Scottish Parliament

The Scottish Parliament (; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devolved national legislature of Scotland. It is in the capital city, Edinburgh. The Parliament is sometimes called "Holyrood".
The original Parliament of Scotland (or "Estates of Scotland") was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. It existed from the early 13th century until 1707. This was when the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Because of this, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London. This legislature merged with the Irish Parliament from 1801 to make the current Parliament of the United Kingdom.
In 1997 there was a referendum where the Scottish people voted for Scotland to have a Parliament again. The current Parliament was established by the Scotland Act 1998. The first meeting was on 12 May 1999.
The Parliament is a devolved assembly, which means that some powers have been kept by the UK Parliament. The issues which the Scottish Parliament can make laws about are called devolved matters. The issues which the UK Parliament must make laws about are called reserved matters. Some examples of devolved matters are health and social services, education and housing. Examples of reserved matters are foreign policy, immigration and the constitution of the Scottish Parliament.
There are 129 members known as Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) who are democratically elected. Members are elected for five-year terms. Most of the MSPs belong to political parties. Independent MSPs do not belong to a political party.
The number of MSPs from each party are:
Presiding Officer
The Presiding Officer is the Speaker of the Scottish Parliament and chairs the meetings. The Presiding Officer is an MSP elected to the role and cannot be bias towards one party.
List of Presiding Officers
David Steel (1999-2003)
George Reid (2003-2007)
Alex Fergusson (2007-2011)
Tricia Marwick (2011-2016)
Ken Macintosh (2016-2021)
Alison Johnstone (2021-present)
Notes
References
Balfour, A & McCrone, G (2005): "Creating a Scottish Parliament", StudioLR,
Burrows, N (1999): "Unfinished Business - The Scotland Act 1998", Modern Law Review, Vol. 62, No. 2 (March 1999), pp. 241-260
Centre for Scottish Public Policy (1999): "A Guide to the Scottish Parliament: The Shape of Things to Come", The Stationery Office Books",
Dardanelli, P (2005): "Between Two Unions: Europeanisation and Scottish Devolution", Manchester University Press,
Kingdom, J (1999): "Government and Politics in Britain, An Introduction", Polity,
MacLean, B (2005): "Getting It Together: Scottish Parliament", Luath Press Ltd,
McFadden, J & Lazarowicz, M (2003): "The Scottish Parliament: An Introduction", LexisNexis UK,
Murkens, E; Jones, P & Keating, M (2002): "Scottish Independence: A Practical Guide", Edinburgh University Press,
Taylor, Brian (1999): "The Scottish Parliament", Polygon, Edinburgh,
Taylor, Brian (2002): "The Scottish Parliament: The Road to Devolution", Edinburgh University Press,
Young, John R. (1996): "The Scottish Parliament, 1639-1661: A Political and Constitutional," Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers
Other websites
Official website
Scotland Act 1998
The Scottish Parliament Project, University of St Andrews
Holyrood Inquiry homepage
BBC News explanation of the powers of the Scottish Parliament
History of the Scottish Parliament (pdf)
Politics of Scotland
Unicameral legislatures