pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Clouded leopard

The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a rare cat species. It is a medium-sized felid, found from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China. It is 55 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighs between 15 and 23 kg (33 to 50 lb). It is classified as vulnerable in 2008 by IUCN. Its total population may be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals.
Clouded leopards hunt in trees as well as on the ground. Their prey are monkeys and birds. They are one of the few cats who are arboreal.
The genetic analysis of specimens of Neofelis nebulosa and its close relative Neofelis diardi suggests the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago. A group crossed a now submerged land bridge to Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia. And, the Sunda clouded leopard is different enough on the two large islands to be classed as two subspecies.
The split between the two subspecies corresponds roughly with the catastrophic eruption of the Toba supervolcano in Sumatra 69,000-77,000 years ago. A probable scenario is that Sunda clouded leopards from Borneo recolonized Sumatra during periods of low sea levels in the Pleistocene, and these were later separated from their source population by rising sea levels.
References
Felines
Mammals of Asia
Master's degree

A master's degree is the certificate that students get after they complete their bachelor's degree and continue to study in a university in some specific field. In other words, a person must first get a bachelor's degree before they can get a master's degree. People with this degree are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they had studied, as compared to those who only get a bachelor's degree. There has recently been an increase in programs leading to these degrees in the United States. More than twice as many such degrees are now awarded, as compared to the 1970s. In Europe, most countries offer master's degrees in all fields.
Related pages
Graduate school
Academic degrees
Jean-Paul Rappeneau

Jean-Paul Rappeneau (born 8 April 1932) is a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Auxerre, Yonne, France. His career began in 1960. The first movie he wrote and directed was A Matter of Resistance in 1965. He began writing only for his movies with Le Sauvage in 1975. He is known for his 1990 movie Cyrano de Bergerac.
References
Other websites
1932 births
Living people
French movie directors
French screenwriters
Bilabial ejective stop

The bilabial ejective stop is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English and is a very rare sound.
Consonants
Brot-Plamboz

Brot-Plamboz is a municipality of the district Le Locle in the canton of Neuchatel in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Neuchatel
Robert Biancucci

Robert Biancucci is an Australian athlete with a disability. At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, he won a gold medal in the Men's 800 m C8 race, a silver medal in the Men's 400 m C8 race, and a bronze medal in the Men's 200 m C8 race. He competed but did not win any medals at the 1992 Summer Paralympics.
References
Australian athletes
Australian Paralympic gold medalists
Australian Paralympic silver medalists
Australian Paralympic bronze medalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
1988 Summer Paralympics
1992 Summer Paralympics
Photonics

Photonics is the science of and technology using photons, the fundamental particle of light. The word's etymology comes from the Greek word "phos", meaning light, and the suffix "-ics", meaning 'matters relevant to'. The etymology is similar to that of the field of Electronics, in which electrons are the main physical particle used in the science and technology.
Photonics technologies respond to the needs of humankind by providing access to information, promoting sustainable development, and increasing societal health and well-being. It has many applications across medicine, communications, entertainment and culture. In recognition of this, UNESCO proclaimed 2015 the International Year of Light and since 2018, 16 May the International Day of Light.
References
Light
Young–Laplace equation

In physics, the Young-Laplace equation () is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the capillary pressure difference across the interface between two static fluids, such as water and air. This difference is due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension. Wall tension can only be used for very thin walls. The Young-Laplace equation relates the pressure difference to the shape of the surface or wall. It is very important in the study of static capillary surfaces.
In physiology it is known as Laplace's law. It is used to describe the pressure inside hollow organs.
The equation is named after Thomas Young, who developed the qualitative theory of surface tension in 1805, and Pierre-Simon Laplace who completed the mathematical description in the following year. It is sometimes also called the Young-Laplace-Gauss equation: Carl Friedrich Gauss unified the work of Young and Laplace in 1830. Gauss derived both the differential equation and boundary conditions using Johann Bernoulli's virtual work principles.
References
Equations of physics
Thomas Menino

Thomas Michael Menino (December 27, 1942 - October 30, 2014) was an American politician. He served as the 53rd Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts (1993-2014). He was the city's longest-serving mayor. Before becoming mayor, the Boston native was a member and President of Boston City Council.
Menino died in Boston, Massachusetts from cancer of unknown primary origin, aged 71.
References
Other websites
Biography at City of Boston website
CityMayors profile
1942 births
2014 deaths
Mayors of Boston
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Franco Acosta

Franco Acosta Machado (5 March 1996 - 6 March 2021) was a Uruguayan professional footballer who played as a striker.
Acosta joined Centro Atletico Fenix's youth setup in 2009, aged 13. On 23 November 2013, he made his first team debut.
On 19 January 2015, he signed a -year contract with Villarreal CF, being assigned to the reserves in Segunda Division B.
On 15 January 2018, Acosta joined Segunda Division B team Racing de Santander on loan until the end of the season. Acosta was then loaned out to Plaza Colonia for the 2019 season.
On 6 March 2021, a day after his 25th birthday, Acosta disappeared after swimming across the Arroyo Pando, in the Department of Canelones, Uruguay. Two days later, on 8 March 2021, his body was found. He was declared dead at the scene.
References
1996 births
Accidental deaths by drowning
Footballers from Montevideo
2021 deaths
Sami Callihan

Sam Johnston (born September 1, 1987) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for the WWE under the ring name, Sami Callihan.
He has also competed for Combat Zone Wrestling, Dragon Gate USA, EVOLVE Wrestling, Ring of Honor, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla, Fight Club: Pro, Pro Wrestling Syndicate, WXW Germany, IPW-UK, Big Japan Pro Wrestling, and AAW.
On May 27, 2013, Dragon Gate USA confirmed that Johnston had signed with WWE. On December 6, he debuted under an evil hacker gimmick, where he used a tablet computer to take control of the lights in the arena, and attacked Kalisto.
Championships
Absolute Intense Wrestling
AIW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Matt Riot)
Combat Zone Wrestling
CZW Iron Man/New Horror Championship (one time)
CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship (one time)
CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship (two times)
Chri$ Ca$h Memorial Battle Royal (2008)
CZW Best of the Best XI (2012)
Full Impact Pro
Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup (2010)
Insanity Pro Wrestling
IPW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
IPW Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
International Wrestling Cartel
IWC Super Indy Championship (one time)
Super Indy XI (2012)
Jersey All Pro Wrestling
JAPW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Chris Dickinson)
Maryland Championship Wrestling
Shamrock Cup (2011)
NWA Force One Pro Wrestling
NWA Force 1 Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #52 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012.
Pro Wrestling Syndicate
PWS Heavyweight Champion (one time)
Westside Xtreme Wrestling
wXw World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jon Moxley)
16 Carat Gold Tournament (2011)
References
Other websites
Official website
CZW profile
1987 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Ohio
WWE wrestlers
Kelvin Grove State College

Kelvin Grove state college is a state college in Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
References
Colleges and universities in Australia
Roger Roberts, Baron Roberts of Llandudno

John Roger Roberts, Baron Roberts of Llandudno (born 23 October 1935), is a Welsh Liberal Democrat politician, Methodist minister, and life peer. He was for many years President of the Welsh Liberals, and later, the Welsh Liberal Democrats. In 2004, he became a member of the House of Lords.
References
1935 births
Living people
Welsh politicians
Wohl Rose Park

Wohl Rose Park (, ) is a public garden on the Presidential Hill in Givat Ram, central Jerusalem, Israel. The garden includes lawns, hills, and quarries. There is an ornamental pond with aquatic plants and fish. The garden also has a waterfall, rockeries, sculptures, and a sixth-century mosaic floor. The floor was unearthed at Kibbutz Sde Nahum. The garden was opened in 1981.
Over 400 varieties of roses are grown there. Many of them are gifts from countries around the world. The Wohl Rose Park covers . It is one of the few rose parks of its kind in the Middle East, where there is no rainfall in summer. The park's Garden of Nations is made up of sections donated by other countries. Each section has rose varieties characteristic of, or grown in, the respective country. The park also has an experimental section. This is where new varieties of roses are tested for their suitability for public and private gardens in Israel. It is Jerusalem's official reception area for visiting guests of state and dignitaries.
Related pages
List of botanical gardens
References
Other websites
Wohl Rose Park in the "Jerusalem City Hall" website
Jerusalem
Botanical gardens in Israel
Roses
Gergely Karácsony

Gergely Szilveszter Karacsony (; born 11 June 1975) is a Hungarian politician and political scientist. He became Mayor of Budapest in 2019. He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) from 2010 to 2014 and Mayor of Zuglo from 2014 to 2019.
1975 births
Living people
Hungarian mayors
Politicians from Budapest
Enrique Morea

Enrique Jorge Morea (11 April 1924 - 15 March 2017) was an Argentine tennis player. He was born in Buenos Aires.
Morea won the mixed doubles title of the 1950 French Championships. He also won two Gold medals at the inaugural men's tennis competition at the 1951 Pan American Games. Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph ranked Morea as World No. 10 in 1953 and 1954.
Until his death, Morea was the honorary president of the Asociacion Argentina de Tenis (AAT).
Morea died in Buenos Aires from natural causes on 15 March 2017, aged 92.
References
1924 births
2017 deaths
Argentine tennis players
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires
Turnir (console)

Turnir is a home video game console. It was released in 1978 only in the Soviet Union. It was sold for 150 Russian ruble in 1978 and 96 Russian ruble in the end of the 1990s.
Games
tennis
skvosh
khokkei
References
Video game consoles
Irina Vorobieva

Irina Nikolayevna Vorobieva (; June 30, 1958 - April 12, 2022) was a Russian pair skater. She competed for the Soviet Union. She and Igor Lisovsky were the 1981 World champions and the 1981 European champions. They were married. She came in 4th at the 1976 Olympics. Vorobieva was born in Leningrad, Soviet Union.
Vorobieva died on April 12, 2022 in Colorado Springs, Colorado at the age of 63.
References
1958 births
2022 deaths
Russian figure skaters
Competitors at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Robert Tiernan

Robert Owens Tiernan (February 24, 1929 - October 15, 2014) is an American lawyer and politician. He was from Rhode Island. He served in the Rhode Island State Senate. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives. Tiernan was born in Providence, Rhode Island.
Tiernan died in South Kingstown, Rhode Island on October 15, 2014, aged 85.
References
1929 births
2014 deaths
Lawyers from Rhode Island
Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island
United States representatives from Rhode Island
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Other People's Money

Other People's Money is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a successful corporate raider, Lawrence Garfield, who has become rich buying companies and selling their assets. Garfield has just decided on New England Wire and Cable as his next focus. The company is run by Andrew Jorgensen. Danny DeVito plays the raider, Lawrence Garfield. Piper Laurie plays Bea Sullivan. Penelope Ann Miller plays the lawyer Kate. The movie was released by Warner Bros.
It was released October 18, 1991. Reviews were mixed.
Other websites
1991 comedy-drama movies
1991 romantic comedy movies
1991 romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies directed by Norman Jewison
Flag of Guyana

The flag of Guyana was created in 1966. It is also known as The Golden Arrowhead.
Appearance
It has a green field with the black-fimbriated red isosceles triangle based on the hoist-side superimposed on the larger white-fimbriated golden triangle, also based on the hoist-side, pointed toward the fly-side.
Guyana
National symbols of Guyana
Hörby

Horby is an urban area in the county of Scania in Sweden. It is the seat of Horby Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Skane County
Hoopeston, Illinois

Hoopeston is a city in Illinois in the United States.
Cities in Illinois
Tom Pyatt

Thomas Cullum Pyatt (born February 14, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre that played for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Montreal Canadiens and Tampa Bay Lightning. He has also played for the Montreal Canadiens from 2009 to 2011. He is the son of former NHL player Nelson Pyatt and brother of New York Rangers forward Taylor Pyatt.
Career statistics
References
Other websites
1987 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
ECHL players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Ontario Hockey League players
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Swedish Hockey League players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Utica Comets players
Edgartown, Massachusetts

Edgartown is a town in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. It is on Martha's Vineyard. It is the county seat of Dukes County.
At the 2010 census, 4,067 people lived in Edgartown.
References
Towns in Massachusetts
County seats in Massachusetts
Lucy Hope

Lucy Hope is a swimmer from Scotland. Hope competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics. She was born on 30 January 1997.
References
Other websites
1997 births
Living people
Scottish swimmers
British Olympians
Hydrophis ornatus

Ornate Reef seasnake (Hydrophis ornatus) is a species of sea snake.
References
Reptiles of Pakistan
Elapidae
Snakes of Asia
Ridgefield, Connecticut

Ridgefield is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It had a population of 25,033 at the 2020 census.
References
Towns in Connecticut
REN21

REN21, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, is an organization which provides a forum for international leadership in renewable energy policy, in order to promote the rapid growth of renewable energy technologies in developing countries and industrialised economies.
The network was launched in June 2005 as a result of discussion held the previous year at the International Conference for Renewable Energies in Bonn, Germany. Its secretariat operates from offices in Paris, France, and is provided by the United Nations Environment Programme and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Technical Cooperation), in collaboration with the International Energy Agency.
REN21 has produced a number of internationally recognised reports on renewable energy policy and the development of the renewables marketplace. Since 2005 REN21 has produced an annual Renewables Global Status Report, with Eric Martinot and Janet Sawin as lead authors.
Energy
Key Largo, Florida

Key Largo is a census-designated place in the Florida Keys. It is on Key Largo. The name comes from the Spanish Cayo Largo, or "long cay".
People
In 2000, about 11,886 people lived here.
Census-designated places in Florida
You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'

"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" is a 1964 song by The Righteous Brothers. The record was a commercial success on its release and topped the single charts in the United States, the United Kingdom and Ireland. It went on to be covered by Cilla Black, Dionne Warwick, Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway, Long John Baldry and Hall & Oates.
References
1964 songs
The Righteous Brothers songs
The Beach Boys songs
Cilla Black songs
Dionne Warwick songs
Roberta Flack songs
Donny Hathaway songs
Carroll Baker songs
Westlife songs
Hall & Oates songs
Long John Baldry songs
Johnny Logan (singer) songs
Joan Baez songs
The Human League songs
Elvis Presley songs
Nancy Sinatra songs
Isaac Hayes songs
Blue-eyed soul songs
Richard of Chichester

Richard of Chichester, also known as Saint Richard, was a Bishop from Wales. He died in 1253 and was declared a saint by the Church in 1262.
Early life
Richard was born in Chichester, Wales in the year 1197. When his parents died his older brother inherited the land. But he wasn't old enough to be allowed to run it and by the time he was old enough he couldn't afford the inheritance tax. So Richard ended up working for him on his farm. Richard had an arranged marriage to a woman that he didn't want to marry. So he left the estate to study at the University of Oxford. In 1235, Richard became the chancellor of Oxford.
Later life
In 1237, Richard's tutor Edmund of Abingdon became the Archbishop of Canterbury. He appointed Richard as priest of Canterbury. Edmund wanted the Pope to have more power than the king so King Henry III of England exiled him to France. Richard went to France to join him.
In 1240, Edmund died. In 1242, Richard came back to England after studying theology with the Dominican Order. In 1244, Richard was elected Bishop of Chichester but King Henry III refused to accept that he was so Pope Innocent IV appointed Richard Bishop of Lyons in 1245. When Richard came back to Chichester in 1247, King Henry made it against the law for anyone to give Richard any food or let him into any house. Richard was known for wanting a crusade.
Richard died in 1253 in Dover.
Bishops
Reuthe

Reuthe is a municipality in Bregenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. Tourism is the main business.
References
Settlements in Vorarlberg
Tonsil

The tonsils are areas of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. An infection of the tonsils is called tonsillitis or tonsilitis. Most commonly, the term "tonsils" refers to the palatine tonsils that can be seen in the back of the throat.
Like other organs of the lymphatic system, the tonsils act as part of the immune system to help protect against infection. In particular, they are believed to be involved in helping fight off pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract infections.
Head (body part)
Arcsecond

An arcsecond (second of arc), represented by the symbol , is a unit of angle used in mathematics and astronomy. An arcsecond is 1/60th of an arcminute (minute of arc), which in turn is 1/60th of a degree. Therefore, an arcsecond is equal to 1/3600th of a degree, meaning that there are 360 x 60 x 60 = 1,296,000 arcseconds in a full circle.
Related pages
Radian
References
Angles
Steve Hickner

Steve Hickner is an American animator and director who directed Bee Movie and The Prince of Egypt.
References
American movie directors
American animators
Living people
American bison

The American bison (also called American buffalo or just buffalo) is a species of bison, a bovine mammal. The name "buffalo" is a misnomer, because the bison is only distantly related to the water buffalo and the African buffalo.
Bison are a keystone species. Their staple foods are grasses and sedges. They once roamed the North American continent in great herds, and their grazing helped shape the ecology of the Great Plains. The bisons has a large head with relatively small, curving horns. Its dark brown coat is long and shaggy on the forequarters, including the front legs, neck, and shoulders, while the rest of the body has shorter, finer hair.
American bison live in river valleys, and on prairies and plains. Typical habitat is open or semi-open grassland, as well as sagebrush, semi-arid lands and scrublands. Bison will also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep. Though not particularly known as high altitude animals, bison in the Yellowstone Park are frequently found at elevations above and the Henry Mountains bison herd is found on the plains around the Henry Mountains, Utah, as well as in mountain valleys of the Henry Mountains to an altitude of .
Although bison once roamed across North America, they are now ecologically extinct over most of their historic range. They live on in a few national parks and other small wildlife areas.
There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by 1890, only 1,000 bison were left. Through conservation efforts, there are now more American bison than there used to be, but still far fewer than there were before the 1800s.
The American bison is often used in North America in official seals, flags, and logos. In 2016, the American bison became the national mammal of the United States.
As livestock
Bisons have been used as livestock. They are known for having cattle-like meats, but it is leaner and slightly sweeter than beef.
The beefalo
Main article: Beefalo
They can interbreed with cattle to make a hybrid known as the beefalo.
References
Bovines
Symbols of the United States
Symbols of Oklahoma
Symbols of Kansas
Mammals of North America
Jafar ibn Muhammad

Jafar ibn Muhammad (; 702-765), also known as As-Sadiq (The Truthful) was the sixth Shia imam. He was the grandson of Zayn al-Abidin and the descendent of Ali ibn Abi Talib on the side of his father and Abu Bakr on the side of his mother. He is highly respected among both the Sunnis and the Shias. He was a spiritual person, hadith teller and a jurist.
After the death of Jafar ibn Muhammad, division occurred among Shias on the question of next Imam. Some said that his eldest son, Ismail ibn Jaffar (who had died before his father) to be the next imam, while the majority of Shiites said that his third son Musa al Qazim should be the next imam. The first group became known as the Ismailis and the second, larger group was named Jafari or the Twelvers.
References
Imams
History of Islam
700s births
765 deaths
River Falls, Wisconsin

River Falls is a city in Pierce and St. Croix counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is located mostly within the Town of River Falls in Pierce County. A small part lies within the Town of Kinnickinnic in St. Croix County. River Falls is the most populous city in Pierce county. The population was 15,000 at the 2010 census. It is divided by 11,851 living in Pierce County, and 3,149 in St. Croix County. It is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. River Falls is the home of the University of Wisconsin-River Falls.
References
Cities in Wisconsin
Quœux-Haut-Maînil

Quoeux-Haut-Mainil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Lavoine

Lavoine is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Paul Reinecke

Paul Heinrich Adalbert Reinecke (September 25, 1872 - May 12, 1958) was a German prehistorian and archaeologist.
Life and work
Reinecke was born in Berlin. He studied medicine and science under Rudolf Virchow (1821-1903). Interested in prehistory, he also attended classes with the anthropologist Johannes Ranke (1836-1916) and the archaeologist Adolf Furtwangler (1853-1907). During his studies, in 1893, Reinecke led an extensive study trip through Austria and Hungary.
After graduating in 1897, he worked until 1908 at the Romano-Germanic Central Museum (Mainz), and later at the Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection (Die Kunstdenkmaler von Bayern).
Until his death in 1958, he worked on almost all periods of European prehistory and early history, in particular on the chronology of the European Bronze Age and Iron Age. The names Michelsberg culture (1908) and the Altheim culture (1915) as well as the periodization of the Hallstatt culture go back to him. Particularly important are his contributions in Volume V of the "Antiquities of our pagan past" (Alterthumer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit), where he developed, a chronology system, based on an historical analysis of stylistic features and on typological characteristics, that has essentially retained its validity to this day. Reinecke died in Herrsching, Bavaria.
Awards
1942: Goethe Medal for Art and Science
1953: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grosses Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland).
1872 births
1958 deaths
Scientists from Berlin
German archaeologists
Gavyn Farr Arthur

His Honour Judge Sir Gavyn Farr Arthur KStJ GCFO (13 September 1951 - 16 May 2016) was a British judge. He served as the 675th Lord Mayor from 2002 to 2003. He served as Alderman for the Ward of Cripplegate in the City from his election in 1991 until 2005.
Arthur died from a heart attack in London on 16 May 2016, aged 64.
References
1951 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British judges
British lawyers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deputy mayors
Mayors of London
People educated at Harrow School
Politicians from London
Jonesboro, Louisiana

Jonesboro is the parish seat of Jackson Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the largest town in Jackson Parish.
References
Parish seats in Louisiana
Towns in Jackson Parish, Louisiana
Zufikon

Zufikon is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Aargau
Caselette

Caselette is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Water organ

The water organ or hydraulic organ is a kind of pipe organ. As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall.
A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water. It was invented in the 3rd century B.C., probably by the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was the world's first keyboard instrument. Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ.
The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes. Two perforated 'splash plates' or 'diaphragms' stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes.
The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters. It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached. To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again.
During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs. The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli. It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall. It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard.
Musical instruments
Miami County, Ohio

Miami County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 108,774. Its county seat is Troy. The county is named for an Indian word of disputed meaning.
References
1800s establishments in Ohio
1807 establishments in the United States
Ohio counties
Rudolf Hess

Rudolf Walter Richard Hess (Hess in German) (26 April 1894 - 17 August 1987) was a high ranking Nazi leader, and one of Adolf Hitler's closest men. He was the third man after Hermann Goring in the Third Reich from 1933 to 1941.
Early life
Rudolf Hess was born in Alexandria, Egypt, but moved back to Germany in 1908.
He joined the army in World War I and was trained as a pilot.
In 1920 he joined the Nazi Party and in 1922 he also became a member of the SA.
He flew to Scotland during World War II in 1941 and was arrested. After the war he was tried at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946 and sentenced to life imprisonment.
He died in the Allied Military Prison, Spandau, Berlin in 1987. Since 1966 he had been the only prisoner. His death was caused by a strangulation using an electrical cord; officials recorded it as a suicide.
References
1894 births
1987 deaths
Criminals who committed suicide
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Nazis who committed suicide
People from Alexandria
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Politicians who committed suicide
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in Germany
Occultists
German Lutherans
David Fanshawe

David Fanshawe (born 19 April 1942 in Devon, England; died 5 July 2010) was an English composer and explorer. He wrote a large amount of music, especially for television programmes. His best-known composition is a choral work called African Sanctus.
Life
Fanshawe went to school at St George's School, Windsor Castle and Stowe School. He started his career as a musician and producer for documentary films. He studied composition at the Royal College of Music. He became known for the music he wrote for films and TV. In 1970 he performed Salaams in the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London. This was a work based on the rhythms of pearl divers in Bahrain.
He spent several years travelling to many parts of the world collecting recordings of people singing their own traditional music. He travelled to the Middle East, then to Africa and to islands of the Pacific Ocean. In all these places he had to get to know the people and get them to trust him so that they would let him record their music.
His African Sanctus was a result of his trip down the Nile. It combines recordings he made there with a choir and orchestra singing. It has been performed thousands of times all over the world.
Fanshawe died on 5 July 2010.
References
Other websites
composer's website
African Sanctus website
1942 births
2010 deaths
English composers
World music
F91 Dudelange

F91 Dudelange, is a Luxembourgish football club based in Dudelange. They play in the Luxembourg National Division. It was formed in 1991 as a merger between three teams (Alliance Dudelange, Stade Dudelange and US Dudelange).
Honours
Domestic
Leagues
Luxembourg National Division
Winners (14):2000-01, 2001-02, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19
Runners-up (6): 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2009-10, 2012-13
Cups
Luxembourg Cup
Winners (8): 2003-04, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2008-09, 2011-12, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2018-19
Runners-up (6): 1992-93, 1993-94, 2001-02, 2010-11, 2013-14, 2014-15
European record
Overview
Matches
Notes
QR: Qualifying round
1Q: First qualifying round
2Q: Second qualifying round
3Q: Third qualifying round
PO: Play-off round
A After extra time.
Current squad
Managers
Philippe Guerard (1 July 1994 - Sept 25, 1994)
Benny Reiter (1 July 1996 - 1 Dec 1997)
Angelo Fiorucci (1 July 1998 - 30 June 2000)
Carlo Weis (1 July 2000 - Sept 24, 2003)
Roger Lutz (25 Oct 2003 - 30 June 2004)
Michel Leflochmoan (1 July 2004 - 30 June 2009)
Marc Grosjean (1 July 2009 - 10 June 2011)
Claude Origer (caretaker) (15 Aug 2009 - 31 Dec 2009)
Dan Theis (13 June 2011 - 17 Oct 2011)
Ralph Pinatti Stange (caretaker) (18 Oct 2011 - 25 Nov 2011)
Didier Philippe (25 Oct 2011 - 13 Nov 2012)
Patrick Hesse (16 Nov 2012 - 30 May 2013)
Pascal Carzaniga (1 July 2013 - 28 May 2014)
Sebastien Grandjean (1 July 2014 - 30 June 2015)
Michel Leflochmoan (1 July 2015 - 30 June 2016)
Dino Toppmoller (1 July 2016 - 30 June 2019)
Emilio Ferrera (1 July 2019 - 17 September 2019 )
Bertrand Crasson (17 September 2019 - 7 May 2020 )
References
Other websites
F91 Dudelange official website
1991 establishments in Europe
Football in Luxembourg
European football clubs
Organizations based in Luxembourg
Mequinenza

Mequinenza (Aragonese and ) or Mequinensa () is a town and city in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.
References
Other websites
Mequinenza City Council
Museums of Mequinenza
Mequinenza Tourism
Aragon Tourism - Mequinenza
Cities in Aragon
Municipalities in Aragon
Parliamentarian of the United States Senate

The Parliamentarian of the United States Senate is the official advisor to the United States Senate. Their job is to talk about and protect the original meaning of the Standing Rules of the United States Senate and parliamentary procedure.
List of Parliamentarians
The following have served as Senate Parliamentarian:
References
Pomeranian Voivodeship

Pomeranian Voivodeship is a voivodeship, or province, in northwestern Poland. The provincial capital is Gdansk.
The voivodeship was made on January 1, 1999, out of the former voivodeships of Gdansk, Elblag and Slupsk.
There are two national parks in Pomerania: Slowinski National Park and Tuchola Forest National Park.
1999 establishments in Poland
Voivodeships of Poland
Kal Bhairab Temple, Brahmanbaria

Kal Bhairab Temple is a Hindu temple, dedicated to the god Shiva, in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh. The temple is famous for the large linga. It is supposed to be the largest in the world. The goddess Kali is also worshipped there.
History
The temple dates back to the 19th century. It was damaged by Pakistani soldiers during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
References
Hindu temples in Bangladesh
Stages (song)

"Stages" is a 1986 song by ZZ Top and is the second single from their ninth studio album Afterburner. It went to number 21 in the United States, number 43 in the United Kingdom, number 23 in Ireland, number 40 in New Zealand, number 63 in Australia and number 42 in Canada.
Formats and track listings
7-inch single (United States)
"Stages" - 3:32
"Can't Stop Rockin'" - 3:01
12-inch single (United States)
"Stages" (extended version) - 5:05
"Stages" - 3:32
"Hi Fi Mama" - 2:22
References
1986 songs
ZZ Top songs
Hard rock songs
Harold Kelley

Harold Kelley (February 16, 1921 - January 29, 2003) was an American social psychologist. He was born in Boise, Idaho. He was professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. His major works were the development of interdependence theory (with John Thibaut). A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Kelley as the 43rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
References
1921 births
2003 deaths
American psychologists
People from Boise, Idaho
Scientists from Idaho
Scientists from Los Angeles
Educators from Idaho
Educators from Los Angeles
Rhenen

Rhenen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 20,004 people lived there.
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Utrecht (province)
Municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Rufous treepie

The rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) is a species of bird in the Corvidae (crow) family. The rufous treepie is native to the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining parts of Southeast Asia from Pakistan to Vietnam. Woodland, forest edges and gardens are the habitat of this species. It feeds on various fruits, insects and carrion.
Distribution and subspecies
The rufous treepie builds its nest 6-8 meters above the ground in trees. Both male and female take turns breeding and feeding the young. There are usually 3-5 eggs laid. After the young have hatched, the remain with their parents for several months. Rufous treepies form pair bonds for life.
The species was first described in 1790 by John Latham. A previous description as "Dendrocitta rufa" is not valid. It belongs to the Treepie genus Dendrocitta which is Southeast Asian in distribution. According to ornithologist Derek Goodwin, the rufous treepie may be closely allied to the hooded treepie (D. frontalis). There are eight recognized subspecies.
There are no estimates for the population of this species. It is common throughout its range, but rare in Vietnam.
Description
The Rufous Treepie is shorter and smaller than the European magpie. The head, neck and breast are grey, although sometimes they are slightly brown. The underparts and lower back are orange-brown. The tail is a light blue color with a black tip. The bill, legs and feet are black.
Sources
Literature
Salim Ali, S. Dillon Ripley: Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5: Larks to the Grey Hypocolius. Oxford University Press, London 1972.
Joseph del Hoyo, Andrew Elliot, David Christie (Hrsg.): Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2009, .
References
Corvids
Birds of India
Birds of Asia
Penny Vincenzi

Penelope Vincenzi (, 10 April 1939 - 25 February 2018) was a British novelist. She was born in Bournemouth, England.
She wrote 17 novels and 2 collections of stories. Her sales by 2014 amounted to over 7 million copies.
She started work for the Daily Mirror as a secretary, and after a year was working for Marjorie Proops, she knowing of her journalistic ambitions, let her help with research and small tasks.
Vincenzi was also a fashion journalist, she worked for various publications, including the Daily Mirror and Vogue.
Vincenzi died on 25 February 2018, aged 78.
References
1939 births
2018 deaths
British novelists
British writers
People from Bournemouth
Éverton Ribeiro

Everton Augusto de Barros Ribeiro (born 10 April 1989), known as Everton Ribeiro, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Emirati club Al-Ahli, and the Brazil national football team.
Formed at Corinthians, after a loan at Sao Caetano he was sold to Coritiba in 2011, winning the Campeonato Paranaense in both of his seasons. He also won Serie A twice at Cruzeiro, being voted the best player of each season, and joined Al-Ahli for EUR15 million in 2014.
A full international since 2014, Ribeiro repesented Brazil at the 2015 Copa America.
1989 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Jacques Drouin

Jacques Drouin (; 28 May 1943 - 28 August 2021) was a Canadian animator and director. He was most known for his pinscreen animation. Drouin was born in Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada. His best known work was Mindscape/Le paysagiste.
Drouin died on 28 August 2021 at the age of 78.
References
Other websites
1943 births
2021 deaths
Canadian animators
Canadian movie directors
People from Quebec
Sigma Software

Sigma Software is a Swedish-Ukrainian software company. The company is on the list of TOP-20 largest IT companies in Ukraine. Sigma Software is a member of the European Business Association.
History
Sigma Software was founded in 2002 in Kharkiv, Ukraine as Eclipse Software Programming (Eclipse SP). In 2007, Eclipse SP joined the Swedish company Sigma AB. In 2011, the company was renamed Sigma Ukraine, and in 2014 - to Sigma Software. In 2011-2019, Sigma Software organized NETwork conferences.
References
2002 establishments in Europe
Technology companies of Europe
Tank

A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle, typically armed with a large cannon mounted on a turret and a few machine guns.
A tank is covered in thick armour to protect it from enemy weapons. Tanks have tracks that wrap around its wheels to spread out its weight and let it cross rough ground. Most tanks have a powerful gun and one or more machine guns.
A tank's crew is normally 3-5 with at least a driver, commander and gunner. There may also be a loader, who handles the ammunition for the main gun (so the gunner doesn't have to take eyes off the target). Some WWII tanks also had a separate soldier responsible for the radio. Since then, tank crews have evolved to have each person do one of these things, but in their early stages, the commander was often the loader and radio operator, and in a few tanks was also the driver.
Using
The first tanks were made by the British Royal Navy and French car manufacturers during World War I as a way of attacking enemy trenches. They were called tanks to trick the Germans into thinking they were water carriers for the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. Their use in a surprise attack in the Battle of the Somme caused fear among the German soldiers but their small numbers and poor reliability prevented them from making much difference.
Tanks became a main weapon during World War II, when the German Army introduced a way of using them called blitzkrieg. Battles between great numbers of tanks were fought, especially between the Germans and the Soviet Union. The Battle of Kursk was the biggest. Well-known World War II tanks were the German Panzer IV, Panther and Tiger I, Soviet T-34 (produced in the largest numbers of any tank of the war and second most ever), British Matilda, Churchill and Cromwell, and American M4 sherman (second most produced tank of the war) and Stuart tanks. There had also been plans for much larger and more heavily armoured tanks such as the Maus but these were determined to be of little use due to their huge weight, which would have made moving them very difficult, and the huge size, which would have made them easy targets for heavy artillery.
Old tanks are often modified for other uses like carrying soldiers or equipment. Combat engineers use special tank-based vehicles, for example minesweeper tanks or bridge-layer tanks.
The tank is a major part of all large armies today. Tanks have replaced the cavalry everywhere and do the things that soldiers on horseback did in the past. Most modern tanks are of the heavy or Main Battle Tank type, able to fight other tanks. Compared to older types MBTs are very heavy (Russian MBTS being about 40 tons and Western around 60 tons) with a 120 mm (Western) and 125 mm (Russian) calibre cannon and 2-3 machine guns. Marines and other specialized forces also use some light tanks.
Related pages
Anti-tank gun
Military vehicle#Combat vehicles
Other websites
Tanks
Army
Cottage Grove, Minnesota

Cottage Grove is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States.
Cities in Minnesota
New Palestine, Indiana

New Palestine (pronounced PAL-es-teen) is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,055.
References
Towns in Indiana
İsmail Hakkı Karadayı

Ismail Hakki Karadayi (1932 - 26 May 2020) was a Turkish general and politician. He became the 20th Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces on 30 August 1993. Between 1994 and 1998, he was the 22nd Chief of the Turkish General Staff. He was born in Cankiri, Turkey.
On 13 April 2018, a Turkish court sentenced him to life imprisonment for his role in the 1997 Turkish military memorandum.
Karadayi died on 26 May 2020 in Istanbul of multiple organ failure, aged 87-88.
References
1932 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Turkish politicians
Turkish generals
Antonios Naguib

Antonios I Naguib (in Arabic 'nTwnyws l'wl njyb; 18 March 1935 - 28 March 2022) was an Egyptian cardinal. He was the Coptic Catholic Patriarch emeritus of Alexandria from 2006 until 2013. He was also the Bishop of Minya from 1977 until 2002.
Naguib died on 28 March 2022 in Cairo, Egypt at the age of 87.
References
1935 births
2022 deaths
People from Alexandria
Eastern Catholic bishops
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
The Notorious K.I.M.

The Notorious K.I.M. is the second studio album by rapper Lil' Kim; released on June 27, 2000. It debuted at number four on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart. The album was Kim's second album to be certified platinum. The name of the album also payed homage to Kim's mentor and friend rapper The Notorious B.I.G. who had been shot dead three years before her album was released.
Track listing
Sample credits
"How Many Licks?" contains a sample from the main theme to Knight Rider.
"Custom Made (Give It to You)" contains a sample of Lil Louis's "French Kiss".
"Who's Number One?" contains a sample of Eddie Kendricks's "Keep on Truckin'".
"Suck My Dick" contains excerpts and a sample of The Notorious B.I.G.'s "Me & My Bitch".
"Single Black Female" contains a sample of Sade's "The Sweetest Taboo".
"No Matter What They Say" contains a sample of Eric B. & Rakim's "I Know I Got Soul", Special Ed's "I Got It Made", The Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight", Brandy's "Top of the World".
"She Don't Love You" contains an interpolation of "Betcha She Don't Love You".
"Don't Mess with Me" contains a sample of Pat Benatar's "Heartbreaker".
"Notorious K.I.M." contains a sample of The Notorious B.I.G.'s "Goin Back to Cali".
"Off the Wall" samples "Beat Box" by The Art of Noise.
"Right Now" contains interpolation of "Tom's Diner" written by Suzanne Vega and sample of Vaughn Mason's "Break for Love".
"Hold On" contains a sample of Willie Hutch's "Baby Come Home".
Leftover tracks
"Diamonds" (featuring Kelly Price)
"The Queen" (featuring Puff Daddy)
"Good Time" (featuring Lil' Cease)
"Nobody Do It Better Than Us"
"Make No Sense" (featuring Tanya Stephens)
"Bad Girl" (featuring RuPaul)
Charts and certifications
Chart
Certifications
Album credits
Executive Producers - Sean "Puffy" Combs & Kimberly "Lil' Kim" Jones
Associate Executive Producers - Damion "D-Roc" Butler & Hillary Weston
Mastered at - Sterling Sound, NYC by Chris Athens
A&R Direction - Hillary Weston
Project Coordinator - Jamel "Mann" Jackson
Product Management - Joi L. Brown
Photography - David LaChapelle
Art Direction & Design - Lynn Kowalewski
Hair - Dione Alexander
Make-Up - Nzingha Gumbs
Stylist - Misa Hylton-Brim
Assistant Stylists - Lonnie Barnes & Melinda David
Jewelry provided by - Jacob the Jeweler
Album Pro-Tools Engineering - Jimmie Lee Patterson, Marc Pfafflin, Ben Allen, Roger Che, Steven Dent & Michael Patterson
Album Assistant Engineers - Lynn Montrose & Dominick Mancuso
References
2000 albums
Hip hop albums
Crayfish

Crayfish are crustaceans that are also known as crawdads, crawfish, and freshwater lobsters. they are closely related to lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. There are about 150 crayfish species in North America, and over 540 species worldwide.
Most live in freshwater habitats such as rivers.
Anatomy
The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty body segments. They are grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Each segment may have one pair of appendages. In some groups these may be reduced or missing. On average, crayfish grow to in length, but some grow larger. Walking legs have a small claw at the end.
Habitat
Crayfish live in streams, rivers, swamps, ponds, and other freshwater habitats. Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments. The semi-aquatic crayfish burrow into the soil to get to water (so that they can breathe).
Some can also be put in private aquarium to be used as pets
Diet
Crayfish are omnivores; they eat plants, animals, and decaying organisms. They are nocturnal (most active at night) and eat fish, shrimp, water plants, worms, insects, snails, and plankton. Larval crayfish are very tiny; they eat plankton.
Name
Crayfish might be sometimes be called crawfish in parts of the U.S.A.
Further reading
References
Decapods