pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Matteo Messina Denaro

Matteo Messina Denaro, also known as Diabolik, (born April 26, 1962) is a Sicilian Mafia boss. After the natural death of his father in November 1998, Matteo became capo mandamento of the area including Castelvetrano and the neighbouring cities, while Vincenzo Virga ruled in the city of Trapani and its surroundings. After bomb attacks in Capaci and Via D'Amelio that killed prosecutors Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, the arrest of Salvatore Riina on 15 January 1993 and the introduction of a strict prison regime (article 41-bis), Cosa Nostra embarked on a terrorist campaign in which Matteo Messina Denaro played a prominent role.
Mafia
Living people
1962 births
Italian mobsters
Panthaplavu

Panthaplavu is one of the Theri (section), in Pattazhy village (which is said to have 9000 acre Land).
By one side of Panthaplavu is the highest place in Pattazhy, called "Mathiramala"; where the Russian monk escaped from the revolution and lived in an Ashram. ( who prayed and healed many sick during his life here). Part of Panthaplavu is Irruppakkuzhy and other side having the paddy fields and the Kallada River.
Geography of India
Guess With Jess

Guess with Jess is a British-Canadian animated television series for children. It features Jess the Cat from the television series Postman Pat. The series follows Jess' adventures with his friends on Greendale Farm in London, England. It tells the stories of how they try to solve each other's problems with a Big Question. This question is answered by "asking, testing, find a way". Jess and his friends search for the answers to science and nature-based questions. The programme lets children learn about the world around them. 52 episodes of the series were made.
Unlike in Postman Pat, Jess in this series can talk to his friends on the farm.
New episodes of the series aired on the DreamWorks Channel in Thailand until 2020.
International broadcast
CBeebies (UK) ABC (Australia) France 5 (France) Playhouse Disney (France Spain Italy and Latin America) Qubo (United States) Treehouse and Tele-Quebec (Canada) TV12 (Singapore) EBS (Korea) Kids 1 (South Korea) M-Net (South Africa) Cartoon Network (India and Pan Asia) CyBC (Cyprus) MiniMini (Poland) POP TV (Slovenia) MBC E Vision and Al Jazeera (Middle East) YLE (Finland) NRK (Norway) Lativi (Indonesia)
Notes
References
2010 Canadian television series endings
2010 British television series endings
thai culture
Canadian children's television series
British children's television series
2009 television series debuts
Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen

Robert II Archbishop of Rouen (989-1037) and Count of Evreux. He was an important and influential member of the clergy of Normandy. Robert was an advisor to five dukes of Normandy.
Career
Robert was the son of Richard I the Fearless by his wife Gunnora. He was a younger brother of duke Richard II and the uncle of duke Robert I. He was appointed the Archbishop of Rouen by his father . He was also given the countship of Evreux at the same time. Robert had always been involved in Norman politics and was a strong supporter of the Norman dukes. His nephew Richard III had a troubled and short reign of just over a year. When he was succeeded by his brother Robert I, as Duke of Normandy, Archbishop Robert had a great deal of trouble helping the new duke. In 1028 the duke attacked him and then made him leave Normandy. Duke Robert I then laid siege to Hugh d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux who also questioned his authority as duke. From exile in France, Archbishop Robert excommunicated his nephew Duke Robert and placed Normandy under an interdict.
The Archbishop and Duke finally came to an agreement. Archbishop Robert lifted the interdict and excommunication; Duke Robert restored the Archbishop to his see. He also gave back his countship of Evereux, and returned all his properties. Duke Robert also returned all the property that he or his vassals had taken from the church. By 1033 Duke Robert was starting a major campaign against his cousin Alan III, Duke of Brittany. He and Alan had been raiding back and forth but finally a peace was negotiated between them by Archbishop Robert, their mutual uncle. In 1035 Duke Robert had decided on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After making his illegitimate son William (William the Conqueror) his heir he asked the archbishop to watch over and protect his young son. Duke Robert then set out on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem never to return to Normandy. He died on his return journey.
Archbishop Robert kept his promise and ruled Normandy as regent for William until his death in 1037. When Robert died it caused an increase in lawlessness in Normandy. Robert was a witness to at least fifteen ducal charters during his career. He influenced Norman politics for nearly fifty years.
Family
Robert married Herlevea and they had the following children:
Richard, Count of Evreux (d. 1067).
Ralph de Gace, Sire de Gace. He married Basilla, daughter of Gerard Flaitel. They had one son, Robert, who died without heirs. Basilla
married secondly Hugh de Gournay.
William d'Evreux, married Hawise de Echauffour, daughter of Giroie, Lord of Echauffour, and had a daughter, Judith, who married Roger I of Sicily.
Herleva de Evereux (married Gerard Flaitel)
References
989 births
1037 deaths
French Christians
House of Normandy
Normans
Archbishops
1239

1239 is a year in the 13th century
Events
September 21 - Peace of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy, ending the English-Burgundian alliance.
Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.
Births
June 17 - King Edward I of England (died 1307)
December 17 - Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (died 1256)
Peter III of Aragon (died 1285)
John II, Duke of Brittany (died 1305)
Ippen, Japanese monk (died 1289)
Deaths
BFG 9000

The BFG 9000 is a fictional futuristic weapon. It is found in the Doom video game series. The BFG 9000 is a very large, solid metal gun. It shoot balls of green plasma. It is the most powerful weapon in the games. The BFG 9000 can destroy almost any player or enemy in one hit. Quake II and Quake III Arena pay homage to the BFG 9000 with weapons called the BFG10K. The Quake III Arena version works differently than the BFG 9000. It shoots many small plasma beams very quickly instead of one large ball. This means the BFG 9000 causes much more damage in a single hit than the Arena BFG10K.
Names
The abbreviation "BFG" stands for "Big Fucking Gun". This is the name is was given in Tom Hall's first Doom design document. In the Doom II user manual, BFG is said to stand for "Big Fuckin Gun". In the Doom movie, it is named the "Bio Force Gun" but "Big Fucking Gun" is said when the gun is first seen).
The Quake II manual says BFG stands for "Big, uh, freakin' gun".
Critical reception
UGO.com list the BFG 9000 at number two on their Top 50 Video Game Weapons of All Time. They say the weapon is "marvelous and complex, and we should not hesitate to put this weapon down in history as one of the best." X-Play listed it as number one on their Top 10 Badass Weapons list. They said that the BFG 9000 was "not as fancy as the gravity gun" but it was the first weapon that "really made us swoon". IGN editor Tom McNamara listed the BFG as one of the ten best weapons in video games. He placed it at number ten on his list. Machinima.com listed it as number one on their list of Top Ten Video Game Weapons. They said "Do you really need a reason why this tops the list?"
References
Other websites
The BFG 9000 FAQ
Information on the BFG 9000
Science fiction technology
Fictional weapons
Nikolay Maksyuta

Nikolay Kirillovich Maksyuta (), (26 May 1947 - 1 November 2020) was a Russian politician. He was the governor of Volgograd Oblast from 1997 to 2010. He was born in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Russia.
On 1 November 2020, Maksyuta died in a Moscow hospital from COVID-19 at the age of 73.
References
1947 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia
Russian politicians
Carl Levin

Carl Milton Levin (June 28, 1934 - July 29, 2021) was an American politician. He was a United States Senator of Michigan from 1979 to 2015. On March 7, 2013, Levin announced his retirement. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
Early life and career
Levin was born and grew up in Detroit, Michigan. He went to college at Swarthmore College, and he got his law degree from Harvard University. He then moved back to Michigan and was a lawyer and a teacher. In 1964 he became an assistant attorney general for Michigan. In 1969 he became a member of the Detroit city council. In 1979 he became a United States Senator. He was chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee.
Personal life
In 1961 Levin married Barbara Halpern. They had three daughters and five grandchildren. Carl's brother Sandy was a member of the United States House of Representatives.
In March 2021, Levin was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died on July 29, 2021 at a Detroit hospital from the disease, aged 87.
References
Other websites
Goldman Sachs to Face Senate's Levin in Post-Crisis Reckoning, Christine Harper, Businessweek, April 26, 2010
Politicians from Detroit
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
United States senators from Michigan
1934 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Dutch: Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (shortened VVD), is a Dutch political party.
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative liberal party. They are the largest party in the country.
It was established in 1948 from a merger of the Freedom Party (PvdV) and the Oud Committee.
Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 34 (-1).
Current political leader is Dilan Yesilgoz-Zegerius, who was elected in 2023.
Political leaders
Pieter Oud (1948-1963)
Edzo Toxopeus (1963-1969)
Molly Geertsema (1969-1971)
Hans Wiegel (1971-1982)
Ed Nijpels (1982-1986)
Rudolf de Korte (1986)
Joris Voorhoeve (1986-1990)
Frits Bolkestein (1990-1998)
Hans Dijkstal (1998-2002)
Gerrit Zalm (2002-2004)
Jozias van Aartsen (2004-2006)
Mark Rutte (2006-2023)
Dilan Yesilgoz-Zegerius (since 2023)
Other websites
Website of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Liberal parties
Political parties in the Netherlands
1940s establishments in the Netherlands
1948 establishments in Europe
American Public Television

American Public Television (APT) is the largest syndicator of programming for public television stations in the United States. APT continues to show a many public television programs nationally, as well as administering the Create and World channels on public TV. APT began in 1961.
At first, it was called Eastern Educational Television Network (EEN). EEN was a regional cooperative that began to show programs between a couple of its member stations. EEN was one of the first distributors of shows such as The French Chef (with Julia Child) in 1963, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, and Washington Week in Review on a national basis.
References
1961 establishments in the United States
American television
Organizations based in Massachusetts
Perrigny-sur-Armançon

Perrigny-sur-Armancon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Yonne
Jameed

Jameed (, literally "hardened") is a form of dried yoghurt made made from goat's milk or sheep's milk. It is made by draining thick yoghurt of its whey, shaping it into balls, and letting it harden. Drying prevents spoilage.
Jameed is eaten in Jordan, especially in Bedouin cooking. It is also common among the Bedouin in Palestine , Egypt, and even Syria. It is also customary to add to a sauces or soups.
Other websites
Middle Eastern foods
Cheeses
Gameloft

Gameloft S. A. ("SA" means Societe anonyme, a French company type) is the world's biggest developer and publisher for mobile games, for example Java-based phones, Android, and iPhone. Its headquarters are in Paris, France. It was founded in the year 1999 by Michel Guillemot, who stepped down as head of the company during mass media company Vivendi's hostile takeover of Gameloft in 2015.
History
The company was founded in 1999, but it really started to make profits in 2003. At the end of 2007, Gameloft announced that it is now the biggest video game company for mobile devices, with a revenue of 26 million euros. At that moment, more than 4,000 employees were working for Gameloft.
In 2011, Gameloft had a revenue of US$164.4 million. This is an increase of 17% compared to 2010. Its games have been downloaded more than 125 million times.
Further information
Gameloft Live
Gameloft released a system called "Gameloft Live", a community platform for games. It lets players share their results, create profiles, etc. A free registration is required to use it. Games that support online multiplayer use Gameloft Live as their connection platform.
References
Other websites
Official website
Video game companies of Europe
1999 establishments in France
Companies based in Paris
Wolves of the Air

Wolves of the Air is a 1927 American silent action movie directed by Francis Ford and starring Johnnie Walker, Lois Boyd, Maurice Costello, Mildred Harris, Gayne Whitman, Billy Bletcher. It was distributed by Sterling Pictures.
Other websites
1927 movies
1920s action movies
American silent movies
American action movies
Movies directed by Francis Ford
The Saint in London

The Saint in London is a 1939 British crime movie directed by John Paddy Carstairs and was based on the 1932 short story The Million Pound Day by Leslie Charteris. It stars George Sanders, Sally Gray, David Burns, Gordon McLeod, Henry Oscar, Athene Seyler, Ralph Truman, Norah Howard and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. It was the third movie of the series of eight movies.
Other websites
1939 crime movies
British crime movies
Movies based on short stories
Movies directed by John Paddy Carstairs
2021 Tennessee Titans season

The 2021 season was the Tennessee Titans' 52nd season in the National Football League and their fourth under head coach Mike Vrabel.
Draft
Regular season
Schedule
The Titans' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Standings
Division
Conference
Postseason
2021 National Football League season by team
Tennessee Titans
Chapin, Idaho

Chapin is an unincorporated community of Idaho in the United States.
Unincorporated communities in Idaho
Tensile strength

Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks.
The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for example breaking.
There are three typical definitions of tensile strength:
Yield strength - The stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation. This is not a sharply defined point. Yield strength is the stress which will cause a permanent deformation of 0.2% of the original dimension.
Ultimate strength - The maximum stress a material can withstand.
Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
Typical tensile strengths
Some typical tensile strengths of some materials:
Note: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured, with labs producing them at a tensile strength of 63 GPa, still well below their theoretical limit of 300 GPa. However, as of 2004, no macroscopic object constructed of carbon nanotubes has had a tensile strength remotely approaching this figure, or substantially exceeding that of high-strength materials like Kevlar.
Note: many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity/composition.
(Source: A.M. Howatson, P.G. Lund and J.D. Todd, "Engineering Tables and Data" p41)
Related pages
Tension (mechanics)
Tensile stress
Deformation
Other websites
January 2003 sci.physics thread on water tensile strength and trees
Theory re the discrepancy in static vs dynamic measurements of water's tensile strength
Materials science
Antonio Henares Sierra

Antonio Henares Sierra (born November 21, 1956 in Malaga) is a wheelchair basketball athlete from Spain. He has a physical disability: he is 4 point wheelchair basketball player. He played wheelchair basketball at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team was third. They beat the United States 66-60 to finish third.
References
Living people
1956 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
Spanish wheelchair basketball players
4 point player
People from Malaga
Waynehead

Waynehead is a short-lived animated television series, created by Damon Wayans, and produced by Warner Bros. Animation and Canadian studio Nelvana. It aired on both YTV and Kids' WB from 1996 to 1997. It lasted for 13 episodes in a single season.
American children's television series
Canadian children's television series
English-language television programs
1996 American television series debuts
1997 American television series endings
Santos Abril y Castelló

Santos Abril y Castello (born 21 September 1936) is a Spanish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. From 2011 to 2016, he was Archpriest of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. He was born in Alfambra, Spain. On 29 April 1985, Pope John Paul II named him Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia and Titular Archbishop of Tamada. On 21 November 2011 he was named Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major.
On 28 December 2016, Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archpriest.
References
1936 births
Living people
Spanish cardinals
Gmund am Tegernsee

Gmund am Tegernsee is a municipality in the district of Miesbach in Upper Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Official website
Miesbach (district)
Longèves, Vendée

Longeves is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Communes in Vendee
Amélie Kretz

Amelie Kretz is a triathlete from Canada. Amelie competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Olympics. She was born on 19 May 1993.
References
Other websites
1993 births
Living people
Triathletes
Canadian Olympians
Canadian athletes
Dareen Tatour

Dareen Tatour (Arabic: dryn TTwr, born April 16, 1982 in Reineh) is a Palestinian poet and photographer. She wrote an Arabic book called The Final Invasion, which she published in 2010. In 2017, an English anthology of Palestinian poets called A Blade of Grass: New Palestinian Poetry included translations of her writing. She is a citizen of Israel.
Imprisonment
She was arrested in 2015 by Israeli police. They accused her of terrorism and inciting violence. Then her trial became famous and many free speech activists defended her. In May 2018 she was found guilty, and in July 2018 she was sent to prison for six months. She served 42 days in prison and was set free on September 20, 2018.
Trial
At Tatour's trial, a police officer translated her poem, "Resist them, my people, resist them." This police officer was not a professional translator and did not have experience with literature. Tatour's defense team invited a professional translator. Tatour's accusers said the professional translator was biased.
Tatour's accusers also showed one of her Facebook posts. It said "I am the next martyr." They claimed that this meant she was planning terrorism. They also showed that she had shared the Facebook status of a terrorist group.
Tatour's defense team invited literature professors to her trial. They said that the Russian Empire and British Mandate of Palestine did not put Jewish writers on trial for "much harsher words."
Protests
Many writers protested her arrest. In June 2016, there was a protest in Tel Aviv. Almost 20 poets, writers and translators read their writing. Sami Michael wrote that her arrest showed that Israel was helpless and its culture had failed. He said that Israel could not defend itself but could only make writers be quiet. The poet Lilach Weber also wrote a poem about her.
In October 2016 more than 180 poets, writers and intellectuals asked for her freedom. Four of them were winners of the Israel Prize: A. B. Yehoshua, Tuvia Rivner, Avishai Margalit and Shimon Sandbank. The statement said Tatour was "arrested and tried for writing a poem." They believed this went against "democracy, free speech and creativity." They added that it made it difficult for Arabs and Jews to talk to each other and end the Arab-Israeli conflict. A poet and activist named Tal Nitzan led these efforts.
After she was found guilty, PEN International wrote that she was only doing her job as a writer: "we use our words to peacefully challenge injustice."
Freedom
Tatour was set free on September 20, 2018.
Sources
Other websites
"Resist them, my people, resist them"
Interview in Salon
Interview in Ha'aretz
Interview in Warscapes
Interview in +972
1982 births
Photographers
Palestinian poets
Palestinian artists
Braddyville, Iowa

Braddyville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Kite shield

A kite shield is a Middle Age shield in the shape of a kite. The kite shield was used by many knights and people for protection, but was given up for two-handed weapons and more mobility.
The efficiency of the kite shields shields shape came into action when cavalry combat occurred, useful to protect most of the body from the shoulders down to the feet, giving the knight more options in combat.
Armour
Alan Walker

Alan Walker (born 24 August 1997) is a British-born Norwegian music producer. He is best known for his song "Faded." The song got good ratings worldwide and became a platinum single in 14 countries. The Magazine DJ Mag said Walker was 27th on their Top 100 DJs list of 2019.
In 2018, he released his music album Different Worlds.
Career
2012-2016 - Career beginnings
In 2012, Walker started making music with his laptop and posting it to YouTube and SoundCloud. In 2014, he released Fade which has more than 400 million views on YouTube. He then released Faded, which was a vocal version of Fade in 2015 with singer Iselin Solheim. Faded has more than 3 billion views on YouTube and 1.5 billion on Spotify. He then released the following songs thereafter:
"Sing Me to Sleep" with Iselin Solheim
"Alone" with Noonie Bao
"Routine" with David Whistle
"Alone Pt.II" with Ava Max
2017-present
In 2017, Walker's channel became the most subscribed YouTube channel in Norway. The same year he released the song "Ignite" together with Norwegian music producer K-391. He then released "Tired" with Gavin James. On 9 June 2017, he released "Sky" featuring Dane Alex Skrindo. He then released other songs such as "Spectre", "All Falls Down" with Noah Cyrus and Digital Farm Animals, "Ignite", "Darkside" with Au/RA and Tomine Harley, and "Diamond Heart" with Sophia Somajo.
In 2019, he released "Are you Lonely" with Steve Aoki, "On My Way" with Sabrina Carpenter and Farruko, "Live Fast" with ASAP Rocky, Play, Ghost, Avem and Alone pt 2. He then released "End of Time" featuring Ahrix and K-391, "Heading Home" featuring Ruben, and a remix of "Time" by Hans Zimmer from the movie Inception.
Awards and recognition
In 2018, Walker won 'The Best Breakthrough Artist' in International Dance Music Awards (IDMA).
In 2019, MTV awarded him The Best Norwegian Act.
Personal life
Walker has an older sister Camila and a younger brother Tom.
References
Other websites
1997 births
British DJs
British musicians
British record producers
Living people
Norwegian people
Manuele Blasi

Manuele Blasi (born 17 August 1980) is an Italian football player. He plays for Citta di Palermo.
Club career statistics
|-
|1997/98||Roma||Serie A||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1998/99||Lecce||Serie B||12||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|1999/00||Roma||Serie A||5||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Perugia||rowspan="3"|Serie A||20||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2001/02||26||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2002/03||30||0||5||0||2||0||37||0
|-
|2003/04||Parma||Serie A||12||0||0||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||27||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|2005/06||13||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2006/07||Fiorentina||Serie A||31||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Napoli||rowspan="2"|Serie A||27||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2008/09||32||0||0||0||5||0||37||0
|-
|2009/10||Citta di Palermo||Serie A||||||||||||||||
235||1||27||0||8||0||270||1
235||1||27||0||8||0||270||1
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}
References
1980 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Monica Lewis

Monica Lewis (born May Lewis; May 5, 1922 - June 12, 2015) was an American actress and jazz singer. Her career began in 1948 and ended in 1988. She was best known for her roles in the movies Earthquake (1974), Rollercoaster (1977), and both Airport '77 (1977) and The Concorde ... Airport '79 (1979). She was also the voice of Chiquita Banana.
Lewis was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was married twice and had three sons.
Lewis died from natural causes on June 12, 2015 at her Woodland Hills apartment in Los Angeles, California. She was 93.
References
Other websites
1922 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Chicago
American jazz musicians
American movie actors
Singers from Chicago
Mohammed Hazzaz

Mohammed Hamid Hazzaz named also Hamid El-Hazzaz (30 November 1945 - 13 January 2018) was a Moroccan football goalkeeper. He also played for MAS Fez.
Hazzaz died on 13 January 2018 at the age of 72.
References
1945 births
2018 deaths
Moroccan footballers
Kelheim

Kelheim () is a town and municipality in Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of the district Kelheim and is at the convergence of the rivers Altmuhl and Danube. Kelheim has a population of around 15,750.
References
Other websites
Kelheim360.de - Virtual 360deg Panoramic Tour of old Town Kelheim
Kelheim (district)
Towns in Bavaria
Shiver me timbers

Shiver me timbers is an expression of disbelief that was mostly used by pirates. Originally, the phrase was Shiver my timbers.
English words and phrases
Reuters

Reuters ( ) is a British news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world.
The agency was established in London in 1851 by the German-born Paul Reuter. It was bought by the Thomson Corporation of Canada in 2008.
History
19th century
Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin. He gave out radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions in 1848. In 1850, Reuter developed a news service in Aachen using homing pigeons and electric telegraphy from 1851 on.
Reuter moved to London in 1851 and established a news wire agency at the London Royal Exchange. Reuter's company covered topics like commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms. Reuter's company started becoming famous for reporting on important topics first many times. For example, it was the first in Europe to report Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865.
In 1872, Reuter's expanded into the Far East, followed by South America in 1874. In 1878, Reuter retired as managing director. He was replaced by his eldest son, Herbert de Reuter. In 1883, Reuter's began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers.
20th century
Reuter's son Herbert de Reuter continued as general manager until his death by suicide in 1915. The company returned to private ownership in 1916 and the company was renamed to "Reuters Limited", removing the apostrophe. In 1925, the Press Association (PA) of Great Britain became very interested in Reuters and some years later got full ownership. In 1945, Reuters was the first broadcasting company to broadcast news of Heinrich Himmler's attempts to negotiate with the western allies through Count Bernadotte, a Swedish nobleman.
References
Other websites
Times of Crisis - multimedia interactive charting the year of global change
Bearing Witness award-winning multimedia reflecting on war in Iraq
Reuters - The State of the World - News imagery of the 21st century
Thomson Reuters Foundation - philanthropic foundation
Media in the United Kingdom
Webby Award winners
1851 establishments
Shabestar

Shabestar (; also known as Chabiastar, Shabiastar, and Shabistar) is a city and is the capital of Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. As of the 2011 census, its population was 25,663.
References
Cities in Iran
East Azarbaijan Province
Huntingdonshire

Huntingdonshire was an historic county of England. It is now is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire. Its council is based in Huntingdon.
Districts
Marbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), was a United States Supreme Court court case. It was between William Marbury and James Madison.
Background
In the 1800 United States Presidential election, Thomas Jefferson won over John Adams. Days before Adams had to leave office, he wanted to give a number of people jobs (so that Jefferson could not give these jobs away). The United States Senate approved of his picks (nominations) and John Marshall, who was then Adams' Secretary of State and was to be the Chief Justice of the United States, had a number of these notices sent out. One that did not make it before midnight was to William Marbury.
When Jefferson took office, he ordered his Secretary of State, James Madison, to cancel the ones that had not been delivered. So then Marbury sued Madison because Marbury wanted his job as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia.
Decision
John Marshall ruled on this case as the Chief Justice. He first answered that Marbury had a right to his job because it had been signed and approved. The actual delivery was a custom, not a requirement. He then ruled that a writ of mandamus (a type of court order) was the correct way for Marbury to rule. Finally, he noted that the Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed the Supreme Court to make this kind of ruling.
The next question was who could decide this issue. Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court could decide it because the Judiciary Act of 1789 said that they could. However, Marshall said that a section of the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. That section allowed the Supreme Court to make a writ but the United States Constitution did not. Therefore, that section was unconstitutional and the Supreme Court could not make a writ for Marbury.
Marshall looking over the Constitution and the statute is judicial review, a statement that the Supreme Court had an independent power to determine whether something was constitutional or not.
1803 in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
Women's studies

Women's studies (also called feminist studies) are an academic field that explores politics, society, media and history according to women's views.
The first accredited Women's Studies course was in 1969 at Cornell University. Women's studies are available at many colleges and universities.
References
Women
Sociology
Political philosophy
Humanities
Feminism
Academic disciplines
Dennis Egan

Dennis William Egan (March 3, 1947 - June 28, 2022) was an American politician. He was a member of the Alaska Senate representing Juneau from 2009 to 2019. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the Mayor of Juneau from 1995 to 2000. Before politics, he was a radio broadcaster for KINY. Egan was born in Juneau.
Egan died on June 28, 2022 in Salem, Oregon at the age of 75.
References
1947 births
2022 deaths
State legislators of the United States
American mayors
American radio personalities
People from Juneau, Alaska
Politicians from Alaska
Entertainers from Alaska
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Leaf miner

A leaf miner is the larva of an insect which lives inside a leaf and eats it. Most leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, a type of wasp) and flies (Diptera). Some beetles also do this.
Like woodboring beetles, leaf miners are protected from many predators and plant defences by feeding inside a leaf, eating its tissues. It eats only the layers that have the least cellulose. Also, when attacking Quercus robur (English oak), they feed on tissues with lower levels of tannin. Tannin is a chemical produced in abundance by the tree. It is not edible.
The pattern of the feeding tunnel and the layer of the leaf being mined shows what insect is responsible, sometimes even to the exact species. The mine often contains frass, or droppings, and the pattern of frass deposition, mine shape, and host plant identity show the species and instar of the leaf miner. A few mining insects feed in other parts of a plant, such as the surface of a fruit.
It has been suggested that some patterns of leaf variegation may be part of a defensive strategy used by plants. It deceives adult leaf miners into thinking that a leaf has already been preyed upon.
References
Insects
Parasitism
Plant tissues
Rocha, Uruguay

Rocha is a city in Uruguay. It is the capital of the Rocha Department. It was founded in 1793.
Cities in Uruguay
Sergio Rodríguez García

Sergio Rodriguez Garcia (born 17 August 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Hercules.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||1||0
|-
|2005/06||4||0
|-
|2006/07||Deportivo La Coruna||La Liga||1||0
|-
|2006/07||Almeria||Segunda Division||11||0
|-
|2007/08||Polideportivo Ejido||Segunda Division||23||0
|-
|2008/09||Maritimo||Portuguese Liga||0||0
|-
|2008/09||Salamanca||Segunda Division||17||2
|-
|2009/10||Hercules||Segunda Division||||
57||2
0||0
57||2
|}
References
1984 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Limone sul Garda

Limone sul Garda is a comune in the Province of Brescia in the Italian region of Lombardy. It is on the western shore of Lake Garda.
References
Settlements in Lombardy
You Might Think

"You Might Think" is a 1984 song by American rock new wave band The Cars and is the leading single from their 5th studio album Heartbeat City. It went to number 8 in the United States and was covered by Weezer in 2011.
References
1984 songs
The Cars songs
Weezer songs
Cyril Lawrence

Cyril Lawrence (12 June 1920 - 14 April 2020) was an English professional footballer. He played as a winger. He played in the English football league for Rochdale and Wrexham. He was born in Salford, England.
Lawrence died of COVID-19 on 14 April 2020 at Royal Bolton Hospital in Farnworth, Greater Manchester, during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, aged 99.
References
1920 births
2020 deaths
English footballers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
People from Salford
The Mirage

The Mirage is a 3,044 room hotel and casino resort located on the strip in Las Vegas, Nevada. The casino is owned by MGM Mirage.
The Mirage has a 20,000-gallon saltwater aquarium with over 450 species of fish. It has an indoor tropical rainforest housed in its tall atrium. In front of the Mirage is a volcano that erupts nightly depending on the season. Every hour there is a fire show. The huge balls of fire are choreographed to music and light up the lagoon next to it.
The Mirage is connected by a free tram to Treasure Island, its sister property immediately to the north.
References
Other websites
Mirage website
Mirage Volcano Show in Las Vegas; YouTube
Hotels in Las Vegas
Casinos
Delta wing

A delta wing is a wing used on fixed-wing aircraft, mainly supersonic fighter aircraft. Delta wings are triangles. Some were "tailless" (which means they had no elevators) and others were "tailed." Many of the Dassault Aviation Mirages had delta wings (like the Mirage III, Mirage V, Mirage 50, and Mirage 2000).
Delta winged fighters
F-106 Delta Dart
Mirage III
Mirage V
Mirage 50
Mirage 2000
MiG-21 Fishbed
Su-9 Fishpot
J-35 Draken
Military aviation
In Touch Ministries

In Touch Ministries is an American Christian Evangelical organization started by Charles F. Stanley. Its mission statement was to "lead people worldwide into a growing relationship with Jesus Christ and to strengthen the local church."
References
Other websites
In Touch Website
In Touch History
Christian organizations based in the United States
Evangelicalism
Suh Yun-bok

Suh Yun-bok (9 January 1923 - 27 June 2017) was a South Korean athlete. He was best known as the winner of the 1947 Boston Marathon. He won the race with a world best time of 2:25:39 under the coach Sohn Kee-chung, the Korean winner of the marathon at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. He was born in Seoul.
His participation in the Boston Marathon was financed by donations from servicemen in the United States Forces Korea. His win was the first time a world best for the men's marathon was set at the Boston Marathon. The previous world best was set by his coach Sohn in Tokyo, Japan in 1935.
At 166 cm tall (5'5") and weighing 56 kg (123 lbs), he was said to be the shortest winner ever of the Boston Marathon. In 1948, one year after the Boston victory, Suh raced the marathon in 1948 Summer Olympics held in London. He retired in 1949.
Suh died on 27 June 2017 in Seoul at the age of 94.
References
1923 births
2017 deaths
Long-distance runners
South Korean Olympians
Sportspeople from Seoul
Reiniera Cornax

Johanna Reiniera Gast-Cornax in sources commonly reffered to as R. Cornax (20 October 1900 -- 22 September 2003) was a Dutch track and field athlete representing athletics club G.S.V.. She was active between 1921 and 1924. She also played korfball with Rozenburg.
Career
Athletics
Cornax was a main Dutch athlete in the early 1920s when athletics became an established sport
for women. The first women events at the Dutch national championships were at the 1921 Dutch Athletics Championships. With her club G.S.V. she finished second in the first ever women's Dutch championships event, the women's 4x 100 metres relay.
At the 1922 Dutch Athletics Championships she won the bronze medal in the 80 metres event, behind Van den Blankenvoort and A. de Bock. Later in 1922, on 27 August, the first Dutch international women's 100 metres event was held at the 1922 Pro Patria women's international athletics competition. Cornax was one of the four Dutch athletes. She was in the 100 metres the best Dutch woman beating Annie van de Blankevoort and finished second behind the German Margarete Furchheim. In the relay event she won together with Annie van de Blankevoort, A. de Bock and C. Buijs from the German team.
One of her earliest competition was in May 1921 in a South Holland women's competition. She was the best of her club GSV in all events, but was beaten by women of the Rozenburg athletics club. In 1922 she won national competitions in Brielle and Delft, with her 80 metres victory in the newspaper described as "well deserved". She won prizes in many regional and national women's athletic competitions and championships in 1921, 1922 and 1923.
One of her last athletics achievement was in July 1924, winning a competition in Dordrecht.
Korfball
Cornax continued to play korfball with Rozenburg. In 1924 she played with the club internationally. She continued playing after her marriage but moved to the third team of Rozenburg in 1931. When Rozenburg celebrated their 25th birthday in 1938, Cornax was named as one of the main korfball players of the club.
Personal life
Cornax was born on 20 October 1900 in Rotterdam as the daughter of Willem Frederik Cornax and Magdalena van Wolfswinkel. Cornax married to Jan de Gast in Rotterdam on 22 May 1929. After het husband died, De Gast-Cornax died at the age of almost 103 years old on 22 September 2003 in Hengelo.
References
1900 births
2003 deaths
Dutch sprinters
Dutch korfball players
Sportspeople from Rotterdam
Shanghaiing

Shanghaiing is a terms from nautical language: it refers to forcing a person to work on a ship, using trickery, intimidation or violence.
Terminology
Hōki

was a after Jingo-keiun and before Ten'o. This period started in October 770 and ended in January 781. During this time, the emperor was .
Events of the Hoki era
23 October 770 (Hoki 1, 1st day of the 10th month): The era name was changed to mark the beginning of Emperor Konin's reign.
778 (Hoki 9): The emperor granted Kashima-jinja a divine seal for use on documents.
28 August 779 (Hoki 10, 7th month): Fujiwara no Momokawa died at age 48.
781 (Hoki 12, 4th month ): The emperor abdicated in favor of his son, who would later come to be known as Emperor Kammu. Emperor Konin's reign had lasted for 11 years.
781 (Hoki 12, 12th month): Konin died at the age of 73.
Related pages
Nara period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
8th-century establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
781 disestablishments
770 establishments
Perfect information

Perfect information has different definitions depending on the field.
In economics, the term perfect information refers to an element of competition in a market which is perfect and idealized. This is commonly known as perfect competition.
In the mathematical branch of game theory, a perfect information game uses perfect information if all the actions taken in the game are known, and the state of the game's materials is available to all players. Perfect information is a type of common knowledge. Perfect information relates to the materials of the game, and to the rules of the game.
It follows that imperfect information is when elements of the game (materials or rules) are not equally available to all participants.
Perfect information games do not require that each player has a working memory of past positions but that merely they have had the opportunity to view such past actions.
Examples
In a game of chess or go, the pieces and the rules are known, but the implications of the position are not. This identifies chess as a perfect information game. In competitive card games like bridge and poker, the cards held by opponents are not known, or only partly known. They are not perfect information games.
Mathematics
Naoko Takahashi

is a Japanese athlete. She is best known as a long-distance runner competing mainly in the marathon.
In 2008, she retired from racing.
Early life
Takahashi was not a successful runner in high school. She improved after she graduated from college.
International competitions
Timeline
1997: 5000m World Championships, 13th
1997: Osaka International Women's Marathon, 7th place
1998: Nagoya International Women's Marathon, 1st place, Japanese record at the time
1998: Bangkok Asian Games, gold medal, Japanese record at the time
2000: Nagoya International Women's Marathon, 1st place
2000: Sydney Olympics, gold medal, current Olympic record
2001: OHME Marathon (30 km), Japanese record at the time
2001: Berlin Marathon, 1st place, World Record at the time
2002: Berlin Marathon, 1st
2003: Tokyo International Women's Marathon, 2nd
2005: Tokyo International Women's Marathon, 1st
2006: Tokyo International Women's Marathon, 3rd
2008: Nagoya Marathon, 27th
Related pages
Sports in Japan
Japan at the Olympics
References
Other websites
Takahashi Naoko at IAAF
1972 births
Living people
Japanese Olympic gold medalists
Finn McGeever

Finn McGeever is an swimmer from Ireland. Finn competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He was born on 20 October 2000.
References
Other websites
2000 births
Living people
Irish swimmers
Irish Olympians
Cherreau

Cherreau is a former commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cherre-Au.
References
Former communes in Sarthe
Canadian Pacific Railway

The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), also known as CP Rail (CP) is a railway in North America with track in both Canada and the United States. It was built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885. Although it used to go all the way to Atlantic Canada, it does not do so anymore.
When British Columbia became part of Canada in 1871, one of the promises the federal government made was to link it to the rest of Canada by rail. Most of the trains that use the CPR carry freight, and the CPR used to run passenger train services until they were taken over by Via Rail in 1978. For many years, until the airplane was invented, the railway was the only way to move people across the country. Because of this, it had a big role in the settlement and development of Western Canada.
The company that owns the CPR, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, was once one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada. It owns about of track from Montreal in the east to Vancouver in the west and Edmonton to the north. CP also has track in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, and New York City in the United States.
The logo of the CPR company is a beaver, the national symbol of Canada, and it has its headquarters in Calgary, Alberta and its U.S. operations are in Minneapolis. It trades on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP.
References
Further reading
The Premier's Funeral (11 June 1891). The Woodstock Evening Sentinel Review, p. 1.
Other websites
Canadian Pacific Railway official website
Canadian Railway history and stories
CPR, from Sea to Sea: The Scottish Connection -- Historical essay, illustrated with photographs from the CPR Archives and the McCord Museum's Notman Photographic Archives
The Canadian Pacific Railway inception - A rich digital set of unique artifacts, archival and graphic material from the UBC Library Digital Collections
The Early Chinese Canadians: Working in B.C.: Gold, Railway, Mining, and Salmon
Royal Canadian Pacific
, illustrated account of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway
Rail transport in Canada
Borislav Stanković

Borislav "Bora" Stankovic (; 9 July 1925 - 20 March 2020) was a Serbian former basketball player and coach. He represented the senior Yugoslavian national basketball team internationally. He was added into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1991. From 1976 to 2003, he was the 2nd Secretary General of FIBA.
References
1925 births
2020 deaths
Serbian sportspeople
Yugoslavian basketball players
Mirandese language

The Mirandese language or lhengua mirandesa is an Astur-Leonese language or language variety that is sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal in Terra de Miranda (made up of the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro and Vimioso).
Recognition
The Assembly of the Republic granted it official recognition alongside Portuguese for local matters on 17 September 1998 with the law 7/99 of 29 January 1999. In 2001, Mirandese was officially recognised by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages, which aims to promote the survival of the least spoken European languages.
Roots
Mirandese has a distinct phonology, morphology and syntax. It has its roots in the local Vulgar Latin spoken in the northern Iberian Peninsula.
Mirandese is a descendant of the Astur-Leonese variety spoken in the Kingdom of Leon and has both archaisms and innovations that differentiate it from the modern varieties of Astur-Leonese spoken in Spain. In recognition of these differences, and due to its political isolation from the rest of the Astur-Leonese speaking territory, Mirandese has adopted a different written norm to the one used in Spain for Astur-Leonese.
References
Languages of Europe
Romance languages
The Super League

The Super League, commonly known as the European Super League, was a planned association football tournament. It will be played by 20 of the best teams in Europe. It is a closed league only for the richest clubs and makes it difficult for the rest of the clubs to play.
Florentino Perez is the chairman of the league. Three days after being founded, The Super League announced it was suspending its operations. having provoked total rejection by the national leagues, clubs and fans.
Founding clubs
Twelve clubs were announced as the founding members of the competition, with three more clubs planning to join before the first season begins. This includes the "Big Six" of England, 3 teams Italy, and 3 teams from Spain. The fifteen founding clubs will be permanent participants in the tournament, and will govern the organization. French and German clubs, including Paris Saint-Germain, Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund, have reportedly declined to join.
Arsenal
Chelsea
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Tottenham Hotspur
Inter Milan
Juventus
Milan
Atletico Madrid
Barcelona
Real Madrid
References
2021 establishments in Europe
2021 in association football
Football leagues in Europe