pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gross domestic product

In economics, gross domestic product (GDP) is how much a place produces in an amount of time. GDP can be calculated by adding up its output (total production) inside a country.
To find the GDP of a country, one adds up all consumer spending (C), all investment (I), all government spending minus taxes (G), and the value of exports minus imports (X - M). This is shown by the equation: This measure is often used to find out how healthy a country is; a country with a high value of GDP can be called a large economy. The United States has the largest GDP in the world. Germany has the largest in Europe, Nigeria in Africa and China in Asia.
When a country's GDP is negative for two consecutive quarters it is considered to be in a recession. This is an unhealthy state for the country.
There are different ways to calculate GDP. Nominal GDP is the total amount of money spent on all the goods (new and final) in an economy; however, real GDP (adjusting for changes in prices) tries to correct this number for inflation. For example, if the prices rise by 2% (meaning, everything costs 2% more) and the nominal GDP grows by 5%, the real GDP growth is only increased by 3%.
GDP per capita
GDP per capita is the total income of a country divided by the number of people living in that country. It shows how rich people are, on average.
There are also different ways of calculating GDP per capita: nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP). Nominal does not take into account the inflation rate and the cost of living of a country, but it's more useful when comparing national economies on the international market. PPP may be more useful when comparing peoples' living standards between countries.
Gross national product
The GDP measure is different from gross national product (GNP) in that GNP = GDP + net income from assets in other countries (net income receipts).
Nominal GDP
When the gross domestic product is evaluated at the current market prices, it is called the nominal GDP. It includes changes in prices which makes it different from the real GDP due to inflation or price fluctuations. It can be measured in one of three different ways: income approach uses the total of all income from businesses and individuals in a single year; the expenditure approach uses the market value of all goods purchased in a single year; and the production approach is based on the total production in a single year.
References
To Cut a Long Story Short

"To Cut a Long Story Short" is a 1980 debut single from English new wave band Spandau Ballet and was taken from their debut studio album Journeys to Glory. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 9 in Ireland, number 15 in Australia, number 19 in Spain and number 38 in New Zealand.
Formats and track listings
7-inch single
"To Cut a Long Story Short" -- 3:20
"To Cut a Long Story Short" ("Version" version [dub mix]) -- 3:20
12-inch single
"To Cut a Long Story Short" (Mix 1) -- 6:30
"To Cut a Long Story Short" (Mix 2) ("Version" version [dub mix]) -- 3:56
References
1980 songs
Spandau Ballet songs
Art pop songs
Synth-pop songs
White Aryan Resistance

White Aryan Resistance (WAR) is a white supremacist neo-Nazi organization in the United States. It was founded and led by former Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Tom Metzger. It is based in Warsaw, Indiana. Its views are seen as racist.
Their newspaper The Insurgent has the motto "the most racist newspaper on earth." WAR uses the slogan "White Revolution is the Only Solution".
References
Neo-Nazis
Racism
Danville, Iowa

Danville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Youth in Revolt (movie)

Youth in Revolt is a 2009 American comedy movie based on C.D. Payne's novel and directed by Miguel Arteta. It was released on January 8, 2010 at the Deauville American Film Festival in September 2009. The movie received positive reviews with a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 63 out of 100 from Metacritic.
Cast
Michael Cera as Nick Twisp/Francois Dillinger
Portia Doubleday as Sheeni Saunders
Jean Smart as Estelle Twisp
Mary Kay Place as Mrs. Saunders
Zach Galifianakis as Jerry
Justin Long as Paul Saunders
Ray Liotta as Lance Wescott
Steve Buscemi as George Twisp
M. Emmet Walsh as Phil Saunders
Jonathan Bradford Wright as Trent Preston
Erik Knudsen as Lefty
Adhir Kalyan as Vijay Joshi
Fred Willard as Mr. Ferguson
Ari Graynor as Lacey
Rooney Mara as Taggarty
Jade Fusco as Bernice Lynch
Lise Lacasse as Matron
Other websites
Youth in Revolt's Official website
2009 comedy-drama movies
2009 romantic comedy movies
2009 romantic drama movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
2000s teen romance movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies about families
Movies about virginity
Movies based on books
Movies set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Movies directed by Miguel Arteta
Reading railway station

Reading railway station (formerly Reading General) is a major rail junction and station in the English town of Reading. It is on the northern edge of the town centre, close to the main retail and commercial areas, and also the River Thames. Next to the railway station is a bus interchange, served by most of Reading's urban and rural bus services.
Reading was opened on 30 March 1840 by the Great Western Railway. It is a major junction point on the National Rail system, and as a consequence the railway station is a major transfer point as well as serving heavy local traffic. The station is sponsored by the bank ING Direct and the University of Reading. There are many local buses, regional buses and a coach to Heathrow Airport. South West Trains, First Great Western and CrossCountry serve the station.
Pictures
References
Railway stations in England
Buildings and structures in Berkshire
Yubeshi

Yubeshi is a kind of japanese confection ("sweets"). Yubeshi is made in different shapes. Usually it is made with rice or rice flour, some nuts and a citrus fruit, often Yuzu. Walnuts are commonly used. Making Yubeshi is a lot of work.
Other websites
Japanese food
Roar

Roar may refer to :
Roar (utterance), a sound produced by certain animals such as lions, tigers and mammoths.
Roar, the King's College London student newspaper
Brisbane Roar FC, an Australian football club (formerly Queensland Roar FC)
Roar (movie) a movie set in Africa and produced by Tippi Hedren
Roar (TV series), a short-lived television drama set in 4th century Ireland
Roar (UK TV series), a CBBC television series about the animals in a zoo
Rrroooaaarrr, second album of Canadian progressive metal band Voivod
The Roar, a 2008 novel by Emma Clayton
Roar (roller coaster), the name of two wooden roller coasters located at Six Flags America and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
ROAR Registry of Open Access Repositories indexes open access institutional repositories.
Names
"Roar", a Norwegian form of the name Roger
Roar (dubious Danish king), a dubious legendary king of Denmark
Roar Ljokelsoy, a Norwegian ski jumper
Game (game theory)

A game in game theory is a mathematical model, which is used to describe a process, as follows:
There are several actors
Each actor can influence the state of the model by choosing one among several options
This choice influences the state of the system, and the choices the other actors have
This definition excludes all "games" where there is only one actor. Game theory developed from describing very specific games into a model that is used for strategic decision-making. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern first described game theory. Other people known for their work in game theory include Emile Borel.
Game theory
Co-education

Co-education is the education of males and females in the same schools. The practice has been different in different countries and at different times.
Most primary schools have been co-educational for a long time since it was believed that there is no reason to educate females separately from males before the age of puberty. Also, the curriculum in primary schools is not controversial since it emphasizes reading, writing, and arithmetic, with some elementary knowledge of geography and history. In some countries, it includes some religious and cultural education.
However, before the mid-19th century, girls were often educated at home or not educated at all. On that point, there were great differences in different parts of the world. In England and Wales, universal primary education was set up by the Elementary Education Act of 1870, and attendance from the ages of 5 to 10 was compulsory. That was extended in another Act of 1880. Since then. almost all primary education in the United Kingdom has been co-educational, as it is in many other countries.
With secondary education, children go through the process of puberty, and there is no general agreement as to whether both sexes should be educated together. People make arguments both for and against the idea. At one extreme is the United States in which both sexes are usually educated together at all stages. At the other extreme are certain traditional societies in which girls do not get a secondary education at all. The tendency has been for more countries to move to co-education as the standard at every level of education. An exception would be the Islamic world, where girls are educated separately from boys or even not educated at all.
The world's oldest co-educational school may be Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon. It was established in 1714 in what in Surrey but is now in South London. It has admitted both boys and girls since its opening. It has always been a day school only and is thought that to be the oldest surviving mixed-sex school in the world.
References
Related pages
Gender equality
Education
Miloš Forman

Milos Forman (18 February 1932 - 13 April 2018) was a Czech-American movie director and screenwriter. He was an emigrant to the US from Czechoslovakia. He was born in Caslav. Two of his movies, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Amadeus won the Academy Award for Best Picture and are very famous. He also directed Hair and People vs. Larry Flynt. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice.
Personal life
He became an American citizen in 1977. His full name was Jan Tomas Forman.
Forman died at a hospital in Danbury, Connecticut from a short-illness on 13 April 2018 at the age of 86.
Movies
Awards, nominations and honours
Academy Awards
1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
1984: Amadeus (won)
1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt (nomination)
Golden Globe
1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
1984: Amadeus (won)
1981: Ragtime (nomination)
1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt (won)
Cannes
1971: Taking Off (Won)
1968: The Fireman's Ball (nomination)
Berlinale
1999: Man on the Moon (won)
1997: The People vs. Larry Flynt (won)
BAFTA
1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
1984: Amadeus (nomination)
1971: Taking Off (nomination - Best Film)
1971: Taking Off (nomination - Best Screenplay)
Cesar Award
1984: Amadeus (won)
1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (nomination)
1979: Hair (nomination)
1989: Valmont (nomination)
David di Donatello
1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
1984: Amadeus (won - Best Film)
1984: Amadeus (won - Best Screenplay)
1979: Hair (won)
European Film Academy
1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt - Award for European contribution to world cinema - screen Prix International (won)
Czech Lion
1997: Contribution to Czech cinema (won)
List of Greatest Czechs
Nejvetsi Cech: # 30 place
1995: Medal of Merit
References
Other websites
Academy Award winning directors
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
BAFTA Award winning directors
Czech actors
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
1932 births
2018 deaths
Guido Westerwelle

Guido Westerwelle (27 December 1961 - 18 March 2016) was a German politician. He was Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor of Germany.
Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
He was an attorney before he became a politician. From 1994 to 2001 he was secretary general of the German liberal party, the Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP). In 2001 he became the leader of the party.
Westerwelle was also the leader of the FDP parliamentary group and from 1999 to 2005 head of the opposition in the German Bundestag.
In June 2014, he announced that he had acute myeloid leukemia. He died of the disease on 18 March 2016 in Cologne, Germany at the age of 54.
He was openly gay and was in a civil partnership with sports manager Michael Mronz.
References
1961 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
Gay men
German lawyers
German LGBT people
Government ministers of Germany
LGBT lawyers
LGBT politicians
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Lil B

Brandon Christopher McCartney (born August 17, 1989), known by his stage name Lil B, is an American rapper. Lil B is also known as The BasedGod.
Selected discography
Rain in England (2010)
Angels Exodus (2011)
I'm Gay (I'm Happy) (2011)
Choices and Flowers (2012)
Hoop Life (2014)
Black Ken (2017)
Other websites
Twitter
References
1989 births
African-American rappers
Rappers from California
Musicians from Berkeley, California
American Internet celebrities
Living people
The Fly (1986 movie)

The Fly is a 1986 American British Canadian science fiction horror movie directed by David Cronenberg (who also stars) and is the second version of the 1957 short story of the same name by George Langelaan. It also starring Jeff Goldblum, Geena Davis, John Getz, Joy Boushel, Leslie Carson and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It won an Academy Award in 1987.
Other websites
1986 science fiction movies
1986 horror movies
1980s science fiction horror movies
1980s monster movies
American science fiction horror movies
British science fiction movies
British horror movies
Canadian science fiction movies
Canadian horror movies
Movies based on short stories
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by David Cronenberg
Luciano Spalletti

Luciano Spalletti (born 7 March 1959) is a former Italian football player who now coaches Russian football club Zenit from Saint-Petersburg.
References
1959 births
Living people
Italian footballers
A.S. Roma managers
Bonne, Haute-Savoie

Bonne is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Haute-Savoie department in southeast France.
References
Communes in Haute-Savoie
Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 - 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was Don Quijote de la Mancha. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".
Military history and captivity
Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery.<ref>'The Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy, 118</ref>
In any event, in going to Italy, Cervantes was doing what many young Spaniards of the time did to further their careers. Rome would reveal to the young artist its ecclesiastic pomp, ritual, and majesty. In a city teeming with ruins Cervantes could focus his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature is readily discernible in his own productions) and on rediscovering antiquity. He could find in the ancients "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". Thus, Cervantes' continuing desire for Italy, as revealed in his later works, was in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.
By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infanteria de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a vessel, and received three gunshot wounds - two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In Journey to Parnassus he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of Don Quixote''). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.
References
1547 births
1616 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from cirrhosis
Spanish writers
Asian Handball Federation

The Asian Handball Federation (AHF) () is the governing body of handball and beach handball in Asia. It has 44 member countries, mostly located on the Asian continent, but excludes the transcontinental countries with territory in both Europe and Asia - Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation and Turkey - which are instead members of European Handball Federation (EHF). Three other states located along the western fringe of Asia - Cyprus, Armenia and Israel - are also EHF members. Hong Kong China and Macau, although not independent countries (both are Special regions of China), are also members of the AHF.
One of IHF's six continental confederations, the AHF was formed officially on 26 August 1974 in Tehran (Imperial State of Iran), on the sidelines of the 7th Asian Games 1974. The AHF headquarters is located in Kuwait City (Kuwait). Its current President is Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah from Kuwait who is a member of House of Sabah, the ruling family of Kuwait.
Tournaments
AHF
Asian Men's Handball Championship
Asian Women's Handball Championship
Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship
Asian Women's Junior Handball Championship
Asian Men's Youth Handball Championship
Asian Women's Youth Handball Championship
Asian Games
Asian Youth Games
Club
Asian Club League Handball Championship
Asian Women's Club League Handball Championship
Beach
Asian Beach Handball Championship
Asian Youth Beach Handball Championship
Asian Beach Games
Zones
West Asia
West Asian Women's Handball Championship
West Asian Games
South Asia
South Asian Men's Handball Championship
South Asian Women's Handball Championship
South Asian Games
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asian Games
East Asia
East Asian Games
Other websites
Handball
Handball in Asia
1974 establishments in Asia
Handball organizations
Spiderbait

Spiderbait is an Australian rock band who have had two top ten albums and three albums reach the Australian top 40. Their song "Buy Me a Pony" was a defining song of Australian rock in the 90's and was #1 on the Triple J Hottest 100 for 1996. The group had success with their 2004 #1 Australian hit cover of "Black Betty".
Other websites
Spiderbait home page
Howlspace Spiderbait page
Spiderbait at The Dwarf
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Australian hard rock bands
Post-hardcore bands
Punk bands
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups from New South Wales
We Ski

We Ski, also known as Family Ski in Japan and Europe is a video game for the Wii. It is the first third-party game (and second game behind Wii Fit) released that makes use of the Wii Balance Board.
A sequel, We Ski & Snowboard, which adds snowboarding to the game, was released in Japan November 13, 2008.
References
Other websites
Official Website
We Ski at IGN
Wii games
Wii-only games
2008 video games
Kiran Maheshwari

Kiran Maheshwari (29 October 1961 - 30 November 2020) was an Indian politician. She was born in Udaipur, Rajasthan. Maheshwari was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. She was a member of the Lok Sabha from 2004 to 2009.
Maheshwari died of COVID-19 on 30 November 2020 at a hospital in Gurgaon, Haryana at the age of 59.
References
1961 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians
Rajasthani politicians
Kano

Kano is a city in Nigeria. It is the center of the Kano State. Kano is the third largest city in Nigeria, after Ibadan and Lagos. About 3,626,204 people live in Kano.
It has long been the economic centre of northern Nigeria, and a centre for the sale of groundnuts. Kano is known for the Bayero University and a railway station with trains to Lagos, moving through Kaduna, while Kano International Airport can be found nearby. Kano has long been a centre for Nigeria's Islamic culture; one of the country's finest mosques lies in the city.
It is also the site where the Kano river project was developed. This is a large irrigation scheme.
History
The city of Kano was founded around A.D. 1000 as an Hausa city of its own. Kano remained a big emirate, or Muslim kingdom, until the making of the country, Nigeria, in 1903. Kano became known for its trade in gold, leather, ivory, salt and slaves within the area. This perhaps is the reason for the city's wealth and power in the 14th century, when Islam gained a growing following. By the 15th century, the first Central Mosque had been built in the city.
References
Other websites
Kano Online
Cities in Nigeria
10th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Nigeria
1000 establishments
Kano State
Margarita Lozano

Margarita de las Flores Lozano Jimenez (14 February 1931 - 7 February 2022) was a Spanish actress. Her best known roles were in Viridiana, A Fistful of Dollars, Pigsty, The Night of the Shooting Stars, Kaos, Good Morning Babylon, La messa e finita, Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources.
Lozano died on 7 February 2022 in Lorca, Spain, one week before her 91st birthday.
References
1931 births
2022 deaths
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
Spanish stage actors
Plunder Road

Plunder Road is a 1957 American crime movie directed by Hubert Cornfield and starring Gene Raymond, Jeanne Cooper, Wayne Morris, Elisha Cook Jr., Stafford Repp, Steven Ritch, Nora Hayden, Helene Heigh. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1957 crime movies
American crime movies
20th Century Fox movies
Arreton

Arreton is a village and civil parish in the central eastern part of the Isle of Wight, England. It is about 3 miles south east of Newport.
References
Other websites
Villages on the Isle of Wight
Linear algebra

Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics. It came from mathematicians trying to solve systems of linear equations. Vectors and matrices are used to solve these systems. The main objects of study currently are vector spaces and linear mappings between vector spaces. Linear algebra is useful in other branches of mathematics (e.g. differential equations and analytic geometry). It can also be applied to the real world in areas such as engineering, physics and economics.
Linear algebra describes ways to solve and manipulate (rearrange) systems of linear equations.
For example, consider the following equations:
These two equations form a system of linear equations.
It is linear because none of the variables are raised to a power.
The graph of a linear equation in two variables is a straight line.
The solution to this system is:
This is because it makes all of the original equations valid, that is, the value on the left side of the equals sign is exactly the same as the value on the right side for both equations.
Linear algebra uses a system of notation for describing system behavior, called a matrix. For the previous example, the coefficients of the equations can be stored in a coefficient matrix.
Related pages
Abstract algebra
Matrix analysis
Matrix function
Numerical linear algebra
System of linear equations
Further reading
Israel Gelfand (1998), Lectures on linear algebra, Courier Dover Publications.
George Nicoll

George Nicoll is a former modern pentathlete from Australia. George competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born on August 22, 1933.
References
Other websites
1933 births
Living people
Australian Olympians
Australian modern pentathletes
Indiana House of Representatives

The Indiana House of Representatives is the lower house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Indiana. The House is made up of 100 members. House members serve two-year terms without term limits.
References
Politics of Indiana
Solrinnes

Solrinnes is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
Heraldry
References
Communes in Nord
Ms. G.O.A.T.

Ms. G.O.A.T., is the first mixtape by American rapper Lil' Kim. It was released June 3, 2008 independently by Kim's own record label Queen Bee Entertainment. Lil Kim had never made a mix tape before, and in an MTV interview, she stated "I always wanted to do a mixtape... I used to see how 50 (Cent) used to do it so hard... Damn, it's not a lot of girls doing it.". Ms. G.O.A.T. was her first own published release. The album features some new songs as well as remixes of several songs like Britney Spears' "Gimme More" and Alicia Keys' "No One".
Track listing
References
2008 albums
Hip hop albums
Prince Hassan bin Talal

Prince Hassan bin Talal (, born 20 March 1947), is a Jordanian prince and former crown prince. He is son of King Talal, brother of King Hussein bin Talal and uncle of King Abdullah II. He was Crown Prince of Jordan for more than 30 years (from 1965 to January 25, 1999).
Hassan was born in Amman in 1947. He is the youngest son of King Talal and his wife Zain Al Sharaf, who had six children. Hassan went to primary school in Amman. Later, he got a BA with honors in Oriental Studies, and then a master's degree.
His older brother, King Hussein, became king of Jordan after the death of his father. Hussein chose Hassan as Crown Prince in April 1965. He continued to be a political advisor as he was the closest politician to the king. He was deputy king during the absence of the late king, and continued the king's duties until we was dismissed on January 25, 1999.
In 1968, Prince Hassan married Tharwat. They have four children: Princess Rahma, Princess Sumaya, Princess Badiya, and Prince Rashid.
He plays sports such as taekwondo, polo, mountain climbing, diving and swimming.
|-
1947 births
Living people
People from Amman
People educated at Harrow School
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Heirs apparent who never acceded
List of heads of state of Afghanistan

This article lists the heads of state of Afghanistan since the foundation of the first Afghan state, the Hotak Empire, in 1709.
List of heads of state
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
Monarchs
Hotak Empire (1709-1738)
Durrani Empire (1747-1823)
Emirate of Afghanistan (1823-1926)
Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926-1929)
Saqqawist Emirate and the 1928-1929 civil war
Kingdom of Afghanistan (restored; 1929-1973)
Local monarchs
Some rulers tried to take advantage of internal conflicts in Afghanistan to claim the throne. However, their rule was limited only to certain areas.
Non-monarchs
References
Notes
Other websites
Presidency of Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Lists of Afghan people
heads of state of Afghanistan
Air space

Air space is the area of the air that is controlled by a country or organisation. You have to have the permission of the controller to enter their air space in an airplane. The air traffic controllers make sure the planes go in the right place and do not hit each other or something else. Some countries are very protective of their air space.
References
Aviation safety
Geography
Dorneck District

Dorneck is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton.
Dorneck contains the following municipalities:
Districts of Solothurn
Bibb Falk

Bibb Falk was a major league baseball player for the Chicago White Sox. He was born in Austin, Texas. He died in Austin, Texas.
Bibb Falk was born on January 27, 1899 in Austin, Texas. He went to college at the University of Texas, where he played baseball and football. In 1920, he joined the Chicago White Sox, a major league baseball team from Chicago, Illinois. He began his career as a "spare outfielder", which is an extra player for the team. However, he later replaced "Shoeless Joe" Jackson, who played left-field for the team. He spent twelve seasons in major league baseball.
After he retired from major league baseball, Falk coached baseball for several teams, including the Cleveland Indians and Boston Red Sox. He then coached the baseball team at the University of Texas for several years.
Bibb Falk died in Austin, Texas on June 8, 1989 at age 90.
1899 births
1989 deaths
Chicago White Sox players
Sportspeople from Austin, Texas
American baseball players
Timuel Black

Timuel Dixon Black Jr. (December 7, 1918 - October 13, 2021) was an American historian, educator, author and civil rights activist. He was an expert in African American history in Chicago.
Black began his career as a social worker. During the 1960s, Black was president of the Negro American Labor Council. He was an organizer of the Chicago participation in the 1963 March on Washington.
Black was the named plaintiff in the lawsuit Black v. McGuffage. The suit claimed that the Illinois voting system discriminated against minorities during the 2000 United States presidential election.
Black died on October 13, 2021 while in hospice care at his Kenwood home in Chicago, Illinois from prostate cancer, aged 102.
References
1918 births
2021 deaths
American civil rights activists
Educators from Birmingham, Alabama
American historians
American political writers
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
University of Chicago faculty
1959 Mexico hurricane

The 1959 Mexico hurricane was one of only two Category 5 Eastern Pacific hurricanes to make landfall in Mexico. It was first observed south of Mexico on October 23. The storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 25 and a Category 4 the following day. The storm later turned toward the northeast and intensified to Category 5 level. It made landfall near Manzanillo, Mexico.
The hurricane caused at least $280 million in damage. More than 1,800 people lost their lives.
References
East Pacific hurricanes
1959 in North America
1950s in Mexico
Hurricanes in Mexico
October events
Deadly storms
1950s in weather
Cornufer neckeri

Necker's wrinkled ground frog (Cornufer neckeri) is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea on Bouganville Island and in the Soloman Islands.
References
Frogs of Oceania
Waves at shallow water

Waves at shallow water develop when the ocean surface waves travel into the coastal area where the wavelength is much larger than the water depth. The normal circular motion of the water particles there is disrupted by the ocean bottom. As the water becomes shallower, the swell on the water surface becomes higher and steeper. After the wave breaks, the water flows violently, turbulently. This is where erosion of the ocean bottom and shore line intensifies dramatically. The most devastating effect may happen in the case of tsunami.
Related pages
Ocean surface wave
Notes
Oceanography
Tsunamis
Walking Trees

Walking Trees: Teaching Teachers in New York City Schools is a book by Ralph Fletcher. It was first published in 1990. It was published again in 1995 under a different title Walking Trees: Portraits of Teachers and Children in the Culture of Schools.
Summary
Walking Trees: Teaching Teachers in New York City Schools is the story of Ralph Fletcher's work in the New York City school system as a teacher trainer program to teach teachers about writing.
References
Outside websites
Ralph Fletcher's website
1990 books
De Leon, Texas

De Leon is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas
Aventura

Aventura is a Bachata-R&B music group from New York City. They became popular worldwide with their hit single Obsesion in 2003/2004.
Members
Anthony "Romeo" Santos, lead singer and featured composer
Leny Santos, guitarist, producer/arranger
Max Santos, bass guitar
Henry Santos Jeter, singer and composer
Discography
Generation Next, 1997, Label: Premium Latin / Mach 1
We Broke the Rules, 2002, Label : KTE
Love & Hate (Amor Y Odio), 2003, Label : KTE
Unplugged, 2004
God's Project, 2005, Label: Mach 1
References
Other websites
Official site
1994 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
1990s establishments in New York (state)
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American boy bands
American R&B bands
Latin music
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from New York City
J. J. Thomson

Sir Joseph John "J.J." Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 - 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He discovered the electron and isotopes, and invented the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for his discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. John Joseph Thomson in 1893 said: "There is no other branch of physics which affords us so promising an opportunity of penetrating the secret of electricity."
In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle of very small mass compared to its electric charge. It was later called the electron and was the first subatomic particle to be found. Thomson also found the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, while studying anode rays (positive cations).
In atomic theory he hypothesized that atoms were spheres of evenly spread positive charge, where an individual negatively charged electron resided. He later concluded there was more than one negatively charged particle in an atom.
Many of the young men who studied and worked with him at University of Cambridge also became famous physicists.
1856 births
1940 deaths
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
British nuclear physicists
Order of Merit
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Presidents of the Royal Society
Anthony Norris

Anthony "Tony" Norris (born June 6, 1963), better known by his ring name, Ahmed Johnson, is an American former professional wrestler. He is best known for his career in the World Wrestling Federation. He wrestled for them from October 1995 to February 1998. He is a one time Intercontinental Champion. Johnson is the first African American to ever be the IC champion. He was also the winner of the WWF's first Kuwait International Tournament in 1996. He defeated Hunter Hearst Helmsley (Triple H) in the final match of the tournament.
Other websites
1963 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
African-American wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Indiana
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914 movie)

The Patchwork Girl of Oz is a 1914 American fantasy adventure movie directed by J. Farrell MacDonald and was based on the 1913 novel of the same name by L. Frank Baum. It stars Violet MacMillan, Frank Moore, Raymond Russell, Hal Roach, Fred Woodward, Bert Glennon and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1914 movies
1910s fantasy movies
1910s adventure movies
American fantasy movies
American adventure movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by J. Farrell MacDonald
Paramount Pictures movies
Mitte

Bezirk Mitte or Mitte von Berlin is the most central borough of Berlin (Bezirk is German for borough, Mitte is German for centre).
Most of Berlin's historic centre is in Bezirk Mitte. Some of the most important tourist sites of Berlin (like the Pergamon Museum, Brandenburg Gate, Charite and the Reichstag), are all in Mitte, and most were in East Berlin.
In 2001, Berlin's boroughs were reorganized. The old East Berlin borough of Mitte, was joined with the boroughs of Wedding, once in the French Sector, and Tiergarten which had been in the British sector before. The new borough (both of which formerly belonged to West Berlin) to form the new Mitte borough. The new borough has an area of . In 2003, it had about 320,700 inhabitants. The districts in Mitte are Gesundbrunnen, Hansaviertel, Mitte, Moabit, Tiergarten and Wedding.
The current mayor is Christian Hanke (SPD).
Other websites
Official homepage
Official homepage of Berlin
Speed of sound

The speed of sound is per hour or per second in dry air in room temperature. It travels at 1500 meters per second through water. Sound moves faster through liquids and solids than air, since they have a larger specific modulus, meaning they are stiffer. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, which is a space without any air or matter. The speed of sound is affected by temperature. It travels slower at low temperatures, for example in the stratosphere.
You can calculate the speed of sound like this:
Where:
is the ratio of specific heats (1.4 for air)
R is the gas constant ( for air)
T is temperature (in Kelvins)
The speed of sound is also known as Mach 1. Things that go faster are supersonic, and things that go five times that speed (Mach 5) are hypersonic.
Other websites
Calculate the speed of sound in air and the temperature
Speed of sound - temperature matters, not air pressure
Sound
Wave physics
Indiana's 2nd congressional district

Indiana's 2nd congressional district is a legislative electoral area in Indiana. Areas that it represents are South Bend and Elkhart.
The district's seat in Congress is vacant as of August 3, 2022, after the death of Republican Jackie Walorski.
References
Congressional districts of Indiana
Amiri Baraka

Amiri Baraka (born Everett Leroy Jones; October 7, 1934 - January 9, 2014), previously known as LeRoi Jones, was an American writer. He has written poetry, drama, essays and music criticism. He is also the father of Newark city mayor Ras Baraka.
Baraka has been called "one of the most influential and prolific African American writers of the twentieth century."
Baraka's poetry and other writing have been both praised and hated. In the African-American community, some compare Baraka to James Baldwin. They see him as one of the most respected and most widely published black writers of his time. Others have said that his work shows much violence, misogyny, and homophobia.
Racism
Baraka's writings have made controversy over the years, mostly because of his advocacy of rape and violence towards (at many times) women, gay people, white people, and Jews. Critics of his work have said such words are examples of racism, sexism, homophobia, and anti-Semitism in his work.
The following is from a 1965 essay:
Most American white men are trained to be fags. For this reason it is no wonder their faces are weak and blank. ... The average ofay [white person] thinks of the black man as potentially raping every white lady in sight. Which is true, in the sense that the black man should want to rob the white man of everything he has. But for most whites the guilt of the robbery is the guilt of rape. That is, they know in their deepest hearts that they should be robbed, and the white woman understands that only in the rape sequence is she likely to get cleanly, viciously popped.
Death
Baraka died January 9, 2014 in Newark, New Jersey after being hospitalized in the facility's intensive care unit for one month prior to his death. He was 79 years old. The cause of death was complications of surgery. Baraka had diabetes.
Works
Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, poems, 1961
Blues Peple: Negro Music in White America, 1963
Dutchman and The Slave, drama, 1964
The System of Dante's Hell, novel, 1965
Home: Social Essays, 1965
Tales, 1967
Black Magic, poems, 1969
Four Black Revolutionary Plays, 1969
It's Nation Time, poems, 1970
Raise Race Rays Raize: Essays Since 1965, 1971
Hard Facts, poems, 1975
The Motion of History and Other Plays, 1978
Poetry for the Advanced, 1979
reggae or not!, 1981
Daggers and Javelins: Essays 1974-1979, 1984
The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, 1984
The Music: Reflections on Jazz and Blues, 1987
Transbluesency: The Selected Poems of Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones, 1995Wise, Why's Y's, essays, 1995Funk Lore: New Poems, 1996Somebody Blew Up America'', 2001
References
Other websites
homepage of Amiri Baraka
Modern American Poetry Page: Amiri Baraka
Amiri Baraka at PennSound
African American writers
American activists
American Muslims
American playwrights
American poets
American communists
Deaths from surgical complications
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
1934 births
2014 deaths
Shingai Shoniwa

Shingai Eizabeth Maria Shoniwa (born 1 September 1981) is a British singer, musician, songwriter and actress. She is signed to Motown and Universal Music Group, became active in 2006, and is a member of the band Noisettes.
1981 births
Blues musicians
British electronic musicians
Black British musicians
English pop singers
English songwriters
Singers from London
Living people
English musicians
Flag of Delaware

The flag of the state of Delaware is of a buff-colored diamond on a field of colonial blue. The coat of arms of the state of Delaware are inside the diamond. Below the diamond is the date December 7, 1787. This is the day when Delaware became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution. The colors of the flag are the colors of the uniform of General George Washington.
The coat of arms in the center of the flag was adopted on January 17, 1777. It shows a shield with green, blue, and white stripes on it. On the stripes are a sheaf of wheat, an ear of corn, and an ox standing on grass. All of these things are shown for Delaware's farming. Above the shield is a sailing ship. Supporting the shield are a farmer on the left and a soldier on the right. The state motto, below the shield, reads "Liberty and Independence". These symbols are also included on the seal of Delaware.
The current flag was adopted on July 24, 1913.
During the American Civil War, regiments from Delaware flew a flag which was similar to the state coat of arms on a field of blue.
In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) placed Delaware's flag 52nd in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked.
References
Delaware
Delaware
Cuélas

Cuelas is a commune in the Gers department. It is in southwestern France.
Related pages
Communes of the Gers department
Communes in Gers
Baroque pop

Baroque pop is a rock music subgenre that mixes both rock and classical music. It was created by musicians in the 1960s by adding classical instruments like harpsichord, French horns, oboes, and string sections. It became popular with both teenagers and adults at the time. Examples can be found on The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and recordings made by Phil Spector. It is also referred to as chamber pop, among other names.
References
Music genres
Dariusz Baliszewski

Dariusz Baliszewski (14 April 1946 - 10 August 2020) was a Polish historian, journalist and writer. He wrote the screenplay for Rewizja nadzwyczajna. He wrote many historical articles to one of the biggest Polish magazines, Wprost.
In 1999, for his television creativity and professionalism in work, President Aleksander Kwasniewski awarded him the Silver Cross of Merit.
Baliszewski was born in Warsaw. He died on 10 August 2020 in Warsaw, aged 74.
References
1946 births
2020 deaths
Polish historians
Polish journalists
Polish screenwriters
Writers from Warsaw
Le Pas

Le Pas is a commune of 515 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Mayenne
World Trade Center station (PATH)

World Trade Center is a terminal station on the PATH system. It is placed inside the complex of buildings named World Trade Center in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City.
Other websites
Getting Here || World Trade Center
World Trade Center Station
Trains
Rapid transit systems in the United States
Lethal Weapon 4

Lethal Weapon 4 is a 1998 comedy-action movie. Danny Glover plays Roger. Mel Gibson plays Martin. Rene Russo plays Lorna Cole. Chris Rock plays Lee.
The movie was released on July 10, 1998. It got mixed to negative reviews from critics. However, it made about $285 million.
References
Other websites
1998 action movies
1998 comedy movies
1998 movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Richard Donner
Cadaujac

Cadaujac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Mankiyali language

Mankiyali is a unclassified Indo-Aryan language spoken in Hunza Division, Pakistan. It's vocabulary is from Hindko and Gujari, while some of it is from the neighboring Dardic languages, Gowro and Bateri.
References
Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Indo-Aryan languages
Chuck (album)

Chuck is the third album by Sum 41. It was released on October 12, 2004.
Track listing
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
Chuck Acoustic EP (Tour Edition Promo)
Chuck Acoustic EP (Tour Edition Promo) is an acoustic EP released by Sum 41 in 2005 in Japan only.
Track listing
"Pieces" (Acoustic) - 3:16
"No Brains" (Acoustic) - 3:03
"Over My Head (Better Off Dead)" (Acoustic) - 2:56
"Some Say" (Acoustic) - 3:42
"There's No Solution" (Acoustic) - 3:26
References
Other websites
2004 albums
Sum 41 albums
Fabio Taborre

Fabio Taborre (5 June 1985 - 12 September 2021) was a professional Italian road cyclist. He was suspended from the sport after it was found out he was doping. He was born in Pescara, Italy. Taborre cycled with Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec, Vini Zabu-Brado-KTM and Acqua & Sapone.
Taborre died on 12 September 2021 from an illness, aged 36.
References
Other websites
Fabio Taborre's profile on Cycling Base
1985 births
2021 deaths
Italian cyclists
Yuzo Kobayashi

Yuzo Kobayashi (born 15 November 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="7"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||9||0||0||0||1||0||10||0
|-
|2005||19||1||2||0||2||0||23||1
|-
|2006||J. League 2||41||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||42||1
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||25||0||0||0||6||0||31||0
|-
|2008||31||1||5||0||6||0||42||1
|-
|2009||29||0||2||0||6||0||37||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
154||3||10||0||21||0||185||3
154||3||10||0||21||0||185||3
|}
References
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Robert Motherwell

Robert Motherwell (January 24, 1915 - July 16, 1991) was an American artist. He was an important painter in the abstract expressionist movement.
Motherwell was born in Aberdeen, Washington in 1915. When he was 11 years old, he was given money to study art. In 1932 he studied painting at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco. After getting a B. A. from Stanford University in 1937, he began to study philosophy at Harvard University. He studied in Europe for a year. He had his first art show in Paris in 1939.
Back in New York, he was friends with artists William Baziotes, Willem de Kooning, Hans Hofmann, and Jackson Pollock. He was married to the painter Helen Frankenthaler from 1958 until 1971.
Motherwell died in 1991, at Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
References
American painters
1915 births
1991 deaths
Conthey

Conthey is the capital of the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Valais
Cities in Switzerland
Caduceus

The caduceus (; from , kerykeion) is the staff of the messenger god Hermes in Greek mythology. It is also called the "herald's wand". The caduceus appeared as a golden staff with wings and a pair of serpents wrapped around it.
Greek mythology