pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Logical Song

"The Logical Song" is a 1979 song by English rock band Supertramp. It is the leading single to their sixth studio album Breakfast in America. It topped the single charts in Canada and it was their biggest single of 1979 in Canada. It also went to top 20 in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was covered by German group Scooter in 2001.
References
1979 songs
1970s ballads
Supertramp songs
Progressive pop songs
Pop rock songs
Rock ballads
George Canning

George Canning PC, FRS (11 April 1770 - 8 August 1827) was a British statesman and politician who was Foreign Secretary and, briefly, Prime Minister.
Entry into politics
Stratford Canning was a Whig and would introduce his nephew in the 1780s to prominent Whigs such as Charles James Fox, Edmund Burke, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. George Canning's friendship with Sheridan would last for the remainder of Sheridan's life.
1770 births
1827 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Chancellors of the Exchequer
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Politicians from London
UK MPs 1801-1802
UK MPs 1802-1806
UK MPs 1806-1807
UK MPs 1807-1812
UK MPs 1812-1818
UK MPs 1818-1820
UK MPs 1820-1826
UK MPs 1826-1830
Ben Eager

Benjamin Eager (born January 22, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for HC CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has also played 407 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Chicago Blackhawks, Atlanta Thrashers, San Jose Sharks, and Edmonton Oilers.
Career
Before playing in the NHL, Eager played 4 seasons with the Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 23rd overall pick by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. On June 9th, 2010, Eager won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks.
On July 11, 2014, he signed a one-year contract with HC CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played one season for the Chicago Wolves before retiring.
References
Other websites
1984 births
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Ottawa
Philadelphia Flyers players
San Jose Sharks players
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
Jesse White (politician)

Jesse Clark White (born June 23, 1934) is a Democratic American politician. He served as the 37th and the longest serving Secretary of State of Illinois and the first African American to hold this position. He decided to retire in 2022 instead of running for a seventh term.
Early life
White was born in Alton, Illinois on June 23, 1934. He attended Alabama State University.
As Secretary of State
First elected to Secretary of State of Illinois in 1998, White was re-elected in 2002 by winning all 102 counties and garnering more than 2.3 million votes, the largest vote total by any candidate for Illinois statewide office in a quarter of a century. In 2006, White was re-elected to a third term, having received 63 percent of the vote statewide. White was elected to a fourth term in 2010, the leading vote-getter in the entire state.
Electoral history
2010 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D) (inc.), 70%
Robert Enriquez (R), 27%
2006 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D) (inc.), 62%
Dan Rutherford (R), 34%
2002 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D) (inc.), 69%
Kristine O'Rourke Cohn (R), 29%
1998 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D), 57%
Al Salvi (R), 43%
References
Other websites
Illinois Secretary of State - official site
biography
Follow the Money - Jesse White: 2006 campaign cycle, 2008 "campaign" cycle contributions
Project Vote Smart - Jesse White (IL) profile
Jesse White Tumbling Team official site
Jesse White 2010 official 2010 campaign site
1934 births
Living people
Politicians from Illinois
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Sapporo TV Tower

The Sapporo TV Tower is a television tower that was built in 1957, and is 147.2 meters tall. The tower is in Odori Park. The Sapporo TV Tower is in Sapporo, Japan. Many tourists go to the observation deck on this tower, which is about 90 meters tall.
References
Other websites
Official website
1957 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures in Hokkaido
Towers in Japan
Sapporo
Outlaws Motorcycle Club

The Outlaws Motorcycle Club is an American motorcycle club. It was formed in Mc Cook, Illinois in 1935. The club has chapters in USA, Canada, Australia, Asia and Europe.
Other websites
Outlaws MC
Motorcycle clubs
Two of Hearts (song)

"Two of Hearts" is a 1986 song by American singer Stacey Q and was released as an independent 12-inch dance club single. It was later included on her debut studio album Better Than Heaven. It went to number 3 in the United States, number 87 in the United Kingdom, number 1 in Canada, number 4 in New Zealand, number 7 in Australia, number 18 in France, number 6 in Germany and number 5 in South Africa.
Track listings
US 7-inch single (On the Spot Records)
"Two of Hearts" (7" Version) - 3:33
"Shy Girl" - 3:43
US 12-inch single (On the Spot Records)
"Two of Hearts" (European Mix) - 7:29
"Two of Hearts" (Dance Mix) - 6:00
"Two of Hearts" (Radio Edit) - 3:45
"Stacey's Dream (A Capella) - 2:35
US 7-inch single (Atlantic Records)
"Two of Hearts" (Radio Edit) - 3:58
"Dancing Nowhere" - 3:43
US 12-inch single (Atlantic Records)
"Two of Hearts" (Vocal / European Dance Mix) - 6:00
"Two of Hearts" (Instrumental) - 4:39
"Two of Hearts" (Vocal / Radio Edit) - 3:58
"Stacey's Dream (A Capella) - 2:32
References
1986 songs
Stacey Q songs
Sahiwal District

Sahiwal District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sahiwal is the capital.
Sahiwal is on GT Road. It is 167 km from Lahore.
Tehsils
Sahiwal Tehsil
Chichawatni Tehsil
Districts of British India
Sahiwal Division
Zakarids–Mkhargrdzeli

The Zakarids (Armenian: Zak`aryanner, Zakaryanner; Georgian: mxargrz'elebi, Mkhargdzelebi) were a noble Armenian family in medieval Armenia and Georgia.
References
History of Armenia
Le Perrier

Le Perrier is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Communes in Vendee
Luizinho Vieira

Luiz Henrique Vieira (born February 4, 1972) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics
|-
|1999||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||15||6||2||0||0||0||17||6
15||6||2||0||0||0||17||6
15||6||2||0||0||0||17||6
|}
References
1972 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Tangmarg

Tanghmarg () is a town and tehsil of the Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
Henrietta, Texas

Henrietta is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Clay County.
History
Henrietta was created in 1874.
Geography
Henrietta has a total area of 5.2 square miles.
People
Henrietta has 3,141 people living there.
Well-known people
Charlene Arthur
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Hans Cieslarczyk

Hans Cieslarczyk (3 May 1937 - 10 June 2020) was a German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.
Cieslarczyk died on 10 June 2020, aged 83.
Club career statistics
|-
|1955-56||rowspan="3"|Sodingen||rowspan="3"|Oberliga||||
|-
|1956-57||||
|-
|1957-58||||
|-
|1958-59||rowspan="4"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="4"|Oberliga||||
|-
|1959-60||||
|-
|1960-61||10||1
|-
|1961-62||3||0
|-
|1962-63||rowspan="2"|Westfalia Herne||Oberliga||9||3
|-
|1963-64||Regionalliga||20||7
|-
|1964-65||rowspan="4"|Karlsruher||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||18||8
|-
|1965-66||21||2
|-
|1966-67||14||7
|-
|1967-68||13||1
108||29
108||29
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1957||1||0
|-
|1958||6||3
|-
!Total||7||3
|}
References
1937 births
2020 deaths
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Impact Wrestling

Impact Wrestling is a professional wrestling company founded in 2002 shortly after World Championship Wrestling closed down. They are the main rivals for World Wrestling Entertainment. They made a video game called TNA iMPACT! and a sequel to it called TNA Impact! 2011 after it's weekly program which was of the same name before it was renamed Impact Wrestling.
Jeff Jarrett left the company in December 2013 and announced that he was starting his own professional wrestling promotion called Global Force Wrestling. It was later clarified that he still remains an "investor" of TNA.
On November 19, 2014, it was announced that TNA would be ending their relationship with Spike, and that they would instead partner with Discovery Communications to distribute their shows beginning in January 2015. In the United States, TNA programs, which include Impact Wrestling, will move to Destination America. Discovery will also hold rights in selected international markets. Spike's outreach at the time was estimated to be more than 97 million homes while Destination America was only estimated to reach 59 million households.
Champions
References
Other websites
Official website
2002 establishments in the United States
Impact Wrestling
Microsoft Office 2010

Microsoft Office 2010 is a previous version of Microsoft Office, now replaced by Microsoft Office 2016. It included Microsoft Office Web Apps, an online version of Microsoft Office. The software was officially released to the public on June 15, 2010. Mainstream support of Office 2010 ended on October 13, 2015, extended support ended on October 13, 2020.
Web Apps
The Microsoft Office Web Apps was introduced as a new feature of Microsoft Office. It allows users to share documents easily with one another. Many people can edit the document and also download to edit on their version of Microsoft Office 2010. However, users need to have a Windows Live ID, and the storage space is only limited to 25 GB.
Office Web Apps can only create 4 types of documents:
Microsoft Word documents
Microsoft Excel documents
Microsoft Powerpoint documents
Microsoft OneNote documents
Other types of documents, like Microsoft Publisher, can only be created using a paid version of the software.
This service is also similar to Google Docs, a service by Google to create documents and share with people.
Other websites
Official website
Microsoft Office 2010 website
Office Web Apps website
Office suites
O
Microsoft Office
fi:Microsoft Office 2010
Natalie Morales (actress)

Natalie Morales (born February 15, 1985) is an American actress. She starred in the ABC Family series The Middleman. She had a main role on the first season of the USA Network series White Collar. Morales was born in Kendall, Florida.
In June 2017, Morales revealed that she identifies as queer.
References
Other websites
Natalie Morales on Instagram
1985 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
LGBT actors
Queer people
LGBT people from Florida
Actors from Miami
Totò

Antonio Griffo Focas Flavio Angelo Ducas Comneno Porfirogenito Gagliardi De Curtis di Bisanzio (15 February 1898 - 15 April 1967), best known by his stage name Toto, () or simply as Antonio De Curtis, and nicknamed il Principe della risata ("the Prince of laughter"), was an Italian actor, comedian, writer, poet, singer and lyricist.
Some of his best-known movies are Fifa e Arena, Toto al Giro d'Italia, Toto Sceicco, Guardie e ladri, Toto e le donne, Toto Tarzan, Toto terzo uomo, Toto a colori (the first Italian color movie, 1952, in Ferraniacolor), I soliti ignoti, Toto, Peppino e la malafemmina, and La legge e legge.
Other websites
Site of Toto, Antonio De Curtis
Omaggio a Antonio De Curtis in arte Toto
Antonio De Curtis e Toto, vita e opere
Tribute to Toto (in Italian)
Tribute to Toto in "La Patria Grande de Caracas" (in Spanish and Italian)
1898 births
1967 deaths
Italian comedians
Italian movie actors
Italian stage actors
Italian television actors
20th-century Italian composers
Italian screenwriters
Italian musicians
Italian singers
Actors from Naples
Italian poets
Writers from Naples
Singers from Naples
Medford, Wisconsin

Medford is a city in Taylor County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2010 census, 4,326 people lived there. Memford is the county seat of Taylor County. The city is mostly in the boundaries of the Town of Medford.
Geography
The city has a total area of . Of this, is land and is water. There are over 4,000 people in the city of Medford.
Notable people
Jeane Dixon, psychic
Erny Pinckert, American football player
Steve Russ, Denver Broncos Linebacker
References
Other websites
City of Medford, Wisconsin official site
Medford Chamber of Commerce
"Carnegie Libraries: The Future Made Bright", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
Medford Area Public School District Webpage
Holy Rosary Catholic School Webpage
Immanuel Lutheran School Web Site
Cities in Wisconsin
Taylor County, Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Tōyō Bunko

The is Japan's largest Asian studies library. It is one of the world's five largest libraries. It is located in Tokyo.
It contains around 950,000 documents, written in Asian, Western and Japanese languages.
It was started by Mitsubishi Motors and opened in 1924.
References
Libraries in Asia
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Mikoshi

A mikoshi is a special type of portable shrine that is considered sacred in the Shinto religion in Japan. It is used to carry a deity during festivals or when moving to a new shrine. It looks like a small building with walls, pillars, a roof, a veranda, and a railing.
In Japanese, "o-" (o) is often added to the front to make the word "omikoshi" (oShen Yu ). This prefix is used to show respect or politeness, and is commonly added to words that are considered important or sacred.
Moving a kami with one in a festival is called Shinko-shiki. Omikoshi are common in parades alongside Matsuri floats
Other pages
Glossary of Shinto
Honden
Matsuri Float
References
Sokyo Ono, William P. Woodward, Shinto - The Kami Way, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo 1992,
Basic Terms of Shinto, Kokugakuin University, Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Tokyo 1985
External links
Mikoshi Photos of Shinto shrine (English version)
Mikoshi Festival
Shin'yo, in the Encyclopedia of Shinto by the Kokugakuin University
Articles containing video clips
Shinto shrines
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Pages with unreviewed translations
Shinto religious objects
Pluto's Christmas Tree

Pluto's Christmas Tree is a 1952 Mickey Mouse cartoon in which Pluto and Mickey cut down a Christmas tree that Chip n' Dale live in. It was the 125th short in the Mickey Mouse movie series to be released, and the second for that year.
Cast
Jimmy MacDonald as Mickey and Chip
Pinto Colvig as Pluto and Goofy
Ruth Clifford as Minnie
Clarence Nash as Donald
Dessie Miller as Dale
Credits
Direction: Jack Hannah
Animation: George Kreisl, Fred Moore, Bill Justice, Volus Jones
Effects Animation: George Rowley
Additional Effects Animation: Dan MacManus, Blaine Gibson
Story: Bill Berg, Milt Schaffer
Layout: Yale Gracey
Background: Thelma Witmer
Music: Joseph S. Dubin
Related pages
Mickey Mouse (film series)
List of Christmas films
References
Citations
Books
Other websites
Disney movies
American animated movies
Christmas movies
Mediacom

Mediacom Communications is an American cable television, internet and telephone company. It was founded in July 1995.
The company serves Columbia, Jefferson City and Springfield, Missouri, the Quad Cities of southeast Iowa and western Illinois, Cedar Rapids, Iowa City and Waterloo in Iowa. It also serves certain areas of Minnesota, Alabama and outlying areas of the Florida Gulf Coast. It serves a total of twenty-two states.
Mediacom was a publicly traded firm. It later went private. It is now owned by Commisso.
Reputation
The September 28, 2012 edition of PC Magazine said Mediacom was one of the nation's worst 15 fastest internet service providers.
The Des Moines Business Record, in its 2012 Best of Des Moines issue, gave Mediacom the top award for Best Local Internet Service Provider and Best Company Use of Social Media.
In 2016, Mediacom was named the Nation's Top Communications Provider by the publication Cable Fax.
References
American television providers
American telephone companies
American internet service providers
Companies based in New York (state)
Dale Derby

Dale Derby (September 25, 1948 - August 24, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 74th district from 2016 to 2018. He was also a physician.
Derby died on August 24, 2021 when he drowned after his boat crashed at Oologah Lake, in Claremore, Oklahoma at age 72.
References
1948 births
2021 deaths
Deaths by drowning
State legislators of the United States
American physicians
Politicians from Oklahoma
Republican Party (United States) politicians
388

388 was a leap year.
Events
Battle of the Save: Emperor Theodosius I defeats Magnus Maximus near Emona.
Valentinian II is restored as Roman Emperor.
August 28 - Magnus Maximus surrenders at Aquileia and is executed.
Bahram IV becomes the twelfth Sassanid king of Persia.
Emperor Chandragupta II, ruler of the Gupta Empire, begins a war against the Shaka Dynasty in West India.
Births
Yao Hong, emperor of the Chinese Qiang state Later Qin
Deaths
Flavius Victor, son of Magnus Maximus and co-emperor
Qifu Guoren, ruler of the Xianbei state Western Qin
Shapur III, king of the Sassanid Empire
380s
Pedro Manfredini

Pedro Waldemar Manfredini (7 September 1935 - 21 January 2019) was an Argentine professional footballer. He played as a forward. He was born in Maipu, Argentina. Manfredini played for Racing Club, Roma, Brescia and for Venezia.
In 1959, he played for the national team.
Manfredini died on 21 January 2019 in Buenos Aires, aged 83.
References
Other websites
BDFA profile
1935 births
2019 deaths
Argentine footballers
Byzantine literature

Byzantine literature is Greek literature written during the time of the Middle Ages.
References
Medieval literature
Baron Geddes

Baron Geddes, of Rolvenden in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 28 January 1942 for Sir Auckland Geddes.
References
Titles
Fakir Khana

Fakir Khana is a private museum owned and run by the Fakir Family of Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It is in Bhaati Gate, a section of the old Walled city of Lahore. It contains many valuable art treasures such as old manuscripts, paintings, carpets, Mughal valuables, Chinese porcelain, arms and weapons, furniture and much more.
Lahore
Museums in Pakistan
1988 Canadian federal election

The 1988 Canadian federal election was held November 21, 1988, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 34th Parliament of Canada.
National results
For a complete list of MPs elected in the 1988 election see 34th Canadian Parliament.
Note:
"% change" refers to change from previous election
Vote and seat summaries
Results by province
xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote.
Note: Parties that captured less than 1% of the vote in a province are not recorded.
Notes
Number of parties: 11
First appearance: Christian Heritage Party, Reform Party
Final appearance: Confederation of Regions Party, Social Credit Party
Final appearance before hiatus: Communist Party (returned in 2000), Rhinoceros Party (returned in 2006)
References
Further reading
Argyle, Ray. Turning Points: The Campaigns That Changed Canada - 2011 and Before (2011) excerpt and text search ch 14
1988 elections
1980s elections in Canada
Canadian federal elections
Dichotomous key

A dichotomous key is a series of questions with only two alternatives. There are only two options at each step. The purpose is to make an identification or to reach a decision. The system has long been used for identifying animals and plants. However, in principle, it can be used for many other tasks, such as fault-finding in complex machinery.
Taxonomy
Arabian Desert

The Arabian Desert is a desert in western Asia. It is on most of the Arabian Peninsula. It covers . Most people are Arabs. The main language is Arabic, and the main religion is Sunni Islam.
The countries in The Arabian Desert are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the UAE, Oman, and Yemen.
Animals that live here are gazelles, oryx, sand cats, and spiny-tailed lizards. Very few animals live in the Rub' al Khali in the middle of the desert.
Other websites
Deserts of Asia
Ecoregions
Apostatic selection

Apostatic selection is frequency-dependent selection by predators. It applies when prey are two or more forms (morphs) which look quite different. This is a kind of polymorphic species, where the predator learns to select the more common form. Then there is an advantage in looking different, and this advantage keeps the frequency above the mutation rate. The second form, or 'morph', becomes better known by predators as its number increases. So the population tends to have a kind of balance between the frequency of the two morphs.
Apostatic selection is similar to the idea of prey switching. Apostatic selection is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs. In comparison, 'prey switching' is used when describing the predator's choice between different species.
References
Evolutionary biology
Nordhouse

Nordhouse is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
References
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Irles

Irles is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Turing Award

The ACM A.M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community". It is named after Alan Turing and is given each year in New York City. It is the highest award that could be given to a computer scientist. and the "Nobel Prize of computing".
History
The first Turing Award was given in 1966 to Alan Perlis, a teacher at Carnegie Mellon University. It has been given every year since.
The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. Frances E. Allen of IBM, in 2006, was the first female recipient in the award's forty-year history.
Recipients
References
Other websites
ACM List of Turing Laureates
Visualizing Turing Award Laureates
Science awards
Omid Abolhassani

Omid Abolhassani (born September 20, 1988) is an Iranian football player. He currently plays for the Azadegan League club Giti Pasand as a Striker.
Doping; four-year ban
Omid Abolhasani was banned from any sports activity for four years, due to the use of forbidden substance Higenamine.
Club career
A product of the Zob Ahan 's youth system, Rasouli was drafted into the first team for the IPL 2007/08 season.
Club career
Assists
References
Other websites
Profile at persianleague.com
Pas players
1988 births
Living people
Association football forwards
Nicaragua national football team

Nicaragua national football team is the national football team of Nicaragua.
References
Central American national football teams
Organizations based in Nicaragua
Daniel Licht

Daniel James Licht (March 13, 1957 - August 2, 2017) was an American movie composer and musician. He was born in Massachusetts and raised in Detroit, Michigan.
Licht was best known for composing the score for Showtime TV drama series, Dexter and for the movie Children of the Night. He was also known for composing the video game score of Silent Hill.
Licht died on August 2, 2017 in Los Angeles, California of liposarcoma at the age of 60.
References
Other websites
1957 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from liposarcoma
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie score composers
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Detroit
Angen

was a after Joan and before Jisho. This period started in July 1175 and ended in August 1177. The reigning emperor was .
Events of the Angen era
1175 (Angen 1, 22nd day of the 2nd month): Minamoto no Masamichi died at age 58.
1175 (Angen 1, 11th month): Fujiwara no Moronaga was given the office of naidaijin.
1176 (Angen 2, 3rd month): Takakura visited former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa on his 50th birthday.
23 August 1176 (Angen 2, 17th day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Rokujo died at the age of 13; and also in this same month, Takakura's mother died.
1176 (Angen 2, 7th month): Fujiwara no Morotaka of Kaga had a dispute with the priests of Mount Hiei; and Fujiwara no Morotsune, set fire to some of the temple buildings. The priests complained to the emperor, but the father of these two brothers was a friend of Go-Shirakawa. The actions of the sons of Fujiwara no Teki were officially ignored.
27 May 1177 (Angen 3, 28th day, 4th month): A fire destroyed the building of the Daigaku-ryo.
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
Civil law (common law)

Civil law is a branch of the law in common law countries. The other branch of common law is criminal law. Civil law is concerned with the duties individuals owe to other people or to their government. This excludes the duty not to commit crimes. The American form of civil justice is considerably different from European systems. Two features stand out, class actions and the awarding of punitive damages in tort cases. Many people in other countries are amazed at the number of civil cases in the United States. Americans sue in a wide variety of cases for compensation and medical expenses that are covered in other countries by national health insurance and government compensation programs.
Civil cases
Civil law is concerned with cases such as divorce, child custody and support and related lawsuits. Contract cases, tort cases (when someone is hurt and seeks compensation) and crimes which are tried in a criminal court and then tried in a civil case. Examples would be cases resulting from drunk driving or hit and run.
Civil cases use a lower preponderance of the evidence standard of proof whereas criminal cases use the higher standard of beyond a reasonable doubt. An example of the differences and that the same crime can result in both criminal and civil trials is the O. J. Simpson trials. In his criminal trial a jury decided the evidence did not meet the higher standard so he was acquitted of murder charges. But in the civil wrongful death trial he was found guilty.
Civil jury trials
The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but in very few other places. England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have all but done away with civil jury trials in favor of bench trials. Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials. Where juries are used, the presence of a jury has changed the form of civil proceedings. A jury has to be impaneled, they must hear witnesses and go over evidence before reaching a verdict. The verdict, in turn, must follow the instructions given by a judge.
Civil bench trials
Bench trials in civil cases are usually conducted differently than jury trials. Judges usually prefer settlements to trials and prefer bench trials because they save time. A judge can streamline a case by asking for what he wants to see and hear, not what is presented for the benefit of a jury.
Bench trials have several advantages. They are usually much less formal than a jury trial. Attorneys for both sides can usually agree on the facts of a case before the trial starts. This can save a great deal of time otherwise spent on hearing witnesses and reviewing evidence. This can save on the costs of a trial. In a jury trial, the judge is required to give instructions to the jury before they deliberate. If a judge makes an error in his instructions, this is called a reversible error and can be used as a basis for an appeal. In a bench trial, the judge gives no instructions since there is no jury. This means the judge cannot be reversed due to an error in the instructions.
Related pages
Civil code
Administrative law
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
References
Types of law
Doctor of Medicine

Doctor of Medicine (MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine") is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors). The degree is given by medical schools.
It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada. Students need to have completed 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work (see second entry degree) and in most cases should already have a Bachelors Degree.
In other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the Doctor of Medicine is an advanced academic research degree similar to a PhD or a higher doctorate. In Britain, Ireland, and many Commonwealth nations, the qualifying medical degree is the Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS, BM BCh, BM, MB BCh BAO, or MB ChB) and is the same as the M.D. degree in the U.S. system.
In these countries it is illegal to prescribe scrips (prescriptions) and perform operations without the basic degree; also usual is the membership of appropriate medical and/or surgical societies. The societies (such as the British Medical Association) act as a kind of sophisticated trades union for doctors. In the British system, the General Medical Council has legal authority for the medical register of doctors licensed to practice medicine. They can and do hold tribunals to decide whether doctors accused of misdeeds should be struck off the medical register. Therefore, to practice it is necessary not only to hold the medical degree(s), but also to be on the register.
References
Academic degrees
Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission

The Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission abbreviated as SUPARCO is the national space agency of Pakistan. It was founded in 1961. Its headquarters are based in Karachi.
It is responsible for the nation's public and civil space programme and for aeronautics and aerospace research.
Sources
Other websites
http://www.suparco.gov.pk/
Space research organizations
Research organizations in Asia
Organizations based in Pakistan
Cassie (Skins character)

Cassandra "Cassie" Ainsworth is a fictional character on the British television series Skins. She is played by Hannah Murray.
Personality
Cassie is a very complicated character. She suffers from anorexia nervosa, self harm, and low self esteem. Her entire self worth is dependent on her weight, in one episode saying "I didn't eat for three days... so I could be lovely." She also drinks alcohol and takes drugs. In the episode "Tony" she is seen sorting food, a common occurrence shown by people with anorexia. Despite Cassie's many "problems", she is a very gentle, caring,kind, and loving person. Written on her "about me" section of the Skins website, she talks about how much she loves her baby brother, Reuben. Cassie will even act positive to bad news so that she will not offend.
Character history
Series 1
Cassie is released from a clinic, where she received treatment for her eating disorder. In the first episode, called "Tony", she stays with Sid and offers to have sex so he can lose his virginity, but she passes out before anything happens. In the second episode "Cassie", it is shown that she is not better and is still sick. She has also developed a crush on Sid. In "Sid", the fifth episode of the season, Cassie tries to kill herself after Sid cancels a date they planned, so that he could be with Michelle Richardson. In "Michelle", Michelle takes Sid to see Cassie, but Cassie is dating someone called Simon, a patient in the hospital she is currently in. In the last episode of the season, Cassie says she is moving to Scotland with her family, away from Bristol. Cassie writes Sid a letter and leaves it at his house after sneaking out the hospital. She is also given a letter Sid wrote to her from Tony Stonem. In the last moment of the season, Sid finds Cassie and they sit together and hold hands.
Series 2
Cassie and Sid are in a serious romantic long distance relationship. In "Sid", the third episode, Sid thinks Cassie is cheating on him and becomes angry at her. Cassie is also angry, but because Sid does not trust her. At the end of the episode Cassie takes a train from where she lives in Scotland to Bristol, to visit Sid. She waits in his bedroom for him, but when Sid enters the bedroom he is kissing Michelle (not noticing that Cassie is also there). In "Chris", the fifth episode, Cassie bitterly tells her friends that Sid is together with Michelle. She copes with her feelings by having sex with almost anyone, doing drugs, and partying. In "Effy" Sid finally confronts Cassie and her bad behavior. The two get back together, but in "Cassie", it is clear that Cassie is still angry towards Michelle. After Cassie's roommate and friend Chris Miles dies, she runs away to New York City, where she is taken care of by a boy called Adam. In the finale "Everyone", in the last moment of the episode, Sid looks for Cassie in New York, and stops in front of the diner she works in.
References
Fictional British people
Mental disorders in fiction
Television characters
Nimravides

Nimravides was a prehistoric saber-toothed cat which lived in North America during the middle and late Miocene. Despite its scientific name Nimravides does not belong to the Nimravidae, but belongs to the family Felidae.
The earlier species of the genus are smaller and more primitive than the later forms. The tiger-sized Nimravides catacopsis resembles the primitive Machairodus aphanistus, a species known from the late Miocene of Eurasia.
Felinae
+Nimravides
+Nimravides nimravidus
+Nimravides catacopsis
+Nimravides pedionomus
+Nimravides hibbardi
+Nimravides galiani
+Nimravides thinobates
References
Other websites
Nimravides galiani
Nimravides thinobates
Nimravides hibbardi
Nimravides
Nimravides pedionomus
N. catacopis
Nimravides List
Machairodonts
Fossils
Sabretooth cats
Miocene
Sylvanian Families

is a series of anthropomorphic animal figures. They are made from plastic and fake animal fur. They were started in Japan in 1985 by Epoch, but they are now sold worldwide. Many books, DVDs and TV series have been based on the characters. The characters were originally woodland animals like bears, rabbits and hedgehogs, but now other animals such as penguins, meerkats and elephants have been added into the mix. The word sylvan means "forest" in Latin.
Setting
Sylvanians were origanally set in Japan in the 1950's most of the families are rural middle-class with many luxuries and local businesses. They have many leisure activities such as horse riding, rowing and hosting garden parties. The simple caravan means that they can enjoy short stays on holiday. This means that they can be away from their house whether it is a small cottage or a multi-storey town house.
Growing
In 1985 Sylvanian Families were launched in both Japan and North America. They were such a success that in 1987 they moved over the Atlantic to Western Europe and to the UK. By 1988 these small toys were a major success world wide, they went on to win London toy of the year award 3 times in a row this had never been achieved before or after. They were so popular that in the late 80's an animated TV series was made, this was greatly watched and spain and the UK. In the 90's it was aired on American TV.
Stopping and Starting
By the mid 1990's Sylvanian Families, despite their major success, had gone out of business in the UK. The production company Tomy lost the rights to Sylvanian Families and American Calico Critters. In the late 90's another company, Flair, took over Sylvanian Families and reintroduced them into the UK. It was in 2007 that they celebrated their 20th birthday a special edition dalmation family (that had not been sold since they went out of production) with red party hats saying 'happy birthday'. 2012 was the 25th birthday and they sold a celebration rabbit family in honour a birthday that they never have seen if it hadn't have been for Flair.
The London Shop
The address for the Sylvanian Families Shop in London is 68 Mountgrove Road. The shop is quite small but stuffed from floor to ceiling with figures, displays and new box sets. People from all around the world to go to the Sylvanian shop to become one of the many people who have been inside the famous shop.
Japanese Musuem and Shop
In Japan there is a giant life size Sylvanian Families village, including a bakery with real bread based on the bread in watermill bakery. You can meet life size Sylvanian characters and go in life size houses made from the models themselves.
Toys
Manufacturing companies of Japan
1985 establishments in Japan
Frances Horwich

Frances Rappaport Horwich (born Frances Rappaport; 16 July 1907 - 22 July 2001) was, as Miss Frances, was an American television personality and educator. She was the host of the US children's television program, Ding Dong School.
Horwich died of congestive heart failure on 22 July 2001 in Scottsdale, Arizona at the age of 94.
References
1907 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Educators from Ohio
Entertainers from Ohio
Television personalities from Chicago
Educators from Chicago
Tong Dizhou

Tong Dizhou () (28 May 1902 - 30 March 1979) was a Chinese embryologist remembered for his work in cloning. He was the former vice president of Chinese Academy of Science
Biography
Born in Yinxian, Zhejiang province, Tong graduated from Fudan University in 1924 with a degree in psychology. He received a PhD in 1930 from Free University Brussels (ULB).
In 1963, Tong put DNA of a male carp into the egg of a female carp and became the first person to successfully clone a fish. He is regarded as "the father of China's clone".
Tong was also an academician at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the first director of its Institute of Oceanology from its beginning in 1950 until 1978.
Related pages
List of Chinese scientists
References
Embryologists
1902 births
1979 deaths
Scientists from Zhejiang
Al Franken

Alan Stuart "Al" Franken (born May 21, 1951) is a former United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. Before he was a Senator, Franken was a writer and actor on Saturday Night Live.
Franken was also a left-wing pundit and has written several books on politics. His second cousin was actor Steven Franken.
On December 7, 2017, Franken announced in an address before the Senate that he would be resigning from his office following sexual harassment claims.
References
Other websites
Office of Senator Al Franken
Official campaign website
Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
Al Franken topic page at The New York Times
in 2002
in 2003
in 2004
Al Franken profile in Moment Magazine in 2005
Comedians from New York City
American movie actors
American screenwriters
American television actors
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Harvard University alumni
Actors from Minnesota
United States senators from Minnesota
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Minneapolis
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Writers from Minneapolis
1951 births
Living people
Comedians from Minneapolis
Visor

A visor can be
The bill of a baseball cap or similar hat.
A ball cap without the crown.
An opaque panel mounted over the windshield of an automobile or other vehicle that the driver or front seat passenger can adjust to block direct sunlight.
Green eyeshade - a green tinted visor commonly associated with old fashioned accountants, telegraphers and copy editors formerly to lessen eye strain.
Hats
John Ericson

John Ericson (sometimes spelled Erickson; September 25, 1926 - May 3, 2020) was a German-American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles in Pretty Boy Floyd (1960), Under Ten Flags (1960), Slave Queen of Babylon (1963), 7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964), Operation Atlantis (1965), The Money Jungle (1968), The Bamboo Saucer (1968), Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971), Crash! (1977), and The Far Side of Jericho (2006).
Ericson died of pneumonia in Santa Fe, New Mexico on May 3, 2020 at the age of 93.
References
Other websites
1926 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Actors from North Rhine-Westphalia
American movie actors
American television actors
German movie actors
German television actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Entertainers from Dusseldorf
OpenVMS

OpenVMS is an operating system, which Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) originally developed for their VAX servers. Later, it was ported, and now also runs on DEC Alpha and Itanium-based systems. It is a 32 bit operating system. When it was published in 1977, it was one of the first of its kind. OpenVMS is capable of supporting many concurrent users; each user is able to run several programs at the same time. It was also one of the first operating systems with a Graphical user interface, the VAXstation was a very popular workstation at the time. OpenVMS uses virtual memory, and was originally developed as a time sharing, batch processing system. It was made for transaction processing. The jobs users submit can have a higher priority than those of the operating system. The operating system offers high availability through clustering: The system load can be distributed over multiple computers. That way, the system is "disaster-tolerant": One machine that fails will not shut the operation down.
OpenVMS introduced many features that became standard in later operating systems:
It supported computer networks, first using DECNet, later using TCP/IP
Symmetrical, asymmetrical, and NUMA multiprocessing, including clustering
A distributed file system
An integrated database: first RMS, later Rdb
Support for different programming languages, including a standardized mechanism of calls between those programming languages
An extensible Shell
A high-level of security
Today, OpenVMS is used in many enterprises where availability and uptime are critical: These include banks and insurance companies. System up-times of over a decade have been reported. A feature called "rolling upgrade" allows to upgrade software or hardware without the need to shut the system down. A data center that is destroyed will not lead to downtime either, if the system is configured properly. Customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, network information services, and large-scale industrial manufacturers of various products.
References
Operating systems
Catalan solid

Catalan solids are a concept from geometry: For each Archimedean solid there is a Catalan solid that is its dual polyhedron. In total, there are thirteen Catalan solids (as there are thirteen Archimedean solids). They are named after the Belgian mathematician Eugene Charles Catalan of the 19th centurty.
Each Catalan solid is a convex polyhedron. Like with Archimedean solids, each surface is made of the same shape.
Polyhedra
Tate

The Tate is the United Kingdom's national museum of British and Modern Art. It is a group of four art galleries in England:
Tate Britain (opened in 1897 and renamed in 2000)
Tate Liverpool (1988),
Tate St Ives (1993)
Tate Modern (2000).
There is a website, Tate Online (1998). It is administered as a quango (a non-departmental public body).Tate is used as the name for the corporation which was started as The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery.
The gallery was started in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art. When its role was changed to include Modern Art it was renamed the Tate Gallery after Henry Tate. The Tate Gallery was first started in a building at Millbank, London on the Embankment. In 2000, the Tate Gallery split its collection into four museums:
Tate Britain (in the original building) displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day;
Tate Modern, also in London, houses the Tate's collection of British and International Modern and Contemporary art from 1900 to the present day.
Tate Liverpool, in Liverpool has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale, and
Tate St Ives displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have a connection with the local area. All four museums share the Tate Collection.
One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at Tate Britain.
Tate Online
Tate Online is the Tate's web site. Since its launch in 1998, the site has had information on all four Tate galleries (Tate Britain, Tate St Ives, Tate Liverpool and Tate Modern) in the same website. Tate Online helps visitors with get ready to visit the galleries, but is also a gallery as well. Other resources include information on all works in Tate's Collection of British and Modern International art, e-learning for all visitors, over 400 hours of webcasts, all articles from the magazine Tate Etc, and a series of Internet art works. BT has sponsored Tate Online since 2001.
How it is run
The Tate gets money every year from the Department for Culture, Media & Sport. It is run by a board of trustees. Under the Charities Act 1993. the Tate is a tax-exempt charity. An entry fee is charged for all special collections, and there is a membership system to attract regular visitors.
Related pages
Turner Prize
Other websites
Tate Online -- 65,000 works from the Tate Collection online, information on Tate's exhibitions and events programmes, and online learning resources.
TATE ETC. Magazine
Turner Worldwide - an ongoing online cataloguing of JMW Turner's work around the world.
Turner Collection Online The online catalogue of Tate's collection of nearly 300 oil paintings and 30,000 works on paper by JMW Turner.
Tate Gallery Records Tate's own historical records.
Tate Podcasts Audio and video podcasts from Tate.
Tate in Space
Turner Museum
Art museums in the United Kingdom
Museums in England
Czterdziestolatek

Czterdziestolatek or 40-latek (the English translation: a forty-year-old); broadcast in English by TVP Polonia. It was broadcasted under the title of "Being Forty". It is a Polish television comedy series which ran from 1974 to 1977.
It was very popular that it was continued and led to the release of a movie I'm a Butterfly, a 40-year-old's Love Affair and a New Year's Eve television program in 1975.
The series was written by Jerzy Gruza and Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz and was broadcast on Telewizja Polska. In total, 21 episodes were made.
It starred Andrzej Kopiczynski, Roman Klosowski, Anna Seniuk, Irena Kwiatkowska, Wojciech Pokora, Leonard Pietraszak, Katarzyna Laniewska, Wieslaw Golas, Alina Janowska, Jan Kociniak, Tadeusz Plucinski, Lech Ordon, Jan Pietrzak, Jan Kobuszewski and Krzysztof Kowalewski.
The show was about a family in Warsaw who goes through midlife crisis, affairs, addiction, obsession with hair loss, efforts to maintain physical fitness, pride in achievements and professional life, society's role and health.
References
Other websites
1974 television series debuts
Comedy television series
Voitsberg

Voitsberg () is a small city in the district of Voitsberg in Styria, Austria.
References
Cities in Austria
Settlements in Styria
I Started a Joke

"I Started a Joke" is a 1968 song by Bee Gees and taken from their fifth studio album Idea. It was not released as a single in the United Kingdom but topped the charts in Australia, Brazil, Canada and New Zealand and went to number 6 in the United States. It was covered by Faith No More in 1998.
Faith No More version
Faith No More released a cover version of the single in 1998 and taken from their greatest hits album Who Cares a Lot?. It went to number 38 in New Zealand.
References
1968 songs
Bee Gees songs
Faith No More songs
Robbie Williams songs
Anushka Sharma

Anushka Sharma (; born 1 May 1988) is an Indian actress and movie producer. She is one of the most popular and highest-paid actresses in India. She acts in Bollywood movies. She has won many awards including one Filmfare Award from seven nominations. She was born in Ayodhya and raised in Bangalore. She is married to the Indian cricketer Virat Kohli.
She is a Hindu.
Her debut movie was Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) in which she acted with Shah Rukh Khan. Sultan (2016), PK (2014), Jab Tak Hai Jaan, Ae Dil Hai Mushkil and Sanju are some of her famous movies.
References
Other websites
1988 births
Indian models
Indian movie actors
Living people
Actors from Uttar Pradesh