pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ecological niche

An ecological niche is the part of the environment into which a species fits, and to which it is adapted. A shorthand definition of niche in biology is how an organism makes a living in a place.
However, the term has been used in different ways. It is not only a place but a way of life. For example, grazers, insectivores, scavengers and predators can all live their different lifestyles in the same forest. A niche can be occupied by different species in different places even though they 'earn their living' in roughly the same way. Thus the 'bird of prey eating small mammals' niche would in grasslands include the kestrel, but in an oak wood it would be filled by the tawny owl.
The idea of a niche in natural history is ancient: many writers noticed that animals and plants live in places where they are well adapted to live. The word niche was first used in biology by naturalist Roswell Johnson, but in 1917 Joseph Grinnell was the first to use it in a research program. Later, he described the niches of a variety of species. Grinnell was the first to offer the "exclusion principle" in which only one species could occupy a particular niche at any one time.
Scientists who study the interactions between living things, such as animals and their environment are called ecologists, and their branch of science is called ecology. A niche is a term which describes a position or opportunity into which some organism fits well. Thus, an ecological niche is a place in nature that is filled by an animal or plant because it is well suited to do so.
Invasions
When a niche is left open, for example by extinction, other organisms may fill that position.
Also, invasive species of plants and animals in a new land often take over all or part of the niches of native organisms. Sometimes the loss results in the extinction of the natives.
Related pages
Habitat
References
Habitats
Avenging Force

Avenging Force is a 1986 American action movie directed by Sam Firstenberg and written by James Booth (who also starred). It stars Michael Dudikoff, Steve James, John P. Ryan, Marc Alaimo and was distributed by Cannon Films. It is considered to be a cult film.
Other websites
1986 action movies
1980s sequel movies
American action movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by Sam Firstenberg
Movies set in New Orleans
1986 independent movies
Vilcabamba, Peru

Vilcabamba was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last city of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572. That meant the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule.
History
After the Incan empire fell, the city was burned and the area swiftly became a remote, not very populated or connected part of Peru. The location of Vilcabamba was forgotten.
The ruins of the city were rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1909 in a remote forest site 130 km west of Cuzco, but he failed to realize its significance, because he believed that Machu Picchu, which he also rediscovered, was the fabled "Lost City of the Incas". It was not until explorations and discoveries in the 1960s, that many came to see this site at Espiritu Pampa as the real Vilcabamba of legend.
Sources
MacQuarrie, Kim: The Last Days of the Incas. Simon & Schuster, 2007. .
Inca civilization
1572 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
16th-century disestablishments in South America
1530s establishments in South America
1539 establishments
Nijinsky (movie)

Nijinsky is a 1980 American biographical drama movie directed by Herbert Ross and starring Alan Bates, Leslie Browne, George de la Pena, Carla Fracci, Ronald Pickup, Ronald Lacey, Vernon Dobtcheff, Frederick Jaeger, Jeremy Irons, Sian Phillips. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1980 drama movies
1980s biographical movies
1980s LGBT movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Herbert Ross
Macoupin County, Illinois

Macoupin County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. In the 2020 census, 44,967 people lived there. The county seat is Carlinville.
It is a part of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area.
References
Illinois counties
Sallen

Sallen is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Population
References
Communes in Calvados
Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

Michelangelo is one of the four Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. He is the comic relief of the group of brothers and uses nunchakus.
Portrayals
Mikey has been played by Mikey Kelley in movies based on TMNT.
Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Fictional turtles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
Injustice (franchise) guest characters
Tony Hawk's (series) guest characters
DXGB-TV

DXGB-TV Channel 11 (analog) and Channel 51 (digital), is a TV5 Network, Inc.-affiliated station in Zamboanga City. It is the flagship station of Golden Broadcasting Professionals, Incorporated, a local broadcast entity. Its main broadcast facilities and transmitter are located at the GBPI Building, Campaner Street, Zamboanga City.
Digital television
DXGB-TV currently operates on UHF Channel 51 (695.143 MHz). It is multiplexed into the following subchannels:
Areas of coverage
Primary areas
Zamboanga City
Basilan
Secondary areas
Portion of Zamboanga Sibugay
Portion of Zamboanga del Norte
Related pages
TV5
List of television and radio stations owned by TV5 Network
Magic 95.5 Zamboanga
DXAX-DTV - TV5 digital affiated station in Zamboanga
DWET-TV
References
Television channels in Asia
Filipino television stations
Saulchoy-sous-Poix

Saulchoy-sous-Poix is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Frans de Haan

Franciscus Mattheus Christiaan "Frans" de Haan (18 September 1938 - 2 December 2022) was a Dutch basketball player and golfer. As a basketball player he played with The Wolves Amsterdam and the Netherlands men's national basketball team.
Biography
De Haan was born in 1938 in Amsterdam. His father was AFC Ajax footballer Frans de Haan (voetballer) (1897-1974).
With basketball club The Wolves Amsterdam he played in the Dutch Basketball League and became national champion in 1960 and 1961 with coach Henk van de Broek and in 1964 with Ruud Welter. De Haan played with the Netherlands men's national basketball team between 1958 and 1970. He represented the Netherlands at the EuroBasket 1961 in Belgrado, EuroBasket 1963 in Wroclaw and EuroBasket 1967 in Helsinki.
As a golfer De Haan became national champion in 1972 and 1973. In 1982 he won togehter with R.J.J. Tans Tans the Army Tankard. In 1981 De Haan co-founded an association of former golf internationals named Orange All Stars. He was chairman for many years (at least until 2008).
De Haan died in Wassenaar on 2 December 2022, at the age of 84.
References
Other websites
Dutch basketball players
Golfers
1938 births
2022 deaths
People from Amsterdam
Turkish Grand Prix

The Turkish Grand Prix is a grand prix hold in Turkey. Formula One raced at Turkey from 2005 onwards. After 2011 it was dropped from the calendar. The only race track to host a Turkish Grand Prix is Istanbul Park. The track is famous for it's high speed Turn 8.
Winners of the Turkish Grand Prix
Repeat winners (drivers)
Repeat winners (constructors)
Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
* Built by Ilmor in 2005
Year by year
All Turkish Grands Prix were held at Istanbul Park.
References
Formula One Grands Prix
Eddie Condon

Albert Edwin "Eddie" Condon (November 16, 1905 - August 4, 1973) was a Chicago jazz/big band rhythm guitarist.
American jazz musicians
Musicians from Indiana
1905 births
1973 deaths
T. S. Eliot

Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (26 September 1888 - 4 January 1965) was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.
Early life
He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, then went to college in Harvard. He spent most of his adult life in London, England. He became a British citizen in 1928.
Career
One famous book of his was written for children and is called The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. The songs in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats are based on poems in it. He also wrote "The Waste Land", a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called Modernism. His friend, Ezra Pound, another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and his play Murder in the Cathedral (about Thomas Becket) are also well known.
Personal life and death
He was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called Faber and Faber. In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died of emphysema in London.
1888 births
1965 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American Christians
American essayists
American literary critics
American playwrights
American poets
British Anglicans
British essayists
British Nobel Prize winners
British playwrights
British poets
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in England
Harvard University alumni
Literary critics
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Order of Merit
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks

The Louisiana-Monroe Warhawks are the sports teams that play for the University of Louisiana at Monroe. There are 16 teams.
References
Organizations based in Louisiana
Sports in the United States
Sun Belt Conference
Gospel Oak

Gospel Oak is an area in northwest London. It is in the London Borough of Camden.
Areas of London
London Borough of Camden
Fugging, Upper Austria

Fugging ( ) is an Austrian village in the municipality of Tarsdorf, in the Innviertel region of western Upper Austria.
The village is 33 kilometres north of Salzburg, four kilometres east of the German border and can be travelled to in half an hour by car from the town of Petting, in Bavaria.
History and name
Fugging (which was Fucking at the time) has existed since at least 1070 and is named after a man from the 6th century called "Fuko". In old Germanic, "-ing" is used to describe people as belonging to their leader; so "Fucking" means "(place of) Fuko's people."
Although the village has a population of 104 , it has drawn attention in the English-speaking world for its name, which is spelled the same as the continuous form of the profane English-language verb "fuck".
Fucking's most famous feature is a traffic sign with its name on it, which tourists often photograph. This street sign is often stolen. Significant public funds have been spent on replacing the stolen signs.
In 2004, because many signs had been stolen, a vote was held to change the village name, but the villagers voted not to change. In August 2005, the road signs were welded to a very strong pole. This made it more difficult to steal them.
Fucking changed its name to Fugging, the name change came to affect on 1 January 2021.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Upper Austria
France Télévisions

France Televisions (; stylized as france*tv) is the French national public television broadcasting. the company is owned by the state and also owns other Subsidiary companies such as France 2 (formerly Antenne 2) and France 3 (formerly France Regions 3), later joined by the legally independent channels France 4 (formerly Festival), and France Five (formerly La Cinquieme).
References
1992 establishments in France
French television
Molecular gastronomy

Molecular gastronomy is a type of science that studies the chemical reactions in food during cooking.
Cooking
Biology
Twann-Tüscherz

Twann-Tuscherz () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Twann and Tuscherz-Alfermee merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tuscherz.
References
Other websites
2010 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Bern
Mark-Paul Gosselaar

Mark-Paul Gosselaar (born March 1, 1974) is an American actor. He is well-known for his roles on television. He played Zack Morris on Saved by the Bell. He also played the detective John Clark on ABC's NYPD Blue.
Gosselaar was born in the Los Angeles area of California.
References
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1974 births
Living people
Rob Swire

Robert Swire-Thompson (born 5 November 1982), also known as Anscenic, is an Australian DJ, musician, record producer, singer and songwriter. Since 1998, he has been a member of the drum and bass band Pendulum, alongside Gareth McGrillen. In 2011, Swire and McGrillen left the band and created an electro house duo called Knife Party.
1982 births
Australian singers
Australian songwriters
Record producers
DJs
People from Perth, Western Australia
Living people
Mike Oxley

Michael Garver "Mike" Oxley (February 11, 1944 - January 1, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican party. He served as a U.S. representative from the 4th congressional district of Ohio. He was born in Findlay, Ohio.
Oxley died of lung cancer in McLean, Virginia on January 1, 2016 at the age of 71.
References
Other websites
Interview on The BusinessMakers Show.
1944 births
2016 deaths
United States representatives from Ohio
Lawyers from Ohio
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Ohio
The Tales of Kanglei Throne

"The Tales of Kanglei Throne" is an English language novel, written by Linthoi Chanu. It is a collection of legends from Meitei mythology as well as history. The epic saga starts from the journey of Poireiton, an underworld immortal prince, to the human world, and ends up to the transformation of a mortal human princess into a fish. The book includes many stories about the Kanglei Throne, and it's origin, each as captivating as the other.
References
2017 books
English-language novels
Meitei mythology
New Orleans English

New Orleans English refers to the range of accents native to the Greater New Orleans metropolitan area. It's often described as New York City English or the Boston accent mixed with Southern American English. Most subvarieties are non-rhotic.
New Orleans
American English
James Gobbo

Sir James Augustine Gobbo AC, CVO, QC (22 March 1931 - 7 November 2021) was an Australian jurist and politician. He was the 25th Governor of Victoria serving from 1997 through 2000. He was born in Melbourne.
Gobbo was made Knight Bachelor in 1981 and became a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 1993 and a Knight of Grace of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (KStJ) in 1997. He was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001.
Gobbo died on 7 November 2021 at the age of 90.
References
1931 births
2021 deaths
Governors of Victoria (Australia)
People from Melbourne
Donald

Donald is a masculine given name. It is pronounced [don-ld]. The name Donald has its roots in the Gaelic name Domhnall and is typically associated with masculinity. Its meaning, "ruler of the world" or "world mighty", is derived from the Celtic words dumno, meaning "world," and val, meaning "rule." The name gained popularity thanks to the Scottish King Donald II, who was the grandson of King Alpin and became a legendary figure. This name was ranked #592 on the US Popular Names in 2021.
Other common forms are Don, Donny and Donnie.
Famous Donalds
Don Cheadle, American actor
Donald Dewar, first First Minister of Scotland
Don Drysdale, Major League Baseball player
Donald Duck, fictional duck created by Walt Disney
Don Edwards, American politician
Don Ho, Hawaiian musician
Don LaFontaine, American voice actor
Don Regan, American politician
Don Knotts, American comedic actor
Don McLean, American singer and musician
Don Meredith, former American NFL quarterback.
Don Quixote, fictional knight in the book of the same name.
Donald Rumsfeld, United States Secretary of Defense
Donald Sutherland, American actor
Donald A. Glaser, American scientist
Donald Pleasence, British actor
Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States
Donald Tusk, Prime Minister of Poland
Related pages
Don, a disamgiguation page
References
Given names
Young Earth creationism

Young Earth creationism (YEC) is the pseudoscientific belief that the God of Judaism or Christianity created the Universe, the Earth and all life on Earth over a short time between 5,700 and 10,000 years ago. Those who believe young Earth creationism are mainly Christians and Jews. They believe the Genesis account of creation in the Bible is completely true. Young Earth creationists believe that God created the Earth in six 24-hour days. They disagree with other creationists because they believe the Bible is literally true when it tells the age of the Earth.
Many scientists agree together that young Earth creationism is wrong and know about experiments and observations (facts that scientists have seen, heard, recorded with their instruments) in their theory. Scientists believe that the universe is more than 13 billion years old while the earth existed for 4.5 billion years according to scientific theory.
Related pages
Creationism
Old Earth creationism
References
Intelligent design
Creation myths
Ritornello

Ritornello is an Italian word meaning "little return". At first in music ritornello was used as an instruction to repeat a part. By the 1600's the word was used to describe a part of the music played by instruments in a vocal piece. These instrumental sections could be at the start (a prelude), in the middle (an interlude), or at the end (a postlude). In dramatic music, the ritornello provided an opportunity for dancing, or for a scene change. In the Baroque period, a common way to write a song, called an aria, was in da capo form. The aria would be written as two contrasting sections, A and B. By adding an instrumental ritornello (R), the aria could be developed further, forming the scheme R-A-R-B-R-A-R.
In the early 1700's composers began using the ritornello form in concertos, the solo instrument replacing the voice. This gave the composer the chance to develop music during the solos with new material and key changes, between repeated sections of full orchestra. Guiseppe Torelli began using this form, which was then developed and extended by Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi's way of using this form has the following features:
Ritornellos for the full orchestra alternate with sections for the soloist or soloists.
The opening ritornello is composed of several small sections. These are usually two to four bars in length, which may be repeated or varied. These sections can be separated from each other or combined in new ways but are still the ritornello.
When the ritornello is used again, it may be only a part, using only one or some of the sections, sometimes varied.
The ritornellos guide the tonal structure of the music. They establish the new key if the music changes keys. The first and last use of the ritornello is in the tonic. One (usually the first to be in a new key) is in the dominant; and others are in closely related keys.
Later composers such as Bach and Telemann used Vivaldi's form in their works.
References
Musical forms
Mettmann Rural District

Mettmann is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
In the district is the valley of the small river Dussel, the Neanderthal, where the fossils of the human species Neanderthals were first found.
Coat of arms
Towns and municipalities
References
Other websites
Official website (German)
RTVE

The Corporacion de Radio y Television Espanola, S.A. ("Spanish Radio and Television Corporation"; RTVE) is the state-owned public corporation that became the management of the Spanish public radio and television service in 2007.
References
Television networks
Radio stations in Europe
Companies of Spain
Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans

Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, Duchess of Montpensier (29 May 1627 - 5 April 1693) known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the eldest daughter of Gaston d'Orleans, and his first wife Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (duchess in her own right). She inherited her title from her mother and was given to her first cousin the Duke of Orleans in 1695 by order of Louis XIV when it was clear that Anne Marie Louise would not have children. She was known as Mademoiselle for most of her life. She was the wealthiest woman of her time.
Biography
Her mother died giving birth to her. Her mother was the Duchess of Montpensier in her own right and the title was inherited by Anne Marie Louise. She was one of the greatest heiresses in history. She died unmarried and childless, leaving her vast fortune to her cousin, Philippe of France. After a string of proposals from various members of European royalty, including Charles II of England, Afonso VI of Portugal and Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy, she eventually fell in love with Antoine Nompar de Caumont, Duke of Lauzun and scandalised the court when she asked Louis XIV for permission to marry him, as such a union was viewed as a mesalliance. She is best remembered for her role in the Fronde, bringing the famous opera composer Jean Baptiste Lully to the king's court, and her Memoires. She carried out various improvements to the Chateau of Eu, Chateau of Saint-Fargeau and Chateau of Choisy, her personal properties.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and Styles
29 May 1627 - 4 June 1693 Her Royal Highness Mademoiselle.
4 June 1627 - 5 April 1693 Her Royal Highness, Mademoiselle, the Duchess of Montpensier.
Other websites
1627 births
1693 deaths
House of Orleans
People from Paris
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Smallpox survivors
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Jean-Marc Fontaine

Jean-Marc Fontaine (13 March 1944 - 29 January 2019) was a French mathematician. He was one of the founders of p-adic Hodge theory. He was a professor at Paris-Sud 11 University from 1988 to his death. He was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
In 1984 he received the Prix Carriere from the French Academy of Sciences. Beginning in 2002 he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
Fontaine died on 29 January 2019 in Paris from thyroid cancer at the age of 74.
References
1944 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from thyroid cancer
Cancer deaths in France
French mathematicians
Land of the Free

Land of the Free is the national anthem of Belize. Samuel Alfred Haynes wrote the words. Selwyn Walford Young wrote the music. They did this in 1963. It became official in 1981.
Lyrics
References
1963 songs
1981 establishments in Belize
North American anthems
National symbols of Belize
Dover Plains, New York

Dover Plains is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Dutchess County, New York, United States.
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Hamlets in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
Roh Tae-woo

Roh Tae-woo (4 December 1932 - 26 October 2021), was the sixth President of South Korea (1988-1993). He was a Korean general and politician. A member of the Hanahoi, Roh was the hand-picked successor of the ex-general and president Chun Doo-hwan. This caused large pro-democracy rallies in Seoul and other cities in 1987. Roh agreed to hold democratic presidential elections, making himself a candidate for the next election. The opposition split the votes between Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung (both of whom later became presidents). This made Roh the first elected president after the time that the military ruled the country.
Roh's rule was notable for hosting the Seoul Olympics in 1988 and for his foreign policy of nordpolitik.
In 1993, Roh's successor Kim Young-sam led an anti-corruption campaign that saw Roh and Chun Doo-hwan on trial for bribery. The two former presidents were later charged with mutiny and treason for their part in the 1979 coup and the 1980 Gwangju Riot.
Both were found to be guilty in August 1996 of treason, mutiny and corruption. Chun was sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment. Roh's 22 1/2-year jail sentence was reduced to 17 years. Both were released from prison in early 1998, pardoned by then-President Kim Dae-jung.
Roh died on October 26, 2021, at the Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul at the age of 88.
Notes
References
South Korean criminals
Presidents of South Korea
South Korean military people
1932 births
2021 deaths
Nanda Devi

Nanda Devi () is the highest mountain in the Republic of India. It is also the national mountain of the nation. It is holy to the Hindus, source of the Ganges river.
Nanda Devi lies in the state of Uttarakhand.
Biosphere reserves
Himalayas
Mountains of India
Uttarakhand
National symbols of India
Salary

A salary is a type of payment a person gets for work done for a job. A salary is usually paid for a fixed period of time, such as a month or a week. Generally, it does not matter how many hours are worked, the salary remains the same. If someone is not a salaried employee, they are generally an "hourly" employee and are paid a certain amount for each hour's which is known as "wages."
Related pages
Minimum wage
Worker
Employment
Income
Tatsuya Masushima

is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Tokyo||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||7||0||1||0||2||0||10||0
|-
|2005||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2006||14||1||2||2||3||0||19||3
|-
|2007||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 1||25||4||0||0||7||1||32||5
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Sanga||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||32||0||2||0||6||0||40||0
|-
|2009||21||0||1||0||5||0||27||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||||||||||||||
|-
|2012||||||||||||||||
103||5||6||2||23||1||132||8
103||5||6||2||23||1||132||8
|}
References
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Roman dictator

A dictator was the senior magistrate of the Roman Republic. They were regularly appointed from the earliest period of the Republic down to the Second Punic War.
Dictators had the full authority of the state to deal with a military emergency or to undertake a specific duty. The right of the Tribune of the plebs to veto his actions was extremely limited. However, to prevent the dictatorship from threatening the state itself, limitations were placed on his powers. A dictator had a clear sphere of authority. He had to resign once his task was done, or after six months.
After the Second Punic War, no dictators were appointed for over a century. Then the idea was revived by Sulla, and later by Caesar. Sulla was a tyrant, and Caesar was murdered soon after becoming dictator.
The office was formally abolished after the death of Caesar, and not revived under the Empire.
References
Roman Republic
3. Liga

The 3. Liga is the 3rd division of football in Germany. It replaced the Regionalliga as the 3rd division of Germany in 2008.
2020-21 3. Liga Clubs
Top scorers
Related pages
Bundesliga
2. Bundesliga
Regionalliga
References
Football leagues in Germany
Riekofen

Riekofen is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Regensburg (district)
Retard (word)

Retard is considered to be an offensive term for someone with a disability. Initially a medical term, since the 70s, it is used as either an insult disabled people or for someone foolish.
Slurs
Pejoratives
English profanity
Michael Diven

Michael B. Diven (March 27, 1970 - August 18, 2020) was an American politician. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 22nd District between 2001 to 2006. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
Diven died on August 18, 2020 in Pittsburgh, aged 50.
References
1970 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
San Vitale

San Vitale is a church, in Ravenna, Italy. It was probably started in 537, and consecrated in 547. It is an example of early Byzanite art and architecture. Its style show the influences of the Eastern Roman empire. It is described as a basilica, even though its design is not typical for one. It is well-known because of its mosaics, which show emperor Justinian I with his wife. Because of its importance, Pope John XXIII made it a basilica minor in 1960.
Together with other structures in Ravenna, it is an UNESCO World Heritage site.
Roman Catholic churches in Italy
6th-century buildings and structures
Ravenna
Valparaíso (disambiguation)

Valparaiso may refer to:
Brazil
Valparaiso - town in the Sao Paulo state
Valparaiso - river in the Acre state
Valparaiso de Goias - town in the Goias state
Valparaiso - neighborhood in Blumenau, Santa Catarina
Valparaiso - neighborhood in Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro
Valparaiso - neighborhood Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo
Chile
Valparaiso - city in Chile
Greater Valparaiso - a conurbation
Region of Valparaiso - a region of Chile
Province of Valparaiso - a province of Chile
Colombia
Valparaiso - city in the department of Antioquia
Valparaiso - city in the department of Caqueta
Spain
Valparaiso, Caceres, a town in the province of Caceres, now disappeared, but that originated the most of the American toponyms.
Valparaiso de Abajo, town in the province of Cuenca.
Valparaiso de Arriba, town in the province of Cuenca.
Valparaiso, town in the province of Zamora.
United States
Valparaiso - city in the Indiana state
Addison, Texas

Addison is a city in Dallas County, Texas (United States). About 14,160 people were living in Addison as of the year 2000. It is really a city, but it calls themselves a town. Addison has an area of 4.4 square miles.
References
Other websites
Addison official website
Addison community website
Cities in Texas
Settlements in Dallas County, Texas
Donkey Kong Land III

Donkey Kong Land III (also called Donkey Kong Land 3) is a Game Boy video game that is a part of the Donkey Kong video game series. This game was released in 1997 by Nintendo and was developed by Rare, Ltd.. It was rereleased in 2000 exclusively in Japan for the Game Boy Color and is a sequel to Donkey Kong Land and Donkey Kong Land 2.
1997 video games
2000 video games
Game Boy games
Game Boy Color games
Virtual Console games
Donkey Kong
Platform games
Peuton

Peuton is a commune of 211 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Mayenne
2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting

The 2012 Aurora shooting took place in Aurora, Colorado, United States, on 20 July 2012. Gunman James Eagan Holmes shot dead 12 people and wounded 58 others at The Dark Knight Rises premiere at a movie theater. He was arrested a few minutes later.
Holmes was convicted in 2015 of twenty-four counts of first-degree murder, 140 counts of attempted first-degree murder, one count of possessing explosives and a sentence enhancement of a crime of violence. He was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole.
References
2012 crimes in the United States
2010s mass shootings in the United States
2010s murders in the United States
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2012
Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States
2012 shooting
21st century in Colorado
July 2012 events
Mass murder in 2012
Massacres in the United States
Murder in Colorado
Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez

Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez (b. 18 August 1985) is a Costa Rican soccer (European football) player. He was born in San Jose.
Life
At the age of twelve, Gonzalez started playing for Liga Deportiva Alajuelense minor leagues. He quickly became known as a skilled player. In 2003, at the age of 18, he began playing first division football. He would eventually become a professional soccer player with the same team.
Career
During his first tournament, Gonzalez played well. He soon became an important member of his team. He played in many important games, like "El Clasico" (The Classic), when Alajuela plays their biggest enemy, Saprissa. In his second year Gonzalez's team won the CONCACAF Champion's Cup.
Though Gonzalez had only been a professional soccer player for a short time, he was asked to represent his country by playing on the Costa Rica National Team. He played well and was celebrated by the public.
Suddenly, in 2006, Gonzalez was invited to play for a soccer team in Belgium. The team, K.A.A. Gent, wanted to sign him to a four-year deal. Gonzalez accepted. He became a popular player in Belgium by becoming the best scorer on his team. He also got a hat-trick.
His success gained Gonzalez a lot of attention and popularity. He was asked again to play with the Costa Rican national team. He returned to Costa Rica and played well for the national team. Afterward, he hoped to get signed by a good European team.
In 2009, Gonzalez played with FC Twente Enschede in Holland, where is team won the Cup. In 2010, he began playing for the UEFA Champions League Cup.
References
Other websites
1985 births
Living people
Costa Rican footballers
Sportspeople from San Jose, Costa Rica
Takumi Minamino

is a Japanese football player. He plays for the Japan national team.
Biography
Minamino was born in Izumisano. He started his club career at J1 League club Cerezo Osaka in 2012 and in his first season he was named "J.League Rookie of the Year". In 2014, he moved to Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg. He spent four successful season at Salzburg before moving to Liverpool on 1 January 2020. On February 1, 2021 Minamino joined Southampton on loan for the rest of the 2020-21 Premier League season.
Minamino has made over 20 appearances for the Japan national team. He was part of the squad that reached final of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup and played in the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Statistics
|-
|2012||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J1 League||3||0||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1
|-
|2013||29||5||1||0||8||3||colspan="2"|-||38||8
|-
|2014||30||2||3||2||2||2||7||2||42||8
|-
|2014/15||rowspan="6"|Red Bull Salzburg||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||14||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||17||3
|-
|2015/16||32||10||6||2||colspan="2"|-||2||1||40||13
|-
|2016/17||21||11||5||3||colspan="2"|-||5||0||31||14
|-
|2017/18||28||7||4||1||colspan="2"|-||12||3||44||11
|-
|2018/19||27||6||5||3||colspan="2"|-||13||5||45||14
|-
|2019/20||14||5||2||2||colspan="2"|-||6||2||22||9
|-
|2019/20||rowspan="2"|Liverpool||rowspan="2"|Premier League||10||0||3||0||0||0||1||0||14||0
|-
|2020/21||9||1||1||0||2||2||4||0||16||3
|-
|2020/21||Southampton||Premier League||||||||||||||||||||
62||7||6||3||10||5||7||2||85||17
136||42||24||11||colspan="2"|-||39||11||199||64
19||1||4||0||2||2||5||0||30||3
217||50||34||14||12||7||51||13||314||84
|}
|-
|2015||2||0
|-
|2016||0||0
|-
|2017||0||0
|-
|2018||5||4
|-
|2019||15||7
|-
|2020||4||1
|-
!Total||26||12
|}
Honours
Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19
Austrian Cup: 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2018-19
References
Other websites
1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Premier League players
Cerezo Osaka players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Liverpool F.C. players
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Japanese footballers
Magdalen Laver

Magdalen Laver is a village and civil parish in Epping Forest, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 246 people living in Magdalen Laver.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
1120

Year 1120 (MCXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Asia
The Song Dynasty governor of the seaport of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, reports the population of his city has reached 500,000.
August-September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) - Wanyan Xiyin completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script
Europe
January 16 - The Council of Nablus is held in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
June 17 - at the Battle of Cutanda, the Aragonese troops of Alfonso I defeat the Almoravid army.
November 25 - The White Ship is wrecked in the English Channel, resulting in the death of the son of King Henry I of England.
Walcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude.
Construction begins on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.
Foundation of Freiburg in Breisgau.
Under admirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria and Isa ibn Mayum of Sevilla, the Almoravid fleet attacks the Christian kingdom of Galicia.
Births
November 28 - Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1180)
Ioveta of Bethany, daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem
Louis VII of France (d. 1180)
Deaths
November 25 - William Adelin, son of Henry I of England (sinking of the White Ship) (b. 1103)
September 3 - Gerard Thom (The Blessed Gerard), founder of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1040)
Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (b. 1094)
References
Western Development Region, Nepal

Western Development Region ( - Pashchimanchal Bikas Kshetra) was one of Nepal's five development regions. It was in the west-central part of the country. Its headquarters were at Pokhara.
Geography
The Western Development Region had the Central Development Region to the east, the India to the south, the Mid-Western Development Region to the west and the People's Republic of China to the north.
The region was the second largest Development Region of Nepal. Its area was . It was the third in population with 4,926,765 people living there in 2011. Its population density is of 167.6 persons/km2.
Some of the highest mountains of the world were found in this region, in the Himalayas of the Dhawalagiri and Gandaki zones. Among them are Dhaulagiri (), Manaslu () and Annapurna ().
The most important river in the Western Development Region is the Gandaki, left tributary of the Ganges river.
Cities
Some cities of this region were Pokhara, Baglung, Butwall, Sandhikharka, Tansen, Tilaurakot, etc.
Administrative subdivisions
The region had 3 zones with a total of 16 districts:
Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
Districts of Nepal
Zones of Nepal
References
Other websites
Administrative Division of Nepal - Geonames
Pascimancala
Subdivisions of Nepal
Ivan Vakarchuk

Ivan Vakarchuk (; 6 March 1947 - 4 April 2020) was a Ukrainian physicist and politician. From 1990 to 2007 and again between 2010 and 2013, he was rector of the University of Lviv. He served as Minister of Education and Science from 2007 to 2010. He was the father of Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, lead singer of the rock band Okean Elzy.
Vakarchuk was born in Bratuseni, Moldavian SSR (present-day Moldova). On 4 April 2020, he died in Lviv at the age of 73.
References
1947 births
2020 deaths
Physicists
Politicians from Lviv
Ukrainian scientists
Evolution strategy

Evolution strategies are ways to solve a problem using evolutionary algorithms. The term was coined by Ingo Rechenberg.
Artificial intelligence
Grawp

Grawp is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. He is the giant half-brother of Hagrid. Grawp and Hagrid were born of the same mother, the giantess Fridwulfa. Hagrid's father was a wizard but Grawp's father was a giant. Grawp refers to Hagrid by the name "Hagger" and Hermione as "Hermy". He was said to be rather small compared to the other giants. He seemed to likes pink, the reason he was provoked when he saw Hermione's pink shirt. He participated in the Battle of Hogwarts and survived.
Harry Potter characters
Dante's Inferno (1935 movie)

Dante's Inferno is a 1935 American drama movie directed by Harry Lachman and was based on the 14th century poem Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri. It stars Spencer Tracy, Claire Trevor, Henry B. Walthall, Alan Dinehart, Rita Hayworth, Don Ameche, Willard Robertson, Scotty Beckett and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1935 drama movies
1930s American drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Harry Lachman
Women in Ancient Greece

The status of women in Classical Greece was different in different city states. Women in ancient Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara and Sparta could own land, which was the most prestigious form of private property at the time.
Athens
In ancient Athens, women were not citizens. Until marriage, women were under the guardianship of their father or other male relative. After marriage, their husband (kyrios) acted for the wife in all legal matters. Athenian women had limited property rights. Athenian women could enter into a contract worth less than the value of a "medimnos of barley" (a measure of grain). This allowed women to engage in petty trading.
Slaves, like free women, were not eligible for full citizenship in ancient Athens, but sometimes, rarely, they could become citizens if freed. Women, on the other hand, could never get full civil rights. No women ever acquired citizenship in ancient Athens, and so they were excluded from ancient Athenian democracy.
Sparta
By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. Although Spartan women were formally excluded from military and political life they enjoyed considerable status as mothers of Spartan warriors. As men engaged in military activity, women took responsibility for running estates.
After many years of war in the 4th century BC, Spartan women owned between 35% and 40% of all Spartan land and property. By the Hellenistic period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women. They controlled their own properties, as well as the properties of male relatives who were away with the army. Unlike Athenian women who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore short dresses and went where they pleased. Spartan women rarely married before the age of 20: this was unusual in the ancient world. Girls as well as boys received an education, and young women as well as young men may have joined in the Gymnopaedia ("Festival of Nude Youths").
Philosophies
Some philosophers were in favour of equality for women, but not Plato and Aristotle. Contrary to them, the Stoic philosophers argued for the equality of the sexes. In their view, sexual inequality was contrary to the laws of nature. In doing so, they followed the Cynics, who argued that men and women should wear the same clothing and get the same kind of education. They also saw marriage as a moral companionship between equals rather than a biological or social necessity. The Cynics practiced these views in their lives as well as in their teachings. The Stoics adopted the views of the Cynics and added them to their own theories of human nature. They put their sexual egalitarianism on a strong footing.
References
Ancient Greece
Women
Erik Lidbom

Erik Lidbom is a Swedish songwriter and music producer based in Stockholm, Sweden. Lidbom is better known as a K-Pop and J-Pop composer.
Career
Lidbom started his musical as a lyricist. In 2007, Lidbom wrote a song for a Japanese boy band Arashi for their J-Pop album Time. In 2009, Lidbom composed a song Genie for the South Korean band Girls' Generation, which was well received by audiences. Lidbom wrote and produced several international hit songs with Asian artists and bands like Arashi, SHINee, Gugudan, Namie Amuro & BoA.
As of 2018, Lidbom has collaborated on more than 60 albums as a composer.
Selected discography
References
Other websites
Living people
Swedish musicians
Swedish songwriters
Winok Bourel

Winok Bourel (1 November 1802 - 4 October 1880) was a Dutch language speaking rederijker and folk calligrapher.
Winok Bourel was born in Eecke on 1 November 1802. He became an official poet of the local chamber of rhetoric, a dramas and lyrics society closely connected with local civic leaders. After the foundation of the Flemish Committee of France, he was a corresponding member. Winok wrote poems and also some verses in Dutch language. He wrote for important occasions illuminated with folk motifs. These occasions included marriages, anniversaries and deaths. Bourel was one of the last rhetoricians from the Westhoek.
Bourel died in Eecke on 4 October 1880, aged 77.
References
Dutch artists
Dutch writers
1802 births
1880 deaths
Lamberto Mari

Lamberto Mari (born 7 September 1933) is an Italian diver. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
1933 births
Living people
Italian Olympians
Divers
1952 Summer Olympics
1960 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Florence
From each according to his ability, to each according to his need

From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs (or need) is a slogan that Karl Marx made popular in his writing Critique of the Gotha program, published in 1875. The German original is Jeder nach seinen Fahigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedurfnissen. According to Marx, once a communist society has been established, it will produce enough goods and services so that everyone's needs can be satisfied.
Even though the phrase is commonly attributed to Marx, he was not the first to use it. The slogan was common within the socialist movement. Louis Blanc first used it in 1839, in "The organization of work". The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French communist Etienne-Gabriel Morelly, who proposed in his 1755 Code of Nature "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society" including the following:
References
Socialism
Ivanovo

Ivanovo () is a city in Russia. It is the administrative center and largest city of Ivanovo Oblast, located northeast of Moscow. Ivanovo has a population of 408,330 as of the 2010 Census
References
Ivanovo Oblast
Capitals of oblasts of Russia
Golden Ring of Russia
Leeston

Leeston (Maori: Karumata) is a town in the Selwyn District, New Zealand. It is situated 30 kilometers southwest of Christchurch. It has a primary school and high school. It has three camping grounds located on the Selwyn River and opened its first art gallery in 2017.
References
Towns in New Zealand
Selwyn District
Kungsporten Church

The Kungsporten Church () is a church building in Oxnehaga in Huskvarna in Sweden. It belongs to the Evangelical Free Church in Sweden. The church was opened in November 2001.
References
Other websites
official website
Churches in Sweden
Huskvarna
Pennington County, Minnesota

Pennington County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, 13,992 people lived there. The county seat is Thief River Falls. It was founded on November 23, 1910.
References
20th-century establishments in Minnesota
1910 establishments in the United States
Minnesota counties