pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is a concept. It is the structure and rules which control the activities of people that work for large organizations and government.
It has standardized procedure (rule-following), formal division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. However, in practice, the interpretation and execution of policy can lead to informal influence.
Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science. Four things are central to any definition of bureaucracy: a well-defined division of work between persons and offices, consistent patterns of recruitment, and stable careers. There is a hierarchy among offices, such that the authority and status are distributed between actors. Formal and informal networks connect people to one another, through flows of information and patterns of cooperation.
Examples of everyday bureaucracies include governments, armed forces, corporations, hospitals, courts, ministries and schools.
Other websites
Abstracts of academic books and articles about bureaucracy
Kevin R. Kosar, "What ought a bureaucrat do?" Claremont.org, (A review piece that ponders the values that should guide bureaucrats in their work.)
Scientific Management and the Bureaucratic Organization Summary of key concepts from on-line course.
Sociology
Political science
Foreplay

Foreplay is the name for a number of things people do before they have sex. These things do not need to be directly related to having sex. Rather, they are done to sexually arouse people, to make them want each other more, Examples of things that can be used in foreplay differ among people, Most people prefer simple things that make them feel nice such as a person talking softly, a compliment, a Hug, or by being Tickled by a person they like, or even sharing similar hobbies, such as white water rafting, rocky mountain climbing or even how flexible you both are at Yoga,
Not all of these acts are physical, some can also be psychological. Common things done in foreplay include kissing, touching each other, hugging, and stimulating the others erogenous zones.
Foreplay has a well-defined function - it lowers inhibitions and makes people feel better at ease.
Foreplay has been mentioned in historic works. The Ancient Indian work Kama Sutra mentions different types of embracing, kissing, and marking with nails and teeth. It also mentions BDSM activities such as slapping and moaning as "play."
Based on age, religious and political background, what people do as foreplay can be quite different. Many people think that women demand more foreplay and require more time to become aroused. Recent scientific research has show that this is false, though. Scientists from McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada used the method of thermal imaging to record baseline temperature change in the genital area as the definition of the time necessary for sexual arousal. Researchers studied the time required for an individual to reach the peak of sexual arousal and concluded that, on average, women and men spend almost the same time for sexual arousal -- around 10 minutes.
References
Human sexuality
Crown of thorns (plant)

The crown of thorns (also known as Christ plant, or Christ thorn, called Corona de Cristo in Latin America) is a woody, succulent species of Euphorbia native to Madagascar. The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once governor of Reunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821. It is suspected that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Jesus.
Euphorbiaceae
Castella

Castella (Kasutera in Japanese) is a sponge cake produced in Japan. It is made of sugar, flour, eggs, and starch syrup, very common at festivals and as a street food.
It was originally produced in Portugal during medieval times, and when the Portuguese reached Japan they gave some of it to the Japanese nobility. The name is derived from Portuguese Pao de Castela which means "bread of Spain".
Cakes
The Twentieth Century Tramp; or, Happy Hooligan and His Airship

The Twentieth Century Tramp; or, Happy Hooligan and His Airship is a 1902 American silent comedy movie directed by Edwin S. Porter and stars J. Stuart Blackton.
Actors
J. Stuart Blackton as Happy Hooligan
References
Other websites
American movies
1902 movies
American comedy movies
American silent movies
Ampelokipoi-Menemeni

Ampelokipoi-Menemeni () is a municipality of the Thessaloniki Urban Area in the regional unit of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Ampelokipoi.
References
Settlements in Greece
Philip Hammond

Philip Hammond, Baron Hammond of Runnymede (born 4 December 1955) is an English politician. He was born in Epping, Essex. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 2016. He became Secretary of State for Transport on 12 May 2010, and a Privy Counsellor on 13 May 2010. He was the first Member of Parliament for the Runnymede and Weybridge constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election. In 2017, he announced the Midlands Engine Strategy.
He was a member of the Conservative Party until 2019. He was suspended from the party after voting against the government in a bill to remove the possibility of a no-deal Brexit.
References
1955 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Essex
UK MPs 1997-2001
UK MPs 2001-2005
UK MPs 2005-2010
UK MPs 2010-2015
UK MPs 2015-2017
UK MPs 2017-2019
Stoneham, Massachusetts

Stoneham is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Nikolay Slyunkov

Nikolay Nikitich Slyunkov () (26 April 1929 - 9 August 2022) was a Belarusian politician. He was first secretary of the Communist Party of the Byelorussian SSR during the Soviet Union.
Slyunkov died on 9 August 2022 in Minsk, Belarus at the age of 93.
References
1929 births
2022 deaths
Belarusian politicians
Chris Sutton

Chris Sutton (born 10 March 1973) is an English former footballer. He has played for the English national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1990-91||rowspan="4"|Norwich City||rowspan="2"|First Division||2||0
|-
|1991-92||21||2
|-
|1992-93||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||8
|-
|1993-94||41||25
|-
|1994-95||rowspan="5"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="5"|Premier League||40||15
|-
|1995-96||13||0
|-
|1996-97||25||11
|-
|1997-98||35||18
|-
|1998-99||17||3
|-
|1999-00||Chelsea||Premier League||28||1
|-
|2000-01||rowspan="6"|Celtic||rowspan="6"|Premier League||24||11
|-
|2001-02||18||4
|-
|2002-03||28||15
|-
|2003-04||25||1
|-
|2004-05||27||12
|-
|2005-06||8||3
|-
|2005-06||Birmingham City||Premier League||10||1
|-
|2006-07||Aston Villa||Premier League||8||1
278||85
130||64
408||149
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}
References
1973 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
People from Nottingham
Sportspeople from Nottinghamshire
Premier League players
Conspiracy theory

A conspiracy theory is a story that says that a group of people ("conspirators") have agreed ("conspired") to do illegal or evil things and hide them from the public. Conspiracy theories usually have little or no evidence. Many conspiracy theories say that certain historical events were actually caused by such conspirators.
Examples
Some conspiracy theories are about the: Apollo moon landing, the 9/11 attacks, the existence of UFO's, the assassination of JFK and the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. Other examples not relating to specific events are the Illuminati, Freemasonry-related conspiracy theories, and chemtrails.
There are different kinds of conspiracy theory. some cases are straightforward. They pretend to explain events to which we do know the real cause, or for which there is no specific cause. We now know all we are ever going to know about the 9/11 attacks and the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. Likewise, that the Earth is round (as opposed to flat) has so much evidence that denying it is simply irrational.
Their growth
There has been a growth in recent years in conspiracy theories proposed on the internet. Conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become common in mass media, and particularly on the internet. Conspiracy emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
It is worth remembering that conspiracy theorists get paid by websites according to how many viewers they attract. Websites that seem free to the user are paid for by adverts, usually quite harmless, though they may be annoying. The point is that the people who put up the individual articles get paid once the number of viewers is over a certain qualifying number.
David Grimes has calculated that it takes at least three years to expose a conspiracy on the internet, depending on the number of people involved. Many conspiracies would be exposed in between three and four years.
References
Russian State Library

The Russian State Library is the national library of Russia in Moscow. There is another library in Saint Petersburg named the National Library of Russia.
References
Other websites
Official website
Satellite image of the Russian State Library, centered on the main entrance
National libraries in Europe
Buildings and structures in Moscow
Tush (ZZ Top song)

"Tush" is a 1975 song by ZZ Top and is the only song from their fourth studio album Fandango!. It has a running time of 2 minutes and 15 seconds in length. It went to number 14 in Canada and number 20 in the United States.
Other websites
References
1975 songs
ZZ Top songs
Blues rock songs
Brentwood, Maryland

Brentwood is a town in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.
Towns in Maryland
Karim Akbari Mobarakeh

Karim Akbari Mobarakeh , (), ( 6 June 1953 - 29 October 2020) was an Iranian actor and movie director. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His career began in 1971. He was known for his acting roles as Abd-al in Shaheed-e-Kufa (1992) and as Ahmar in Mokhtarnameh (2012).
Akbari Mobarakeh died of COVID-19 in Tehran on 29 October 2020 at the age of 67.
References
1953 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran
Iranian movie directors
Actors from Tehran
Franz Mesmer

Franz Anton Mesmer (23 May 1734 - 5 March 1815) was a German physician with an interest in astronomy.
He had a theory that there was a natural transfer of energy between all animated and inanimate objects. He called this animal magnetism, sometimes later referred to as mesmerism. The theory attracted a wide following between about 1780 and 1850, and continued to have some influence until the end of the century. In 1843 the Scottish physician James Braid proposed the term hypnosis for 'animal magnetism'. Today this is the usual term for mesmerism.
References
1734 births
1815 deaths
German doctors
Tsuma Shrine

Tsuma Shrine is a Soja shrine in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. It is a soja shrine, which means it enshrines all the kami of Hyuga Province so the governor could visit all of them easily.
Soja shrines
Miyazaki Prefecture
Ken-sha
Tuvaluan language

Tuvaluan is an Austronesian language spoken in Tuvalu. It is closely related to Tokelauan language. Tuvaluan has over 11 000 speakers. The language is divided into two main dialects.
Polynesian languages
Languages of Oceania
Tuvalu
Joseph Bruno

Joseph Louis Bruno (April 8, 1929 - October 6, 2020) was an American businessman and Republican politician. He was born in Glens Falls, New York. From 1977 to 2008, he was a member of the New York State Senate. Between March to June 2008, he was Acting Lieutenant Governor of New York.
In January 2009, Bruno was indicted on eight federal corruption charges, including mail and wire fraud. In December 2009, Bruno was convicted of two counts of mail and wire fraud. In May 2010, he was sentenced to two years in jail. In May 2014, he was acquitted of all crimes.
Bruno died on October 6, 2020 at his home in Brunswick, New York from prostate cancer at the age of 91.
References
1929 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in New York (state)
American fraudsters
Criminals from New York (state)
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Dominique Crenn

Dominique Crenn (born 1965) is a French chef. Crenn is the only woman to have earned 3 Michelin stars at her restaurant. Crenn's restaurant is called Atelier Crenn, and is located in San Francisco. Dominique Crenn moved from France to the US at around age 20. She already had experience with cooking when she was younger, learning how to bake from her grandmother. One thing she is very famous for is her creative but luxurious food she also likes putting on a show. For example, she likes to cook in front of you, or make the food look really beautiful.
Feminism
In the first cookbook she wrote called Atelier Crenn, she writes about her struggles and successes. When she first started working in a restaurant she noticed that there were very very few women. over the course of her career, she had to deal with male chefs and a lot of discrimination. In an interview with David Green, she says quote " I will cut them" as a joke. She says that she does not like to fight physically or with violence. She will fight back with words. Another fact about her is that she fully supports the march of dimes.
References
1965 births
Living people
People from California
Chefs
Tarpon Springs, Florida

Tarpon Springs is a city of Florida in the United States. The population was 23,484 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Florida
Mystic Pizza

Mystic Pizza is a 1988 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It stars Annabeth Gish and Julia Roberts. The movie is about teenage girls who work in a pizza parlor in Connecticut. The movie received very positive reviews and has become a cult classic.
References
Other websites
1988 comedy-drama movies
1988 romance movies
1988 romantic comedy movies
1980s teen comedy movies
1980s teen drama movies
1980s teen romance movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Connecticut
Movies directed by Donald Petrie
James Rivière

James Riviere (pseudonym of Vincenzo Teora Riviere) (born 1949) is an Italian artist, designer, and sculptor. He is particularly known for his jewellery designs, which are held in private collections and museums, including the Louvre, Victoria and Albert, and Vatican Museums.
Museum
Louvre
Vatican Museums
Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Art
James Riviere's creations include the fields of sculpture, painting, industrial design, fashion and architecture, however jewellery is his most important form of expression. He won the jewellery category of the Triennale di Milano in 1972 and 1973. A few examples of his creations are:
"Optical Titanio Diago", necklace, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 1973
"Volcano", set of three elements, 1980
Rainbow necklace for Mikimoto, 1994
Razionale for Pope Benedict XVI, Vatican Museums, 2007
Monolite bracelet, Louvre Museum (Musee des arts decoratifs, Palais du Louvre Paris),2007
Isole Innamorate (pin), Private Collection, 1998
Emersioni da Atlantide, Private Collection, 1994
Goccie di Fuoco, Private Collection, 1991
Luna Quadra necklace, Private Collection, 1985
Segreto, Private Collection, 1988
References
Books
James Riviere, Gioielli Verso il Futuro, Agrifoglio, Milano 1991.
James Riviere, Gioielli tra Arte e Design, Collana Grandi Gioiellieri, Leonardo Arte Editore - Gruppo Mondatori Editori, Milano 1998.
L'Adorazione del Bramantino, Enigma Milanese, Electa - Kalliste Arte, Milano 2004.
Luciana Baldrighi, Diario di Citta, milanesi in galleria, Sperling & Kupfer Editori, Ottobre 2000 Piacenza p. 222-223.
Dictionaries
Guido Vergani, Dizionario della Moda, Baldini & Castaldi-Pitti Immagine, Firenze, 1998
Dictionnaire International du Bijou, edition du Regard, Paris, 1999
Fashion Dictionary, Baldini & Castaldi-Pitti Immagine, Firenze, 1999
Lia Lenti e Maria Cristina Bergesio, Dizionario del Gioiello Italiano del XIX e XX secolo, Umberto Alemanni&Co, p. 243.
Other websites
http://www.jamesriviere.com
1949 births
Italian sculptors
Living people
University of Jena

The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (, abbreviated FSU, shortened form Uni Jena) is a university in Jena, Germany. It was founded in the year 1558. In 2009, there were more than 21,000 students.
The University of Jena has got ten faculties:
Theology
Jurisprudence
Economics
Philosophy (including languages, history and others)
Social sciences
Mathematics and computer science
Physics and astronomy
Chemistry and earth sciences
Biology and pharmacy
Medicine
In 1934 the University of Jena was named after Friedrich Schiller. Schiller, a very famous German poet, had been a professor in Jena since the year 1789.
The University of Jena is a member of the Coimbra Group, a group of many important European universities.
Other websites
Website of the University of Jena
Jena
Jena
Anthem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

The "State Anthem of the Kirghiz SSR" (, ) was the anthem of Kyrgyzstan from 1946 to 1991.
Lyrics
References
Anthems of Soviet Socialist Republics
Kyrgyzstan
Dragonfruit

Pitaya fruit, pitahaya fruit, commonly known as the dragon fruit, is a fruit from Central America, South America, and Asia. It has a light sweet taste, an intense shape and colour, and has a texture of between that of a kiwi and an apple. In addition to being tasty and refreshing, it contains a lot of water and other important minerals with varied nutritional ingredients.
Occurrence
It is also known as "pitaya" if it comes from the very closely related Stenographers genus. The actual dragon fruit is the fruit of the cactus genus Hylocereus. Occuring in Mexico, South America, as well as Central America. It is possible it was introduced to Southeast Asian nations through Vietnam, alongside trade with the French during the 1800s. Cambodia, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, where it still holds as an important part of their diet.
Yellow Pitaya
The dragon fruit in the photo above. The yellow skin has white flesh. It has the highest sugar content among dragon fruits. In Chinese, it is called giraffe family and is commonly found in Hong Kong. The ripe ones are really sweet like sugar.
References
Fruits
Cactaceae
https://www.producebluebook.com/know-your-commodity/dragon-fruit/
Lambton County

Lambton County is a county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. The county seat is Plympton-Wyoming. The largest city in the county is Sarnia. The county was formed in 1849. It was named after John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham.
According to the 2011 census, 124,623 people lived in the county. Most people in the county work in manufacturing and retail trade. The Pinery Provincial Park is a popular tourist destination.
Counties of Ontario
Avant-garde metal

Avant-garde metal (also known as experimental metal or avant-metal) is a type of heavy metal music. It uses many things from experimental music, such as sounds, instruments, and ways of playing music that are not normal. Avant-garde metal is inspired by progressive rock and extreme metal. It sounds similar to progressive metal.
Avant-garde metal started as a type of death metal. Some metal musicians wanted to experiment with their music. They were inspired by progressive rock. Some of the first avant-garde metal bands were Celtic Frost, Meshuggah, Sunn O))), Boris, Voivod and Helmet.
References
Heavy metal
Music genres
Stanley Matthews

Sir Stanley Matthews CBE (born 1 February 1915 - 23 February 2000) was an English footballer. He was born in Stoke-on-Trent. Matthews played football for Stoke City and Blackpool. He was knighted in 1965 and died in 2000.
Club career statistics
|-
|1931/32||rowspan="11"|Stoke City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1932/33||15||1||0||0||15||1
|-
|1933/34||rowspan="9"|First Division||29||11||4||4||33||15
|-
|1934/35||36||10||1||1||37||11
|-
|1935/36||40||10||5||0||45||10
|-
|1936/37||40||7||2||0||42||7
|-
|1937/38||38||6||3||0||41||6
|-
|1938/39||36||2||2||0||38||2
|-
|1939/40||3||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|1945/46||colspan="2"|-||8||0||8||0
|-
|1946/47||23||4||5||1||28||5
|-
|1947/48||rowspan="15"|Blackpool||rowspan="15"|First Division||33||1||6||1||39||2
|-
|1948/49||26||3||3||0||29||3
|-
|1949/50||31||0||3||0||34||0
|-
|1950/51||36||0||8||0||44||0
|-
|1951/52||18||1||1||0||19||1
|-
|1952/53||20||4||7||1||27||5
|-
|1953/54||30||2||7||0||37||2
|-
|1954/55||34||1||1||0||35||1
|-
|1955/56||36||3||1||0||37||3
|-
|1956/57||25||2||4||0||29||4
|-
|1957/58||28||0||1||0||29||0
|-
|1958/59||19||0||6||0||25||0
|-
|1959/60||15||0||0||0||15||0
|-
|1960/61||27||0||1||0||28||0
|-
|1961/62||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1961/62||rowspan="4"|Stoke City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||18||2||3||1||21||3
|-
|1962/63||31||1||0||0||31||1
|-
|1963/64||rowspan="2"|First Division||9||0||4||1||13||1
|-
|1964/65||1||0||0||0||1||0
701||71||86||10||787||81
701||71||86||10||787||81
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1934||2||1
|-
|1935||1||0
|-
|1936||0||0
|-
|1937||3||4
|-
|1938||8||4
|-
|1939||3||0
|-
|1940||0||0
|-
|1941||0||0
|-
|1942||0||0
|-
|1943||0||0
|-
|1944||0||0
|-
|1945||0||0
|-
|1946||0||0
|-
|1947||6||1
|-
|1948||6||1
|-
|1949||1||0
|-
|1950||2||0
|-
|1951||1||0
|-
|1952||0||0
|-
|1953||3||0
|-
|1954||5||0
|-
|1955||5||0
|-
|1956||5||1
|-
|1957||3||0
|-
!Total||54||12
|}
Other websites
A Short Profile
Biography (in spanish)
References
1915 births
2000 deaths
1950 FIFA World Cup players
1954 FIFA World Cup players
British military personnel of World War II
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Disease-related deaths in England
English autobiographers
English footballers
English football managers
Knights Bachelor
People from Stoke-on-Trent
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Ballon d'Or winners
Jimmy Gardner

Edward Charles James Gardner, DFM (August 24, 1924 - May 3, 2010) was an English actor. He played Ernie Prang in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004).
Gardner was born on August 24, 1924 in Newmarket, Suffolk, England. Gardner died on May 3, 2010 in London, England from pneumonia, aged 85.
References
Other websites
1924 births
2010 deaths
Actors from Suffolk
Deaths from pneumonia
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Infectious disease deaths in England
Kiowa, Oklahoma

Kiowa is a town in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 731 at the 2010 census.
References
Towns in Oklahoma
John Elway

John Albert Elway, Jr. (born June 28, 1960 in Port Angeles, Washington) is a retired Hall of Fame American football quarterback. He played his college football at Stanford and his whole professional career for the Denver Broncos football team of the National Football League (NFL). He was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1987. Elway won Super Bowls with the Broncos in 1998 and 1999, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999, throwing for one touchdown and rushing for another as the Broncos beat the Atlanta Falcons, 34-19. That ended up being his final game (other than the 1999 Pro Bowl), as he retired after that season.
1960 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Denver Broncos players
Sportspeople from Washington (state)
Bourgon

Bourgon is a commune of 587 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Mayenne
Tenson Shrine

is a Shinto shrine located in Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
Enshrined gods
Hikohohodemi
Onamuchi
Kunitokotachi
Tarashinakatsuhiko
History
The Tenson Shrine was created in 782 and was later blessed by Emperor Heizei in 806.
References
Hieizan Rekishi no Sampomichi, Kodansha, 1995,
Tian Sun Shen She :You Xu
External links
Tian Sun Shen She - The Tenson Shrine's official website (Japanese)
Kokushi Genzaisha
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
Winthrop, Maine

Winthrop is a town in Kennebec County, Maine, United States.
Towns in Maine
Jorge Marrale

Jorge Marrale (born June 30, 1947) is a well-known Argentine actor. Marrale is known for his roles in Ashes of Paradise, The Lighthouse, Antigua, My Life, El Dia Que Me Ama, and in Ay Junacito.
He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
References
1947 births
Living people
Actors from Buenos Aires
NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is a nonprofit academic medical center in New York City involved with medical schools: Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Weill Cornell Medicine. It is made of two distinct medical centers, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical Center.
As of 2021, the hospital was ranked as the 7th best hospital in the United States and 1st in the New York City metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report. The hospital has around 20,000 employees and 2,678 beds in total, and is one of the largest hospitals in the world.
References
Hospitals in the United States
Buildings and structures in New York City
Saluggia

Saluggia is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Piedmont region in Italy.
It is known for the production of beans.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Florida City, Florida

Florida City is a city of Florida in the United States.
Cities in Florida
Richard Barrett

First Sergeant Richard Barrett (1838 - March 20, 1898) was an Irish-born American officer in the U.S. Army. He served with the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment during the Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor during the Apache Wars. He voluntarily led a group of troops against a group of hostile Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon on May 23, 1872.
Biography
Richard Barrett was born in County Mayo, Ireland in 1838. He eventually moved to the United States and settled in Buffalo, New York. It was there that Barrett enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to Company A of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment. By 1872, he had risen to the rank of first sergeant. On May 23 of that year, while posted to the Arizona Territory, Barrett volunteered to lead a group of soldiers against a group of renegade Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon. He was cited for "conspicuous gallantry" and recommended for the Medal of Honor for his actions which he received on April 12, 1875. Barrett moved to Washington, D.C. after his retirement from military service. He died there on March 20, 1898, at the age of 60. He was interred at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company A, 1st U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Sycamore Canyon, Ariz., 23 May 1872. Entered service at: --. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 12 April 1875.
Citation:
Consplcuous gallantry in a charge upon the Tonto Apaches.
References
Further reading
Konstantin, Phil. This Day in North American Indian History: Important Dates in the History of North America's Native Peoples for Every Calendar Day. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002.
Other websites
1838 births
1898 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from New York (state)
Rolf Sperling

Rolf Sperling is a diver from Germany. Sperling competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born on 25 April 1940.
References
Other websites
1940 births
Living people
Divers
East German Olympians
Sportspeople from Saxony-Anhalt
People from Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Beadle

A beadle is someone who works at a church or a Jewish synagogue and helps the clergy. A beadle's main job is to show people to their seats and to keep order during church services. In the past they were important in running workhouses.
Like many words that describe a person's job, the word beadle can also be used as a last name.
Religious occupations
Ausonius

Decimius Magnus Ausonius (ca. 310-395) was a Latin poet and rhetorician, born at Burdigala (Bordeaux).
Biography
Ausonius was born in Bordeaux in ca. 310. His father was a noted physician of Greek ancestry.
Ausonius had a strict upbringing by his aunt and grandmother and received an excellent education, especially in grammar and rhetoric, but said his Greek was not good. Having completed his studies, he trained for some time as a lawyer, but he preferred teaching. In 334, he established a school of rhetoric in Bordeaux, which was very popular. His most famous pupil was St. Paulinus of Nola, who later became Bishop of Nola.
After thirty years of this work, he was ordered by Valentinian to the imperial court to teach Gratian, the heir-apparent. The prince greatly respected his tutor, and after his accession bestowed on him the highest titles and honours that any Roman (besides from the royal family) could attain, culminating in the consulate in 379.
After the murder of Gratian in 383, Ausonius retired to his estates near Burdigala (now Bordeaux) in Gaul. These supposedly included the land now owned by Chateau Ausone, which takes its name from him. He appears to have been a late and perhaps not very enthusiastic convert to Christianity. He died about 395.
References
Other websites
Works by Ausonius at the Internet Archive
Latin text of Mosella and the Septem Sententiae
Ausonius' Opera Omnia: IntraText Digital Library
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina
wiki text and translation of Moselle
310s births
395 deaths
French poets
People from Bordeaux
Doctor Strange

Doctor Stephen Vincent Strange, better known as Doctor Strange is one of the many heroes of Marvel Comics and the feature hero of his own series Dr. Strange as well as a regular part of The Defenders.
Unlike most heroes Doctor Strange deals with universe threatening events rather than petty crimes or even world threats. He is titled the Sorcerer Supreme, a title which comes with the duty of protecting the universe against invading forces of evil from other realms.
Dr. Strange has appeared in many animated films, cartoons, video games, and films since his comic debut. The character was first portrayed in live-action by Peter Hooten in the 1978 television film Dr. Strange. Benedict Cumberbatch portrays Doctor Strange in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
He was created by the late Stan Lee and the late Steve Ditko, and first appeared in Strange Tales #110 in July of 1963.
Marvel Comics superheroes
Avengers (comics) characters
American crow

The American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) is a species of crow that is found in North America. It is of least concern, this means that it is not in any danger of dying out. A large group of crows is also called a murder. These crows can also be tamed to be around humans.
Health concerns
These crows also carry different viruses that might be harmful to humans if the crow is infected with the disease.
References
Corvids
Birds of North America
Deining

Deining is a municipality in Neumarkt in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Neumarkt (district)
Louisa (1946 movie)

Louisa () is a 1946 Finnish drama movie directed by Valentin Vaala and was based on the 1940 play of the same name by Hella Wuolijoki. It stars Emma Vaananen, Tauno Palo, Kirsti Hurme, Holger Salin, Hilkka Helina, Matti Aulos.
Other websites
1946 drama movies
Finnish movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Valentin Vaala
Issans

Issans is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Auburn Hills, Michigan

Auburn Hills is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. 21,412 people lived here at the 2010 census.
The automobile manufacturer Chrysler is headquartered in the city.
References
Cities in Michigan
Astis

Astis is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Astis
Anna Komorowska

Anna Julia Komorowska (born 11 May 1953) is a Polish classical philologist. She was the First Lady of Poland, as the wife of 5th President of Poland, Bronislaw Komorowski.
References
1953 births
Living people
First Ladies of Poland
Polish academics
People from Warsaw
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (11 May 1752 - 22 January 1840) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist and anthropologist. He was one of the first to explore the study of mankind as an aspect of natural history. He used comparative anatomy to classify human races, of which he listed five.
Blumenbach's classification of races
Blumenbach divided the human species into five races in 1779. Later he based them on the anatomy of the human skull. Blumenbach's work included the description of sixty skulls published as Decas craniorum (Gottingen 1790-1828). This was a founding work for other scientists.
He called the five races (1793/1795):
the Caucasian race or white race
the Mongolian or yellow race
the Malayan or brown race
the Ethiopian, or black race
the American or red race.
He did not think other races were inferior to the Caucasian race, and were potentially good members of society.
Anatomical study led him to the conclusion that 'individual Africans differ as much, or even more, from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans'. Furthermore he thought that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind 'concerning healthy faculties of understanding, excellent natural talents and mental capacities'.
"Finally, I am of opinion that after all these numerous instances I have brought together of negroes of capacity, it would not be difficult to mention entire well-known provinces of Europe, from out of which you would not easily expect to obtain off-hand such good authors, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the Paris Academy; and on the other hand, there is no so-called savage nation known under the sun which has so much distinguished itself by such examples of perfectibility and original capacity for scientific culture, and thereby attached itself so closely to the most civilized nations of the earth, as the Negro."
These ideas were far less influential. His ideas were adopted by other researchers and encouraged scientific racism. Blumenbach's work was used by many biologists and comparative anatomists in the nineteenth century who were interested in the origin of races: Wells, Lawrence, Prichard, Huxley and William Flower are good examples of his influence on human biology.
Regarding human origins, Blumenbach believed the first humans had originated in Asia.
References
1752 births
1840 deaths
German doctors
German naturalists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Human body features
Orchard, Iowa

Orchard is a city in Iowa in the United States. In 2011 there were 79 people living in Orchard.
References
Cities in Iowa
Imrich Andrejčák

Imrich Andrejcak (12 July 1941 - 5 September 2018) was a Czechoslovak-born Slovak army general and politician. He was the last Minister of Defence of Czechoslovakia from July 2, 1992, until December 31, 1992, with the dissolution of the country.
Andrejcak the became the first Defence Minister of an independent Slovakia from March 16, 1993 and March 14, 1994.
Andrejcak died in Trencin, Slovakia on 5 September 2018, aged 77
References
1941 births
2018 deaths
Slovakian politicians
Gebze

Gebze is an industrial town in the provience Kocaeli, Turkey. It is the largest industrial area of Kocaeli. There is a project to build the Izmit Bay Bridge to connect Yalova and Gebze.
Cities in Turkey
Kocaeli Province
Sex shop

A sex shop is a shop that sells adult products including sex toys, pornography, lingerie and fetish goods.
Most countries make it so that children cannot enter sex shops. Some require shops to have warnings outside the shop.
In the United Kingdom, sex shops must not show the products on sale inside the shop so that people on the street can see them. Sex shops in the United Kingdom are the only place where you can buy videos rated as "R18" by the British Board of Film Classification.
Sex industry
Shops
Atilio Pozzobón

Atilio Angel Pozzobon (24 March 1938 - 12 September 2020) was an Argentine actor. He was born in Buenos Aires. He was known for his roles as Francesco in Son of the Bride (2001), as Saligani in Lost Embrace (2004) and as the movie Czar in Ay Juancito (2004).
Pozzobon died on 12 September 2020 in Buenos Aires at the age of 82.
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
Argentine movie actors
Argentine television actors
Argentine stage actors
Actors from Buenos Aires
Qi

Qi ("Chi" or "Ki") is an esoteric energy field or power source in Chinese mysticism. Qi is usually interpreted as "vital life force", but can also generally refer to energy and physical power in the universe. Qi is a major concept in Chinese acupuncture, which focuses on stimulating pressure points in the body in order to regulate Qi flow for good health. The concept of Qi also plays a part in Qigong and Feng shui.
References
Pseudoscience
Spirituality
Chinese mythology
Miyako Sumiyoshi

was a Japanese speed skater. She competed at the 2013 World Sprint Championships in Salt Lake City, where she placed thirteenth. She also placed thirteenth in the sprint combination at the 2014 World Sprint Championships in Nagano.
Sumiyoshi competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in the 500 meters (14th) and in the 1000 meters (22nd).
On 20 January 2018, she was found dead in her home in Nagano at the age of 30.
References
1987 births
2018 deaths
Japanese Olympians
Speed skaters
Ra Province

Ra is one of the fourteen provinces in Fiji. It is in the Western Division. It is on Viti Levu, the largest island. The main town is Vaileka.
Ra has a land area of 1341 square kilometers. About 30,000 people lived there in 2017. There are 19 districts.
References
Provinces of Fiji
Under Siege

Under Siege is a 1992 American military action thriller movie. It stars Tommy Lee Jones and Steven Seagal, the latter of whom stars as a Navy SEAL. Under Siege received very strong reception by critics: it brought Seagal right into the mainstream. It was released October 9, 1992. It's sequel is the 1995 movie Under Siege 2: Dark Territory also starring Seagal.
References
1992 action movies
1992 thriller movies
1990s action thriller movies
American action thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies about terrorism
Movies set in Hawaii
Movies directed by Andrew Davis
Fernando Serena

Fernando Rodriguez Serena (28 January 1941 - 15 October 2018) was a Spanish footballer. He played as a midfielder. Serena was born in Madrid. He played for Real Madrid for five years, and was a part of their European Cup winning squad in 1966.
He earned one cap for the Spanish National Team. Serena also played for CA Osasuna, Elche CF, and UE Sant Andreu.
Serena died of complications from Parkinson's disease on 15 October 2018 in Madrid at the age of 77.
References
Other websites
National team data at BDFutbol
1941 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Footballers from Madrid
EUX.TV

EUX.TV, or the Europe channel, is an independent digital television station from Brussels that talks about European matters.
Other websites
http://eux.tv/
Television stations
Soppe-le-Bas

Soppe-le-Bas is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA; c. 48) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It makes copyright law in the United Kingdom, which used to be taken from the Copyright Act 1956. It says that copyright for creative works lasts for 70 years after the author dies (50 years for works made on a computer). A work can only be protected by copyright if it is one of: literary work, dramatic work, musical work, artistic work, movies, sound recordings, broadcasts, and text of published editions.
References
1980s Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Copyright
1988 in the United Kingdom
Tornado drill

A tornado drill is something people do to practice what they would do if there were a tornado. It is usually done in a building such as a school or office. It starts with a signal such as an alarm or a spoken message over an intercom. After they hear the signal, people go to a certain part of the building. This is usually a room deep inside the building (probably near the middle), or a hallway with no windows. They then get into a safe position. This might include kneeling on the ground with their hands over their heads.
In some places, schools have to have tornado drills, but usually not as often as fire drills. Tornado drills happen more in places where there are more tornadoes, such as in the Tornado Alley of the Midwestern United States.
Statewide drills
In the United States, most states in the Midwest and South have a statewide tornado drill in late winter or early spring to get ready for the severe weather season. During these drills, the National Weather Service gives out test tornado warnings, and local Emergency Alert Systems and/or NOAA Weather Radio (normally as a weekly or monthly test) are sounded, along with outdoor warning sirens. Schools and businesses may also have a tornado drill.
Related pages
Fire drill
Tornado
Tornado Alley
References
Other websites
Tornado Safety Rules in Schools
My Hazardous Statewide Guide
Safety
San Gimignano

San Gimignano is a small hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy. San Gimignano is famous for the medieval towers, and for the wine, called "Vernaccia di San Gimignano".
History
San Gimignano was founded as a small village in about 1300 BC by the Etruscans. The city is named after Saint Geminianus, who defended it from Attila the Hun in the mid 5th century.
In medieval and Renaissance times, it was a stopping point for pilgrims on their way to Rome and the Vatican as it sits on the medieval via Francigena.
In 1199, during the period of its highest splendour, the city made itself independent from Volterra.
Important places
There are many churches in the town: the two main ones are the Collegiata, a cathedral, and Sant'Agostino.
The Communal Palace is now the home of San Gimignano Gallery. Hhere there are works by Pinturicchio, Benozzo Gozzoli, Filippino Lippi, Domenico di Michelino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, and others.
The heart of the town contains the four squares, "Piazza della Cisterna", "Piazza Duomo", "Piazza Pecori", and "Piazza delle Erbe".
Culture
San Gimignano is the birthplace of the poet Folgore da San Gimignano (1270-1332).
Tea with Mussolini, a 1999 drama about English and American women in Italy during World War II, was filmed in part at San Gimignano.
Images
References
Towns in Tuscany
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Wine regions
Lacrimal bone

The lacrimal bone is the smallest bone in the face; about the size of the little fingernail. It is at the front of the inside wall of the eye socket.
The lacrimal bone is involved in crying. It is part of the tear duct, where tears drain from the eye. The lacrimal sac is where tears flow when you cry. The tears then go down a duct inside the nose. This is why you can get a runny nose from crying.
More images
References
Bones of the skull
Ivandro Cunha Lima

Ivandro Moura Cunha Lima (26 May 1930 - 28 May 2022) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician. He was born in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. He was a member of the Brazilian Senate from 1977 until 1982.
Lima died on 28 May 2022 in Campina Grande, Brazil, two days after his 92nd birthday.
References
1930 births
2022 deaths
Brazilian lawyers
Brazilian politicians
Famechon, Somme

Famechon is a commune. It is in the Somme department in northern France.
Communes in Somme
Arena rock

Event Centre rock (also known as arena rock, corporate rock, industry rock,or stadium rock) is a word to describe a form of rock music which is played, or intended to be played, in large venues, such as event centres, arenas, stadia, and open-air concert spaces. In such a way, genres which traditionally fall within the categories of event centre rock tend to be (yet not always) loud and anthemic; event centre rock is most traditionally associated with heavy metal, progressive rock, hard rock, glam metal or pop rock genres. Often, yet not always, event centre rock is categorised as being more mass-scale, commercially appealing, and radio-oriented music. Due to the often commercial nature of event centre rock, it is occasionally called corporate rock.
Event centre rock is generally associated with the grand shows that artists and groups within the style would hold. At these performances, large sound systems, and often elaborate lighting, additional effects and fireworks, would be included. The 1970s and 80s were a major period in event centre rock.
Whilst event centre rock has seen large popularity over the years, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s, it has also been criticised for its often commercial and extravagant nature, especially with regards to the shows and concert tours that event centre rock bands and artists would have. To some extent, genres such as pub rock, punk rock, indie rock and alternative rock grew as a reaction against the nature and aesthetic of event centre rock, opting for a less commercial and over-the-top style.
Famous bands associated with event centre rock include Kiss, Queen, Aerosmith, Journey, and Styx, amongst several others.
Notable musicians
AC/DC
Aerosmith
Blue Oyster Cult
Boston
Def Leppard
The Eagles
Elton John
Foreigner
Journey
Bon Jovi
Judas Priest
Kansas
Kiss
Meat Loaf
Peter Frampton
Queen
REO Speedwagon
Styx
Toto
Van Halen
References
Rock music
Ashford, Surrey

Ashford is a town and suburb of London in the Surrey County Council borough of Spelthorne, England.
References
Towns in Surrey
Spring Green, Wisconsin

Spring Green is a village in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,628 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Spring Green. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright lived in Spring Green, Wisconsin.
Other websites
Village of Spring Green
Spring Green Community Library
Villages in Wisconsin
Sauk County, Wisconsin
Buchbrunn

Buchbrunn is a municipality in Kitzingen, Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Bayrische Planungsregion 2.
Sport
The TSV Buchbrunn (official website featuring a detailed chronicle) was founded in 1947 and is best known for its football and table tennis teams. It also has compartments for children's gymnastics and others.
References
Kitzingen (district)
Suzerainty

Suzerainty (American accent: soo-zer-en-tee) happens when a country X has its own government but cannot act independently because of a more powerful country Y. This more powerful country Y is called the suzerain and can usually control the foreign relations of X (how X interacts with other countries).
It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary still has limited control of its own stuff and internal country affairs.
A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord. Vassals must pay tribute to the feudal lord.
Some examples
The term suzerainty originally described the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding regions including:
Moldova
Principality of Serbia
Wallachia
China historically had suzerainty over Mongolia, Korea.
Related pages
tributary state
Citations
International politics
Calais, Maine

Calais is a city in Washington County, Maine, United States.
Cities in Maine
Bookmaker

A bookmaker, bookie or Turf Accountant is person or company that collect bets for sporting events. Bets are placed and winnings are paid when the chosen team wins or event happens. The most popular bet will be for winning team. If chosen team wins - person betting will win their money back with some earnings.
Bookmakers are very popular in UK and Ireland. The person betting can chose from many variations. Most bets are made in sports like football, horse racing and rugby. Some bets can be placed for events too, like Oscar or presidential winners.
The first bookmaker was Harry Ogden opened in 1790s.
References
Gambling
Financial occupations
Andy Gilpin

Andrew Crowley Gilpin (September 30, 1920 - March 1, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey forward. Born in Montreal, Quebec, he was a member of the Ottawa RCAF Flyers who won the gold medal in ice hockey for Canada at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz.
References
1920 births
2014 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Sportspeople from Montreal