pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Litoria mareku

Mareku's tree frog (Litoria mareku) is a frog from Indonesia. Scientists saw it in the Wondiwoi Mountains in Papua Province.
Appearance
The scientists who wrote the first paper about this frog caught two adult male frogs. These frogs were 25.5 and 26.5 mm long in from nose to rear end with smooth skin. This frog is green and gray in color with a black mark in front of both eyes and a black band across its body. Its belly, chest, and throat are light in color, with yellow color on the sides of its body. The insides of its hind legs are blue. There are spots on the sides of its throat and body.
Home
This frog lives in the Wandammen Peninsula in primary rainforest. The scientist team found the two frogs in their paper on small woody plants. The plants were not far from a stream and not far from a swamp. But the scientists did not know whether it was the stream or the swamp that the frogs liked.
Taxonomy
Scientists say this frog is related to Litoria mucro, Litoria nigromaculata and Litoria nigropunctata.
Name
Scientists named the frogs after the man who caught them: Genus Mareku. He is from Yeretuar village. He was a guide. He led the scientists through the Wondiwoi Mountains.
References
Frogs of Asia
Newbury, Berkshire

Newbury is a small historical market town in Berkshire, England, with many buildings from the 16th century, the world famous Newbury racecourse, and the Lambourn horse training stables.
Newbury is home to many kinds of people from different cultures. It is easy to get there from the M4 motorway and has airport and train links.
References
Towns in Berkshire
Happy Asmara

Heppy Rismanda Hendranata (born July 10, 1999), known professionally as Happy Asmara, is an Indonesian singer-songwriter, actress, presenter, commercial TV model, and businesswoman. Her name is known thanks to the singles "Tak Ikhlasno" and "Dalan Liyane" which managed to gain popularity.
Discography
Album
Samudra Record Live (2019)
Pingin Sayang (2020)
Happy Asmara Terbaik (2020)
Bikin Happy (2022)
Single
"Salah" (2019)
"Tak Ikhlasno" (2019)
"Balik Kanan Wae" (2019)
"Ojo Geton" (2019)
"Kebal Kelaran" (2020)
"Sampun Lilo" (2020)
"Bahagiamu" (2020)
"Iri Bilang Boss" (2020)
"Wes Tatas" (2020)
"Purik" (2020)
"Ojo Dadi Pecundang" (2021)
"Tak Warahi Carane" (2021)
"Siji Wektu" (2021)
"Cukup" (2022)
"Tanpo Aku (Sing Ati-Ati)" (2022)
"Suwun Lorone" (2022)
Filmography
Film
Web series
Model Video clip
Tegar Soekamthos - "Aku Rapopo" (2020)
Denny Caknan - "Helleh" (2022)
References
Other websites
1999 births
Living people
Indonesian singers
Archosaur

Archosaurs are a large group of reptiles, including all crocodiles, birds, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs (flying reptiles). There are also a number of smaller extinct groups, mostly from the Triassic period.
The Archosaurs are definitely a monophyletic clade, and do not include reptiles such as the Squamata (lizards and snakes) and the Sphenodontia (Sphenodon).
They have these diagnostic features, called synapomorphies in cladistics talk:
Teeth set in sockets, which makes them less likely to be torn loose during feeding. Some archosaurs, such as birds, are secondarily toothless.
Openings in the skull in front of the eyes, but behind the nostrils. The openings reduce the weight of the skull.
Small openings in the jaw bones reduce the weight of the jaw slightly.
Legs held under the body rather than sprawled, or may be held under the body. This improves both breathing and movement.
A special ridge for attaching muscles to the femur. This detail may have made it possible for dinosaurs to stand on two legs. All early dinosaurs and many later ones were bipedal. Obviously birds are bipedal; only the large herbivore dinosaurs went back to walking on four legs.
The archosaurs or their immediate ancestors survived the catastrophic Permian-Triassic extinction event. Benton comments: "The key tetrapods to benefit from the Permo-Triassic mass extinction was the Archosauromorpha". Then, in the early and middle Triassic, there was rapid evolution into the types of aquatic and land tetrapods which dominated the rest of the Mesozoic era.
Archosaur classification
Clades:
Avemetatarsalia
+Pterosauria
Dinosauria
Crurotarsi or Pseudosuchia: The crocodile line of crown-group Archosauria
+Phytosauria: semi-aquatic long-snouted types
+Aetosauria: quadrupedal armoured herbivores
+Ornithosuchidae: look rather like dinosaurs
Crocodylomorpha (Crocodilia and their ancestors)
+Rauisuchia ? uncertain group, includes some large-bodied quadrupedal predators
Archosauromorpha
This is an even wider group, which includes diapsid Sauropsida which appeared in the middle Permian and Triassic periods. Their relationships are not well established at present.
Further reading
Benton M.J. 2015. Vertebrate paleontology. 4th ed, Blackwell, Oxford: Evolution of the Archosauromorphs, p154.
Carroll R.L. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. Freeman N.Y.
References
Cable-stayed bridge

A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge that has one or more columns (called towers or pylons), with cables directly supporting the bridge deck.
There are two main types of cable-stayed bridges. In the harp design, the cables are nearly parallel. This is done by attaching them to various points on the tower(s). The height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).
Compared to other bridge types, the cable-stayed is best for longer spans than used for cantilever bridges, and shorter than those needing a suspension bridge. Cantilever spans become too heavy if they were made longer. A cable-stay bridge is cheaper to build than a suspension bridge over a short distance.
Bridge types
National Front (UK)

The National Front is a United Kingdom far-right, fascist political party. It is a minor party, and it has never had its representatives elected to the British or European Parliaments.
Political parties in the United Kingdom
Vira Silenti

Vira Silenti (Elvira Giovene; 16 April 1931 - 1 November 2014) was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in I Vitelloni, The Story of Joseph and his Brethren, and in Atlas Against the Cyclops. Silenti was born in Naples, Italy.
Silenti was hit by a car on 31 October 2014 in Rome, Italy. She died the next day from her injuries at the age of 83.
References
Other websites
1931 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Campania
Italian movie actors
Actors from Naples
Road accident deaths
I'd Die to Be with You Tonight

"I'd Die to Be with You Tonight" is a 1985 song by Australian singer Jimmy Barnes. It is the leading single from his second studio album For the Working Class Man. It went to number 7 in Australia and number 16 in New Zealand.
Track listing
7" Single (K-9819)
Side A "I'd Die to Be with You Tonight" - 3:54
Side B "Vision" - 3:08
12" /Maxi (X 14248)
Side A "I'd Die to Be with You Tonight" (Extended)
Side B1 "Resurrection Shuffle"
Side B2 "Vision" - 3:08
References
1985 songs
Jimmy Barnes songs
Yumkhaibam

Yumkhaibam is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
References
Meitei surnames
South Western Railway (train operating company)

South Western Railway (SWR) is an English train operating company owned by FirstGroup (70%) and MTR Corporation (30%) that operates the South Western franchise. It operates commuter services from its Central London terminus at London Waterloo to South West London. SWR provides suburban and regional services in the counties of Surrey, Hampshire and Dorset, as well as regional services in Devon, Somerset, Berkshire and Wiltshire. Its subsidiary Island Line operates services on the Isle of Wight.
References
First Group railway companies
Parabuthus granulatus

Parabuthus granulatus, better known as the granulated thick-tailed scorpion, is a large species of scorpion from the drier parts of southern Africa. It can measure up to 11.5 cm, and is dark yellow to brown in colour. It has a small vesicle, but is one of the more venomous scorpion species of the region. Of all scorpion species, it causes most of the serious cases of poisoning from the animal in South Africa, and a few people die each year from their sting.
References
Animals of Africa
Arachnids
Vinzel

Vinzel is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Vaud
Süper Lig

Super Lig is a football league which is top division in Turkey.
League name
1957-1959 : Turkish Federation Cup
1959-2001 : First League
2001-present : Super Lig
Club 2010/11
Besiktas
Sivasspor
Trabzonspor
Fenerbahce
Galatasaray
Bursaspor
Kayserispor
Gaziantepspor
Istanbul
Konyaspor
Eskisehirspor
Antalyaspor
Ankaragucu
Genclerbirligi
Kardemir Karabukspor
Manisaspor
Bucaspor
Kasimpasa
Champions
Former champions
References
Football leagues in Europe
Tilly and the Wall

Tilly and the Wall is an indie pop group from Omaha, Nebraska. Their name came from a children's book called Tillie and the Wall, written by Leo Lionni. They are noted for having a tap dancer, Jamie Pressnall, instead of a drummer.
Band members
Jamie Pressnall - tap dancer
Derek Pressnall - vocals, guitar
Neely Jenkins - vocals, shakers, bells, bass
Nick White - keyboard
Kianna Alarid - vocals, shakers, tambourine, recorder, bass
Discography
Albums
Wild Like Children (2004 * Team Love Records) - CD/LP
Bottoms of Barrels (2006 * Team Love Records) - CD/LP
O (2008 * Team Love Records) - CD/LP
Heavy Mood (2012) * Team Love Records) - CD/LP
Singles & EPs
"Nights of the Living Dead" on the compilation Ben Eberbaugh: A Rockin' Tribute (2003 * Die Slaughterhaus Records) - CD
Woo! (2003 * self-released) - EP
Tilly and the Wall (2003 * Rue Royale Records) - 7"
"You and I Misbehaving" (2005 * Trash Aesthetics) - 7"
"Reckless" (2006 * Trash Aesthetics) - 7"
"Bad Education" (2006 * Team Love Records) - 7"
"The Freest Man" (2007 w/ The Freest Man (CSS Remix) * Moshi Moshi Records) - 7"
"Beat Control" (2008) - w/ "Cacophony" - 7"/Digital Download - UK No. 77
"Pot Kettle Black (2009) w/ "Save Me Now" - Moshi Moshi Records - 7"/Digital Download
"That Remix Sucks (2009) - Team Love Records
"Falling Without Knowing" (2009) - Moshi Moshi Records
Other websites
Tilly and the Wall official website
Tilly and the Wall on MySpace
Team Love Records
Team Love Records: Tilly and the Wall
Moshi Moshi Records
Moshi Moshi Records: Tilly and the Wall
Allmusic entry for Tilly and the Wall
Omaha City Weekly article about Tilly's residency at the Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts
Live Photos
Las Vegas Mercury: Tap Dance Fever article 08-05-04
Review of their latest release, Bottoms of Barrels, and sample song
Bottoms of Barrels Review on UpBeetMusic.com
American pop music groups
Musical groups from Nebraska
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Nebraska
Keith Carradine

Keith Ian Carradine (born August 8, 1949) is an American movie and television actor and singer. He is known for his roles as Tom Frank in Robert Altman's Nashville, Wild Bill Hickok in the HBO series Deadwood and FBI agent Frank Lundy in Dexter.
In 1976, Carradine won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for I'm Easy. That song was in the movie Nashville.
References
Other websites
Official site Mindgame
BroadwayWorld.com interview with Keith Carradine, October 16, 2008
1949 births
Living people
Actors from San Mateo County, California
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Singers from California
People from San Mateo, California
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Yeager, Oklahoma

Yeager is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Towns in Oklahoma
Vector space

A vector space is a collection of mathematical objects called vectors, along with some operations you can do on them. Two operations are defined in a vector space: addition of two vectors and multiplication of a vector with a scalar. These operations can change the size of a vector and the direction it points to. The most important thing to understand is that after you do the addition or multiplication, the result is still in the vector space; you have not changed the vector in a way that makes it not a vector anymore. A vector space is often represented using symbols such as , and .
More formally, a vector space is a special combination of a group and a field. The elements of the group are called vectors, and the elements of the field are called scalars. Vector spaces are important in an area of mathematics called linear algebra, an area which deals with linear functions (functions of straight lines, not curves).
A vector can be represented graphically with an arrow that has a tail and a head. To add two vectors, you place the end of one vector at the head of the other one (see figure). The sum is the vector that goes from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second.
Scalar multiplication means that one vector is made bigger or smaller (it is "scaled"). Scalars are just numbers: if you multiply a vector by 2, you make it twice as long. If you multiply it by 1/2, you make it half as long.
The "vectors" don't have to be vectors in the sense of things that have magnitude and direction. For example, they could be functions, matrices or simply numbers. If they obey the axioms of a vector space (a list of properties a vector space needs to satisfy), you can think of them as vectors and the theorems of linear algebra will still apply to them.
There are some combinations of vectors that are special. A minimum set of vectors that--through some combination of addition and multiplication--can reach any point in the vector space is called a basis (of that vector space). It is true that every vector space has a basis. It is also true that all bases of any one vector space have the same number of vectors in them. This is called the dimension theorem. We can then define the dimension of a vector space to be the size of its basis.
Related pages
Abstract algebra
Dimension
Linear independence
Unit vector
Vector subspace
References
Linear algebra
Vectors
Electoral district of East Hills

East Hills is an electoral district of New South Wales. It was created in 1953.
East Hills is in Southern Sydney.
Election results
References
East Hills
Marquinhos Paraná

Antonio Marcos da Silva Filho (born 20 July 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Cruzeiro.
Club career statistics
|-
|2003||Marilia||Serie B||9||1||||||||||9||1
|-
|2004||Avai||Serie B||25||2||||||||||25||2
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Figueirense||rowspan="2"|Serie A||39||2||||||||||39||2
|-
|2006||37||2||||||||||37||2
|-
|2007||Jubilo Iwata||J. League 1||28||2||1||0||5||0||34||2
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="3"|Serie A||34||0||||||||||34||0
|-
|2009||||||||||||||||
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
135||7||||||||||135||7
28||2||1||0||5||0||34||2
163||9||1||0||5||0||169||9
|}
References
1977 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Recife
Nectanebo II

Nectanebo II ruled in 360-342 BC. He was the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt, and the last native ruler of ancient Egypt.
Under Nectanebo II, Egypt prospered. During his reign, the Egyptian artists developed a style on the reliefs of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Nectanebo II started the enormous Egyptian temple of Isis (the Iseum).
For several years, Nectanebo II was successful in keeping Egypt safe from the Achaemenid Empire. However, he was betrayed by a former servant, Mentor of Rhodes. Nectanebo II was finally defeated by combined Persian and Greek forces in the Battle of Pelusium (343 BC). The Persians occupied Memphis and then seized the rest of Egypt. They took the country into the Achaemenid Empire under Artaxerxes III. Nectanebo fled south and was influential for some time; his final fate is unknown.
References
1st millennium BC pharaohs
Communes of the Gard department

This is a list of the 353 communes of the Gard departement, in France.
(CAN) Communaute d'agglomeration Nimes Metropole, created in 2002.
(CAC) Communaute d'agglomeration du Grand Ales en Cevennes, created in 2000.
(CAA) Communaute d'agglomeration du Grand Avignon, created in 2001, most of which is located in the Vaucluse departement.
Gard
Centuripe

Centuripe is a city in southern Italy. Centuripe is in the Sicily Region. It is about northeast of Enna. About 5,300 people live there.
Twin towns
Lanuvio, Italy
Cities in Sicily
Steven Pienaar

Steven Pienaar (born 17 March 1982) is a South African football player. He played for Everton and South Africa national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Ajax Cape Town||rowspan="2"|Premier League||13||5
|-
|2000/01||11||1
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Ajax||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||8||1
|-
|2002/03||31||5
|-
|2003/04||16||3
|-
|2004/05||24||4
|-
|2005/06||15||2
|-
|2006/07||Borussia Dortmund||Bundesliga||25||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Everton||rowspan="3"|Premier League||28||2
|-
|2008/09||27||2
|-
|2009/10||||
24||6
94||15
25||0
55||4
198||25
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||6||1
|-
|2005||8||1
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
|2009||11||0
|-
!Total||46||2
|}
References
1982 births
Living people
South African soccer players
Sportspeople from Johannesburg
2013 Australian federal election

The 2013 Australian federal election to elect the members of the 44th Parliament of Australia took place on 7 September 2013. The centre-right Liberal/National Coalition opposition led by Opposition leader Tony Abbott of the Liberal Party of Australia and Coalition partner the National Party of Australia, led by Warren Truss, beat the incumbent centre-left Labor Party government of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.
The 44th Parliament of Australia opened on 12 November 2013, with the members of the House of Representatives and territory senators sworn in. The state senators were sworn in by the next Governor-General Peter Cosgrove on 7 July 2014, with their six-year terms commencing on 1 July.
References
2013 elections
2010s in Australia
Elections in Australia
Remolinos

Remolinos is a municipality found in the province of Zaragoza in the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain.
Municipalities in Aragon
Zero Mostel

Samuel Joel "Zero" Mostel (February 28, 1915 - September 8, 1977) was an American actor, singer and comedian. He was best known for his roles as Tevye on stage in Fiddler on the Roof, Pseudolus on stage and on screen in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, and Max Bialystock in the original movie version of Mel Brooks' The Producers (1967).
Mostel later starred in the Hollywood Blacklist drama movie The Front (1976) alongside Woody Allen, for which Mostel was nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Mostel was an Obie Award and three-time Tony Award winner.
References
1915 births
1977 deaths
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Singers from New York City
Comedians from New York City
The History of Rock and Roll

The History of Rock & Roll was a radio documentary on rock and roll music. It was first broadcast in 1969. The 1969 version was 48 hours long. The 1978 version was 52 hours long. The History of Rock & Roll told the story of Rock and Roll music from the early 1950s to its day. Producers Bill Drake and Gene Chenault called this a "rockumentary". The show interviewed many musicians.
Los Angeles radio station KHJ first broadcast this show on February 21-23, 1969. In the fall of 1969 many other stations broadcast this documentary.
Other websites
History of Rock and Roll Demo
Audio opening
Los Angeles Radio People, D
Notes
Radio programs
Documentaries
Rock music
American music history
Sue Ane Langdon

Sue Ane Langdon (previously Sue Lookhoff; born 8 March 1936) is a retired American actress.
Career
She began her career with singing and theatre. On the television series Perry Mason, she played Rowena Leach. She also acted in lots of movies. Her character was Opal Ann in the 1970 movie The Cheyenne Social Club.
Langdon was born in Paterson, New Jersey.
References
Other websites
Sue Ane Langdon photos
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
1936 births
Living people
The Chainsmokers

The Chainsmokers are an American pop and electronic dance music duo. They are made up of Andrew "Drew" Taggart and Alexander "Alex" Pall. The Chainsmokers are from New York City.
The duo released their first extended play, Bouquet, in October 2015. Their song, "Roses", reached the Top 10 on Billboard Hot 100. In 2016, "Closer", with vocals from Halsey, became their first #1 single on the Hot 100 chart.
The duo have been one of the most successful EDM groups, being ranked as the third most popular group of the 2010s behind Imagine Dragons and One Direction.
Albums
Memories...Do Not Open (2017)
Sick Boy (2018)
World War Joy (2019)
So Far So Good (2022)
References
Musical groups from New York City
American pop music groups
Dance music groups
St. Stephan's Cathedral, Passau

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna is also called Stephansdom
St. Stephan's Cathedral is a baroque Cathedral. It was finished in 1688 in Passau, Germany. It is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Passau and the main church of his diocese.
Religious buildings and structures in Bavaria
Cathedrals in Germany
Roman Catholic cathedrals
17th-century buildings and structures
Rockingham, North Carolina

Rockingham is a city in Richmond County, North Carolina, United States named after the Marquess of Rockingham. The population was 9,558 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Richmond County.
References
Cities in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
Eastern White Pine

The eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), also known as the white pine, Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine, is a large pine native to eastern North America, occurring from Newfoundland west to Minnesota and southeastern Manitoba, and south along the Appalachian Mountains to the extreme south of Georgia.
It's the state tree of Maine and Michigan.
Conifers
Plants of North America
The Aka-Champion

The Aka-Champion (JP: THE Chi chiyanpion~ COME ON BABY~ /KO: keomon beibi) is a Party game, developed by Expotato and published by D3Publisher, which was released in Japan in December 29, 2005. In Korea published by Sony Computer Entertainment, which was release on June 30, 2006.
Gameplay
The Aka-Champion is a party with mini-game elements.
Trivia
Original names: THE Chi chiyanpion~ COME ON BABY~ (SLPS-20455), keomon beibi (SCKA-10006)
Also known as The Aka-Champion
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Party video games
2005 video games
2006 video games
Japan exclusive video games
Masonville, Iowa

Masonville is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Delaware County.
Notable natives
Robert Gallery - NFL player
Cities in Iowa
Smithville, Mississippi

Smithville is a town in Monroe County, Mississippi, United States.
Towns in Mississippi
Wayne Dyer

Wayne Walter Dyer (May 10, 1940 - August 30, 2015) was an American self-help author and motivational speaker. His first book Your Erroneous Zones (1976) is one of the best-selling books of all time, with an estimated 35 million copies sold.
Other websites
The Official Dr. Wayne Dyer Website
Wayne Dyer On Hayhouse Radio
1940 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Writers from Hawaii
Businesspeople from Hawaii
Businesspeople from Detroit
People from Maui
Writers from Detroit
James F. Merton

James F. Merton (born 1843) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition in 1871. Landsman Merton was severely wounded during the seizure of the forts.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Landsman, U.S. Navy. Birth: England. G.O. No.: 180, October 10, 1872.
Citation:
Landsman and member of Company D during the capture of the Korean forts, 9 and 10 June 1871, Merton was severely wounded in the arm while trying to force his way into the fort.
Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients
References
Other websites
1843 births
Year of death unknown
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Kari Byron

Kari Elizabeth Byron (born December 18, 1974) is an American television host. She is best known as a presenter for the Discovery Channel show MythBusters and Netflix's White Rabbit Project. She has also appeared in Head Rush and Crash Test World. She was born in Santa Clara County, California.
References
Other websites
1974 births
Living people
Television personalities from California
Fools of Fate

Fools of Fate is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars James Kirkwood, Marion Leonard, and Frank Powell.
Actors
James Kirkwood as Ben Webster
Marion Leonard as Fanny Webster
Frank Powell as Ed Hilton
Henry B. Walthall
References
Other websites
American movies
1909 movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Adopted on March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution granted African-American men the right to vote. It was one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
Text
Background
Nowhere in the original Constitution or the Bill of Rights were Americans given the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American men the right to vote. But not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens.
The reasons behind the omissions of voting rights in the Bill of Rights and Constitution is that including them would have been too controversial at the time. Each state had different rules for who could vote. Some allowed free blacks the right to vote. Others allowed women the right to vote. A few states required ownership of property in order to vote.
In the Election of 1868, Republican Party candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, won the presidency by only a narrow majority of the popular vote. He received support from free black voters in the South. Without that support, he probably would have lost the election. At the time blacks could not vote in the Northern states. The Republican party needed help to stay in power and thought that black votes would help. At the time Republicans controlled both the Senate and House. The proposed amendment was passed by Congress in 1869 and sent to the states for ratification. It was quickly ratified by three-quarters of the states in early 1870. Part of the reason why is that Republicans also controlled the state governments in the South. Southern Democrats were not able to block the measure.
Results
After passage, the Fifteenth Amendment did not have much of any impact on black voting in the South for nearly a century. Southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses to prevent blacks from voting. Congress and the Supreme Court repeatedly struck down voting restrictions. For example, in a landmark decision in Smith v. Allwright (1944), The Court decision made it unconstitutional to keep African-Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which stated that all Americans had the right to vote, including African-Americans. But overcoming these problems on a case-by-case basis was proving to be unsuccessful. As soon as one form of discrimination was stopped, a new one appeared in its place. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, removed further barriers to minorities voting. It was amended five times by Congress to extend its protections as needed.
Notes
References
Other websites
Impact of the 13th, 14th & 15th amendment
U.S. Constitution's Fifteenth Amendment: Removing Race Qualifications for Voting
15
Voting in the United States
The Rev

James "Jimmy" Owen Sullivan (February 9, 1981 - December 28, 2009), also known by his stage name The Rev, was an American musician best known as a co-founder and drummer of heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold.
Sullivan was also the lead vocalist and pianist in the side-project Pinkly Smooth along with Synyster Gates.
He was born in Huntington Beach, California and started playing the drums when he was 10 years old. Before he joined Avenged Sevenfold, he was a member of the third wave ska band Suburban Legends. The last album that Sullivan was featured on was Nightmare which was released on July 27, 2010.
On the morning of December 28, 2009, Sullivan was found dead in his Huntington Beach home. Toxicology results later revealed that his death was from an overdose of Oxycodone, oxymorphone, diazepam, nordiazepam and alcohol. The coroner also said that an enlarged heart may have played a role in his death.
References
American drummers
American heavy metal musicians
Drug-related deaths
Musicians from California
1981 births
2009 deaths
Huntington Beach, California
Jenůfa

Jenufa is a three-act opera of realism with words and music by Leos Janacek. It is based on the play Jeji pastorkyna by Gabriela Preissova. The opera was first performed in 21 January 1904 in Brno, (now in the Czech Republic). It was a great success when it was performed in Prague in 1916. The opera is about the murder of a baby (this is called infanticide).
1900s operas
Compositions by Leos Janacek
1904 works
Thorrenc

Thorrenc is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
Communes in Ardeche
JW-Jones

JW-Jones (born July 15, 1980 in Ottawa) is a Canadian blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. Jones was the first artist signed to the NorthernBlues Music label in Toronto. He released his first six recordings with the label. He still records for CrossCut Records in Europe, and has previously worked with Ruf Records in United States. In the last decade, he has released seven albums and played in 19 countries, four continents. He continues to tour extensively. Jones lives who lives in Ottawa, Ontario. He has performed at blues festivals, theatres and clubs in Canada, the United States, Europe, Russia, Australia, and Brazil.
Jones' third album with his band, My Kind Of Evil (2004), was produced by Kim Wilson (singer for The Fabulous Thunderbirds). It includes vocals from Colin James on two tracks, and Roxanne Potvin on one. Songs from the album have been played on House of Blues Radio Hour. Music reviewer Brad Wheeler from Canada's Globe and Mail newspaper praised the "graceful ability he (Jones) shows on guitar" in the album. Wheeler stated that "...the Ottawa player makes retro moves, layering swinging blues with keyboards and very noticeable horns that never dominate the fine-lined fills and lead work." The Allmusic review of My Kind of Evil, by Chris Nickson, states that "He's very good on covers, such as "I Don't Know", but his own songs -- the vast majority of this disc -- have plenty of life."
In May 2009, Jones' song "Parasomnia" appeared on a Guitar World featured CD, Guitar Masters Vol. 2. Other artists on the CD were B. B. King, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck, and Carlos Santana. The Globe and Mail referred to Jones as "one of this country's top blues guitar stars". The Blues Revue Magazine stated that Jones' guitar playing is like T-Bone Walker's guitar playing. The review said that JW-Jones plays solo melodies like Johnny "Guitar" Watson, and that his guitar playing is like Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. Billboard called Jones part of "a new wave of young talent moving onto Canada's blues stage."
References
1980 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Canadian singer-songwriters
Blues guitarists
Musicians from Ontario
People from Ottawa
Tony Shalhoub

Anthony Marcus "Tony" Shalhoub (born October 9, 1953) is an American movie, stage, television, and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Adrian Monk in Monk, Alexander Minion in the first three Spy Kids movies, and as Luigi in Cars and in Cars 2. Shalhoub has also appeared in plays on stage.
Biography
He was born in Green Bay, Wisconsin on October 9, 1953. Shalhoub is married to Brooke Adams since 1992 and they have three children.
References
Other websites
1953 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Actors from Wisconsin
People from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Personal grooming

Personal grooming, also called titivating and preening, is the art of cleaning and grooming parts of the body.
In humans
Grooming in humans is usually done in the bathroom, for the hair. Things such as washing and cleaning the hair, combing it and taking out the tangles, and styling. It can also include shaving, done by a man to cut his beard short. However, sometimes the beard can be groomed as well, and washed and grown.
In animals
Animals usually clean their fur, feathers or other skin coverings. This is also a form of hygiene. Taking out other objects such as insects, leaves, dirt or twigs, are all forms of grooming. Among animals, birds spend a lot of time preening their feathers. They do this to remove ectoparasites, keep them in good condition, and waterproof them. Felidae cats are well known for their grooming, which they usually do by licking themselves. One of the reasons this is done is to remove all the scent on them so that they will not attract any predators. Cats groom so much that they often produce hairballs from the fur they accidentally swallow.
Mutual grooming
In humans, mutual grooming is done to become more close to each other emotionally.
Gallery
Related pages
References
Hygiene
Ethology
East Slavs

East Slavs are part of the Slavic people.
The most of them are in three countries: in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. East Slavs' national languages are languages from the East Slavic languages group.
Slavic peoples
The Young Fritz

The Young Fritz () is a 1943 Soviet movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. The movie is based on a short satiric poem by Samuil Marshak. It stars Mikhail Zharov, Maksim Shtraukh, and Mikhail Astangov.
Actors
Mikhail Zharov - Fritz
Maksim Shtraukh - Examining professor
Mikhail Astangov - Teacher
Vsevolod Pudovkin - Officer
Yanina Zhejmo
Mikhail Vysotsky - Father
Lydia Atmanaki - Mother
References
Other websites
1943 movies
Soviet movies
Movies directed by Grigori Kozintsev
Movies directed by Leonid Trauberg
Saint-Sylvestre-Cappel

Saint-Sylvestre-Cappel is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,160 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Joakim Nilsson (footballer, born 1994)

Jorgen Joakim Nilsson (born 6 February 1994) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for German club Arminia Bielefeld and the Sweden national team.
Career statistics
International
References
Other websites
1994 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Swedish footballers
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Ralph Kiner

Ralph McPherran Kiner (October 27, 1922 - February 6, 2014) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) player and was an announcer for the New York Mets since the team's beginning. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1975. Kiner played for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1946 through 1953. Then he played for the Chicago Cubs from 1953 through 1954. Then he played for the Cleveland Indians for a few months in 1955.
Kiner was born on October 27, 1922 in Santa Rita, New Mexico. He was raised in Alhambra, California and was of Dutch, Scottish, and Irish ancestry.
Kiner died on February 6, 2014, aged 91, in Rancho Mirage, California.
References
Other websites
Ralph Kiner official site (CMG Worldwide)
Famous Kiner quotes (Baseball Almanac)
Statistics at Rotowire
1922 births
2014 deaths
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Chicago Cubs players
Cleveland Indians players
Sportspeople from New Mexico
Baseball players from California
National League All-Stars
Namur (city)

Namur (, ) is a municipality in Belgium. It is the capital of both Namur Province and of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium. It is in the French-speaking part of Belgium.
In 2012, there were 112'246 people in Namur.
Namur is at 50deg 27 North, 04deg 51 East.
References
José Carreras

Josep Carreras i Coll (born 5 December 1946 in Barcelona, Spain), better known as Jose Carreras, is a tenor opera singer.
He was born in Sants, which is in neighborhood of Barcelona, Catalonia. His family moved to Argentina when he was very young. He started singing at the age of 6, and his first public performance happened when he was 8 years old.
Many years later, when he was in Paris, it turned out that he has leukemia. The long-term medications where successful and he survived from the disease. He established Jose Carreras International Leukaemia Foundation in Barcelona on July 14, 1988.
Carreras has received many awards both because of his musical and humanitarian work.
Related pages
Luciano Pavarotti
Placido Domingo
Andrea Bocelli
References
1946 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Spanish opera singers
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Musicians from Barcelona
Spanish singers
Tenors
New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district

New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. Democrat Ann McLane Kuster is the representative since elected in 2012. It contains the cities of Nashua and Concord.
References
02
Siege of Lisbon

The siege of Lisbon was a battle in the city of Lisbon. Portugal. The seige to place from 1 July to 25 October 1147. Portugal retook the city and removed the Moors who controlled it. The siege of Lisbon was one of the Christian victories of the Second Crusade.
References
History of Portugal
Battles of the Middle Ages
1147
Lisbon
Jim'll Fix It

Jim'll Fix It was a long-running British television show. It was broadcast by the BBC between 1975 and 1994. In 2007 it was shown on UKTVGold. It was presented by the late Jimmy Savile. It was produced by Roger Ordish, who also worked on other BBC shows, including A Bit of Fry & Laurie. When Saville was knighted, the book for the 1991 series of the comedy sketch show had a statement that in future Jim'll Fix It would be known as: Sir James will bring his influence to bear in arranging matters to your satisfaction.
References
1975 television series debuts
1970s British television series debuts
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
BBC Television programmes
English-language television programs
British Rail Class 141

The British Rail Class 141 was the first production model of the Pacer diesel multiple units.
They were created because then British Rail had a large shortage of trains so rather than spending lots of money on expensive proper trains, they invented the Pacer. British Leyland at the time had a surplus in the production of bus bodies so the idea was to weld the bus body from an old bus on to a freight waggon chassis. The result of this was that pacers have notoriously poor suspension and are noisier around corners due to flanging (the squeaky noise that you'll sometimes hear when travelling by train). This makes them non-ideal passenger trains so they are now being replaced (or have been replaced in the case of the class 141) by new trains.
References
141
Killing Reagan (movie)

Killing Reagan is a 2016 American television drama movie. It was directed by Rod Lurie. It was written by Eric Simonson. It was produced by Ridley Scott. It is based on the 2015 book of the same name by Bill O'Reilly and Martin Dugard. The movie stars Tim Matheson, Cynthia Nixon, Joe Chrest, Geoff Pierson, Joel Murray, Jeff Harlan, Patrick St. Esprit, Kyle S. More and Michael H. Cole. The movie is about the months before and after the assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan.
The movie premiered on October 16, 2016, on the National Geographic Channel.
Killing Reagan received three Critics' Choice Television Award nominations in its seventh annual awards.
References
Other websites
2016 drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies about Ronald Reagan
American television movies
American drama movies
Political movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies about assassinations
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
ProtonMail

Proton Mail is an email service founded in 2013. Proton Mail can encrypt users' emails, making them impossible to read to anyone without an encryption password. Proton Mail exists partly in response to news about surveillance done by the National Security Agency.
Proton Mail is run in Switzerland, where the United States does not have legal jurisdiction. They have run a successful campaign to raise money from donations.
References
Other websites
Proton Mail Website
E-mail
2013 establishments
Beit HaNassi

Beit HaNassi ("President's House" in Hebrew), also known as Mishkan HaNassi ( "Presidential Residence") is the main residence of the President of Israel. It is in Jerusalem. The building was opened in 1971, after the Israeli government approved a state home for the president. In 2011, renovations were started after defects were found in the building.
Other websites
President of Israel - official website
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Government buildings in Israel
Doria Ragland

Doria Loyce Ragland (born 2 September 1956) is an American social worker, former makeup artist, and a yoga instructor. She is the mother of Meghan Markle.
Early life
Doria Ragland was born in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jeanette Arnold (1929-2000), a nurse, and her second husband, Alvin Azell Ragland (1929-2011). Ragland married lighting director Thomas Markle Sr. on 23 December 1979. Their daughter Meghan was born in 1981. The couple divorced when their daughter was two years old. They permanently, officially divorced in 1987. Ragland has accompanied Meghan to public events and attended her wedding to Prince Harry in 2018.
1956 births
Living people
People from Cleveland
List of symbols

This is a list of graphical signs, icons, and symbols.
Religious and mystical symbols
Political symbols
Fasces
Hammer and sickle
Swastika (as used by Nazis and neo-Nazis)
Peace symbol
List of political party symbols in India
Scientific and engineering symbols
Astronomical symbols
Chemical symbols
Electronic symbols
Hazard warning symbols
Mathematical symbols
Other symbols
Jolly Roger
Skull and crossbones
"No" symbol
Chess symbols in Unicode
Other websites
Lists
Otávio Frias Filho

Octavio Frias de Oliveira Filho, known as Otavio Frias Filho (7 June 1957 - 21 August 2018), was a Brazilian newspaper editor. He was Folha de S.Paulos editorial director from 1984 until his death in 2018, as well as Grupo Folha's editorial director. He was born in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Frias died on 21 August 2018, aged 61, in his hometown of Sao Paulo from pancreatic cancer.
References
Other websites
Folha - institutional webpage
"Otavio Frias Filho reafirma compromissos editoriais da Folha", video in Portuguese
1957 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Brazil
Editors
Brazilian journalists
Writers from Sao Paulo
Bururi Province

Bururi Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. The capital city is Bururi.
Bururi Province is home to the Bururi Forest Nature Reserve. The Ruvyironza River starts in the province.
Communes
Bururi is divided into the following communes:
Commune of Bururi
Commune of Matana
Commune of Mugamba
Commune of Rutovu
Commune of Songa
Commune of Vyanda
References
Provinces of Burundi
Kannō

, also sometimes romanized as Kan'o, was a Japanese era name (Nian Hao , nengo, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho period after Jowa and before Bunna. This period started in February 1350 and ended in September 1352. The emperor in Kyoto was . Suko's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .
Events of the Kanno era
1350 (Kanno 1, 10th month): Yoshinori guarded Kyoto.
1350-1352 (Kanno 2-3): Armed conflict, variously known as the or Kanno no Juran.
1352 (Enbun 3, 2nd month): Emperor Go-Murakami captured former-emperors Kogon, Komyo and Suko; and they were permitted to return to Kyoto in 1357 (Enbun 2, 2nd month).
Southern Court nengo
Shohei, 1346-1370
Related pages
Muromachi period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1350 establishments
1350s establishments in Japan
1352 disestablishments
1350s disestablishments in Japan
Deșteaptă-te, române!

"Desteapta-te, romane!" (, meaning "Wake up, Romanians!") is the national anthem of Romania. In the past, it has also been the national anthem of Moldova. This song has been Romania's national anthem since 1990; in the past, Romania had used five other anthems under different governments.
History
The name of this song was first "Un rasunet" (meaning "An echo"). The words of the song was written by a poet from the region of Transylvania named Andrei Muresanu during the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. Later that same year, it was published in a Romanian magazine. After hearing about the poem, a composer from the region of Wallachia named Anton Pann made a melody for it. The author Andrei Muresanu later chose this music for his poem after he asked a church singer named Gheorghe Ucenescu to sing a melody that would fit for his song many times.
It was sung for the first time in the city of Brasov during the liberal and nationalist revolt, then right after, it became the revolutionary anthem of Romania at the time.
Historical use
In the past, it was the national anthem of the old and short-lived Republic of Moldova from 1991 to 1994 before being replaced with Limba noastra. Between 1917 and 1918, "Desteapta-te, romane!" was used as the anthem of the short-lived Moldavian Democratic Republic before the region became part of the Kingdom of Romania.
In the past, Romania had been under various regimes and had used a lot of different anthem. First, "Mars triumfal" was used from 1862 to 1884, when Romania was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. Then, "Traiasca Regele" was used when Romania became a monarchy, known as the Kingdom of Romania. Then when communism became a part of life in Romania, the anthems "Zdrobite catuse", "Te slavim, Romanie!", and "Trei culori" were used, in that order. Finally, after communism in Romania came to and, "Desteapta-te, romane!" became the country's official national anthem, and has been to this day.
Lyrics
Only the first, second, fourth, and occasionally the last stanza (all highlighted in bold) are considered part of the national anthem.
Romanian original
English version
References
Notes
1840s songs
European anthems
Moldovan anthems
National symbols of Romania
Battlefield 3

Battlefield 3 (BF3) is a first-person shooter video game. It was made by EA Digital Illusions CE and it was published by Electronic Arts. The game was released in October 2011. It is available for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Battlefield 3 is the 11th game in the Battlefield video games series, and it is next part of Battlefield 2 (2005). On 29 June 2012, EA revealed that the game has sold 15 million copies.
References
Battlefield video games
2011 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Video games developed in Sweden
Stardust (song)

"Stardust" is an American popular song It was composed in 1927 by Hoagy Carmichael. In 1929, Mitchell Parish added lyrics. At first, the song was called "Star Dust". Carmichael was the first person to record the song. He recorded it at the Gennett Records studio in Richmond, Indiana. The song is "a song about a song about love".
Many musicians recorded this song. Artie Shaw recorded it with his big band.
References
Other websites
Stardust on Sold on Song (BBC)
1920s songs
1927 works