pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sauropsid

Sauropsids are a group of land vertebrates which includes all existing reptiles and birds and their fossil ancestors.
They are one of the two groups which evolved from egg-laying amniotes in the first part of the Carboniferous period.
The synapsids are the other group which evolved from amniotes. They gave rise, eventually, to the mammals.
Living sauropsids include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Extinct sauropsids include non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and many others.
Origin of tetrapods
More or less, the evolution of tetrapods has taken this course:
Sarcopterygii
Coelacanthimorpha (Coelacanths)
Dipnoi (lungfish)
Tetrapodomorpha
The earlies tetrapods lived in water. Clear fossil tetrapod tracks from the mid-Devonian predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years.
Nine genera of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons, brackish river deltas, and even shallow marine sediments.
Romer's gap
Between the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first amphibia and amniotes in the Middle Carboniferous lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This is "Romer's gap". Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as Pederpes, right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still obscures the details of the tetrapod transition.
Sometime, in the later Devonian or earliest Carboniferous, the fishapods became mainly land-based. One group of them kept their link to the water, and always laid their eggs in water. They became the amphibians. The others evolved a way of laying eggs on land. They were the amniotes, whose key innovation was the cleidoic egg.
Sometime in the middle or lower Carboniferous, the amniotes split into two lines. One line lead to the reptiles of all kinds, and we call that the Sauropsida. The other line led eventually to the mammals, and we call that the Synapsida. It is not right to say "mammals evolved from reptiles" because both groups derived from early amniotes. In any event, modern reptiles are vastly different from modern mammals. Both groups have evolved for over 300 million years from the early amniotes.
Tetrapods
Land-dwelling tetrapods
Amphibians > amniota and present-day amphibians
Amniota
Sauropsida > present-day reptiles and birds
Synapsida > present-day mammals
References
Eric XI of Sweden

Eric XI of Sweden (Erik Eriksson) was the King of Sweden from 1222 to 1229, and from 1234 to 1250.
Kings and Queens of Sweden
1216 births
1250 deaths
Lapugnoy

Lapugnoy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Enthalpy

Enthalpy is a concept used in science and engineering when heat and work need to be calculated. The name comes from the Greek word "enthalpos" (enthalpos), meaning "to put heat into". The idea and the word were made up by the Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1909.
When a substance changes at constant pressure, enthalpy tells how much heat and work were added or removed from the substance.
Enthalpy is similar to energy, but not the same. When a substance grows or shrinks, energy is used up or released. Enthalpy accounts for this energy. Because of this, scientists often calculate the change in enthalpy, rather than the change in energy.
Consider a system containing a fixed amount of gas. Any heat energy entering the system will:
1) Increase the Internal Energy of the gas
or
2) Lead to some work being done to expand the system.
The work done is the product of pressure and volume. Enthalpy takes both these factors into account, therefore:
Enthalpy (H)= Internal Energy (E) + (Pressure(P) x Volume (v)); H = E + (P x V)
Enthalpy and chemical reactions
When a chemical reaction happens, a substance can become warmer or colder. As a result, heat will flow to things around it, or from things around it, until its temperature is the same again. If the pressure stays the same, this amount of heat tells how much the enthalpy changed.
For example, if gasoline is burned in the open air, heat is released by the gasoline. If we suppose 100 kilojoules of heat were released, then the enthalpy of the gasoline was reduced by 100-kilo joules. Therefore the change in enthalpy for this reaction was H = -100 kJ.
If a chemical reaction gives off heat (warming its surroundings), then the enthalpy of the reaction is said to have decreased. The value of H is negative. This kind of reaction, like the example above, is called exothermic.
If a chemical reaction absorbs heat (cooling its surroundings), then the reaction's enthalpy has increased. The value of H is positive. This is called an endothermic reaction.
Related pages
Thermodynamic potential
Entropy
Gibbs free energy
Thermodynamics
HVAC
Böbrach

Bobrach is a municipality in Regen, in Bavaria, Germany.
References
Other websites
Information:
Tourist information
Hotels & Restaurants:
Sport- und Wellnesshotel Odhof
Brauerei Eck
Weghof
Landgasthof Muhr
Regen (district)
El Salvador national football team

El Salvador national football team is the national football team of El Salvador.
Top scorers
References
Central American national football teams
Sport in El Salvador
Liliane Montevecchi

Liliane Montevecchi (October 13, 1932 - June 29, 2018) was a French-Italian actress, dancer, and singer. She was born in Paris. In 1982 she drew the attention of critics and audiences for her performance in Nine, with Raul Julia, for which she won both the Tony and Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.
Montevecchi died on June 29, 2018 in New York City from colorectal cancer at the age of 85.
References
Other websites
Tony Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
1932 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
Singers from Paris
French dancers
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Italian singers
Actors from Paris
Olmedo

Olmedo (S'Ulumedu, Urumeddu) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,161 people lived there. Its area is 33.47 km2. It is 68 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Épénancourt

Epenancourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Clyde Scott

Clyde Luther Scott (August 29, 1924 - January 30, 2018) was an American athlete. He competed professionally in the National Football League and earned an Olympic medal in the 110 meter hurdles. He was born in Dixie, Louisiana. He played for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1949 through 1952 and for the Detroit Lions in 1952.
Scott died on January 30, 2018, at age 93.
References
1924 births
2018 deaths
Detroit Lions players
Philadelphia Eagles players
American hurdlers
American Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Louisiana
Provably Fair

Provably Fair is a technology-based algorithm that can be analyzed and tested for fairness. Provably fair technology is used mainly in online gambling. The main purpose of this technology is to ensure that online casinos do not cheat their customers.
The provable fairness algorithm appeared a few years after the launch of Bitcoin, a digital and global money system cryptocurrency. But at the time, the phrase "provably fair" was not yet in use. In 2011, this term was mentioned for the first time.
The Provably Fair algorithm in its work uses 3 main parameters:
Server Seed
Client Seed
Nonce
This method consists in the fact that the players receive a certain key string. This key can be used to check the results through a special algorithm. The hash code will be encrypted in it. The Provably Fair algorithm allows players to use this code to get a certain result. If checking the code gives the same result as the game round, it means that the game is working without errors. Availability of the verifying process enhances trust in online gambling. This transparency assures players that results are unbiased and unpredictable, fostering a more trustworthy and engaging gaming environment.
It is possible to check the game results in real time with this technology. It uses three kinds of technologies: Random Number Generators, Seed Generators and Hashing. Random number generation is a process that uses a device to generate a sequence of numbers or characters. The sequence can only be predicted on the basis of chance. Seed generators generate numbers that affect the results of algorithms. Hashing is the process of changing a longer string of data into a shorter one.
Related pages
SHA-2
Random number generation (RNG)
HMAC
Mental poker
References
Gambling
Larry Lieber

Larry D. Lieber (; born October 26, 1931) is an American comic book artist and writer. He is the younger brother of Marvel Comics' writer, editor, and publisher Stan Lee.
Lieber is best known for scripting the first appearances of the Marvel characters Iron Man, Thor, and Ant-Man; for his long stint both writing and drawing the Marvel Western Rawhide Kid; and for illustrating the newspaper comic strip The Amazing Spider-Man for many years and continuing as of August 2016. From 1974 to 1975, he was editor of Atlas/Seaboard Comics.
References
1931 births
Living people
American comics artists
American comics writers
Stan Lee
Writers from New York City
Assevent

Assevent () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 1,821 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Essonne

Essonne is a department to the south of Paris in the Ile-de-France region. Its prefecture is Evry. About 1,172,000 people live there (2006 estimation).
Essonne
Renzo Gattegna

Renzo Gattegna (1939 - 10 November 2020) was an Italian lawyer and politician. He was born in Rome. Gattegna was the President of the Union of Italian Jewish Communities. He was elected on 16 July 2006.
Gattegna died in Rome on 10 November 2020 in Lazio, Italy from COVID-19 at the age of 81.
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
Italian lawyers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
People from Rome
Calderstone Productions

Calderstone Productions Limited is a subsidiary of UMG. It administers the Beatles' music, and solo music by members of The Beatles.
The Beatles
2012 establishments in the United Kingdom
British music companies
List of National Laboratories (Japan)

List of National Laboratories (Japan) includes scientific research centers in Japan. These independent administrative institutions are supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). The semi-governmental laboratories include
Central Customs Laboratory
Geographical Survey Institute of Japan (Geography & Crustal Dynamics Research Center)
International Medical Center of Japan
Japan Meteorological Agency, JMA
National Cancer Center
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute.
National Center for Child Health and Development
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP)
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
National Institute for Longevity Sciences, NCGG
National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD)
National Institute of Health Sciences
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
National Institute of Public Health
National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster
National Research Institute of Police Science
Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities
Related pages
List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
References
Independent Administrative Institutions of Japan
Japan-related lists
Bréxent-Énocq

Brexent-Enocq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Wembley Stadium (1923)

Wembley Stadium was a sports arena in London, England. It was built in 1923 and was first known as the Empire Stadium, but because the area it was in is named "Wembley," it was renamed "Wembley Stadium." It featured twin towers by the entrance.
As well as being a sports arena, it had also been the site for several concerts. The most famous one is the Live Aid concert held there in July of 1985.
In 2000, Wembley Stadium was closed. In 2003, it was demolished, and a brand-new stadium with the same name was put up in its place.
Football stadiums in London
1923 establishments in England
2003 disestablishments in England
1923 in sports
Olympic venues
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Brent
Andy Thomas

Andrew Sydney Withiel Thomas (born December 18, 1951) is an Australian-American aerospace engineer and NASA astronaut. He flew aboard a number of Space Shuttle missions. He has 177 days logged in space. His first mission was STS-77 (1996). His final mission was STS-114 (2005), the first Space Shuttle mission following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of 2003.
Thomas was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He is married to fellow astronaut Shannon Walker.
References
Other websites
Andy Thomas NASA biography
1951 births
Living people
American astronauts
American aerospace engineers
Australian astronauts
NASA
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Oceanographers
Order of Australia
People from Adelaide
First ascent

In climbing, the first climb to reach the top of a mountain is called first ascent.
The risks for the climbers are often very high, because the way to the top is not known. That is why first ascents are often carefully recorded as part of the history of a mountain and usually mentioned in books about that mountain.
Some use the words "last ascent" as a joke for a way that was no pleasure and no one wants to do it like the first climbers.
Other websites
Alpinist Magazine Peter Mortimer's First Ascent. Issue - 17
Rock climbing
Thomas von Heesen

Thomas von Heesen (born 1 October 1961) is a former German football attacking midfielder. He is currently an assistant manager for Khoneh Be Khoneh.
Coaching record
Honours
Player
HSV
European Cup: 1982-83
Bundesliga: 1983-84
DFB-Pokal: 1986-87
Manager
Arminia Bielefeld
2. Bundesliga: 1998-99
References
Other websites
Thomas von Heesen at kicker.de
1961 births
Living people
German footballers
Association football midfielders
German football managers
Bundesliga managers
Arminia Bielefeld managers
1. FC Nuremberg managers
Kapfenberger SV managers
Moghol people

The Moghols are a Mongolic ethnic group, descendants of the Mongol Empire's soldiers in Afghanistan. They live in the Herat province of Afghanistan. and they speak the Moghol language of the Mongolic languages.
Related pages
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Moghol language
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Mongol peoples
Arthur Rubinstein

Arthur Rubinstein (January 28, 1887 - December 20, 1982) was a Polish-American pianist. He received praise from around the world for his playing of the music of a selection of composers (many call him the greatest Chopin player of the century).
Rubinstein was born in Lodz, Poland to a family of Jews. He was the youngest child of the family. His father was a rich owner of a factory.
Although his given name is Artur Rubinstein, in English-speaking countries he wanted to be known as Arthur Rubinstein. However, his United States impresario Sol Hurok wanted him to still be billed as Artur, and his recordings were released in the West under both names.
Rubinstein learned the piano at the age of two in Warsaw, before beginning study in Berlin at the age of eight. His debut in Berlin was made in 1898 followed by a debut at Carnegie Hall in the United States in 1906.
Throughout his life, Rubinstein was famous as a solo pianist, a soloist in piano concertos, and even as a chamber musician. He retired from the stage at age eighty-nine, and died in Geneva, Switzerland, on 20 December 1982, at the age of ninety-five, and his body was cremated. On the first anniversary of his death, his ashes were buried in Jerusalem - as specified in his will - in a plot now nicknamed the "Rubinstein Forest" overlooking the Jerusalem Forest.
References
Other websites
1887 births
1982 deaths
American pianists
Jewish American musicians
Polish pianists
People from Lodz
Jay Weatherill

Jay Wilson Weatherill (born 3 April 1964) is an Australian politician. He was the 45th Premier of South Australia from 21 October 2011 to 19 March 2018, from the Labor Party.
References
1964 births
Living people
Australian Anglicans
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian lawyers
Politicians from Adelaide
Premiers of South Australia
John Stevens, Baron Stevens of Kirkwhelpington

John Arthur Stevens, Baron Stevens of Kirkwhelpington, (born 21 October 1942) is the former Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (top person in the Metropolitan Police Service) from 2000 until 2005. He was made Deputy Commissioner of the Met in 1998 until his promotion to Commissioner in 2000. He was a writer for the News of the World, for PS7,000 an article, until he left it as the hacking scandal happened.
He sits in the House of Lords as a crossbencher.
References
1942 births
Living people
Police officers
Members of the House of Lords
Knights Bachelor
Knights of the Order of St John
Clayton, California

Clayton (formerly Clayton's and Claytonville) is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, 11,070 people lived here.
References
Cities in California
Settlements in Contra Costa County, California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Ferruccio Valcareggi

Ferruccio Valcareggi (12 February, 1919 - 2 November 2005) was an Italian football player.
References
1919 births
2005 deaths
Italian footballers
Italian football managers
Sportspeople from Trieste
A.S. Roma managers
Italy at UEFA Euro 1968
Jan Roar Leikvoll

Jan Roar Leikvoll (7 June 1974 - 1 August 2014) was a Norwegian author. He was born in Bergen.
Leikvoll made his debut in 2008 with the novel A Winter Story, followed by The Violins (2010), The Bovara Monastery (2012) and The Songbird in 2013.
He was awarded Nynorsk Literature Prize for The Violins and Stig Saeterbakkens memorial prize for his three first novels. Leikvoll died on 1 August 2014 from a brain tumor, aged 40.
References
1974 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Norwegian writers
People from Bergen
Weaver ant

Weaver ants (also known as tailor ants or green ants; genus Oecophylla) are eusocial insects of the Formicidae family. They make their nests from living leaves, still attached to the tree. Instead of needles and thread, they use a rare type of silk, made in the mouths of their own grubs. The grubs are passed to and from between the leaves, to sew them together. Tailor ants may be found in the rainforest of Asia.
Colonies of weaver ants can be very large, containing more than half a million workers. The colonies can be made up of more than a hundred nests across several trees.
References
Other websites
Weaver Ants - National Geographic, May 2011
AntWeb - Ants of the world
Tree Of Life - Oecophylla
Ants
Lamborghini Urraco

The Lamborghini Urraco is a sports car that was made by Lamborghini from 1972 to 1979. It came before the Silhouette.
History
The Urraco was first revealed at the 1970 Turin Auto Show. It was designed by Marcello Gandini. The Urraco has a 2+2 coupe layout.
The Urraco was designed to compete with the Ferrari Dino and Maserati Merak.
When Lamborghini stopped making the Urraco in 1979, 791 Urracos had been built. Twenty-one of them were Urraco P111s (P250 Tipo 111s), which were made for the American market. In order to follow American rules, these cars had larger front bumpers. They also had a slightly detuned engine, in order to follow American rules. The other Urraco versions were the Urraco P200, Urraco P250 and Urraco P300. The number tells the engine size: the Urraco had either a 2-litre, a 2.5-litre, or a 3-litre V8.
Both the Lamborghini Silhouette and the Lamborghini Jalpa were based upon the Urraco.
Engine and transmission
The Urraco was powered by either a V8, a V8, or a V8. The engine was mid-mounted, like in the Miura. The engine was paired to a five-speed manual transmission. The engine's power went to the rear wheels.
Performance
The Urraco's performance was different with different models.
The Urraco P200 produced . It was able to accelerate from 0-60 miles per hour (0-97 kilometres per hour) in 7.2 seconds. The Urraco P250 produced , and was able to accelerate from 0-60 miles per hour (0-97 kph) in 6.9 seconds. The Urraco P300 produced , and was able to accelerate from 0-60 mph (0-97 kph) in 5.6 seconds.
The Urraco P300 had a top speed of , while the P250 had a top speed of , and the P200 had a top speed of .
References
Urraco
1970s automobiles
Sports cars
Black Holes and Revelations

Black Holes and Revelations is the fourth album from the British alternative rock band, Muse. It was released in 2006.
Songs
Take a Bow
Starlight
Supermassive Black Hole
Map of the Problematique
Soldier's Poem
Invincible
Assassin
Exo-Politics
City of Delusion
Hoodoo
Knights of Cydonia
References
2006 albums
Muse albums
Twine

Twine (also called baler twine) is a light string or strong thread made from two or more smaller strands or yarns twisted together. More generally, the term can be applied to a cord. It is often synonymous with string but is usually thicker. Natural fibres used for making twine include cotton, sisal, jute, hemp, henequen, and coir. A variety of synthetic fibres may also be used. Twine is available in colors, plain or waxed. Twine is as useful as duct tape in that it can be used for a wide variety of repairs.
Uses
In arts and crafts, twine is used for a wide variety of projects. It is used in knitting, crocheting, and making jewellery, to mention just a few. Commercially, twine is used in upholstery, rug-making, agriculture, the cotton industry, textiles, and in the carton industry.
History
Twine traces its history back to as early as 32,000 years ago. Wild flax fibers were used to make twine for clothing, baskets and creating tools. Hunter-gatherers processed flax into strong cords or twine.
Archaeologists discovered flax fiber cords in a western Asian cave that date from 32,000 to 26,000 years ago. In a cave at Lascaux, France fossilized remains of a "two-ply laid rope of about 7 mm diameter" were dated to about 15,000 BCE. Hemp twine was used from about 8,000 BCE. By 1,000 BCE hemp rope and twine was used by most civilizations. From 500 BCE to 1900 AD almost all rope and twine used in sailing ships was made from hemp. For example, the USS Constitution used hemp for its rigging lines. Sea bags and other common goods used help cordage or twine.
In the 1630s hemp was used to produce cordage in Boston. Soon there were several ropewalks in Boston producing hemp rope. Hemp twine was twisted into rope.
Related pages
String
Fibre
Rope
Yarn
References
Fibers
Edith Wharton

Edith Wharton (born Edith Newbold Jones; January 24, 1862 - August 11, 1937) was an American historical writer, novelist and designer. She was "known for some essays and novels about war." She was born during the American Civil War. During World War I, she helped to support some medical assistants to soldiers. She was born in New York City.
Wharton died on August 11, 1937 in Saint-Brice-sous-Foret, France of a stroke caused by a heart attack at the age of 75.
Early career
Edith Wharton became an author because she wanted to tell more people what she saw and what she learned in her life. The most famous novel she wrote was The Age of Innocence (1920). She wrote this book because she had a similar life like the main character in the book. At the same time, it was about people's lives during the nineteenth century.
Major works
Edith Wharton family was upper class (a group of people who has a lot of money). She usually heard some events to write the book. The Valley of Decision talked about a lawyer man falls in love with a women that already has a husband; however, at the end of the book, the man marries with the nephew of the woman. One of her books, The Age of Innocence, helped Edith Wharton win the Pulitzer Prize, and the book was written just after World War I.
Influence
The influence of Edith Wharton on society was to help people know about the war and life. All of her books mostly talked about what she saw in her life. The life part talks about what she learned in her life and some experiences from her life.
Later life
At the end of World War I, she moved out Paris. She won the Pulitzer Prize because of the book The Age of Innocence.
References
1862 births
1937 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American historians
American novelists
Writers from New York City
Ciego de Ávila Province

Ciego de Avila is one of the provinces of Cuba, and was previously part of Camaguey Province. Its capital is Ciego de Avila, which lies on the Carretera Central (central highway), and the second city is Moron, farther north.
Off the north coast of the province are a string of cayos (cays) - these islands are being developed as tourist resorts, principally Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo. The south coast is characterised by mangroves.
Between Moron and the north coast are several lakes, including La Laguna de Leche (the Lake of Milk, so called for its white appearance because of large lime deposits underwater) which is the largest natural lake in Cuba.
Central Ciego de Avila is used for cattle ranching, elsewhere in the province sugar, pineapples and citrus fruit are grown.
The province was separated from Camaguey Province in 1975 by Fidel Castro's government.
Municipalities
Baragua (Gaspar)
Bolivia
Chambas
Ciego de Avila
Ciro Redondo
Florencia
Majagua
Moron
Primero de Enero
Venezuela
Provinces of Cuba
1975 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Cuba
Biratnagar

Biratnagar () is a major industrial city and the second largest city in Nepal. Its geographical location is 26deg28'60"N 87deg16'60"E. The city is located in the Morang District in the Koshi Province of Nepal. It is the capital of the Koshi Province.
Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal
References
Cities in Nepal
Municipalities of Nepal
Bedouin

Bedouins are an Arab ethnocultural group. They are descended from nomads who lived in the Arabian, Syrian and Saharan Deserts.
They call themselves the people of the tent, because they travelled around, living in tents. Bedouin were camel raisers and drivers, sheep and goat nomads, cattle driving nomads, and merchants. Today many Bedouin have given up the nomadic life and live and work in towns. The Bedouin are the original Breeders of the Arabian Horse.
Related pages
Arab people
Tribe of Arabia
References
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Ethnic groups in Africa
Abdelkrim Ghallab

Abdelkrim Ghallab (December 31, 1919 - August 14, 2017) was a Moroccan political journalist, cultural commentator, and novelist. He was born in Fes, Morocco. He was an important figure both in the literary and political field. He studied both at the University of Al-Karaouine in Fez and at the University of Cairo.
Ghallab was the author of five novels and three collections of short stories. His best known novel is Dafann al-m'd (The buried Past), 1966. According to Simon Gikandi his Arabic style is known for its "graceful and at times scholarly classicism".
In 2000, the Union of Arab writers in Egypt included his novel Al-Mu'alim 'Ali (Master Ali) among the hundred best Arabic novels in history. In 2001, the Moroccan department of Culture published the complete works of Ghallab in five volumes. In 2004 he was awarded the Maghreb Culture prize of Tunis. His work has been translated in many languages.
Ghallab died in El Jadida on August 14, 2017, aged 97.
References
1919 births
2017 deaths
Moroccan politicians
Journalists
African novelists
Saint-Aubin, Aube

Saint-Aubin is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
References
Communes in Aube
Inspiration

Inspiration may mean:
Artistic inspiration, sudden creativity in artistic production
Revelation, an uncovering or disclosure of something hidden via communication from the divine
Biblical inspiration, the doctrine in Judeo-Christian theology concerned with the divine origin of the Bible
Inhalation, the movement of air into the lungs
In business:
Inspiration Software, a developer and publisher of visual learning software
Inspiration (computer program), a visual learning software tool published by Inspiration Software
BT Inspiration, a telephone switchboard
Inspiration CCR, a make of scuba diving rebreather
In music:
"Inspire (Ayumi Hamasaki song)," released in 2004
Inspiration (Elkie Brooks album), released in 1989
Inspiration (Yngwie J. Malmsteen album), released in 1996
Inspiration (Aziza Mustafa Zadeh album), released in 2000
Inspiration (William Hung album), released in 2004
Inspiration (Shinhwa album), released in 2006
In film:
Inspiration (movie), a 1915 movie starring Audrey Munson
Related pages
Muse
The Click (song)

"The Click" is the third single off the debut self-titled album by American punk band Good Charlotte. The song was released in 2001. The song didn't initially appear on the track listing for the Good Charlotte album but was later added on the track listing for the Japanese and 2003 rerelease of Good Charlotte. The song was also the theme song for the television show Undergrads and the band have also been mentioned in numerous episodes and made an appearance in the 12th episode where they played "The Click".
References
2001 songs
Good Charlotte songs
Ministry for Intra-German Relations

The Federal Ministry of Intra-German Relations () was a federal ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was responsible for all relations with the East German government. This was because the West German government said there should be only one Germany. This meant they could not use the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, because they could not admit that East Germany was a foreign country.
The ministry was created in 1949 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs (). This ministry was also in charge of matters about the German lands east of the Oder-Neisse-Line which had become a part of Poland. The ministry was renamed in 1969 when Willy Brandt signed a treaty with Poland which said that Poland's western border was along the Oder and Neisse Rivers. This was part of Willy Brandt's ideas of Ostpolitik. At that time Poland was under a communist government. They could not allow West Germany to sign a treaty about East Germany's borders, which is why the treaty says "the western border of Poland" and not "the border between Germany and Poland".
The ministry was abolished in 1991, about one year after German Reunification, after helping with the change to one country. All "intra-German affairs" are now jobs of the Ministry of the Interior. The Minister of the Interior is now also Commissioner for the New Bundeslander to show that there is still some work to make all of the states equal.
Ministers
Publications
BMgF (Hrsg.): SBZ von A-Z, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1. bis 10. Aufl., 1953 bis 1966, ca. 500 Seiten.
BMgF (Hrsg.): Sowjetische Auffassungen zur Deutschlandfrage 1945 - 1954. Dargestellt nach amtlichen Dokumenten, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1954.
BMgF (Hrsg.): Wer ist wer in der SBZ? Ein biographisches Handbuch, Verlag fur Internationalen Kulturaustausch, Berlin, 1958.
BMgF (Hrsg.): Die Situation der Jugend im kommunistischen Herrschaftssystem der SBZ Deutschlands in Bonner Berichte aus Mittel- und Ostdeutschland, Bonn - Berlin, 1960.
BMgF (Hrsg.): Die Bemuhungen der Bundesrepublik um Wiederherstellung der Einheit Deutschlands durch gesamtdeutsche Wahlen. Dokumente und Akten. I. Teil, Oktober 1949 - Oktober 1953, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1958.
Intra-German Relations
Franz Müntefering

Franz Muntefering (born January 16, 1940) is a German politician. He used to be Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
Muntefering was born in Neheim-Husten near Arnsberg.
After his school time he was taught to became an industrial salesman.
He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1966.
He was member of the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) from 1975 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2013.
1998 he was a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1992 to 1995 he was Secretary of Social affairs in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1995 to 2001 Party Chairman in that state.
From 1995 to 1998 he was Bundesgeschaftsfuhrer (federal executive director) of the SPD.
In 1998 he became Secretary for Transport and Infrastructure of Germany under Chancellor Gerhard Schroder.
From 1999 to 2002 he was Secretary General of the Social Democratic Party.
From 2002 to 2005 fraction leader in the Bundestag.
He was Party Chairman of the SPD from 2004 to 2005.
Uo from 2005 to 2007 he was Secretary for Working and Social Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel in her Grand Coaltion.
In 2007 he gave up all his jobs - excepted the mandate in Federal Parliament - for caring his ill wife.
After the death of his wife he returned.
From 2008 to 2009 he was Party Chairman of the SPD again.
Other websites
Biography by German Bundestag
1940 births
Living people
Members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Higher

A Higher is a level of study in the Scottish educational system. It is studied by students in their last two years at secondary school aged fifteen to seventeen and is slightly harder than the English GCSE.
Education in Scotland
Blatten (Lötschen)

Blatten (Lotschen) is a village and municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Valais
Villages in Valais
Young and Wild (1958 movie)

Young and Wild is a 1958 crime movie directed by William Witney and starring Gene Evans, Scott Marlowe, Robert Arthur, Tom Gilson, Ken Lynch, Morris Ankrum, John Zaremba. It was distributed by Republic Pictures.
Other websites
1958 crime movies
American crime movies
Movies directed by William Witney
Hollow Rock, Tennessee

Hollow Rock is a town of Carroll County in the state of Tennessee in the United States. Almost 1,000 people were living in Hollow Rock as of 2000.
References
Towns in Tennessee
Welsh Americans

Welsh Americans are an American ethnic group whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Wales. In the 2008 U.S. Census community survey, an estimated 1.98 million Americans had Welsh ancestry, 0.6% of the total U.S. population. This compares with a population of 3 million in Wales. However, 3.8% of Americans appear to bear a Welsh surname.
References
Ethnic groups in the United States
The Gods Must Be Crazy II

The Gods Must Be Crazy II is a 1989 South African Botswanan movie directed by Jamie Uys and is the sequel to the 1980 The Gods Must Be Crazy. It stars N!xau reprising his role, Hans Strydom, Lena Farugia and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1989 comedy movies
1980s sequel movies
South African movies
Botswanan movies
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in deserts
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Jamie Uys
Merrifield, Virginia

Merrifield is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 15,212 at the 2010 census.
References
Census-designated places in Virginia
Ellicott's Mills Historic District

Ellicott's Mills Historic District is a historic district in Oella, Maryland, United States. It is on the east bank of the Patapsco River, opposite Ellicott City.
This historic district is on the National Register of Historic Places.
References
Other websites
, including photo from 1982, at Maryland Historical Trust
Boundary Map of the Ellicott's Mills Historic District, Baltimore County, at Maryland Historical Trust
Historic districts in the United States
National Register of Historic Places
1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Maryland
The Chosen (1981 movie)

The Chosen is a 1981 American drama movie directed by Jeremy Kagan and was based on the novel of the same name by Chaim Potok. It stars Rod Steiger, Maximilian Schell, Robby Benson, Barry Miller, Ron Rifkin, Lonny Price, Jeff Marcus, John Pankow and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1981 drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
1980s American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jeremy Kagan
Movies set in Brooklyn
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies about Jews and Judaism
Movies about Orthodox and Hasidic Jews
Moțăței

Motatei is a commune found in Dolj County, Romania.
References
Communes in Dolj County
Anya Louw

Anya Louw (born 16 October 2000) is an Australian professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for the Dutch UCI Women's Continental Team AG Insurance-NXTG.
Frain competed at the 2022 Tour de France Femmes. She was in stage 5 in the breakaway that last 140 kilometres. She was having fun and even trying to cheer the croud along the way.
References
Other websites
1992 births
Living people
Australian cyclists
Sportswomen
Banquo

Banquo is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. He was a friend of the play's villain Macbeth. Banquo was the thane of Lochaber. He was killed by murderers hired by Macbeth so that he doesn't get in the way of Macbeth's reign as king. His son, Fleance was with him during the attack and lives.
References
Characters in Shakespeare's plays
Étroussat

Etroussat is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Socată

Socata is a Romanian soft drink. It is made from fermenting elderberry flowers in lemon and sugar. It can be carbonated or not carbonated.
There is a Fanta flavor based on the Socata.
Romanian food
Soft drinks
President of Syria

The President of Syria is the head of state of the Syrian Arab Republic. He appoints and can fire the Prime Minister and other members of the Council of Ministers (the cabinet) and military officers.
References
Entrammes

Entrammes is a commune of 2 108 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The people that live there are called Entrammais.
History
Its name comes from the Gallo-Roman Inter Amnes, that means "between the waters": in fact three rivers flow into its territory: the Mayenne, which gives its name to the department, the Jouanne, at the entrance of the village and the Ouette.
On its territory, in 1793, happened the battle of Entrammes.
Buildings
* Port-du-Salut Abbey
Roman-Gaul Baths
Sister cities
Entrammes is twinned with:
Rosendahl, Germany, since 1970
Communes in Mayenne
Anatoly Samoilenko

Anatoly Mykhailovych Samoilenko () (January 2, 1938 - December 4, 2020) was a Ukrainian mathematician. He was an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1995 until his death and he was the Director of the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1988 until his death. Samoilenko was born in Potiivka, Soviet Union.
Samoilenko died on December 4, 2020 in Kyiv, Ukraine at the age of 82.
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
Ukrainian mathematicians
Gramoz Ruçi

Gramoz Ruci (born 6 December 1951) is an Albanian politician. He was the head of the parliamentarian group of the ruling Socialist Party of Albania until 2017. In September 2017, he became the Chairman of the Parliament of Albania for the new parliamentary session.
References
1952 births
Living people
Chairpersons of the Parliament of Albania
Smithsonian Channel

Smithsonian Channel is an American pay television channel owned by Paramount Global, featuring content inspired by the Smithsonian Institution's museums.
Programming
The channel features original nonfiction programming that covers a wide range of historical, scientific, and cultural topics.
References
Other websites
American television networks
Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!

"Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" is a song from the 1967 album by The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was composed mainly by John Lennon with input from Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon/McCartney.
Inspiration
Lennon wrote the song taking inspiration from a nineteenth century circus poster for Pablo Fanque's circus which he purchased in an antique shop on 31 January 1967 while filming the promotional video for the song "Strawberry Fields Forever" in Kent. Lennon said that "Everything from the song is from that poster, except the horse wasn't called Henry." (The poster idenitifies the horse as "Zanthus".) Mr. Kite is believed to be William Kite, who worked for Pablo Fanque from 1843 to 1845.
Personnel
John Lennon: double-tracked lead vocals and harmony vocals; Hammond organ; tape loops and harmonica.
Paul McCartney: lead guitar and bass.
George Harrison: piano and tambourine.
Ringo Starr: drums; tambourine; and harmonica.
George Martin: harmonium, Lowrey organ, glockenspiel and tape loops.
Mal Evans: harmonica.
Neil Aspinall: harmonica.
Geoff Emerick: tape loops.
Notes
Other websites
The Beatles songs
1967 songs
Olivia Hooker

Olivia J. Hooker (February 12, 1915 - November 21, 2018) was an American psychologist and professor. She was a survivor of the Tulsa race massacre. She was the first African-American woman to enter the U.S. Coast Guard in February 1945.
Biography
She was in the Coast Guard until her unit was disbanded in mid-1946. She later became a psychologist and a professor at Fordham University.
On November 21, 2018, Hooker died in White Plains, New York, at the age of 103.
References
1915 births
2018 deaths
American centenarians
American psychologists
Writers from Oklahoma
Writers from New York (state)
Academics from New York (state)
People from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Nada Kamel

Nada Kamel is an archer from Egypt. She was born on 27 August 1990. Kamel competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
Egyptian archers
Egyptian Olympians
1990 births
Living people
Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism is the name given to movements in the arts that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). Traditionally, Classicism is about the art made in antiquity (very long ago, in ancient times) or later art inspired by that of antiquity. But Neoclassicism is always about the art made later but inspired by antiquity. So, Classicism and Neoclassicism are often used together. It often means clearness, elegance, harmony, and rest made by careful attention to traditional forms.
Examples of Neoclassicism in architecture include the White House and Neue Wache.
References
Other websites
*
Art movements
Jeanette Maus

Jeanette Maus (June 14, 1981 - January 24, 2021) was an American actress, filmmaker and producer. She was known for Charm City Kings (2020), Dismissed (2017) and Your Sister's Sister (2011). She is also recognized for providing her voice in the video game in Capcom's Resident Evil Village (2021).
Jeanette Maus, also has appearances in film and television productions. They are, Frayed, The Immaculate Conception of Little Dizzle, and Those Guys, and for having served as producer and director on various short films.
She was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in April 2020. She passed away from the disease on January 24, 2021, age thirty-nine.
Featured Filmography
Film, television and video games
2021 - Resident Evil Village
2020 - Marry F*ck Kill
2020 - Twelve
2019 - Snuggle Party
2018 - Secret Island Adventure: Ripple one
2018 - The Brownlist
2017 - Ask Me Anything
2017 - Dismissed
2016 - The Stanford Letter
2015 - Stealing
2014 - Walking
2013 - Those Guys
2011 - Your Sister's Sister
2011 - The Epiphany
2010 - Our Time Together
2009 - Tell Me Who
2009 - The Immaculate Conception of Little Dizzle
2008 - Third Days Child
2008 - My Effortless Brilliance
2008 - What the Funny
2007 - Frayed
Other websites
1981 births
2021 deaths
American movie actors
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Place of death missing
Hardin County, Tennessee

Hardin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In the 2020 census, 26,831 people lived there. The county seat is Savannah.
References
Tennessee counties
Oto, Iowa

Oto is a city in Iowa, United States. It is part of the Sioux City metropolitan area.
References
Cities in Iowa
Beckton Park DLR station

Beckton Park DLR station is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of east London. The station is located by the north quay (wharf) of the Royal Albert Dock (though no foot access is possible). The station is opposite Beckton District South Park, which is open space leading to housing in South Beckton.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Docklands Light Railway website - Beckton Park station page
Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham
London Travelcard zone 3
La Chapelle-Hermier

La Chapelle-Hermier is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Communes in Vendee
Call and response (music)

In music, a call and response is a series of two parts usually played or sung by different musicians. The second part is heard as a comment about or an answer to what the first has sung. This mimics or makes fun of how people talk back and forth to each other. Call and response uses the simple musical form of a verse and then a chorus used in many cultures or traditions. These songs are usually energetic and fun to listen to.
Popular music
Call and response singing is common in modern Western popular music. This is because of the influence of African music. Some cross-over rhythm and blues, jazz, soul, rock 'n' roll and rock music have a call and response style, as well.
One of the best known is the song "Ooh Poo Pah Doo", written and first recorded by Jessie Hill. The song is said to be "a nonsensical yet rollicking call-and-response workout that perfectly captures the energy of French Quarter life", by a reviewer for Allmusic. The song is so popular, it has over 100 cover versions recorded and performed live over the years by other popular musicians.
Other popular examples are The Who's song "My Generation, from the album of the same name", and "Black Dog" by Led Zeppelin.
Folk music
Call and response is common in folk and choral singing of many people, especially in African musical cultures. In the West, it is most often seen in African-American work songs, military marches, and Quebecois folk songs. The style is also used in dance-songs of various European countries including France (particularly Brittany) and the Faroe Islands.
In Cuban music and other latin music genres such as salsa, call and response between the lead singer and the chorus is called coro-pregon.
Example
A singer makes a musical statement, and then the musical chorus answers together. American bluesman Muddy Waters uses call and response in one of his best known songs, "Mannish Boy". The entire song is almost entirely leader/chorus call and response.
CALL: Waters' vocal: "Now when I was a young boy"
RESPONSE: (Harmonica / rhythm section riff)
CALL: Waters': "At the age of 5"
RESPONSE: (Harmonica / rhythm section riff)
Related pages
Origins of the blues
Polyrhythm
Samba
Afro-Haitian
Rhythm game
References
Other websites
Call and Response: Phrasing Ideas for Creating Memorable Guitar Solos
Gospel Music History - Gospel Music Encyclopedia citing the origins of the different types of call and response and different gospel music style
Musical terminology
Music genres
Ekwok, Alaska

Ekwok is a city in Alaska.
References
Cities in Alaska
1974 establishments in Alaska
Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov

Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov (; born 31 October 1936) is a Russian politician and economist. He was the Mayor of Moscow from 1990 until he resigned in 1992.
References
1936 births
Living people
Russian economists
Mayors of Moscow
Writers from Moscow