pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Big Brother (British TV series)

Big Brother is a reality television series in the United Kingdom which began in 2000. It was a version of the Big Brother franchise. Contestants must complete challenges while living in a house full of cameras.
In some series the house is in London; in some series it is in Hertfordshire. In some series, the housemates are celebrities. From 2000-2010, it was shown on Channel 4 and was presented by Davina McCall; from 2011-2018, it was shown on Channel 5 and was presented by Emma Willis. In 2022, It was announced there will be another series shown on ITV2 and ITVX which will be shown in 2023.
Format
A group of contestants who don't know each other move into a house full of cameras. They are watched every day and are set challenges by a fictional character named "Big Brother". The contestants can speak to Big Brother privately in a room called the "diary room". They are not allowed to have contact with the outside world. Throughout the series, the public vote for who they want to evict and the last one remaining is the winner.
Eye
Every year, there is a different "Big Brother eye".
Overview
Main series
Specials
Other websites
Big Brother at Channel5.com
Big Brother at Channel4.com (inactive)
2000 British television series debuts
2000s reality television series
2010s British television series
2010s reality television series
Big Brother
Channel 4 reality television programmes
English-language television programs
Mohamed Ennaceur

Mohamed Ennaceur (; born 21 March 1934) is a Tunisian politician. He was the acting President of Tunisia from 25 July 2019 after the death of President Beji Caid Essebsi until 23 October 2019.
From 2014 until 2021, he was the Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and leader of the governing Nidaa Tounes party. He was Minister of Social Affairs in the 1970s and 1980s under President Habib Bourguiba, and again in 2011 in the transitional Ghannouchi and Essebsi governments.
References
1934 births
Living people
Presidents of Tunisia
Speakers of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
Narayani Zone

Narayani () was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, in the central south of the country. It was named after the Narayani River on the western border of the zone.
Geography
Narayani occupied parts of the Terai, Inner Terai, and Hill regions of Nepal, but it did not cover any of the Mountain or Himalayan region. Narayani was rich in flora and fauna. Narayani River and Rapti River were the main rivers of Narayani zone. Bisharari and Garuda lakes were some of the few lakes in Narayani.
Narayani was divided into five districts:
Economy
Narayani is the third largest industrial area of the country.
Important cities and towns
Some important cities and towns are Birganj, Parwanipur, Jitpur, Alau, Hetauda, Bharatpur, Narayanghat, Kalaiya, and Gaur.
Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
Zones of Nepal
Districts of Nepal
References
Zones of Nepal
Enterprise Java Beans

Enterprise Java Beans is a framework that allows one to develop Enterprise applications more easily using Java Enterprise Edition. It does this by using standard components. These components specify how an application works. This is usually called business logic.
There are different kinds of Beans:
Session beans help to implement the main business logic. They are either Stateful (remembers things), Stateless (remembers nothing) or Singleton (only one of those exists). An example of a session bean might be the piece of code that tells how to store items in a database.
Message-driven beans allow a system to work asynchronously. They help to make different systems talk to each other by sending messages. Sometimes they are used to talk to legacy systems.
Other websites
Sun's EJB Product main page
EJB 3.0 API Javadocs
The EJB 3.0 Specification
Sun's EJB 3.0 Tutorial
EJB (3.0) Glossary
JSR 318 (EJB 3.1)
JSR 220 (EJB 3.0)
JSR 153 (EJB 2.1)
JSR 19 (EJB 2.0)
EJB 2 example based tutorial issa
Software
Italy at the Military World Games

Italy at the Military World Games has participated in all editions held, since the first edition of 1995 Military World Games.
Medal count
References
Other websites
CISM website
Sports competitions
Military of Italy
Italy at multi-sport events
Gérard Worms

Gerard Worms (1 August 1936 - 31 August 2020) was a French banker and businessman. He was the Vice Chairman of Rothschild Europe and Senior Advisor of Rothschild & Cie Banque. He was born in Paris.
He taught at the HEC Paris, the University of Paris and he was a alma mater, at the Ecole Polytechnique. He was the Chairman of Rothschild & Cie Banque (Paris) from 1995 to 1999. He also was Chief Executive Officer of N M Rothschild & Sons.
Worms died on 31 August 2020, aged 84.
References
1936 births
2020 deaths
French bankers
Businesspeople from Paris
LaRue County, Kentucky

LaRue County is a county in Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,193. Its county seat is Hodgenville, a city best known as the birthplace of United States President Abraham Lincoln.
References
1843 establishments in Kentucky
Golden spiral

The Golden Spiral is a part of Math, which is shown in Fibonacci's Model.
Mathematics
Conifer

Conifers are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants.
All living conifers are woody plants which are perennial. Most are trees; some are shrubs. They are the Division Pinophyta or Coniferophyta.
Living conifers are all in the order Pinales. Typical examples include cedars, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, redwoods, spruces, and yews.
Species of conifers can be found in almost all parts of the world, and are often the most common plants in their habitats, as in the taiga. Conifers are of great economic value, and their wood is mainly used for timber and paper-making The wood of conifers is known as softwood, though yew wood is actually quite hard. The division Coniferae contains about 700 living species.
Evolution
The earliest conifers were in the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) period (about 300 million years ago), Pinophytes, Cycads, and Ginkgos all developed at this time. These plants live without being so dependent on water. Other adaptations are pollen (so fertilisation can occur without water) and the seed, which allows the embryo to be transported and developed elsewhere.
Conifers appear to be one of the taxa that benefited from the Permian-Triassic extinction event. They were the dominant land plants of the Mesozoic era. Conifers were eventually overtaken by their descendants, the flowering plants, which first appeared in the Cretaceous. Flowering plants became dominant in the Cainozoic era.
Conifers were a main food of herbivorous dinosaurs, and their resins and poisons no doubt gave them some protection against herbivores. All the reproductive features of modern conifers had evolved by the end of the Mesozoic era.
Related pages
Gymnosperm
Conifer cones
References
Çankaya University

Cankaya University is a school found in Ankara, Turkey on July 9, 1997. Cankaya University has four faculties and one vocational training School. It has 7,786 students.
Colleges and universities in Turkey
1997 establishments in Asia
Ankara
20th-century establishments in Turkey
Oscar (1991 movie)

Oscar is a 1991 American comedy movie directed by John Landis and is the second version of the play of the same name by Claude Magnier. It stars Sylvester Stallone, Marisa Tomei, Ornella Muti, Tim Curry, Chazz Palminteri, Don Ameche, Vincent Spano, Harry Shearer, Eddie Bracken, Linda Gray, Kirk Douglas, Joey Travolta and was distributed by Buena Vista Pictures.
Other websites
1991 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by John Landis
Plant breeding

Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants to produce desired characteristics. Plant breeding can be done by many different techniques. Plants with desirable characteristics for propagation can be selected. More complex molecular techniques are also possible (see cultigen and cultivar).
Plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years, since near the beginning of human civilization. It is now done worldwide by gardeners and farmers, or by professional plant breeders employed by government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centres.
International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for preventing famine. New varieties are developed. They are higher-yielding, resistant to pests and diseases, drought-resistant or adapted to different environments and growing conditions.
History
Plant breeding started with the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice dates back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time.
Gregor Mendel's experiments with plant hybridization led to his establishing laws of inheritance. Once this work became well known, it formed the basis of the new science of genetics, which stimulated research by many plant scientists dedicated to improving crop production through plant breeding.
Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also developed its own technology.
Related pages
Genetically modified food
Artificial selection
References
Genetics
Agriculture
Michael Bishop (gridiron football)

Michael Paul Bishop (born May 15, 1976) is a former gridiron football quarterback.
1976 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Calgary Stampeders players
New England Patriots players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Toronto Argonauts players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Digital Millennium Copyright Act

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a copyright law that protects copyright on the internet in the U.S.A. This Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1998.
It puts into effect two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and distribution of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent (get around) measures which control access to copyrighted works. These "measures" are commonly known as digital rights management or DRM.
The WIPO Copyright Treaty is the basis of protecting copyright on the web.
References
United States federal legislation
IT law
Copyright
TV.com

TV.com is a popular website owned by the CNET Games & Entertainment family of websites, which also includes GameSpot, GameFAQs and MP3.com. The website replaced the popular TV Tome website.
The website has information about television (mostly English-language television in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Ireland). Other than episode guides, TV.com also has news, reviews, photos, trailers and TV listings.
People can also get accounts on TV.com like other CNET websites. Users get a user page and can keep track of television shows. They can also add things like episode details and cast members.
Other websites
Official website
Entertainment websites
Deggendorf

Deggendorf () is a town in the German state of Bavaria. It is the capital of the district of Deggendorf.
References
Other websites
Deggendorf (district)
Marco Antonio Solís

Marco Antonio Solis Sosa (born December 29, 1959) is a Mexican singer, musician, composer, actor, and record producer.
Solis has been awarded five Latin Grammy Awards, two Lo Nuestro Awards, has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and has been inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame.
References
Other websites
Official site (Spanish)
1959 births
Living people
Mexican singer-songwriters
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
Mexican musicians
Mexican guitarists
Mexican composers
Record producers
Jon Randall

Jon Randall is an American country music singer.
Discography
Studio albums
What You Don't Know (1995)
Willin''' (1999)
Walking Among the Living (2005)
The Marfa Tapes'' (2021)
References
1969 births
Living people
Country musicians from Texas
Musicians from Dallas
Singer-songwriters from Texas
U.S. Route 73

U.S. Route 73 (US 73) is a north-south United States highway. it goes for from northeast Kansas to southeast Nebraska. The highway's southern endpoint is Bonner Springs, Kansas at I-70. Its northern endpoint is near Dawson, Nebraska at US 75.
Route description
Kansas
U.S. Route 73 starts at I-70 in Kansas City. It goes along with U.S. Route 24, U.S. Route 40, and K-7. Two miles north of its endpoint, US 24 and US 40 turn west; US 73 continues north with K-7. It goes north with K-7 through Lansing, where it intersects K-5. US 73 and K-7 then go through Leavenworth. It goes northwestern from Leavenworth. It meets K-192 near Easton. At Atchison, it turns west. At Atchison, K-7 ends. US 73 goes along with U.S. Route 59. It goes west. It then turns northwest near Lancaster at its intersection with K-9. It goes through Huron. It goes along with K-20 near Everest. It goes west into Horton, and it intersects U.S. Route 159. The two highways go north together, and they meet U.S. Route 36 at Hiawatha. After going northwest through Reserve, US-73 and US-159 turn north and enter Nebraska.
Notes
References
Other websites
Endpoints of U.S. Highway 73
U.S. Highways
Saint-Laurent-du-Mont

Saint-Laurent-du-Mont is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. In 2016, 189 people lived there. On 1 January 2019, it became a part of the commune Cambremer.
References
Former communes in Calvados
Bieruń

Bierun () is a town in Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. In 2019, 19,539 people lived there.
References
Towns in Poland
Attenborough, Nottinghamshire

Attenborough is a village in Broxtowe, Nottinghamshire, England. Its postcode is NG9. It is a suburb of Nottingham.
References
Villages in Nottinghamshire
Philip Short

Philip Short (born on 17 April 1945) is an English journalist. He studied at Queens' College, Cambridge. After his graduation, he spent from 1967 to 1973 as a freelance journalist, first in Malawi, then in Uganda. He then joined the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) as a foreign correspondent. He is an author of many books, such as biographies of Mao Zedong, Mao: A Life, and of Pol Pot, Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare. He now lives in France. Putin is published by Bodley Head in June 2022.
Reference
1945 births
Living people
English writers
Louroux-de-Bouble

Louroux-de-Bouble is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Leandro (footballer, born August 1987)

Leandro Teixeira Dantas (born 17 August 1987) is a Brazilian football player.
References
1987 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
1991 FIFA Women's World Cup

1991 FIFA Women's World Cup was held in China from 16 to 30 November.
Results
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Knockout stage
Other websites
RSSSF
FIFA Women's World Cup
1991 in association football
1991 in Asia
1990s in China
Football in China
November events
British Rail Class 157

Class 157 was the designation applied to a range of Diesel multiple unit trains of the Sprinter family planned for regional use, in particular for the Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive. As well as the class number, British Rail reserved carriage numbers in the 526xx and 576xx series for these units.
As the Privatisation of British Rail began, this project became unviable as resources were concentrated on the privatisation process, leading to the famous 1064-day 'drought' of new train orders. By the time this period was over, plans had moved on and Stratchclyde ended up receiving a batch of Class 170 units.
157
Asteriornis

Asteriornis is an extinct genus of bird from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium. It is known from a single species called Asteriornis maastrichtensis.
It was closely related to birds of the living superorder Galloanserae, such as chickens and ducks. Members of the genus were small, long-legged birds (~394 g).
They lived near the coastline with more "primitive" types of birds such as Ichthyornis. Asteriornis is one of the oldest-known birds: it definitely belongs to the group Neornithes, the modern birds.
It has features of both galliformes (chicken-like birds) and anseriformes (duck-like birds). This shows its position as a close relative of the last common ancestor for both groups.
References
Birds
Fossils
M1911 pistol

The M1911 is a .45 ACP caliber pistol originally made by Colt, and is now the most copied pistol design in the world. It was designed in the early 1900s by John Browning and was used in battle by many soldiers in World War I, World War II, The Korean War, and in the Vietnam War. It is semi-automatic and can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled. Military versions of the gun can hold seven or eight rounds inside its magazine and one more in the chamber. M1911 style guns are still made today and are for sale.
It was the most used pistol in the United States Military from 1911-1985, when it was replaced by the 9mm caliber Beretta M9, a military version of the Beretta 92. The M1911 was replaced because military leaders liked that the Beretta pistol could hold more bullets. Another reason was because other NATO countries pressured the US to follow a rule that all NATO weapons must use the same ammunition. Even after the Beretta M9 officially replaced the M1911, many US soldiers still use the M1911 in combat. The M1911 is a common pistol design for police and special forces because it is reliable in function, easy to modify by a gunsmith, and effective.
The "1911" in the name is because the pistol was adopted by the United States Army in the year 1911. M1911A1 pistols have an 'A1' added because they were changed from the original design in the 1920s in military service. The pistol was made first by Colt Manufacturing but was produced by many other companies during World War II. Because the M1911 is so popular, several gun companies make their own version of this gun which are still sold today.
Bibliography
Colt 1911 & Early prototypes by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2003)
The Colt 1911A1 Explained by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2004)
Pistols
Athaulf

Athaulf was a king of the Visigoths from 411 to 415. The Visigothic state became a major power of Late Antiquity.
References
4th-century births
410s deaths
Visigothic kings
Paddy Ashdown

Jeremy John Durham "Paddy" Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon (27 February 1941 - 22 December 2018) was a British politician and international diplomat. He served as leader of the Liberal Democrats from July 1988 to August 1999.
Biography
Paddy Ashdown was born in New Delhi, British India, but was brought up in Northern Ireland and his Irish accent brought him the nickname "Paddy". He served in the Royal Marines from 1959 to 1972 and saw fighting in Borneo, Hong Kong and Northern Ireland. At the 1983 general election, Ashdown became the Liberal Party's Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Yeovil.
In 1988, when the Liberal Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democrats, Ashdown was elected the leader of the new party and led the party through the 1992 and 1997 general elections. He resigned in 1999, and was given both a knighthood and a seat in the House of Lords. In the House of Lords, he was given the title Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon. From 2002 to 2006 he served as High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
His reputation was damaged slightly in 1992, when it was revealed that he had a five-month extra-marital affair with his secretary, and many British newspapers exposed this in great detail. The Sun newspaper ran a famous headline which played on Ashdown's name, calling him "Paddy Pants-Down".
Ashdown was diagnosed with "serious" bladder cancer in October 2018. He died two months later on 22 December 2018 from the disease in Norton-sub-Hamdon, Somerset, at the age of 77.
References
Other websites
1941 births
2018 deaths
British military people
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from bladder cancer
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
Liberal Party (UK) MPs
Members of the House of Lords
Northern Ireland politicians
Politicians from New Delhi
People of British India
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1983-1987
UK MPs 1987-1992
UK MPs 1992-1997
UK MPs 1997-2001
United Kingdom Life Peers
Saint-Brais

Saint-Brais is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
National Library and Documentation Services Board

The National Library and Documentation Services Board (NLDSB) is the agency of the government of Sri Lanka which helps maintains all state libraries around the country.
The NLDSB was established under the act No: 51 of 1998. This act established the Sri Lanka National Library Services Board in 1970. The board is placed under the Sri Lankan Ministry of Education. The present Board of Directors consists of 11 members including a full-time Chairperson. The Director General is the chief executive and secretary of the Board.
Goals and targets
To assess the need for library and documentation services among all sectors of the community and to promote the development of library and documentation services.
To administer, manage and control the affairs of the National Library and Documentation Centre.
To advise the authorities regarding plans, programmes and activities for the development of library and documentation services in Sri Lanka.
To provide leadership for libraries of all categories in Sri Lanka, leadership in providing information to the nation and for all services.
Establishment, development and maintenance of a complete national collection of written, printed and non print media published in Sri Lanka or abroad.
Establishment and maintenance of Bibliographic and Documentation Services.
Advise the government on matters relevant to the Library and Information Science field.
Organization of human resources and Promotion of physical resources for the development of libraries in Sri Lanka.
Encourage the local book publication and promotion of reading.
Encourage usage of Information Technology for library and information services.
Promote co-operation with the institutions and organizations at national, regional and international level related to library and information field.
Organization of library and information services respecting to the cultural identity of different groups in the society.
Provide resources and organize services needed for academic research activities.
References
Other websites
Official website not in Wikidata
National libraries in Asia
Organizations based in Sri Lanka
Bicycle path

A bicycle path is a way marked for people on bicycles to use.
Many bicycle path networks can be found in countries such as Denmark or Netherlands, which has had a national system of cycle routes since 1993. These networks may use routes dedicated exclusively to cycle traffic or minor rural roads whose use is otherwise restricted to local motor traffic and agricultural machinery. A safe way to go on a bicycle is when you have a bicycle path. These are made in places where bicycle safety is given consideration, so you do not have to cycle in busy traffic on dangerous roads.
The Dutch word Fietspad means Bicycle Path in English. In the Netherlands you can go on the bicycle path to the shops, housing, stations, schools, and workplaces.
The more sensible approach is based on efforts to increase Utility cycling. In countries like Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany the high levels of utility cycling also includes shopping trips e.g. 9% of all shopping trips in Germany are by bicycle.
References
Cycling
Lieutenant Governor of Georgia

The Lieutenant Governor of Georgia is a constitutional officer of the State of Georgia, elected to a four-year term by popular vote. The Lieutenant Governor is elected on a separate election from the Georgia Governor.
The office of Lieutenant Governor was created by a state constitutional revision in 1945.
The current Lieutenant Governor of Georgia is Republican Burt Jones.
List of lieutenant governors of Georgia
Parties
References
Markt Erlbach

Markt Erlbach is a municipality in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
James Francis Edward Stuart

James, Prince of Wales (known as James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 - 1 January 1766) was the son of James II of England (James VII of Scotland) and his second wife, Mary of Modena. Because of this, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III of England and Ireland and James VIII of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701. He was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France. When he died in 1766 in Rome, his son, Charles Edward Stuart, followed him in the Jacobite Succession.
References
1688 births
1766 deaths
British Roman Catholics
House of Stuart
Jacobite pretenders
Lazarus taxon

In paleontology, a Lazarus taxon (plural taxa) is a taxon that disappears from one or more periods of the fossil record, only to appear again later. The term refers to the Gospel of John, in which Jesus is claimed to have raised Lazarus from the dead. Lazarus taxa occur either because of (local) extinction, later resupplied, or as a sampling artifact. The fossil record is imperfect (only a very small fraction of organisms become fossilized) and contains gaps not necessarily caused by extinction, particularly when the number of individuals in a taxon becomes very low.
The concept was developed in palaeontology where, after a major extinction event, some groups reappear after millions of years. The usual explanation is that numbers were driven so low that their chance of fossilisation were extremely low. Then, gradually, their numbers revived.
History of the idea
In 1974 Batten pointed out that the Lower Triassic record lacked genera and species which had been present in the Permian, but which reappeared 20 million years later in the Middle Triassic. Jablonski later coined the term 'Lazarus taxon' for species and genera which disappear from the fossil record, only to reappear later when conditions return to normal.
Living examples
There are some well-known examples of it happening to present-day species.
Some well-known examples:
A complete clade of lobe-finned fish, the sub-class Coelacanthimorpha, was thought to have gone extinct 80 million years ago. Then a Coelacanth (Latimeria), was found in 1938.
The Monoplacophora, a class of molluscs were believed to have gone extinct in the middle Devonian (~380 million years ago) until living members were discovered in deep water off Costa Rica in 1952.
Dawn Redwood or Metasequoia, a genus of conifer, was first described as a fossil from the Mesozoic era by Shigeru Miki in 1941, but in 1944 a small stand was discovered in Modaoxi, China.
Mountain Pygmy Possum (Burramys parvus), Australia's only truly hibernating marsupial, known originally from the fossil record, was discovered in 1966.
References
Extinction events
Paleontology
Brisbane Times

Brisbane Times is a website that reports news for Brisbane, Australia, as well as Queensland, the state that Brisbane is in. It started on 7 March 2007 and is owned by a company called Fairfax.
References
Other websites
Brisbane Times homepage
Websites established in 2007
Organizations based in Brisbane
Hiromitsu Takano

Hiromitsu Takano is a judoka from Japan. Takano competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was born on 25 August 1959.
References
Other websites
1959 births
Living people
Japanese judoka
Japanese Olympians
1001

1001 (MI) was .
Events
Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Silvester II.
Canonisation of Edward the Martyr, King of England.
Robert II, King of France marries for the third time to Constance Taillefer d'Arles.
Khmer king Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I and/or Suryavarman I.
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened (see Aachen Cathedral).
Births
King Duncan I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1040)
Other
The first reference is made to Khotyn, Ukrainian town, and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to Chimudi.
References
Paleobiology

Paleobiology is a branch of science which studies animals, plants and microbes buried in rock. These stoney items are called fossils. Paleobiology combines biology with the study of these fossils. There are several branches of paleobiology:
Paleobotany - Study of ancient plants
Paleozoology
Micropaleobiology
Paleobiochemistry
Paleoecology - Uses fossils to learn about how the environment was long ago
Taphonomy
Paleoichnology
Stratigraphic paleobiology
Evolutionary developmental paleobiology - Studies how animals changed over time
History
Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felso-Szilvas started paleobiology in the late 19th century while working at the University of Vienna. He tried to learn how the animals lived, rather than merely put together their bones, as many geologists were doing at the time.
Branches of biology
Guillaume Vuilletet

Guillaume Vuilletet (born 20 July 1967) is a French politician. She is a member of La Republique En Marche! He was elected to the French National Assembly on 18 June 2017, representing the department of Val-d'Oise.
On 9 March 2020, during the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, he said in a Twitter post that he had tested positive for the virus.
References
1967 births
Living people
French politicians
Gardenia

Gardenia is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Gardenia can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Oceania.
The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after Dr Alexander Garden (1730-1791), Scottish-born American naturalist.
They are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1-15 m tall. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three or four, 5-50 cm long and 3-25 cm broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, white or pale yellow. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer and many species are strongly scented.
Cultivation and uses
Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in some species.
Gardenias have a reputation for being difficult to grow. Because they originated in warm humid tropical areas, they demand high humidity.
Gallery
Other websites
Growing Gardenias
Rubiaceae
Flowers
Locate Varesino

Locate Varesino is a comune in the Province of Como in the Lombardy region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Lombardy
All You Ever Wanted (Rag'n'Bone Man song)

"All You Ever Wanted" is a song by English singer-songwriter Rag'n'Bone Man. It was released as a digital download and for streaming on 29 January 2021. It is the lead single from his second studio album Life by Misadventure. The song was written by Ben Jackson-Cook, Mike Elizondo, Natalie Hemby and Rory Graham.
Background
Talking about the song, he said, "I'd felt sad looking around Brighton and London where I grew up...remembering all those cool places that aren't there anymore." The song was recorded in Tennessee.
Charts
Release history
References
2021 songs
George Henry Thomas

George Henry Thomas (July 31, 1816 - March 28, 1870) was a general in the U.S. Army. He was one of the top Union army generals in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.
Thomas was born in Virginia in 1816. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1840. He fought in the Mexican-American War in an artillery battery. When the Civil War started, he decided to stay in the Union army instead of fighting for Virginia. He became a Brigadier General. He won a victory at the Battle of Mill Springs in Kentucky in 1861.
In 1862, he became a major general and commanded a corps in the Army of the Cumberland. He fought at the Battle of Stones River and the Battle of Chickamauga. He became commander of the Army of the Cumberland during the Chattanooga Campaign in 1863. He continued commanding the army during the Atlanta Campaign. When William T. Sherman started his March to the Sea, Thomas was left behind to defend Tennessee against John Bell Hood. Thomas defeated Hood at the Battle of Nashville in December 1864.
After the war, Thomas stayed with the U.S. army. He died in 1870 in San Francisco.
1816 births
1870 deaths
American Civil War generals
Military people from Virginia
Constant Panis

Constantius Johan Willem "Constant" Panis (1891 - 1972) was a Dutch architect.
Panis is seen as one of the most important architects in the region of Tilburg. Many buildings that he designed became municipal or national monuments.
Panis was the brother Alphons Panis. He was mayor of Berkel-Enschot and Haaren.
Designed buildings that became monuments
References
1891 births
1972 deaths
Dutch architects
Colo-Colo

Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo is a Chilean football club. They play in the Primera Division. They are the top-flight football league in Chile. Their home ground is the Estadio Monumental David Arellano in the commune of Macul, Santiago. They are the most successful football club in their country.
Honours
Domestic
Liga Central de Football / Asociacion de Futbol de Santiago: 4
1925, 1928, 1929, 1930
Primera Division: 30
1937, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997 Clausura, 1998, 2002 Clausura, 2006 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura, 2007 Clausura, 2008 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2014 Clausura
Cups
Copa Chile: 10
1958, 1974, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1996
Continental
Copa Libertadores
Winners (1): 1991
Runner-up (1): 1973
Copa Sudamericana
Runner-up (1): 2006
Copa Interamericana
Winners (1): 1991
Recopa Sudamericana
Winners (1): 1992
International
Intercontinental Cup
Runner-up (1): 1991
Other websites
Official website
Colo Colo in FIFA.com
Supporters' Site
1925 establishments
Chilean football clubs
Santiago de Chile
Peace be upon him (Islam)

alayhi as-salam (AAS) is a phrase Muslims say whenever they refer to the name of any prophet, messenger, and chosen figure of God. "Peace be upon him" is the English-language translation of alayhi as-salam. The phrase is used in Islamic practice to show respect. Muslims say or write the phrase to get Allah's blessings for the prophet/messenger, and in turn, get blessings for themselves. The abbreviations PBUH and AAS are used in writing in the Muslim world in private and sometimes government documents. The Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, says this respect must be given.
See also
Wives of Muhammad
Islamic honorifics
Companions of the Prophet
References
Islamic terminology
St. Marks, Florida

St. Marks is a city of Florida in the United States.
Cities in Florida
Sexual arousal

Sexual arousal is the feeling humans and animals get when they are ready to have sexual intercourse. Someone who can only get sexually aroused after forming an emotional bond with someone is called a demisexual.
Sexual arousal in people
When people become sexually aroused, their bodies change in certain ways.
Animals
Animal sexuality is not very well understood today, but scientists are sure that animals do get sexually aroused without having sexual intercourse. Dolphins and Bonobos both use sex as a "social tool to strengthen and maintain bonds."
Related pages
Aphrodisiac
Human sexuality
Sex
Sexual attraction
Sexual intercourse
Sexual orientation
References
Other websites
Sex: The science of sexual arousal
Reproductive system
Human sexuality
Lockman Hole

The Lockman Hole is an area of the sky which is like a clear window into far distant space.
From our position in the Milky Way galaxy, most directions are partly blocked or obscured by H I clouds of neutral hydrogen. These glow faintly with infrared light and obscure distant views at extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray wavelengths.
The H I clouds interfere with observations at those wavelengths in nearly all other directions. So the Lockman Hole is an attractive area of the sky for observational astronomy surveys. It is near the pointer stars of the Big Dipper in the constellation Ursa Major. is about 15 square degrees in size, and is named after its discoverer, astronomer Jay Lockman.
References
Astronomy
Milky Way
Waukomis, Oklahoma

Waukomis is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Towns in Oklahoma
Pembroke, Kentucky

Pembroke is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Sources
Cities in Kentucky
Christian County, Kentucky
1869 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Kentucky
Racism in Thailand

Racism in Thailand is a system where Thailand's society treats people better or worse depending on their appearance (like skin color, hair, and face) as well as where they are from. Racism is a system that exists around the world, but because every country is different, the system may work differently in different places. Some parts of racism in Thailand are taken from other countries, but other parts are unique.
History
Much of Southeast Asia has a long history of assuming people with darker skin have dark skin because they work outdoors farming and are poor. These assumptions are often wrong, but they are used to justify treating light-skinned people better and dark-skinned people worse. As a result, many people in Thailand have tried to make their skin whiter. Today, major companies like Unilever make a lot of money in Thailand selling products that make skin whiter.
Thailand also has a history of slavery. The Maniq (or Mani) people of Thailand are an indigenous people with dark skin who have been enslaved by monarchs from Malaysia and Thailand. People often refer to them using offensive slurs that mean "slave" in a practice similar to slavery in the United States.
Modern racism
The Black Lives Matter movement caused people to share experiences with racism around the world. One student wrote an article in a major newspaper saying that Thai people who believe there is no racism there are wrong. Another newspaper interviewed a priest who came to Thailand from the United States and was treated badly; the police assumed he was a drug dealer from Africa. Assumptions that black people are from Africa, are violent, and are very involved with drugs has been spread around the world by white people from places like the United States and Europe.
One Thai vlogger, Natthawadee 'Suzie' Waikalo, has frequently discussed how racism impacted her growing up. In September 2020, a model in Thailand was called African and many racial slurs after she won a beauty pageant, because some people did not think her skin was light enough and she supported protests that are happening in the country.
References
Thailand
Thailand
Jocelyne Saab

Jocelyne Saab (30 April 1948 - 7 January 2019) was a journalist and movie director from Beirut, Lebanon.
Saab died on 7 January 2019 from endometrial cancer in Paris, aged 70.
Movies
1975: Portrait d'un mercenaire francais
1975: Lebanon in a Whirlwind
1976: Les Enfants de la guerre
1976: Sud-Liban - Histoire d'un village
1976: Pour quelques vies
1976: Beyrouth, jamais plus
1978: Egypte, la cite des morts
1979: Lettre de Beyrouth
1985: Adolescente, sucre d'amour
1995: Kanya Ya Ma Kan, Beyrouth
2005: Dunia
Awards
Nomination for Grand Prix des Ameriques 2005.
Nomination for the Grand Jury Prize of the Sundance Film Festival 2006
References
Other websites
1948 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from endometrial cancer
Cancer deaths in France
Journalists
Movie directors
People from Beirut
Mark McGwire

Mark David McGwire (born October 1, 1963 in Pomona, California) is a former right-handed First baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Oakland Athletics (1986-1997) and the St. Louis Cardinals (1997-2001). He had a career .263 Batting average, and 583 Home Runs.
Although McGwire has never admitted to or been convicted of any steroid use, many of his accomplishments, particularly his historic home run surge late in his career, have come into question due to his connection to the steroid scandal in Major League Baseball.
Other websites
1963 births
American League All-Stars
American Olympic silver medalists
Baseball players from California
Living people
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
National League All-Stars
Oakland Athletics players
Sportspeople from Pomona, California
St. Louis Cardinals players
Hannu Mikkola

Hannu Olavi Mikkola (24 May 1942 - 26 February 2021) was a Finnish world champion rally driver. He was a seven-time winner of the 1000 Lakes Rally in Finland and won the RAC Rally in Great Britain four times. Mikkola was born in Joensuu, Finland.
Mikkola died on 26 February 2021 in Helsinki, aged 78.
References
1942 births
2021 deaths
Finnish racecar drivers
Gene silencing

Gene silencing is a general term describing epigenetic processes of gene regulation. It is used to describe the "switching off" of a gene by a mechanism other than genetic engineering. That is, a gene which would be expressed ("turned on") under normal circumstances is switched off by machinery in the cell. When a gene is silenced, it means that its RNA is unable to make a protein.
Genes are regulated at either the transcriptional stage, or later, before translation.
Transcriptional gene silencing is done by histone modifications, which put heterochromatin around a gene. This means the transcriptional machinery (RNA polymerase, transcription factors, etc.) cannot get at the gene. Genes may be silenced by DNA methylation. This happens regularly during development, when genes are turned on and off at different stages.
Post-transcriptional gene silencing is done by blocking or destroying the mRNA of a particular gene. The destruction of the mRNA prevents translation to form an active gene product (in most cases, a protein). A common way mRNA gets silenced is by RNAi.
Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing are used to regulate genes. Methods of gene silencing also protect the organism's genome from transposons and viruses. Gene silencing thus may be part of an ancient immune system protecting cells from such infectious DNA and RNA.
Cell biology
Molecular biology
Nationwide

Nationwide Building Society is a British mutual financial institution, the seventh largest cooperative financial institution and the largest building society in the world with over 15 million members. Its headquarters are in Swindon, England.
Nationwide is the result of over a hundred mergers, the most notable of which are its merger with Anglia Building Society in 1987 and Portman Building Society in 2007. It is now the second largest provider of household savings and mortgages in the UK and has a 7.7% market share of current accounts.
For the financial year 2015/2016, Nationwide had assets of around PS208.9 billion compared to PS331 billion for the entire building society sector, making it larger than the remaining 44 British building societies combined.
It is a member of the Building Societies Association, the Council of Mortgage Lenders and Co-operatives UK.
References
Banks of the United Kingdom
Swindon
In My Pocket

"In My Pocket" is a 2001 song by Mandy Moore and is the lead single from her second studio album Mandy Moore. It went to number 11 in Australia and number 26 in New Zealand. It fared poorly in the United States.
Track listings
European CD1
"In My Pocket" (album version) - 3:38
"In My Pocket" (Brandnew radio mix) - 3:28
European CD2
"In My Pocket" (album version) - 3:38
"In My Pocket" (Brandnew radio mix) - 3:28
"In My Pocket" (Hex Hector main 7-inch mix) - 3:21
"In My Pocket" (Thunderpuss club mix--vox up) - 9:53
"In My Pocket" (video version)
Australian CD single
"In My Pocket" (album version) - 3:38
"I Wanna Be with You" (live on MTV) - 3:28
"In My Pocket" (Hex Hector main 7-inch mix) - 3:21
"In My Pocket" (Thunderpuss club mix--vox up) - 9:53
References
2001 songs
Mandy Moore songs
Arthonnay

Arthonnay is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Yonne
Osteocephalus vilarsi

Osteocephalus mimeticus is a frog in the family Hylidae. It lives in the state of Amazonas in Brazil and the state of Amazonas in Venezuela. Scientists think it might also live in Colombia. This frog lives in forests with white sand in the ground.
Appearance
The adult male frog is 47.5 - 58.4 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 54.6 - 65.3 m long. Adult male frogs have many large bumps on their skin and adult female frogs have small bumps. The adult frog is light brown, yellow-brown, or red-brown on the back. Some of them have dark brown or black marks. There is a dark stripe between the eyes. There is a dark line by each side of the jaw. The sides of the body are yellow-white and might have brown spots or marks. The inner parts of the hind legs are light brown. The belly is whitish in color. The lower sides of the legs are pink or orange in color.
Young frogs are gray in color with darker gray marks. There is a gray stripe between the eyes.
The tadpoles are 33.0 - 34.5 mm long from nose to the end of the tail.
Threats
There are fewer of this frog than there were. This is because human beings change the places where it lives. Humans cut down trees to use the wood and to make farms. Because this frog only lives in forests with white sand, this is a larger problem than it is for other frogs.
First paper
References
Frogs of South America
Geometry Dash

Geometry Dash is a rhythm-based platform game developed and published by RobTop Games. It started being sold for two dollars on August 13, 2013. It is a 2D platform game that involves dodging geometric obstacles (spikes, walls, and creatures) in a series of levels that you can complete. You can also create your own levels in the editor, and play levels made by other people. To finish levels, you have to get through the whole level without dying. You can collect items such as coins, stars, orbs, and diamonds. There are different vehicles in the game.
Gameplay
The player uses the keyboard, touch screen, controller, or mouse (depending on what device they are using) to jump over obstacles in each level. The primary goal of each level is to complete the level without dying. If the character dies you are sent back to the beginning of the level. There are other goals such as collecting currencies such as coins, stars, orbs, or diamonds.
There are 21 main levels. 3 of them are demon levels which can be unlocked by collecting coins hidden throughout the levels. As of January 2023, there are 88 million levels made by other people.
Currency in Geometry Dash can range from being easy to hard to collect. Ways to collect currency are by completing quests for diamonds and completing map packs for secret coins and stars. Beating popular levels will give you orbs and will unlock user coin achievements if you collect the user coins.
Icons are a way of customizing your character. You can get icons by completing quests, achievements, and cracking vaults.
There are 3 different vaults in Geometry Dash. The original Vault requires 10 user coins, The Vault of Secrets requires 50 diamonds, and the Chamber of Time requires the Master Emblem. (sold in Scratch's Shop that requires 500 diamonds) Just like the Icon section, you can unlock different icons by secret codes in the vault.
The level editor uses different blocks, spikes, and decorations for you to add and create to your very own level. The level editor also allows you to do different things for a level. Background color changing, invisibility, movement triggers, and different variety of changes to your level creation. Update 2.1 added multiple different things to the level editor. Including dash orbs, the new spider vehicle, and a new orb, a push-down orb that is black.
Spinoffs
RobTop released a number of spinoffs for the game, the first being Geometry Dash Lite, a demo version of the game without a level editor or many of the game's levels and icons. He then released Geometry Dash Meltdown, a teaser for GD 2.0 in 2015, Geometry Dash World, a teaser for 2.1 in 2016, and finally, Geometry Dash SubZero, a teaser for 2.2 in 2017.
References
Other websites
2013 video games
IOS games
Android (operating system) games
Windows games
MacOS games
Platform games