pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Axis powers

Axis countries and Axis Powers are the names for some countries that fought together against the Allies during World War II. The war ended in 1945 with the Axis powers losing and their alliances broken.
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers
The most important Axis countries formed an alliance called the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers (1922 to 1945). They included:
Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler
Kingdom of Italy under Benito Mussolini
Empire of Japan under Emperor Hirohito
All three countries had authoritarian governments, which were (and still are) often referred to as fascist.
Other countries
Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact
In addition to the main three countries, the less important Axis countries were:
Hungary under Miklos Horthy
Romania under Ion Antonescu
Bulgaria under Tsar Boris III
Other countries that helped the Axis without being a part of them were:
Co-belligerent states
Finland fought against the Soviet Union and participated in the Siege of Leningrad.
Iraq
Thailand
Client states
Slovakia
Philippines (Second Republic)
Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)
Manchukuo (Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia)
Reorganized National Government of China
Independent State of Croatia
Province of Ljubljana
Controversial cases
Denmark signed treaty of mutual non-aggression.
Spain was neutral, but gave non-military assistance.
Vichy France agreed not to resist after Northern France was conquered. Allowed (forced?) to allow Japan to occupy French Indochina.
Several new or rebel governments that were created by the Axis during the war are:
Burma (Ba Maw regime)
India (Provisional Government of Free India)
Other websites
WW2DB: Tripartite Pact
WW2DB: Axis Countries
World War II
Nazi Germany
20th century in Japan
20th century in Italy
Military alliances
Yulian Sokhotski

Yulian Karol Sokhotski (February 2, 1842, Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire - December 14, 1927, Leningrad, Soviet Union) was a Polish-Russian mathematician.
1842 births
1927 deaths
Polish academics
People from Warsaw
Polish mathematicians
Russian mathematicians
Al Hanak

Al Hanak () is a village in Abs District. It is located in the Hajjah Governorate, According to the 2004 census it had a population of 110 people.
Other websites
Towns and villages in the Yemen
National Information Center in Yemen
Settlements in Yemen
Port cities in the Arabian Peninsula
Port cities and towns of the Red Sea
Contrary Condor

Contrary Condor or Donald Duck and the Egghunt or Donald Duck at the Egg Collector is a 1944 Donald Duck short film by Walt Disney Productions and RKO Radio Pictures.
Plot
The short opens on a map, with footprints belonging to Donald trailing across the border of North America to South America, making a trail through the Andes. Donald is seen climbing up a vertical side of the mountain with plungers on his feet, yodeling as he goes. He sees the nest, and quickly reaches the top, ready to take an egg from a condor. One condor hatchling has already hatched and starts squawking at Donald's arrival, but Donald just tells the hatchling to shut up and shoves him back into his egg shell. When he spots Mother Condor flying overhead, Donald hides the other egg and hides in the other hatching's shell, kicking the baby condor out. The mother lands and decides to sit on the egg in which Donald is hiding. The warmth she provides is almost too much for Donald, and he sweats profusely. The egg suddenly starts to crack, and he is nearly crushed by the condor. Thinking quickly, Donald decides to pretend he's a condor. The mother is convinced, and gives Donald a hug, much to the surprise of the other hatchling.Mother Condor then sends her hatchlings off to learn how to fly. The hatchling pushes Donald off the tree branch, but he manages to hold on when his clothes catch a branch nearby, although he is not so lucky when a passing storm cloud starts to shower all over him. Mother Condor tries to teach Donald to fly, but Donald looks down and gets dizzy. He tries to slip away, but is spotted and brought back. Donald manages to convince her that he has a bum wing, and she starts cradling him. The hatchling gets jealous, and starts squawking for attention. Having had enough, he sends Donald flying into the air and he lands on a branch nearby. Trying to get out of his situation once and for all, Donald rigs up a decoy using branches and leaves, and sends it hurtling to the river below. Although Mother Condor tries to save her "hatchling," she believes it to be too late when it falls into the river, and she starts sobbing on the nearby bank. Donald then takes the other condor egg, thinking himself victorious, but the other hatchling steals it from him. Donald takes it back, but falls down into the river, holding the egg protectively. Relieved to see him still alive, Mother Condor gathers Donald and the egg into her arms and coddles them. That night, egg, Donald, hatchling, and Mother Condor are nestled together, while Donald mutters angrily under his breath.
Cast
Clarence Nash as Donald Duck
Florence Gill as Condors
Frank Graham as The Narrator
References
Other websites
Donald Duck
Disney animated movies
Short movies
Bob Moses (activist)

Robert Parris Moses (January 23, 1935 - July 25, 2021) was an American educator and civil rights activist. He was known for his work as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the Civil Rights Movement. He co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. Moses was born in Harlem, New York.
Moses died on July 25, 2021 in Hollywood, Florida at the age of 86.
References
1935 births
2021 deaths
Educators from Mississippi
American civil rights activists
Writers from New York City
Politicians from New York City
Writers from Mississippi
Politicians from Mississippi
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Educators from New York City
Chief Minister of Jersey

The Chief Minister of Jersey (; ) is the head of government of Jersey. He is in charge of the Council of Ministers, which makes up part of the Government of Jersey.
List of Chief Ministers of Jersey
References
Shannon County, Missouri

Shannon County is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri. Its county seat is Eminence. As of 2020, 7,031 people lived there. The county was organized on January 29, 1841, and was named in honor of George Shannon, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
References
1841 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Right to education

The right to education is one of the human rights, but it is not used by everyone. It is thought that all children should go to school for primary education from the age of three years, to the age of ten years.
Furthermore, all children should have access to secondary education, and higher education. However, many children around the world cannot or do not go to secondary education or higher education.
The right to education is written in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The right to education has also been re-stated in the 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education, 1st Protocol of ECHR and the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
It is also listed in the European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 1, Article 2. Some national constitutions name this right, for example the Belgian constitution (former article 17, now article 24) or the Dutch constitution (article 23). the right to education give preference to all the children and help for her rights of education.
Related pages
Economic, social and cultural rights
Literacy
Scholarship
References
Human rights
Education
Middlesex (disambiguation)

Middlesex is a former county in southeast England.
Places
Belize
Middlesex, Belize, a village in Stann Creek District, Belize
Canada
Middlesex County, Ontario
Jamaica
Middlesex County, Jamaica
United Kingdom
Middlesex County Cricket Club
Middlesex University
Middlesex (UK Parliament constituency)
United States
Middlesex, New Jersey
Middlesex, New York
Middlesex, North Carolina
Middlesex, Vermont
Middlesex Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania
Middlesex Township, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
Middlesex School, Concord, Massachusetts
Middlesex Canal, Massachusetts
Middlesex County, Connecticut
Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Middlesex County, New Jersey
Middlesex County, Virginia
Nara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Nara is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Nara is in the southern part of the district. The Union Council of Nara takes its name from the village of Nara. The main tribe of this Union Council are the Karlal.
Subdivisions
The Union Council of Nara is subdivided into the following areas: Changah, Dakhan, Gohra, Kanger Hoter, Kehan, Maira Ulla, Mari, Mohri-Badbhen, Nara and Satora.
References
Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Voiceless uvular implosive

The voiceless uvular implosive is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Consonants
South African Communist Party

The South African Communist Party (SACP) is a communist party in South Africa. It was founded in 1921.
Other websites
South African Communist Party official website
20th-century establishments in South Africa
1921 establishments
Political parties in South Africa
St. Clairsville, Ohio

St. Clairsville is a city in and the county seat of Belmont County, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 5,184 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
Nick Littlemore

Nicholas George Littlemore (born 6 May 1978) is an Australian musician and record producer. He is known as a member of the musical trio Pnau (with Peter Mayes and Sam Littlemore) and duo Empire of the Sun (with Luke Steele). He was also a member of the band Teenager with New Zealand-born Pip Brown. He was born in Sydney, New South Wales.
References
Other websites
1978 births
Living people
Australian pop musicians
Australian rock musicians
Electronic musicians
Musicians from Sydney
Record producers
Steindorf

Steindorf () is a municipality in the district of Aichach-Friedberg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Aichach-Friedberg
Sand filter

A sand filter is a layer of sand which is used to clean water of bacteria and other microorganisms. It is a type of filter.
A layer of sand or gravel is used when sewage goes through sewage treatment. Before sewage comes to the bacteria bed, it should already have gone thru part of the sewage treatment. At the bacteria bed, sewage gets exposed to (or has contact with) air, while microorganisms make some change to that sewage. The oxygen in the water kills the microbes, which are anaerobic.
The name "bacteria bed" is sometimes used about this type of filter.
References
Water pollution
Water infrastructure
Üsküdar

Uskudar is a district of Istanbul, Turkey, located in the Anatolian part of the city in a neighboring valley on the banks of the Bosporus, being its ancient name Chrysopolis (golden city), and in the mediaeval period Scutari.
References
Istanbul
Nintendo Entertainment System

The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is the first video game console made by Nintendo in Japan, Europe, and the United States. It came out in 1985 in the United States and was very popular. In Japan, the console looked different and was called the Famicom (from Family Computer).
The controller for the NES was different from the joysticks that older consoles had. It had a D-pad button that could go up, down, left, or right. It also had A, B, Select, and Start buttons. The NES could use up to two controllers for multiplayer games. There were also other types of controllers that could be used with the NES.
Some famous games for the NES are Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, Mega Man, Castlevania, Donkey Kong, and Final Fantasy. There have been many sequels made to these games and they are still enjoyed today. Nintendo discontinued (stopped making and selling) the NES in 1995, and the Famicom in 2003.
Technical details
The CPU (central processing unit) in the NES is called MOS 6502 and is an 8-bit CPU. The chip that contains the CPU also contains other electronics that generate sound for games and help with some other things. There are two different versions of the chip called 2A03 and 2A07 that are used in different regions of the world (2A03 works with NTSC TVs, 2A07 with PAL TVs). It was made by a company called Ricoh.
The NES uses a chip called the PPU (Picture Processing Unit) to draw graphics on the TV. It has two different versions called 2C02 (for NTSC TVs) and 2C07 (for PAL TVs). It was also made by Ricoh.
The NES has a connector on the bottom, but it was not used for anything.
Related pages
10NES
Nintendo
References
Nintendo video game consoles
Swain County, North Carolina

Swain County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 13,981 people lived there. Its county seat is Bryson City.
References
19th-century establishments in North Carolina
1871 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Angerville, Essonne

Angerville is a commune. It is in Ile-de-France in the Essonne department in north France.
Communes in Essonne
Blondie

Blondie is an American new wave pop-rock band who were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The lead singer of the band is Debbie Harry. Their best-known hit was Call Me!. The group's music mixes pop, rock and disco. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Studio albums
Blondie (1976)
Plastic Letters (1977)
Parallel Lines (1978)
Eat to the Beat (1979)
Autoamerican (1980)
The Hunter (1982)
No Exit (1999)
The Curse of Blondie (2003)
Panic of Girls (2011)
Ghosts of Download (2014)
Pollinator (2017)
References
Other websites
Official Blondie Web Site
Official Deborah Harry Web Site
1974 establishments in the United States
1970s American music groups
1970s establishments in New York (state)
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American new wave bands
American pop rock bands
American punk bands
Musical groups established in 1974
Musical groups from New York City
Pop punk bands
Race

Race has many meanings in English. It can mean:
To go very fast - he raced to the store
A competition between people - the race for the US presidency
Racing, a competition about speed - the Tour de France is an important bicycle race
Race (biology), a group smaller than a species. Members of different races can have sex and make babies, but they are separate (usually because they live in different places) - a large race of birds lives on this island
Race (sociology), subdivision of the human species based on distinguishing physical characteristics that are passed on to succeeding generations.
Race (anthropology) groups humans are often divided into based on physical traits often common among shared ancestry.
The human race means all people - the human race is destroying the environment
Port Mòr

Port Mor is a harbor and settlement on the Isle of Muck in the Inner Hebrides off the West Coast of Scotland. It has a population of 27 people.
Fossil evidence
In 2011, a fossil was discovered in Port Mor. It was a bony fish named Moricus in 2015 after Port Mor, where it was discovered.
References
Settlements in Scotland
Zoutleeuw

Zoutleeuw is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007, 7983 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 50 North, 05deg 06 East.
References
Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Elbow

The elbow is a hinge-joint between the bones of the upper and lower arm. It joins the humerus of the upper arm and the radius and ulna of the forearm together. Everyone has 2 elbows. It allows the lower arm to be extended or retracted (moved in). The elbow also allows the arm to turn. It moves by using three ligaments: the anterior, posterior, ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments.
Joints
Slang

Slang are words that are informal. Usually each generation or social group has its own slang - for example, older people can have trouble understanding the slang of younger people. On the other hand, younger people often understand, but find silly or old-fashioned, the slang of older people.
Over time, language tends to get more complex, since new words enter much faster than old words leave. Over time, slang almost always becomes part of the language, and approved for use by all.
It has also happened that some words used in Anglo-Saxon for bodily functions became thought of as profanity or rude after they were replaced by Latinate words like "urinate", "defecate" and "copulate" - which polite people were supposed to use after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. This was in part a way of making poor people (who spoke Anglo-Saxon) all appear to be rude, while more powerful people (who spoke Norman) appeared to be polite - one way that etiquette can develop, and reinforce power structure. This is only one example from history of how racism can be a reason for defining one group's language as 'slang' and another as 'correct'.
Wanting to have rules of grammar that do not change and the same vocabulary used by everyone for better communication is another reason that is often given for defining one group's language as correct.
An "idiom" can be slang, but it can also be a metaphor that becomes part of the culture.
Two examples of slang are 'wassup' and 'dunnow'. 'Wassup' usually means 'What is up?' (as in, 'How are you?'), and 'dunnow' usually means 'I don't know'.
Related pages
Jargon
Political correctness
Déjà Vu (1985 movie)

Deja Vu is a 1985 British fantasy drama movie directed by Anthony B. Richmond and based on the novel Always by Trevor Meldal-Johnsen. It stars Jaclyn Smith, Nigel Terry, Shelley Winters, Claire Bloom and was distributed by Cannon Films.
Other websites
1985 drama movies
1985 fantasy movies
1980s British drama movies
British fantasy movies
Chicago Harbor

Chicago Harbor is made up of the public rivers, canals, and lakes within the territorial limits of Chicago. It connects all slips, basins, piers, breakwaters, and structures with a distance of three miles from the shore between the extended north and south lines of the city.
The greater Chicago Harbor includes portions of the Chicago River, the Calumet River, the Ogden Canal, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, Lake Calumet, and Lake Michigan.
References
Geography of Chicago
Campomarino

Campomarino is a comune in the Province of Campobasso in the Molise region in Italy.
Settlements in Molise
Enteric nervous system

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system. It controls the reflexes of the gastrointestinal system.
Some treat the ENS as part of the autonomic nervous system.
References
"The Enteric nervous system (ENS)" at anaesthetist.com
Nervous system
Galaxy cluster

Galaxy clusters are large collections of galaxies. They consist of hundreds of galaxies and galaxy groups, bound together by gravity. Galaxy clusters are much larger than galaxy groups, like our Local Group.
Clusters of galaxies should not be confused with either star clusters, which are inside galaxies, or with globular clusters, which usually orbit galaxies.
Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby universe include the Virgo Cluster (which includes our Local Group), Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster.
Still larger than galaxy clusters are superclusters. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the universe (Hubble's law).
Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift universe include SPT-CL J0546-5345, the most massive galaxy cluster ever found in the early universe.
Basic properties
Galaxy clusters typically have the following properties.
They contain 50 to 1,000 galaxies, hot X-ray emitting gas and large amounts of dark matter. Details are described in the "Composition" section.
The distribution of these three components is approximately the same in the cluster.
They have total masses of 1014 to 1015 solar masses.
They typically have a diameter from 2 to 10 megaparsecs.
The spread of velocities for the individual galaxies is about 800-1000 km/s.
The intracluster medium or ICM has gas between the galaxies with a temperature of 7-9 keV.
Composition
There are three main components of a galaxy cluster. They are:
Scale of things
Where ">" means "contains":
Universe > observable universe > very large-scale structures > superclusters > galaxy clusters > galaxy groups > galaxies > star clusters > stars
References
Valledoria

Valledoria (Codaruina) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,319 people lived there. Its area is 25.95 km2. It is 16 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Paul Raymond (musician)

Paul Martin Raymond (16 November 1945 - 13 April 2019) was an English keyboardist, guitarist and songwriter. He was known as a member of the rock band Savoy Brown and more notably UFO. He started his career in 1964 as a jazz musician. He was born in St Albans.
Raymond died of a heart attack on 13 April 2019. He was 73.
References
Other websites
1945 births
2019 deaths
British keyboardists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English rock guitarists
English songwriters
Cerbón

Cerbon is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Soria
Therapeutic index

The therapeutic index is a number that tells how safe it is to use a drug. It is obtained by dividing two numbers: the dose needed so that half of all individuals show the desired effect, and the dose which will kill half of all the individuals.
Drugs
James Ingram

James Edward Ingram (February 16, 1952 - January 29, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter, record producer, actor and keyboardist. He won two Grammy Awards and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song two times. Ingram was born in Akron, Ohio.
He had two number-one singles on the Hot 100. The first was a duet with fellow R&B artist Patti Austin in 1982's "Baby, Come to Me" and "I Don't Have the Heart", which became his second number-one in 1990 was his only number-one as a solo artist.
He was also known for the song "Somewhere Out There" with fellow recording artist Linda Ronstadt for the animated movie An American Tail.
Ingram died on January 29, 2019, at age 66, from brain cancer, at his home in Los Angeles.
References
Grammy Award winners
1952 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American soul singers
American R&B musicians
American pop musicians
American soul musicians
American keyboardists
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Record producers
Singer-songwriters from California
Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Actors from Akron, Ohio
Singers from Ohio
Writers from Akron, Ohio
Businesspeople from Ohio
Queen Anne's County, Maryland

Queen Anne's County is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland. The county had a population of 47,798 people in the 2010 census. Its county seat is Centreville.
References
Maryland counties
Jandali dialect

Jandali is a Punjabi dialect spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
Punjabi language
Andrzej Zieliński (athlete)

Andrzej Franciszek Zielinski (20 August 1936 - 8 December 2021) was a Polish athlete. Zielinski was born in Warsaw. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan, where he won the silver medal for the 4 x 100 metre relay.
Zielinski died on 8 December 2021 in Warsaw, at the age of 85.
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
Polish Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Warsaw
Polish sprinters
Thermodynamics in nutrition

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another. This law also applies to nutrition.
Calories in versus calories out
Many experts disagree with the belief of counting calories as a method to lose bodyfat. 1 pound of bodyfat roughly equals 3500 calories. Therefore, eating 500 calories less everyday for 7 days straight would result in exactly 1 pound of loss in bodyfat. Several studies have proven this to be false solidifying the belief that counting calories does not work. This disparity can be explained.
Reasons
1. Thermic effect of food: 1 calorie of protein is not the same as 1 calorie of carbohydrates or fats. The body requires energy to digest food. Fats require only 0-3% of the total energy from food to get digested. Carbohydrates require 5-10% of energy while proteins require 20-30% of energy. Therefore, the macronutrient profile (protein, carbohydrates and fats ratio) play an important role in weight loss.
2. NEAT: Non exercise activity thermogenesis or NEAT is the amount of energy a person uses during daily activities. Examples of NEAT include jittering, walking, brushing teeth and even writing. People generally feel weaker when they consume less calories so they tend to move less reducing NEAT.
3. Miscounting calories: Studies have shown that over 90% of the population underestimate their daily caloric consumption.
Conclusion
Ultimately, calories consumed versus calories spent will always hold true. In order to lose weight, one must consume less calories and move more.
References
Nutrition
Thermodynamics
Jon Atle Gaarder

Jon Atle Gaarder (27 November 1934 - 14 March 2020) was a Norwegian diplomat. He was a counsellor for the Norwegian delegation to NATO from 1975 to 1979.
In 1984, Gaarder was named ambassador to Saudi Arabia, as well as representing Norway in the United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Oman. From 1990 to 1994, he was ambassador to India. During this time, he also represented Norway in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and the Maldives. In 1996, he became the ambassador to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was also Norway's representative in Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia and Albania. He also served as the ambassador to Lithuania from 1999 to 2001.
Gaarder was born in Arnes, Hedmark and grew up in Skarnes. He died on 14 March 2020 at the age of 85.
References
1934 births
2020 deaths
Ambassadors of Norway
Pieter van den Hoogenband

Pieter van den Hoogenband (born 14 March 1978) was a former Dutch swimmer. He won three gold medals at the Olympics. He swam at the Olympics four times, from 1996 to 2008. He held the world record in the 100 meter and 200 meter freestyle. Van den Hoogenband is well known for his races in the 200 meter freestyle against Ian Thorpe from Australia.
References
Other websites
1978 births
Living people
Dutch Olympic bronze medalists
Dutch Olympic gold medalists
Dutch Olympic silver medalists
Dutch swimmers
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
People from Maastricht
Sportspeople from Limburg (Netherlands)
Henry Royce

Sir Henry Royce was born 27 March 1863 and died 22 April 1933. He made cars, and with Charles Stewart Rolls started the Rolls-Royce company.
He was born in Alwalton, Huntingdonshire which is near Peterborough as the youngest child of five.
1863 births
1933 deaths
English businesspeople
Bahador Abdi

Bahador Abdi (, born on 1 May 1984 in Tehran) is an Iranian football midfielder who currently plays for Aluminium Arak in the Azadegan League.
Club career
Club Career Statistics
Last Update 7 August 2014
Assist Goals
International career
He started his international career under head coach Afshin Ghotbi in November 2010 against Nigeria.
Honours
Iran's Premier Football League Winner: 1
2007-08 with Persepolis
References
1984 births
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Persepolis F.C. players
Sportspeople from Tehran
Living people
Association football midfielders
Azadegan League players
Rah Ahan players
Mallaig

Mallaig is a small town in Scotland. It is also a port. Ferries link Mallaig, which is on the mainland, to some islands. About 797 lived there in 2001.
Towns in Highland
Thalidomide

Thalidomide is a drug. It was used as a sedative. It also had uses for other illnesses.
It was mainly prescribed to pregnant women in the 1950s and 1960s, to help with sleep, until it was found to be a teratogen (that is: birth deformity causing substance). The drug can cause birth defects in rats, primates and humans. Before the drug was released, not enough tests were done.
About 10,000 children were born with deformities, between 1956, and 1962. These could be directly linked to the fact that their mothers had taken the drug during their pregnancy. After this discovery, more rigorous tests were required in the United States, before a drug can be said to be safe to take during pregnancy. Other countries made similar laws. Thalidomide was not used as a drug for decades.
Researchers continued to look for ways to use the drug. They discovered that it had good effects on certain types of skin diseases, associated with leprosy. Currently, studies are being done to see how this drug could help with cancer treatment, as well as some other, less-known diseases. It has been used in Multiple myeloma treatment with success.
Further reading
Johnson M; Stokes R.G. & Arndt T. 2018. The Thalidomide Catastrophe. Cranbrook, Exeter: Onwards & Upwards. ISBN 978-1-78815-629-5
Knightley P. & Evans H 1979. Suffer The Children: The Story of Thalidomide. New York: The Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-68114-8
References
Drugs
Health problems
Organonitrogen compounds
Thank U, Next (song)

"Thank U, Next" is a song recorded by American singer and actress Ariana Grande, from her fifth studio album Thank U, Next.
The song was released on November 2, 2018. Grande co-wrote the song with Victoria McCants, Tayla Parx, Tommy Brown, Charles Anderson, and Michael Foster, while the last three produced the song. The song was released after Grande broke off her engagement to comedian Pete Davidson, who is known for starring on Saturday Night Live. Its lyrics talk about some of her exes (such as rappers Big Sean and Mac Miller) and why the relationships ended. Grande thanks them for helping her grow as a person throughout the song.
The song topped the Irish and UK Singles Chart and entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number one, giving Grande her first US chart-topper. "thank u, next" is the first song by a female to debut at number one in the US since Adele with "Hello" in 2015.
Charts
References
Ariana Grande songs
2018 songs
Pop songs
R&B songs
Songs about sexuality
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Typha

Typha is a genus of plants. They are found in wetland habitats. They are commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere, but may be found in wetlands elsewhere. These plants are known in British English as bulrush, bullrush or reedmace, and in American English as cattail or punks.
Species
Typha angustifolia - Lesser Bulrush or Narrow Leaf Cattail
Typha angustifolia x T. latifolia - Hybrid or White Cattail
Typha domingensis - Southern Cattail
Typha latifolia - Common Cattail
Typha laxmannii - Laxman's Bulrush
Typha minima - Dwarf Bulrush
Typha orientalis and Typha muelleri - Raupo
Typha shuttleworthii - Shuttleworth's Bulrush
Uses by humans
Cattails were once used to make paper. Cattail paper is very heavy and coarse, and is rarely used today. Cattail has also been used as a water filter to remove the poisonous chemical arsenic from drinking water.
References
Poales
Paul Chapman (musician)

Paul William "Tonka" Chapman (9 June 1954 - 9 June 2020) was a Welsh rock guitarist. He was best known for his work in bands such as UFO and Lone Star. Chapman was well known by his nickname "Tonka". He was born in Cardiff, Wales.
In July 2006, Chapman joined the American southern rock band Gator Country, a collection of Molly Hatchet veterans.
In 2015, Chapman went out for a 10-week US tour with the Swedish/Canadian band Killer Bee and he also recorded on their album Eye In The Sky.
Chapman died on his 66th birthday on 9 June 2020.
References
2020 deaths
1954 births
Welsh musicians
British rock guitarists
People from Cardiff
Shonisaurus

Shonisaurus is the largest ichthyosaur, and the largest extinct marine animal that has yet been found. It was found first in rocks of the Upper Triassic in Nevada, and later in British Columbia.
Discovery and description
Fossils of Shonisaurus were first found in a large deposit in Nevada in 1920. Thirty years later, they were excavated, uncovering the remains of 37 very large ichthyosaurs. These were named Shonisaurus, ("Lizard from the Shoshone Mountains"). Shonisaurus lived 216-203 million years ago.
S. popularis was about 15 metres (50 ft) long. A longer specimen is now placed in Shastasaurus rather than Shonisaurus. Shonisaurus had a long pointed mouth that contained teeth only at the front end. It had a large whale-like body, a long dolphin-like snout, and its flippers were much longer, and narrower than in other ichthyosaurs. All of these features suggest that Shonisaurus may be a relatively specialised offshoot of the main ichthyosaur evolutionary line.
Fossils
The first species discovered, S. popularis, was adopted as the state fossil of Nevada in 1984. Excavations, begun in 1954 under the direction of Charles Camp and Samuel Welles of the University of California, Berkeley, were continued by Camp throughout the 60s.
The Nevada fossil is at the Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park, Nevada, USA. The park has several undisturbed ichthyosaur fossils of the species Shonisaurus popularis as well as the early-20th Century ghost town of Berlin. The park is about east of Reno.
The discovery of S. sikkanniensis in British Columbia in the 1990s made S. popularis the smaller of the Shonisaurus species. An ichthyosaur found in the Himalayan mountains called Himalayasaurus, may be the same animal as Shonisaurus.
British Columbia specimen
The British Columbia specimen was described as follows:
"The ichthyosaur Shonisaurus sikanniensis... type specimen is considerably larger than Shonisaurus popularis, with an estimated length of 21 m. It also differs from S. popularis in having a fan-shaped scapula, and relatively longer vertebral centra... Teeth are set in sockets, but are known only in a few, small individuals. This implies that teeth were present only in juveniles, and that adults were edentulous (without teeth).
"Isolated elements from other localities suggest that larger individuals existed... The [site] ... is from the final stage of a late Triassic marine transgression (deepening) along the noth-west coast of Pangea. It was deposited in a deep-water, distal shelf setting, well below wave base".
Life-style
Its slender skull and lack of teeth except at the front are obvious adaptations to its method of feeding. They are like those of modern whales which feed on squid, such as the pilot whale and sperm whale.
References
Camp C.L. 1980. Large ichthyosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Nevada. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 170:139-200.
Camp C.L. 1981. Child of the rocks, the story of Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology special publication 5.
Other websites
Nevada Division of State Parks
Ichthyosaurs
Reptiles of North America
Stephanie Neesham

Stephanie Neesham is an Australian water polo player. She played for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1998 World Aquatics Championships.
She played for Melville Water Polo Club and Fremantle Marlins.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian water polo players
Eastern long-beaked echidna

The eastern long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bartoni), also known as Barton's long-beaked echidna, is one of three species from the genus Zaglossus. All of them occur in New Guinea. It is found mainly in Papua New Guinea between 2000 and 3000 meters above sea level.
It can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet. It has five claws on its fore feet and four on its hind feet. The adult animal weights between 5 kg (11 lb) and 10 kg (22 lb). Its body length ranges from 60 to 100 cm (23.5-39 inches). It has no tail. It has dense black fur. The species is the largest monotreme and is slow moving. It rolls into a spiny ball for defense.
There are four recognised subspecies:
Z. bartoni bartoni
Z. bartoni clunius
Z. bartoni smeenki
Z. bartoni diamondi
The population of each subspecies is geographically isolated and they can be distinguished primarily by differences in body size.
References
Flannery, T.F. and Groves, C.P. 1998 A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. Mammalia, 62(3): 367-396
Monotremes
Mammals of Oceania
Ramsthal

Ramsthal is a municipality in the district of Bad Kissingen in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Bad Kissingen (district)
Dong Hongyou

Dong Hongyou (29 April 1950 - 31 December 2022) was a Chinese children's writer.
Dong studied at the Central China Normal University. He was a children's writer and member of the China Writers Association. He won the National Excellent Children's Literature Award. He served as vice chairman of and chairman of Wuhan Writers.
Dong Hongyou died in Wuhan Union Hospital on 31 December 2022, at the age of 72.
References
Children's writers
Chinese writers
1950 births
2022 deaths
People from Hubei
Nothing in Common

Nothing in Common is a 1986 American romantic comedy drama movie directed by Garry Marshall and starring Tom Hanks, Jackie Gleason, Eva Marie Saint, Hector Elizondo, Barry Corbin, Sela Ward, Bess Armstrong. It was spun off into a short lived TV series in 1987.
Other websites
1986 comedy-drama movies
1986 romantic comedy movies
1986 romantic drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies directed by Garry Marshall
Movies adapted into television series
Movies set in Chicago
Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710)

Louis de Bourbon, or Louis III, Prince of Conde (10 November 1668 - 4 March 1710) was a Prince of the blood at the French court of Louis XIV. Styled as the Duke of Bourbon from birth, he succeeded his father as Prince of Conde in 1709. He was commonly called Monsieur le Duc. However, he was known by the lesser ducal title. He was prince for less than a year. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a prince du sang. He was governor of Burgundy from 1709 to 1710. He was forced to marry an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV.
Children
Marie Anne Eleonore de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Bourbon (22 December 1690 - 30 August 1760) died unmarried.
Louis Henri I, Prince of Conde (18 August 1692 - 27 January 1740) married Marie Anne de Bourbon and had no issue. He later married Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg and had issue.
Louise Elisabeth de Bourbon (22 November 1693 - 27 May 1775) married Louis Armand, Prince of Conti and had issue.
Louise Anne de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Charolais (23 June 1695 - 8 April 1758) died unmarried.
Marie Anne de Bourbon (16 October 1697 - 11 August 1741) secretly married Louis de Melun, Duke of Joyeuse.
Charles, Count of Charolais (19 June 1700 - 23 July 1760) secretly married Jeanne de Valois Saint Remy (descendant of Henri II of France) and had illegitimate issue.
Henriette Louise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Vermandois (15 January 1703 - 19 September 1772) died unmarried.
Elisabeth Alexandrine de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Sens (15 September 1705 - 15 April 1765) died unmarried.
Louis, Count of Clermont (15 June 1709 - 16 June 1771) died unmarried.
Tiles and styles
10 November 1668 - 1 April 1709 His Most Serene Highness the Duke of Bourbon.
References
House of Bourbon
Deaths from stroke
Dukes and Duchesses of Bourbon
People from Paris
1668 births
1710 deaths
Governor of Tokyo

The is the head of government of Tokyo. In 1943, the position was created.
Background
Candidates must be a citizen of Japan and be a resident of Tokyo for more than three months, and must be over the age of 30. Candidates must also put up three million yen to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which will only be returned if they receive at least 10% of the votes.
List (since 1947)
Seiichiro Yasui (1947-1959)
Ryotaro Azuma (1959-1967)
Ryokichi Minobe (1967-1979)
Shunichi Suzuki (1979-1995)
Yukio Aoshima (1995-1999)
Shintaro Ishihara (1999-2012)
Naoki Inose (2012-2013)
Yoichi Masuzoe (2014-2016)
Yuriko Koike (2016-present)
References
Sonata

A sonata is a piece of music for one instrument or one instrument with another instrument accompanying. The word comes from the Italian "sonare" which means "to sound".
A composer could call any solo instrumental piece "sonata" if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements. A sonatina is a simple and short sonata.
History
The term "sonata" was used in the 16th century to mean anything that was not sung.
In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements. There were two types: "sonata da camera" ("room sonata" i.e. "chamber sonata") which were for playing in people's homes, and "sonata da chiesa" ("church sonata") which were for being played in churches. The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment. There would also be a cello playing the bass line. The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.
At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord. These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).
By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements. They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end. If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement. The first movement would be in sonata form. The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven
Many composers in the Romantic period wrote sonatas, for example: Brahms wrote piano sonatas as well as sonatas for violin and piano, cello and piano, and clarinet and piano.
In the 20th century composers who have written sonatas include Bartok, Tippett and William Walton.
Related pages
Piano sonata
Sonata form
Classical music
Musical forms
Julia Fox (actress)

Julia Fox (born ) is an Italian-American actress, filmmaker and model. She is known for her role in the thriller movie Uncut Gems (2019). Fox also wrote and directed Fantasy Girls. The short movie is about a group of teenage girls involved in sex work living in Reno, Nevada.
Fox was born in Milan to an Italian mother and an American father. She grew up in Manhattan, New York City.
References
Other websites
Living people
Actors from Manhattan
Actors from Milan
American movie actors
American movie directors
Italian models
Italian movie actors
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
Models from Manhattan
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Manhattan
1989 births
Kanye West
Bagerhat District

Bagerhat () is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.
Districts of Bangladesh
Fred Dean

Frederick Rudolph Dean (February 24, 1952 - October 14, 2020) was an American former professional football player. He was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He was a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
His career started with the San Diego Chargers in 1975 and ended with the San Francisco 49ers after the 1985 season. A two-time first-team All-Pro and a four-time Pro Bowler, he won two Super Bowls with the 49ers.
On October 8, 2020, Dean was diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized in West Monroe, Louisiana. He died a few days later on October 14 while being airlifted from West Monroe to Jackson, Mississippi at the age of 68.
References
1952 births
American football defensive ends
American football linebackers
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
San Diego Chargers players
San Francisco 49ers players
Sportspeople from Louisiana
All Quiet on the Western Front

All Quiet on the Western Front (original German title: Im Westen nichts Neues, literally: "Nothing New on the Western Front") is a famous book by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It was first published in 1929.
Plot
It is about a German soldier named Paul Baumer as he fights together with his classmates in World War I. Troops are changed every couple of weeks; they are either sent to the front line or a few miles back. At the beginning, Baumer and his fellow soldiers are very full and satisfied because a very heavy bombardment killed off half of the company.
A number of soldiers and Baumer are injured one night, and all are taken to the local hospital. In there, when a nurse gives Baumer a temperature gauge, he uses a light and makes his temperature seem much higher than it really is. This is so he can go into critical care with his friends. While there, the nurses sing a hymn, which annoys the men. Baumer throws and breaks a bottle to make them shut the door.
One night, Baumer and his friends find two live pigs. They put together a feast. Baumer cooks some kind of cakes. They smoke cigarettes and drink coffee from the officer's dump and then roast the pigs. The meal is very good, but the pig meat sticks to their bowels and makes them go to the bathroom all night.
As the war draws to its end in 1918, the Germans are suffering. The food is bad and the men must keep going to the bathroom. The Americans have joined the war and are pushing back all of the ground that the Germans gained. During this time, many of Baumer's classmates die.
At the end of the novel, Baumer dies. The day was so quiet that the field commander described the day as "all quiet on the Western Front."
Response
The book sold 2.9 million copies in 50 languages in eighteen months. It is published by Ballantine Books in 1929. This book and its sequel, The Road Back, were banned and burned in Nazi Germany. The film version won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1930.
1929 books
It's Only Love (Bryan Adams song)

"It's Only Love" is a hit rock duet recorded by Grammy Award winning singers Bryan Adams and Tina Turner. It was included on Bryan Adams' album Reckless and Tina Turner's live album Tina Live in Europe, as well as being added to both artists' greatest hits compilations: Adams' Anthology and Turner's All the Best. It reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. and number 29 in the UK. The 12" single included the 1985 live version that would later appear on the 1988 album Tina Live in Europe.
Charts
References
Bryan Adams songs
Tina Turner songs
1985 songs
Nazim Hussain Siddiqui

Nazim Hussain Siddiqui (Urdu: ; 30 June 1940 - 15 January 2022) was a Pakistani jurist. He was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, from 31 December 2003 to 29 June 2005.
He retired from service on 29 June 2005.
Siddiqui died on 15 January 2022 in Karachi, Pakistan at the age of 81.
References
1940 births
Chief Justices of Pakistan
2022 deaths
Appeal to Reason

Appeal to Reason is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against. After touring in support of their last album, The Sufferer & the Witness, Rise Against began to record Appeal to Reason in January 2008 at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. Recording and production were finished in June, and the album was released in North America on October 7, 2008. The album is the band's first release with current guitarist Zach Blair.
Appeal to Reason is Rise Against's highest-charting album, getting to number three on the Billboard 200 chart and selling 64,700 copies in its first week of release. It got mostly good reviews from critics. The album produced three singles: "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior".
Track listing
2008 albums
Punk albums
Rise Against albums
Moosinning

Moosinning is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Erding (district)
Frederick Ashton

Sir Frederick William Mallandaine Ashton (17 September 1904 - 18 August 1988) was a dancer and choreographer. He was the founder choreographer of The Royal Ballet.
Ballet dancers
British choreographers
1904 births
1988 deaths