pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sui iuris

Sui iuris is a Latin phrase that is used in law. Sometimes, the phrase is also spelled sui juris. It literally means of its own right. It is used to say that the legal status of an institution or entity is not comparable to anything else, and there are special laws that say how this institution or entity should work. An example use is in Canon law: The Roman Catholic church say that certain churches are sui iuris. That way the Eastern Catholic churches have their own government, and laws. Despite this, these churches still recognize the Pope of Rome as their spiritual leader.
"The Eastern Catholic Churches are not 'experimental' or 'provisional' communities; these are sui iuris Churches; One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic, with the firm canonical base of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated by Pope John Paul II."
In Roman law, the phrase is used for someone who was independent, and that could become pater familias.
References
Legal terms
Iron(II,III) oxide

Iron(II,III) oxide is a chemical compound. It can be used as an iron ore (source of a material) called magnetite. It is black and brittle. It can oxidize to red iron(III) oxide after some time. It is attracted to magnets. It is a compound that contains iron in two different oxidation states; some of the iron atoms are in a +2 oxidation state and some are in a +3 oxidation state.
Related pages
Iron(II) oxide
Iron(III) oxide, rust
Iron oxide
Rust
Iron(II) hydroxide
Minerals
Iron compounds
Oxides
Countess Georgina von Wilczek

Georgina von Wilczek (24 October 1921 - 18 October 1989) was the Princess of Liechtenstein as the wife of Prince Regnant Franz Joseph II. She is the mother of Hans-Adam II and his four siblings. Princess Georgina died in Grabs, Switzerland after an unknown illness.
Titles
24 October 1921 - 7 March 1943: Countess Georgina von Wilczek
7 March 1943 - 18 October 1989: Her Serene Highness The Princess of Liechtenstein
1921 births
1989 deaths
Sigismund I

Sigismund I the Old (Polish: Zygmunt I Stary, Lithuanian: Zygimantas II Senasis; 1 January 1467 - 1 April 1548) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the son of Casimir IV and younger brother of Kings John I Albert and Alexander I Jagiellon. He was nicknamed "the Old" in later historiography to distinguish him from his son and successor, Sigismund II Augustus.
Kings of Poland
Illegal settlement

An illegal settlement or informal settlement is a group of shelters, often tents or shacks constructed without the permission of the local, state/provincial or national government. A tent city is an example of an illegal settlement, as are shanty towns.
Accommodations
Barbie Horse Adventures: Riding Camp

Barbie Horse Adventures: Riding Camp is a video game made by Activision for the Nintendo DS and PC in 2008. It is part of the Barbie franchise. The game is the sequel to Barbie Horse Adventures: Wild Horse Rescue.
References
Other websites
Activision press release
2008 video games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Activision video games
Action-adventure games
St. Marys, Kansas

St. Marys is a city in Pottawatomie and Wabaunsee counties in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,627.
References
Cities in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Sainte-Croix-en-Plaine

Sainte-Croix-en-Plaine is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Related pages
Communes of the Haut-Rhin department
References
INSEE commune file
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Murray, Utah

Murray is a city in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States. As of the 2020 census, 50,637 people live in Murray.
References
Cities in Utah
David Durenberger

David Ferdinand Durenberger (August 19, 1934 - January 31, 2023) was an American politician. He was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota. He served as a Republican member of the U.S. Senate from Minnesota from November 8, 1978 to January 3, 1995.
Durenberger endorsed former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for the 2016 presidential election. He also supported former Vice President Joe Biden's campaign for the 2020 presidential election.
Durenberger died on January 31, 2023 at his home in Saint Paul, Minnesota from heart failure at the age of 88.
References
Other websites
1934 births
2023 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
United States senators from Minnesota
Republican Party (United States) politicians
People from St. Cloud, Minnesota
Martin Lambie-Nairn

Martin John Lambie-Nairn (5 August 1945 - 25 December 2020) was an English designer and animator. He was the founder of Lambie-Nairn. He was known for creating the original Channel 4 logo. He was born in Croydon.
Lambie-Nairn died on 25 December 2020, aged 75.
Lambie-Nairn also animating the title sequence for British comedy TV series Mind Your Language.
Lambie-Nairn held an Honorary Doctor of Arts from the University of Lincoln, and was a Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Art, Architecture and Design. He also held an Honorary Doctor of Arts from the University of Northampton.
Bibliography
Brand Identity for Television With Knobs On, Phaidon Press, 1997
References
Other websites
National Portrait Gallery Sitting
1945 births
2020 deaths
BBC people
Artists from London
People from Croydon
Johan Vonlanthen

Johan Vonlanthen (born 1 February 1986) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Zurich and Switzerland national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Young Boys||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga A||8||1
|-
|2002/03||27||4
|-
|2003/04||Super League||2||1
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||19||3
|-
|2004/05||10||3
|-
|2004/05||Brescia||Serie A||9||0
|-
|2005/06||NAC Breda||Eredivisie||32||6
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Red Bull Salzburg||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||35||5
|-
|2007/08||20||3
|-
|2008/09||29||3
|-
|2009/10||Zurich||Super League||||
37||6
61||12
9||0
84||11
191||29
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2004||7||5
|-
|2005||9||0
|-
|2006||2||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||10||2
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||40||7
|}
References
1986 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
Neuss

Neuss (Low Franconian and Ripuarian: Nuus, (; officially apelled Neuss until 1968) is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. In the local dialect it is called Nuss or Neuss. Neuss has about 150,000 inhabitants. It is on the Rhine, across from the big city of Dusseldorf.
Neuss was founded by the Romans about 2,000 years ago. The Romans called the town Castra Novesia.
References
Other websites
Rhein-Kreis Neuss Rural District
Antimony trioxide

Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony(III) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb2O3. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. It has antimony in its +3 oxidation state.
Properties
Antimony trioxide is a white solid. It is the most common antimony compound. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with oxidizing agents to make antimony pentoxide and with reducing agents to make antimony or stibine. It reacts with concentrated acids to make antimony(III) salts and dissolves in strong bases.
Occurrence
Antimony trioxide is found in two minerals, valentinite and senarmontite. Valentinite is a white mineral that is sometimes pale yellow.
Preparation
Antimony trioxide is made when antimony is made. Stibnite is heated with air to make antimony trioxide. It is separated from arsenic by the boiling of the arsenic trioxide before the antimony trioxide boils. Antimony trioxide can also be made by a two step process. Stibnite is burned in air with calcium chloride to make calcium sulfate and antimony trichloride, which is reacted with water to make antimony trioxide.
Uses
Antimony trioxide is mainly used as a flame retardant. It is also used to make glass, enamel, and ceramic opaque (not clear). Some pigments have antimony in them. It is also used as a catalyst for making plastics. It is also used as a catalyst for vulcanizing rubber, making it more "rubbery" and less likely to crack.
Safety
Antimony trioxide is somewhat carcinogenic. It is somewhat toxic when eaten or breathed in.
Related pages
Antimony tribromide
Antimony pentafluoride
Bismuth trioxide
Antimony compounds
Oxides
John Schneider

John Richard Schneider (born April 8, 1960) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer, director and country music singer. He is best known for his role as Beauregard "Bo" Duke in the American television action/comedy series The Dukes of Hazzard and as Jonathan Kent in the TV series Smallville. He was born in Mount Kisco, New York.
References
Other websites
1960 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American country singers
American guitarists
Country musicians from New York (state)
Actors from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Movie producers from New York (state)
Movie directors from New York (state)
Singers from New York (state)
Musicians from New York (state)
People from Mount Kisco, New York
Dengie

Dengie is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 135 people living in Dengie.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Mesenteric ischemia

Mesenteric ischemia is a medical condition. It happens when not enough blood gets to the small intestine. This causes inflammation (swelling) and can harm the small intestine.
Mesenteric ischemia happens mostly to the elderly (older people).
Mesenteric ischemia can happen when:
A person's blood pressure is too low to get blood to the small intestine
A blood clot is blocking the flow of blood to the small intestine
The small intestine is not getting enough blood because the body's blood vessels have gotten smaller (this is called vasoconstriction)
Symptoms
Symptoms of mesenteric ischemia include:
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Constipation
Related pages
Ischemic colitis
Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Peripheral nerve block

A peripheral nerve block (or simply nerve block) is when the signals travelling along a nerve are blocked. This is usually done deliberately, usually as a form of anesthesia. Such a block can last between a few hours to a few weeks.
Medicine
Orion Arm

The Orion Arm, or Orion-Cygnus Arm, is a minor spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy. It is of interest because the Solar System (including the Earth) is inside it. The spiral arm is some across and approximately in length.
The Orion Arm is named after the Orion constellation, one of the most prominent constellations. It is seen in the Northern Hemisphere during winter and in the Southern Hemisphere during summer. Some of the brightest stars and most famous celestial objects are in the Orion Arm: Betelgeuse, Rigel, the stars of Orion's Belt and the Orion nebula. They are shown on the interactive map below.
The Orion Arm is between the Carina-Sagittarius Arm (toward the Galactic centre) and the Perseus Arm (toward the outside Universe). The Perseus Arm is one of the two major arms of the Milky Way. The Solar system is on the Orion spur, between the two longer adjacent arms Perseus and Carina-Sagittarius.
Inside the Orion Arm, the Solar System is close to the inner rim, in the Local Bubble. It is about halfway along the Orion Arm's length, about from the Galactic centre.
Interactive map
References
Local galaxies
Johanna Spyri

Johanna Spyri (12 June 1827 - 7 July 1901) wrote stories for children in the German language. Her most famous book was Heidi.
Biography
She was born Johanna Heusser in Hirzel, Switzerland. Her father was a doctor and her mother was a poet.
She lived with her extended family: her grandmother, two aunties, and two cousins as well as her mother, father, two brothers and three sisters. This large household inspired her when she wrote Gritli's Children.
She spent several summers around Chur in Graubunden when she was young. This setting was later used in her novels.
Her only education was her village school in Hirzel. She wrote poetry as a child.
She married Bernhard Spyri, an employee , when she was 25. They met when they were children. They lived in Zurich, Switzerland and had only one child, a son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri, in 1855. In Zurich, they were friends with the musician Richard Wagner and poet Conrad Ferdinand Meyer. Both her husband and son died of tuberculosis in 1884.
Writing
In 1870, she started writing to help orphans and refugees of the Franco-Prussian War by describing their situation and giving money from her books to help them.
Her first stories were very popular, so she wrote another story about another orphan, Heidi. She published the first part of Heidi anonymously in 1881. It became popular, so she wrote the second part in 1882 using her own name. She became very famous, but preferred a quiet, private life.
She wrote more than forty stories for children in German. Most of these stories have been translated into English. Heidi is still her most popular book, with new editions still published today.
She died in Berlin on July 7, 1901, but is buried with her family Zurich.
References
Other websites
1827 births
1901 deaths
Swiss writers
Cleo Laine

Dame Cleo Laine, Lady Dankworth, DBE (born 28 October 1927) is a British jazz singer and an actress. She was born in Southall, Middlesex to a white English mother and black Jamaican father. She is famous for her scat singing and for being able to sing very high and very low notes.
She is the only female performer to have received Grammy nominations in the jazz, popular and classical music categories. Laine is the widow of jazz composer Sir John Dankworth.
1927 births
Living people
Black British musicians
British jazz musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Middlesex
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Sergio Pitol

Sergio Pitol Demeneghi (18 March 1933 - 12 April 2018) was a Mexican writer, translator and diplomat. In 2005 he received the Cervantes Prize. He was born in Puebla, Mexico. In the 1980s, he served as Ambassador to Czechoslovakia. He also served as a professor at the UNAM, at the Universidad Veracruzana in Xalapa, and at the University of Bristol in England.
Pitol died of complications from a stroke on 12 April 2018 in Xalapa, Mexico at the age of 85.
References
Other websites
CBC: Mexico's Sergio Pitol wins Cervantes lit prize
BBC Mundo: Cervantes para Sergio Pitol
Academia Mexicana de la Lengua
1933 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Mexican writers
Mexican politicians
Ambassadors of Mexico
Kempes (Brazilian footballer)

Everton Kempes dos Santos Goncalves (b. 3rd September, 1982 in Carpina, Pernambuco - f. 28th November, 2016 in La Union, Antioquia) was a Brazilian footballer who played as forward.
He made his debut in 2004 as Parana's player and spent most of his career in Brazil.
He was named by the former Argentinian footballer: Mario Kempes.
Death
On 28 November 2016, Kempes died along his team, Chapecoense and other passengers after the LaMia Airlines Flight 2933 was crashed near La Union, Antioquia. It was expected that Chapecoense played the final of the South American Cup against Atletico Nacional in Medellin.
Career
Notes and references
Notes
References
Other websites
1982 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Ruth Dreifuss

Ruth Dreifuss (born 9 January 1940) is a Swiss politician. She was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from (1993-2002), representing the Canton of Geneva. In 1970 she received a Master of Economics from the University of Geneva. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party.
Other websites
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1940 births
Living people
Presidents of the Swiss Confederation
HD 209458 b

HD 209458 b is an exoplanet. It orbits HD 209458 in the constellation Pegasus. It is approximately 159 light years from the Solar System. A year on HD 209458 b is 3.5 Earth days. It has an estimated surface temperature of about 1,000 degC (about 1,800 degF). Its mass is 220 times that of Earth.
References
Exoplanets
Tin(II) chloride

Tin(II) chloride, also known as stannous chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnCl2. It has tin and chloride ions in it. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.
Properties
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It is poisonous to mollusks like clams and oysters. It reacts with water to make tin(II) oxide hydrate, which is white, and hydrochloric acid. That is why tin(II) chloride is normally dissolved in hydrochloric acid. It reacts with oxygen in the air to make tin(IV) chloride and tin(IV) oxide. It reacts with silver and gold compounds to make silver and gold metal. It also reacts with ferric compounds to make ferrous compounds.
It reacts with bases to make tin(II) oxide hydrate, which is white; if more base is added, the tin(II) oxide hydrate dissolves to make a clear solution again.
Preparation
It is made when tin reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Uses
It is used to electroplate tin on steel. It is used in the coloring of textiles. It is used to make silvered mirrors. A certain plastic uses it as a catalyst. It was used as a test for mercury(II) ions. If it is added to a colorless solution of mercury(II), a white solid of mercury(I) would form. If more is added, a black solid of mercury metal would be made. It turns bright purple in a solution that has gold ions in it. It is used in organic chemistry as a reducing agent.
Related pages
Tin(II) fluoride
Tin(II) bromide
Tin(II) sulfate
Chlorine compounds
Tin compounds
Marcus Ericsson

Marcus Thorbjorn Ericsson (; born 2 September 1990) is a Swedish racing driver. He competed in the NTT IndyCar Series with Chip Ganassi Racing driving the No. 8 Honda. Ericsson competed in Formula One between 2014 and 2018. He won the 2022 Indianapolis 500. He was born in Kumla, Sweden.
References
1990 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
Swedish racecar drivers
Eliana Gaete

Eliana Gaete Lazo (born April 14, 1932) is a retired Chilean track and field athlete. Gaeta was born in Antofagasta, Chile. She earned gold medals in women's 80m hurdles at the 1951 and 1955 Pan American Games. She was married to Olympic cyclist Renato Iturrate.
References
Other websites
Profile
1932 births
Living people
Chilean athletes
Hurdlers
Sprinters
Maharashtra Day

It is celebrated on 1st May. On this day state of Maharashtra was formed on 1st May,1969.
Festivals in India
Maharashtra
May events
Pledge of Allegiance

The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Colonel George Balch in 1887. It was changed by Francis Bellamy in 1892. It was formally adopted by the Congress as the pledge in 1942.
References
American culture
1887
1880s works
Ted Venetoulis

Theodore G. "Ted" Venetoulis (June 14, 1934 - October 7, 2021) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the sixth Baltimore County Executive from 1974 to 1978. He ran for Governor of Maryland in 1978 but lost the Democratic primary election to Harry Hughes.
Venetoulis died on October 7, 2021 at the age of 87.
References
1934 births
2021 deaths
Politicians from Baltimore
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Burlington, Oklahoma

Burlington is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is in Alfalfa County. As of the 2010 census, 152 people lived in this town.
The town is an agricultural center.
References
Towns in Oklahoma
Hoevelaken

Hoevelaken is a town in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the city of Nijkerk, and lies about 5 km east of Amersfoort.
References
20th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland
Former municipalities of Gelderland
Clemson University

Clemson University is a public university in Clemson, South Carolina. Clemson's athletics teams are called the Tigers.
References
Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in South Carolina
1889 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in South Carolina
Sparneck

Sparneck is a municipality in Upper Franconia in Hof in Bavaria in Germany.
Geography
The market town of Sparneck is at an average height of in the Pfarrbach valley, which makes the larger part of the area. The Saxon Saale river flows through this valley in a north direction. Towards the east the 877 metre high Waldstein ridge rises, the source of the Saale is on its slopes. It forms the natural boundary with the neighbouring district of Wunsiedel.
References
Hof (district)
Nikita Chandak

Nikita Chandak () (born 5 September 1995) in Urlabari, Nepal is a Nepali model and the title winner of Miss Nepal 2017. She has also won the Miss Popular Choice and Miss Confident titles. She also represented Nepal at Miss World 2017 pageant which was held in China.
References
1995 births
Nepalese beauty pageant winners
Living people
Nepalese models
Miss Nepal winners
Earth's internal heat budget

Earth's internal heat budget is about heat that comes from the Earth itself, not heat from the Sun.
The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47+-2 terawatts (TW). It comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts. There is the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust. Secondly, there is the primordial heat left over from the formation of Earth.
As many people know, the deeper down you go, the hotter the Earth gets. Mine shafts are a good example of this.
Radiogenic heat
This is still being produced. but its amount reduces very slowly as time passes. Remember, these radioactive elements are produced in supernovae, and are quite different from the Sun, which is mostly hydrogen. The planets are completely different from the Sun, historically and in their make-up.
Primordial heat
Primordial heat is the heat lost by the Earth as it continues to cool from its original formation, in contrast to its still actively-produced radiogenic heat.
The Earth core's heat flow--heat leaving the core and flowing into the overlying mantle is thought to be due to primordial heat. It is estimated as 5-15 TW.
References
Dalrymple G. Brent 2004. Ancient Earth, ancient skies: the age of Earth and its cosmic surroundings. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2331-1
Earth
Heat transfer
West Lawn, Chicago

West Lawn, one of Chicago's 77 official community areas. It is located on the southwest side of the city. It is thought to be a "melting pot" of sorts, due to its change of races moving in and out of the area, as well as the diversity that exists there.
It has a small town atmosphere in the big city. West Lawn is home to many Polish-Americans, Irish-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and other people of Latin American and Eastern European origin.
Ford City is a neighborhood on the southwest side of Chicago which immediately surrounds the Ford City Mall, in turn named for the Ford Aircraft plant.
Michael Madigan, 67th and 69th Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, is a current resident of, and incumbent member of the Illinois House of Representatives for, West Lawn.
References
Community areas of Chicago
Coffee substitute

Coffee substitutes are products that try to taste like coffee. The idea for using them is to have a drink that tastes like coffee, but has no caffeine in it. The main reasons for making coffee substitutes are medical, economic and barbaric. In World War II, acorns were used to make coffee, however it tasted foul. It was also hard to get. In the American Civil War there was a similar story -
"For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value, there is unfortunately no substitute; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain, and cheat the palate, if we cannot deceive the nerves." The Southern Banner, 1865
Ingredients
Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances.
Some ingredients used include: almond, acorn, asparagus, barley and malt, beech nut, beetroot, carrot, chicory root, corn, cotton seed, dandelion root, fig, boiled-down molasses, okra seed, pea, persimmon seed, potato peel, rye, sassafras nut, sweet potato.
Chicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970, and it has become a mainstream product. It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides. Chicory is a native plant of Western Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. And the cultivation of the plant is considered to be originated in Egypt. In France, around the 1800s, chicory was used as an ingredient or substitute for coffee.
Postum is an instant type beverage used in place of coffee. It made from roasted grains and molasses. Postum history goes back to 1895 when an American named C.W. Post created the coffee substitute, inspired by a caramel coffee recipe made by Harvey Kellogg. It reached the height of its popularity during World War II. It also really caught on with people who for health or religious reasons preferred not to consume drinks that contained caffeine. For popular usage on the sitcom Seinfeld George says to Jerry he does not know why postum is not a more popular beverage.
Related pages
Coffee
References
Coffee
Sangatte

Sangatte is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Geraldine Page

Geraldine Page (22 November 1924 - 13 June 1987) was an American theater and movie actress. She was nominated for eight Academy Awards during her career. Page was born around Kirksville, Missouri.
1924 births
1987 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American stage actors
American movie actors
DePaul University alumni
Actors from Missouri
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Patricia De Lille

Patricia de Lille (born 17 February 1951) is a South African politician and mayor of the city of Cape Town.
She has been a member of the Democratic Alliance (DA). However, she had been at conflict with the party officials for months. This led to her resignation as Mayor of Cape Town in August 2018, a seat she held on her party ticket.
References
1951 births
South African mayors
Living people
Taradale, New Zealand

Taradale is a suburb of Napier city in the Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. It has a shopping centre, several schools and churches. It had a town board and borough council until it was merged with Napier City Council in 1968. It has one of the finest vineyards in New Zealand.
References
Hawke's Bay
Napier, New Zealand
Oye Gureje

Oye Gureje, NNOM (born in 1952) is a Nigerian psychiatrist at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He is also the Director of World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences, Drug and Alcohol Abuse in the institution. Gureje is a Professor Extraordinary at the Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. He is best known for his work on epidemiology, nosology and global mental health. Gureje is of the leading voices on mental health service and policy development in Africa. He has published more than 500 peer-reviewed scientific papers, monographs, book chapters and other reports. Since 2004, he has been listed in the "top 1% cited researchers in the area of psychiatry and psychology". According to Clarivate Analytics, he is one of the "most influential scientific minds"
References
1952 births
Living people
Nigerian academics
Psychiatrists
People from Osun State
Ancyloxypha numitor

The least skipper (Ancyloxypha numitor) is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is native to North America. They have a weak, bouncy flight.
The least skipper can be found in damp or wet habitats with tall grasses. In the northern part of the its range, adults may be seen from May to September. In the southern part of its range, adults can be found from February to December. It may be seen all year in southern Florida.
Description
The least skipper has rounded wings and a skinny body. Their antennae are checkered and have no hooks. Male least skipper do not have stigmata. The upper side of the top wing is dark brown, sometimes having orange on it. The bottom wing is orange with a dark brown border around it. The underside of the wings is bright orange. The bottom wing's veins are a whitish color. Its wingspan (length of the wings) is 3/4 to 1 inch.
Life cycle
Males find females by looking for them in tall grasses. Females lay their eggs one at a time on the caterpillar's host plant (the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The eggs are pale yellow. The caterpillar makes a nest of grass and silk. The caterpillar is green. It has four pairs of white wax glands on the abdomen near the underside. The head is brown or tan. It is usually darker in the center. The collar (the area between where the head and the body connect) has a white stripe and a black stripe. The chrysalis is a cream color and has brown markings. The caterpillar will hibernate in the winter. The least skipper has 2-4 broods each year.
Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the least skipper caterpillar feeds on:
cogongrass, Imperata sp.
rice cutgrass, Leersia oryzoides
cultivated rice, Oryza sativa
Panicum sp.
bluegrass, Poa sp.
Setaria sp.
cordgrass, Spartina sp.
marsh millet, Zizaniopsis miliacea
Similar species
There are some species of butterflies that are similar to the least skipper. They are the European skipper (Thymelicus lineola), the tropical least skipper (Ancyloxypha arene), the orange skipperling (Copaeodes aurantiaeca), and the southern skipperling (Copaeodes minima).
References
Hesperiidae
Purwasaba

Purwasaba is a village in Mandiraja, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.
Villages in Central Java
Takamatsu

is the capital city of Kagawa Prefecture in Japan.
Takamatsu is on the Inland Sea coast of Shikoku in Japan.
It has been recognized as a core city since 1999.
History
Takamatsu is the Shikoku port which is closest to Honshu from Shikoku island. Takamatsu was a castle town (joka-machi).
Timeline
1588 - Ikoma Chikamasa begins building Takamatsu castle
2004 - redevelopment district
References
Other websites
http://www.city.takamatsu.kagawa.jp/ENGLISH/index.html ;
Cities in Shikoku
Settlements in Kagawa Prefecture
Les Orres

Les Orres is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
Population
Transport
Road
The D40, D540 and D740 roads pass through the commune.
Geography
Les Orres borders the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.
References
Communes in Hautes-Alpes
Yoshika Matsubara

is a former Japanese football player and manager.
Biography
Matsubara was born in Hamamatsu on August 19, 1974. After graduating from Tokai University Daiichi High School, he moved Uruguay and played for Penarol in 1993. In 1994, he returned to Japan and joined Jubilo Iwata. He played many matches as substitute forward. He also played for Shimizu S-Pulse in 1996 and JEF United Ichihara in 1997 on loan. After that, he played many clubs in Croatia, Switzerland, Japan and Uruguay.
In July 1996, Matsubara was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played 2 matches as substitute forward. Although Japan won 2 matches, Japan lost at First round. At this time, Japan won Brazil in first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" (maiaminoQi Ji ) in Japan.
After the retirement, Matsubara signed with J3 League club SC Sagamihara in November 2015. He managed the club until end of the 2015 season.
Statistics
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Jubilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J1 League||18||7||0||0||0||0||18||7
|-
|1995||15||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||17||3
|-
|1996||Shimizu S-Pulse||J1 League||13||3||0||0||3||0||16||3
|-
|1997||JEF United Ichihara||J1 League||25||8||2||0||7||3||34||11
|-
|1998||Jubilo Iwata||J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Shonan Bellmare||J2 League||35||12||3||0||2||1||40||13
|-
|2001||Avispa Fukuoka||J1 League||8||0||0||0||4||0||12||0
114||33||9||1||16||4||139||38
114||33||9||1||16||4||139||38
|}
References
Other websites
1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japanese football managers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Jubilo Iwata players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
JEF United Chiba players
Shonan Bellmare players
Avispa Fukuoka players
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Jim Bowen

James Whittaker (born Peter Williams; 20 August 1937 - 14 March 2018), known professionally as Jim Bowen, was an English stand-up comedian and television personality. He was the long-time host of the ITV game show Bullseye, which he presented from its beginning in 1981 through to 1995. He was born in Heswall, England.
Bowen eventually devoted himself to comedy full-time, having been influenced by Ken Dodd and first appeared on television in The Comedians. This led to other television work during during the 1970s. He achieved national attention after becoming host on Bullseye, which was a ratings success throughout the 1980s.
Bowen died on 14 March 2018, aged 80.
References
Other websites
1937 births
2018 deaths
British game show hosts
English television presenters
British teachers
Beckton DLR station

Beckton DLR station is the eastern terminus of the Beckton branch of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of east London. The DLR branch from Poplar was opened on 28 March 1994.
Gallery
Other websites
Docklands Light Railway website - Beckton station page
Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham
London Travelcard zone 3
West Germanic languages

The West Germanic Languages are a branch of Germanic languages first spoken in Central Europe and the British Isles. The branch has three parts: the North Sea Germanic languages, the Weser-Rhine Germanic languages, and the Elbe Germanic languages. The most spoken languages in the branch are English, German, and Dutch.
These languages were spread around the world in the Colonial Era. English is now spoken by around 400 million people natively.
Branches
There are three branches of West Germanic languages:
North Sea Germanic / Ingvaeonic languages
Anglo-Frisian languages
English Languages/Anglic
English
Scots
Yola (extinct)
Fingalian (extinct)
Frisian languages
West Frisian
East Frisian
North Frisian
Low German / Low Saxon
Northern Low Saxon
Schleswig dialects
Holstein dialects
Westphalian
Eastphalia dialects
Brandenburg dialects ("Markisch")
Pomeranian (moribund)
Low Prussian (moribund)
Dutch Low Saxon
Weser-Rhine Germanic / Istvaeonic languages / Netherlandic / Low Frankish
Dutch
West Flemish
East Flemish
Zeelandic
Hollandic
Brabantine
Zuid-Gelders/Clevian/Meuse-Rhenish
Limburgian
Afrikaans
Elbe Germanic / Irminonic languages / High German
German
Alemannic, including Swiss German and Alsatian
Swabian
Austro-Bavarian
East Franconian
South Franconian
Rhine Franconian, including the dialects of Hessen, Pennsylvania German, and most of those from Lorraine
Ripuarian
Thuringian
Upper Saxon German
Silesian (moribund)
Lombardic Langobardic (extinct, unless Cimbrian and Mocheno are in fact Langobardic remnants.)
High Prussian (moribund)
Luxembourgish
Pennsylvania German language
Yiddish (a language based on Eastern-Central dialects of late Middle High German/Early New High German)
References
Sources
Languages of Europe
Courtauly

Courtauly is a commune of 73 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
References
Communes in Aude
Gwacheon

Gwacheon () is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. In 2010, it has about 72,000 people lived there.
Cities in South Korea
Sacrifice to Heaven

Sacrifice to Heaven (Jitian Ji Tian ) is the worship of Shangdi originating in China. In Ancient Chinese society, nobles of all levels constructed altars for Heaven. At first only nobles could worship Shangdi but later beliefs changed and everyone could worship Shangdi.
Modern Confucian organizations offer this practice to all their followers, and it's still observed in China even though there is no monarch. This tradition has also had an impact on other countries such as Japan, Vietnam, and Korea. The Chinese word "Ji" (Ji ) in the name of this practice is the same word as "Jesa" in Korean.
History
This practice has its roots in the Shang dynasty, but during the Zhou dynasty, it was only allowed for the Son of Heaven due to the teachings of Shendao shejiao. Two specific sacrifices, Sacrifice to Heaven and Feng Shan, were exclusive privileges during that time. The Temple of Heaven has been the location for this ritual since the Ming dynasty, and it still takes place there today.
Some people think that Qing's involvement in the ritual resulted in the standardization of Manchu rituals through the book of Manchu rites, but this theory is not supported. In the early years of the Republic of China, Kang Youwei's Confucian movement proposed separating Religious Confucianism from the state bureaucracy, so anyone could perform the Sacrifice to Heaven as per the Christian model.
Nowadays, this ritual is performed without a monarch, and it can take place at locations other than the Temple of Heaven. For example, it was performed in Fujian in 2015.
Korea
In Korea, Sacrifice to Heaven is read as Jecheon (Hanja: Ji Tian ). It is also identified with the word yeonggo yeonggo (Ying Gu ) and has a history linked to Korean shamanism, in addition to Chinese influence
Japan
In Japan Sacrifice to Heaven is called Saiten (Ji Tian ) . It is done for Amaterasu rather than Shangdi though.
Every year, the festival of Niiname-no-Matsuri (Xin Chang Ji ) happens and most peopledo not know it has Chinese origins. The first Niiname-no-Matsuri of the reign of an Emperor is called a Daijosai.
Vietnam
In Vietnam Sacrifice to Heaven is called Nam Giao.
It was first done by Emperor Dinh Bo Linh.
Nam Giao was the most important ritual of the Nguyen dynasty.
In the Nguyen Dynasty, the Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth was made to sacrifice to heaven It was made in 1807 and sacrifices were done there until 1945 In 2002 people started doing it again. It is done in Festival Hue every two years.
Related pages
Tian
Temple of Heaven
Wufang Shangdi
Religious Confucianism
Pages with unreviewed translations
Sources
2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament

The 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament was a single-elimination college basketball tournament. There were 68 teams in it. The tournament was for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men's college basketball. The winner of it was the national champion for the 2021-22 college basketball season. The tournament started on March 15, 2022. It ended on April 4. The championship game was between the Kansas Jayhawks and North Carolina Tar Heels. The Jayhawks won against the Tar Heels by three points (72-69). This was the fourth time the Jayhawks won the national championship.
References
College basketball
Le Poizat

Le Poizat is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Poizat-Lalleyriat.
References
Former communes in Ain
Mark Appleyard

Mark Appleyard (born November 11, 1982 in Oakville, Ontario) is a Canadian professional skateboarder. He is currently sponsored by Element Skateboards, Thunder, Autobahn, Globe Shoes, Volcom, CCS, Arnette, and Vivo. He was the Thrasher Skater of the Year in 2003.
References
Other websites
Mark Appleyard's profile at Grindtv.com
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ontario
Skateboarders
Linn County, Oregon

Linn County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,672. The county seat is Albany.
References
Oregon counties
Prime Minister of Singapore

The Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the head of the government of the Republic of Singapore. The President of Singapore chooses as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament (MP) who, he thinks, will have the highest chance of being supported by a majority of MPs.
The first time there was a Prime Minister was in 1959 and it was chosen by the Governor of Singapore and later the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (head of state), when Singapore could have the power to govern as the State of Singapore inside the British Empire. The title of Prime Minister did not change after Singapore merged with the Federation of Malaya, Sarawak and British North Borneo, while Singapore was a state in the Federation of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965, and after independence in 1965.
Lee Kuan Yew was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990 and retired on 26 November 1990. Goh Chok Tong took over Lee Kuan Yew, while Lee Kuan Yew was given the job of Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. Goh Chok Tong retired on 12 August 2004 and was replaced by Lee Kuan Yew's son Lee Hsien Loong. Goh was given the job of Senior Minister, and the older Lee the job of Minister Mentor.
List of prime ministers of Singapore
List of deputy prime ministers
The Deputy Prime Minister (DPM) is the second highest position and the second most senior Cabinet Minister in Singapore. The DPM will sometimes become the Acting Prime Minister when the Prime Minister is temporarily not in Singapore. Since the mid-1980s, Singapore has usually had two Deputy Prime Ministers at one time.
(1) Ong Teng Cheong and Tony Tan served under more than one Prime Minister during their time as Deputy Prime Minister.
Related pages
Cabinet of Singapore
References
Other websites
Prime Minister's Office
Political office-holders in Singapore
Singapore
Tetracycline

Tetracycline is a family of antibiotics discovered as natural products in 1945. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic because it works against a range of bacteria.
Tetracyclines was first prescribed in 1948. It is produced naturally by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor.
In 1950, Harvard University professor Robert Burns Woodward worked out the chemical structure of the related oxytetracycline (Terramycin). The patent protection for its production was also first issued in 1950.
Tetracycline is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne and rosacea. Historically it was important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
References
Antibiotics
Organonitrogen compounds
Crystal Falls, Michigan

Crystal Falls is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,469. It is the county seat of Iron County.
References
Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Change of Heart (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers song)

"Change of Heart" is a 1983 song by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and is the second and final single from their fifth studio album Long After Dark. It went to number 21 in the United States and number 36 in Canada. It is based on the 1972 song Do Ya by The Move.
References
1983 songs
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers songs
Rock songs
Power pop songs
Deputy Prime Minister of Finland

The Deputy Prime Minister of Finland (, , Finland's Prime Minister's Substitute), officially titled the Minister deputising for the Prime Minister, is a member of the Finnish Government who becomes the acting Prime Minister. They have usually been the Minister of Finance as well.
The current Deputy Prime Minister of Finland is Annika Saarikko.
References
Plymouth (automobile)

Plymouth was a brand of automobiles based in the United States, produced by the Chrysler Corporation and its successor DaimlerChrysler. The brand was founded in 1928 and ended in 2001.
Automobile brands
Borgiallo

Borgiallo is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Settlements in Piedmont
The Mindy Project

The Mindy Project is an American comedy television show on FOX. It stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri, a obstetrician-gynecologist in New York City.
Other websites
2012 American television series debuts
2010s American comedy television series
2010s medical television series
American medical television series
Fox television series
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Damnation

In Western Christian belief, damnation to hell is the punishment of God for persons who were sinners.
In Eastern Christian traditions (Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy), as well as some Western traditions, it is seen as a state of separation from God, a state into which all humans are born but against which Christ is the "Mediator" and "Great Physician".
Further reading
The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners Jonathan Edwards, Diggory Press,
Related pages
Afterlife
Hell
Profanity
Afterlife
Racial Harmony Day

Racial Harmony Day is a special day celebrated on 21st July every year in Singapore. This special event is to remember the race riots which happened on 21 July 1964.
Schools celebrate Racial Harmony Day by getting the students to wear their race's special clothes. The traditional food of the different races are also being sold. Even traditional games are played.
Singaporean culture
Holidays
Race
Kookaburra

Kookaburras are birds of the genus Dacelo and are native to Australia and New Guinea. An adult kookaburra is generally 28-42 centimetres from the head to the tip of the tail.
Taxonomy
Genus Dacelo
Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) - Native to eastern mainland Australia, introduced to Tasmania, Flinders Island, Kangaroo Island and Western Australia. Some were also introduced to New Zealand between 1866 and 1880; but only those that were freed by Sir George Grey on Kawau Island are still there today.
Blue-winged Kookaburra (Dacelo leachii) - Native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.
Spangled Kookaburra (Dacelo tyro) - Found only on the Aru Islands and Trans Fly savanna and grasslands of southern New Guinea.
Rufous-bellied Kookaburra (Dacelo gaudichaud) - Widely distributed through forests of lowland New Guinea and has also been seen on Saibai Island in Queensland.
Life
Kookaburras usually eat small animals: small mammals (like mice), insects, small birds, lizards and snakes.
Kookaburras usually live in family groups. Young kookaburras help their parents to hunt and care for the smaller children.
Kookaburras are well known for their loud call, which sounds a bit like human laughter. Kookaburras use their calling to show others what is their land.
Coraciiformes
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania
Angelo Carlos Pretti

Angelo Carlos Pretti (born August 10, 1965) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1993||Yokohama Flugels||J. League 1||13||3||0||0||0||0||13||3
|-
|1994||Kyoto Purple Sanga||Football League||25||17||2||2||colspan="2"|-||27||19
|-
|1995||NEC Yamagata||Football League||29||16||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||16
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|Football League||27||13||3||2||colspan="2"|-||30||15
|-
|1997||29||19||3||4||colspan="2"|-||32||23
|-
|1998||Tokyo Gas||Football League||26||8||3||0||colspan="2"|-||29||8
149||76||11||8||0||0||160||84
149||76||11||8||0||0||160||84
|}
Other websites
F-Sports
1965 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Wally Gould

Walter "Wally" Gould (25 September 1938 - 10 March 2018) was an English professional footballer.
Gould made nearly 300 appearances and scored 71 goals in the Football League playing as a winger or forward for Sheffield United, York City and Brighton & Hove Albion. He later played for Durban United and Hellenic in South Africa.
Gould died of vascular dementia on 10 March 2018 at the age of 79.
References
1938 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from vascular dementia
English footballers
David Torrence

David Torrence (November 26, 1985 - August 28, 2017) was a Peruvian-American middle-distance runner and indoor American record holder in the 1000 meters (active). He was born in Okinawa, Japan, Torrence was raised in Tarzana, California.
Torrence represented Peru at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Torrence was found death at his condo in Scottsdale, Arizona on August 28, 2017 at the age of 31.
References
Other websites
1985 births
2017 deaths
Peruvian athletes
Peruvian Olympians
American middle-distance runners
American Olympians
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Deaths by drowning