pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pitch Lake

The Pitch Lake is the largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world. It is estimated to contain 10 million tons of asphalt. It can be found in La Brea in southwest Trinidad, inside the Siparia Regional Corporation. The lake covers about 100 acres (0,405 square kilometres). The lake is 250 feet (76,2 metres) deep.
History
The Pitch Lake has been very interesting to explorers and scientists. It was re-discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh in his expedition there in 1595. Raleigh himself used the asphalt to caulk his ship. The native Amerindians told Raleigh where he can find the lake. The native Amerindians had their own story about where the lake came from. The story goes that the people living there were celebrating a victory over a rival tribe when they got carried away in their celebration. They then cooked and ate the sacred hummingbird which they believed possessed the souls of their ancestors. According to legend, their winged God punished them by opening the earth and calling the pitch lake to swallow the entire village. So, the lake became a reminder of their sins. The local villages believe this legend because found many Amerindian artifacts and a skull that have been discovered and preserved, in the pitch.
In 1887, Amzi Barber, an American businessman known as "The Asphalt King", got a 42-year monopoly concession from the British Government for the Pitch Lake for his company, Barber Asphalt Paving Co. It was from the Pitch Lake that many of the first asphalt roads of New York City, Washington D.C., and other Eastern U.S. cities were paved.
References
Lakes
Geography of Trinidad and Tobago
Milan Gutović

Milan "Lane" Gutovic (; 11 August 1946 - 25 August 2021) was a Serbian actor, cabaret performer, and television personality. He was best known for his role as Srecko Sojic in Tesna koza and Bela lada. Gutovic was born in Umka, FPR Yugoslavia. His career began in 1967.
Gutovic died on 25 August 2021 in Belgrade, Serbia of COVID-19 at the age of 75.
References
1946 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia
Serbian actors
Comedians
Elisée Reclus

Elisee Reclus (March 15, 1830-July 4, 1905), also known as Jean Jacques Elisee Reclus, was a French geographer and anarchist.
Biography
He was born at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). He was the second son of a Protestant priest, who had a family of fourteen children. His education, begun in Rhenish Prussia, was continued in the Protestant college of Montauban, and completed at the university of Berlin, where he followed a long course of geography under Karl Ritter.
After 1851, he spent the next six years (1852-1857) visiting the British Isles, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. On his return to Paris he contributed to the Revue des deux mondes, the Tour du monde and other papers, with a large number of articles about geography.
In 1867-1868 he published La Terre; description des phenomenes de la vie du globe, in two volumes.During the 1870 siege of Paris, he was in the National Guard, while as a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs he published in the Cri du Peuple an article against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871.Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, he was taken prisoner on April 5. On November 16, he was sentenced to transportation for life; but, after changed to a ban as an exile.
Reclus also visited Italy, and Switzerland, where he wrote many articles about geography.
In 1882 Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement. After this was followed by government prosecutions, instituted in the High Court of Lyon, against the anarchists, members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the other anarchist Kropotkin were designated as the two "leaders" of organization. Piotr Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years' imprisonment, but Reclus, being resident in Switzerland, escaped.
After 1892 he taught in university of Brussels, and contributed in many journals about science and geography.
Some articles wrote by Reclus:
Nouvelle Geographie Universelle - Nuova Geografia Universale (1875- 1894 ).
La Terre, description des phenomenes de la vie du globe (1867-1868).
Histoire d'une montagne (1872).
Histoire d'une ruisseau (1876).
L'Homme et la Terre - (postum) in (1905).
Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges.
Related pages
Anarchism in France
Onesime Reclus, his brother
Other websites
Elisee Reclus, le site
Reclus at the Anarchy Archive
1830 births
1925 deaths
French scientists
Anarchist communists
Ponderay, Idaho

Ponderay is a city in Idaho in the United States. It is in Bonner County.
References
Cities in Idaho
1947 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Idaho
Tom Barrasso

Thomas Patrick Barrasso (born March 31, 1965) is an American retired ice hockey goaltender. He played a career total of 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Buffalo Sabres, Pittsburgh Penguins, Ottawa Senators, Carolina Hurricanes, Toronto Maple Leafs and the St. Louis Blues. During his first season, Barrasso won both the Calder Memorial Trophy, for best rookie, as well as the Vezina Trophy for best goaltender. Barrasso also won the Stanley Cup twice, both times with the Penguins, in 1991 and 1992. Barrasso retired in 2003.
Other websites
Tom Barrasso's profile at Hockeydraftcentral.com
1965 births
American Hockey League players
American Olympic silver medalists
Buffalo Sabres players
Calder Trophy winners
Carolina Hurricanes players
Living people
Ottawa Senators players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Boston
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vezina Trophy winners
American ice hockey goaltenders
Upminster

Upminster is a place in the east London Borough of Havering, England. It is the eastern end of the London Underground system, on the District line which is green. It is also a station on the c2c line, but Oyster cards and travel cards are not valid beyond Upminster. Nearby places include Hornchurch, Upminster Bridge and Cranham.
Saint Laurence Church in Upminster is where William Derham measured the speed of sound.
Areas of London
London Borough of Havering
Little Lord Fauntleroy

Little Lord Fauntleroy is a children's novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett. The story was first published in parts (serialization) in St. Nicholas Magazine between November 1885 and October 1886. It was published in book form by Scribner's in 1886. It was illustrated by Reginald B. Birch. The book has been translated into several languages. The story is about a poor American boy who inherits a great English estate. The story has been made into stage plays, television programs, and movies.
References
1886 books
Books first published in serial form
Books by Frances Hodgson Burnett
English-language novels
Children's books
American novels
Chris Wallace

Christopher W. Wallace (born October 12, 1947) is an American television anchor and political commentator. He is the host of the Fox Broadcasting Company/Fox News Channel program Fox News Sunday.
Wallace has won three Emmy Awards and the Dupont-Columbia Silver Baton Award. Wallace has been with Fox News since 2003. As a previous moderator of Meet the Press on NBC, Wallace is the only person to date to have served as host/moderator of more than one of the major Sunday morning political talk shows.
References
Emmy Award winners
1947 births
Living people
American political commentators
American political writers
American television presenters
Journalists from Chicago
Broadway theatre

Broadway theatre means the theatrical performances in the 41 professional theatres, each with 500 or more seats, in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City in the United States.
Broadway and London's West End together represent the highest commercial level of live theater in the English-speaking world.
References
Entertainment in New York City
Saigon River

The Saigon River () is a river in Vietnam. It begins at Lake Dau Tieng (in its water-catchment area) near the country of Cambodia.
The river flows south and south-southeast for about . Most of the rivers in the Mekong Delta region have a water-table and canal connection. The system of rivers and canals for southern Vietnam help with water transport for commercial activities. The water supplies many businesses and agricultural (farm) operations.
The Saigon River has a river port at Ho Chi Minh City. It ends just after the Phu My Bridge (). The Saigon River ends by meeting another two rivers, the Nha Be and Dong Nai rivers. The lower end of the river is on the flood plain, and is therefore subject to tide change from the sea and delta. Ho Chi Minh City regularly floods (in areas that get a lot of floods) with either tidewater or rainwater.
The river system has many fish. Recently the government released native fish to improve the population. Fish, shrimp, and snails are popular for farming.
References
Rivers of Vietnam
Marchélepot-Misery

Marchelepot-Misery is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Marchelepot (the seat) and Misery.
References
2019 establishments in France
Communes in Somme
Luís Pereira

Luis Pereira (born 21 June, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1971||rowspan="5"|Palmeiras||rowspan="5"|Serie A||25||4
|-
|1972||28||1
|-
|1973||37||1
|-
|1974||1||0
|-
|1975||2||0
|-
|1975-76||rowspan="5"|Atletico Madrid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||21||3
|-
|1976-77||32||4
|-
|1977-78||30||2
|-
|1978-79||31||2
|-
|1979-80||29||3
|-
|1980||Flamengo||Serie A||0||0
|-
|1981||rowspan="5"|Palmeiras||Serie A||16||0
|-
|1982||||0||0
|-
|1983||rowspan="3"|Serie A||19||1
|-
|1984||14||2
|-
|1985||19||1
|-
|1985||Portuguesa Desportos||Serie A||0||0
|-
|1986||Santo Andre||Serie A||0||0
|-
|1986||rowspan="2"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="2"|Serie A||24||0
|-
|1987||0||0
185||10
143||14
328||24
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1973||7||0
|-
|1974||14||0
|-
|1975||2||0
|-
|1976||0||0
|-
|1977||9||0
|-
!Total||32||0
|}
References
1949 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Woodland, Aroostook County, Maine

Woodland is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States.
Towns in Maine
Hallstadt

Hallstadt is a town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg. It is on the left bank of the river Main, north of Bamberg. The town has a population of about 8500 people.
References
Other websites
Bamberg (district)
Tawny owl

The tawny owl or brown owl (Strix aluco) is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia. There are eleven recognised subspecies, and some variation in the colouring.
The nest is usually in a tree hole where it can protect its eggs and young against potential predators. This owl is resident through the year, and highly territorial. Many young birds starve if they cannot find a vacant territory once parental care ceases.
This nocturnal bird of prey hunts mainly rodents, usually by dropping from a perch to seize its prey, which it swallows whole; in towns its diet includes a higher proportion of birds. Vision and hearing adaptations and silent flight aid its night hunting. The Tawny is capable of catching smaller owls, but is itself vulnerable to the Eagle owl or Northern Goshawk. Red foxes are an important cause of mortality in newly fledged young.
Although many people believe this owl has exceptional night vision, its retina is no more sensitive than a human's. Rather, it is its asymmetrically placed ears that are key to its hunting. They give the Tawny owl excellent directional hearing. Like most owls, it hunts at night. It has a rather strange, but easily imitated, call.
References
Strigiformes
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Santa Apolónia (Lisbon Metro)

Santa Apolonia station is the southern terminus on the Blue Line of the Lisbon Metro.
Lisbon Metro stations
Mazda

Mazda Motor Corporation is a car manufacturer based in Hiroshima, Japan. Mazda is the 15th largest car maker in the world, and 12th largest in U.S. sales. The company was started in 1920. Today it has about 44,000 employees. Sales are 2,057,614,000,000 yen.
History
In 1920, Toyo Koruku Kogyo was established. In 1984, it changed its name to Mazda. The company is unique in using rotary engines in some of its cars. A rotary engine has more power for its weight than ordinary engines. In 1991, the Mazda 787B (which had a rotary engine) won the 24 Heures du LeMans. From 1979 to 2010, Mazda had a partnership with Ford Motor Company. At one point, Ford owned 1/3 of Mazda's stock. Since 2000, Mazda has grown, especially in Europe and North America, and it is now completely separate from Ford. In 2015, Mazda and Toyota agreed to work together.
Brand
Mazda produces cars only in Japan and Mexico, but 80% of its sales are outside of Japan. Mazda is the only company that produces cars which have rotary engines (but most of its cars do not have rotary engines). The cars are popular in Australia and Europe, especially Germany and U.K. Nowadays, Mazda's slogan is ZOOM-ZOOM. It is famous for the movie Only Strong. ZOOM-ZOOM comes from English-speaking children calling cars ZOOM-ZOOM.
Name
Mazda's company name is derived from Matsuda Jujirou who was the founder of this company, and the Zoroastrian god, Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda is a symbol of wisdom, reason, and harmony.
References
Other websites
Mazda Global Web Site - includes links to Mazda operations worldwide
Mazda Dealerships - North America
Automobile companies of Japan
Hiroshima
1920 establishments in Asia
1920s establishments in Japan
Kliment Voroshilov

Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov (Russian: Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov ) (born 4 February 1881 - died 2 December 1969), was a Soviet military officer and politician during Joseph Stalin's era. He was one of the original five Marshals of the Soviet Union. It is considered the highest military rank of the Soviet Union.
Early life and career
Voroshilov was born Verkhnyeye, Bakhmut uyezd, Yekaterinoslav. The place is now part of Lysychansk in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. He was born into a railway worker's family of Russian ethnicity. According to the Soviet Major General Petro Grigorenko, Voroshilov himself alluded to the heritage of his birth-country, Ukraine, and to the previous family name of Voroshilo.
Personal life
He was married to Ekaterina Voroshilova (born Golda Gorbman). She came from a Jewish Ukrainian family from Mardarovka. She changed her name when she converted to Orthodox Christianity in order to be allowed to marry Voroshilov. During Stalin's rule, the couple lived in the Kremlin at the Horse Guards.
Death
Voroshilov died in 1969 in Moscow and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
References
Other websites
Soviet politicians
1881 births
1969 deaths
Marshals of the Soviet Union
Ronnie Coleman

Ronnie Dean Coleman (born March 13, 1964) is a retired American professional bodybuilder and former police officer. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest bodybuilders of all time. Coleman won the prestigious Mr. Olympia title a record-breaking eight times consecutively from 1998 to 2005.
1964 births
African American players of American football
American police officers
Living people
Fabio Duque Jaramillo

Fabio Duque Jaramillo (12 May 1950 - 9 February 2022) was a Colombian Roman Catholic prelate. He became a priest in 1975. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Armenia, Colombia, from 2004 to 2012 and was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Garzon, Colombia, from 2021 until his death in 2022.
Duque Jaramillo died on 9 February 2022 from problems caused by an infection in Medellin, Colombia at the age of 71.
References
1950 births
2022 deaths
Colombian Roman Catholic bishops
Deaths from infectious disease
Gabriel Yared

Gabriel Yared (born October 7, 1949) is a Lebanese-French composer.
Influences
Yared stated composers like Johann Sebastian Bach, Robert Schumann, Oliver Wallace, John Barry, Elmer Bernstein, Jerry Goldsmith, Maurice Jarre, John Williams and Lalo Schifrin as influences.
References
Other websites
Official website
1949 births
20th-century French composers
Living people
Movie score composers
21st-century French composers
Moldova at the Olympics

Moldova first took part at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994. It has sent athletes to every Games since then. Moldovan athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. Moldova was part of the Unified Team in 1992.
Moldovan athletes have won a total of seven medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won medals in five different sports. The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Moldova was created in 1991. It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
Medal tables
Medals by Games
Medals by sport
Medalists
Moldova has won 7 medals, all in the Summer Olympics
References
Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
I'm Goin' Down

"I'm Goin' Down" is a 1985 song by Bruce Springsteen and is the sixth single from his seventh studio album Born in the U.S.A.. It went to number 9 in the United States, number 13 in Sweden, number 20 in Italy, number 23 in Canada, number 41 in Australia and number 61 in Germany. It did not chart in New Zealand or the United Kingdom.
Formats and track listing
7-inch single
"I'm Goin' Down" - 3:29
"Janey, Don't You Lose Heart" - 3:23
12-inch single
"I'm Goin' Down" - 3:29
"Janey, Don't You Lose Heart" - 3:23
"Held Up Without a Gun" - 1:15
References
1985 songs
Bruce Springsteen songs
Thurston railway station

Thurston railway station is a station in Suffolk, England for Thurston. Trains are currently run by Greater Anglia.
Trains
Railway stations in Suffolk
Sucre (state)

Sucre is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is Cumana.
States of Venezuela
Randal Cremer

Sir William Randal Cremer was an English Member of Parliament. Cremer was born 18 March 1828. He was a pacifist.
Cremer won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903. It was mostly for his work on the 1897 Anglo-American arbitration treaty. He was knighted in 1907.
Cremer died from pneumonia on 22 July 1908.
1828 births
1908 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
English politicians
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Armaan Malik

Armaan Malik (born 22 July 1995) is an Indian singer, songwriter, record producer, voice-over, performer and actor. He has sung in many languages which includes Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Assamese, Punjabi, English and Urdu.
References
Other websites
1995 births
Living people
Indian singers
Singers from Mumbai
Bollywood playback singers
Adrian Smith (disambiguation)

Adrian Smith (born 1957) is an English musician, member of the band Iron Maiden.
Adrian Smith may also refer to:
Adrian Smith (politician) (born 1970), United States representative from Nebraska's 3rd congressional district
Adrian Smith (statistician) (born 1946), English statistician and academic
Adrian Smith (architect) (born 1944), American architect
Adrian Smith (basketball) (born 1936), American professional basketball player
Adrian Smith (illustrator), British illustrator of game materials
Adrian Smith (strongman) (born 1964), professional strongman competitor for Great Britain
Federal Hockey League

The Federal Hockey League (FHL) is a professional ice hockey league with teams in the Northeastern United States and Ontario.
Ice hockey leagues in the United States
Keith Sweat

Keith Sweat (born 22 July 1961) is an American rhythm & blues singer. He has many songs. Most of them came out during the new jack swing era (1984-1996). He is from New York City. His songs include I Want Her Make it Last Forever and Merry Go Round.
References
Singers from New York City
American R&B singers
American blues singers
1961 births
Living people
Beverwijk

Beverwijk is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 41,176 people lived there.
Municipalities of North Holland
Settlements in North Holland
Polonaises Op. 40 (Chopin)

The Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1 (nicknamed the "Military" Polonaise) is a piece of music for solo piano. It was composed by Frederic Chopin. It was published in 1838, with the Polonaise in C minor, Op. 40, No. 2. Anton Rubinstein wrote that the Polonaise in A major is the symbol of Polish glory, while the Polonaise in C minor is the symbol of Polish tragedy.
The polonaise is a Polish dance in 3/4 time. It has a distinctive rhythmic pattern which this polonaise follows unflinchingly. The A major Polonaise is written in an A-B-A form, with the B section being a "Trio". The polonaise opens with an A major chord. It continues in a vigorously masculine manner. The tempo indication is Allegro con brio (Fast, with bravura). The trio section begins in D major. The short passage following the first section of the trio is distinguished with trills for both hands on low C-sharps an octave apart. These trills suggest drum rolls.
Charles Rosen writes, "Polonaises had been written by many composers before, including Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven; Schubert, in fact, wrote lots of them. But nothing like the violence of Chopin's military polonaises, ... The military polonaises were certainly understood as political statements of patriotism for his country, which was struggling to obtain its freedom ... these military polonaises have a decidedly popular character ..."
References
Other websites
Polonaises sheet music available at Musopen:
No. 1
No. 2
Solo piano pieces
Compositions by Frederic Chopin
Michael Jackson (writer)

Michael Jackson (March 27, 1942 - August 30, 2007) nicknamed "Beer Hunter" was a famous British writer. He was known for being an expert about beer.
It was revealed in December 2006 that Michael Jackson "is and has been suffering for at least a decade from Parkinson's Disease." He also suffered from diabetes. Michael Jackson died of a heart attack in his home the morning of 30 August 2007 at the age of 65 in London.
References
Other websites
Obituary, The Independent, 3 September 2007
Obituary, The Times, 5 September 2007
'Lives Remembered' The Times
Remembering Michael Jackson, The Brewers Association
Michael Jackson's Life and Death, All about Beer
'Michael Jackson's Rare Beer Club'
1942 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
British writers
People from Leeds
APA style

APA style is a way of formatting scientific publications. The style is mostly about the way citations are handled in such documents. It is commonly used in social sciences and relies on a style guide written by the American Psychological Association.
Science
Joe Swanson

Joseph "Joe" Swanson is a character in the animated television series Family Guy. He is friends with other main characters, Peter Griffin, Cleveland Brown and Glenn Quagmire. Joe is in a wheelchair because a criminal hit him with a pipe and later shot him in both legs. He is married to Bonnie Swanson. Their relationship is not as strong as Peter and Lois Griffin, but they appear to put up with each other. They had one son, Kevin Swanson and a daughter. Bonnie was pregnant with their daughter for about 7-8 seasons instead of 9 months. Joe works as a police officer. Joe usually wears a grey shirt and blue trousers. Sometimes, he is seen wearing his police uniform.
References
Family Guy characters
Police officers
Animated human characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Maurizio De Jorio

Maurizio De Jorio is an Italian italo-disco and eurobeat musician and singer.
Songs
Max Coveri - Golden Age
Max Coveri - Running In The 90's
Dejo - Loving Eurobeat (& Bon)
Dejo - Boys Gone Wild
Dejo - Wilder Faster Louder
Casanova - Crazy Love
References
Eurobeat
1968 births
Living people
Italian singers
Banning

Banning is a 1967 American sports drama movie directed by Ron Winston. It stars Robert Wagner, Anjanette Comer, Guy Stockwell, Gene Hackman, Jill St. John, Howard St. John, Sean Garrison and was distributed by Universal Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1968.
Other websites
1967 drama movies
American sports drama movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies set in Arizona
Monette, Arkansas

Monette is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Cities in Craighead County, Arkansas
Tara Westover

Tara Westover is an American memoirist, essayist and historian. Her memoir Educated (2018) debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times bestseller list. She was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of 2019.
Early life
Westover was the youngest of seven children born in Clifton, Idaho (population 259) to Mormon survivalist parents. She has five older brothers and an older sister. Her parents were suspicious of doctors, hospitals, public schools, and the federal government. Westover was born at home, delivered by a midwife, and was never taken to a doctor or nurse. She was not registered for a birth certificate until she was nine years old. Their father resisted getting formal medical treatment for any of the family. Even when seriously injured, the children were treated only by their mother with the common method of herbalism.
Personal Life
She lives in London.
References
Alf Morgans

Alfred Edward Morgans (17 February 1850 - 10 August 1933) was the 4th Premier of Western Australia from 21 November to 23 December 1901.
References
1850 births
1933 deaths
Morgans, Alf
Monmouthshire
Independent politicians in Australia
Malabar grey hornbill

The Malabar grey hornbill (Ocyceros griseus) is a hornbill endemic to the Western Ghats and associated hills of southern India. They have a large beak but lack the casque that is prominent in some other hornbill species. They are found mainly in dense forest and around rubber, arecanut or coffee plantations. They move around in pairs or small groups, feeding on figs and other forest fruits. Their loud cackling and laughing call makes them familiar to people living in the region.
References
Birds of India
Bucerotiformes
Jenkins County, Georgia

Jenkins County is a county located in the southeastern area of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,674 The county seat is Millen.
References
1905 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Music critic

A music critic is someone who writes about concerts that have taken place or new music that has been written. They write reviews about this in newspapers or journals. What they write is called musical criticism.
When people write about the history of music or compare musical styles, this is called musicology. Musical criticism is about what is going on in the musical world at the moment.
Responsibilities
Music critics can have a lot of influence on a musician's success. If a musician gets a bad review people may not bother to go and hear him. If he has a very good review people will think he must be good and they will all want to hear him.
Occasionally it can happen that a new piece of music has such a terrible review that everyone wants to go and hear how terrible it is. They may then find that they like it and the music might become famous. This is called a "succes de scandale" (French for "scandalous success"). Stravinsky's Rite of Spring (1913) is a good example.
Example of music critics
Music critics will spend a lot of time listening to music. They often do other jobs with music such as teaching. Some famous music critics include:
The German composer Robert Schumann. He published a music journal called Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik. He wrote an article which has become famous called Neue Bahnen (New Paths) in which he said that there was a young man called Johannes Brahms who would become a great composer. Schumann was right.
The French composer Hector Berlioz was a good music critic. He wrote a lot of music reviews in order to earn some money.
The Austrian musicologist Eduard Hanslick. He became famous for saying that Johannes Brahms was a good composer and Wagner, Liszt and Bruckner were bad composers.
The Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. He wrote some interesting musical criticisms using the pseudonym (made-up name) Corno di Bassetto. There were some musicians he did not like and he said so. This made him quite a few enemies.
Other websites
International Federation of Music Journalists - an international group of media professionals who treat any aspect of music on any media. Publishes the "Directory of Music Journalists" and confers "Music Journalist Award".
Music Media Directory - an international publication with over 40.000 contacts of music journalists and music media.
Entertainment occupations
The Spiral Staircase (1946 movie)

The Spiral Staircase is a 1946 American horror movie directed by Robert Siodmak and was based on the 1933 novel Some Must Watch by Ethel Lina White. It stars Ethel Barrymore (in her Oscar nominated role), Dorothy McGuire, George Brent, Kent Smith, Gordon Oliver, Rhonda Fleming, Elsa Lanchester and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.
Other websites
1946 movies
1940s horror movies
American horror movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Robert Siodmak
Morpheus (mythology)

Morpheus was the god of dreams. Hypnos (the god of sleep) was his father. Pasithea (the goddess of relaxation and rest) was his mother.
References
Greek gods and goddesses
List of National Football League annual passing touchdowns leaders

This is a list of National Football League quarterbacks who have led the regular season in passing touchdowns each year. The record for touchdown passes in a season is held by Peyton Manning of the Denver Broncos who threw 55 in 2013. Tom Brady has led the NFL in passing touchdowns in five different seasons, more than any other quarterback in NFL history; he is also the only quarterback to lead the NFL in passing touchdowns in three different decades.
Passing touchdown leaders
Top 25 Single Season Passing Touchdown Seasons
Other leagues
All-America Football Conference (AAFC)
American Football League (AFL)
Most titles
Johnny Unitas is the only player to win four titles in a row. Three players (Steve Young, Dan Marino and Brett Favre) have won three in a row.
See also
List of National Football League season passing yards leaders
List of National Football League season pass completion percentage leaders
List of National Football League season passer rating leaders
List of National Football League career passing touchdowns leaders
List of National Football League career passing yards leaders
References
Pro-Football-Reference.com
Passing touchdowns leaders
National Football League lists
Carl Eugene Watts

Carl Eugene Watts (November 7, 1953 - September 21, 2007) was an American criminal. He was a thief, burglar, stalker, kidnapper, torturer and serial killer.
Watts was born in Killeen, Texas. During his childhood his parents separated and divorced; he moved with his mother to Inkster, Michigan, she married another man. Watts was the eldest of ten children. Both Watts' marriages ended in divorce. He had one child.
Watts was an African-American; the large majority of his victims were white. He was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and depression. He was of well below-average intelligence and was a disorganized thrill killer. He committed his crimes in Texas and Michigan. His methods of killing included strangulation, stabbing, bludgeoning and drowning. He was apprehended in Houston, Texas on May 23, 1982. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and was not released. He died of prostate cancer in hospital in Jackson, Michigan.
References
1953 births
2007 deaths
African-American people
American burglars
American kidnappers
American prisoners
American serial killers
American thieves
Cancer deaths in Michigan
Criminals from Michigan
Criminals from Texas
Deaths from prostate cancer
People who died in prison custody in the United States
People with antisocial personality disorder
Sexism

Sexism is generally defined as discrimination based on the gender of a person--looking down on people because they are male or female. Sexism may also include stereotyped roles for men and women. International laws, such as Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women or Yogyakarta Principles demand to abolish any kind of sexism. Sexism could affect a person attending a party, getting a job, joining a game, trying to get a promotion, being selected and so on.
The women's rights and men's rights movements both say they fight sexism.
Sexism is often discrimination against women due to the history of sexism in the western world.
Hatred of women is called misogyny. Hatred of men is called misandry. Reverse sexism is misandristically being biased because you think you're disadvantaged.
Pauline M. Leet made the word "sexism" on November 18, 1965.
Education
World literacy is lower for females than for males. On 9 October 2012 the Pakistani schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai was shot in the head on her schoolbus by Taliban gunmen because she did activism for girls' rights to education.
Related pages
Feminization of poverty
Sex segregation
Women's rights
References
Discrimination
Gender
Ilorin

Ilorin is the capital of Kwara State, Nigeria.
References
Cities in Nigeria
Kwara State
Arcis-sur-Aube

Arcis-sur-Aube is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Arcis-sur-Aube
Minor planet designation

Minor planet designations are number-name combinations given by the Minor Planet Center, a part of the IAU. They are used for dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies such as asteroids, but not comets. They are given to a body once its orbit is secured and unrelated to provisional designations, given when an object is found.
The two parts of a formal designation are
a number, historically given in a similar order to the order that it was found, now given only after the orbit is secured
a name, either the name assigned by the astronomer who found it or, more commonly, the provisional designation.
It looks like this: (number) Name, for example (90377) Sedna or . According to what the astronomer wants, the brackets are now often removed, as in 90377 Sedna. In practice, however, the number is primarily a catalog entry for any reasonably well-known object. Therefore, the name or provisional designation is generally used in the formal designation: Sedna, .
The rule for moons of minor planets, such as the formal designation (87) Sylvia I Romulus for the asteroid moon Romulus, is an extension of the Roman numeral convention used, on and off, for the moons of the planets since Galileo's time.
The Minor Planet Center also managed comets but used a different cataloging system.
History
By 1851, there were 15 asteroids, all but one with their own symbol. The symbols were becoming less and less simple, and, as they had to be drawn by hand, astronomers found some of them hard to draw. This difficulty was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1851, who suggested numbering asteroids in the order that they were found, and placing this number in a circle as the symbol for the asteroid, such as 4 for the fourth asteroid, Vesta. This practice was soon coupled with the name itself into an official number-name designation, "4 Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased. By ca 1858, the circle had been simplified to brackets, "(4)" and "(4) Vesta", which was easier to typeset. Other punctuation such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta" was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949.
The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order they were or the order that they're orbit was calculated is the case of Pluto. Since Pluto was originally called a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that didn't include it. At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation Pluto.
References
Other websites
IAU FAQ on minor planets
MPC explanation of provisional designations
Dr. James Hilton, When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?
Minor planets
Creve Coeur, Missouri

Creve Coeur is a city located in west St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 17,833 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Missouri
John I, Count of La Marche

John of Bourbon (John I/VII, Count of La Marche and of Vendome), (1344 - 11 June 1393, Vendome) was French prince du sang as the second son of James I, Count of La Marche and Jeanne of Chatillon.
French royalty
1340s births
1390s deaths
The Taming of the Shrew

The Taming of the Shrew is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source was Suppositi (1509) by Ludovico Ariosto. George Gascoigne's play Supposes (1566) may have also been used. The play was probably first acted between 1593 and was first printed in 1623 in the First Folio. The musical, Kiss Me Kate, was based on the play. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton made a movie of the play.
References
Plays by William Shakespeare
16th-century plays
Thomas D. Rice

Thomas Dartmouth Rice (May 20, 1808 - September 19, 1860) was an American entertainer. He developed a character called Jim Crow. Using African-American speech, song, and dance, Rice performed successfully as Jim Crow in America and England. Rice is known as the "Father of the Minstrel Show".
Early years
Rice was born in New York City in 1808. He had some formal schooling, and was apprenticed to a woodcarver in his teens. By 1827 though, he had entered the entertainment field and was acting in theaters around the United States.
Career
About 1828, Rice developed a burnt-cork blackface character called Jim Crow. This character was a witty, raggedy black man, and was based on a real-life black stableman Rice saw singing and dancing to a tune called "Jump Jim Crow". By 1830, Rice was performing in theaters as Jim Crow. His act was widely popular in America and England.
In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, "Jim Crow" became a term used to describe racial segregation laws in the United States. Whites referred to all black males as "Jim Crows". Rice wrote and appeared in Ginger Blue, Jim Crow in London, and a comic rendition of Othello. He also appeared on Broadway as the title character in an adaptation of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Death
About 1840, Rice began to suffer from a paralysis that affected his speech and movement. He died of a stroke on September 19, 1860, and was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.
Footnotes
References
Blackface! Origin of Jump Jim Crow
Jim Crow/Jump Jim Crow BlackPast.org
Thomas Dartmouth Rice Encyclopaedia Britannica
Jump Jim Crow University of Southern Florida
1808 births
1860 deaths
American entertainers
Deaths from stroke
People from New York (state)
Olga Frolkina

Olga Eduardovna Frolkina is a basketball player from Russia. Frolkina competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics. She was born on 28 July 1997.
References
Other websites
1997 births
Living people
Russian basketball players
Russian Olympic silver medalists
Caturus

Caturus is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the family, Caturidae in the order Amiiformes, related to the bowfin.
Species
There are 14 species in this genus:
Caturus agassizi
Caturus chaperi
Caturus chirotes
Caturus dartoni
Caturus ferox
Caturus furcatus
Caturus heterurus
Caturus insignis
Caturus latipennis
Caturus porteri
Caturus retrodorsalis
Caturus stenospondylus
Caturus stenoura
Caturus velifer
Related pages
List of prehistoric bony fish genera
Extinct fish
Government of Italy

The Government of the Italian Republic is the constitutional body that heads the executive branch of Italy. Its fundamental regulation is located in Title III of the Italian Constitution.
It is composed of the President of the Council of Ministers and the Ministers, who form the Council of Ministers. Subsecretaries of State generally also form part of the Government, some of whom assume the role of deputy ministers.
It has its official headquarters in the Chigi Palace in Piazza Colonna in Rome. Other headquarters of the representation of the Italian Government are Villa Doria Pamphilj, Villa Madama and the Farnesina Palace, all located in Rome.
The current cabinet, called the Draghi Government, named after its President of the Council Mario Draghi, came into force on February 13, 2021 after being sworn in at the Quirinal Palace.
Overview
The Government is a constitutional body as provided by the Italian Constitution in articles 92, 93, 94, 95 and 96 and insofar as it contributes, in a position of independence from other state bodies, to the formulation of the political direction. Title III, section II, of the Constitution determines its discipline and functions. In general, the government also includes deputy secretaries of state, some of whom may be given the title of deputy ministers.
It is chaired by the President of the Council of Ministers, who ranks fourth in the order of precedence of Italian positions (after the President of the Republic, the President of the Senate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies
President of the Council of Ministers
The president of the Council of Ministers has a position of pre-eminence over the other members of the government. He has the task of forming the government once the mandate has been received by the head of state and of electing the ministers. If he resigns, the whole government will have to resign too.
In government, one or more ministers may hold the position of Vice President of the Council of Ministers, elected by the Council of Ministers. His task is to replace the latter when the President is absent or has a temporary impediment.
References
Government of Italy
Överkalix

Overkalix () is an urban area in the county of Norrbotten in Sweden. It is the seat of Overkalix Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Norrbotten County
Saint-Paul-aux-Bois

Saint-Paul-aux-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Alpanseque

Alpanseque is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Soria
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's

Yu-Gi-Oh 5Ds,is a spin-off series of the original Yu-Gi-Oh franchise. It follows the protagonist Yusei Fudo on adventure, first to get his Stardust dragon back then many other adventures throughout the series.
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's composes of many song sets and was aired at the specific time.
Plot
Yusei Fudo, tests his duel runner and his friend Riley gives him a chip. Meanwhile the world champ Jack easily beats him.
Japanese television series
Mouse trap

A mouse trap is something used to trap mice. It usually attracts mice if there is cheese or peanut butter on the mouse trap. It can also be used to trap other animals such as maggots. However, if too much food is put on the mouse trap, they can eat it without getting caught.
References
Traps
Valenciennes FC

Valenciennes F.C. is a football club which plays in France.
Name
1913-1916 Valenciennes F.C.
1916-1996 U.S. Valenciennes-Anzin
1996-present Valenciennes F.C.
French football clubs
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in France
Mega Man 10

Mega Man 10 is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Wii's WiiWare service, Xbox Live Arcade, and Playstation Network. It is the sequel to Mega Man 9. Like Mega Man 9, it has the same graphics as the Nintendo Entertainment System Mega Man games. It was released during March 2010.
In Mega Man 10, players can play as one of two characters. They can play as Mega Man or Proto Man. In April 2010, Capcom released download content for the game which makes a third character, Bass, playable as well. The player chooses their character at the start of the game. Once they select their character, it cannot be changed.
Like in Mega Man 10, three difficulty settings are available. In higher difficulties, enemies and bosses have different attacks. Easy Mode is available for players who want an easier game.
Mega Man games
Wii games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
PlayStation 3 games
2010 video games
Capcom games
Video game sequels
PlayStation Network games
Frankie Randall

Frankie Billy Randall (September 25, 1961 - December 23, 2020) was an American professional boxer. He competed from 1983 to 2005. He was a three-time light welterweight world champion, having held the WBA, WBC, and lineal titles between 1994 and 1997. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama.
Randall died on December 23, 2020 in Birmingham at the age of 59.
References
1961 births
2020 deaths
American boxers
Sportspeople from Birmingham, Alabama
Fan Zhiyi

Fan Zhiyi (born 22 January 1970) is a former Chinese football player. He has played for China PR national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Shanghai Shenhua||rowspan="5"|Jia-A League||20||0
|-
|1995||22||15
|-
|1996||22||9
|-
|1997||22||5
|-
|1998||13||2
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Crystal Palace||rowspan="4"|First Division||29||2
|-
|1999/00||29||1
|-
|2000/01||28||1
|-
|2001/02||2||0
|-
|2001/02||Dundee||Premier League||14||1
|-
|2002||Shanghai Zhongyuan Huili||Jia-A League||12||4
|-
|2002/03||Cardiff City||Second Division||6||0
|-
|2003/04||Buler Rangers||First Division League||9||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Shanghai Zobon||League One||22||6
|-
|2005||Super League||8||0
|-
|2005/06||Buler Rangers||First Division League||5||0
141||41
94||4
14||1
14||1
263||47
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1992||9||0
|-
|1993||12||0
|-
|1994||8||0
|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||14||1
|-
|1997||25||8
|-
|1998||14||3
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||10||1
|-
|2001||12||4
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
!Total||109||17
|}
References
1969 births
Living people
Chinese footballers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Bad Girls (TV series)

Bad Girls is a British television drama series. It was broadcast on ITV from 1 June 1999 until 20 December 2006. It was created by Maureen Chadwick and Ann McManus of Shed Productions, who started the idea of making a series about the inmates and staff of the fictional women's prison, Larkhall, located in the South London region.
Characters
Other websites
1999 British television series debuts
1990s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2006 British television series endings
British television series
British drama television series
British LGBT television programmes
LGBT drama television series
ITV television programmes
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
Kyuya Masuda

Kyuya Masuda (1937-2018) is a Japanese mathematician and honored professor at the University of Tokyo. He studied about partial differential equations such as the Navier-Stokes equations and reaction-diffusion equations.
Published Books
The Navier-Stokes Equations Theory and Numerical Methods, Proceedings of a Conference held at Oberwolfach, FRG, Sept. 18-24, 1988. Editors: Heywood, M.I., Masuda, K., Rautmann, R., Solonnikov, V.A., Springer.
The Navier-Stokes Equations II - Theory and Numerical Methods, Proceedings of a Conference held in Oberwolfach, Germany, August 18-24, 1991. Editors: Heywood, M.I., Masuda, K., Rautmann, R., Solonnikov, V.A., Springer.
Recent Topics in Nonlinear PDE II 1st Edition, Editors: K. Masuda M. Mimura, eBook ISBN 978-0-08-087239-1, North Holland, September 1986.
Recent Topics in Nonlinear PDE III 1st Edition, Editors: K. Masuda T. Suzuki, eBook ISBN 978-0-08-087259-9, North Holland, March 1988.
References
1937 births
2018 deaths
Japanese mathematicians
University of Tokyo faculty
Oleśnica

Olesnica is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. In 2019, 37,169 people lived there and its area is 20.96 km2.
Towns in Poland
Mateo Flecha

Mateo Flecha (Catalan: Mateu Fletxa; 1481-1553) was a composer born in Kingdom of Aragon, in the region of Prades. He is sometimes known as "El Viejo" (the elder) to distinguish him from another composer of madrigals, his nephew, Mateo Flecha "El Joven" (the younger). "El Viejo" is best known for his ensaladas, published in Prague in 1581 by the same nephew.
Bibliography
Las Ensaladas (Praga, 1581), con un suplemento de obras del genero. Maricarmen Gomez. Institut Valencia de la Musica, Valencia. 2008
Mateo Flecha (c. 1481-1553?). Los villancicos. Maricarmen Gomez & John Griffiths. CulturArts-Musica. Valencia. 2013
1481 births
1553 deaths
Renaissance composers
Spanish composers