pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Senkaku Islands

Senkaku Islands, also called , Diaoyu Dao Islands () and Tiaoyutai Islands (), are uninhabited islands in the East China Sea.
The group of islands, islets and rocks is east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands. The islands are about 200km from Taiwan, and about 300 km from Okinawa.
Dispute
Control over these islands and rocks is disputed. The dispute issues are complex.
The Japanese government describes the islands as part of Japan.
The islands are also described as part of China. There are conflicts in the positions of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). The PRC and ROC have a shared history.
The United States occupied the islands from 1945 to 1972 when they reverted to Japan. The official US position is neutral in a dispute among Japan, China and Taiwan.
Related pages
Provinces of Japan
Prefectures of Japan
List of regions of Japan
List of islands of Japan
References
Other websites
Japan, "The Basic view on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands", Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
China, "China's Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty is Undeniable", People's Daily
Taiwan, "ROC (Taiwan) Government Reaffirms Sovereignty over Diaoyutai Islands", Republic of China Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Islands of Japan
Islands of China
Islands of Taiwan
Territorial disputes
Ryukyu Islands
Uninhabited islands
Pomerania

Pomerania (Pommern in German, Pomorze in Polish) is a region on the Baltic Sea. It is now part of two countries, Germany and Poland.
Prehistoric tribes
20,000 years ago the territory of present-day Pomerania was covered with ice, which did not start to recede until the late period of the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic some 10,000 years BC, when the Scandinavian glacier receded to the north. Various archaeological cultures developed in the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
Since around 500BC and before 500 AD Pomerania was dominated by East Germanic tribes including several tribes of Goths, who according to archeological evidence and their own tradition have come from Scandinavia. Goths and Rugians are recorded by Roman historians in the areas of Pomerania in 98 AD. The Veneti, non-Germanic tribe, which later assimilated with Slavs, are recorded by Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder around Vistula in first century AD. By the 7th century Slavic tribes (Wends) such as the Pomeranians settled the area.
Conquest and rule
Pomerania was first conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the second half of the 10th century. Pagan uprisings in 1005 and 1038 resulted in independence for Western Pomerania and Pomerelia, respectively. Regained by Poland in 1116/1121, the Polish could not hold the Pomeranian duchy longer than 1135, whereas Pomerelia after the 1138 partition of Poland among the sons of Boleslaus Wrymouth became a part of the Polish seniorat, which was declared fief of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156.
The Western part, the Duchy of Pomerania, was declared part of the Holy Roman Empire (1181). After a brief period of Danish rule (1168/1186-1227), it remained part of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until 1806.
1000 years of history of the areas between Elbe, the Oder and Vistula
References
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Geography of Poland
Flagler Beach, Florida

Flagler Beach is a city of Florida in the United States. It is in both Flagler and Volusia counties.
Cities in Florida
Flagler County, Florida
John McVie

John Graham "Mac" McVie (born 26 November 1945) is a British bass guitarist. He is best known as a member of rock groups John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers and Fleetwood Mac. He joined Fleetwood Mac shortly after its formation by guitarist Peter Green in 1967. He replaced bassist Bob Brunning.
In 1968, he married blues pianist and singer Christine Perfect, who became a member of Fleetwood Mac two years later. John and Christine McVie divorced, however, in 1977.
On 27 October 2013, Fleetwood Mac announced on their Facebook Page that McVie had been diagnosed with cancer and would be undergoing treatment. He has continued to play with the band during their 2014 On With The Show tour following an improvement in his condition.
References
Other websites
Fleetwood Mac official website
1945 births
Living people
British bass guitarists
English rock guitarists
Musicians from London
Fleetwood Mac members
Robert Green

Robert Green (born 18 January 1980) is an English football goalkeeper. He plays for Chelsea F.C.
Club career statistics
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="8"|Norwich City||rowspan="6"|First Division||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1999/00||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2000/01||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2001/02||44||0||2||0||1||0||47||0
|-
|2002/03||46||0||3||0||1||0||50||0
|-
|2003/04||46||0||1||0||1||0||48||0
|-
|2004/05||Premier League||38||0||1||0||2||0||41||0
|-
|2005/06||League Championship||42||0||1||0||2||0||45||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||26||0||0||0||1||0||27||0
|-
|2007/08||38||0||2||0||1||0||41||0
|-
|2008/09||38||0||4||0||1||0||43||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
328||0||14||0||10||0||352||0
328||0||14||0||10||0||352||0
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
|2010||3||0
|-
!Total||11||0
|}
References
1980 births
Living people
2010 FIFA World Cup players
English association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Surrey
West Ham United F.C. players
Premier League players
Peter Madsen (footballer)

Peter Planch Madsen (born 26 April 1978) is a retired Danish professional footballer. He played as a striker. He played 13 games and scored three goals for the Danish national team, and Madsen was part of the Danish squad at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and 2004 European Championship tournaments.
In March 2020, Madsen tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the current pandemic of the disease.
References
1978 births
Living people
Danish footballers
Luwang Ningthou Punshiba

Luwang Ningthou Punshiba, shortly known as Luwang Punshiba (), is a king of the Luwang dynasty of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak) civilization. He is best known for his long life and outstanding wisdom in Manipuri folklore and history of Manipur.
According to the Hijan Hirao and the Hirol, he is the originator of the Hiyang Tannaba (boat race) with the invention of the Hiyang Hiren (traditional boat).
Some historians opined that Luwang Ningthou Punshiba is the fourth descendant of Poireiton and he has nine wives.
Regarding relationship with the Meitei kings of the Ningthouja dynasty, Punshiba gave training of state craft and the art of governance to Naothingkhong (663 AD-763 AD) when he was a prince. Besides, the great grandson of Luwang Ningthou Punshiba (from his first wife) got married to Meitei king Naothingkhong's daughter.
However, he is also considered as a mythological divine figure in some literary works.
Other websites
References
Meitei people
Kings of Ancient Manipur
History of Manipur
Burnham-on-Sea

Burnham-on-Sea is a small town in the county of Somerset in England on the mouth of the River Parrett at Bridgwater Bay. Burnham was a small fishing village until the late-18th century when it became popular as a seaside resort. This made the village grow larger into a town.
Towns in Somerset
Muppets from Space

Muppets from Space is a 1999 American science-fiction comedy-drama movie.
Production
It was directed by Tim Hill (in his feature film directorial debut) and written by Jerry Juhl, Joseph Mazzarino, and Ken Kaufman. The sixth theatrical movie in The Muppets franchise, it is the first Muppets film to not be a musical and the first film since the death of Muppets creator Jim Henson to have an original Muppets-focused plot. In addition to the Muppet performers, the film stars Jeffrey Tambor, F. Murray Abraham, David Arquette, Josh Charles, Hollywood Hogan, Ray Liotta, and Andie MacDowell. In the film, Gonzo attempts to discover his origins after having nightmares. After he and Rizzo the Rat are captured by government officials during his search, Kermit the Frog and the rest of the Muppet gang must save them.
References
Muppets
Wetumpka, Alabama

Wetumpka is a city in Elmore County, Alabama, United States. According to 2000 US census, there are 5,726 people living there. The city is the county seat of Elmore County. It is the third fastest growing county in the state. Together with Montgomery, Prattville, Millbrook, and Tallassee the city is considered part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Area, or River Region. There are approximately 346,578 people living in the region.
In movies
Three major films have been filmed on location in downtown Wetumpka.
Big Fish (2003)
The Grass Harp (1995)
The Rosa Parks Story (2002)
Notable people
Joe McInnes, businessman and state official
Jim Rogers, author
William Edgar Weldon, businessman and political leader
Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Gymnasium (ancient Greece)

In Ancient Greece the Gymnasion (or Gymnasium, romanized name) was a place where athletes could train for the competitions in public games, such as the Olympic Games. Gymnos means naked. Only men were allowed to enter, and train; they did so fully naked (as the name implies). Athletes also competed in the nude. This was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body. It was believed to be a tribute to the Gods. Gymnasia and palestrae were under the protection and patronage of Heracles, Hermes and, in Athens, Theseus.
Layout
The picture above shows the Pompeii gymnasium from the top of the stadium wall. The depression in the center-left of the picture was filled with water and used for swimming practice as well. Mock sea battles (naumachiae) took place in the flooded arena floor or a specially dug pool in the arena. According to Oscar Brockett in his History of the Theatre, 5th Ed. (1987), p. 70, "Perhaps the most spectacular of all entertainments were the naumachiae, or sea battles. The first was given in 46 B.C. by Julius Caesar on a lake dug for the occasion; it featured a battle involving 2,000 marines and 6,000 oarsmen. Later the amphitheatres were sometimes flooded for such events. By far the most ambitious of all the naumachiae was given in 52 A.D. on the Fucine Lake east of Rome to celebrate the completion of a water conduit. On that occasion, 19,000 participants fought and many died. To the right of the picture (partially behind a tree trunk) is a line of carbonized tree stumps. These are the remains of trees (each hundreds of years old) that were part of the palaistra. They were burned in the volcanic eruption of 79. Between these and the colonnade is a line of saplings recently planted as a replacement.
References
Sports buildings
Nudity
Ancient sports
Buildings and structures in Ancient Greece
Brett Skinner

Brett Skinner (born June 28, 1983 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing in the Russian Kontinental Hockey League with Amur Khabarovsk.
Playing career
Skinner was drafted by the Vancouver Canucks 68th overall in the 3rd round of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. Brett was a member of the Trail Smoke Eaters in the BCHL in 2000-01, the Des Moines Buccaneers in the USHL in 2001-02, and then the University of Denver from 2002-2005. As a Denver Pioneer, he was a member of two NCAA national championship winning teams, was named an All-American in 2004-05. He was named team captain for what would have been his senior year at Denver (2005-06) but signed his first professional contract with the Canucks on August 30, 2005, and made his pro debut with affiliate, the Manitoba Moose of the AHL, in the 2005-06 season. At the trade deadline, Skinner was traded by the Canucks, along with a 2nd round pick to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim for Keith Carney and Juha Alen on March 9, 2006. Despite being dealt, Skinner remained on loan with the Moose until the end of the season.
Brett spent the 2006-07 season, playing with the Augusta Lynx, Portland Pirates and the Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights. He was traded by the Ducks, along with Nathan Saunders, to the Boston Bruins for Mark Mowers just prior to the 2007-08 season on September 24, 2007. Skinner enjoyed a break out year with the Providence Bruins recording 47 points in 68 games and playing in the AHL All-Star game.
On July 3, 2008, Skinner was signed to a one-year contract by the New York Islanders. Brett was assigned to affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers of the AHL, to start the 2008-09 season. When a rash of injuries hit the Islanders, Skinner was recalled and made his NHL debut in a 4-2 defeat against the New York Rangers on October 27, 2008. Skinner played 11 games with the Isles before he was returned to the Sound Tigers. On January 13, 2009, Brett was traded by the Islanders to the Atlanta Thrashers for Junior Lessard. He was then assigned to affiliate, the Chicago Wolves, where he remained for the rest of the season.
On July 8, 2009, Skinner signed a one-year contract with the Colorado Avalanche. He was assigned to the Avalanche's AHL affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters, for 2009-10. Skinner scored 28 points in 73 games for the Monsters. During the season on January 22, 2010, Skinner was re-called but did not debut with the Avalanche.
Skinner left North America as a free agent and signed a one-year contract with Russian team, Amur Khabarovsk, of the KHL on August 12, 2010.
Awards and achievements
2004-05 - WCHA First All-Star Team
2004-05 - NCAA Frozen Four All-American Team
2004-05 - NCAA West Second All-American Team
Career statistics
References
Other websites
1983 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
ECHL players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
New York Islanders players
Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Swedish Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Crécy-au-Mont

Crecy-au-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Text editor

A text editor is a program that is run on a computer that can create and change text. The text can be saved into a file that is called a "text file". Text editors can be used for a lot of things. Many people use them to write documents. Some people write code (like HTML or C++) using a text editor.
Some text editors can edit rich text. Rich text allows bold text, italic text, and other things. This is why rich text is different form "text file" which do not have bold text or italic text properties.
Most text editors today support "search and replace". A computer will quickly find some text the user wants. The user can tell the computer to replace the found text with something else. This can be in part or all of the document.
Copy, cut and paste are other common options in text editors. Copy allows users to instantly add a copy of text in one place to another place. Cut and paste are similar, except that the text is moved from one place to another instead of being copied. This is very useful when a writer wishes to put his paragraphs in a different order, for example.
Sometimes users make mistakes, or need to do the same thing over and over without getting bored. This is what the undo and redo features do. Users can reverse their mistakes, or quickly repeat their actions. Some text editors allow many mistakes in a row to be reversed; others allow only one or two.
Related pages
Hex editor
Word processor
WYSIWYG
WYSIWYM
software
Eugenio Scarpellini

Eugenio Scarpellini (8 January 1954 - 15 July 2020) was an Italian-born Bolivian Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1974. He was titular bishop of Bida and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of El Alto, Bolivia from 2010 to 2013 and as bishop of the El Alto Diocese from 2013 until his death in 2020.
Scarpellini died from COVID-19 during the pandemic in Bolivia on 15 July 2020, aged 66.
References
1954 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia
Italian Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic bishops
Bolivian people
Claudia Goldin

Claudia Goldin (born May 14, 1946) is an American economic historian and labor economist.
She is the Henry Lee Professor of Economics at Harvard University. She is a co-director of the NBER's Gender in the Economy Study Group and was the director of the NBER's Development of the American Economy program from 1989 to 2017.
Goldin was the president of the American Economic Association between 2013 until 2014.
References
1946 births
Living people
American economists
Harvard University faculty
Scientists from New York City
Writers from New York City
Tor Milde

Tor Milde (14 January 1953 - 15 January 2014) was a Norwegian music journalist and writer. He was a judge on the music competition Idol in 2005 and 2006.
Milde was born in Oslo. He started working in journalism in 1984. He was best known as a music journalist and critic for Verdens Gang (VG).
Milde died after a short illness on the morning of 15 January 2014, aged 61, at the Ulleval University Hospital in his hometown of Oslo. He was survived by his two sons and his girlfriend, Irja Anthi.
References
Other websites
1953 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Music critics
Norwegian journalists
Writers from Oslo
Arab–Israeli conflict

The Arab-Israeli conflict is a term used to describe the political tensions and open hostilities between the Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa and the State of Israel. The conflict has gone on since 1948.
The Arab-Israeli conflict began from earlier tensions between the Arab and Jewish communities in British Mandatory Palestine, with the rise of two nationalist movements - Zionist movement among Jews and Arab nationalism among the Arabs. The ethnic conflict in Mandatory Palestine was also a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which created tension over the division and ownership of the land. While the Jewish people saw the land as their historical homeland of the Land of Israel, the Palestinian people and Pan-Arab movement saw the land as Palestine belonging to the Arabs and in the Pan-Islamic context, as territory regarded as Muslim lands.
The modern conflict started with the 1948 Arab-Israeli war in parallel with the creation of state of Israel by the Jews. Later, on the course of the 1948 War, the All-Palestine Government was created in Gaza Strip by the Arab League, as an Arab Palestinian state. Israel won the 1948 war, and the All-Palestine Government moved to Cairo in Egypt and were not allowed to return to Gaza. They gradually lost importance, until abolished in 1959 by the Egyptian President Nasser.
In 1964, another Palestinian political organization was formed by Yasser Arafat (named Palestinian Liberation Organization), and became the most important Palestinian movement. In 1967, Arab countries and Israel fought the Six-Day War, resulting in Israeli takeover of Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, West Bank from Jordan and Golan Heights from Syria. Jordan, Egypt and PLO soon began a low-level War of Attrition, which lasted from 1967 to 1970 with no significant benefits to any side. In 1973, another major war, the Yom Kippur War, was started by Egypt and Syria to regain the territory lost in the Six Day War. Egypt liberated part of the Sinai, and Syria was pushed back to Damascus. Egypt and Israel both claimed victory and till now historians argue as to whom the victory belongs to.
Over the years, it has changed from the large-scale Arab-Israeli conflict to a more local Israeli-Palestinian conflict, though the Arab World and Israel still disagree with each other over specific territory.
Notes
José Aguilar (boxer)

Jose Aguilar Pulsar (24 November 1958 - 4 April 2014) was a Cuban boxer. He won the light-welterweight bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union.
Aguilar from a stroke on 4 April 2014 in Guantanamo, Guantanamo Province. He was 55 years old.
References
Other websites
Jose Aguilar at Sports Reference
1958 births
2014 deaths
Cuban boxers
Cuban Olympic bronze medalists
Deaths from stroke
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Trần Đức Lương

Tran Duc Luong (born May 5, 1936) is a former Vietnamese politician and President of Vietnam from 1997 to 2006.
Tran Duc Luong became member of the Communist Party of Vietnam on 1959 in Hanoi. And became a functionary of the party in 1970. Tran Duc Luong was Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam from August 1987 to Februray 1997. And became member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam in June 1996.
References
Other websites
President rejects appeal of Nam Cam
1936 births
Living people
Presidents of Vietnam
WWE 2K18

WWE 2K18 is a professional wrestling video game based on WWE 2K. It was released on October 6, 2017.
2017 video games
Ray Wilson

Ramon "Ray" Wilson MBE (17 December 1934 - 15 May 2018) was an English former footballer. He played at left back. He was a member of the England team that won the 1966 World Cup. In 1971, he managed the Bradford City football team. He was born in Shirebrook, Derbyshire.
Wilson lived in Slaithwaite near Huddersfield with his wife Pat. They had two children. In 2004, Wilson was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died of the disease on 15 May 2018 in Slaithwaite at the age of 83.
References
Other websites
My Yorkshire - Ray Wilson talks about the 1966 victory
BBC radio interview with Ray Wilson, 1999
1934 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
English footballers
English football managers
People from Derbyshire
Arie Pais

Aaron "Arie" Pais (born 16 April 1930 in The Hague) is a retired Dutch politician of Jewish descent. He is a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He was a Member of the Senate in 1977 and again from 1981 through 1982. He also was Minister of Education and Sciences from 1977 through 1981.
Pais also was a member of the municipal council of Amsterdam and of the provincial states of North Holland.
Before his political career he was a economics professor at the University of Amsterdam, and afterwards a banker at the European Investment Bank.
Pais is a vegetarian and an animal protection activist.
Other websites
Dr. A. (Arie) Pais Parlement.com
1930 births
Living people
Dutch bankers
Dutch academics
Dutch activists
Dutch councillors
Dutch economists
Dutch provincial politicians
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Jewish academics
Jewish activists
Jewish Dutch politicians
Jewish scientists
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from The Hague
Vegetarians
Janine Sutto

Janine Sutto (20 April 1921 - 28 March 2017) was a French-born Canadian actress. She was born in Paris, but raised in Montreal. In 1943, she was a founding member of the Theatre de l'Equipe troupe and continued acting on stage through the early 1950s with Theatre du Nouveau Monde.
Sutto was known for her roles in Kamouraska, Congorama, and in Route 132.
Sutto died in Montreal on 28 March 2017.
References
Other websites
Janine Sutto at The Canadian Encyclopedia
1921 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Quebec
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian stage actors
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
Actors from Montreal
Actors from Paris
Luciana Roland

Luciana Roland (born 8 January 1995) is an Argentine road racing cyclist.
She competed at the 2021 UCI Road World Championships, in the women's time trial event and women's road race event.
She rode with Burgos Alimenta Women Cycling Sport, and WCC team.
References
1995 births
Argentine cyclists
Living people
La Roche-sur-Yon

La Roche-sur-Yon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Education
Institut catholique d'arts et metiers
Communes in Vendee
Departmental capitals in France
Guttet-Feschel

Guttet-Feschel is a municipality of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
On 1 October 2000, the former municipalities of Feschel and Guttet merged into the new municipality of Guttet-Feschel.
References
Municipalities of Valais
Turtles Forever

Turtles Forever is a 2009 television movie based on the TMNT franchise. It is a crossover between the 1984 comics, 1987 cartoon and 2003 cartoon.
Production
The 4Kids crew weren't able to get the voice cast of the 1987 show involved due to that the show was recorded in Los Angeles instead of New York.
Voice cast
Jason Griffith as 1984 Leonardo
Dan Green as 1987 Leonardo
Michael Sinterniklaas as 2003 Leonardo
Sean Schemmel as 1984 Raphael
Sebastian Arcelus as 1987 Raphael
2009 animated movies
2000s television movies
Animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movies
Superhero crossover movies
American animated movies
American television movies
Norwich School

Norwich School (before called King Edward VI's Grammar School) is a co-ed (girls and boys) private school in Norwich, England. It is one of the oldest schools in the world, going back to at least 1096. Norwich School has one of the best academic records in East Anglia. The Daily Telegraph ranked the school's A-Level results as 74th in 2006, 55th in 2007 and 80th in 2008 amongst independent schools in the UK. In each case, the rank was the highest in Norfolk and Suffolk.
The school used to be for boys only. It began admitting girls below the Sixth Form in September 2008. All year groups had girls in them by September 2010.
Norwich School is an Anglican school. It has a long relationship with Norwich Cathedral, which it uses for morning assemblies and some annual events. Many famous people were taught at Norwich School, like Horatio Nelson, who has a house named after him.
There are eight houses: Brooke, Coke, Seagrim, Nelson, Parker, Repton, School and Valpy.
References
1096 establishments
Norwich
Schools in England
French Canadians

French Canadian (Canadien or Canadien francais in French) refers to a nation or ethnic group that comes from Canada in the period of French colonization in the 1600s. They are the main French-speaking population of Canada. It may also refer to people of French descent living in Canada, or native speakers of French in Canada.
References
Other websites
Multicultural Canada website includes seven full-text searchable French Canadian newspapers from Ontario and Quebec
Ethnic groups in Canada
Ecological succession

Ecological succession, is how a specific ecology changes after a disturbance like a fire. In long-term studies, there is a species succession process in the way forests develop.
Notable ecologists
Several scientists are prominent in the history of this theory:
Adolphe Dureau de la Malle was the first to use the word succession. He wrote about the process of re-growth after trees in a forest had been cut down.
Henry David Thoreau described succession in an Oak-Pine forest in "The Succession of Forest Trees" in the year 1859.
Henry Chandler Cowles developed a formal concept of plant-growth succession. Henry's work was based on studies of sand dunes in Danish by Eugen Warming. Cowles proposed the term sere. This is a repeat of changes which are shown in specific environmental circumstances.
Frederic Clements proposed a theory that seres were highly predictable.
Henry Gleason proposed that chance factors were very important, even in highly predicable sere areas.
References
Other websites
ScienceAid, "Ecosystems", Succession
Ecology
Ion Luca Caragiale

Ion Luca Caragiale (1 February 1852, Haimanale, Romania - 9 June 1912, in Berlin, Germany) was a Romanian playwright, novelist, poet, theatre director and journalist.
Romanian writers
Romanian journalists
Romanian poets
1852 births
1912 deaths
Wavves

Wavves (pronounced "waves") is an American noise pop band based out of San Diego, California. They formed in 2008, and are currently signed to Fat Possum Records.
Discography
Albums
Wavves (Woodsist, 2008)
Wavvves (Fat Possum, Bella Union, 2009)
King of the Beach (Fat Possum, August 2010) US #168
Musical groups from San Diego, California
Patrick Finnegan

Patrick Finnegan (September 20, 1949 - July 2, 2018) was a United States Army Brigadier General. He served as president of Longwood University from 2010 to 2012. Finnegan served 39 years in the U.S. Army, retiring in 2010 after serving as the 12th Dean of the Academic Board at the U.S. Military Academy. He was born in Fukuoka, Japan, but raised in Baltimore, Maryland.
Finnegan died in Farmville, Virginia on July 2, 2018 from a heart attack, aged 68.
References
Other websites
Patrick Finnegan's Facebook page
1949 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American generals
Educators from Baltimore
Lawyers from Baltimore
Military people from Maryland
Duke of Westminster

The title of Duke of Westminster was created by Queen Victoria in 1874. It was given to Hugh Grosvenor, 3rd Marquess of Westminster. The current holder of the title is Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster. Earl Grosvenor, the only son of the Duke, is godfather to Prince George of Cambridge. The Present Duke is entitled to the style of address of His Grace and the family surname is Grosvenor. The Duke of Westminster's seat is at Eaton Hall, Cheshire. The traditional burial place of the Dukes is St Mary's Church, Eccleston. The title was raised from the rank of Marquess. The family also owned a large townhouse in London called simply "Grosvenor House".
List of Dukes
Hugh Lupus Grosvenor (1825-1899) Duke from 1874-1899 married Lady Constance Sutherland-Leveson-Gower and later Katherine Cavendish.
Hugh Grosvenor (1879-1953) Duke from 1899-1953 married Constance Cornwallis-West then Violet Nelson and again to Loelia Ponsonby followed by Anne Sullivan.
William Grosvenor (1894-1963) Duke from 1953-1963 died unmarried.
Gerald Grosvenor (1907-1967) Duke from 1963-1967; married Sally Perry.
Robert Grosvenor (1910-1979) Duke from 1967-1979; married Hon Viola Lyttelton.
Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor (1951-2016) Duke since 1979; married Natalia Phillips, a distant relative of the British and Russian royal families. He was, according to the Sunday Times Rich List 2016, worth PS9.35 billion (c. US$13 billion). He was sixth in the list and the third-richest British citizen. He was the richest member of the peerage, with a wealth significantly greater than Queen Elizabeth.
Hugh Grosvenor (b. 1991).
Grosvenor House
The huge family house in Park Lane, London was called Grosvenor House. In its place is now the Grosvenor House Hotel, built on the site.
The Grosvenor hotel - the venue for some of London's grandest award ceremonies - was sold to Indian conglomerate Sahara for PS470m in December 2010. The head of the conglomerate is Sahara India Pariwar.
References
British Dukes and Duchesses
Javier Clemente

Javier Clemente (born 12 March, 1950) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Atletico Bilbao.
References
1950 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
CD Tenerife managers
Atletico Madrid managers
Justin Time (TV series)

Justin Time is a Canadian animated children's educational television series produced by the Canadian Studio, Guru Studio, and with the participation of Family Channel and Family Jr. (season 4) and In association with Netflix Spourt and Qubo.
Canadian animated television series
Carmen Eggens

Carmen Eggens is a Canadian water polo player. She played for the Canadian women's national water polo team in the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, 2013 World Aquatics Championships, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and 2015 Pan American Games.
She played for University of Hawaii's women's water polo team.
References
Other websites
Carmen Eggens competing for the Canadian Senior Women's water polo team montrealgazette.com
1988 births
Living people
Canadian water polo players
Joe Maddon

Joe Maddon (born 1954) is the manager of the Los Angeles Angels in Major League Baseball. From 2015 until 2019 Maddon was the manager of the Chicago Cubs. He led the Cubs to a World Series victory in 2016. He previously managed the Tampa Bay Rays.
References
Other websites
Joe Maddon entry at Baseball reference
1954 births
Living people
Chicago Cubs managers
Tampa Bay Rays
Major League Baseball managers
Los Angeles Angels
Aleksandr Shatskikh

Aleksandr Shatskikh (21 January 1974 - 30 November 2020) was a Kazakh footballer. He played as a striker. He was born in Taldiqorgan, Kazakhstan. His career lasted from 1990 to 2009.
Shatskikh played club football for Zhetysu / Taldykorgan, Qaynar, Chkalovets, Astana Aqmola / Zhenis Astana, Irtysh Pavlodar, CSKA-Qayrat Almaty, Esil Bogatyr, Megasport and Lokomotiv Astana.
He appeared once for the Kazakhstan national team in 2003.
Shatskikh died on 30 November 2020, aged 46.
References
1974 births
2020 deaths
Kazakhstani sportspeople
Marizy-Saint-Mard

Marizy-Saint-Mard is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Melinoe

In Greek mythology, Melinoe is the goddess of ghosts. She is the daughter of Persephone and Hades. She lives in the Underworld. She has a pale complexion and a short temper and takes after her father in almost every way, except from her beauty that she gets from her mother Persephone. Melinoe has the powers to turn any mortal insane by her phantoms.
Little is known about Melinoe, but ancient Greeks used to conduct rituals and acts of praises to her as a sign of devotion and to garner protection from ghosts.
Greek gods and goddesses
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Consonants
Seven Sisters, London

Seven Sisters is an area in North London. It is in the borough of Haringey, in London, United Kingdom.
References
Areas of London
London Borough of Haringey
Ektara

Ektara (literally "one-string", also called iktar, ', yaktaro gopichand') is a one-string instrument. It is most often used in traditional music from Bangladesh, India , Egypt, and Pakistan.
The ektara was a regular string instrument of wandering bards and minstrels from India. It is plucked with one finger. The ektara usually has a stretched single string. An animal skin is over a head made of dried pumpkin/gourd, wood or coconut. The neck is a pole or split bamboo cane.
Pressing the two halves of the neck together loosens the string. This lowers its pants. The sound can be changed many ways by slight changes in pressure.
The various sizes of ektara are soprano, tenor, and bass. The bass ektara, sometimes called a dotara'' often has two strings.
Other websites
Folk instruments
Plucked string instruments
Persian fallow deer

The Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica) (gavazn-i zard in Persian) (Yah-mur in modern Hebrew) is a rare ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Its taxonomic status is disputed, with some maintaining it as a subspecies of the fallow deer, while others treat it as a separate species, Dama mesopotamica.
References
Other websites
Persian fallow deer at Animal Info
Mammals of Asia
Deer
Endangered species
IUCN Red List endangered species
Black Eagle (1948 movie)

Black Eagle is a 1948 American western movie directed by Robert Gordon and was based on the 1909 short story The Passing on Black Eye by O. Henry. It stars William Bishop, Virginia Patton, Gordon Jones, James Bell, Trevor Bardette and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Other websites
1948 movies
1940s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies based on short stories
Columbia Pictures movies
Uffenheim

Uffenheim is a city in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 14 km west of Bad Windsheim, and 36 km southeast of Wurzburg.
Town structure
Uffenheim has 13 divisions:
References
Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
Plainfield, New Jersey

Plainfield is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of 2010, the population was 49,808.
Cities in New Jersey
Ego Plum

Ego Plum (born February 27, 1975) is an American singer and musician. He is best known for his work on SpongeBob SquarePants for several episodes, The Ghastly Love of Johnny X and Making Fiends and Harvey Beaks.
1975 births
American musicians
Living people
Singers from Los Angeles
Datsun 240z

The Datsun 240z is a sports car sold by former brand Datsun (Nissan) it was sold by Nissan from 1969-1973, Nissan sold 168,000 240z in America alone.
It would be replaced by the 260z in 1974, and the 280z in 1975,
Yearly changes
In 1970, the car was introduced to the United States.
In 1973, larger bumpers were added to the car.
In 1974, the car's name changed to 260z.
Sports cars
Nissan automobiles
1970s automobiles
Cahon

Cahon is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Arzier

Arzier is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Vaud
Bad Ass Strippa

"Bad Ass Strippa" is the debut single by Jentina from her self-titled debut album, Jentina. It was released in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing
CD 1
"Bad Ass Strippa"
"Bad Ass Strippa" (Dave Kelly Remix)
"Bad Ass Strippa" (Radio Slave Remix)
"Bad Ass Strippa" (extended mix)
"Bad Ass Strippa" (instrumental)
"Bad Ass Strippa" (CD-ROM video)
CD 2
"Bad Ass Strippa"
"Bad Ass Strippa" (instrumental)
12"
Side 1
"Bad Ass Strippa"
"Bad Ass Strippa" (Dave Kelly Remix)
Side 2
"Bad Ass Strippa" (Radio Slave Remix)
Chart performance
References
2004 songs
Debut singles
Jentina songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Charlevoix County, Michigan

Charlevoix County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, 26,054 people live here. The county seat is Charlevoix.
References
1860s establishments in Michigan
1869 establishments in the United States
Michigan counties
Marvin Griffin

Samuel Marvin Griffin, Sr. (September 4, 1907 - June 13, 1982) was an American politician from Georgia.
A lifelong Democrat, Griffin was the 72nd Governor of Georgia from 1955 to 1959. Before that, he was the 2nd Lieutenant Governor from 1948 to 1955.
1907 births
1982 deaths
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
Three letter rule

In English, the three letter rule (or short word rule) is the observation that content words are three letters long at least.
One- and two-letter words are mostly function words. Examples: I, at, he, if, of, or, etc. Therefore, content words almost all have at least three letters. Notice that content words with fewer than three phonemes get an extra letter or letters which are "phonetically redundant": the extra letters do not change the sound. Examples are such as ebb, add, egg, inn, bee, awe, buy, owe, etc.
References
English language
Sackbut

The sackbut is a brass musical instrument from the Renaissance. By the 1750s, it was developing into the modern trombone. It has narrower tubing, does not have a water key, a slide lock or a tuning slide that are found on trombones. It is played by buzzing the lips into a mouthpiece. The length of the instrument could be changed by the use of a sliding tube which meant it could play a full chromatic range of notes. The earliest instruments come from the 1500's. The sackbut was popular because it could be played loudly or softly, and it could also be played in tune. They were made in a range of sizes, a descant (rarely used), alto, tenor and bass. They were often played to accompany a church choir.
References
Trombones
Early musical instruments
Isar

The Isar is a river in Tyrol, Austria and Bavaria, Germany. Its source is in the Karwendel range of the Alps in Tyrol; it enters Germany near Mittenwald. The Isar flows through Bad Tolz, Munich and Landshut before reaching the Danube near Deggendorf. The length is . It is the fourth largest river in Bavaria (after Danube, Inn and Main). The Isar is the second most important tributary of the Danube in Germany, after Inn.
Geography of Bavaria
Tyrol (state)
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Germany
Scinax madeirae

Scinax madeirae is a frog. Scientists have seen it in Brazil and Bolivia.
References
Frogs of South America
Emo rap

Emo rap is a fusion genre of hip hop and emo. It began in the mid-2010s. Notable emo rappers include XXXTentacion, Juice Wrld, and Lil Peep.
References
Hip hop genres
Rock music
Medical abortion

A medical abortion is an abortion where drugs are used to induce the abortion. In the 1970s, such abortions became an option to end the pregnancy during its first trimester. The drugs most often used in 2009 were mifepristone and methotrexate, either alone or in combination with a prostaglandin.
Medical abortion is both safe and effective in many situations. In the United States, the mortality rate for medical abortion is 14 times lower than the mortality rate for childbirth. In the first trimester, the patient can the drugs used for medical abortion can take the drugs safely at home, without assistance. Starting with the second trimester, it is recommended to take the second drug in a clinic or provider's office.
References
Medical abortion
Back Dorm Boys

Back Dorm Boys () are two Chinese people who have made several well known spoof music videos in 2006. Their name comes from their lip sync video of the Backstreet Boys' song "As Long As You Love Me". They are often called the "Back Dormitory Boys". Their spoof music videos have been selected by Motorola China to promote mobile phones. The two members of the Back Dorm Boys are Wei Wei (Wei Wei) and Huang Yi Xin (Huang Yi Xin). They were university students at Guangzhou Arts Institute (Yan Zhou Mei Zhu Xue Yuan ) majoring in sculpture. Their videos were very famous in China. The became very famous around the world after the videos were shown on YouTube.
Chinese musicians
Comedy
Musical groups
Meridith Kohut

Meridith Kohut (born 1983) is an American photojournalist. She won a 2018 Courage in Journalism Award and 2016 George Polk Award. She was a finalist for the 2018 Pulitzer Prize in Feature Photography.
She graduated from the University of Texas School of Journalism. She reported from Venezuela for the New York Times.
References
1983 births
Living people
American photojournalists
George Polk Award winners
Redwood Falls, Minnesota

Redwood Falls is a city in Redwood County in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 5,254 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat.
References
Other websites
City Website
Cities in Minnesota
County seats in Minnesota
Pixel 3

Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL are Android smartphones from the Google Pixel product line. The phones were officially announced on October 9, 2018 and then released initially in the United States on October 18, 2018 and other parts of the world on November 1, 2018.
They are the successors to the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL. Recently Google announce Pixel 3a and Pixel 3a XL updated version of Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL phones.
At release the Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL had starting prices of $799/$899 in the US, and PS739/PS869 in the UK.
References
October 2018 events
Google mobile phones
Mobile phones released in 2018
Licchavi

Licchavi (also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) was an ancient republic that existed in what is now Bihar state of India before the birth of Mahavira (b. 599 BC). Its capital was Vaishali.
From about 400 to 750, a kingdom in Nepal in the Kathmandu Valley had the same name, Licchavi.
Origins
Early Buddhist legends tell that Licchavi was a ruling family during Gautama Buddha's time in India, but links to the Nepalese kingdom are speculative. The language of Licchavi inscriptions is Sanskrit, and the particular script used is closely related to official Gupta scripts. That means that India was a significant cultural influence. That was likely through Mithila, now the north of Bihar, India.
References
Other websites
Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com
History of Nepal, Thamel.com
"Nepal: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400-750", Library of Congress Countryreports.org (September, 1991)
Vajracarya, Gautamavajra, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi, Nepal", Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies, Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117-134)
Ancient India
Nepal
Bihar
1st millennium BC
Townsend Coleman

Townsend Putnam Coleman III (born 28 May 1954) is an American voice actor who performed in many animated series and TV commercials beginning in the early 1980s. Among his most notable roles are Michaelangelo from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Wayne Gretzky on ProStars and the title characters in Where's Waldo? and the eponymous The Tick.
Select filmography
Adventure Time with Finn and Jake - Additional voices
Alice Through the Looking Glass - Tom Fool
Animaniacs - Katzeneisnerman (episode: "Hooray For North Hollywood Part 1")
Batman: The Dark Knight Returns - Morrie, Civilian
Brandy and Mr. Whiskers - Additional voices
The Buzz on Maggie - Additional voices
Camp Lazlo - Additional voices
CatDog - Additional voices
Catscratch - Additional voices
Danny Phantom - Additional voices
Darkwing Duck - Additional voices
Dave the Barbarian - Additional voices
Dexter's Laboratory - Additional voices
Dino-Riders - Additional Voices
Earthworm Jim - Additional voices
El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera - Additional voices
The Fairly OddParents - Additional voices
FernGully: The Last Rainforest - Knotty
Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends - Additional voices
Fraggle Rock - Gobo Fraggle, Wrench Doozer and Architect Doozer
Gravity Falls - Additional voices
Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi - Additional voices
Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. - Hercules
Inspector Gadget - Corporal Capeman
Jem and the Holograms - Rory "Riot" Lewellyn
Mighty Ducks - Canard
Mighty Magiswords - Neddy the Mallet, Beeswax Crown
My Life as a Teenage Robot - Additional voices
NBC advertising (1992-2009)
Poochini's Yard - Additional voices
ProStars - Wayne Gretzky
The Powerpuff Girls - Additional voices
Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs - Colt
Saturday Night Live (1981-1982) - Himself
Space Cats - Scratch
Superman: The Animated Series - Additional voices
Teen Wolf - Scott Howard
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1987 - Michaelangelo, Rat King, Krang (1989 alternate) and Shredder (1993 alternate - 7 episodes only), Usagi Yojimbo, Rahzar, Screwloose, Splinter (season 5 alternate), Burne Thompson (season 3 alternate), Jerry Spiegel, Electrozapper, Dalton Dumpsky, Fritz
2012 - 80s Michelangelo
Turtles Take Time (and Space) - 80s Michelangelo
The Jungle King - Additional voices
The Replacements - Additional voices
The Tick
1994 - The Tick
2017 - Midnight/Onward (Voice)
Time Squad - Additional voices
Timon and Pumbaa - Vulture Police
Tiny Toon Adventures - Additional voices
Transformers - Mini-Cassette Rewind
Transformers Animated - Sentinel Prime, Tracks
Where's Waldo? - Waldo
Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears - Zor One
Woody Woodpecker'' - Wally Walrus
References
1954 births
American voice actors
Living people
People from New York City
Turkish Delight (movie)

Turkish Delight () is a 1973 Dutch romantic drama movie directed by Paul Verhoeven and is based on the 1969 novel Turks fruit by Jan Wolkers. It stars Rutger Hauer in his movie debut, Monique van de Ven and was nominated for 1 Oscar in 1974.
Other websites
1973 romantic drama movies
1970s erotic movies
Dutch drama movies
Dutch romance movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Paul Verhoeven
Solliès-Ville

Sollies-Ville is a commune of 2,526 people (2019). It is in Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France.
Communes in Var
George Busbee

George Dekle Busbee Sr. (August 7, 1927 - July 16, 2004), was an American politician. He was the 77th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1975 to 1983. He was a senior partner at King & Spalding thereafter.
Other websites
New Georgia Encyclopedia profile of George Busbee
1927 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians