pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hyakunin Isshu

is list of wakas written by 100 famous waka poets. They are cards that have writing on them. There are 200 cards divided into two groups - 100 Yomifuda cards and 100 Torifuda cards.
Hyakunin Isshu as a game
Hyakunin isshu is a popular game in Japan. It is played often during the New Year season. A few games are possible using these cards.
Karuta is the most popular game. A reader reads Kaminoku (the upper words) and Shimonoku (the lower words), and the players compete to see how fast they can pick the matching card. The Kaminoku is not written on the cards, so the players who memorize the Kaminoku have an advantage. The player who can get the most cards wins.
The beginning words are 5,7,5 (about 17 characters), called Kaminoku. The second part are 7,7, called Shimonoku.
Card games
The Club (Nickelodeon)

Nicktropolis was a virtual world made for children aged six to fourteen.
History
Building of Nicktropolis started in November 2004. It went into testing by late 2005, and was given out to members by January 6, 2007. The game opened to all people on January 30, 2007. It ended due to the new Nickelodeon update and the Nickelodeon message board has been shut down too.
References
Other websites
Nicktropolis website
Nickelodeon
Come On Over

Come On Over is the first album released by Plain White T's.
Track listing
"Skinny Dipping"
"Behind"
"Kitty Kat Shirt"
"All Dressed Up"
"Maybe Another Day"
"Cinderella Story"
"I-88"
"Come On Over"
"Aud."
"Round"
"Show Your Face"
"Rave"
"Comin' with the Quickness"
"Go Back"
Other websites
Official Website
2000 albums
Debut albums
Plain White T's albums
Pop punk albums
Louise Fletcher

Estelle Louise Fletcher (July 22, 1934 - September 23, 2022) was an American actress. She won many awards for her television and movie acting. She is most famous for playing the main antagonist "Nurse Ratched" in the movie One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975). That earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress, a BAFTA Award, and a Golden Globe Award in 1976. She was also well-known for her role as the Bajoran religious leader "Kai Winn Adami" in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993-99). She acted in many other movies and television series.
On September 23, 2022, Fletcher died at her home in Montdurausse, France, at the age of 88.
References
Other webbsites
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
1934 births
2022 deaths
Montmirail, Sarthe

Montmirail is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
Cernay, Haut-Rhin

Cernay is a French commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
It is on the river Thur, 17 km northwest of Mulhouse.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Kewaunee County, Wisconsin

Kewaunee County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of 2000, 20,187 people lived there. Its county seat is Kewaunee. Kewaunee County is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
The county has a total area of . Of this, is land and (68.41%) is water.
Cities, villages, and towns
Ahnapee
Algoma
Carlton
Casco (town)
Casco
Franklin
Kewaunee
Lincoln
Luxemburg (town)
Luxemburg
Montpelier
Pierce
Red River
West Kewaunee
Unincorporated communities
Images
References
Other websites
Kewaunee County
Northeast Wisconsin Historical County Plat Maps & Atlases University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center
1850s establishments in Wisconsin
1859 establishments in the United States
Petro Kravchuk

Petro Kostiantynovych Kravchuk (; 11 July 1962 - 3 August 2022) was a Ukrainian politician. He was a member of Ukraine - Forward!. He was a People's Deputy of Ukraine from 2006 to 2008. Kravchuk was born in Volyn Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union.
Kravchuk died on 3 August 2022, at the age of 60.
References
1962 births
2022 deaths
Members of the Verkhovna Rada
Crailsheim

Crailsheim is a town in Schwabisch Hall in Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany. It is east of Schwabisch Hall and southwest of Ansbach.
References
Other websites
Official website
History about Crailsheim
Châtelaudren

Chatelaudren is a former commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Cotes-d'Armor department in the west of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Chatelaudren-Plouagat.
References
Former communes in Cotes-d'Armor
Meysse

Meysse is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
Communes in Ardeche
Crézières

Crezieres is a former commune. It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Deux-Sevres department in west France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Chef-Boutonne.
References
Former communes in Deux-Sevres
Monceau-le-Neuf-et-Faucouzy

Monceau-le-Neuf-et-Faucouzy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
List of governments of Israel

This is a list of governments of Israel.
References
The Government of Israel, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Governments
Governments, Israel
Phases of the Moon

The phases of the Moon are the different ways the Moon looks from Earth over about a month.
As the Moon orbits around the Earth, the half of the Moon that faces the Sun will be lit up. The different shapes of the lit portion of the Moon that can be seen from Earth are known as phases of the Moon. Each phase repeats itself every 69 days.
The same half of the Moon always faces the Earth, because of tidal locking. So the phases will always occur over the same half of the Moon's surface.
A phase is an angle of the moon to the earth so it appears differently every day.
Phases
The moon goes through 8 major phases.
A new moon is when the moon cannot be seen because we are looking at the unlit half of the Moon. The new moon phase occurs when the Moon is directly between the Earth and Sun. A solar eclipse can only happen at new moon.
A waxing crescent moon is when the Moon looks like a crescent and the crescent increases ("waxes") in size from one day to the next. This phase is usually only seen in the west.
The first quarter moon (or a half moon) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the waxing crescent phase. It comes a week after new moon.
A waxing gibbous moon occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape increases ("waxes") in size from one day to the next. The waxing gibbous phase occurs between the first quarter and full moon phases.
A full moon is when we can see the entire lit portion of the Moon. The full moon phase occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, called opposition. A lunar eclipse can only happen at full moon.
A waning gibbous moon occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape decreases ("wanes") in size from one day to the next. The waning gibbous phase occurs between the full moon and third quarter phases.
The last quarter moon (or a half moon) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the waning gibbous phase.
A waning crescent moon is when the Moon looks like a crescent and the crescent decreases ("wanes") in size from one day to the next.
"Blue moon"
A second full moon in one calendar month is usually called a "blue moon" and this occurs approximately every 3 years. The idiom "Once in a blue moon" refers to something that does not happen often (like a blue moon).
Related pages
Extraterrestrial sky
Phases of the Earth
Lunar eclipse
Solar eclipse
References
Moon
Hubble's law

Hubble's law, or the HubbleLemaitre law, is the name for an astronomical observation. The observation is that:
All objects observed in deep space have a doppler shift-measured velocity relative to Earth, and to each other;
That velocity is proportional to their distance from the Earth and all other interstellar bodies.
The space-time volume of the observable universe is expanding. Hubble's law is the direct physical observation of this. This is why we believe the Universe is expanding. The evidence supports the Big Bang model.
Although widely attributed to Edwin Hubble, the law was first derived from the General Relativity equations by Georges Lemaitre in a 1927 article. There he proposed that the Universe is expanding, and suggested a value for the rate of expansion, now called the Hubble constant. Two years later Edwin Hubble confirmed the existence of that law and got a more accurate value for the constant that now bears his name. The recession velocity of the objects was inferred from their redshifts, as measured earlier by Vesto Slipher in 1917 and related to velocity by him.
The law is often expressed by the equation , with H0 the constant of proportionality (the Hubble constant) between the "proper distance" D to a galaxy and its velocity v (see Uses of the proper distance). H0 is usually quoted in (km/s)/Mpc, which gives the speed in km/s of a galaxy away. The reciprocal of H0 is the Hubble time.
A recent 2011 estimate of the Hubble constant, which used a new infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to measure the distance and redshift for a collection of astronomical objects, gives a value of . An alternate approach using data from galactic clusters gave a value of .
A number of other methods have been used, giving figures between 70 and 72 (km/s)/Mpc. A recent (2016) method using the oldest light in the universe suggests the Hubble Constant value was 66.53km/s per megaparsec soon after the expansion began. This implies that the rate of expansion has been increasing.
Rate of expansion
The expansion of the Universe is accelerating. The accelerated expansion of the universe was discovered during 1998 by two independent projects. These were the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team. They both used distant type 1a supernovae to measure the acceleration.
More recent account
According to an article in New Scientist, there are two main ways of measuring this, and they do not agree. The two methods used are:
Cepheids ("standard candles")
Quasar flicker time delay
Related pages
Nature timeline
References
Astrophysics
Cosmology
Mileage

The term "mileage" refers to distance traveled. It often refers to distance per unit of fuel, such as miles per gallon (mpg) or litres per 100 kilometres (L/100 km). In the U.S., the fuel efficiency of motorized vehicles (such as cars, trucks, or motorcycles) is measured in mpg, as miles per U.S. gallon of gasoline. However, in the UK, the fuel efficiency is often measured in litres of fuel used per 100 kilometres, or in miles per imperial gallon.
Related pages
U.S. customary units
imperial units
Measurement
John Grisham

John Ray Grisham Jr. (born February 8, 1955) is an American politician, lawyer, and writer.
Biography and career
He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas. His father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer. After moving often, the family settled in 1967 in the town of Southaven in De Soto County, Mississippi, and he graduated from Southaven High School. Young Grisham loved to read. In 1977, Grisham received a degree from Mississippi State University. He earned his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981. After leaving law school, he entered a small-town general law practice for nearly 10 years in Southaven, MS where he paid a lot of attention on criminal law and civil law.
In 1983, he was elected as a Democrat to the Mississippi House of Representatives, where he served until 1990. During this time, he continued his private law practice in Southaven.
In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the testimony of a 12-year-old girl who was raped. In his spare time, Grisham began work on his first novel, which explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her attackers. He spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987. The book was bought by Wynwood Press, which published it in June 1988.
The day after Grisham finished A Time to Kill, he began work on another novel, the story of a young attorney lured to what seemed to be a perfect law firm. That second book, The Firm, became the bestselling novel of 1991. Grisham then went on to write at least one work a year, most of them popular bestsellers.
Grisham has been declared "the bestselling novelist of the 90s," selling a total of 60,742,288 copies. Grisham's 1992 novel The Pelican Brief sold 11,232,480 books in the United States alone, making it the bestselling novel of the decade and the only novel to sell ten million books or more during a period of 10 years.
Books by John Grisham
Fiction
A Time to Kill (1989)
The Firm (1991)
The Pelican Brief (1992)
The Client (1993)
The Chamber (1994)
The Rainmaker (1995)
The Runaway Jury (1996)
The Partner (1997)
The Street Lawyer (1998)
The Testament (1999)
The Brethren (2000)
The Summons (2002)
The King of Torts (2003)
The Last Juror (2004)
The Broker (2005)
The Appeal (2008)
The Associate (2009)
Non-fiction
The Innocent Man (2006)
Other websites
Official website
1955 births
Living people
lawyers from Arkansas
lawyers from Mississippi
Politicians from Arkansas
Writers from Arkansas
Politicians from Mississippi
Writers from Mississippi
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
People from Jonesboro, Arkansas
South Milwaukee, Wisconsin

South Milwaukee is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States.
Settlements in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
Cities in Wisconsin
Arcadia, Oklahoma

Arcadia is a town in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The population was 285 at the 2009 census.
References
Towns in Oklahoma
Johnny Pesky

John Michael "Johnny" Pesky (born John Michael Paveskovich; February 27, 1919 - August 13, 2012), nicknamed "The Needle" and "Mr. Red Sox", was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach. He was a shortstop and third baseman during a ten-year major league playing career, appearing in 1,270 games played in 1942 and from 1946 to 1954 for three different teams.
References
1919 births
2012 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Minnesota Twins players
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
Rockingham County, Virginia

Rockingham County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 83,757 people lived there. Its county seat is Harrisonburg.
References
Virginia counties
Multivalued function

A multivalued function (multifunction) is a relation like a function. A multifunction associates each input with at least one output. A strict function associates each input with exactly one output. An example of a multivalued function is the square root. Every complex number (except for 0), has two square roots. Example: could be 2 or -2 because and .
References
Functions and mappings
George Little (New Brunswick politician)

George Little (May 22, 1937 - May 15, 2021) was a Scottish-Canadian teacher and politician who led the New Brunswick New Democratic Party (NDP) from 1980 to 1988. He died on May 15, 2021 at Saint John Regional Hospital in Saint John, New Brunswick, a week before his 84th birthday.
1937 births
2021 deaths
Textual criticism

Textual criticism is the study of different copies of books or manuscripts. The purpose is to find the original, and see what changes were made to the later versions.
Textual criticism started with the study of the Bible, but now these techniques are used to study many texts.
Basic notions and objectives
The basic problem, as described by Paul Maas, is as follows:
"We have no autograph manuscripts of the Greek and Roman classical writers and no copies which have been [compared] with the originals; the manuscripts we possess derive from the originals through an unknown number of intermediate copies, and are consequentially of questionable trustworthiness. The business of textual criticism is to produce a text as close as possible to the original". p1
The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the archetype. "If we succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the reconstruction of the original is considerably advanced".pp22-23
The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition". This contains a text most closely approximating the original, which is accompanied by a critical apparatus that presents:
the evidence that the editor considered (names of manuscripts),
the editor's analysis of that evidence and
a record of rejected variants (often in order of preference).pp22-23
Related pages
Criticism
Philology
References
Literature
Battles of Napoleon

Battles of Napoleon is a 1988 computer wargame by Chuck Kroegel and David Landrey released by Strategic Simulations, Inc.. It was released for the Apple II, Commodore 64 and DOS. Computer Gaming World gave it a glowing review, calling it "the game that can keep you satisfied, even addicted, for many years to come." The magazine later awarded it as "Wargame of the Year".
References
1988 video games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Lambourne

Lambourne is a village and civil parish in Epping Forest, Essex, England. In 2011 there were 2013 people living in Lambourne.
References
Epping Forest
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation is a 2015 American spy action thriller movie directed by Christopher McQuarrie and is the fifth movie in the Mission: Impossible series. It stars Tom Cruise, Jeremy Renner, Simon Pegg, Rebecca Ferguson, Ving Rhames, Sean Harris, Simon McBurney, Jingchu Zhang, Tom Hollander, Jens Hulten, Alec Baldwin and is the sequel to the 2018 movie Mission: Impossible - Fallout. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
2015 action movies
2015 thriller movies
2010s spy movies
2010s action thriller movies
Mission: Impossible movies
American sequel movies
Hong Kong movies
Austrian movies
British action movies
British thriller movies
Moroccan movies
Movies set in Austria
Movies set in Morocco
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Christopher McQuarrie
Voëns-Maley

Voens-Maley is a village in the municipality of Saint-Blaise in the Swiss canton of Neuchatel. Since 1888, it became a part of Saint-Blaise.
It contains two villages: Voens and Maley. Voens is a golf course.
Other websites
Former municipalities of Neuchatel
Villages in Neuchatel
Catherine Keener

Catherine Ann Keener (born March 23, 1959) is an American actress. She has been twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Being John Malkovich (1999) and for her role as Harper Lee in Capote (2005).
Keener also appeared in The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Into the Wild (2007), Synecdoche, New York (2008), and Get Out (2017).
References
Satellite Award winners
1959 births
Living people
Actors from Miami
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Grand Forks, British Columbia

Grand Forks is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Grand Forks is in Boundary Country near the Canada-United States border.
The population of Grand Forks was 3,985 in 2011. The mayor of Grand Forks is Frank Konrad. The city started in the late 19th century when copper mining was popular in both the Boundary and Kootenay regions of British Columbia. It officially became a city on April 15, 1897. In both 1908 and 1911, fires destroyed the downtown core because of the large number of wood frame buildings and stores. Grand Forks has an ice hockey team, the Grand Forks Border Bruins which play in the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League.
References
Other websites
Official website
Cities in British Columbia
List of Major League Baseball teams by payroll

This is a list of Major League Baseball teams, ranked by their total salary as of 2008.
References
Baseball lists
KLM

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is an airline that is a part of Air France-KLM. It is based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It has flights that stay in Netherlands and other flights that go world-wide. KLM goes to 90 different places and its main airport or hub is Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. Before KLM combined with Air France, KLM was the main airline of the Netherlands. KLM is the world's oldest airline with its original name. In September 2014, KLM had around 32,000 people working for it.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Route map and statistical information
1919 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in the Netherlands
Airlines of the Netherlands
Johann Buzek

Johann Buzek (born 22 May 1938 in Wien) is a former Austrian football forward. He played for different clubs in Austria and the Austrian national football team.
Club career
He is a goldsmith by profession. Buzek started his career in the youth ranks of Vienna. He stayed with them for 13 years. He also played for the other big capital teams Austria Wien, Wiener Sport-Club and Rapid Wien. In 1969/1970 he got relegated with Dornbirn. 1956 (with Vienna) and 1956 and 1966 ( with Austria Wien) he became top scorer of the league. After finishing his playing career with Austria Klagenfurt he became a full-time goldsmith in Baden bei Wien.
International career
He made his debut for Austria in an October 1955 match against Yugoslavia and earned a total of 42 caps, scoring 9 goals. At his debut he was 17 years und 161 days old and was the youngest team player till then. He was a participant at the 1958 FIFA World Cup.
Manager career
From 1973 till 1977 he was coach of Badener AC.
Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (1):
1955
Austrian Cup (2):
1967, 1972
Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (2):
1956, 1966
Other websites
Player profile - Austria Wien archive
Player profile - Rapid Wien archive
References
1938 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
1958 FIFA World Cup players
SK Rapid Wien players
Association football forwards
FK Austria Wien players
Austrian football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga top scorers
Cosmic latte

Cosmic latte is the average color of the universe, found by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University. Due to flawed calculations, the average color of the universe was originally thought to be turquoise.
Shades of cosmic latte
Dark cosmic - a shade of cosmic latte
Cosmic beige - a shade of cosmic latte
Cosmic gray - a dull shade of cosmic latte
Shades of white
Cosmology
Greater Hesse

Greater Hesse () was a part of the American Occupation Zone of Germany after World War II
The German Empire broke up after World War I. The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt () became the People's State of Hesse () on 2 March 1919.
After World War II, on 19 September 1945, the American Military Government joined Hesse-Darmstadt (except for Rheinhessen) with parts of the Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau to form Greater-Hesse.
On 18 December 1946 the state was renamed Hesse, and in 1949 became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Hesse
1945 establishments in Germany
1946 disestablishments in Europe
World War II
Former states in Germany
1940s disestablishments in Germany
Sherman County, Oregon

Sherman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the county has a population of 1,870 people. The county seat is Moro.
References
Oregon counties
Luosto

Luosto is a hill in Finnish Lapland, in the Sodankyla municipality. It is about 510 meters high. It is part of Pyha-Luosto National Park.
Other websites
Luosto-website
webcams
Geography of Finland
Hills of Europe
Jay Benedict

Jay Benedict (April 11, 1951 - April 4, 2020) was an American actor. He was born in Burbank, California. He started living in Europe during the 1960s. His movie credits include Star Wars (1977), Aliens (1986), Diamond Skulls (1989), Tirant lo Blanc (2006) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). He is also known for appearing in TV series such as Foyle's War and Emmerdale.
On April 4, 2020, during the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, Benedict died of COVID-19 in London. He was 68.
References
Other websites
1951 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Burbank, California
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
Ehningen

Ehningen is a town in Boblingen in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany.
References
Boblingen (district)
Holbrook, Suffolk

Holbrook is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 2317 people living in Holbrook.
References
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Baigts-de-Béarn

Baigts-de-Bearn is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Baigts-de-Bearn
Marzling

Marzling is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Freising (district)
The Green Flame

The Green Flame () is a 1964 Soviet comedy movie directed by Villen Azarov. It stars Aleksei Kuznetsov, Svetlana Savyolova, and Anatoliy Papanov.
Actors
Aleksei Kuznetsov as Sergey Kuznetsov
Svetlana Savyolova as Ira Savyolova
Anatoliy Papanov as Boris Zhmurkin (as A. Papanov)
Tatyana Bestayeva as Lena (as T. Bestayeva)
Ivan Ryzhov as Vasiliy Stepanovich (as I. Ryzhov)
Vsevolod Sanaev as Pensioner (as V. Saneyev)
Vladimir Rautbart as Gruzin (as V. Rautbart)
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1964 comedy movies
Russian comedy movies
Movies directed by Veniamin Dorman
Brooks Range

The Brooks Range is a mountain range in Alaska. The range runs from northern Alaska into Canada, east-west for about 700 miles (1,100 km). The tallest mountain is Mount Chamberlin, which is 9,020 feet (2,749 m) tall. The Kobuk River begins in this range and flows to the Bering Strait, away.
Related pages
Alaska Range
Mountain ranges of Alaska
David Simon (rower)

David Simon is a retired rower from USA. Simon competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He was born on 2 December 1979.
References
Other websites
1979 births
Living people
American rowers
American Olympians
Sportspeople from Michigan
AMD Ryzen 9 3900X

The AMD Ryzen 9 3900X is a 12-core CPU by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) that runs at 3.8 GHz, which can be boosted to 4.6 GHz. It has 64 MB L3 cache .
References
Advanced Micro Devices
Processors released in 2010s
Multi-core processors
Villeneuve-lès-Béziers

Villeneuve-les-Beziers is a commune of 4,099 people (2020). It is in Occitanie in the Herault department in south France.
Communes in Herault
Atelopus ignescens

The Atelopus ignescens is a species of toad. It is often known as the Jambato toad or the Quito stubfoot toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Ecuador. They were thought to be extinct until some were discovered in 2016. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude. It was believed to be the closest relative of the Carrikeri Harlequin Frog.
References
Books
Ron, S., Coloma, L.A., Lotters, S., Duellman, W., Bustamante, M.R., Bolivar, W. & La Marca, E. 2004. Atelopus ignescens . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Toads
Frogs of South America
Time crystal

A time crystal is a quantum system that has repeating periodic oscillations of one or more physical measurements in its ground state when seen over time.
Just as an ordinary crystal is seen to have its atoms arranged in repeating patterns in space, so a time crystal has a repeating patterns that occur over time.
In 2012, the American Nobel Prize winner Frank Wilczek proposed the concept of a time crystal.
In 2017 the atomic physicist Chris Monroe and his group found evidence of oscillations in optically excited chains of ytterbium ions with the behavior predicted for time crystals but not in the same way theorized in 2012.
In 2021, "for the first time, physicists have filmed the oscillation of a time crystal", media said.
In terms of practical use, time crystals may one day be used as quantum memories.
The term "time crystal" has also been used in science fiction to refer to various unrelated fictional devices.
Related pages
Quartz crystal
References
Quantum mechanics
Time
Fall River, Massachusetts

Fall River is a city in southeast Massachusetts. The city had a population of 88,857 at the 2010 census. Fall River was founded in 1803. In 1804 the town name was changed to Troy, named for Troy, New York. In 1834 the name changed back to Fall River.
A fire in 1834 destroyed the center of the village. The rebuilding effort is the origin of the city's motto "We'll Try". It became a city in 1854. Fall River became famous as a leading textile manufacturing center in the United States. It is also known for Battleship Cove, the world's largest collection of World War II naval vessels. It is the home of the USS Massachusetts (BB-59).
Fall River was also the home of Lizzie Borden. In 1893 she was put on trial for the axe-murders of her parents. Found not guilty, the people of Fall River treated her like an outcast for the rest of her life.
References
Cities in Massachusetts
1670 establishments
17th-century establishments in Massachusetts
1670s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a public university for scientific research. It is located in Bangalore, India. Jamshetji Tata gave active support to establish this institute. He is one of the earliest industrialists of India. IISc is well known as India's finest research university.
History
In 1893, Jamshetji Tata had a chance meeting with Swami Vivekananda on a ship from Japan to Chicago. Then, Jamshetji Tata discussed his plan with Vivekananda to bring Iron and Steel industry to India. Five years later, Tata wrote a letter to Vivekananda about his desire to establish a research institution. He also asked Vivekananda for guidance in this matter. Vivekananda softly declined this proposal.
The government of Mysore donated (371 acres or 1.50 sq km) to build the institute. They also agreed to donate 50,000 rupees every year. The institute was established in 1909. It had two departments - Department of General and Applied Chemistry and Electro Technology. Morris Travers became the first director of IISc.
Campus
IISc campus is in Malleswaram, north of Bangalore City railway station. A number of other research institutes are nearby. These are Raman Research Institute, Central Power Research Institute and the Institute of Wood Science and Technology. There are regular bus services between them and IISc.
The campus is home to over 40 departments and centers of sciences. It has more than 3,000 students who are pursuing their undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The facilities on the campus include a library,gymnasium, dining halls and restaurants. There are dormitories for men and women and accommodation for staff members. A visitor's hostel was built in 1990. The campus is full of greenery. It has over 110 species of trees and rare and native plant species. The roads connecting the departments are named after species of trees. For example Arjun Marg (Marg means path in Hindi), Tala Marg and Silver Oak Marg.
Related pages
Indian Institute of Astrophysics
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
References
Other websites
Indian Institute of Science
Top Universities: Indian Institute of Science
Buildings and structures in India
1909 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in India
Nina Gordon

Nina Rachel Shapiro Gordon (born November 14, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter and musician. She is best known for co-founding alternative rock band Veruca Salt with friend Louise Post in 1993. She left the group in 1998 and started a solo career, releasing two albums. In 2013, Gordon returned to Veruca Salt.
Personal life
Gordon is married to musician Jeff Russo. They have two children together.
American singer-songwriters
1967 births
Living people
Albert Leo Schlageter

Albert Leo Schlageter (12 August 1894 -- 26 May 1923) was a member of the German Freikorps. His activities sabotaging French occupying troops after World War I led to his arrest and eventual execution by French forces. His death created an image of martyrdom around him, which was cultivated by German nationalist groups, in particular the Nazi Party. During the Third Reich, he was widely commemorated as a national hero.
1894 births
1923 deaths
Executed German people
German military personnel of World War I
People from Baden-Wurttemberg
Hudson, Iowa

Hudson is a city in Black Hawk County, Iowa. Hudson is a suburb of Waterloo and Cedar Falls. It has grown in recent years.
References
Other websites
Hudson Community School
City Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Hudson
Cities in Iowa
Valentina Tronel

Valentina Tronel (born 6 April, 2009), better known as simply Valentina, is the winner of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020. In 2016, she took part in the French version of The Voice Kids. Since 2018, she has been part of the group Kids United. She represented France in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 with the song "J'imagine"
Discography
Singles
References
2009 births
Living people
Child singers
French singers
2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 4

Group 4 of the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying competition had the following national teams: England, Netherlands, Ukraine, Scotland, Latvia, and Andorra.
Standings
Matches
Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).
Goalscorers
Notes
Other websites
Under-21 Standings: 2017-19 qualifying, UEFA.com
2019 in association football
Luz Salgado

Luz Filomena Salgado Rubianes de Paredes (born 3 July 1949) is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician and journalist who served as President of the Congress thrice, from 2016 to 2017 as a full-term and twice briefly in 2000 in an acting capacity.
References
1949 births
Living people
Argentina men's national volleyball team

Argentina national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Argentina. The team's best achievements are the 1982 World Championship bronze medal and the bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
Honors
Olympics: Bronze medal (1988)
World Championship: Bronze Medal (1982)
America's Cup: Silver medal (1998)
References
www.feva.org.ar - Argentina Volleyball Federation (FeVA)
National volleyball teams
Sports organizations of Argentina
Rivera, Switzerland

Rivera was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010, the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged into the new municipality of Monteceneri.
References
Other websites
Official website
Former municipalities of Ticino
2010 disestablishments in Switzerland
Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?

"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?" is a 1999 song by Moby and is the fourth single taken from his fifth studio album Play. It went to number 3 in Germany, number 4 in Austria and Switzerland, number 11 in Belgium, number 15 in Iceland and number 16 in the United States.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"Flying Foxes"
"Princess"
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
UK CD2
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
UK 12-inch single
A1. "Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
B1. "Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
B2. "Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
UK cassette single (with "Honey")
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"Honey"
UK CD1 (with "Honey")
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"Honey"
"Flower" - 3:25
UK CD2 (with "Honey")
"Honey"
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"The Sun Never Stops Setting"
Australian CD single
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"Flying Foxes"
"Princess"
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?"
References
1999 songs
Moby songs
Marilyn Chambers

Marilyn Ann Chambers (April 22, 1952 - April 12, 2009) was an American pornographic actress, exotic dancer and fashion model. She was born Marilyn Ann Briggs in Providence, Rhode Island. She was raised in Westport, Connecticut. She was notable for performing in many pornographic movies, including Behind the Green Door and mainstream movies, including Rabid. Chambers died in Santa Clarita, California due to cerebral hemorrhage and aneurysm cause by heart disease.
Other websites
1952 births
2009 deaths
Actors from Rhode Island
American erotic dancers
American models
American movie actors
American pornographic actors
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Power line

Power lines are wires that conduct electricity through to another place. Many have transformers. The original power is made at a power plant. The voltage of the power at the end is usually 100V (Japan), 120V (North and Central America, parts of South America and Africa, and Saudi Arabia), or 220-240V (most of the rest of the world). "Step-up" transformers increase the voltage in electric power distribution grids, and increase it greatly in long electric power transmission lines. The power at the end is "stepped-down" by another transformer so it can be distributed and used.
Very long power lines carry high voltage DC. Alternating current (AC) from the power plant is stepped up to a high voltage and rectified to make it Direct Current. At the other end it goes through an inverter to make the electricity AC again, and stepped down.
Related pages
Electricity
Static electricity
Power line communication
Electricity
CSX

CSX is a United States-based holding company and is the primary freight and rail company in North America. The company formed as a merger of many smaller rail companies over the years. It became known as CSX in 1980.
References
1986 establishments in North America
American transport companies
Companies listed on NASDAQ
Companies based in Florida
Rail transport in Canada
Jacksonville, Florida
Boana crepitans

The emerald-eyed tree frog or rattle-voiced tree frog (Boana crepitans) is a frog that lives in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Badger, Iowa

Badger is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population was 610 at the 2000 census.
References
Cities in Iowa
HL Tauri

HL Tauri (abbreviated HL Tau) is a very young star in the constellation Taurus.
Stars
Bob Corker

Bob Corker (born August 24, 1952) is an American politician. From 2007 to 2019, he was the U.S. Senator from Tennessee. From 2001 to 2005, he was Mayor of Chattanooga.
Corker was born on August 24, 1952 in Orangeburg, South Carolina. He graduated from the University of Tennessee. He and his wife Elizabeth have two daughters.
On September 26, 2017, Corker announced that he would not run for re-election in 2018.
References
Other websites
United States senators from Tennessee
American mayors
1952 births
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from South Carolina
Colombo, Paraná

Colombo is the third largest city in Greater Curitiba, state of Parana, found in the Southern Region of Brazil. It is located at 25o17'30" S, 49o13'27" W, at an altitude of about 1.027 metres above sea level, some 18 km from state capital, Curitiba.
It was founded on 5 February 1890. The city is the largest Italian colony in the state.
References
Cities in Parana State
1890 establishments
1890s establishments in Brazil
Varazdat

Varasdates or Varazdat (, Varazdat) was an Armenian prince who succeeded his uncle King Papes as King of Armenia in 374.
Following the murder of King Papes, Valens sent Varazdat, a nephew of Pap, a young man highly reputed for his mental and physical gifts, to hold the Armenian throne. Shapur II, having failed on the battlefield, now proposed to Valens in 375 that Armenia be divided between the two powers. The Emperor rejected the proposal, but sent Victor Magistrianus to the Persian King to discuss the question. This emissary was cozened into exceeding the bounds of his authority and agreeing to the Persian proposal. In the meantime, the internal condition of Armenia was imperiled through friction between King Varazdat and the nakharars, culminating in the assassination of Musel Mamikonian, the leader of the latters' party. Manuel, the son of Musel, took up arms against the King and compelled him to flee from Armenia in 378, after four years of reign. Varazdat's life was saved, but the country was thrown into confusion. The Persians took advantage of the turmoil and invaded Armenia; but their occupation was a short-lived one. Shapur II died in 379, and the Persians evacuated in haste. Manuel, the dynamic Mamikonian, had rallied a formidable national force for action.
Related pages
List of Armenian Kings
Monarchs of Armenia
Cellio con Breia

Cellio con Breia is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont. It was created on 1 January 2018 by the merger of the former comuni of Breia and Cellio.
References
2018 establishments in Italy
Settlements in Piedmont
Joshua Jackson

Joshua Carter Jackson (born June 11, 1978) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in American television and movies, and is famous for his role as Pacey Witter in the television series Dawson's Creek and Charlie Conway in The Mighty Ducks movie series.
He also starred as Peter Bishop on Fringe.
Movies
Shutter (2008)
Battle in Seattle (2007)
Bobby (2006)
Shadows in the Sun (2005)
Aurora Borealis (2005)
Americano (2005)
Racing Stripes (2005) (voice)
Cursed (2005)
I Love Your Work (2003)
The Laramie Project (2002)
Lone Star State of Mind (2002)
The Safety of Objects (2001)
Ocean's Eleven (2001)
The Skulls (2000)
Gossip (2000)
Muppets from Space (1999) (uncredited)
Cruel Intentions (1999)
Urban Legend (1998)
Apt Pupil (1998)
Dawson's Creek (1998) (TV series)
Scream 2 (1997)
On the Edge of Innoncence (1997) (TV movie)
Ronnie and Julie (1997)
Robin of Locksley (1996)
Champs (1996) (TV series)
D3: The Mighty Ducks (1996)
Magic in the Water (1995)
Andre (1994)
D2: The Mighty Ducks (1994)
Digger (1993)
The Mighty Ducks (1992)
Crooked Hearts (1991)
Payoff (1991)
Other websites
Joshua Jackson Network
Joshua Jackson Online
1978 births
Living people
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Corruption in Russia

Corruption is seen as a big problem in Russia. It affects many parts of life. This includes the economy, business, public administration, law enforcement, healthcare, and education. Corruption is a big part of the historical model of government. It is seen as the reason the rule of law is weak in Russia. Transparency International said in 2022, "Corruption is endemic in Russia". Russia had the lowest score in Europe in the Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021. It has been said to be a kleptocracy, an oligarchy, and a plutocracy.
Related pages
2021 Russian protests
References
Other websites
Transparency International Russia (English Version) http://transparency.org.ru/en/
"Corruption and institutions in Russia" Mark Levin, Georgy Satarov, Foundation for Information on Democracy http://www.indem.ru/satarov/satarov_levin/corruption.htm#1
Politics of Russia
1431

Events
February 21 - The trial of Joan of Arc
March 3 - Eugenius IV becomes Pope
May 30 - In Rouen, France, 19-year old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake.
Foundation of University of Poitiers
Battle of Inverlochy
Ganga Ram

Sir Ganga Ram, KCSI (1851 - 1927) was a famous civil engineer and philanthropist of the Punjab, in British India. He was born in Mangtanwala, a small village of Punjab province in British India (now in Punjab (Pakistan)).
Biography
He was especially well known for designing many of the fine buildings in colonial Lahore, which city he settled in and called home. These included the Lahore General Post Office, the Lahore Museum, Aitchison College, Mayo School of Arts (now the National College of Arts), Ganga Ram Hospital, Lady Mclagan Girls High School, the chemistry department of the Government College University, the Albert Victor wing of Mayo Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram High School (now Lahore College for Women), the Hailey College of Commerce (now Hailey College of Banking & Finance), Ravi Road House for the Disabled, the Ganga Ram Trust Building on the Mall and others.
He built Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore (1921), the Lady Mclagan School and some other structures and public facilities with his own money.
Further reading
Bedi, Baba Pyare Lal, Harvest from the desert. The life and work of Sir Ganga Ram, NCA, Lahore 2003 ISBD 969-8623-07-8 (reprint version)
1851 births
1927 deaths
People of British India
A Star Is Born (2018 movie)

A Star Is Born is a 2018 musical drama movie. It was directed by Bradley Cooper, who co-wrote the screenplay. It stars Cooper as country star Jackson Maine. Lady Gaga plays upcoming singer-songwriter Ally. The movie deals with themes of love, addiction, and suicide. It is the fourth version of the movie. It grossed $433 million worldwide against a budget of $36 million.
Cooper and Gaga received cats and dogs for herself for the movie. It holds a "fresh" rating on the review site, Rotten Tomatoes, with a score of 90%.
The soundtrack entered at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart, making Gaga the first female artist to earn five number-one albums in the 2010s decade.
The movie received many awards, including a Best Original Song Golden Globe Award and Academy Award ("Oscar") in the same category for the single "Shallow". At the 2019 MTV Movie & TV Awards, Gaga also won Best Performance in a Movie for her role.
References
2010s musical movies
2018 romantic drama movies
2010s American musical movies
American romantic drama movies
Warner Bros. movies
Supélec

Ecole Superieure d'Electricite, commonly known as Supelec, is a French university in electric energy and information sciences.
Founded in 1894 and initially located in the 15th district of Paris, it was moved to Gif-sur-Yvette in 1975. After that, two more campuses were established in Rennes in 1972 and Metz in 1985. It is a member of the Conference des Grandes Ecoles.
Notable Alumni
Herve Laborne, former head of the Ecole speciale de mecanique et electricite.
References
Other websites
Official website in English
Technical colleges and universities in France
1894 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in France
Australia national cricket team

The Australian cricket team is the national cricket team of Australia. It is the joint oldest team in Test cricket. They were in the first Test match in 1877. The team also plays One Day International cricket and Twenty20 International. They were in the first ODI, against England in the 1970-71 season. They were in the first Twenty20 International, against New Zealand in the 2004-05 season. They won both games.
The Australian team has played 744 Test matches, winning 350, losing 194, drawing 198 and tying two. Australia is ranked the number-one team overall in Test cricket in terms of overall wins, win-loss ratio and wins percentage. Australia is ranked fourth in the ICC Test Championship behind England, South Africa and India. They led the Test rankings for a record time of 74 months from 2003 to 2009.
Australia has played 797 ODI matches, winning 490, losing 272, tying nine and with 26 ending in no-result. They have led the ICC ODI Championship since it started for all but 48 days in 2007. Australia made a record six World Cup final appearances (1975, 1987, 1996, 1999, 2003 and 2007). They have won the World Cup a record four times in total; 1987 Cricket World Cup, 1999 Cricket World Cup, 2003 Cricket World Cup and 2007 Cricket World Cup. Australia is the first team to be in 4 consecutive World Cup finals (1996, 1999, 2003 and 2007).
The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until 19 March at the 2011 Cricket World Cup. There Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets. Australia won the ICC Champions Trophy twice - in 2006 and in 2009 - making them the first and the only team to become back to back winners in the Champions Trophy tournaments. The team has also played 39 Twenty20 Internationals.
Tournament history
References
Cricket clubs
Cricket
1877 establishments in Australia
national team
2010 Summer Youth Olympics

The 2010 Summer Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the I Olympic Youth Summer Games, is an international summer sports event that was celebrated from August 14 to August 26, 2010 for youths. It was the first Youth Olympic Games(YOG) and the host city was Singapore.
Olympics
Summer Youth Olympic Games
Events in Singapore
Youth Olympics
2010s in Singapore