Nobel Peace Prize for helping the negotiations.
Portsmouth
20th century in Russia
20th century in Japan
1905
Treaties of Russia
Ciboure

Ciboure is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Ciboure
Halsey (singer)

Ashley Nicolette Frangipane ( ; born September 29, 1994), known by her professional name Halsey ( ), is an American singer.
Early life
Ashley Nicolette Frangipane was born in Edison, New Jersey. Her mother is of Italian and Hungarian descent, while her father is mostly African American with some distant Irish ancestry. She has two younger brothers.
Career
Halsey was signed by Astralwerks in 2014. She released her first EP, Room 93, later that year. In 2015, she released her album Badlands, which went to number two on the Billboard 200 chart. She released Hopeless Fountain Kingdom in 2017, which reached number one.
Halsey was featured on the Chainsmokers' 2016 single "Closer", which entered at the top of the charts in several countries worldwide. She released "Without Me" in October 2018 as the lead single from her studio album, Manic (2020). "Without Me" became her second US number one hit after "Closer". Manic went to number two in the US.
In December 2020, she revealed the use of she/they pronouns in her Instagram bio. She released a makeup line, About-Face, in January 2021.
After 10 years experience in Capitol, she departed the label and signed with Columbia Records on June 14, 2023.
Artistry
Halsey is a soprano with three-octave vocal range. Her voice is often described as "smoky" or "husky." This is typically a quality found in lower-pitched voices. Additionally, her vocal range spans from about F3 to C5. This is also indicative of a contralto range. However, this worth noting that her voice has a lot of versatility. She is able to sing both lower and higher pitched notes with relative ease.
Personal life
She has a son, Ender Ridley Aydin (born July 14, 2021) with her former boyfriend Alev Aydin, a Turkish-American filmmaker.
She was previously date rapper G-Eazy.
References
1994 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
Activists from New Jersey
African-American singers
American feminists
American record producers
American singer-songwriters
American pop singers
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Bisexual people
Hungarian singers
Italian singer-songwriters
Irish singer-songwriters
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from New Jersey
LGBT singers
People with bipolar disorder
Singers from New Jersey
Imbabura tree frog

The Imbabura tree frog (Boana picturata) is a frog that lives in Colombia and Ecuador, on the west side of these countries. Scientists have seen them between 50 and 500 meters above sea level.
One adult female frog was 59 mm long from nose to rear end. This frog is very colorful. It has a round tongue that does not stick out much. It has eardrums that are easy to see.
There are many of these frogs alive now, but they are becoming fewer and fewer. Scientists think this is because human beings are changing the forests where the frogs live into farms, cities, and places to graze animals. They also think the frogs are dying because of chemicals farmers use to kill insects.
References
Frogs of South America
Dave Bartholomew

David Louis Bartholomew (December 24, 1918 - June 23, 2019) was an American Hall of Fame rock and roll musician, bandleader, composer, arranger and record producer. His career was based in New Orleans.
He was known for his partnership with Fats Domino. Their best known songs were "Goin' Home" and "Ain't That a Shame".
Bartholomew's other hit songs as a composer include "I Hear You Knocking", "Blue Monday", "I'm Walkin'", "My Ding-A-Ling", and "One Night". He is a member of the Songwriters Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.
Bartholomew died on June 23, 2019 in New Orleans of heart failure at the age of 100.
References
Other websites
Dave Bartholomew Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2003)
1918 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American centenarians
American composers
American bandleaders
American R&B musicians
American rock musicians
American songwriters
American trumpeters
Musicians from New Orleans
Writers from New Orleans
Tranmere Rovers F.C.

Tranmere Rovers Football Club is an English football club, They were a member of The Football League until 2015, when they were relegated to the Football Conference. Their main rivals are Chester, Wrexham, Bolton and Forest Green.
Name
1884-1885 Belmont F.C.
1885-present Tranmere Rovers F.C.
League position
Former position
1884 establishments in England
Birkenhead
English football clubs
Organisations based in Merseyside
Richmond, Massachusetts

Richmond is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Habiba Msika

Habiba Msika, also spelled Messika (Hbyb@ msyk@), (born 1903 Testour - February 21, 1930 Tunis), was a Tunisian singer, dancer and actress. Born Marguerite Msika, she was the niece of singer Leila Sfez.
References
Tunisian singers
Murdered musicians
1903 births
1930 deaths
Deaths from fire
Actors from Tunis
Bludenz (district)

The Bludenz District () is an administrative district (Bezirk) of the state of Vorarlberg, Austria.
It has an area of 1,287.63 km2. As of 2012 about 61,407 people lived there.
The administrative center of the district is Bludenz.
Places
The district has 29 municipalities, one of them is a town, and two of them are market towns.
Towns
Bludenz
Market towns
Nenzing
Schruns
Municipalities
Bartholomaberg
Blons
Bludesch
Brand
Burs
Burserberg
Dalaas
Fontanella
Gaschurn
Innerbraz
Klosterle
Lech am Arlberg
Loruns
Ludesch
Nuziders
Raggal
Sankt Anton im Montafon
Sankt Gallenkirch
Sankt Gerold
Silbertal
Sonntag
Stallehr
Thuringen
Thuringerberg
Tschagguns
Vandans
Districts of Vorarlberg
9/11 Commission Report

The 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
It was prepared by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (informally sometimes known as the "9/11 Commission" or the "Kean/Hamilton Commission") at the request of United States president George W. Bush and Congress. It is available to the public for sale or free download.
The commission was created on November 27, 2002 (442 days after the attack) and their final report was issued on July 22, 2004. The report was originally scheduled for release on May 27, 2004.
After releasing the report, commission chair Thomas Kean declared that both Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush were "not well served" by the FBI and CIA.
References
2004 in the United States
2002 in the United States
September 11 attacks
Day of Sun and Rain

Day of Sun and Rain () is a 1967 Soviet family movie directed by Viktor Sokolov. It stars Aleksandr Barinov, Anatoliy Popov, and Aleksandr Sokolov.
Actors
Aleksandr Barinov as Aleksey (as Sasha Barinov)
Anatoliy Popov as Nikolai (as Tolya Popov)
Aleksandr Sokolov as Aleksei's Father
Yelizaveta Time as Actress (as Yelizaveta Time-Kachalova)
Svetlana Savyolova as Aleksei's Sister
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1967 movies
Soviet family movies
Kansas Raiders

Kansas Raiders is a 1950 American western movie. It was directed by Ray Enright. Actors include Audie Murphy, Tony Curtis, Brian Donlevy, Marguerite Chapman, Scott Brady, Richard Arlen, and Richard Egan. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. It is set during the American Civil Warr, and it is about Jesse James joining William Quantrill.
Cast
Audie Murphy as Jesse James
Brian Donlevy as William Quantrill
Marguerite Chapman as Kate Clarke
Scott Brady as Bill Anderson
Tony Curtis as Kit Dalton
Richard Arlen as Union captain
Richard Long as Frank James
James Best as Cole Younger
John Kellogg as Red Leg leader
Dewey Martin as James Younger
George Chandler as Willie
Charles Delaney as Pell
Richard Egan as First Lieutenant
David Wolfe as Rudolph Tate (as Dave Wolfe)
References
Other websites
1950 movies
1950s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by Ray Enright
Universal Pictures movies
Movies set in Kansas
Adriano Maleiane

Adriano Afonso Maleiane (born 6 November 1949) is a Mozambican economist and politician. He is the prime minister of Mozambique since 2022.
References
1949 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Mozambique
Dmitry Strakhov

Dmitry Vladimirovich Strakhov (; born 17 May 1995) is a Russian professional racing cyclist. He was born in Vyborg. He rides for Gazprom-RusVelo. He rode in the men's point race event at the 2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. In May 2019, he was named in the startlist for the 2019 Giro d'Italia.
In March 2020, during the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, Strakhov was confirmed as being treated for COVID-19 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
References
Other websites
Dmitry Strakhov at ProCyclingStats
1995 births
Living people
Russian cyclists
Burgpreppach

Burgpreppach is a municipality in Hassberge in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Hassberge (district)
Ordnance QF 25-pounder

The Ordnance QF 25-pounder, or the 25-pounder, was a British howitzer. It was used during the Second World War. It started being used right before the war started, and was better than previous British howitzers. The gun was better because it could fire at both long and short distances, and could be moved easily. It was the British Army's main artillery gun until the 1960s. Some groups used it for training up until the 1980s. The guns were produced slowly, but 12,000 were made by 1945.
Design
The 25-pounder was made because the British Army wanted to replace the 18-pounder and 4.5-inch howitzer. These artillery guns had been in use for a long time, and were too old to be useful against new guns. The 25-pounder was made when the British Army made a weapon that combined the best features from both older weapons. The resulting idea was a gun that could fire howitzer rounds as fast as the 18-pounder. The shell for the 25-pounder was planned to weigh about 30 pounds, and be about 3.75 inches thick.
Making the 25-pounder before the Second World War was hard, because there was not enough money to fund building new guns. The British Army made the decision to change the barrels of the 18-pounders into new ones, and then change the rest of the gun later when money was available. This barrel fired shells that weighed about 25 pounds, and were 3.45 inches thick. It was placed on the carriage (a platform that could be rotated) of newer 18-pounders when it was fired. This made the gun put most of the recoil force into the ground, making it more stable when it fired. The platform gave the gun a smooth surface to rotate on when it was firing, which let soldiers operating it move the barrel faster.
Weapons
Cuando Cubango Province

Cuando Cubango is a province of Angola. There are about 140,000 people. Menongue is the capital of the province.
The name of the province is from the Cuando and Cubango rivers. They both flow through the province.
This area had the endangered Painted Hunting Dog. The land was destroyed during the Cuban intervention years. The Painted Hunting Dog is no longer there.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Cuando Cubango was the main base camp of Angola's UNITA rebel movement.
References
, 9780415350150 354 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
Line notes
Provinces of Angola
Biennial plant

A biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative structures); then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually, the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette. Many biennials require a cold treatment, before they will flower. The next spring/summer the stem of the biennial plant becomes much longer. The plant then flowers, produces fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennials or annuals.
Under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its lifecycle in a very short period of time (e.g. 3 or 4 months instead of 2 years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were exposed to cold conditions, before they were planted in the ground. This behaviour leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas.
Flowering can be induced in some biennials by application of the plant hormone gibberellin, but this is rarely done commercially.
From a gardener's perspective, a plant's status as annual, biennial, or perennial often varies based on location or purpose. Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds need to be grown for two years. Biennials that are grown for edible leaves or roots are grown as annuals, e.g. beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, celery, parsley, and Swiss chard. If a normally biennial plant is grown in extremely harsh conditions, it is likely to be treated as an annual because it will not survive the winter cold. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favourable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial. Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.
Examples of biennial plants are parsley, Lunaria, silverbeet, sweet William, colic weed, and carrot. The pansy is a biennial often grown as an annual. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, e.g. foxglove, stock, and hollyhock.
Biennials may be kept alive longer than two years under environmental conditions that prevent them from flowering. Biennial sugar beet was prevented from flowering by not giving it the cold treatment required for flowering. It was kept alive in a greenhouse for 41 months.
References
Other websites
Plant life cycles
Types of plants
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Maurice Dayan

Maurice Dayan (25 January 1935 - 2 May 2020) was a French psychoanalyst and university professor. He taught psychology at the University of Montpellier, then at Paris Descartes University. Dayan then was a professor of psychopathology at Universite Sorbonne Paris Nord, then at Paris Diderot University.
From 1995 to 2000, he directed the Laboratoire de psychanalyse et de psychopathologie, which was created by Laplanche in 1970.
Dayan died on 2 May 2020 at the age of 85.
References
1935 births
2020 deaths
French educators
Scientists from Paris
Suzanne Twelftree

Suzanne "Sue" Twelftree (12 August 1956 - 16 April 2019) was an Australian wheelchair tennis player and Paralympic powerlifter. She was born in Wallaroo, South Australia. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, she competed in the Women's up to 48 kg powerlifting and finished ninth.
Twelftree died on 16 April 2019 in Adelaide, South Australia, at the age of 62.
References
Other websites
Suzanne Twelftree ITF profile
1956 births
2019 deaths
Australian tennis players
Australian paralympic competitors
Sportspeople from South Australia
Southern District (Israel)

The Southern District (, Mehoz HaDarom; ) is one of the six districts of Israel. It covers most of the Negev desert, as well as the Arava valley. Its capital is Beersheba and its largest city is Ashdod.
It is the largest district of Israel by area.
Southern District (Israel)
Ediacaran

The Ediacaran period (about 635-541 million years BC), is named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia. It is the last geological period of the Proterozoic eon. The Edicaran is followed by the Cambrian, the first period of the Palaeozoic.
The period is famous for the first larger-bodied fossils, which are probably the first recorded metazoans. These were impressions or trace fossils, first found in England's Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. Geologists did not know what they had found. It was over 60 years later before fossils from the same period were found in South Australia.
The status of the Ediacaran as an official geological period was confirmed in 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). This made it the first new geological period declared in 120 years.
The Vendian
The Ediacaran period was previously called the Vendian period. The Vendian period was proposed in 1952 by Russian geologist/paleontologist Boris Sokolov. The term Vendian is still widely used.
The two terms are not the same. The Vendian was a longer period: it included the whole of the Marinoan glaciation, of Snowball Earth fame. In other words, the Vendian included the last part of the Cryogenian period.
Borders of the Ediacaran
The Ediacaran lasted for about 90 million years. It began at the end of the Cryogenian Snowball Earth. It ended with the first appearance worldwide of some kinds of trace fossils (Treptichnus pedum) at the base of the Cambrian. The Ediacaran period's start is defined at the base of a carbonate layer, referred to as a "cap carbonate". This caps glacial deposits and shows a sudden climatic change at the end of the Marinoan ice age. The period ended with the mass extinction of almost all the Ediacaran fauna.
No exact dating has been possible at the type section of the Ediacaran period in South Australia.
Ediacaran biota
The Ediacaran biota include the oldest definite multicellular organisms. The fossils are traces or impressions of soft-bodies forms with segments, fronds, disks, or bags. Skeletons or shells are not found.
References
Álvaro Arbeloa

Alvaro Arbeloa Coca (born 17 January 1983) is a retired Spanish footballer player. He has played for Real Madrid, Liverpool, and the Spanish national team.
Club
1 Includes UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.
International career statistics
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
|2010||8||0
|-
|2011||12||0
|-
|2012||13||0
|-
|2013||11||0
|-
!Total||56||0
|}
Honours
Liverpool
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2006-07
Real Madrid
La Liga: 2011-12
Copa del Rey: 2010-11, 2013-14; runner-up: 2012-13
Supercopa de Espana: 2012; runner-up: 2011, 2014
UEFA Champions League: 2013-14, 2015-16
FIFA Club World Cup: 2014
UEFA Super Cup: 2014
Spain
FIFA World Cup: 2010
UEFA European Championship: 2008, 2012
FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 2013; third place: 2009
References
1983 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
People from Salamanca
University of Chile

The University of Chile is a institution of higher education in the city of Santiago de Chile.
Other websites
Official website
Colleges and universities in Chile
Santiago de Chile
1842 establishments
19th-century establishments in Chile
1840s establishments in South America
Swiss Federal Railways

Swiss Federal Railways (short: SBB, , , , ) is the national railway company of Switzerland. It is also called SBB CFF FFS. The company was founded in 1902.
The company headquarters is in Bern.
In the Zurich-Bern-Basel triangle, travel times between the cities is under one hour.
SBB also operates international EuroCity and EuroNight trains in Switzerland.
Other websites
The SBB website
The SBB website
The SBB cargo website
The CityNightLine website
Transport companies of Switzerland
Railway companies
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
1902 establishments in Europe
Bern
Tronzano Vercellese

Tronzano Vercellese is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Piedmont region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Robert J. Sunell

Robert John Sunell (5 June 1929 - 8 August 2020) was a major general in the United States Army. He was Program Manager of Tank Systems for the United States Army Tank-Automotive Command. Sunell was born in Astoria, Oregon. He served on the U.S. Army between 1953 to 1988.
Sunell died on 8 August 2020 at the age of 91.
References
1929 births
2020 deaths
American generals
Military people from Oregon
John Wightman

John Matthew Wightman (October 2, 1938 - January 5, 2017) was an American politician from the state of Nebraska. He served two terms, from 2007 to 2015, in the Nebraska Legislature, representing a district in the central part of the state. Wightman was a member of the Republican Party. He was also mayor of Lexington, Nebraska.
Wightman died on January 5, 2017 of respiratory failure at the age of 78 in Lexington, Nebraska.
References
1938 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
American mayors
Politicians from Nebraska
Republican Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
People from North Platte, Nebraska
Disease-related deaths in Nebraska
Shunzo Ono

is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1983||rowspan="9"|Sumitomo Metal||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1984||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||30||6||||||1||0||31||6
|-
|1990/91||25||0||||||2||0||27||0
|-
|1991/92||26||2||||||2||0||28||2
|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||6||0||7||0
|-
|1993||35||1||5||0||0||0||40||1
|-
|1994||29||0||0||0||1||0||30||0
|-
|1995||25||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||0
|-
|1996||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||10||0||2||0||4||0||16||0
180||9||8||0||16||0||204||9
180||9||8||0||16||0||204||9
|}
References
1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Millis, Massachusetts

Millis is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Merck-Saint-Liévin

Merck-Saint-Lievin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Rajapur, Uttar Pradesh

Rajapur is a town (Nagar Panchayat) and tehsil of Chitrakoot district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is situated along the bank of river Yamuna. It has its nickname as "Tulsi Dhaam" after great Hindi poet Goswami Tulsidas, who is the writer of holy "Ram Charit Manas" along with many other religious books of Hindus. There is a temple devoted to Tulsidas where part of the original "Hand written Scripture" of Ramcharitmanas is still available, although some pages may be missing. Rajapur is linked with Kaushambi district on the opposite bank of river Yamuna.
Tourist attractions
Places like Hanuman ji temple, Tulsighat, Tulsi smarak are some of the places of interest in the town for local people as well as people from nearby villages. Being the birthplace of saint poet Goswami Tulsidas it is visited by many other people from all parts of the country. Tulsi ghat is a nice place to spent some time in morning and evening because of scenic beauty of this place and breeze. Chitrakoot which is district headquarter is also a very famous tourist attraction only 50 km from Rajapur. Apart from this there is a place called Nadi taura, 18 km from Rajapur, where a famous hanuman ji temple is situated.
Demographics
As per the 2011 Census of India, Rajapur had a population of 13,439. Out of it 97% are Hindu and 2.28% are Muslims. Rajapur has an average literacy rate of 70.38%, male literacy rate is 77.98% and female literacy rate is 61.73%. In Rajapur, 20% of the population is under 6 years of age.
References
Towns in Uttar Pradesh
George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen

George Islay MacNeill Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen (born 12 April 1946) is a Scottish politician. He is a member of the Labour Party. He served as the 10th Secretary General of NATO from 1999 to 2004. He served as Secretary of State for Defence from 1997 to 1999, before becoming a life peer as Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, of Islay in Argyll and Bute.
Other websites
Lord Robertson of Port Ellen profile, www.parliament.uk
NATO Declassified - Lord Robertson (biography)
1946 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Secretaries General of NATO
Politicians from Argyll and Bute
Şeref Has

Seref Has (27 September 1936 - 13 June 2019) was a Turkish footballer. He started his career playing as a forward and midfielder, and towards the end of his career he was a defender.
Has was born in Istanbul. He signed for Fenerbahce from Beyoglu S.K. in 1955. He played for Fenerbahce between 1955 and 1969, scoring 168 goals in 605 appearances. He won many league titles and the Istanbul Football League twice during his time at Fenerbahce. He played 37 times for Turkey between 1956 to 1967. He also captained his country 10 times.
Has died on 13 June 2019, at the age of 82.
References
Other websites
1936 births
2019 deaths
Sportspeople from Istanbul
Turkish footballers
Valérie Cornetet

Valerie Cornetet is a French General officer. From July 2022 to May 2023, she is the director-general of the Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancees (French private aerospace university).
Cornetet graduated from the ENSTA Paris in 1990 and Ecole Polytechnique in 2006. She started as Product Development Manager for Saint-Gobain. In 2011, she is nominated Head of Innovation Management and Intellectual Property for Siemens. Then, she became Product Manager for Mov'eo, the INRETS and Sopemea. In 2020, he joined higher education as deputy head of Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancees. In July 2020, she became head of the College.
She quit her job on May 31st, 2023, replaced by Anne-Segolene Abscheidt.
Bibliography
Le futur de l'avion : Les prochains defis de l'industrie aeronautique, Ivry-sur-Seine, FYP Editions, 2020, 160 p. (ISBN 978-2-36405-203-1)
References
Further reading
Academie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les francais du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()
Living people
French aerospace engineers
Alumni of the Ecole Polytechnique
Anatoly Karpov

Anatoly Karpov (born Zlatoust, Russia, 23 May 1951) is a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. He was official world champion from 1975 to 1985, played three more matches for the title from 1986 to 1990, then was FIDE World Champion from 1993 to 1999.
His tournament successes include over 160 first-place finishes. He had a peak Elo rating of 2780, and his 90 months at world number one are second only to the record of Garry Kasparov.
Since 2005, he has been a member of the Public Chamber of Russia. He has recently involved himself in several humanitarian causes, such as advocating the use of iodised salt.
References
Russian chess players
1951 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Soviet chess players
David Stern

David Joel Stern (September 22, 1942 - January 1, 2020) was an American lawyer. He was the commissioner of the National Basketball Association from 1984 through 2014. He started with the Association in 1966 as an outside counsel, joined the NBA in 1978 as General Counsel, and became the league's Executive Vice President in 1980.
Stern became Commissioner in 1984, replacing Larry O'Brien. He is known for increasing the popularity of the NBA in the 1990s and 2000s.
On December 12, 2019, Stern was hospitalized in New York City after having a cerebral hemorrhage. He died on January 1, 2020 at the age of 77.
References
1942 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Lawyers from New Jersey
Businesspeople from New York City
Businesspeople from New Jersey
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
Lawyers from New York City
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Anastas Mikoyan

Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (, Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan; ; - 21 October 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years.
It was told that, during Khrushchev time, he was the second most powerful man in the Soviet Union.
1895 births
1978 deaths
Armenian politicians
Communists
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
List of University of Cambridge people

This is an alphabetical list of alumni of the University of Cambridge.
A
Diane Abbott
Peter Ackroyd
Adrian Cadbury
Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian
George Biddell Airy
Margaret Anstee
William Astbury
B
Hans Blix
Richard Blumenthal
Leon Brittan
Diana Burrell
C
Vince Cable
Jimmy Carr
Robert M. Carter
Fred Catherwood
James Challis
Austen Chamberlain
John Chilcot
Kenneth Clarke
John Cleese
Nick Clegg
Jo Cox
Oliver Cromwell
D
Charles Darwin
Colin Dexter
Peter Dickinson
Paul Dirac
Freeman Dyson
F
Charles Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton
Rosalind Franklin
G
Rajiv Gandhi
Maurizio Giuliano
Germaine Greer
Nick Griffin
H
William Harvey
Tom Hiddleston
Christopher Hogwood
Geoffrey Howe
Arianna Huffington
Tim Hunt
Douglas Hurd
I
Eric Idle
Javid Iqbal
Christopher Isherwood
J
Derek Jacobi
Greville Janner
K
John Kotelawala
L
Norman Lamont
Hugh Laurie
M
Stanley Mandelstam
Francis Maude
Ian McKellen
Karl Miller
John Milton
David Mitchell
N
David Nobbs
Rolf Noskwith
O
Bill Oddie
J. Robert Oppenheimer
P
Cecil Parkinson
Enoch Powell
R
George Maxwell Richards
Klaus Roth
S
Frank Schirrmacher
Charles Scott Sherrington
Guy Standing
David Starkey
Richard Stone
T
Emma Thompson
U
Tom Udall
W
Rachel Weisz
Justin Welby
William Wordsworth
Z
Ghil'ad Zuckermann
University of Cambridge
Vals, Switzerland

Vals is a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubunden in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2015, the former municipality of St. Martin merged into the municipality of Vals.
It is known for its mineral water brand Valser.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Therme Vals
Archipreneur's Journey to Vals
Municipalities of Graubunden
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Spa towns in Switzerland
Arispe, Iowa

Arispe is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Adrian Lowe

Adrian Lowe is an Australian athlete with a disability. He competes in a wheelchair. At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, He won two gold medals in the Men's 4 x 100 m Relay A2A4-7 and the Men's 4 x 400 m Relay A2A4-7 races, and three silver medals in the Men's 100 m A4A9, Men's 200 m A4A9, and the Men's 400 m A4A9 races.
References
Australian athletes
Australian Paralympic silver medalists
Australian Paralympic gold medalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
1988 Summer Paralympics
List of Roman emperors

This is a list of the Roman emperors:
Many of them were murdered by relatives, enemies, friends, and soldiers.
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Year of the Four Emperors
Flavian dynasty
Nerva-Antonine dynasty
Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty
Crisis of the Third Century
The Dominate: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty
Valentinianic dynasty
Theodosian dynasty
Western Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium
Note there were also numerous usurpers ("fake" emperors) including:
Domitianus II (usurper)
Lists of monarchs
Rörvik

Rorvik is a locality in Savsjo Municipality in Jonkoping County in Sweden. In 2010, 523 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Jonkoping County
Greater St. Louis

The Greater St. Louis Metropolitan Area surrounds the city of St. Louis, Missouri. St. Louis is the main city and commercial center for the area. It also includes the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and the St. Louis-St. Charles-Farmington, MO-IL combined statistical area (CSA). The MSA area is the 21st-largest, as of 2020.
In the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area (MSA), it includes the Illinois counties (Bond, Calhoun, Clinton, Jersey, Macoupin, Madison, Monroe, and St. Clair (known collectively as the Metro East)) and the Missouri counties (Crawford (only the City of Sullivan), Franklin, Jefferson, Lincoln, St. Charles, St. Louis (separate from and not inclusive of the city of St. Louis), and Warren).
Greater St. Louis is home to many professional sports teams including the St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Blues. Former professional teams include the St. Louis Rams and St. Louis Browns.
St. Louis, Missouri
Metropolitan areas of the United States
Marco Camenisch

Marco Camenisch (born 21 January 1952) is a Swiss anarchist and environmental activist. He was born in Schiers. He served several years in prison for the 1989 murder of a border guard in Brusio, Switzerland and other offences.
Camenisch has maintained his political ideas during his time in prison, and he has remained a political activist.
References
Other websites
List of anarchists
Swiss activists
Environmentalists
Anarchists
Green anarchism
Green thinkers
Murderers
Prisoners
Swiss people
1952 births
Living people
Jesús Zúñiga

Jesus Zuniga Mendoza (15 April 1947 - 7 March 2022) was a Mexican farmer and politician. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He was in the Chamber of Deputies from 2015 to 2018. Zuniga was born in El Chante, Jalisco, Mexico. From 1987 until 1988, he was the Mayor of Union de Tula.
Zuniga was found murdered at his ranch in El Chante on 7 March 2022, at the age of 74.
References
1947 births
2022 deaths
Mexican politicians
Murder victims
Mexican mayors
People from Jalisco