pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dendrite

Dendrites are the branches of neurons that receive signals from other neurons. The signals go into the cell body (or soma).
A cell may have hundreds of dendrites, but may have only one axon. The dendrites carry signals from other neurons into the soma, and the axon carries a single signal from the soma to the next neuron or to a muscle fiber.
A dendrite from one neuron and an axon from another neuron meet at a synapse, which is a very narrow gap between the two cells. When electrical impulses reach the end of an axon, they trigger the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. These chemicals cross the synapse to the dendrite, where they trigger the flow of ions into or out of the cell.
The movement of the charged ions in the dendrite causes an electrical current, which spreads to the soma briefly before being restored to normal.
If the dendrites get lots of signals from axons, then it sets off a chain reaction. The chain reaction is a strong electrical current called an action potential that flows down the axon to the next synapse.
Fully differentiated neurons do not divide. However, stem cells in the adult brain may regenerate functional neurons throughout the life of an organism. Generally, once born, neurons do not divide. Many will live the whole lifetime of the animal.
References
Anatomy of the nervous system
Oil sands

Oil sands, or tar sands are an unconventional source of petroleum. The oil sands are a mixture of sand, clay and water in a dense and extremely sticky form of petroleum called bitumen.
Natural bitumen is found in many countries, with the largest quantities in Canada, Kazakhstan and Russia.
The worldwide deposits may be over two trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres). These estimates include deposits that have not yet been discovered. Around 70% of all known reserves are in Canada.
Oil produced from bitumen sands is often said to be unconventional oil. The production process takes energy, so the net energy gain is smaller than traditional oil. Making liquid fuels from oil sands makes 12 percent more greenhouse gases per barrel of oil than traditional oil. Oil sands have only recently been needed. Higher prices allow this more expensive type of oil production to sell.
Environmental issues
Getting the oil sands off the ground often destroys large areas of land. Much water is used to separate the oil from the sand and then left polluted. Carbon dioxide and other emissions from the extraction process are polluting the air.
The environmental destruction caused by oil sand extraction is criticized by environmental groups such as Greenpeace, The Climate Reality Project, 350.org, MoveOn.org, the Sierra Club and the Energy Action Coalition.
In 2012 the European Union (EU) said that it may declare oil sands oil as "highly polluting". This caused stress between the EU and Canada.
Related pages
Petroleum industry
Shale gas
References
Geology
Oils
Fossil fuels
Ira Pastan

Ira Pastan (born June 1, 1931) is an American scientist. He works at the National Cancer Institute. Pastan was born in Winthrop, Massachusetts. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is also a Fellow of the AAAS and the American Society of Microbiology.
References
1931 births
Living people
Scientists from Massachusetts
Tern

Terns are seabirds in the family Laridae. They are normally found near the sea, rivers, or wetlands.
They are slender, lightly built birds with long, forked tails, narrow wings, long bills, and short legs. Most species are pale grey above and white below, with a contrasting black cap to the head, but some have dark plumage for part of the year.
Terns breed in noisy colonies and lay their eggs on bare ground with little or no nest material. Marsh terns make floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats, and a few species build simple nests in trees, on cliffs or in crevices.
Most species feed on fish caught by diving from flight, but the marsh terns are insect-eaters, and some large terns may take small land vertebrates. Many terns are long-distance migrants, and the Arctic tern may see more daylight in a year than any other animal.
Seabirds
Charadriiformes
Judicial nullification

Judicial nullification is a right of a judge to nullify (make invalid) a law if they feel it is too harsh in a certain situation where it is being applied. During the Constitutional Convention many, including George Mason, Elbridge Gerry and James Wilson felt the courts could decide if a law was unconstitutional, and if so, refuse to enforce it. Other founding fathers including John Francis Mercer, Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson argued against allowing judges to have that power. The issue was left unanswered. However, when deciding that a new law needed the approval of the president, all attempts to have the judiciary approve new laws were soundly defeated. Judicial Nullification is sometimes used to mean jury nullification. More often it means nullifying a law, legal code or statute by a member of the judiciary.
In 1832 South Carolina said a new tariff law was unconstitutional, thus not really a law. Vice President John C. Calhoun agreed, but President Andrew Jackson disagreed. Jackson threatened to send troops. The two sides negotiated. Congress changed the tariff, and South Carolina decided the new law was not against the Constitution.
In 2011 the Supreme Court made a ruling that, in essence, says lower court judges can ignore the law. There were three petitions before the Court asking if federal courts need to be stopped from ignoring laws, rules and facts. The Supreme Court refused to grant certiorari (a writ seeking judicial review of a matter). In other words, the Court refused to consider the three petitions.
References
United States law
Anderson Mazoka

Anderson K. Mazoka (22 March 1943 - 24 May 2006) was a Zambian politician. He was previously President of the United Party for National Development (UPND). UPND is a big opposition party.
Life
Mazoka was born in Monze. He went to Union College. He graduated in 1969.
In the presidential election on 27 December 2001, he finished second. Levy Mwanawasa won the election.
On 24 May 2006, Mazoka died from kidney problems. He died in Johannesburg, South Africa. He was 63 years old.
References
1943 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Zambian politicians
Operating reserve

In electrical grid, operating reserve is the ability of the power generation to respond for any power loss or power failure at the load side in a relatively short time to avoid long power shortage.
Operating reserve is made of spinning reserve and non-spinning reserve.
Electricity
Tiachiv

Tiachiv (; ; ; ) is a city in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Tiachiv Raion (district). In 2022, 8,887 people lived there.
Other websites
Cities in Zakarpattia Oblast
Bench press

The bench press is a weight training exercise for the chest muscles and some helping muscles in the shoulders and arms.
The most people who have bad form in this exercise will push with the feet to make their back bent and lifted up off the bench. This moves up the stomach area over the chest and helps the lower chest muscles move the weight. This may hurt the low part of the back.
Because the weight is directly above the body, a "spotter" or helper is used by many people in this exercise. The helper will stand behind the head of the person doing the exercise. If after doing some of the exercise the person doing the exercise cannot move the weight, the "spotter" will help the person move the weight back up to the starting position by taking hold of the bar and lifting together with the person.
Fitness
Daniel Shays

Daniel Shays was a farmer and veteran of the American Revolutionary War and famously led the Shays' Rebellion in January 1787 with other farmers. The difficulties in ending the rebellion exposed the problems with the Articles of Confederation.
American Revolutionary War
Carlos do Carmo

Carlos Manuel de Ascencao do Carmo de Almeida ComIH (21 December 1939 - 1 January 2021) better known as Carlos do Carmo, was a Portuguese fado singer. He began singing and recording in 1963. His first EP record was "Mario Simoes e o seu Quarteto Apresentando Carlos do Carmo". His most famous songs are Lagrimas de Orvalho, Lisboa Menina e Moca and Canoas do Tejo.
Carmo represented Portugal at the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest with "Uma flor de verde pinho".
Carmo died on 1 January 2021 from problems caused by a ruptured aneurysm in Lisbon, aged 81.
References
1939 births
2021 deaths
Portuguese singers
Disease-related deaths in Portugal
Deaths from aneurysm
People from Lisbon
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Lindau

Lindau (formerly Lindau im Bodensee; ; or Lindou/Linda) is a major town and island on the eastern side of Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of the rural district (Landkreis) of Lindau and is near the borders of the Austrian state of Vorarlberg and the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen and Thurgau. As of 31 December 2018, 25,490 people lived there.
References
Other websites
Lindau (district)
B-21 Raider

The B-21 Raider is an American strategic bomber being developed by Northop Grumman for the United States Air Force. It's the world's first 6th generation jet aircraft, and it's best known for being extremely stealthy, or extremely hard to see on radar. It's intended to replace the B-2 Spirit and B-1 Lancer by 2040. As of February 2022, six B-21s are being built. The B-21 Raider is smaller than the B-2 Spirit, but it has a longer range. The B-21 Raider is named after the Doolittle Raiders, who bombed Tokyo in 1942.
United States Air Force aircraft
Mary Gergen

Mary McCanney Gergen (December 12, 1938 - September 22, 2020) was an American social psychologist. Her works focused on feminist studies women's studies and social constructionism. She was known for her works to the field of feminist studies, organization development, and social process.
Gergen died on September 22, 2020 at the age of 81.
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
American feminist writers
American psychologists
Writers from Minnesota
Scientists from Minnesota
Skwierzyna

Skwierzyna () is a town in Lubusz Voivodeship in Poland. In 2019, 9,671 people lived there.
Towns in Poland
Montmirail, Marne

Montmirail is a commune of the Marne department in the northeastern part of France.
Related pages
Communes of the Marne department
Communes in Marne
Abu Talib

Abu Talib ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib (; -), ne 'Imran ) or 'Abd Manaf (), was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula. After the death of his father 'Abd al-Muttalib, he got this position and the offices of Siqaya and Rifada. He was well respected in Mecca even though he was not very rich.
Abu Talib was an uncle of the Islamic Nabi (, Prophet) Muhammad, and father of the Rashid Caliph 'Ali, who is also thought as the first Shi'ite Imam. There is a great debate among Muslim scholars on whether Abu Talib died a Muslim or a non-Muslim.
Abu Talib died around 619, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission. This year is known as the Year of Sorrow for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, within a month of Abu Talib.
References
539 births
619 deaths
Family of Muhammad
Sandy Wilson

Alexander Galbraith "Sandy" Wilson (19 May 1924 - 27 August 2014) was an English composer and lyricist. He was best known for his musical The Boy Friend (1953).
Wilson was born in Sale, Cheshire. He studied at the Harrow School and Oriel College, Oxford.
Most of his work for the stage was material for revues, such as Hermione Gingold's Slings and Arrows, Laurier Lister's Oranges and Lemons, and See You Later.
Wilson died in London, England, aged 90.
References
1924 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English composers
Musicians from Cheshire
Koichi Sugiyama (footballer)

Koichi Sugiyama (born 27 October 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||31||0||3||0||1||0||35||0
|-
|1995||44||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||45||1
|-
|1996||23||0||3||0||9||0||35||0
|-
|1997||8||0||2||0||3||0||13||0
|-
|1998||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||26||1||4||0||4||0||34||1
|-
|2000||25||0||0||0||5||0||30||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Verdy||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||11||0||3||0||0||0||14||0
|-
|2002||1||0||0||0||3||0||4||0
|-
|2003||Albirex Niigata||J. League 2||6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
175||2||17||0||25||0||217||2
175||2||17||0||25||0||217||2
|}
References
1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Platymantis cagayanensis

The Platymantis cagayanensis is a frog. It lives in the Philippines. People have seen it as high as 200 meters above sea level.
The adult male frog is about 26.4-30.8 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is about 34.7-37.4 long. The frog is brown in color with dark spots, dark bars behind the eyes, and dark bars on the back legs.
References
Frogs of Asia
Michael Djakoff

Michael Djakoff (1872 - 19 September 1959) was a Russian track cyclist. He won the silver medal at the 1896 ICA Track Cycling World Championships, in the amateur motor-paced event. In 1896 he left Moscow, and with a British license he became twice champion of the United Kingdom in the half lap event.
References
1872 births
1959 deaths
Russian cyclists
Le Heaulme

Le Heaulme is a commune. It is in Ile-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France.
References
Communes in Val-d'Oise
Fred Armisen

Fereydun Robert Armisen (born December 4, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, musician, producer and writer. He is best known as a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 2002 until 2013.
He is also known for his movie roles in EuroTrip, Anchorman, and Cop Out. Armisen is also known for his works in IFC sketch comedy series Portlandia.
For his work on Portlandia, Armisen was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series in 2012, 2013 and 2014 and for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014.
He has also won two Peabody Awards, one in 2008 as part of the Saturday Night Live political satire cast and one in 2011 for Portlandia.
References
1966 births
Living people
Actors from Mississippi
American bass guitarists
American drummers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Comedians from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
Peabody Award winners
Singers from Mississippi
Writers from Mississippi
Lauren Sieprath

Lauren Jane Sieprath (born 23 October 1989) is a New Zealand water polo player. She is a member of the New Zealand national team. She played at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships and 2011 World Aquatics Championships.
She played for California State University, Long Beach's women's water polo team.
References
1989 births
Living people
New Zealand water polo players
Paraná (state)

Parana is a state in Southern Brazil. It is next to Paraguay and Argentina. Its capital is Curitiba. Parana is a famous state because of Itaipu Dam and the Iguacu Falls.
Parana is bounded on the north by Sao Paulo, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Parana River as its western boundary line.
Parana is one of the Brazilian states that shows the most signs of recent European colonization. Most of the population are descendants of European settlers, and is one of the most ethnically diverse. Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians. The development of the state is closely linked to the arrival of the immigrants. Nowadays, migrants from other Brazilian states (especially from the Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and the Northeast Region) come to Parana in search of a better life.
People of Polish descent predominate in the central and south regions, mainly around Curitiba. Italians predominate in the capital, Curitiba, and in the coast. People of Ukrainian descent predominate in a few cities, such as Prudentopolis; many Ukrainians are found throughout the state. Germans predominate in a few cities, such as Rolandia. Almost all towns have many Portuguese people and their descendants.
People of mixed-race ancestry predominate in a few towns in the north. There is an important Muslim Lebanese and Syrian community around Foz do Iguacu. In the north, there are many Japanese people.
The main cities of the state are:
Curitiba (Capital and largest, east)
Londrina (2nd largest, north)
Maringa (3rd largest, north)
Foz do Iguacu (4th largest, west)
Ponta Grossa (5th largest, center-east)
Cascavel (6th largest, center-west)
Sao Jose dos Pinhais (7th largest, Greater Curitiba)
Colombo (8th largest, Greater Curitiba)
Guarapuava (9th largest, center)
Paranagua (10th largest, east-coast)
Album
References
Other websites
Eden, Mississippi

Eden is a village in Yazoo County, Mississippi, United States.
Villages in Mississippi
Wario

Wario is a character from Nintendo's popular video game series Mario. He has appeared in most of the Mario Party and sports-related games, and has been the subject of a few video games of his own.
Characteristics
Wario wears purple overalls with a yellow shirt, and green, pointed shoes. He has a purple W on his hat, similar to how Mario has an M on his. Wario is Mario's rival. He is greedy, and loves money and garlic. He is fat, but also very strong. He often works together with Waluigi as his partner.
Appearances
Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins
Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3
Mario & Wario
Wario's Woods
Wario Blast
Virtual Boy Wario Land
Wario Land II
Wario Land 3
Wario Land 4
Wario Land: Shake It!
Mario's Super Picross
Picross 2
Mario Kart 64
Mario Kart: Double Dash!!
Mario Kart DS
Mario Kart Wii
Mario Kart 7
Mario Kart 8
Excitebike: Bun Bun Mario Battle Stadium
Game & Watch Gallery 2
Game & Watch Gallery 3
Game & Watch Gallery 4
Mario Party
Mario Party 2
Mario Party 3
Mario Party 4
Mario Party 5
Mario Party 6
Mario Party 7
Mario Party 8
Mario Party DS
Mario Party 9
Mario Party 10
Super Mario Party
Mario Party Advance
Mario Golf
Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour
Mario Golf: Advance Tour
Mario Tennis
Mario Power Tennis
Mario Sports Mix
Dr. Mario 64
Wario World
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$! (WarioWare, Inc.: Minigame Mania in Europe)
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$!
WarioWare: Twisted
WarioWare: Touched!
WarioWare: Smooth Moves
WarioWare: Snapped!
WarioWare D.I.Y.
WarioWare Gold
Super Mario 64 DS
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix
Mario Smash Football
Mario Strikers Charged Football
Yoshi's Island DS
Wario: Master of Disguise
Ore Dayo! Wario Dayo!!
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games
Super Smash Bros. Melee (non-playable, as trophy)
Super Smash Bros. Brawl
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate
Game & Wario
Reception
Wario ranked 10th on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list. He also ranked seventh on GameDaily's top 10 ugliest game characters list; the authors referenced his snarling smile, moustache, and outfits. They also included him in a top 25 list of video game anti-heroes, stating that in spite of his greed, he's actually a "cool dude". Screwattack rated Wario as the 10th Biggest Douchebag in Gaming. IGN editor Travis Fahs commented that while he was not the most likable character, he has incredible confidence that overshadows his flaws and makes him an entertaining character. In an article written by Kombo editors Agustin Olvera and Stephen Smith, they exclaim their surprise that he had not appeared in Super Smash Bros. Melee as a playable character, stating that he would be a great addition to the game.
Related pages
Wario Land series
References
Fictional Italian people
Mario series characters
Ben Roethlisberger

Benjamin Todd Roethlisberger (born March 2, 1982, in Lima, Ohio), nicknamed Big Ben, is an American football quarterback. He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League.
Roethlisberger was the captain of his high school's football team, basketball team, and baseball team. He did not play football as a quarterback until his last year in high school.
Roethlisberger played college football for Miami University in Oxford. In 2003, Roethlisberger led his team to an unbeaten record, a Number 10 ranking in the Associated Press poll and a 49-28 victory over Louisville in the 2003 GMAC Bowl.
Roethlisberger was chosen by the Steelers in the 2004 NFL Draft. He earned the National Football League's "Rookie of the Year Award" in 2005.
On February 5, 2006, Roethlisberger became the youngest quarterback in NFL history to win a Super Bowl. He helped the Steelers to a 21-10 victory over the Seattle Seahawks in the fortieth Super Bowl. He was only 23 years old at the time. He played in his first Pro Bowl in 2007. Roethlisberger led the Steelers to a second Super Bowl title in four seasons as they defeated the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, 27-23, after he made a game-winning touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes in the final 35 seconds.
On January 27, 2022, Roethlisberger announced that he was retiring from the NFL.
References
1982 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Sportspeople from Lima, Ohio
American bloggers
Sayreville Junction, New Jersey

Sayreville Junction, New Jersey is an neighborhood located within Sayreville in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.
References
Neighborhoods in the United States
Settlements in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
Brandon Jones (wide receiver)

Brandon Cornell Jones (born October 6, 1982) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He played parts of 5 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Tennessee Titans, San Francisco 49ers, and Seattle Seahawks. He was drafted out of the University of Oklahoma by the Tennessee Titans with the 96th pick in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He also played for the Tennessee Titans from 2005 to 2008, San Francisco 49ers in 2009 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2010. He was also drafted by the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball but he didn't sign a contract with them.
In 2011, the Baltimore Ravens signed Jones. Jones caught the game-winning touchdown from Tyrod Taylor in a preseason game against the Washington Redskins, but was released by the Ravens.
References
Other websites
Brendon Jones' NFL player profile
1985 births
Living people
San Francisco 49ers players
Seattle Seahawks players
Tennessee Titans players
American football wide receivers
Sportspeople from Texas
New York's 9th congressional district

New York's 9th congressional district is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. The district is in New York City. The representative is Yvette Clarke.
The district is located entirely within Brooklyn. It includes the neighborhoods of Brownsville, Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Kensington, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Midwood, Sheepshead Bay, Marine Park, Gerritsen Beach, and Prospect Lefferts Gardens.
Election history
References
09
Lac

Lac may refer to:
Lac Region, a district in Chad
Lac (prefecture), in Chad
Lakh, or Lac, a unit in the South Asian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand (100,000)
An abbreviation for the Los Angeles Chargers, a professional football team
An abbreviation for the Los Angeles Clippers, a professional basketball team
Related pages
Mount Manipur

Mount Manipur, formerly known as Mount Harriet, is a mountain in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. It is the third highest mountain in the archipelago, having a height of . The former name "Mount Harriet" was officially renamed as "Mount Manipur" on 17 October 2021, by the Government of India, in tribute to the freedom fighters of Manipur. The Mount Manipur National Park (formerly, Mount Harriet National Park) is a part of the mountain and a popular tourist destination in the archipelago.
References
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Mountains of India
German Reich

German Reich () was the official name for Germany from 1871 to 1945.
The history of Germany during the time of the German Reich is usually broken into three parts:
the German Empire (1871-1918)
the republic informally called the Weimar Republic (1918-33)
the National Socialist state commonly known as the Third Reich or Nazi Germany (1933-45)
Mespilus

Mespilus is a genus of plants in the Rosaceae family. It contains two species, Mespilus germanica and Mespilus canescens, though M. canescens is a hybrid between M. germanica and a Crataegus species, and is properly called x Crataemespilus canescens.
References
Rosaceae
Parkinsonian syndrome

Parkinsonian syndrome (also known as Parkinsonism, atypical Parkinson's or secondary Parkinson's) is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. There are many conditions that lead to Parkinsonism, and diagnosis can be difficult. While the neurodegenerative condition Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common cause of parkinsonism, a wide range of other causes may lead to a similar set of symptoms, including some toxins, a few metabolic diseases, and a handful of neurological conditions unrelated to Parkinson's disease.
Its most common cause is as a side effect of medications, mainly neuroleptic antipsychotics especially the phenothiazines (such as perphenazine and chlorpromazine), thioxanthenes (such as flupenthixol and zuclopenthixol) and butyrophenones (such as haloperidol (Haldol)), piperazines (such as ziprasidone), and, rarely, antidepressants.
References
Syndromes
Neurology
Muscle atrophy

Muscle atrophy or "muscle wastage" is a medical problem where a person loses muscle tissue. This makes the person's muscles weaker. With muscle atrophy, muscles can waste away completely, or only partly.
Many older people have muscular atrophy. Muscle atrophy can also happen to people with certain diseases or medical conditions, like cancer, AIDS, congestive heart failure, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal failure (where the kidneys do not work correctly). Muscles can atrophy (or get smaller and weaker) when those muscles are not used as much as usual - for example, when a person has to wear a cast for a broken arm or leg, or when a person must be on bed rest for a long time during a long illness. Muscle atrophy can also be caused by Dejerine Sottas syndrome, cachexia, burns, liver failure, and starvation.
Muscular atrophy can cause serious problems in a person's life. As the person loses muscle strength, he will lose the ability to do more and more things. When he tries to do things, he will be more likely to have accidents. Muscular atrophy also increases the risks of falling among people with certain medical conditions, such as IBM (inclusion body myositis).
No one knows exactly what causes muscular atrophy. It may be due to the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibres, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival.
In muscle atrophy, the normal balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation changes. There is a down-regulation of protein synthesis pathways, and an activation of protein breakdown pathways.
In the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, particular proteins are targeted for destruction by the ligation of at least four copies of a small peptide called ubiquitin onto a substrate protein. The substrate is later targeted for destruction by the proteasome.
Muscle atrophy can be treated
by exercise which induces an increase in muscle mass. The exercise downregulates the pathways which induce muscle hypertrophy, or an increase in muscle size.
by the use of functional electrical stimulation to stimulate the muscles. This has seen a large amount of success in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients.
by therapy with muscle-building amino acids for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue. The branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are critical to this process, in addition to lysine and other amino acids.
References
Physiology
Muscle diseases
Parser

In computer science, a parser is a program that checks to see if a text is valid according to the rules of a grammar.
Computer programming
Tachi Yamada

Tadataka "Tachi" Yamada MD, KBE (Shan Tian Zhong Xiao Yamada Tadataka or "tachi Tachi"; 5 June 1945 - 4 August 2021) was a Japanese-born American physician and gastroenterologist. He was born in Tokyo. He was an executive for Frazier Healthcare Partners. Yamada received an honorary appointment as Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
Yamada died on 4 August 2021 in Seattle, Washington from a heart attack at the age of 76.
References
1945 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Japanese scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American physicians
Businesspeople from Tokyo
Businesspeople from Seattle
HMCS Fort Frances (J396)

HMCS Fort Frances (J396) was an that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II.
References
Haze Gray and Underway
ReadyAyeReady.com
Ships of Canada
Warships
Nippon Sei Ko Kai

The Nippon Sei Ko Kai is the Japanese branch of the Anglican Communion.
Other websites
Anglican Church in Japan
Anglicanism
William Kennedy

William Joseph Kennedy (born January 16, 1928) is an American writer and journalist. He was born and raised in Albany, New York. He studied in Siena College. He was inspired by Gore Vidal, William Shakespeare, and by Edgar Allan Poe.
Kennedy's works include The Ink Truck (1969), Legs (1975), Billy Phelan's Greatest Game (1978), Ironweed (1983, winner of the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction; movie, 1987), and Roscoe (2002).
In 2011, he published Chango's Beads and Two-Tone Shoes, which one reviewer called a book "written with such brio and encompassing humanity that it may well deserve to be called the best of the bunch".
In 1953, Kennedy married Ana Segarra. They have three children. He lives in Averill Park, New York.
References
Other websites
Finding Aid for the Papers of William Kennedy,
Audio recording of William Kennedy reading from unpublished works at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2009
Write TV Public Television Interview with William Kennedy
2011 radio interview at The Bat Segundo Show
M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives , University at Albany Libraries.
Pulitzer Prize winners
1928 births
Living people
American novelists
American journalists
Writers from New York (state)
People from Albany, New York
Enemy at the Gates

Enemy at the Gates is a 2001 American-French war drama movie with Jude Law and Ed Harris starring. Joseph Fiennes is also in the film.
References
Other websites
Enemy at the Gates on IMDb
2001 drama movies
2000s war movies
American drama movies
American war movies
English-language movies
French drama movies
German drama movies
British drama movies
British war movies
Irish drama movies
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in Russia
Volgograd
World War II movies
Movies directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud
Kagangal (movie)

Kagangal is an Indian Tamil-language mystery-drama-musical film written, directed, and produced by Anand Annamalai under Mayavaram Pictures. The movie features Vidharth, Yogi Babu, Lijomol Jose, Kishore, and Guru Somasundaram.
Cast
Vidharth
Yogi Babu
Lijomol Jose
Kishore
Guru Somasundaram
Shali Nivekas
Ilavarasu
Kitty
References
Other Websites
Kagangal on IMDb
Irina Bokova

Irina Georgieva Bokova (; born 12 July 1952) is a Bulgarian politician. She was the Director-General of UNESCO from 2009 until 2017. She was a member of the National parliament. She also was Bulgaria's ambassador to France and to Monaco.
References
1952 births
Living people
United Nations officials
Politicians from Sofia
Leandro (footballer, born 1959)

Jose Leandro Ferreira (born 17 March, 1959) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Flamengo and Brazil national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1978||rowspan="13"|Flamengo||rowspan="13"|Serie A||2||0
|-
|1979||6||0
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||6||0
|-
|1982||22||2
|-
|1983||24||3
|-
|1984||16||0
|-
|1985||16||0
|-
|1986||8||0
|-
|1987||16||0
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||2||0
|-
|1990||0||0
119||5
119||5
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1981||1||1
|-
|1982||9||0
|-
|1983||7||0
|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||4||1
|-
|1986||4||0
|-
!Total||26||2
|}
References
1959 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Lemon Demon

Lemon Demon is an American musical band that wrote and sang the song The Ultimate Showdown Of Ultimate Destiny, which is one of the most viewed songs on Spotify.
In addition to The Ultimate Showdown, Lemon Demon has made many albums, such as Damn Skippy, View-Monster, Hip to the Javabean, and Spirit Phone. On albums, everything is done by Neil Cicierega himself, but in live performances he has a band with him.
Musical groups
Kashan

Kashan is a city in Iran. It is near Isfahan, about from Tehran. The city is known for its textiles. In the Middle Ages, it was also known for ceramics. As of 2012, about 275,000 people live in the city, about 317,000 in its metropolitan area. The city is along the road from Qom to Kerman. Kashan is located at the edge of a desert, along the first oasis. The city has a desert climate, with hot summers, and cold winters.
Education
There is a university in the city, which offers higher education in medicine.
Industry
Rose water is produced in the city.
In Natanz, about south of Kashan, there is an uranium enrichment plant. This plant uses gas centrifuges. It is part of the Iranian nuclear program.
Cities in Iran
Isfahan Province
Arrondissements of the Aveyron department

There are 3 arrondissements in the Aveyron department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.
The arrondissements of the Aveyron are:
Arrondissement of Millau, (subprefecture: Millau), with 97 communes.
Arrondissement of Rodez, (prefecture of the Aveyron department: Rodez), with 127 communes.
Arrondissement of Villefranche-de-Rouergue, (subprefecture: Villefranche-de-Rouergue), with 62 communes.
History
Since its creation, the Aveyron department has had few changes:
1790 : creation of the Aveyron department with nine districts: Mur-de-Barrez, Saint-Geniez-d'Olt, Severac-le-Chateau, Millau, Saint-Affrique, Sauveterre, Villefranche, Aubin, Rodez; the capital was Rodez
1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Rodez, Espalion, Millau, Saint-Affrique, Villefranche-de-Rouergue
1926 : the arrondissements of Espalion and Saint-Affrique are eliminated
References
Aveyron
Rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty is an operation performed to change the shape, size or appearance of the human nose.
Surgery
Nose
Blackadder

Blackadder is a British sitcom that first broadcast on BBC1 between 1983 and 1989. There were four parts to the sitcom. All of them were set in different parts of history. All of the series starred Rowan Atkinson, as Edmund Blackadder; and Tony Robinson, as Baldrick. The four series were The Blackadder, set at the end of the British Middle Ages; Blackadder II, set in England during Queen Elizabeth I's rule; Blackadder the Third, set during the British Regency; and Blackadder Goes Forth, set during World War I.
Blackadder Goes Forth was at number 16 in the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes, which was a list made by the British Film Institute. Blackadder was at number 2 in the TV poll Britain's Best Sitcom in 2004. Empire magazine said it was the 9th-best television show of all time.
Rowan Atkinson said Blackadder is "the thing he found the least stressful" to do.
References
1980s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
1983 British television series debuts
1989 television series endings
English-language television programs
Arnol Kox

Arnol Kox (11 October 1952 - 15 July 2020) was a Dutch street preacher. He was born in Bergeijk, Netherlands. For at least 40 years he loudly talked about God's word in the center of Eindhoven. He talked to citizens and tourists directly with incentive things and religious messages.
Kox died at the hospital in Eindhoven, Netherlands on 15 July 2020 from leukaemia-related problems, aged 67.
References
1952 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Dutch Christians
People from Eindhoven
Spencer Breslin

Spencer Breslin (born May 18, 1992) is an American actor and musician. He is the older brother of actress Abigail Breslin.
Beginning at the age of three, Breslin acted in over 50 commercials. He is best known for his roles in the feature films Disney's The Kid (co-starring at the age of eight with Bruce Willis), The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause and The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (as Curtis the Elf), Return to Neverland, The Cat in the Hat, Raising Helen, The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, The Shaggy Dog, Harold, The Happening, and Perfect Sisters. His television credits include Teamo Supremo, Stephen King's Storm of the Century, and Law & Order. Movies in which he has acted have taken in a worldwide box office of over $1.3 billion.
1992 births
Actors from New York City
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American musicians
Disney actors
Living people
People from Manhattan
Callum Hudson-Odoi

Callum James Hudson-Odoi (born 7 November 2000) is an English professional footballer. He plays as a winger for club Chelsea and the England national team.
On 13 March 2020 it was announced by Chelsea that he had tested positive for COVID-19 amid the pandemic in the UK.
References
2000 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
Footballers from London
People from Wandsworth
Association football forwards
Association football midfielders
Chelsea F.C. players
Ghanaian footballers
Premier League players
Hermione Granger

Hermione Jean Granger (born September 19, 1979) is a character from the Harry Potter series. She met Harry Potter and Ron Weasley for the first time on the Hogwarts Express. She was then looking for Neville's toad. She is referred to as the smartest witch of her age. In the Harry Potter movies, the character is played by Emma Watson.
Character
Hermione is one of Harry Potter's best friends. She knows nearly every thing in the magical world. She spends a lot of time with Harry and Ron. Her parents are Muggles (not magical) but she is the brightest witch of her class. She was born on September 19, 1979 and when she arrived at Hogwarts for the very first time, she was almost 12, since she was born after September 1st, she has to wait a year later. Her parents are dentists. She is intelligent and her special skill is the ability to remember all that she has read. Because of this, Hermione is successful in her tests. Although she is smart, she also is brave and has street-smarts. She cares about house-elves and has made the club S.P.E.W., the Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare, which Ron mockingly calls "Spew." She made scarfs and garments to liberate the elves of the slavery of the wizards. But none of the elves took the garments and Dobby (the old house elf of the Malfoy family) gathered them. She is one of the prefects of Gryffindor with Ron. Her appearance is made up of bushy brown hair, dark brown eyes, and huge front teeth, which Draco Malfoy enlarged it in her fourth year. It is also noted at the end of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that she marries Ron and they have two children together called Rose and Hugo, to which the children has taken after their parents' initials. Although in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire she was the dance partner of Viktor Krum. She belongs to Gryffindor house, which is known for bravery. The Sorting Hat thought about putting her in Ravenclaw house, which is known for wisdom, but finally it put her in Gryffindor. Hermione has a pet cat named Crookshanks, which Ron told her it was like a hairy pig.
In the first book Hermione had the personality of a snob, and a geek, and she is not very friendly but with the time she improves that. Hermione was teased as Mudblood (Witch/ Wizard born with no Magical parents, also known as an offensive insult on Muggle Born Witch/ Wizard) by many Slytherins, especially Draco Malfoy. Her name refers to The Winter's Tale, by William Shakespeare, and was the daughter of Helen of Troy from Ancient Greek Mythology.
Hermione Granger is in love with Ron Weasley and has 2 kids called Hugo Granger-Weasley and Rose Granger-Weasley
References
Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Harry Potter characters
Commission (remuneration)

Commission is the payment of extra on top of a salary. Commission is generally found in sales work where a salesman obtains part of the total sale as extra wage.
Economics
Artonges

Artonges is a former commune. It is in the Hauts-de-France region in the Aisne department in the north of France. In 2012, 194 people lived there.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Dhuys-et-Morin-en-Brie.
References
Former communes in Aisne
Avellino

Avellino is a city in southern Italy. It is capital of the province of Avellino.
Museums
National Gallery of selachoidei (Museum of sharks), Corso Umberto I, 131 and Via F. Petronelli, 8
Museum of Art - MdAO, Via degli Imbimbo, 47
Museum of the Cathedral and the Diocese of Avellino, Via 23 novembre
Provincial Archaeological Museum, Corso Europa
Provincial Art Gallery, in the "Carcere Borbonico"
Zoological Museum of invertebrates "L. Carbone", Corso Umberto I, 131
Capital cities in Italy
Trevor Howard

Trevor Wallace Howard-Smith (29 September 1913 - 7 January 1988) was an English actor. He was born in Cliftonville, Kent. He was known for his roles in Brief Encounter (1945), followed by The Third Man (1949). He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.
He declined a CBE in 1982. He won a BAFTA Award in 1959 and an Emmy Award in 1963.
Howard died on 7 January 1988 from liver failure complicated by cirrhosis in Arkley, Barnet, aged 74.
References
Other websites
Trevor Howard papers archived at Bristol University
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
1913 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from liver failure
Deaths from cirrhosis
Disease-related deaths in England
English movie actors
English television actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
Actors from Kent
Sayabec

Sayabec is a small town called "municipality" in Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1894. 1,877 people live there. Sayabec is in the Matapedia Valley close to the Matapedia Lake.
Settlements in Quebec
1894 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
Niederbergkirchen

Niederbergkirchen is a municipality in Muhldorf in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Muhldorf (district)
Standing Still (Jewel song)

"Standing Still" is a 2001 song by American singer Jewel and is the leading single from her fourth studio album This Way. It went to the top 40 in Australia, the United States, the Netherlands and New Zealand where it went to number 7 on the charts. It did poorly in the United Kingdom.
Track listings
US 7-inch single
A. "Standing Still" - 4:29
B. "Grey Matter" (live) - 4:35
European and Australian CD single
"Standing Still" - 4:30
"A Long Slow Slide" (live) - 3:50
"Stephenville, TX" (live) - 4:07
References
2001 songs
Jewel (singer) songs
Folk-pop songs
James White (New Mexico politician)

James P. "Jim" White (October 4, 1942 - January 15, 2021) was an American politician. He was a member of the New Mexico Senate from 2016 until his death. White was a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from 2009 to 2015. White was a member of the Republican Party.
White died on January 15, 2021 in Albuquerque, New Mexico at the age of 77.
References
Other websites
Official page at the New Mexico Legislature
Campaign site
James White at Ballotpedia
James White at the National Institute on Money in State Politics
1942 births
2021 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from New Mexico
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Navarcles

Navarcles is a municipality in the comarca of Bages, Province of Barcelona, in Catalonia, Spain.
It has an area of 5.501 km2 and a population of 6,060 people.
Municipalities in Catalonia
Tegernau

Tegernau is a village and a former municipality in Lorrach in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the new municipality of Kleines Wiesental.
Former municipalities in Baden-Wurttemberg
Villages in Baden-Wurttemberg
Lorrach (district)
Loekie Roeg-Rogge

Loekie Roeg-Rogge (13 March 1941 - 25 December 2022) was a Dutch field hockey umpire.
Biography
Umpire career
Roeg-Rogge made her international umpire debut in 1978. As international umpire, Roeg-Rogge was umpire of 58 international senior matches and eight international under-21 matches. She was umpire at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. She was also umpire at multipe European Championships and World Cups, including at the 1983 Women's Hockey World Cup in Kuala Lumpur. At the 1984 she was the manager of all field hockey umpires. She retired as umpire after the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Roeg-Rogge received the Golden Whistle Award of the FIH in 1984. She was the first Dutch umpire and the first woman to receive this award. To receive this award, a umpire should normally have refereed at least over hundred matches. While Roeg-Rogge refereed less than 100 international matches, she received the award as a token of appreciation As of 2023, she was one of four Dutch ladies who had received this award.
Personal life
Rogge was born in Amsterdam in 1941. Her father was known international field hockey umpire Herman Rogge, who was the umpire at the 1948 Summer Olympics final. She married to Jacob Rog on 1 December 1971. At that time they lived both in Diemen. She lived in Bergen op Zoom in 1984. Roeg-Rogge died in Veere on 25 December 2022, at the age of 81.
References
Other websites
Referees
Dutch field hockey players
Sportswomen
1941 births
2022 deaths
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Work

Work can mean different things depending on how the word is used.
Employment
Labour (economics)
Work (physics), something that happens when a force is applied to an object and a resulting movement takes place
Basic English 850 words
Lipstick feminism

Lipstick feminism is a kind of feminism that originated with third wave feminism of the 1990s and 2000s. In the first two waves, feminists fought for ideas such as being able to vote in elections. Lipstick feminists still see themselves as feminists, but they also want to keep some of their attributes as women, such as their sexuality, or attractiveness. Women like Zora Neale Hurston and Emma Goldman have argued that by using philosophical ideas of aesthetics and ideas of femininity, it is possible to empower and analyze the ways that gender works in daily life.
Lipstick feminists also want ot use certain derogatory words, such as slut, and use them in positive ways. There is a SlutWalk movement, which fights against victim blaming in rapes.
Feminism