pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jacques-Louis Monod

Jacques-Louis Monod (25 February 1927 - 21 September 2020) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He conducted the musical works of Charles Ives, Edgard Varese, Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and uptown music. He was born in Asnieres-sur-Seine, France.
Monod died on 21 September 2020 in Toulouse, France at the age of 93.
References
1927 births
2020 deaths
20th-century French composers
French conductors
French pianists
21st-century French composers
Alden McLaughlin

Sir Alden McNee McLaughlin Jr. (born 6 September 1961) is a Caymanian politician. He was the Premier of the Cayman Islands from 2013 until 2021. McLaughlin was leader of the People's Progressive Movement party from February 2011 to March 2021.
McLaughlin was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 Queen Elizabeth II Birthday Honours.
References
Living people
1961 births
Premiers of the Cayman Islands
Odo of France

Odo of France (c. 857 - January 1, 898) was a king of the Franks (888 - 898). He was a son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and is sometimes called duke of France and also as count of Paris. His family is known as the Robertians. Odo made Paris his capital and that was important to making the start of modern France.
References
850s births
898 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Pahar Ganj

Pagar ganj or pagar ganj is a subdivision in the administration district of central Delhi.
Delhi
Patricia Holmes

Patricia Ann Holmes is an Australian diplomat and is a senior career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
On 13 September 2011, Acting Foreign Minister Craig Emerson said that he had appointed Holmes as Australia's new Ambassador to Argentina; with concurrent non-resident accreditation to Paraguay and Uruguay. She gave her credentials to President of Argentina Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner on 10 April 2012.
Before this, Holmes was Assistant Secretary of the department's Legal Counsel Branch. She had held this job since April 2010. Holmes has served previously in Geneva WTO (Counsellor 2006-2009), Papua New Guinea (First Secretary 1998-2000) and Vanuatu (Third, later Second, Secretary 1994-1996).
Holmes holds a Bachelor of Science with a Bachelor of Law degree from Macquarie University; a Graduate Diploma in Legal Studies from the University of Technology, Sydney; a Masters of Arts in Foreign Affairs and Trade and a Masters of Laws in Environmental Law from the Australian National University. Holmes was admitted to the Bar of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory in 1992. She can speak Spanish. She has a partner and three children.
References
Other websites
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ambassadors of Australia
Bill Lowery (politician)

William David Lowery (born May 2, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for California's 41st congressional district from 1981 to 1993.
References
Other websites
1947 births
Living people
United States representatives from California
Politicians from San Diego, California
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Z Special Unit

Z Special Unit was a joint Allied special forces unit formed during World War II to operate behind Japanese lines in South East Asia. Mostly Australian, Z Special Unit was a specialist reconnaissance and sabotage unit that included British, Dutch, New Zealand, Timorese and Indonesian members, operating on Borneo and the islands of the former Dutch East Indies.
Military organizations
Exodus International

Exodus International was a non profit and ex-gay Christian group seeking to limit homosexual desire. The group was based in Orlando,, Florida. They did not perform or conduct clinical treatment, although it does have a position saying that holistic counseling approaches that can address homosexual behaviors may be beneficial. The techniques involved are abstinence, lessening of homosexual temptations and correcting distorted style of relations to the same or opposite gender. This organization was founded around 1976. It represented over 120 local ministry networks in the United States and Canada and over 150 in another 17 countries. It was closed in 2013.
1976 establishments in the United States
2013 disestablishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
LGBT
Orlando, Florida
2010s disestablishments in Florida
Christian organizations based in the United States
Michael E. DeBakey

Michael Ellis DeBakey (September 7, 1908 - July 11, 2008) was an [lebanese] heart surgeon who was considered to be a very important name in his area. He was also among the early names of heart surgery.
DeBakey was born as Michel Dabaghi in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 7, 1908. His parents were born in Lebanon, but moved to America before he was born.
DeBakey was involved with medicine from a young age and went to Tulane University. He held many medicine-related positions during his lifetime.
During World War II, DeBakey made wartime medicine much better than it used to be. He was for the idea of having doctors closer to the areas of battle in war, which worked very well and due to that, more badly hurt soldiers survived. Because of this, Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (also known as MASH units) were made, and they were used during the Korean War.
In addition to MASH units, DeBakey made many important aspects to surgery, one of which was the roller pump, which DeBakey made at age 23 while still at Tulane University. This would later on make open-heart surgery able to be done, as roller pumps can make blood flow during surgery.
DeBakey worked with another important heart surgeon, Denton Cooley, but they had a disagreement related to the first artificial heart(a manmade heart) put in a human. They did not get along for a long time, but they went on good terms in 2007.
DeBakey did something rare by still practicing medicine in old age. People that he operated on included world leaders, such as Russian President Boris Yeltsin.
In 2005, a serious heart problem happened to DeBakey. Despite him having made the surgery for this problem, he, at first, did not want any surgery. As he got in worse condition, the surgical team had made the decision to perform surgery anyway. Once the surgery was done and he got in better health, DeBakey said that he was glad the surgery happened after all.
On July 11, 2008, DeBakey died of natural causes at age 99. His first wife, two of his sons, and a brother died before him, while his second wife, a daughter, two sons, and two sisters outlive him.
References
Other websites
DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine
Methodist DeBakey Heart Center at The Methodist Hospital
Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center
Michael E. DeBakey International Surgical Society
DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices at Texas A&M University
Lasker Luminary Dr. Michael DeBakey
The Man on the Table Was 97, but He Devised the Surgery -- The New York Times
In Moscow in 1996, a Doctor's Visit Changed History -- The New York Times
1908 births
2008 deaths
American physicians
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Scientists from Louisiana
Scientists from Texas
Citadel

A citadel is a large fortress or castle that is usually built to protect cities or towns from attacks or disaster, though citadels have been built for other reasons as well. Citadels are often built to be the final protection for a city or town, in case enemies break through other protections such as walls or soldiers.
History
3300 BCE - 1300BCE
-1300 BCE
The oldest known citadels were built in the Indus Valley Civilization, where the citadel may have been used as a symbol of authority (power), though no one is entirely sure why they were built.
800-600 BCE
In Ancient Greece, the Acropolis was important in the life of the people, serving as a place of safety in times of trouble. It contained military supplies, food, a shrine, and often a palace or citadel. The most well-known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one.
167-141 BCE
Citadels were sometimes built so strongly that enemies could take over the rest of the city, but fail to take over the city's citadel. During the Maccabean Revolt, the Maccabean rebels managed to take over all of Jerusalem except its citadel. It wasn't until 20 years later that they finally managed to take over the citadel too.
1600 CE-present
Citadels were not always built to keep away a city's enemies. During the Anglo-Dutch Wars, King Charles II of England built a citadel at Plymouth that could not only keep out enemies, but also the city's people in case they tried to rebel against the King.
Modern Usage
The Citadelle of Quebec still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America after more than 200 years of existence.
Since the middle of the 20th century, citadels usually protect military center, rather than cities or towns. These citadels are built to protect the center from heavy attacks, such as aerial or nuclear bombardment. The military citadels under London are an example of this.
Fortification
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (, ; January 5, 1928 - April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician. He was the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan.
He was educated at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States and Oxford University in the United Kingdom. Bhutto was executed by hanging in 1979 for ordering the murder of a political opponent. His execution was ordered by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Bhutto's supporters give him the honorific title Shaheed, the Urdu word for martyr. His name then becomes Shaheed-e-Azam Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ("The Great Martyr") or sometimes Quaid-e-Awam (The Leader the Community).
He was married to Nusrat Bhutto (nee Ispahnie) from 1951 until his death. Their elder daughter, Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007), was also Prime Minister of Pakistan, twice. The couple had three other children: son Murtaza Bhutto (1954-1996) daughter Sanam Bhutto (born 1957), and son Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958-1985).
Other websites
Official website of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
1928 births
1979 deaths
People executed by hanging
Presidents of Pakistan
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Socialists
Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan
People from Rawalpindi
Prix de Rome

The Prix de Rome was a scholarship (money prize) for art students in Paris. It was created in 1663 in France when Louis XIV was reigning. Every year the prize was given to promising young painters, sculptors, and architects. They had to finish a very difficult piece of work to show that they deserved to win the prize. The person who won the prize would get money so that he could go to Rome for a year to study. Sometimes they were allowed to stay longer if they were doing exceptionally good work.
In 1803, music was added to the subjects, and in 1804 engraving was added. Sometimes people won "second prize" which allowed them to study for a shorter period.
Many artists who won the Prix de Rome are now almost forgotten. On the other hand, there are many artists who became very famous but did not win the Prix de Rome. These people include Augustin Pajou Eugene Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and the composers Ernest Chausson and Maurice Ravel. Ravel tried five times to win it. There was a big argument about this at the Paris Conservatoire, and rules were reorganized after that.
The Prix de Rome continued to be awarded until 1968 when it was stopped.
Other websites
The Prix de Rome Contests in Painting .
Art awards
Paris
David Berkowitz

David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco; June 1, 1953), known also as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.
Berkowitz pleaded guilty to eight separate shooting attacks that began in New York City during the summer of 1976. The crimes were done with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver. He killed six people and wounded nine others by July 1977. On the night of August 10, 1977, Berkowitz was taken into custody by New York City police homicide detectives in front of his Yonkers apartment building.
Berkowitz has been incarcerated since his arrest and is serving six consecutive life sentences.
The Spike Lee drama Summer of Sam was released in 1999 with actor Michael Badalucco in the role of Son of Sam.
References
Other websites
Arise and Shine, official website
1953 births
Living people
American people convicted of manslaughter
American adoptees
American Christians
American serial killers
Criminals from New York City
Field strength

In physics, the field strength of a field is the magnitude (size) of its (vector) value. This means that the force exerted by the field on a given object is proportional to the field strength.
In differential geometry, the field strength is another name for the curvature form. For the electromagnetic field, the curvature form is an antisymmetric matrix whose elements are the electric field and magnetic field: the electromagnetic tensor.
In radio engineering, field strength is the strength of radio waves in a particular location.
Physics
Halsua

Halsua is a municipality in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 1,233 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kaustinen, Kokkola, Lestijarvi, Perho and Veteli.
Halsua was established 1868.
Many swamps cover the municipality's area, up to 60%.
Other websites
The official Halsua page
Municipalities of Central Ostrobothnia
La Teste-de-Buch

La Teste-de-Buch is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Counties of Romania

The judete (translated in English as "counties") are administrative units of Romania.
The following is a complete list of all the counties in Romania:
Source: http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011_.pdf
References
Counties
Lists of counties
Henry Dearborn

Henry Dearborn (February 23, 1751 - June 6, 1829) was an American physician, and statesman. He was a veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.
He represented this district as a Democratic-Republican in the Third and Fourth Congresses (1793-1797). In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Secretary of War, a post he held for eight years until March 7, 1809.
Legacy
In 1803, Lewis and Clark named the Dearborn River in west-central Montana after Dearborn. Dearborn County, Indiana, Dearborn, Michigan and Dearborn, Missouri were also named for him, as was Fort Dearborn in Chicago, Illinois.
His son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, was a Congressman in 1831-1833.
1751 births
1829 deaths
Politicians from New Hampshire
United States representatives from Massachusetts
United States Secretaries of War
Dearborn, Michigan
Jimmy Tarbuck

James Joseph Tarbuck (born 6 February 1940) is an English comedian, singer, actor, entertainer and game show host. He was a host of Sunday Night at the London Palladium. He also hosted many game shows and quiz shows on ITV during the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s.
In February 2020, Tarbuck revealed that, the day after his 80th birthday, he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer.
References
1940 births
Living people
English comedians
English television actors
English movie actors
English television presenters
Actors from Liverpool
Singers from Liverpool
Schäftlarn

Schaftlarn is a municipality in Munich in Bavaria in Germany. It consists of the villages Ebenhausen, Hohenschaftlarn, Kloster Schaftlarn, Neufahrn and Zell. The river Isar runs through it. A human settlement with the name "Schaftlarn" does not exist.
References
Munich (district)
Squirrel monkey

Squirrel monkeys live in Central and South America. They grow to 25 to 35 cm, and their long tail is 35 to 42 cm. long. Squirrel monkeys are small enough to go on the smallest branches to get food. They eat fruits and insects. When fruit is scarce, they will drink nectar. Large falcons and snakes eat them so they have lots of different warning calls.
New World monkeys
Niederbruck

Niederbruck used to be a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of a new commune, Masevaux-Niederbruck.
References
Former communes in Haut-Rhin
2016 disestablishments in France
Ulawa/Ugi constituency

Ulawa/Ugi is a constituency of the Solomon Islands. It is in the Makira-Ulawa Province.
Election results
References
Solomon Islands parliamentary constituencies
European Canoe Slalom Championships

The European Canoe Slalom Championships is an annual international canoeing and kayaking event organized by the European Canoe Association (ECA) since 1996. Until 2004 it was held every two years.
Summary
References
European Championships results archive
Other websites
European Canoe Association
Canoeing
European championships
Boat racing
Pierre Schaeffer

Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (14 August 1910 - 19 August 1995) was a French musician and other things, like an inventor and engineer, and more. He was born in Nancy. He created a kind of music called musique concrete (which in the French speak means "concrete music"). This music was different from regular music, and had many sounds from things in the real world.
Schaeffer died of Alzheimer's disease in Aix-en-Provence.
1910 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in France
French musicians
People from Nancy
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional

The Servicio Meteorologico Nacional (SMN) is Mexico's national weather organization. It collects data and issues forecasts, advisories, and warnings for the entire country.
Other websites
Servicio Meteorologico Nacional
Weather services
Organizations based in Mexico
FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk

FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk (Russian: FK Enisei Krasnoiarsk) is a football club from Krasnoyarsk, Russia. The team currently plays in the Russian Premier League. The club was founded in 1937 as Lokomotiv Krasnoyarsk.
They currently play at the Central Stadium, which has a capacity of around 22,500 people.
The current head coach is Dmitri Alenichev.
Yenisey Krasnoyarsk was promoted to the Russian Premier League after defeating Anzhi Makhachkala in the relegation play-offs. This is the first time the club will play in the Russian Premier League.
Squad
References
Other websites
Official website
Russian football clubs
1937 establishments
Barwon Heads Airport

Barwon Heads Airport is a small airfield used only for light aircraft on the Bellarine Peninsula near the township of Barwon Heads, Victoria, Australia. It is mainly used for scenic tourist flights, private aircraft and flight training.
The airport is small and undeveloped. In 2008 five new hangars and new carparking was built.
The airport has a flight training school with two classrooms, fuel facilities and a seafood shop. There are showers and toilets in the terminal building. other facilities include a kitchen, snack and drink machines, and a lounge area.
The airport has two runways, the main one is a gravel north/south runway. There is a smaller east/west grass runway, mainly used by ultralight aircraft, and light aircraft in stronger wind conditions.
History
The owners of Barwon Heads Airport have tried to stop skydiving near the airport. They think the airport runway is too close to the proposed drop zones. In 2005, a ban was placed on skydiving near the airport. In 2008, airport owners said the company Skydive City was using an illegal runway 200 metres from the airport. Skydive City had been forced out of an airport hangar for not paying rent. Airport owners said the illegal runway was dangerous for airport users.
Other websites
Runway layout and parking map
References
Airports in Australia
Buildings and structures in Victoria, Australia
Cadet (rapper)

Blaine Cameron Johnson (2 March 1990 - 9 February 2019), known professionally as Cadet, was an English rapper. He began a solo career as a rapper in 2015, releasing a number of freestyles through YouTube outlets such as OSM Vision and Link Up TV.
His debut project, The Commitment, was released in 2016, followed by The Commitment 2 the following year. He was best known for his single "Advice".
Johnson was killed in a car accident while travelling to a concert in Betley, Staffordshire on 9 February 2019.
References
1990 births
2019 deaths
Road accident deaths in the United Kingdom
British rappers
Musicians from London
Alberto Goldman

Alberto Goldman (; 12 October 1937 - 1 September 2019) was a Brazilian engineer and politician. He was elected Vice Governor of Sao Paulo in 2006 with Governor Jose Serra. Goldman became governor of Sao Paulo on 6 April 2010. He resigned on 1 January 2011. He was National President of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party from November 2017 through December 2017.
Goldman was born in Sao Paulo. He died on 1 September 2019 at a Sao Paulo hospital from problems caused by cancer-related surgery, aged 81.
References
1937 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Brazil
Deaths from surgical complications
Scientists from Sao Paulo
Brazilian journalists
Politicians from Sao Paulo
Cat Bordhi

Cat Bordhi (1951 - 2020) was a teacher, author, and knitting expert. She changed how people knit socks and scarves. She was very influential in the knitting community. She self-published books that opened up a very closed and tightly controlled knitting publishing industry.
She also wrote a novel called Treasure Forest. It was a Nautilus Book Award winner in 2004.
She was born 2 March 1951 in San Francisco, California. She died 19 September 2020 at home in Friday Harbor, Washington. She was 69 years old.
References
1951 births
2020 deaths
Textile artists
American novelists
Writers from San Francisco
Pierre Van Thielt

Pierre Van Thielt was a archer from Belgium. Van Thielt competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics and won three medals.
References
Other websites
Belgian archers
Belgian Olympians
Phillip Sharp

Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an American geneticist and molecular biologist.
He co-discovered gene splicing, and shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard Roberts for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of pre-messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".
Sharp was born in Falmouth, Kentucky. He completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1969. After completing his PhD he worked at the California Institute of Technology until 1971, where he studied plasmids and, later, gene expression in human cells at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory under James Watson.
In 1974 he was offered a position at MIT by biologist Salvador Luria. He was director of MIT's Center for Cancer Research (now the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research) from 1985 to 1991; head of the Biology department from 1991 to 1999; and director of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research from 2000 to 2004.
Work
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. In 1997 Sharp and Roberts independently found out that genes were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing.
Sharp and Roberts proved that the coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns.
Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.
The second part of Sharp's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version.
Suggested effect on evolution
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.
Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:
"Earlier it was believed that genes evolve mainly through the accumulation of small discrete changes in the genetic material. But their mosaic gene structure also permits higher organisms to restructure genes in another, more efficient way. This is because during the course of evolution, gene segments - the individual pieces of the mosaic - are regrouped in the genetic material, which creates new mosaic patterns and hence new genes. This reshuffling process presumably explains the rapid evolution of higher organisms".
References
1944 births
American geneticists
Living people
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Kentucky
Ennenda

Ennenda was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website of the municipality Glarus
Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Botnang

Botnang (formerly Bothnang) is a district of the City of Stuttgart and is between Feuerbach, Stuttgart-West and Vaihingen.
Notable people
Jurgen Klinsmann, German professional football manager and former player.
Ulf Merbold, German physicist and the first West German astronaut.
Gerda Herrmann, a German poet and composer, has been living in Botnang since the 1960s and has composed almost 400 songs there.
Other websites
Official homepage of Botnang
http://www.botnangseite.de/
Official homepage of Stuttgart
Official Stuttgart Tourist Board
Botnang
San Francisco row houses

The San Francisco row houses, also known as Painted Ladies are Victorian and Edwardian buildings painted in three or more colors. The style used is sometimes called polychrome.
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Arata Sugiyama

Arata Sugiyama (born 25 July 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.
Club career statistics
|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2002||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="7"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||16||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2004||22||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|2005||43||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||45||1
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||30||0||2||0||3||0||35||0
|-
|2007||23||0||2||0||3||0||28||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||38||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||1
|-
|2009||45||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||48||2
|-
|2010||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
223||4||12||0||8||0||243||4
223||4||12||0||8||0||243||4
|}
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Kallar (caste)

Kallar is one of the three related castes of southern India which constitute the Mukkulathor confedaracy or league of caste. The Kallar, along with the Kallar caste and Maravar caste, constitute a united social caste on the basis of professions, though their locations and heritages are wholly separate from one another.The Kallars, along with the Kallar and Thevars, traditionally practised a Tamil martial art variously known as adi murai, chinna adi and varna ati.The Kallar were traditionally a non-vegetarian people.
Reference
Castes in Tamil Nadu
EADS Harfang

The EADS Harfang is an unmanned aerial vehicle developed for service in the French Air Force.
Development
The project was inspired by the IAI Heron, an Israeli drone aircraft shown at the 1999 Paris Air Show. It was built by EADS, the European Aeronautics and Space company now part of Airbus.
Name
Its name comes from Harfang des neiges, the French name for the snowy owl, a raptor (bird of prey).
Specifications
The Harfang is a twin-boom aircraft, propelled by a rear-mounted engine. Avionics include GPS. It has no weapon on board.
Service
Users
Armee de l'Air.
Escadron de Drones 1/33 "Adour".
Use
In May 2011, it was used for observation of the G8 meeting in Deauville.
In January 2013, France used this plane for reconnaissance against Islamist terrorists who occupy the north of Mali.
References
French military aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Cleopatra (1963 movie)

Cleopatra (1963) is an epic sword and sandal movie starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rex Harrison, and Richard Burton. It was written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. At the time, this movie had more money put into its budget than any movie befor that. It did not get back its production cost at the box office. It won four minor Academy Awards but lost Best Picture to Tom Jones.
References
Peplum movies
1963 movies
1960s historical movies
1960s epic movies
1960s biographical movies
American biographical movies
British biographical movies
Swiss movies
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies set in the 1st century BC
Academy Award winning movies
Movies directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Screenplays by Ben Hecht
20th Century Fox movies
Ledyard, Iowa

Ledyard is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Desmond Devlin

Desmond Devlin is an American comedy writer. His has worked for MAD Magazine for more than 25 years. He ranks as one of the magazine's four most regular non-illustrating writers.
References
Other websites
Living people
Writers from New York City
American comics writers
Mindelstetten

Mindelstetten is a municipality in the district of Eichstatt in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Eichstatt (district)
Wrestling at the Youth Olympic Games

Wrestling has featured as a sport at the Youth Olympic Summer Games since its first edition in 2010. The Youth Olympic Games are multi-sport event and the games are held every four years just like the Olympic Games.
Editions
Medal table
As of the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.
Nurbek Hakkulov of Uzbekistan originally finished second, but in October 2010, it was announced that he tested positive for diuretic Furosemide.
Other websites
Youth Olympic Games
Qatar at the Olympics

Qatar at the Olympics is a history which includes 8 games in 7 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1979, Oman has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Qatar is QAT.
History
The Qatar Olympic Committee was formed in 1979 and recognized by the IOC in 1980.
Teams from Qatar have taken part in the Summer Olympic Games but is scheduled to its Winter Olympic Games debut in 2026.
After the 2008 Summer Olympics, Qatar was, along with Saudi Arabia and Brunei, one of only three countries to never send a female athlete to the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 said it would "press" these countries to have women's participate. Then the Qatar Olympic Committee said it "hoped to send up to four female athletes in shooting and fencing" to the 2012 Summer Games in London.
Medalists
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Qatar profile at London2012.com
"Qatar using black gold to tap into top performers", The Guardian, December 13, 2005 (on Olympic competitors from various countries switching to Qatari citizenship)
home page
Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me

The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me is the third studio album by Brand New. Brand New is an American rock band. The album was released on November 21, 2006. It was released by Interscope Records. It was the band's first album with Interscope. The album was recorded from 2005 to 2006. The album was released after many of the band's demo tracks for it were put on the Internet. The album had two singles: "Sowing Season" and "Jesus Christ". The album went to the number 31 spot on the Billboard 200. It was the band's highest-charting album when it was released.
Many music critics have said The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me is one of the best albums made in the 2000s. Other music makers and writers have said it is a very important post-hardcore and emo album. The album is different from Brand New's other albums. The music on it is about things such as death, religion, and depression. On November 15, 2022, the album was certified gold by the RIAA.
Track listing
References
2006 albums
Interscope Records albums
Charles IV of France

Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 - 1 February 1328), was the King of France and Navarre (as Charles I) and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death. Charles IV the last French king of the old Capetian line. He was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims.
Charles invaded Aquitaine, thus renewing the war with England. However, the peace of 1327 was the great triumph which gave him a generous land settlement and 50,000 marks.
During his six years as king Charles IV raised taxes. His expulsion of the Jews from France in 1323 was the culmination of centuries of persecution. They had long suffered from discriminatory taxes and other fiscal policies targeted at Jews, being scapegoated for the Black Plague, and multiple prior attempts to expel them from France. France's Jews were given only a little time to sell to their possessions before being escorted out of French lands.
Charles died without a son so there were questions about who would be the next king. He had two daughters, but under Salic law, the basis of law in France, there was no inheritance through the female line.
Edward III of England then believed he had the right to become the new king of France, even though he was through the female line and therefore it was against Salic law. Thus he began the Hundred Years' War.
Kings and Queens of France
1294 births
1328 deaths
Jhapa District

Jhapa District (; ) is a district of Koshi Province in eastern Nepal named after a Rajbanshi |Surjapuri language word "Jhapa" meaning "to cover" (verb). The latest official data, the 2021 Nepal Census, puts the total population of the district at 994,090. The total area of the district is 1,606 square kilometres.
The lowlands of Limbuwan (present-day terai lands of Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa) was collectively known as Morang since the time of King Mawrong of 7th century.In the beginning of 1400 AD, Morang Kingdom patriated from Kingdom of Ilam and Kingdom of Mikluk Bodhey (Choubise) and started ruling on its own.
Location
Jhapa is the easternmost district of Nepal and lies in the fertile Terai plains. It is part of the Outer Terai. Jhapa borders with Ilam in the north, Morang in the west, the Indian state of Bihar in the south and the Indian state of West Bengal to the southeast and east. Geographically, it covers an area of and lies on 87deg39' east to 88deg12' east longitude and 26deg20' north to 26deg50' north latitude.
Related pages
Districts of Nepal
References
Other websites
Districts of Nepal
Sun Qiaolu

Sun Qiaolu (12 June, 1995 - 1 January, 2021) was a Chinese actress. Sun appeared in the Chinese children's TV series Ba La La Little Demon Fairy as the fairy Ling Meiqi. After the show ended, she was in the fashion business and became a social media influencer.
Sun died of a heart attack on 1 January, 2021, aged 25.
References
Chinese television actors
1995 births
2021 deaths
Chinese businesspeople
Disease-related deaths in China
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Bursins

Bursins is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Vaud
Asian Karate Championships

The Asian Karate Championships are the highest level of competition for sport karate in Asia. The competition is held in a different country every two years organized by the Asian Karate Federation (AKF) under the supervision of World Karate Federation (WKF), the largest international governing body of sport karate with over 180 member countries. The federation was formed in 1973 as the APUKO (Asian Pacific Union of Karatedo Organizations). It was renamed AUKO (Asian Union of Karatedo Organizations) in 1992 after the World Karate-Do Organizations (WUKO) was accepted by the IOC. In 1999, in conjunction with the World Federation of Karate-Do Organizations (WUKO) renamed the World Karate Federation (WKF), the federation was renamed the AKF (Asian Karatedo Federation).
Championships
Seniors Championships
2003 Asian Karate Championships was unofficial because of 2003 SARS outbreak.
Juniors Championships
Ages : Cadets 14-16 / Juniors 16-18 / Hopes 18-21
All time medal table
Seniors 1999 - 2019 exclude 2003
Juniors 2011 - 2019
References
Other websites
1993 establishments in Asia
Karate
Sport in Asia
Asian championships
Leo Vroman

Leo Vroman (April 10, 1915 - February 22, 2014) was a Jewish-Dutch-American hematologist, a writer and a poet (mainly writing in Dutch) and an illustrator.
Early life
Vroman was born in Gouda. He studied biology at Utrecht University. When the Nazis occupied the Netherlands on May 10, 1940, he went to London.
Education
After the war, Vroman went to New York. There he worked as a hematology researcher. He has been an American citizen since 1951.
Death
Vroman spent his last years in Fort Worth, Texas. He died on February 22, 2014, aged 98.
Books
with Edward F Leonard: The Behavior of blood and its components at interfaces, Columbia University Seminar on Biomaterials, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1977. Vol. 283 in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
with Edward F Leonard and Vincent T Turitto: Blood in contact with natural and artificial surfaces, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N.Y., 1987. Vol. 516 in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
References
www.nrc.nl
Other websites
The Vroman Effect by C. H. Bamford, S. L. Cooper, T. Tsuruta, 1992
Poetry International on Vroman
Vroman's publications at WorldCat (libraries)
The Vroman Foundation
1915 births
2014 deaths
American biologists
American illustrators
American painters
American playwrights
American poets
Dutch artists
Dutch Jews
Dutch poets
Dutch physicians
Jewish American scientists
Jewish American writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Gouda
Refugees from Nazism
Writers from South Holland
Poly (footballer)

Policarpo Ribeiro de Oliveira is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team at the 1930 FIFA World Cup finals.
References
Brazilian footballers
Gary Teale

Gary Teale (born 21 July 1978) is a Scottish football player. He plays for Derby County and Scotland national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="4"|Clydebank||rowspan="2"|First Division||15||1||1||0||1||0||17||1
|-
|1996/97||33||6||1||0||1||0||35||6
|-
|1997/98||Second Division||27||6||0||0||1||0||28||6
|-
|1998/99||First Division||8||3||0||0||2||0||10||3
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Ayr United||rowspan="4"|First Division||23||4||4||1||0||0||27||5
|-
|1999/00||32||0||5||2||2||0||39||2
|-
|2000/01||31||5||1||0||1||0||33||5
|-
|2001/02||18||4||0||0||3||1||21||5
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="6"|Wigan Athletic||rowspan="2"|Second Division||23||1||0||0||0||0||23||1
|-
|2002/03||38||2||2||0||4||0||44||2
|-
|2003/04||First Division||28||2||1||0||1||0||30||2
|-
|2004/05||League Championship||37||3||1||0||1||0||39||3
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Premier League||23||0||2||0||7||0||32||0
|-
|2006/07||12||0||1||0||1||0||14||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Derby County||League Championship||17||1||0||0||0||0||17||1
|-
|2007/08||Premier League||18||0||3||0||1||0||22||0
|-
|2007/08||Plymouth Argyle||League Championship||12||0||0||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2008/09||Barnsley||League Championship||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Derby County||rowspan="2"|League Championship||25||1||4||0||5||0||34||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
187||29||12||3||11||1||210||33
236||10||14||0||20||0||270||10
423||39||26||3||31||1||480||43
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||13||0
|}
References
1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Glasgow
Sentimentality

Sentimentality is both a used to make people respond emotionally, but usually in a way more than is needed.
"A sentimentalist", Oscar Wilde wrote, "is one who desires (wants) to have the luxury of an emotion without paying for it." Yeats wrote, "Rhetoric is fooling others. Sentimentality is fooling yourself."
Sentimental began to be thought of more negatively from the nineteenth century. Before that it had simply meant "feeling", but it began be criticized for its "excessiveness" (too much), and now is about feeling in situations where it is not needed.
References
Emotions
1999 New Zealand general election

The 1999 New Zealand general election was held on 27 November 1999. The governing National Party, led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clark's Labour Party and the smaller Alliance.
References
1999 elections
20th century in New Zealand
Elections in New Zealand
November 1999 events
General elections
1990s in Oceania
Metabolism

Metabolism is the chemical reactions which keep us alive. It happens in the cells of living organisms.
The chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. Metabolism allows organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word 'metabolism' can also refer to digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells.
Metabolism is usually divided into two categories:
Catabolism breaks down organic matter and harvests energy by way of cellular respiration.
Anabolism uses energy to build molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, or cycles, like the Krebs cycle. One chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical by a series of enzymes.
The metabolic system of an organism decides which substances it finds nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, called the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will need, and how it is able to get that food.
A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in the evolution of life, and kept because of their efficiency.
Related pages
Catabolism
Anabolism
Metabolic rate
Metabolic syndrome
References
Rowley, Massachusetts

Rowley is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Central dogma of molecular biology

The central dogma of molecular biology is a phrase by Francis Crick, who proposed the double helix structure of DNA.
It means that information passes from DNA to proteins via RNA, but proteins cannot pass the information back to DNA.
Crick first wrote it in 1958, and repeated it in 1970.
The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information.
There are 3 major classes of such biopolymers: DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein. There are 3x3 = 9 conceivable direct transfers of information that can occur between these. The dogma classes these into 3 groups of 3:
3 general transfers (believed to occur normally in most cells),
3 special transfers (known to occur, but only under specific conditions in case of some viruses or in a laboratory), and
3 unknown transfers (believed never to occur).
The general transfers describe the normal flow of biological information: DNA can be copied to DNA (DNA replication), DNA information can be copied into mRNA, (transcription), and proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template (translation).
The dogma is a modern version of the Weismann barrier (after August Weismann). This is the principle that hereditary information moves only from genes to body cells, and never in reverse. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells.
References
Molecular biology
Gustavo Santaolalla

Gustavo Alfredo Santaolalla (born 19 August 1951) is an Argentine musician, composer, and record producer. He is known for composing music for movies with Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu. He composed the music for the first four psychological drama movies Inarritu directed. He also wrote the music for the video games The Last of Us (2013) and The Last of Us Part II (2020) and the themes for television series such as Jane the Virgin (2014-2019), MBC4 satricial romantic dramedy series Miss Farah (2019-2022), Arabic adaptation of The CW American satirical romantic dramedy series Jane the Virgin (2014-2019). and Making a Murderer (2015-present)). He won Academy Awards for Best Original Score in two consecutive years. He won for Brokeback Mountain in 2005 and Babel in 2006. He has also won the BAFTA Award for Babel and The Motorcycle Diaries.
Influences
Santaolalla stated composers like Thelonious Monk, Peter Bernstein, Dizzy Gillespie, Olivier Messiaen, Bernard Herrmann, Alec Wilder, Andres Segovia, Astor Piazzolla, Billy May, Bix Beiderbecke, Count Basie, Mercer Ellington, Gil Evans, Joel Goldsmith, Jean-Michel Jarre, Chris Mancini, Miles Davis and Xavier Cugat.
References
1951 births
Argentine musicians
Living people
Academy Award winning composers
BAFTA Award winners
Ritual purification

Ritual purification is the ritual prescribed by a religion by which a person is considered to be free of uncleanliness. Many religgions require that those worshipping should be in this state. Ritual purity is a state of ritual cleanliness. Ritual purification may also apply to objects and places. Ritual uncleanliness is not identical with ordinary physical impurity, such as dirt stains; nevertheless, body fluids are generally considered ritually unclean.
Most of these rituals existed long before the germ theory of disease, and figure prominently from the earliest known religious systems of the Ancient Near East. Some writers connect the rituals to taboos.
Some have seen benefits of these practices for health and preventing infections especially in areas where humans come in close contact with each other. While these practices came before the idea of the germ theory was public in areas that use daily cleaning, the destruction of infectious agents seems to be dramatic. Others have described a 'dimension of purity' that is universal in religions that seeks to move us away from disgust, (at one extreme) and to uplift us towards purity and divinity (at the other extreme). Away from uncleanliness to purity, and away from deviant to moral behavior, (within one's cultural context).
References
Religious behavior and experience
Hygiene
Markt Berolzheim

Markt Berolzheim is a municipality in Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria, Germany.
References
Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen
Brouay

Brouay is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Thue et Mue.
Population
References
Former communes in Calvados