pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Road to Serfdom

The Road to Serfdom is a book written by the Austrian-born economist and philosopher Friedrich von Hayek (1899-1992) between 1940 and 1943.
In the book he warned of the danger of tyranny which comes from "government control of economic decision-making by central planning". He means the way fascist, communist and socialist governments try to control every aspect of the economy.
The rights and wishes of the individual are important, and the state should not interfere too much. When the state controls too much, that leads to a loss of freedom, an oppressive society, and eventually the tyranny of a dictator. The individual citizen becomes a serf. Hayek argued that fascism and socialism had roots in central economic planning and giving the state power over the individual.
After its publication in 1944, The Road to Serfdom became a popular account of market libertarianism. It has sold over two million copies.
The Road to Serfdom was to be a popular edition of the second volume of Hayek's The Abuse and Decline of Reason. The title was inspired by the writings of the 19th century French classical liberal Alexis de Tocqueville on the "road to servitude".p116 The book was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944, during World War II, and was quite popular. Hayek called it "that unobtainable book", due to wartime paper rationing.p128
It was published in the United States by the University of Chicago Press in September 1944 and became popular. The American magazine Reader's Digest published an abridged version in April 1945. This got The Road to Serfdom to a wider group of readers than before. The book had a big impact on twentieth-century conservative and libertarian economic and political thinking. It is often cited today by commentators.
References
Non-fiction books
1940s books
Pontoise

Pontoise is a commune of the Val-d'Oise department in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.
Twin towns
Pontoise is twinned with:
Boblingen, Germany
Sevenoaks, England
Geleen, Netherlands
References
Communes in Val-d'Oise
Subprefectures in France
Ivo Fürer

Jakob Andreas Ivo Furer (20 April 1930 - 12 July 2022) was a Swiss prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Bishop of St. Gallen from 1995 to 2005. Furer was born in Gossau, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Furer died on 12 July 2022 in Gossau from problems caused by Parkinson's disease, aged 92.
References
1930 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Swiss people
Roman Catholic bishops
New Edition

New Edition is an American R&B/pop music group from Boston's neighborhood Roxbury. It was formed in 1978. The members of the group are Michael Bivins, Ronnie DeVoe, Ricky Bell, Johnny Gill, Ralph Tresvant and Bobby Brown. They released hit songs, including "Mr. Telephone Man" and "Candy Girl" during the 1980s and 1990s. They were one of the first boy bands.
Brown left the group around 1985. Gill was later added to the group in 1987. Brown, Gill, and Tresvant became solo while the remaining three members formed the trio Bell Biv DeVoe. All six members reunited in the 1990s for their sixth album Home Again (1996).
American boy bands
American R&B bands
African-American musical groups
Musical groups from Boston
Musical groups established in 1978
Scinax dolloi

Werner's Brazilian tree frog (Scinax dolloi) is a frog that lives in Brazil. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place, in the Mantiqueira Range.
References
Frogs of South America
Jaffna District

Jaffna District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second level of administrative division of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Jaffna.
Administrative units
Jaffna District is divided into 15 Divisional Secretary's Division (DS Divisions), each headed by a Divisional Secretary (previously known as an Assistant Government Agent). The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 435 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).
References
Other websites
Olympic Mountains

The Olympic Mountains are a mountain range on the Olympic Peninsula of western Washington in the United States. The mountains, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges.
The eastern slopes rise out of Puget Sound from sea level and the western slopes are separated from the Pacific Ocean by the low-lying wide Pacific Ocean coastal plain. The western slopes are the wettest place in the contiguous United States (outside Hawaii and Alaska).
Most of the mountains are protected within the bounds of the Olympic National Park. A large portion of the range is contained within the Olympic National Park. Of this 95% is part of the Olympic Wilderness.
References
Other websites
Park History
ONP Info
Geography of Washington (state)
Mountain ranges of the United States
1684

1684 was a leap year that started on Saturday when using the Gregorian calendar.
Events
July 24 - Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails from France, again, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
October 7 - Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shogun Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
December 10 - Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.
Undated
France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.
Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland to liberate Europe from the Ottoman Turkish rule.
The Japanese poet Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi Shrine at Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.
The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton. Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford.
Smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
England has its coldest winter in living memory; the River Thames and the sea as far as 2 miles out from land freezes over.
John Bunyan writes The Pilgrim's Progress Part 2.
The Chipperfield's Circus dynasty begins when James Chipperfield introduces performing animals to England at the River Thames frost fairs on the Thames in London.
Births
January 1 - Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (died 1748)
January 14 - Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (died 1745)
February 24 - Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (died 1738)
March 15 - Francesco Durante, Italian composer (died 1755)
March 19 - Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar (died 1766)
April 15 - Catherine I of Russia (died 1727)
June 22 - Francesco Manfredini, Italian composer (died 1762)
September 18 - Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist, and composer (died 1748)
October 10 - Antoine Watteau, French painter (died 1721)
October 26 - Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (died 1757)
December 3 - Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian historian and writer (died 1754)
Deaths
April 1 - Roger Williams, English theologian and colonist (born 1603)
April 5 - Lord William Brouncker, English mathematician (born 1602)
May 4 - John Nevison, English highwayman (born 1639)
May 12 - Edme Mariotte, French physicist and priest (born c.1620)
July 2 - John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (born 1630)
July 6 - Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (born 1614)
August 8 - George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer (born 1622)
October 1 - Pierre Corneille, French playwright (born 1606)
October 11 - James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven (born 1617)
Norman Kwong

Norman Lim Kwong (born Lim Kwong Yew; ; October 24, 1929 - September 3, 2016) was a Canadian football player, politician and businessman. He played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Calgary Stampeders (1948-1950) and Edmonton Eskimos (1951-1960). He won the Grey Cup four times during his career (1948, 1954, 1955 and 1956). He served as the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Alberta from January 2005 to May 2010. He was also part owner of the Calgary Flames for a time.
Kwong was born in Calgary, Alberta. He was the son of Chinese immigrants from Taishan, Guangdong. He was the first Canadian professional gridiron football player of Chinese heritage. Kwong died in Calgary on September 3, 2016, at the age of 86.
References
Other websites
Canadian Football Hall of Fame profile
1929 births
2016 deaths
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian businesspeople
Edmonton Elks players
Politicians from Alberta
Sportspeople from Calgary
Avilés

Aviles () is a city in Asturias, Spain. Aviles is with Oviedo and Gijon, one of the main towns in the Principality of Asturias.
References
Municipalities in Asturias
Cities in Asturias
Deadliest Catch

The Deadliest Catch is a reality television series on the Discovery Channel, about Alaskan king crab fishing. The series shows people fishing for crabs in the Bering Sea near Alaska. The series is named "Deadliest Catch" because the crew of these boats are at a high risk of death or injury due to the dangerous places and weather of the sea during the seasons they fish, earning the title of most dangerous job in the world.
2005 television series debuts
American reality television series
English-language television programs
Discovery Channel
Lakin, Kansas

Lakin is a city in Kearny County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Kearny County. In 2010, 2,216 people lived there.
History
Lakin was created in 1874. It was named after David Long Lakin, the former treasurer of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
A post office in Lakin was built in March 1874. In 1888, Lakin was chosen to be the county seat.
Geography
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.
Weather
People
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 2,216 people, 781 households, and 573 families living in Lakin.
Related pages
Santa Fe Trail
References
Other websites
City
City of Lakin
Lakin - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
USD 215, local school district
Maps
Lakin City Map, KDOT
Cities in Kansas
County seats in Kansas
Kearny County, Kansas
1874 establishments in Kansas
Revolving door

A revolving door is a way to enter or exit a building. In a revolving door, several panels are fixed on a central axis. The panel can then be rotated to enter or exit the building. Buildings are usually fitted with revolving doors to save energy: Revolving doors can be made to hinder airflow. This means that less heat is lost. The first to develop revolving doors was H. Bockhacker. In 1881, he registered a patent in Germany for a "door without airflow". Theophilus Van Kannel registered a patent for what he called "storm door", in 1888.
Revolving doors also have problems: Once they start spinning, they force the people to keep a certain walking speed. People who cannot keep up the walking speed may fall and hurt themselves. People in a wheelchair cannot use revolving doors. The same probably applies to blind people. Revolving doors cannot be used in an emergency: They cannot be passed at a fast speed. For all these reasons, many countries have rules that buildings must also have other doors. In hotels and public buildings, is usual to find "push" doors either side of a revolving door.
Turnstiles
Turnstile exit-only doors are often used at large sports stadia (stadiums), theme parks, and other such venues. They let people exit freely, but stop entry without payment. These doors usually work mechanically, with the door panels constructed of horizontal bars which pass through a "wall" of interlacing (interdigitated) bars. This blocks people from entering illegally through the exit.
References
Doors
Gates
Valente Rodriguez

Valente Rodriguez (born February 14, 1964 in Edcouch, Texas) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Ernesto "Ernie" Cardenas on the sitcom George Lopez. He currently stars as Cesar in the TV Land sitcom Happily Divorced.
Other websites
1964 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Texas
Marzia Kjellberg

Marzia Kjellberg ( Bisognin; born 21 October 1992) is an Italian Internet personality, fashion designer, and businesswoman. She is known for her videos on her now-inactive YouTube channel.
In 2019, she married YouTuber Felix Kjellberg.
Notes
References
1992 births
Living people
Italian models
Italian fashion designers
YouTubers
Italian businesspeople
COVID-19 pandemic in Iran

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Iran reported its first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections on 19 February 2020 in Qom. The virus may have been brought to the country by a merchant from Qom who had travelled to China.
Government response
In response to the coronavirus the government cancelled public events and Friday prayers. They closed schools, universities, shopping centres, bazaars, and holy shrines; and banned festival celebrations.
Economic help were also announced to help families and businesses. The government at first did not support plans to quarantine entire cities and areas. The government later announced a ban on travel between cities following an increase in the number of new cases.
Numbers
Some outside guesses of the numbers of COVID-19 deaths were much higher than those from government sources, with one saying over 40,000 deaths. The government was also accused of cover-ups, censorship, and not handling the pandemic well. However, the World Health Organization said that it had not seen problems with Iran's reported numbers.
Cases and deaths
Many government ministers and senior officials have been diagnosed as SARS-CoV-2 positive. As of 3 March 2020, 23 members of the Parliament (around 8% of all MPs) tested positive.
At least 12 sitting or former Iranian politicians and officials had died from the virus by 17 March.
Notable deaths
Some of the well known Iranians reported to have died from COVID-19 include:
Hadi Khosroshahi,
Mohammad Mirmohammadi
Hossein Sheikholeslam
Fatemeh Rahbar
Reza Mohammadi Langroudi
Mohammad-Reza Rahchamani
Nasser Shabani
Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani
Hamid Kahram
References
2020 in Iran
Iran
2021 in Iran
2022 in Iran
Arbanats

Arbanats is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
References
Communes in Gironde
SC Bastia

S.C. Bastia is a football club which plays in France.
French football clubs
1905 establishments in France
OWOX

OWOX is a Ukrainian software company. The team creates a web analytics and business intelligence products and services. Vladyslav Flaks is the CEO of OWOX.
References
2002 establishments in Europe
Software companies
Technology companies of Europe
Companies of Ukraine
Grand vizier

Grand Vizier, Sadr-i Azam (Sadrazam) or Serdar-i Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish "Sdr `Zm" or "wzyr `Zm"), was the most important minister of the Sultan. The Grand Vizier had absolute power of attorney and could only be removed by the Sultan. He held the imperial seal and he could gather all other viziers to attend meetings regarding state affairs. The title is derived originally from the Persian word "Vizier" (wzyr). The title of Grand Vizier corresponds to that of a prime minister.
Related pages
List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
History of Turkey
Government of Turkey
Government occupations
Pope Sixtus V

Pope Sixtus V (; 13 December 1520 - 27 August 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 228th Pope from 1585 to 1590.
Early life
Felice Peretti was born in December 15250 at Grottammare in the province of Ascoli Piceno.
Monk
In 1547, Peretti was ordained.
Peretti became a Franciscan; and in 1560, he became Apostolic vicar of his order.
In 1565, Pope Pius IV assigned Peretti to work with Cardinal Buoncompagni (who would become Pope Gregory XIII); but they did not work well together.
Bishop
In 1566 Pope Pius V made Peretti Bishop of Sant' Agata dei Goti in the Kingdom of Naples.
Cardinal
In 1570, Peretti was raised to the rank of cardinal.
After the election of Gregory XIII, Peretti withdrew from public activities.
Pope
Cardinal di Montalto was elected pope in 1585; and he chose the name Sixtus V.
During the reign of Sixtus V, the dome of St Peter's Basilica was completed;. The external dome was covered with lead and the bands were covered with bronze gilt.
A building for the Vatican Library was constructed.
The investment in public works included the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica of St. John Lateran; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore; additions and repairs to the Quirinal Palace, Lateran Palace and Vatican Palace; the erection of four obelisks (including the one in the Piazza of St Peter's; the opening of six streets; and the restoration of the aqueduct of Severus (Acqua Felice).
Related pages
List of popes
References
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy, Sixtus V
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Peretti Montalto
Italian popes
1520 births
1590 deaths
Franciscans
Bromeliad tree frog

The Bromeliad tree frog (Bromeliohyla bromeliacia) is a frog. It lives in Belize and Guatemala. Scientists have seen it between 350 and 1790 m above sea level.
The adult male frog is 24.1 - 29.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 32.0 - 36.0 mm long. The skin of the frog's back can change color. During the day, it is brown or yellow-brown, and it gets lighter at night. It does not have marks or stripes. The iris of the eye is bronze in color with some black marks. The belly is whitish in color.
The female frog lays eggs underwater in bromeliad plants.
This frog is not in danger of dying out. But human beings change the places where it lives. Droughts cause problems for this frog because the frog does well when things are wet.
References
Frogs of North America
Daphne and the Pirate

Daphne and the Pirate is a 1916 American silent adventure drama movie directed by Christy Cabanne and starring Lillian Gish, Elliott Dexter, Walter Long, Howard Gaye, Lucille Young, Richard Cummings, Jack Cosgrave, Joseph Singleton, George C. Pearce, W. E. Lawrence, Pearl Elmore, Jewel Carmen. It was distributed by Triangle Film Corporation.
Other websites
1916 drama movies
1910s adventure movies
American adventure movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Movies directed by Christy Cabanne
Grécourt

Grecourt is a former commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Hombleux.
References
Former communes in Somme
Courland

Courland is one of historical regions of Latvia. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes said to be part of Courland.
Geography of Latvia
Cheese on toast

Cheese on toast is a type of food sometimes called grilled cheese. It is often eaten as a light snack. It is popular because it is easy to make quickly, and uses few ingredients. It is made by grilling cheese on toast but can also be made using a toaster oven.
Cheese on toast is often made with cheddar cheese. Other items (such as grilled tomatoes and butter) may be added to the dish.
Ingredients
Bread
Cheese
Toast
Related pages
Sandwich
Cheese
Butter
Bread
Toast
References
Cheese dishes
Day of Admittance on Personal Matters

Day of Admittance on Personal Matters () is a 1974 Soviet drama movie directed by Solomon Shuster. It stars Anatoly Papanov, Oleg Zhakov, and Zinaida Sharko.
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1974 movies
Soviet drama movies
Hong Kong Metropolitan University

Hong Kong Metropolitan University (HKMU), previously known as the Open University of Hong Kong, is a public university in Hong Kong.
Other websites
Official website
Hong Kong Ordinance Chapter 1145 HONG KONG METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY ORDINANCE
3D map
Hong Kong
Écuélin

Ecuelin is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 140 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Cantá

Canta is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.
Municipalities in Roraima
WWE Fatal 4-Way

Fatal 4-Way was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on June 20, 2010.
Results
References
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
2010 in professional wrestling
2010 in New York (state)
June 2010 events
Carte Goodwin

Carte Patrick Goodwin (born February 27, 1974) is an American attorney. He was a United States Senator from West Virginia in 2010. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
He was appointed by Governor Joe Manchin on July 16, 2010 after the death of Robert Byrd. He chose to not run in the special election on November 2, 2010, and was replaced by Manchin.
Before he became a United States Senator, he was Manchin's Chief Counsel, before returning to his private practice as an attorney. He also was the Chairman of the West Virginia School Building Authority, and as Chair of the Independent Commission on Judicial Reform.
In 2008, he was named one of the "Ten Most Successful Young Executives in West Virginia" by Executive magazine; and in 2010, Time named him one of the rising stars of American politics under 40, in their list of "40 under 40".
References
1974 births
Living people
Lawyers from West Virginia
United States senators from West Virginia
Businesspeople from West Virginia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Emory University alumni
Pooh's Heffalump Movie

Pooh's Heffalump Movie is a 2005 American animated musical adventure comedy film released by Walt Disney Pictures, featuring characters from A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories.
A sequel, Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie, was released direct-to-video on September 13, 2005.
Cast
Nikita Hopkins as Roo
Kyle Stanger as Lumpy the Heffalump
Jim Cummings as Winnie-the-Pooh and Tigger
Peter Cullen as Eeyore
Kath Soucie as Kanga
John Fiedler as Piglet
Ken Sansom as Rabbit
Brenda Blethyn as Mama Heffalump
2005 movies
Disney animated movies
Sequel movies
American animated movies
Movies about animals
San Benigno Canavese

San Benigno Canavese is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Sights
Fruttuaria Abbey, dating from the 11th century
Settlements in Piedmont
Satoru Mochizuki

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Mochizuki was born in Otsu on May 18, 1964. After graduating from Osaka University of Commerce, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nippon Kokan (later NKK SC) in 1987. The club won the 2nd place at 1987/88 Japan Soccer League and the champions at 1987 JSL Cup. In 1992, he moved to J1 League club Urawa Reds. In 1995, he moved to Japan Football League club Kyoto Purple Sanga. In 1995, the club won the 2nd place and was promoted to J1 League. He retired in 1996.
On January 27, 1988, Mochizuki debuted for the Japan national team against United Arab Emirates. He also played at 1990 World Cup qualification in 1989. He played 7 games for Japan until 1989.
Statistics
|-
|1987/88||Nippon Kokan||JSL Division 1||21||5||2||1||5||1||28||7
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|NKK||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||22||3||1||0||1||0||24||3
|-
|1989/90||14||2||1||0||2||3||17||5
|-
|1990/91||13||4||2||1||2||1||17||6
|-
|1991/92||JSL Division 2||28||16||0||0||2||0||30||16
|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="4"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||4||1||9||1||13||2
|-
|1993||31||3||2||0||5||1||38||4
|-
|1994||6||1||2||0||0||0||8||1
|-
|1995||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||Football League||21||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||22||1
|-
|1996||J1 League||6||0||0||0||3||0||9||0
162||35||21||4||23||6||206||45
162||35||21||4||23||6||206||45
|}
|-
|1988||3||0
|-
|1989||4||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}
References
Other websites
1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Shiga Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
NKK SC players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Algona, Washington

Algona is a city in King County, Washington, United States.
Cities in Washington (state)
Château

A (plural ) is a manor house or castle of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry.
The term comes from French-speaking regions and is used most often for buildings in these regions. Where clarification is needed, a fortified chateau (that is, a castle) is called a chateau fort. But the word is not used in the same way as "castle" is in English, and most chateaux are more appropriately described as "palaces" or "country houses" in English than as "castles". For example, the Chateau de Versailles is so called because it was in the country when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles.The Chateau de Montsoreau is the first Renaissance chateau to have been built in France, in the world famous Loire Valley. The Chateau de Montsoreau is also the only one to have been built in the Loire riverbed.
Other websites
Photos of Loire Chateaux
Chateau de l'Isle-Marie
Roquetaillade castle
Chateau de Ravignan
Chateau de Montreuil-Bellay
Chateau de Fontainebleau
Chateau de Bellocq Bearn (in french)
Chateau Saint-Aubin
Chateau of Gaston Phoebus at Morlanne in Bearn
Houses
Uherský Brod shooting

On 24 February 2015, a mass shooting happened at the restaurant in the town of Uhersky Brod, Czech Republic. The gunman, 63-year-old Zdenek Kovar, killed eight people and injured another. He was in the restaurant for around two hours ( 12:30 p.m.-14:23 p.m.) before the tactical team went into the building. After they entered the building, the gunman committed suicide (killed himself).
References
2015 murders in Europe
2015 mass shootings in Europe
History of the Czech Republic
February 2015 events
Mass murder in 2015
Mass murder in Europe
Murder-suicides in Europe
Murders by firearm in Europe
Zlin Region
Connie Polman-Tuin

Connie Polman Tuin is a retired athlete from Canada. Tuin competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. She was born on 10 January 1963.
References
Other websites
1963 births
Living people
Canadian athletes
Canadian Olympians
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Winter solstice

The winter solstice is the time when the sun has the biggest distance to the Tropic of Cancer. After this, the sun is going to move to back in the direction of the equator.
The Earth revolves around the Sun. The sunlight reaches the Earth at an angle. On each day of the year, the sun will be perpendicular at a given latitude. At the start of spring and at the start of autumn it passes over the equator. On the June Solstice it is over the Tropic of Cancer, at 23.5 degrees north. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the longest day of the year, which has the shortest night and is called the Summer Solstice. In the Southern Hemisphere this is the shortest day of the year, which has the longest night and is called the Winter Solstice. On the December Solstice it is over the Tropic of Capricorn, at 23.5 degrees south. In the Southern Hemisphere this is the longest day of the year, which has the shortest night and is called the Summer Solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the shortest day of the year, which has the longest night and is called the Winter Solstice.
For the northern hemisphere, the Winter solstice is around 21 December. This means that the sun is at the southern tropic. For the southern Hemisphere, the winter solstice is around 21 June. This means that the sun is at the northern tropic.
The word solstice comes from Latin Sol (sun) and sistere (to not move), winter solstice meaning Sun standstill in winter.
The earth prone and moves in an elliptic way around the sun. Because of this, the point from where the sun is shining moves between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer.
The winter solstice is celebrated around 21 December since 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar.
References
Astronomical phenomena
List of Ireland Test cricketers

This is a list of Ireland Test cricketers. Ireland were granted full membership and therefore Test status at the International Cricket Council's annual conference held on 22 June 2017, after having been one of the leading associate members for many years. Ireland played their first Test match in May 2018 against Pakistan at the Malahide Cricket Club Ground in Dublin.
A Test match is an international cricket match between two representative teams that are full members of the ICC. Both teams have two innings, and the match lasts up to five days.
The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his first Test cap. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.
Key
Players
Statistics are correct as of 26 July 2019.
Related pages
Ireland cricket team
List of Ireland ODI cricketers
List of Ireland Twenty20 International cricketers
Notes
References
Lists of Test cricketers
Europe sport-related lists
Roger Squires

Roger Squires (born 22 February 1932) is a British crossword maker. He lives in Shropshire with his wife Anna. He has made more crosswords than anyone else in the world. He makes the Monday crossword for The Telegraph. On 22 February 2012, it was Squires' 80th birthday. The Guardian and Financial Times held a party for him at The Guardian's offices in London. The Telegraph held a lunch party for him in Birmingham. John Galbraith Graham wrote him a sonnet.
Personal life
Squires has two sons. He is married to Anna Squires.
References
1932 births
Living people
People from Shropshire
Lyman Hall

Lyman Hall (April 12, 1724- October 19, 1790) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia. Hall County is named after him.
1724 births
1790 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Connecticut
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Rush River, Wisconsin

Rush River is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2010 the population was 560.
References
Towns in Wisconsin
Greve in Chianti

Greve in Chianti is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany.
Settlements in Tuscany
Darci Lynne

Darci Lynne Farmer (born October 12, 2004) is an American ventriloquist, singer, and actress. Born in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, she developed interests in singing from a young age but was held back by her shyness before audiences. Inspired by performances by ventriloquists, including the performances of Terry Fator, she developed a talent for ventriloquism, combining this with her skill at singing when performing in a local talent competition with her first puppet in 2014.
2004 births
Living people
Singers from Oklahoma
Actors from Oklahoma
Hugo Weaving

Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is a British-Australian actor. He is also well known as a voice actor. Weaving is most famous for his roles as Agent Smith in The Matrix and Elrond in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, the main character of V for Vendetta and the voices of Noah the Elder in Happy Feet, Megatron in Transformers and Rex in Babe and Babe: Pig in the City. He was born in Nigeria to English parents. He spent his childhood in South Africa and then moved to the United Kingdom when he was a teenager. He moved to Australia in 1976.
Filmography
Other websites
Hugo Weaving at the National Film and Sound Archive
1960 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian voice actors
Egushawa

Egushawa (c. 1726 - March 1796), also spelled Egouch-e-ouay, Agushaway, Agashawa, Gushgushagwa, Negushwa was a Native American war chief of the Ottawa tribe. His name means "The Gatherer" or "Brings Together". He was the chief after Pontiac. He supported the British during the American Revolution. He was against the Treaty of Paris that gave Native lands to Americans. He was a very important leader during the Northwest Indian War. He was in battles like St. Claire's defeat and the Battle of Fallen Timbers. He got a serious injury at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. He signed the Treaty of Greenville with other Native leaders.
References
1726 births
1796 deaths
Native American people
Mount Hotzvim

Har Hotzvim (; Stonecutter Mountain) is a high-tech industrial park in Jerusalem. It was founded in the early 1970s by the Jerusalem Economic Corporation. Har Hotzvim is also known as Campus of Science-Rich Industries (, ).
Har Hotzvim is also a mountain. Its summit is 700 m above sea level.
Other websites
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Hotzvim
Berea, Ohio

Berea is a city in Ohio in the United States.
Cities in Ohio
Nickel(II) carbonate

Nickel(II) carbonate, also known as nickelous carbonate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiCO3. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.
Properties
Nickel(II) carbonate is a pale green solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make carbon dioxide. It turns into carbon dioxide and nickel(II) oxide when heated.
Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium carbonate with nickel(II) chloride or nickel(II) sulfate.
Uses
It is used in pigments and catalysts that have nickel in them.
Related pages
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Nickel(II) nitrate
Nickel compounds
Carbonates
Brusson, Aosta Valley

Brusson is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Valle d'Aosta
Sollerön

Solleron is a locality in Mora Municipality in Dalarna County in Sweden. In 2010, 901 people lived there. documentary photographer Karl Larka (1892-1981) was born there.
References
Settlements in Dalarna County
Folio

When talking about manuscripts, and printing in general, a folio is a sheet, which is used on both sides. One of the sides is known as recto, the other one as verso.
Literature
Notzilla

Notzilla is a 2019 American comedy-action fantasy giant monster parody film produced by Creepy Ex-Boyfriend, the film was directed by Mitch Teemley. this film inspired by many japanese monster movies from 1950s'-1970s' itself as a spoof of Godzilla.
Plot
in 1962, United Nations and JSDF to kill a monster known as Notzilla by a paleontologist named Professor Honda. an monster egg started to hatches Notzilla to started to drink beer and grow another times, escaping Notzilla as a 60 meters tall, for drinking full of beer an tries to rampage on the city.
Cast
Frederic Eng-li as Hiro Honda
Tifani Ahren Davies as Shirley
Tim Bensch as Dr. Blowheart
Becca Kravitz as Dr. Butay
Kenneth Early as Dr. Bloch
Charlie Harper as Dr. Shortman
Darnell Benjamin as Colonel Stickler
Roger Cupp as Lieutenant Cupp
Michael Wilhelm as Dr. Mungish
Samantha Russell as Pearl
Rupert Spraul as Kenny Wannabee
Christine Jones as Gen. Specific
Michael Bath as Gen. Dirk Bogus
Spencer Lackley as Bobby Bleech
Jacob Baker as Notzilla
Release
they the film released in August 18, 2020 in VOD format.
Other websites
2010s science fiction movies
American monster movies
American parody movies
Movies set in the 1960s
2010s comedy movies
Wewoka, Oklahoma

Wewoka is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. It is the county seat of Seminole County.
County seats in Oklahoma
Cities in Oklahoma
Brazilian heart-tongued frog

The Brazilian heart-tongued frog (Phyllodytes kautskyi) is a frog. It lives in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Disk buffer

A disk buffer is a small amount of memory on a hard drive. Sometimes it is also called cache buffer, or disk cache, but these words should not be used, a disk buffer is not a cache. In early 2015, hard disks usually have between 16 and 128 megabytes of such memory.
Uses
Reading or writing data
When writing data to the disk, the data needs to be written to a certain position on the disk. This is done by a component called disk read/write head. This head needs to be moved to (or near) the correct track. After some settling time the read head begins to pick up bits. Usually, the first sectors to be read are not the ones that have been requested by the operating system. The disk's embedded computer typically saves these unrequested sectors in the disk buffer, in case the operating system requests them later.
Speed
The disk is attached to the computer by what is called an I/O interface. This interface almost always works at a different speed than that of the hard disk platter. In such a case, the disk buffer is used to store the data that comes from the disk, before it sent to the computer, or to store the data that comes from the computer before it can be written to the disk.
Command queuing
Modern disks often have a feature called command queuing (This is called TCQ in SCSI disks, and NCQ in SATA disks). This means that many commands can be sent at the same time, and the hard disk will put them into the best order. To store the commands and re-order them, the hard disk needs the disk buffer
Hard drives
Moline Acres, Missouri

Moline Acres is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri
Stephanskirchen

Stephanskirchen (Bavarian: Stephanskircha or Steffeskirch) is a municipality in Rosenheim, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
References
Other websites
History of Stephanskirchen on its website
Municipalities in Bavaria
Rosenheim (district)
Junko Tabei

was a Japanese mountaineer. She was the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. She completed her climb of Mount Everest in 1975. She was also the first woman to climb all Seven Summits by climbing the highest peak on every continent. She was born in Miharu, Fukushima.
Tabei died of peritoneal cancer on 20 October 2016 in Kawagoe, Saitama. She was 77.
References
1939 births
2016 deaths
Japanese sportspeople
Mountain climbers
Sportspeople from Fukushima Prefecture
Henry I of Castile

Henry I of Castile is known as king of Castile. He was born in 1204 and died on June 6, 1217 in Palencia.
References
Other websites
1204 births
1217 deaths
Mohamed Guessous

Mohamed Guessous (1938 - 7 February 2014) was a Moroccan academic, activist, educator and sociologist. He was also a politician in the Socialist Union of Popular Forces. He studied in Canada and at Princeton University in New Jersey, United States. He was born in Fes.
Death cause
Guessous died after a long illness on 7 February 2014 in Rabat, aged 76. He was called "Father of Sociology in Morocco".
References
1938 births
2014 deaths
Moroccan academics
Moroccan writers
Moroccan politicians
Sociologists
Abruzzo

Abruzzo is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of L'Aquila.
Geography
The region is located in Southern Italy bordered by Marche to the north, Lazio to the west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east.
Abruzzo is the 13th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main rivers in the region are:
Aterno-Pescara, long.
Sangro, long.
Vomano, long.
Tordino, long.
Liri, long, in Abruzzo.
The Tronto river is long but flows mainly in the Marche region.
The highest mountain in the region is Corno Grande (), in the Teramo province, with an altitude of .
Provinces
The region is divided into four provinces:
Largest municipalities
The 10 communi of the region with more people living in it are:
Gallery
References
Other websites
Official Site
Official Tourist Information
Heukseok Station

Heukseok(Chung-Ang University) Station is a train station of Seoul Subway Line 9, in Dongjak District, Seoul, South Korea.
Argument about Station name
When deciding station name of Line 9, Chung-Ang Univeristy, located near Heukseok Station, suggested the station name as "Chung-Ang University Station"() or "Chung-Ang University*Heukseok Station"(), but station name is decided as "Heukseok Station".
Later, Seoul Government changed that decision, and add "Chung-Ang University" in station name. So, final station name is decided as "Heukseok (Chung-Ang University)" ().
History
May 1, 2008 : Station name decided as Heukseok Station
September 18, 2008 : Name changed to Heukseok(Chung-Ang University) Station
July 24, 2009 : Opened with opening of Seoul Subway Line 9 Gaehwa - Sinnonhyeon
Station structure
Station has 2 side platforms, 2 tracks.
Platform
Whole Station Structure
Passenger count
Data of 2009 is calculated from July 24 (First Opened) ~ December 31.
References
Railway stations in South Korea
2009 establishments
2000s establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Huddinge Municipality

Huddinge Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Huddinge.
References
Other websites
Huddinge Municipality
Municipalities of Stockholm County
Dan Walters

Daniel Gene "Dan" Walters (August 15, 1966 - April 23, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He was born in Brunswick, Maine. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball for the San Diego Padres in the 1992 and 1993 seasons. In 84 career games, he had 64 hits in 273 at-bats, with a .234 batting average.
After baseball, Walters became a police officer with the San Diego Police Department. He became paralyzed from the neck down after a 2003 shooting. He died, aged 53, from problems caused by his injuries in San Diego on April 23, 2020.
References
1966 births
2020 deaths
American crime victims
American police officers
San Diego Padres players
Sportspeople from Maine
Francium

Francium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Fr and an atomic number of 87. It is a metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkali metals. Francium is very radioactive. It is in very small amounts in uranium and thorium ores. It has the lowest electronegativity and electron affinity of all the chemical elements.
Francium reacts violently with water, as do all of the elements in group 1 on the periodic table.
Francium is one of the hardest to find elements on the planet Earth. It is estimated that there are only about 15 grams or half an ounce in the Earth's crust at a single time.
Although chemists knew the element number 87 in the periodic table should exist, it was a long time before it was discovered. In the early 1900s, nearly all boxes on the periodic table had been filled. Chemists knew that one element had been found to fit into each box. Francium was discovered in 1939 by a French chemist called Marguerite Perey. She named it after her home country, France.
Isotopes
There are 34 known isotopes of francium ranging in atomic mass from 199 to 232. Francium-223 and francium-221 are the only isotopes that occur in nature.
Francium-223 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 21.8 minutes. Francium-223 is the fifth product of the actinium decay series as the daughter isotope of actinium-227. Francium-223 then decays into radium-223 by beta decay (1.149 MeV decay energy), with a minor (0.006%) alpha decay path to astatine-219 (5.4 MeV decay energy).
Francium-221 has a half-life of 4.8 minutes. It is the ninth product of the neptunium decay series as a daughter isotope of actinium-225. Francium-221 then decays into astatine-217 by alpha decay (6.457 MeV decay energy).
References
Alkali metals
Proximity fuze

A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze, for "variable time") is a fuze that is made to create an explosion when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a set value, or when the target passes through a given line. Proximity fuzes are mostly used in anti-aircraft warfare. They usually work as a simple radar.
weapons
1328

Events
May 1 - Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton - England recognises Scotland as an independent country after the Wars of Scottish Independence.
May 26 - William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon under threat from Pope John XXII.
May 27 - King Philip VI of France is crowned.
August 23 - Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
Augustiner brew Munich.
Births
May 7 - Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (died 1365)
June 25 - William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (died 1397)
September 21 - Hongwu Emperor of China (died 1398)
September 29 - Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (died 1385)
October 9 - King Peter I of Cyprus (d. 1369)
Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (died 1423)
Emperor Go-Murakami, emperor of Japan (died 1368)
Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March (died 1360)
Deaths
February 1 - King Charles IV of France (born 1294)
August 23 - Nicolaas Zannekin, Flemish peasant leader, killed in the battle of Cassel
September 27 - Ibn Taymiya, Islamic scholar and philosopher of Harran (born 1263)
November 16 - Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shogun (born 1276)
Meister Eckhart, German theologian (born 1260)
Yesun Temur Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1276)
Alberto Bozzato

Alberto Bozzato was a rower from Italy. Bozzato competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was born on 8 April 1930 and died on 18 June 2022.
References
Other websites
1930 births
2022 deaths
Italian rowers
Italian Olympians
Sportspeople from Venice
Antei

was a after Gennin and before Kangi. This period started in December 1227 and ended in March 1229. The reigning emperor was .
Events of the Antei Era
1227 (Antei 1, 1st month): Fujiwara Kintsugu died at age 53. He had been Minister of the Right (udaijin) and Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
1227 (Antei 1, 2nd month): The emperor raised Fujiwara no Nagako, the daughter of Konoe Iezane, to the rank of empress consort (chugu).
Related pages
Kamakura period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1227
1228
1229
1220s in Japan
Metallic bond

A metallic bond is the sharing of many detached electrons between many positive ions, where the electrons act as a "glue" giving the substance a definite structure. It is unlike covalent or ionic bonding.
Metals have low ionization energy. Therefore, the valence electrons can be delocalized throughout the metals. Delocalized electrons are not associated with a particular nucleus of metal, instead, they are free to move throughout the whole crystalline structure forming a "sea" of electrons.
The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong attractive force between them. Therefore, metals often have high melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic bonds.
Metallic bonds causes many of the traits of metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, luster, conduction of heat and electricity.
Because the electrons move freely, the metal has some electrical conductivity. It allows the energy to pass quickly through the electrons, generating an electric current. Metals conduct heat for the same reason: the free electrons can transfer the energy at a faster rate than other substances with electrons that are fixed into position. There also are few non-metals that conduct electricity: graphite (because, like metals, it has free electrons), and ionic compounds that are molten or dissolved in water, which have free moving ions.
Metal atoms have at least one valence electron which they do not share with neighboring atoms, and they do not lose electrons to form ions. Instead, the outer energy levels (atomic orbitals) of the metal atoms overlap. They are similar to covalent bonds. Not all metals exhibit metallic bonding. For example, mercury ions () form covalent metal-metal bonds.
An alloy is a solution of metals. Most alloys are shiny like pure metals are.
Related pages
Chemical bond
Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Coordination complex
Alloy
References
Chemical bonding
Metals