pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lincoln Alexander

Lincoln MacCauley Alexander (January 21, 1922 - October 19, 2012) was a Canadian politician and statesman.
Alexander served as a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons, the federal Minister of Labour, and later as the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, from 1985 to 1991. Alexander was also a governor of the Canadian Unity Council.
References
Other websites
Autobiography
1922 births
2012 deaths
Politicians from Toronto
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Asim Basu

Asim Basu (; 30 November 1935 - 1 February 2017) was an Indian theatre artist and director, painter and playwright. He was known for his set design work in Ollywood movies and designing Oriya book covers and movie posters. He was awarded at the 2012 Parampara Awards. He was born in Balasore district, Odisha.
Basu died from a lung infection on 1 February 2017 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha at the age of 81.
References
1935 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Indian designers
Infectious disease deaths in India
Indian painters
People from Odisha
Bettino Ricasoli

Bettino Ricasoli, 1st Baron Ricasoli, 1st Count of Brolio (29 March 1809 - 23 October 1880) was an Italian statesman. He was born in Florence. Ricasoli served as Mayor of Florence from January 1848 to November of the same year. Member of the "Historic Right", after the Camillo Cavour's death Ricasoli became Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 12 June 1861 to 3 March 1862 and from 20 June 1866 to 10 April 1867. He was also twice Foreign Minister, twice Interior Minister and once Minister of War.
In the last years of his life he was mayor of Gaiole in Chianti, a small town near Siena. Ricasoli died in his castle in Broglio, another village near Siena. Ricasoli's private life and public career were marked by the utmost integrity, and by a rigid austerity which earned him the name of the "Iron Baron". He was also a freemason.
Note
1809 births
1880 deaths
Freemasons
Italian esotericists
Italian mayors
Politicians from Florence
Prime Ministers of Italy
Mongol monk

Mongol monks or Mongolian monks (endonym in ) are monastic practitioners of Buddhism in Mongolia. Mongol monks work and live in Buddhist monasteries and temples throughout Mongolia and in other countries.
History
Buddhism first arrived in Mongolia via the Himalayas and Tibet. Tibetan Buddhism became the official religion of the Yuan dynasty led by Kublai Khan. Following the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, Tengriism became the main religion in the eastern Eurasian steppes until the 16th century. During the Qing dynasty, Buddhism once again became the main religion, both in Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.
Persecution
In the 20th century, the persecution of Mongol monks and other Buddhists happened under the rule of the Mongolian People's Republic. Mongolia imposed state atheism under the pressure of the Soviet government.
References
See also
Buddhism in Mongolia
Buddhism
Kevin Starr

Kevin Starr (September 3, 1940 - January 14, 2017) was an American historian. He was born in San Francisco, California. Starr was best known for his multi-volume series on the history of California, collectively called "Americans and the California Dream".
Starr died of a heart attack in San Francisco on January 14, 2017, aged 76.
References
Other websites
1940 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American historians
Writers from San Francisco
Screwdriver (cocktail)

The Screwdriver is an alcoholic cocktail. It is made from orange juice mixed with vodka which is an alcohol. It got its name because American builders used to add vodka to their orange juice and stir it with their screwdrivers.
References
Alcoholic drinks
Joseph Willaert

Joseph Willaert (1936 - 2 April 2014) was a Belgian painter. He was known for his abstract paintings. He mostly hung his paintings in train stations or public areas. Some of his art has been internationally displayed in many museums.
Willaert was born in Diksmuide. He died on 2 April 2014 in Oostende, Belgium from complications of a stroke, aged 78.
References
1936 births
2014 deaths
Belgian painters
Deaths from stroke
People from West Flanders
Avolasca

Avolasca is a comune in the Province of Alessandria in the Piedmont region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Acanthopagrus latus

Acanthopagus latus, the yellowfin seabream or datina, is a species of marine ray-finned fish that lives in the Pacific Ocean. It is a member of the Sparidae.
References
Perciformes
Van Helsing (video game)

Van Helsing is a 2004 hack and slash video game based on the Stephen Sommers movie of the same name. It had Hugh Jackman returning as the voice of Van Helsing. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox.
Plot
Van Helsing had followed Mr. Hyde to Paris, where he has captured several women.
2004 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Van Helsing (Universal Pictures franchise)
Video games set in Paris
Xbox games
Bentley, Kansas

Bentley is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 530 people lived there.
History
Bentley was planned out in 1888. This was when the Kansas Midland Railway was built to that point. It was named after Orsemus Hills Bentley, a railroad official.
The first post office in Bentley was created in March 1888.
Geography
Bentley is at (37.886437, -97.517133). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.
People
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 530 people, 199 households, and 142 families living in Bently.
References
Other websites
City
City of Bentley
Bentley - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
USD 440, local school district
USD 440 School District Boundary Map, KDOT
Maps
Bentley City Map, KDOT
Cities in Sedgwick County, Kansas
1888 establishments in Kansas
Oldest people

This is a list of tables of the verified (validated) oldest people in the world in ordinal rank, such as oldest person or oldest man. In these tables, a supercentenarian is considered 'verified' if his or her claim has been validated by an international body that specifically deals in longevity research, such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records.
Ten oldest verified people ever
Legend
Note: All ten oldest people ever are women.
Ten oldest men ever
a Mortensen was born in Denmark.
d Kristal was born in Maleniec, Konskie County, then part of the Russian Empire, now in Poland.
Chronological list of the oldest known living person since 1955
One of the source is Gerontology Research Group's list of the World's Oldest Person Titleholders. As the oldest living person generally is a woman, a sequence of oldest women would be nearly redundant to this list. A sequence of oldest living men follows this sequence.
Chronological list of the oldest known living man
As the oldest living person generally is a woman, there is a chronological list of men who have held the title of the world's oldest living man since 1960:
References
Related pages
List of American supercentenarians
Lists of people
Product (business)

A product is something that is made (produced) and often something that is sold.
In economics, things that one person has and another person wants are called goods. If the thing was made by people, then it is called a product. If it is something that was found in nature, it is called a natural resource.
In marketing, it is an object made for people's use and it satisfies the need of a customer.
In retail, products are often connected with merchandise, and in manufacturing, products are some materials to create final goods.
Classification
Products are often connected with services but they are described and used in different ways.
Products are classified:
By use
The system of dividing products on departments. For example, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company created several groups of his products. It helps customers to choose the product by its function.
By association
A product line is "a group of products that are closely related". There are many product lines for various types of using. For example, within the insurance industry, product lines are divided by the type of risk coverage, such as auto insurance, commercial insurance and life insurance.
Other
There are also national and international classifications. They can be used by different organizations. For example, the European Union uses a "Classification of Products by Activity". The United Nations classifies products for making reports of international economic activity.
Related pages
Service
Finished goods
References
Goods
Awards for mathematics

Awards for mathematics is a list of prizes for mathematicians.
Prize: It is generally dedicated to the memory of a great mathematician or philanthropist.
Organization: It may be a Mathematical Society, Foundation or State agency event sponsor.
Headquarters or convener country, which may be rotating among the members of a society.
The suffix (+) after the country indicates that foreigners are allowed to participate mathematicians.
Value of prize, usually fixed, but sometimes the contestant expenses are included.
Note Contains a comment or a series of fixed concepts:
* Number of years, age limit to appear in the competition.
* Women, when they can only participate.
* Student grant, for courses, masters or projects.
*University, you have to be linked to access to the event.
* Specialty, if the event is dedicated to only one branch of mathematics.
You can choose the order of the list by clicking on the Prize, Organize, Value, etc..
Mathematics lists
Kirkwall Airport

Kirkwall Airport is the main airport serving the Orkney Islands in Scotland. It is 2.5 nautical miles (2.9 miles or 4.6 km) southeast of Kirkwall, the largest town in Orkney.
The airport, a former RAF base, is owned by Highlands and Islands Airports Limited. The airport is used by Flybe franchise service, operated by Loganair.
References
Airports in Scotland
Kattegat

Kattegat is a sea in the northern part of Europe between the Danish peninsula Jutland, the Danish island Zealand, and the western coast of Sweden.
To the north-west is Skagerrak. Kattegat is connected to the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits and Belts.
The sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water. The oxygen loss is caused by pollution. The pollution originates from farming. A century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.
Seas
Eleina Butuna

Eleina Butuna is an award winning citizen of Papua New Guinea, and won the Westpac Outstanding Women (WOW) award in 2012.Butuna fought for equal payment and employment opportunities for women, and became president of an organization that previously had a large male population.
Personal life
Butuna is from a small island in Papua New Guinea called Brumer Island. She was born and raised there with her 3 siblings, and has a son. Her son, Jayhugh Smith or Prote - J, was born in 1987, in LA, then moved to Papua New Guinea, then moved back to Orlando at 12 years old. He started his music career soon after school. Prote - J was also influenced by his mother (Butuna) when it came to music. Butuna was supposedly a fan of Michael Jackson. She listened to Michael Jackson with her son and her son became inspired.
Education
Butuna always had learning as a big priority. Her parents never had a good education, so they always wanted the best for their kids when it came to schooling. She also made sure her son had a good education, and her son has a bachelor's degree in business administration.
Career
Butuna has didn't start as an organization president. As Butuna prioritized the education of all, including her, she attended college. She then became a lecturer at the University of Papua New Guinea.After becoming lecturer, she received the WOW award and discussed both her public and private (professional) career life.Then, later on, Butuna became president.
References
Papua New Guinean people
How to Murder Your Wife

How to Murder Your Wife is a 1965 American black comedy movie directed by Richard Quine and starring Jack Lemmon, Virna Lisi, Terry-Thomas, Claire Trevor, Eddie Mayehoff, Jack Albertson. It was distributed by United Artists.
Other websites
1965 comedy movies
American black comedy movies
Movies directed by Richard Quine
Ring-tailed lemur

The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is a primate from the group of lemurs (Lemuriformes). It lives in the dry regions of southwest Madagascar.
This lemur weighs between . It can live up to 20 years. It is a mid-sized lemur. The striped tail makes it easy to recognize. Its behaviour is somewhat unusual for lemurs: it is active during the day, and spends much time on the ground. Ring-tailed lemurs live in groups of 12 to 15 animals. Each group is led by a female. Ring-tailed lemurs eat both meat and plants, but they mainly eat fruit. They live only in Madagascar. The main threats to ring-tailed lemurs are destroying the places where it lives and hunting.
References
Notes
Lemuriformes
Mammals of Africa
National symbols of Madagascar
Børre Knudsen

Borre Knudsen (September 24, 1937 - August 17, 2014) was a Norwegian Lutheran minister. He was known for his pro-life (against abortion) activism. Knudsen and a few more activist created the a new Norwegian church called Deanery of Strandebarm. He was made bishop of the church in 1997. Knudsen was born in Vennesla, Norway.
Knudsen died in Mestervik, Norway, aged 76.
References
Other websites
1937 births
2014 deaths
Norwegian writers
Norwegian activists
Norwegian Lutherans
Impeachment

Impeachment is a way to remove government officers from office in some countries.
Impeachment in the United States is how the House of Representatives brings charges against either the President, the Vice President, or any federal officer for misconduct alleged to have been committed. Most impeachments in the United States have been of judges.
Impeachment is like an indictment (something that the prosecutor needs to get before a trial). Someone is impeached when a legislature votes to do that. Later, there is another vote on whether or not to convict, which is like guilty or not. The second vote may be by the same people who did the impeachment, or someone else as in a bicameral legislature. Several different types of office holders may be impeached, but cases against the President or leader of a country usually attract the most attention.
Two well-known heads of state who were impeached and removed from office were Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff in 2016 and South Korean president Park Geun-hye in 2017. Three American presidents were impeached: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton and Donald Trump, Donald Trump was officially impeached two separate times by the house of representatives. None were removed from office. President Richard Nixon resigned from the office of President before the House could impeach him, resulting in him being the only U.S. president to resign.
Related pages
List of Category:Impeached officials removed from office
Politics
Jimmy Murakami

Teruaki "Jimmy" Murakami, (Cun Shang Hui Ming Murakami Teruaki, June 5, 1933 - February 16, 2014) was a Japanese American animator and director. He is best-known for the animated adaptations of the Raymond Briggs books When the Wind Blows and The Snowman. He formed Murakami-Wolf Films with Fred Wolf.
He died in 2014, aged 80.
References
Other websites
1933 births
2014 deaths
American movie directors
American animators
People from San Jose, California
Titania (moon)

Titania is the largest moon of Uranus and the eighth largest moon in the Solar System.
Discovery
Titania was found on 11 January 1787 by William Herschel. He reported it and Oberon the same year. He later reported four more moons, which turned out to be spurious.
Name and pronunciation
The names of Titania and the other four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by Herschel's son John Herschel in 1852 at the request of William Lassell. Lassell had found Ariel and Umbriel the year before. He had supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in 1848, in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme.
All of the moons of Uranus are named for characters from Shakespeare or Alexander Pope. Titania was named after Titania, the Queen of the Faeries in A Midsummer Night's Dream. It is also designated Uranus III.
Physical characteristics
So far the only close-up images of Titania are from the Voyager 2 probe, which photographed the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.
Although what its interior is made up of is uncertain, one model suggests that Titania is made of about 50% water ice, 30% silicate rock, and 20% methane-related organic compounds.
Surface features
Surface features on Titania are named for characters from plays by William Shakespeare. Chasms on Titania are called chasmata. Escarpments here are called rupes. They are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen. craters on Titania are named after female characters in the plays.
A major surface feature is a huge canyon that dwarfs the scale of the Grand Canyon on Earth and is in the same class as the Valles Marineris on Mars or Ithaca Chasma on Saturn's moon Tethys.
Occultation
On September 8, 2001, Titania occulted a faint star; this was a chance to both refine its diameter and ephemeris, and to detect any extant atmosphere. The data revealed no atmosphere to a surface pressure of 0.03 microbars; if it exists, it would have to be far thinner than that of Triton or Pluto.
Other websites
Titania Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Notes
Other websites
USGS: Titania nomenclature
Uranus' moons
Salamanca (town), New York

Salamanca is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 481 at the 2010 census.
References
Towns in New York (state)
Alfalfa County, Oklahoma

Alfalfa County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2010, 5,642 people lived there. Its county seat is Cherokee.
Geography
The county has a total area of 881 square miles.
Bordering counties
Harper County, Kansas (northeast)
Grant County (east)
Garfield County (southeast)
Major County (south)
Woods County (west)
Barber County, Kansas (northwest)
Places
City
Cherokee
Towns
Aline
Amorita
Burlington
Byron
Carmen
Goltry
Helena
Jet
Lambert
Other
Ashley
Driftwood
Ingersoll
Nescatunga
Yewed
References
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Oklahoma counties
Berlin Zoological Garden

The Berlin Zoological Garden is the largest zoo in the world in acreage (84 acres in 2013) and in number of species (1,500 in 2013). It holds the most comprehensive collection of species in the world. There were more than 20,219 individual animals in the zoo in 2017.
The zoo opened in 1844. It was the first Zoo to be built in Germany. It is located in the southwestern section of the Tiergarten. It was the home of the famous baby polar bear Knut.
Several architects have created the houses for the different species in the zoo. The Antelope House dates to 1872 and the Elephant House to 1873. The Hippopotamus House dates to 1997. It demonstrates the application of modern zoo concepts to a particular species. The hippos live under a roof of 13,000 square feet of glass solar panel. They can now be seen above and beneath the water.
During World War II, the elephants at the Zoo were killed in the air raids of September 7-8, 1941. Zoo officials also killed animals at the time. In November 1943, more than 1,000 bombs were dropped over the zoo, destroying many buildings and burning to death many animals. As many as 12,000 animals were killed in the Berlin Zoological Garden during the bombings of World War II.
References
Zoos in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Pierogi

Pierogi are a type of dumpling from Eastern Europe. Pierogi are made by wrapping unleavened dough (dough without yeast) around a savoury or sweet filling and cooking in boiling water. They are often then pan-fried before serving. They are often filled with potato, quark, sauerkraut, ground meat, mushrooms, or fruits.
References
Polish food
Ukrainian food
East Manggarai Regency

East Manggarai Regency is a regency () of the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara.
Regencies_of_East_Nusa_Tenggara
Weatherford, Oklahoma

Weatherford is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. There were 10,833 people living in Weatherford during the 2010 census. The GPS coordinates for Weatherford are . Weatherford is above sea level. The city has a total area of .
References
Cities in Oklahoma
Alan MacDiarmid

Alan G. MacDiarmid (April 14, 1927 - February 7, 2007) was a New Zealand chemist. He received the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Alan Heeger and Hideki Shirakawa for "the discovery and development of conductive polymers".
He was born in Masterton, New Zealand and died in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, United States.
References
1927 births
2007 deaths
New Zealand chemists
New Zealand Nobel Prize winners
Cottun

Cottun is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
References
Communes in Calvados
Hälleforsnäs

Halleforsnas is an urban area in the county of Sodermanland in Sweden. It is located within the municipality of Flen.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Sodermanland County
George Clayton Johnson

George Clayton Johnson (July 10, 1929 - December 25, 2015) was an American science fiction writer. He was most famous for co-writing the novel Logan's Run with William F. Nolan, the basis for the 1976 movie.
He was also known for his television screenplays for The Twilight Zone (such as "Nothing in the Dark", "Kick the Can", "A Game of Pool", and "A Penny for Your Thoughts"), and the first episode of Star Trek, "The Man Trap". He also wrote the story on which the 1960 and 2001 movie Ocean's Eleven were based.
Johnson died of bladder and prostate cancer on December 25, 2015 at a hospital in North Hills, Los Angeles, California at the age of 86. His death was falsely reported on December 22.
References
Other websites
All of us are dying, but writer George Clayton Johnson is still living it up (scifi.com)
1929 births
2015 deaths
American science fiction writers
American screenwriters
American television writers
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from prostate cancer
People from Cheyenne, Wyoming
William Bradford (Attorney General)

William Bradford (September 14, 1755 - August 23, 1795) was an American lawyer and judge. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bradforn was the second United States Attorney General in 1794-1795.
1755 births
1795 deaths
United States Attorneys General
Politicians from Philadelphia
Lawyers from Philadelphia
Toytown (horse)

Toytown (1992 - 27 June 2017) was a retired British event horse owned and formerly ridden by Zara Phillips.
Toytown was a chestnut gelding born in 1992, standing at 17hh and with particularly distinctive markings including a white blaze and white spots. Toytown and Phillips competed together at the highest level of the sport until the horse's retirement in 2011, after accruing 1,421 British Eventing points in his career.
References
1992 births
2017 deaths
Individual horses
Candice

Candice [kan-dis] is a female name. Candice has Latin origins and is derived from the Latin term "candidus," meaning "bright" or "shining." Additionally, it is associated with Artemis, the Greek goddess of the moon, who was renowned for her beauty and radiance. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).
It is a different way to spell Candace.
Etymology
It came from the Latin word candida, meaning whiteness.
People with the name Candice
Candice Dik Candice Accola, American actress (The Vampire Diaries)
Candice Carty-Williams, British writer
Candice Catnipp, character from Manga
Candice Bergen, American actress (Murphy Brown)
Candice Bridge, American chemist
Candice Falzon, surf lifesaver
Candice Farmer, underwater fashion photographer
Candice Glover, American singer
Candice Hillebrand (also known as Candice), singer from South Africa
Candice Michelle, American retired professional wrestler, model, actress with WWE
Candice Night, lead singer for Blackmore's Night
Candice Odgers, American psychologist
Candice Patton, American actress
Candice Swanepoel, South African Victoria's Secret model
Candice Wilmer, character in Heroes
Candice (MAR), recurring antagonist in the manga and anime series MAR
Candice (Pokemon), character of the Pokemon universe.
Candice White Ardlay, main character of Candy Candy
Candice Catnipp is a Quincy and a member of the Wandenreich's Sternritter with the designation "T" - The Thunderbolt from the Bleach manga series
Candice King , American actress and singer
Candice Olson , Canadian interior designer
Candice Bergen (politician), Canadian politician (born 1964)
References
Given names
Burmeister's tree frog

The emerald-eyed tree frog or rattle-voiced tree frog (Boana prasina) is a frog that lives in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Doug Rogers (judoka)

Alfred Harold Douglas "Doug" Rogers (January 26, 1941 - July 20, 2020) was a Canadian Olympic competitor in judo. He was the first Canadian to win an Olympic medal in the sport. He was an honoured member in the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. He won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics and gold medals at two Pan American Games, in 1965 and 1967. He was born in Truro, Nova Scotia.
Rogers died on July 20, 2020 in Vancouver, aged 79.
References
1941 births
2020 deaths
Canadian Olympic silver medalists
Judoka
Sportspeople from Nova Scotia
Canadian martial artists
Stroopwafel

A stroopwafel () (English translation: syrup waffle or treacle waffle) is a waffle made from two thin layers of baked batter. It has a caramel-like syrup filling in the middle. They were first made in the town of Gouda in the Netherlands, in 1784. Bigger versions are sold in the streets as a snack.
References
Sweet breads
Gouda
Dutch food
Francisco Craveiro Lopes

Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes (; 12 April 1894 - 2 September 1964) was a Portuguese Air officer and politician. He was the authoritarian 12th President of Portugal from 1951 to 1958.
References
1894 births
1964 deaths
Politicians from Lisbon
Portuguese military people
Presidents of Portugal
Portuguese generals
Edward A. Burkhalter

Edward Alan Burkhalter, Jr. (September 15, 1928 - July 1, 2020) was an American Navy admiral. He was born in Roanoke, Alabama.
Burkhalter was Chief of Naval Intelligence, Defense Intelligence Agency and later as the DIA's Chief of Staff, and Director of the Intelligence Community Staff, Central Intelligence Agency. He also was Director of Strategic Operations for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Burkhalter died on July 1, 2020 from a heart attack in Annapolis, Maryland at the age of 91.
References
1928 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Military people from Alabama
Businesspeople from Alabama
Plasma window

A Plasma window is a field of plasma that fills an area of space. It is similar to a force field. The area is created by using magnetism to hold the plasma in place. With current technology, this area of space is quite small. It is in the shape of a flat planes inside a cylinder.
As plasma increases in temperature, it becomes thicker. At a high enough temperature, plasma is thick enough to separate a vacuum from normal atmosphere. Plasma does not stop radiation, such as lasers, from moving through it. Because of this, scientists can use a plasma window to create an area of vacuum while still letting radiation to move through it. This is needed because certain types of radiation can only be created in a vacuum, but scientists need to use the radiation on things that are found in a normal atmosphere.
History
The Plasma Window was created at Brookhaven National Laboratory by Ady Hershcovitch. It was patented in 1995. Other creations using the same idea as the plasma window include the Plasma Valve.
Plasma Valve
The Plasma Valve is related to a plasma window. It was created a year after the plasma window. The plasma Valve is a layer of gas inside a special shell. A ring around the shell holds a vacuum. A breach in the ring can be very bad but technology lets scientists shut off the machine in time before anything happens.
Properties
A plasma window is usually created at temperatures of 15,000 kelvin. The only limit to the window's size is the amount of energy needed to create it. A window needs 20 kW of energy for every inch in size.
Plasma windows will glow in different colors depending on the gas used to create the plasma.
Other websites
Official article by Ady Hershcovitch - Inventor of the Plasma Window.
BROOKHAVEN LAB WINS R&D 100 AWARD FOR THE "PLASMA WINDOW"
Brookhaven National Laboratory - Where the Plasma Window was invented
News on the Plasma Window
Plasma Valve Patent
Physics
Aelita

Aelita () is a 1924 Soviet silent movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Yuliya Solntseva, Igor Ilyinsky, and Nikolai Tseretelli.
Actors
Yuliya Solntseva as Aelita, Queen of Mars
Igor Ilyinsky as Kravtsov - amateur sleuth
Nikolai Tseretelli as Engineer Los / Evgeni Spiridonov
Nikolay Batalov as Gusev, Red Army Soldier
Vera Orlova as Nurse Masha, Gusev's Wife
References
Other websites
Soviet silent movies
1924 movies
Movies directed by Yakov Protazanov
Sainte-Sabine-sur-Longève

Sainte-Sabine-sur-Longeve is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
The Best Damn Thing

The Best Damn Thing is an album and hit song by musical artist Avril Lavigne. It was released April 17, 2007. The lead single off the album, "Girlfriend" was released on February 27, 2007. The song was very successful and peaked in a lot of countries #1. This was Lavigne's first Billboard Hot 100 chart number one. The second single, "When You're Gone" was released on June 19, 2007. The song was quite successful, peaking at #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The third single, "Hot" was released on October 2, 2007. The song was unsuccessful in the U.S, it debuted two months after its release on the Billboard Hot 100 at #95. But the song was successful in Canada, it peaked at #10 on the Canadian Hot 100. The fourth and final single from the album was "The Best Damn Thing". It was released on June 24, 2008. The single was not very successful, it peaked at #76 on the Canadian Hot 100. The Best Damn Thing sold 6 million copies worldwide.
Track listing
Original / Deluxe Edition
CD
"Girlfriend" (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald) 3:37
"I Can Do Better" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 3:17
"Runaway" (Lavigne, Gottwald, Kara DioGuardi) 3:48
"The Best Damn Thing" (Lavigne, Butch Walker) 3:10
"When You're Gone" (Lavigne, Walker) 4:00
"Everything Back But You" (Lavigne, Walker) 3:03
"Hot" (Lavigne, Evan Taubenfeld) 3:23
"Innocence" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 3:53
"I Don't Have to Try" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 3:17
"One of Those Girls" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 2:56
"Contagious" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 2:10
"Keep Holding On" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 4:00
Deluxe Edition Bonus DVD
"The Making of The Best Damn Thing"
"Photo Gallery"
Limited Edition
CD
"Girlfriend" (explicit) 3:37
"I Can Do Better" (explicit) 3:17
"Runaway" 3:48
"The Best Damn Thing" 3:10
"When You're Gone" 4:00
"Everything Back But You" (explicit) 3:03
"Hot" 3:23
"Innocence" 3:53
"I Don't Have to Try" (explicit) 3:17
"One of Those Girls" 2:56
"Contagious" 2:10
"Keep Holding On" 4:00
"Alone"1 (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald, Max Martin) 3:14
"I Will Be" (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald, Max Martin) 4:00
"I Can Do Better" (acoustic version) (explicit) 3:40
"Girlfriend" (The Submarines' Time Warp '66 mix) (explicit) 3:11
"Girlfriend (Dr. Luke Remix)" (featuring Lil Mama) (A. Lavigne, L. Gottwald, Niatia Kirkland) 3:25
DVD
Live at Orange Lounge
"Everything Back But You" 3:02
"Girlfriend" 3:39
"Hot" 3:22
"When You're Gone" 3:57
Music Videos
"Girlfriend" 3:48
"When You're Gone" 4:01
"Hot" 3:23
"Girlfriend (Dr. Luke Remix feat. Lil Mama)" 3:25
1 Also available on Girlfriend single.
References
Avril Lavigne albums
2007 albums
Pop rock albums
Punk albums
RCA Records albums
Durrington Walls

Durrington Walls is the site of a large Neolithic settlement and later henge enclosure in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site. It is 2 miles north-east of Stonehenge in the parish of Durrington, just north of Amesbury.
Excavations in 2013 by a team has revealed a huge settlement; 1,000 homes have been found, supporting a population of 4,000 people at one time. The village was carbon dated to about 2600 B.C.
The monument was on "an extraordinary scale" and unique, researchers said.
The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes team has been creating an underground map of the area in a five-year project.
Remote sensing and geophysical imaging technology has been used to reveal evidence of nearly 100 stones without the need for excavation.
The monument is just under two miles (3km) from Stonehenge, Wiltshire, and is thought to have been a Neolithic ritual site.
It is the "largest Neolithic settlement in the whole of northern Europe". At 500m in diameter, the henge is the largest in Britain and recent evidence suggests that it was a complementary monument to Stonehenge.
What visibly remains of Durrington Walls today is the 'walls' of the henge monument. This is now a ridge surrounding a central basin. Originally the ditch was some 5.5m deep, 7m wide at its bottom and 18m wide at the top. The bank was in some areas 30m wide. There were two entrances through the bank and ditch - at the north western and south eastern ends. The henge enclosed several timber circles and smaller enclosures - not all of which have been excavated. Several Neolithic house floors have been found next to and under the eastern bank of the henge. Their density suggests that there was a very large village on the sloping river bank on this side.
About three feet underneath Durrington Walls, there are remains of about 90 standing stones, maybe from an earlier time. The stones are in a "slightly curved row." They were found in 2015, using special archaeological research tools and methods including ground-penetrating radar. Scientists do not know if this feature is the same age as early Stonehenge or not.
References
3rd millennium BC buildings and structures
Archaeological sites in Wiltshire
William Gaunt

William Charles Anthony Gaunt (born 3 April 1937) is an English actor. Between 1983 and 1987 he starred as harassed father Arthur Crabtree in the sitcom No Place Like Home. From 1995 to 1997 Gaunt starred in the sitcom Next of Kin.
References
Other websites
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
English television actors
English stage actors
English radio actors
English movie actors
1937 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
Tamil Nadu Liberation Army

The Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA) is a small militant separatist movement in Tamil Nadu. It seeks an independent nation for the Tamil people. It began about 1985 as the military part of the Tamil Nadu Communist Party Marxist-Lenisist. It began a campaign of murders and bombings which it said were aimed at enemies of the people. They always put up posters to explain their reasons for these attacks. The leader of the group, Thamizharasan, was killed when he and a small group tried to rob a bank in Ponparappi.
Their next leader, known as Lenin, increased the number of members in the group. They began to bomb police stations and steal police weapons. Lenin was killed when one of his bombs exploded while being taken to an attack on a police station in 1994. The group took a movie actor, Dr. Rajkumar, prisoner in July 2000.
The TNLA is believed to get support from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The TNLA was listed as a terrorist organization in 2002 by the government of Tamil Nadu. The TNLA has said it wants a Greater Tamil Homeland which would include all of Tamil Nadu, the Laccadive Islands, Minicoy Island, the 'Tamil Eelam' in Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Malaysia, Singapore, and Mauritius.
References
Organizations based in Tamil Nadu
Separatist movements of India
1985 establishments in Asia
Rebel militia groups in Asia
1980s establishments in India
Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat

Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Communes in Ain
Vangelis

Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou ( ; 29 March 1943 - 17 May 2022), known professionally as Vangelis ( ; ), was a Greek musician and composer. His music was electronic, progressive, ambient, jazz, and orchestral. He was best known for his Academy Award-winning score to Chariots of Fire (1981), as well as for composing scores to the movies Blade Runner (1982), Missing (1982), Antarctica (1983), The Bounty (1984), 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992), and Alexander (2004).
He also composed music for documentaries such as Cosmos: A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan. He was born in Agria, Hellenic State (present-day Agria, Greece). His career began in 1963.
Vangelis died on 17 May 2022 at a hospital in Paris, France from heart failure while receiving treatment for COVID-19, aged 79.
Influences
Vangelis stated composers like Hans Stockhausen, Delia Derbyshire, Michel Legrand, Klaus Schulze, Soft Machine, Brian Eno, Jerry Goldsmith, Morton Subotnick, Max Corbacho and Neu! as influences.
References
1943 births
2022 deaths
Greek composers
Electronic musicians
Academy Award winning composers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France
Deaths from heart failure
Pascal's simplex

Pascal's simplex is a mathematical term. A simplex gives a generalisation of a triangle. Pascal's simplex gives the generalisation of Pascal's triangle.
Mathematics
Jean-Pierre Cassel

Jean-Pierre Cassel (real name Jean-Pierre Crochon, October 27,1932 - April 19, 2007) was a French actor. He was the father of Vincent Cassel. He became known because of the roles he had in movies in the 1950s and 1960s. He died of cancer.
Selected filmography
La Famille Anodin (1956)
Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siecle (1960)
Goodbye Again (1961)
Napoleon II l'Aiglon (1961)
The Elusive Corporal (1962)
High Infidelity (1964)
Is Paris Burning? (1966)
The Killing Game (1967)
Army of Shadows (1969)
The Breach (1970)
Baxter! (1973)
Murder on the Orient Express (1974)
Scrambled Eggs (1976)
The Twist (1976)
Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? (1978)
Mister Frost (1990)
The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish (1991)
La Ceremonie (1995)
Sade (2000)
The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)
References
1932 births
2007 deaths
French actors
Singer Building

The Singer Building was a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It was 213 meters (700 feet) tall and had 50 floors. It was built in 1908 and torn down in 1968 to make room for the U.S. Steel Building (now One Liberty Plaza). The Singer Building was the tallest building ever demolished by a company.
The Singer Building was the tallest building in the world from 1908 to 1909. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was Philadelphia City Hall. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower became the tallest one year later.
Photo Gallery
Other websites
Emporis.com - Singer Building
Skyscrapers in New York City
1908 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Fungus Rock

Fungus Rock, sometimes known as Mushroom Rock, and among the Maltese as Il-Gebla tal-General (), is a small islet in the form of a massive lump of limestone at the entrance. It is on the coast of Gozo. Fungus Rock is located at and falls near the town of San Lawrenz.
References
Islands of Malta
Charlie Villanueva

Charlie Alexander Villanueva (born August 24, 1984) is a Dominican-American professional basketball player. He has played for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association.
1984 births
Living people
Dominican Republic sportspeople
American basketball players
Dallas Mavericks players
Emilio Buale

Ludwig Emilio Buale Coka (born 26 November 1972) is an Equatoguinean-born Spanish actor. He is best known worldwide for his role as Baharat in the movie The Platform (2019). He is also known for roles in Bwana and La que se avecina.
Buale was born in Equatorial Guinea and is a Bubi. He moved to Spain at the age of six.
References
Other websites
1972 births
Living people
Equatoguinean people
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
Burlington County, New Jersey

Burlington County is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Its county seat is Mount Holly. As of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate, the county's population was 445,384, making it the 11th-largest of the state's 21 counties.
References
17th-century establishments in New Jersey
1690s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1694
New Jersey counties
Street Sharks

Street Sharks was an animated television series made by DIC Entertainment. The show started on September 1, 1994 and ended on May 1, 1995. The show was about 4 half-men/half-sharks that fought crime. They became half-shark when a university professor named Dr. Paradigm tested his gene-manipulation techniques on a marlin and a lobster. Dr. Bolton, who was a fellow professor, had attempted to destroy Paradigm's work but he was transformed into an inhuman monstrosity by the evil scientist before he could escape. Paradigm would later kidnap Bolton's four sons -- John (who became Ripster), Bobby (who became Streex), Coop (who became Big Slammu), and Clint (who became Jab) and would transform them into sharks. As soon as the boys transformed, they ate a hotdog stand and got away from the police that were chasing them by diving into a lake and burrowing their way into the city by eating the dirt. The brothers were going to capture Paradigm so that they could force him to return them to their original human selves and then expose Paradigm's genetic experiments.
Other websites
Fictional animals
1994 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam

Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam is the temple tank located near to Vandiyur Mariamman Temple. It is situated at a distance of about 2 km from the Meenakshi Amman Temple. The tank is connected to Vaigai River through an underground channel (passage). It has total of 12 long stairs (steps). It is made of granite on all four sides. This tank was built in 1645 A.D. This was the biggest tank in Tamil Nadu at that time.
7 foot tall Mukuruny Vinayakar idol in Meenakshi Amman Temple is believed to be found during excavation process of this pond.Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam is famous for the celebrations of the Float festival. This is celebrated in the Tamil month of Thai (January 14th to February 15th). At present this temple tank is the third largest in the world.
References
Temple tanks in India
Pontiac Firebird

The Pontiac Firebird was a car built by the Pontiac division of General Motors from 1967 to 2002 and they made four generations of it. The Firebird was succeeded by the Pontiac GTO.
Other websites
Pontiac Firebird heritage at Pontiac.com
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Pontiac automobiles
SEAT Ibiza

SEAT Ibiza is a car produced by SEAT since 1984. It is currently in its fifth generation. The first generation appeared in 1984 while the second generation was the first based on the Volkswagen Polo and arrived in 1993 while it got a facelift in both 1996 and 1999. It entered its third generation in 2002 while the fourth generation appeared in 2008. The current fifth generation arrived in 2017 which is now 5-door only and there is also a small crossover model based on it called the Arona. The restyled version of the fifth generation of the Ibiza is presented in April 2021.
Ibiza
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
George Robert Carruthers

George Robert Carruthers (October 1, 1939 - December 26, 2020) was an American inventor, physicist, engineer and space scientist. He helped create the ultraviolet camera/spectrograph for NASA and they used it on Apollo 16 in 1972. He designed it so astronauts could use it on the lunar surface.
References
1939 births
2020 deaths
American inventors
American physicists
Engineers from Ohio
Scientists from Cincinnati
Kleinlangheim

Kleinlangheim is a municipality in Kitzingen in Lower Franconia, Bavaria in Germany.
References
Kitzingen (district)
Satoshi Hashida

Satoshi Hashida (born 20 December 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2005||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2006||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kataller Toyama||Football League||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||7||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
12||0||2||0||0||0||14||0
12||0||2||0||0||0||14||0
|}
References
Kataller Toyama
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyoto
Cashpoint Arena Altach

The Cashpoint Arena is a football stadium in Altach, Vorarlberg, Austria. It is the homeground of SCR Rheindorf Altach, a football club playing in Austrian Football First League, which is the second level in Austrias football.
History
The stadium was built 1989/90 and was opened on 1 June 1990 under the name Schnabelholz. 1998 the main stand of the stadium was completely roofed. After the promotion to the First league a floodlighting was installed. After the promotion to the Bundesliga a new stand with 1 800 seats was built because the Bundesliga regulates 3000 seats at least. The stadium now offers over 3000 roofed seats. 2006 the match versus SK Rapid Wien was visited by 8 900 people which is the record till today.
The stadium offers a unique athmosphere because the visitors are near to the playing field. But the stadium is not only used for football but also for open air concerts and other events.
Football stadiums in Austria
Vorarlberg
1990 establishments in Australia
Saint-Vincent-sur-Graon

Saint-Vincent-sur-Graon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
References
Communes in Vendee
Hampton, New Hampshire

Hampton is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 16,214 at the 2020 census.
References
Towns in New Hampshire
Hermosillo

Hermosillo () is a city in Sonora, Mexico. It is the capital and main economic center for the state. It contains almost all of the state's manufacturing and has seventy percent of its population.
References
Capital cities in Mexico
Sonora
1700s establishments in North America
18th-century establishments in Mexico
1700 establishments
13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi

13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (also known simply as 13 Hours) is a 2016 American biographical war action thriller movie directed and produced by Michael Bay and written by Chuck Hogan. The movie is about six members of Annex Security Team who fought to defend the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya after waves of attacks by militants on September 11, 2012. The movie stars James Badge Dale, John Krasinski, Pablo Schreiber, Max Martini, David Denman and Dominic Fumusa with supporting roles by Toby Stephens, Alexia Barlier and David Costabile.
The movie was released on January 15, 2016, by Paramount Pictures to mixed reviews.
The movie was nominated for an Oscar for Best Sound Mixing.
References
2016 movies
2010s action thriller movies
2010s war movies
2010s biographical movies
American action thriller movies
American war movies
American biographical movies
Movies directed by Michael Bay
Andrew Sinclair

Andrew Annandale Sinclair (21 January 1935 - 30 May 2019) was a British novelist, historian, screenwriter and movie director. He was born in Oxford. He was a founding member of Churchill College, Cambridge. He published many fiction and non-fiction books, including biographies on Che Guevara, Dylan Thomas, Jack London, John Ford, J. P. Morgan and Francis Bacon. He directed and wrote the screenplay of the movies The Breaking of Bumbo (1970), Under Milk Wood (1972) and Blue Blood (1973).
Sinclair died on 30 May 2019, at the age of 84.
References
1935 births
2019 deaths
Biographers
British critics
English historians
English movie directors
English novelists
English screenwriters
People from Oxford
Writers from Oxfordshire