pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Southend-on-Sea

Southend-on-Sea is a city and unitary authority borough in the East of England. It is a seaside resort in the south-eastern corner of the county of Essex.
History
It was built in 1790s when the Grand Hotel (now Royal Hotel) was made. It had a decline in 1960's. On 15 October, 2021, Sir David Amess, the MP was killed in the church. Three days later, the Prime Minister and the Queen told them it would become a city. It became a city on 1 March, 2022.
The Pier
Southend is known for the longest pier in United Kingdom. The pier is 2,158 meters
(1.34 miles) long. It has a railway line that runs to the pier head. It had been badly damaged by big fires five times in 1959, 1976, 1977, 1995 and 2005. It was made in 1830 as wood which had to be longer three times. It had turned to a iron pier in 1889. Near that, there are arcades, two hotels, casinos and a theme park with rides called Adventure Island.
Transport
Railway
Southend has ten railway stations. Two are the biggest and both found near the centre.
Airport
Southend has a airport called London Southend Airport It had made the runway longer in 2012.
Other websites
Southend Pier
Essex boroughs
Towns in Essex
Big-eyed tree frog

This article is about the frog from Tanzania. For the frog from New Guinea, see Ranoidea exophthalmia.
The big-eyed tree frog, Amani Forest tree frog, vermiculated tree frog (Leptopelis vermiculatus) is a frog from the Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other places in Tanzania. Scientists saw it on between 900 and 1800 meters above sea level.
The adult male frog is 3.9 to 5.0 cm long and the female is 6.1 to 8.5 cm long. It lives in forests. It likes to sit on tree limbs hanging over the water.
All young frogs and some adult males are bright green with a black pattern. Adult females and many adult males are gold-brown in color, with patterns on their backs and dark marks behind their eyes. This frog has discs at the ends of its toes. These discs help it climb.
This frog is endangered because humans like to cut down its forests to build farms. These are mostly small farms, not large corporate farms. In many of the places where this frog lives, there are no laws against doing this.
References
Frogs of Africa
Wetsuit

A wetsuit is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water. Wetsuits act as insulation invented by Jack O'Neill, and help the body to retain its heat. Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene. Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.
Partial wetsuits
When people are doing diving or water sports in areas where the water is not very cold, they may only wear some parts of a wetsuit, such as a torso covering or leggings.
Wet suits are garments that oceangoers wear!
It's very vital when going to the ocean and dive because it serves as a life and system protector.
Full wetsuits
Deepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit.
Dry suit - a type of protective clothing for scuba divers that keeps the diver dry. Dry suits do not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that dry suits can be worn for scuba diving in very cold ocean water, such as the Arctic Ocean.
Swimwear
Ahmed Brahim

Ahmed Brahim (, `Ahmad Ibrahim; 14 June 1946 - 14 April 2016) was a Tunisian politician. He was the First Secretary of Ettajdid Movement and the leader of the Democratic Modernist Pole until April 2012, when his party merged into the Social Democratic Path of which he became the president. He was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. He was a professor of French at the University of Tunis; his area of study was comparative linguistics.
References
1946 births
2016 deaths
Tunisian politicians
Tunisian academics
Hypothetical imperative

A hypothetical imperative is a rule of the form If you want x, then do y. Moral theories may generally have this structure. This means that only those who want x, must do y. Another view is that moral values are not relative to some objective, but are the same for all, that is they are unconditional, or categorical.
for example, if you wish to do well in exams, you can study. But this doesn't stop you from not studying - studying is a hypothetical imperative which is entirely optional. However, not stealing is a categorical imperative: It is to be obeyed at all times, whether you like it or not. For example, you cannot steal bread, even if it means you will die.
The term was coined by Immanuel Kant, and is the opposite of Categorical imperatives.
Philosophy
Dick Smith (businessman)

Richard Harold Smith (born 18 March 1944) is an Australian businessman, aviator, philanthropist and political activist. He is the founder of Dick Smith Electronics, Dick Smith Foods and Australian Geographic. He was named as the 1986 Australian of the Year. In 2010, he co-founded the media production company Smith & Nasht. The reason for this company is to make movies about global problems. He also made the first balloon trip across Australia in June 1993.
Smith was born in Roseville, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. He is married to Phillipa Aird McManarney. The couple have two daughters, Jenny and Hayley.
References
Other websites
Dick Smith Electronics
1944 births
Living people
Australian activists
Australian businesspeople
Aviators
Order of Australia
People from Sydney
Australian philanthropists
Uncle Tupelo

Uncle Tupelo was an alternative country music group from Belleville, Illinois. The group was active between 1987 and 1994. Jay Farrar, Jeff Tweedy, and Mike Heidorn formed the band. Uncle Tupelo split on May 1, 1994. Farrar then formed Son Volt with Heidorn. The remaining members became Wilco.
Albums
No Depression (June 21, 1990)
Still Feel Gone (September 17, 1991)
March 16-20, 1992 (August 3, 1992)
Anodyne (October 5, 1993)
1987 establishments in Illinois
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
1994 disestablishments in the United States
American rock bands
Country bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1994
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups from Illinois
1990s disestablishments in Illinois
Lemur

Lemurs are primates and prosimians (not monkeys). The word "lemur" comes from the Latin word lemures, which means "ghosts". Lemur are divided into eight families, with 15 genera and about 100 living species. However, lemur classification is controversial: it depends on which species concept is used. Lemur is also a genus in one of the families.
Lemurs are native only to the island of Madagascar. From there a few species got to smaller islands nearby, for example the Comoros. Madagascar, like Africa and India, was part of the ancient southern continent of Gondwana.
Lemurs weigh from 30g to the 10kg. Larger species have all become extinct since human groups moved to Madagascar. Usually, the smaller lemurs are active at night (nocturnal), and the larger ones were active during the day (diurnal).
Lemurs are endangered species because people destroy their habitat and used to hunt them, and perhaps still do so.
Physical description
Ring-tailed lemur, the most studied, are white and black with a ring tail The larger species are about 1.5 meters tall and weigh about 2 to 3.5 kilograms. They move quietly, usually at night, sometimes letting out eerie wailing cries, which some people think is the reason why they got their names.
Feeding habits and life
Lemurs mostly eat fruit, leaves, and other plant parts. They live in family groups of 5 to 42 members which is called a troop. Females are dominant and remain in the same troop for life. Males move between troops. The female's gestation period lasts four to five months, and they usually have one or two babies. Lemur mothers nurse their babies until they are about four months old. Then they begin to feed the babies solid food such as fruit. Lemurs spend most of their time in the trees. Some are great leapers, flinging themselves from tree to tree.
Communication
Lemurs communicate with a variety of hoots. They will also send messages with scents (smells). When a male lemur wants to scare another male away, he first rubs its tail on the smelly glands under its arms and then waves the tail in the other male's face. These are called "stink fights".
Lavasoa dwarf lemur
Grey bamboo lemur
Ring-tailed lemur
Aye-aye
Black-and-white ruffed lemur
Silky sifaka
Related pages
Duke Lemur Center
References
Other websites
Lemurs of the East Coast of Madagascar
New lemurs found in Madagascar
Great leaping lemurs
Silly Putty

Silly Putty (originally called nutty putty) is a silicone plastic "clay", sold as a toy for children by Binney & Smith Inc.. It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a substitute for rubber during World War II.
Description
Silly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual characteristics. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will "melt" into a puddle over a long enough period of time, and so shows properties of non-newtonian liquids.
Other websites
Explanations from the Official Website of Silly Putty
Full story at MIT's Invention Dimension: Silly Putty page
Various scientific experiments done with Silicone Putty
American Chemical Society "What's that stuff?" page about Silly Putty
Dropping a 50lb beach ball-sized sphere of Silly Putty off a parking garage (pics and video)
Toys
2023 Canadian wildfires

Starting in March 2023, and getting worse starting in June, Canada has been affected by an ongoing series of wildfires. All 13 provinces and territories have been affected, with large fires in Alberta, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec. The 2023 wildfire season had seen the most land burned in Canada's recorded history, even more than the 1989, 1995, and 2014 fire seasons. It was also the biggest in recorded North American history, even more than the 2020 Western US wildfire season.
References
2020s in Canada
Fires in North America
Lithuanian Americans

Lithuanian Americans refers to American citizens and residents who are Lithuanian and were born in Lithuania, or are of Lithuanian descent. New Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has the largest percentage of Lithuanian Americans (20.8%) in the United States. Lithuanian Americans form by far the largest group within the Lithuanian diaspora.
References
Ethnic groups in the United States
Tony Harrington

Tony Harrington is an English football referee who referees in the Premier League. He was promoted to Select Group 1 in June 2021.
Career
He was promoted to a Select Group 2 referee in 2016.
On May 22nd 2021, Tony refereed the 2021 FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium. Only eight days later, Harrington was back at Wembley when he officiated the 2021 EFL League One play-off Final between Blackpool and Lincoln City.
After becoming a Select Group 1 referee in June 2021, Harrington officiated his first Premier League game on 16 December 2021.
Personal life
He is the grandson of former Hartlepool United player Tommy McGuigan who is in the club's record books for top 10 number of appearances and goals for the club.
Harrington supports his hometown club, Hartlepool.
References
Living people
English football referees
The Boys (2019 TV series)

The Boys is an American satirical superhero streaming television series. It is created by Eric Kripke for Prime Video.
It is based on the comic book of the same name by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson, which was originally published by DC Comics. It is about vigilantes with superpowers who abuse their abilities.
It stars Karl Urban, Jack Quaid, Laz Alonso, Tomer Capon, Karen Fukuhara, Antony Starr, Erin Moriarty, Dominique McElligott, Chace Crawford, Jessie T. Usher and Nathan Mitchell.
The series premiered on July 26, 2019.
References
2010s American television series debuts
American satirical television series
DC Comics
Oh! Susanna

"Oh! Susanna" is a song by Stephen Foster. It was Foster's first hit song. The song debuted in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1847 and was published by W. C. Peters of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848. It became the unofficial anthem of the California Gold Rush in 1849.
Foster had little appreciation of the worth of his songs. His brother Morrison wrote: "While in Cincinnati [Stephen] wrote "Oh, Susanna", a song which soon became famous ... There was then in Cincinnati in the music business, W. C. Peters, whom Stephen had known in Pittsburgh, and who had taught music in our family ... [Stephen] made a present of "Old Uncle Ned" and "Oh, Susanna" to Mr. Peters. The latter made ten thousand dollars out of them, and established a music publishing house which became the largest in the West. The fame of these two songs went around the world, and thousands sang and played them who never heard the name of the author or whence they came."
Notes
References
19th-century American songs
Compositions by Stephen Foster
Jørgen Kosmo

Jorgen Harek Kosmo (December 5, 1947 - July 24, 2017) was a Norwegian politician. He was born in Fauske, Norway. From 2005 to 2013 he was Auditor General of Norway, after representing the Labour Party in the Storting (parliament) for 20 years, of which the final 4 years as President of the Storting.
Kosmo was Minister of Defence from 1993 to 1997 and Minister of Labour and Government Administration from 2000 to 2001. Kosmo was in 2004 appointed County Governor of Telemark, but could not take over the position while he was member of parliament. From 1979 to 1985 he was member of the municipal council of Horten, the last 2 years as mayor.
Kosmo died in Oslo, Norway on July 24, 2017 of pancreatic cancer at the age of 69.
References
Other websites
Biography at the Norwegian parliament
1947 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Presidents of the Storting
Norwegian mayors
Gwenpool

Gwenpool is a character produced by Marvel Comics in 2016. Gwendolyn Poole is a girl transported from real life to the Marvel Universe.
Marvel Comics superheroes
Stevens–Johnson syndrome

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a disease of the skin. In most cases, it is caused by an allergic reaction to drugs. This accounts for about half the cases. Lymphoma, and other infections are responsible for most other cases. The disease is characterized by cell death that causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. Since this is similar to what happens in burn, some of the same methods are used to treat patients.
Skin problems
Allmendingen bei Bern

Allmendingen bei Bern is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
The municipality is between Rubigen and Muri bei Bern, near Berne.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Bern
David TC Davies

David Thomas Charles Davies (born 27 July 1970) is a British politician. He has been Secretary of State for Wales since 2022 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Monmouth since 2005. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He is a critic of the European Union and supported Brexit.
References
1970 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 2005-2010
UK MPs 2010-2015
UK MPs 2015-2017
UK MPs 2017-2019
UK MPs 2019-present
Politicians from London
Secretaries of State for Wales
Korkeasaari

Korkeasaari () is an island in Helsinki, Finland. The exact meaning of Korkeasaari is "Tall Island/Islet". It is part of the Mustikkamaa-Korkeasaari district. It has Finland's largest and oldest zoo, called Korkeasaari Zoo.
The island of Korkeasaari is a rocky island. Two smaller islands are located next to it: Hylkysaari and Palosaari.
Other websites
Helsinki Zoo website
Islands of Europe
Geography of Finland
Helsinki
Moldovița

Moldovita is a commune in Suceava County, Romania.
Moldovita, Suceava
Laocoön (El Greco)

Laocoon is an oil painting by El Greco. It dates from between 1604 and 1614. It measures 142 x 193 cm (55.9 x 76 in). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Laocoon is a mythical character taken from the Aeneid, a Latin epic poem by Virgil. In the legend, Laocoon was a Trojan priest who warned the Trojans not to bring the Wooden Horse into the city of Troy. This angered the gods protecting the Greeks. They caused serpents to rise from the sea to strangle the priest and his two sons. Laocoon and his sons are seen left and center in the painting. The figures to the right may be the Greek gods. The Wooden Horse is seen in the middle distance center. The city in the far distance is Toledo, Spain. El Greco was Greek by birth. He completely ignored the history and mythology of Greece in his work, except for this one painting. This picture is the only classical theme he ever painted.
References
Spanish paintings
Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
17th-century paintings
Paintings by El Greco
Safra Square

Safra Square (, Kikar Safra) is Jerusalem's City Hall public square. It is named after Jacob and Esther Safra, the parents of Edmond J. Safra, a Jewish philanthropist who helped to renovate downtown Jerusalem.
Other websites
Safra Square on Jerusalem Municipality official website
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Town squares in Israel
Aquilegia

Aquilegia (commonly known as granny's bonnet or columbine) is a genus of about 60-70 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher altitudes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals of their flowers.
References
Plants of Pakistan
Ranunculales
Muş

Mus is a city in eastern Turkey. The city is in the Central Anatolia Region. In 2020, 197,555 people lived there.
References
Cities in Turkey
Central Anatolia Region
Kirby (series)

is a fantasy video game series made by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo. It was created by Masahiro Sakurai. The games are about Kirby, who can fly and likes to eat. Most of the games are platform games, but there are games of other genres.
History
The first Kirby game was Kirby's Dream Land, made in 1992 for the Game Boy. It had a small set of levels that each introduced Kirby and the enemy characters. King Dedede was the villain fought at the end of the game.
The second Kirby game was Kirby's Adventure, made for the NES. It had many worlds, and each world had its own set of levels. Kirby's Adventure introduced Kirby's power to copy the powers of the enemies he eats. It was the first Kirby game to show Kirby in a pink color.
Kirby's Dream Land 2 brought some of Kirby's copy abilities to the Game Boy, as well as a set of worlds like in Kirby's Adventure. Kirby's Dream Land 3, made for the SNES, also used these parts of the game, in a new story. Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards let the player mix the copy abilities together to make new powers for Kirby to use.
More Kirby games were made for handheld game consoles: Kirby & the Amazing Mirror for the Game Boy Advance, and Kirby: Squeak Squad for the Nintendo DS. They gave Kirby a large set of copy abilities, like in Kirby's Adventure.
Kirby's Return to Dream Land was made in 2011 for the Wii. It showed the modern look of the characters.
Nintendo
Hope Solo

Hope Amelia Solo (born July 30, 1981, in Richland, Washington) is an American soccer goalkeeper. She plays for the United States women's national soccer team, and for the Seattle Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the top division of women's soccer in the United States
During the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, she got 2 official awards. The Bronze Ball and the Best Goalkeeper award. Her father Jeffrey, died on June 15, 2007, because of heart failure. She was part of the USA women's soccer team that won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
References
Other websites
Official website
U.S. Soccer profile
1981 births
American soccer players
American Olympic gold medalists
Living people
Sportspeople from Washington (state)
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Peter Griffin

Peter Griffin is an animated character in the television comedy Family Guy.
Information
He is the husband of Lois Griffin. He has three children, Meg, Chris, and Stewie. His main friends are Glenn Quagmire, Cleveland Brown, and Joe Swanson. He is voiced by the shows creator, Seth MacFarlane, who also voices Stewie Griffin and the family's pet dog Brian.
He was a redesign of the protagonist, Larry, from Seth MacFarlane's animated short films he made a few years before Family Guy.
Peter used to work in a Toy factory, before it was shut down when the manager of the factory died. He then worked on a boat before he started working at "Pawtucket Patriot Brewery".
Peter always believed his full name was Peter Lowenbrau Griffin, however, later in the show, he finds out his actual full name is Justin Peter Griffin, and that he was born in Mexico. He also used to believe that Francis Griffin was his father, however, when Peter visited his father on his deathbed, he and his mother would reveal that his real father is an Irishman called Mickey McFinnigan, whom his mother met while she was in Ireland.
A long-running joke in the show is his relationship with Ernie the Giant Chicken. When Ernie appeared, it was result in a long fight between the two, often taken up to five minutes and randomly happening in an episode.
Peter and Brian Griffin could be said to have originated as Larry and Steve respectively, with the two being introduced in the 1995 short film The Life of Larry, and elaborated and refined upon in Larry & Steve.
References
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Family Guy characters
Animated human characters
Number of the Beast

The number of the Beast (from ) is the fear of the number 666. It comes from the Biblical verse Revelation 13:18, which says that the number 666 is the number of the beast, associated with Satan or the Antichrist.
A well-known example of this fear is Nancy and Ronald Reagan, who, in 1989, when moving to their home in Bel-Air, Los Angeles, had its address changed from 666 St. Cloud Road to 668 St. Cloud Road. Another well-known example was the U.S. Route 666, where accidents and incidents were common. It is known as "Devil's Highway" and renamed to U.S. Route 491.
References
Phobias
Superstitions
New Testament
Christian eschatology
Tony Pignone

Tony Pignone is a retired weightlifter from Australia. Tony competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was born on 18 March 1960.
References
Other websites
1960 births
Living people
Australian weightlifters
Australian Olympians
Kiwix

Kiwix is a free and open-source offline web browser created by Emmanuel Engelhart and Renaud Gaudin in 2007. It was first launched to allow offline access to Wikipedia. But it has expanded to include other projects from the Wikimedia Foundation as well as public domain texts from Project Gutenberg. It is available in more than 100 languages. Kiwix has been included in several high-profile projects, from smuggling operations in North Korea and encyclopedic access in Cuba to Google Impact Challenge's recipient Bibliotheques Sans Frontieres.
History
Background
Founder Emmanuel Engelhart sees Wikipedia as a common good, saying "The contents of Wikipedia should be available for everyone! Even without Internet access. This is why I have launched the Kiwix project."
After becoming a Wikipedia editor in 2004, Engelhart became interested in developing offline versions of Wikipedia. A project to make a Wikipedia CD, initiated in 2003, was a trigger for the project.
Awards
In 2012 Kiwix won a grant from Wikimedia France to build kiwix-plug, which was deployed to universities in eleven countries known as the Afripedia Project. In February 2013 Kiwix won SourceForge's Project of the Month award and an Open Source Award in 2015.
Description
The software is designed as an offline reader for a web content. It can be used on computers without an internet connection, computers with a slow or expensive connection, or to avoid censorship. It can also be used while travelling (e.g. on a passenger plane or a train).
Download
Users first download Kiwix. Then they download content for offline viewing with Kiwix. Compression saves disk space and bandwidth. All of English-language Wikipedia, with pictures, fits on a large USB stick or external media (82 GB as of march 2021, or 43 GB with no pictures).
Files
All content files are compressed in ZIM format. It makes them smaller, but leaves them easy to index, search, and selectively decompress.
The ZIM files are then opened with Kiwix, which looks and behaves like a web browser. Kiwix offers full text search, tabbed navigation, and the option to export articles to PDF and HTML.
Related pages
XOWA
Wikipedia:Database download
Internet-in-a-Box
Wikimedia offline projects
References
Free software
Web browsers
Protist

Protists are single-celled eukaryotes (which are organisms with a nucleus). The term Protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. The protists are not a natural group, or clade, since they have no common origin. Like algae or invertebrates, they are often grouped together for convenience.
The term "protist" includes microorganisms from several distantly related phyla. Some are autotrophic (which means they make their own food by photosynthesis), and others are heterotrophic (which means they eat organic material).
Most protists are very small. They are made up of one or a few cells at most - they are microscopic and usually invisible to the naked eye. Some algae are protists, if they are single-celled. Many protists are part of the plankton and are very important for the ecosystem. The cells found in protists may be extremely complex, and are often little understood. It is now possible to do DNA sequencing, and a number of protists have been analysed. The results show that the Protista is not a monophyletic group. It is paraphyletic, and not a single clade. The taxonomy of the Protista is therefore rather confused.
Some protists cause diseases. Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria; sleeping sickness is also caused by a protist.
An example of a single celled organism in the protist kingdom is the Paramecium or "slipper animalcule." The Paramecium moves using its small, hair-like fibers called cilia, and eats using the cilia to sweep the food into its food vacuole. Other protists can be amoebas, which move by extending pseudopods and flowing into them, or flowing around food particles and engulfing them.
Origin and taxonomy
Protists are not a monophyletic clade. The term is a convenient holdall for about 20 different kinds of single-celled eukaryotes. They differ in their cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. This proves they have made the transition from prokaryotes in different ways. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.
References
Cell biology
Pine Lawn, Missouri

Pine Lawn is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 3,275 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Missouri
Shock Value (Timbaland album)

Shock Value is the second solo studio album by record producer Timbaland. It is his fifth album overall. The album has a long list of guest artists, including Fall Out Boy, Justin Timberlake, The Hives, Keri Hilson, Nelly Furtado, Missy Elliott, 50 Cent, Dr. Dre, OneRepublic, Elton John, Magoo and Nicole Scherzinger.
Sales and certifications
The album debuted at number 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200, with 138,000 copies sold. It debuted at number ten in the United Kingdom. On the week of July 22, it went to number five. The album then reached number two in the UK and number thirteen in France.
The album was certified Platinum in Canada (100,000 units) by the CRIA in August 2007. On the Australian ARIA Albums Chart, Shock Value was certified 3x Platinum with sales of 210,000+ copies.
In BBC Radio 1's end of year chart for 2007, Shock Value was the ninth most bought album in the UK.
Track listing
Notes
"Oh Timbaland" contains samples "Sinner Man" by Nina Simone.
"Boardmeeting" contains interpolations from "Get Down on It" by Kool & the Gang and replayed elements from "The Breaks" by Kurtis Blow.
Shock Value 2008 Tour
The Shock Value 2008 Tour was supposed to be Timbaland's concert tour to support his album, Timbaland Presents: Shock Value. Dates in Australia and New Zealand were announced. However, the tour was canceled one day before it was going to begin due to scheduling conflicts in Europe.
Tour dates (all canceled)
References
2007 albums
Electropop albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Malaka Regency

Malaka Regency is a regency () of the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara.
Regencies_of_East_Nusa_Tenggara
Geoff Nicholls

Geoffrey James "Geoff" Nicholls (28 February 1948 - 28 January 2017) was a British musician and keyboardist. He was best known as a member of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He did not perform with the band after 2004. He was born in Birmingham.
Nicholls died from lung cancer on 28 January 2017 at the age of 68.
References
1948 births
2017 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
English rock musicians
Heavy metal musicians
British keyboardists
Musicians from Birmingham
Chlamydiae

Chlamydiae is a bacterial phylum and class whose members are obligate intracellular pathogens.
All known Chlamydiae only grow by infecting eukaryotic host cells. They are as small or smaller than many viruses. Most intracellular Chlamydiae are located in an inclusion body or vacuole.
Gram-negative bacteria
Gordon E. Williams

Gordon E. Williams (born 1935) is a retired United States Air Force officer. He was a command pilot with more than 4,000 flying hours, he flew numerous Air Force and Navy aircraft. Upon his retirement on 1 August 1988, he was the director for plans and policy, J-5, Headquarters United States European Command, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, West Germany.
He was the commander of the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing, being stationed at RAF Bentwaters, England, in 1980 at the time of the Rendlesham Forest incident.
References
Other websites
1935 births
Living people
American military personnel of World War II
People from Nashua, New Hampshire
Military people from New Hampshire
Erin Gray

Erin Gray (born January 7, 1950, Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She played Kate Summers in the 1980s sitcom Silver Spoons. She also acted in a few movies.
American television actors
Actors from Honolulu
1950 births
Living people
Saigon Broadcasting Television Network

SBTN is a Vietnamese channel in the US.
Television channels
Disney Parks, Experiences and Products

Disney Parks, Experiences and Products (formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts) is part of Disney Studios Corporation.
The best well-known when, Disney sold their 50% of Disneyland and Walt Disney World, Disney Consumer Products began licensing the characters of Disney such as Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, Pluto, Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, Snow White, Cinderella, Sheriff Woody, Buzz Lightyear, and Darth Vader among others for use in the parks.
It includes:
Disneyland Resort
Walt Disney World Resort
Tokyo Disney Resort
Disneyland Paris
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Shanghai Disney Resort
Disney Cruise Line
Disney Vacation Club
Adventures by Disney
Disney Regional Entertainment
Walt Disney Imagineering
Walt Disney Creative Entertainment
References
1954 establishments in the United States
American entertainment companies
Disney companies
Moorhuhn X

Moorhuhn X (the PlayStation 2 version is known as Crazy Chicken X) is an Action game, developed by Sproing and published by Phenomedia, which was released in Europe in 2005 with PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and Mobile. It was the last game to be released for the PlayStation before the system's discontinuation in Worldwide on March 23, 2006.
Gameplay
Moorhuhn X is a first-person shooter with Action game elements.
Reference
https://www.gamecopyworld.com/games/pc_moorhuhn_x.shtml
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1542706/
https://www.speedrun.com/moorhuhn_kart_2/Moorhuhn_X
https://www.exophase.com/game/moorhuhn-x-retro/achievements/
2003 video games
2005 video games
PlayStation games
PlayStation 2 games
Mobile phones
Action video games
Chía, Aragon

Chia is a small town in the eastern Pyrenees, in Aragon, Spain; it is a municipality in the Huesca province.
People in this region speak patues, a dialect of the eastern Aragonese language.
Geography
Chia is in the Benasque Valley, on the foot of the Sierra de Chia, a short mountain range in the Pyrenees. It is about from Huesca, the capital city of the Huesca province.
The mean yearly temperature is and the mean yearly rainfall is .
Buildings
Saint Martin of Chia church, a small church with a Romanesque style of the 12th-13th centuries.
Saint Vincent church, also with a Romanesque style but it was changed a lot during the 18th century.
Local holiday
8 September - .
References
Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Aragon
Settlements in Huesca
Chinese people

Chinese people are the various ethnic groups from China, including Taiwan.
The largest of these groups is the Han Chinese. This group is often called "Chinese" or "ethnic Chinese" in English. Large numbers of Han Chinese live in countries other than China. They may make up as much as 19% of the world's population.
Other ethnic groups in China include the Zhuang, Hui, Manchu, and Uyghurs, among many others. The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognises 56 ethnic groups. Taiwan (Republic of China, ROC) officially recognises 14 tribes of Taiwanese aborigines. The list of ethnic groups in China includes the major ethnic groups of China (PRC) and Taiwan.
Related pages
Chinese American
British Chinese
Chinese Canadian
List of Chinese scientists
References
3LW

3LW (Three Little Women) was an American girl group. The group members were Naturi Cora Maria Naughton, Adrienne Eliza Bailon, and Kiely Alexis Williams. The band was formed in 1999 in Newark, New Jersey.
In August 2002, Naughton announced that she had been forced out of 3LW. Before the year's end, the group held various auditions in Atlanta, Los Angeles and New York in search of a third member. Jessica Benson was chosen. She joined 3LW in December. The group ended in 2006.
Members
Adrienne Bailon - born Adrienne Eliza Bailon on October 24, 1983, Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Kiely Williams - born Kiely Alexis Williams on July 9, 1986, Alexandria, Virginia, United States
Naturi Naughton - born Naturi Cora Maria Naughton on May 20, 1984, East Orange, New Jersey
Jessica Benson - born in 1988, Severn, Maryland
Discography
Studio albums
2000: 3LW
2002: A Girl Can Mack
2002: Naughty or Nice
2022: Point of No Return
Other albums
2005: Neva Get Enuf
Awards and nominations
Other websites
Official site
Myspace
Discogs
1999 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2007 disestablishments in the United States
American girl groups
American R&B bands
American hip hop bands
American soul bands
American dance musicians
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
Musical groups from New Jersey
Newark, New Jersey
1990s establishments in New Jersey
Kaye Ballard

Kaye Ballard (born Catherine Gloria Balotta; November 20, 1925 - January 21, 2019) was an American musical theatre, television actress, comedienne, and singer.
Biography
She was known for her role as Kaye Buell on the NBC sitcom The Mothers-in-Law.
Ballard died of heart failure at her home in Rancho Mirage, California on January 21, 2019 at the age of 93.
References
Other websites
Kaye Ballard website
1925 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American musical theatre actors
American television actors
Singers from Cleveland
Comedians from Cleveland
Actors from Cleveland
Dudley Simpson

Dudley Simpson (4 October 1922 - 4 November 2017) was an Australian composer and conductor. He was born in Melbourne. He was the Principal Conductor of the Royal Opera House orchestra for three years. He was best known for his work as a composer on British television. He worked on the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who.
Among his early television work was the music for Moonstrike (1963). Simpson also created the theme music for The Brothers (1972), The Tomorrow People (1973), Moonbase 3 (1973), The Ascent of Man (1973) and Blake's 7 (1978). He also composed music for many plays from the BBC Television Shakespeare series.
Simpson died on 4 November 2017 at the age of 95.
References
Other websites
1922 births
2017 deaths
Australian composers
Australian conductors
People from Melbourne
Zack Greinke

Donald Zackary "Zack" Greinke (born October 21, 1983 in Orlando, Florida) is a Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks. While pitching for the Kansas City Royals, he won the 2009 American League Cy Young Award, which is an award that goes to the player that is voted as the best pitcher in the league for that year. Greinke has also pitched for the Milwaukee Brewers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Major League career
The Royals selected Greinke in the first round of the 2002 MLB Draft with the sixth pick in the draft. Greinke played his first game for the Royals in May 2004. In 2006, he left the team during spring training because of depression and social anxiety disorder. He took some time away from baseball, and also did some pitching in the minor leagues. He returned to the Royals in 2007. In 2009, he had his best season for the Royals, finishing the season with a 16-8 record and a 2.16 ERA, which was the best ERA in Major League Baseball. He won many awards that year, including the Cy Young Award. He also set a Royals team record for the most strikeouts in one game on August 25, 2009, when he struck out 15 batters against the Cleveland Indians.
Greinke became frustrated with the Royals losing so many games, and asked the team to trade him. He was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers in December 2009. Greinke was then traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in 2012.
References
1980 births
Living people
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Kansas City Royals players
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida
National Library of the Czech Republic

The National Library of the Czech Republic () is the central library of the Czech Republic. The main part of the library is in the Clementinum building of Prague.
References
1770s establishments in Europe
1777 establishments
National libraries in Europe
Buildings and structures in Prague
María Cervera

Maria Cervera is a volleyball player from Peru. Maria competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. She was born on 26 February 1956 and died on 16 October 2018.
References
Other websites
1956 births
Living people
Peruvian volleyball players
Peruvian Olympians
Cantons of the Ardèche department

This is a list of the 17 cantons of the Ardeche department, in France.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
The following table shows the 17 cantons of the department and the distribution of the communes by arrondissement:
References
France-related lists
Ardeche department
Ritual

A ritual (or a rite) is a set of actions people do. In a ritual, the actions are important because every action stands for something. Each ritual of a type is done in a certain way. Danger might be involved in carrying out the ritual. When the ritual has been performed successfully, it is often followed by a celebration.
Rituals can mark a personal change. For example, a rite of passage may show that a child has reached the age of majority. All societies seem to have had them.
A religious rite is a religious ceremony. Many rituals have a religious significance and are part of the religion or traditions of a community. The rite signals that those who take part are members of the religion, or believers in the religion. The rite may signal status, qualification, prayer and commitment to the god or to the belief.
A rite need not be to a religion as understood in the present day. Fervent support of a sports team, or kissing the ring of an organised crime lord, or a military enrollment is equally a rite, because it has consequences for the behaviour of the person, and for their beliefs.
A ritual can also be linked to obsessive compulsive disorder, when a person believes that performing the ritual again and again is necessary.
References
Related pages
Mass (liturgy)
Ceremony
Ceremonies
Nathalie Baye

Nathalie Marie Andree Baye (born 6 July 1948) is a French actress. She is known for her roles in Every Man for Himself (1980), Strange Affair (1981), La Balance (1982), and The Young Lieutenant (2005).
In 2009, she was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
Her other movie roles include Day for Night (1973), Catch Me If You Can (2002), Tell No One (2006) and The Assistant (2015).
References
1948 births
Living people
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
French voice actors
Dollar sign

The dollar or peso sign ($) is a symbol that is for either the peso or dollar. These are types of money around the world. Sometimes it is an S with one line through it. Sometimes it is an S with two lines through it. When there are two lines it is called a cifrao. There are many stories about why this symbol is used to mean money.
Currency symbols
Mariel Hemingway

Mariel Hemingway (b. November 22, 1961) is an American actress and writer. She starred in many television programs and in movies. She is the granddaughter of writer Ernest Hemingway.
Career
Hemingway's first role was with her sister Margaux in the movie Lipstick (1976). The movie was not considered especially good, but Mariel received notice for her acting. She was nominated as "Best Newcomer" for the Golden Globes Award that year.
Hemingway's most famous role was in Woody Allen's Manhattan. It was a romantic comedy in which she plays Tracy, a high school student and Allen's lover. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
In Personal Best (1982), she played a bisexual track and field athlete. The movie was noted for some explicit (by mainstream standards) lesbian love scenes. In connection with Personal Best, she appeared in a pictorial in the April 1982 issue of Playboy and was also on the cover.
She starred as Dorothy Stratten in Star 80 (1983), a movie about the Playboy model's life and murder. Reports circulated for years that Hemingway had had her breasts enlarged to play the role of Stratten. During a 2007 appearance on the late-night talk and variety show, Fashionably Late with Stacy London, she said she had the surgery before Star 80. Her breast implants were removed years later after they had ruptured.
Hemingway has played a lesbian or bisexual woman in several movies and television shows, including, Personal Best, The Sex Monster, In Her Line of Fire, and episodes of the TV series "Roseanne" and Crossing Jordan. Hemingway, however, is not gay. She has said she formed a "big connection with the gay-and-lesbian community" after Personal Best and enjoys taking roles in "cutting-edge" productions.
Hemingway has a perfume, "Mariel", by H2O+.
She is the host of Spiritual Cinema, a monthly television show dedicated to spiritual movies. She has begun hosting a series of yoga practice videos Yoga Now, with guru Rodney Yee.
Personal life
In December 2008, Hemingway said through her web site's blog that she had separated from her husband earlier in the year. Hemingway had been married since December 9, 1984 to Stephen Crisman. They had two daughters together: model Dree Hemingway (born 1987) and Langley Fox Hemingway (born 1989). As of early 2011, Hemingway is romantically involved with Bobby Williams.
Bibliography
Mariel Hemingway is the author of:
Filmography
References
American television actors
American movie actors
Writers from California
Actors from Marin County, California
1961 births
Living people
Cosmic time

Cosmic time, or cosmological time, is the time coordinate commonly used in the Big Bang models of physical cosmology. Such time coordinate may be defined for a homogeneous, expanding universe so that the universe has the same density everywhere at each moment in time (the fact that this is possible means that the universe is, by definition, homogeneous). The clocks measuring cosmic time should move along the Hubble flow.
Cosmic time is a measure of time by a physical clock with zero peculiar velocity (weird speed) without matter over-/under-densities (to prevent time expanding due to relativistic effects or confusions caused by expansion of the universe). Unlike other measures of time such as temperature, redshift, particle horizon, or Hubble horizon, the cosmic time (similar and combining in a way to make something better to the comoving coordinates) is blind to the expansion of the universe.
There are two main ways for establishing a reference point for the cosmic time. The most easy way is to take the present time as the cosmic reference point (sometimes referred to as the lookback time).
In a different way, the Big Bang may be taken as reference to define as the age of the universe, also known as time since the big bang. The current physical cosmology estimates the present age as 13.8 billion years. The doesn't necessarily have to go along with a physical event (such as the cosmological singularity) but rather it refers to the point at which the scale factor would dissappear for a standard cosmological model such as Lambda-CDM model. For instance, in the case of inflation, In other words a non-standard cosmology, the hypothetical moment of big bang is still decided using the test result cosmological models which may happen at the same time as the end of the inflationary epoch. For technical purposes, ideas such as the average temperature of the universe (in units of eV) or the particle horizon are used when the early universe is the goal of a study since understanding the interaction among particles is more important and related than their time coordinate or age.
Cosmic time is the standard time coordinate for specifying the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker solutions of Einstein field equations.
References
Time
Ascain

Ascain is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
References
Ascain
Mount Oread Civil War posts

Lawrence, Kansas was not well defended in the early part of the American Civil War. They started defending it after William Quantrill's guerrilla raid on August 21, 1863. By early 1864 Union soldiers permanently stayed on the top and hills of Mount Oread, which was at Lawrence's southwest. It seems the camp was first named Camp Ewing, after Brig. Gen. Thomas Ewing.
The military area on Mount Oread was used until the end of the Civil War. When the war ended, there was no reason to keep them, so they were destroyed.
References
Forts in Kansas
Buildings and structures in Lawrence, Kansas
1864 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Kansas