pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
MapleStory

MapleStory is an online computer game made by the Korean company Wizet, and maintained and distributed by Nexon. Playing the game is free, but people can buy clothes and other in-game items from the "Cash Shop" using money. MapleStory has way less than 10,000 concurrent players world-wide. The game has many different versions for people to play on based on location. MapleStory got its name from the maple leaf. Therefore, the game has the maple leaf item during events.
Gameplay
This game is a 2D side-scrolling Massive Multi-player Online Role Playing Game (short form is MMORPG) which required players to create characters and then play the game as the "Novice Job Advancement". The name depends on the class he or she picked. Then, one does quests or grinds at monsters until either LV. 120 or LV. 200 depending on the class one chooses.
One can get Job Advancements to get stronger in-game. Please note the number of the level required to job advance might change due to some recent patches:
1st Job requires LV. 10, 2nd Job requires LV. 30, 3rd Job requires LV. 70 (LV. 60 after the Tempest expansion) and 4th Job requires LV. 120. (LV. 100 after the Tempest expansion)
Every year, MapleStory receives a lot of updates, which some players found the game going into a better direction but some players felt that the game is just getting spoiled.
The Maple World is known to be big that one needs to use transportation to travel over places. Taking a ship required the in-game currency mesos and some waiting time. However, to prevent other characters to be a goner forever, the ship is free of charge.
Meso is the in-game currency for MapleStory used to buy potions, equipment or cool items in the Free Market (Note: The Free Market prices are not free, the items are usually as expensive as one billion.)
Mesos cannot be bought. They are hard to earn by questing or trading and are easy to spend on things in the Free Market.
There are other systems and features in the game.
MapleStory DS
MapleStory DS (Korean: meipeulseutori DS) is a Nintendo DS game coming in April 2010, being worked on with Nexon and Nintendo. They said that the Korean put-up date was in 2009.
The game was talked about in E3 2006. On January 9 2007, Nexon and the newly made Nintendo of Korea put up a trailer for the game. They first said the game would be put up in September 2007. It was found out it will be an online game, that works with the Nintendo DS Wi-Fi System. In an interview with the boss of international business development, Stephen Lee said that the game will work in single player. He also said there were going to be microphone and touch-responsive features.
References
Other websites
http://www.maplestory.com - Main Maplestory site.
http://maplestory.nexon.net - Official MapleGlobal site
http://www.maplesea.com - Official MapleSEA site
http://www.maplestory.com.br - Official Brazil Maplestory site
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
2003 video games
Online games
Fairfield Porter

Fairfield Porter (June 10, 1907 - September 18, 1975) was an American painter and art critic.
Porter was born in Winnetka, Illinois, north of Chicago. He was the fourth of five children of James Porter, an architect, and Ruth Furness Porter, a poet. He was the brother of photographer Eliot Porter. In 1932 he married the poet Anne (Channing) Porter.
Porter was a figurative painter at a time when abstraction was more popular. He painted landscapes, house interiors, and portraits of family, friends and other artists. He made many paintings of the land, his home, and family in Southampton, Long Island and at Great Spruce Head Island in Maine where they spent many summers.
Work in public collections
Porter willed about 250 of his works to the Parrish Art Museum.
Laurence at the Piano (1953), New Britain Museum of American Art.
Katie and Anne (1955), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Still Life with Casserole (1955), Smithsonian American Art Museum
Elaine de Kooning (1957), Metropolitan Museum of Art
Frank O' Hara (1957), Toledo Museum of Art
Maine Coast (1958), Metropolitan Museum of Art
Chrysanthemums (1958), Wadsworth Atheneum
Schwenk, (1959), Museum of Modern Art
Children in a Field (1960), Whitney Museum of American Art
Boathouses (1961), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
The Garden Road (1962), Whitney Museum of American Art
Jerry at the Piano (1962), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Jimmy and Liz (1963), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
The Screen Porch (1964), Whitney Museum of American Art
Flowers by the Sea (1965), Museum of Modern Art
Interior in Sunlight (1965), Brooklyn Museum
The Mirror (1966), Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
Anne in a Striped Dress (1967), Parrish Art Museum
Under the Elms (1971), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Sunrise on South Main Street (1973), Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Dock (1974-75), Farnsworth Art Museum
Near Union Square--Looking up Park Avenue (1975), Metropolitan Museum of Art
October Interior (1963), Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
Apple Blossoms I (1974), The Christmas Tree (1971), Street Scene (1969), Muscarelle Museum of Art
References
1907 births
1975 deaths
American art critics
American painters
First Ladies and Gentlemen of the Philippines

The first lady or first gentleman of the Philippines () is a spouse of President of the Philippines.
List
Living former first ladies and first gentlemen
As of , there are six living former first ladies and one living first gentleman. The most recent first lady to die was Victoria Quirino (1948-1953), daughter of Elpidio Quirino on November 29, 2006
Notes
References
Bern, Idaho

Bern is an unincorporated community of Idaho in the United States. It is in Bear Lake County.
Unincorporated communities in Idaho
2022 French legislative elections

Legislative elections in France were held on 12 and 19 June 2022 to elect the 577 members of the 16th National Assembly. The elections took place after the 2022 French presidential election, which was held in April.
Turnout for the first round was a record low 47.5%. Ensemble, a pro-Emmanuel Macron coalition came in first place. The newly formed socialist environmentalist NUPES coalition led by Jean-Luc Melenchon finished second.
In the second round, which had a higher turnout than that of the 2017 French legislative election, Macron's Ensemble coalition won the most seats, 250, in the National Assembly but also lost majority control, causing a hung parliament. NUPES won a large amount of seats, having a total of 151 seats.
References
June 2022 events
2022 in France
2022 elections
Judas (song)

"Judas" is a song by American pop singer Lady Gaga from her second studio album, Born This Way. It was released as the second single from the album on April 15, 2011.
"Judas" is a house-tinged electropop and techno song about a woman falling in love with a man who betrayed her.
The song managed to reach the top ten in the US and Canada. On February 29, 2016, the song was certified double-Platinum by the RIAA for sales and shipments of over 2 million copies in the United States alone.
Music video
The music video for the song was controversial, like Gaga's video for "Alejandro", because it contained religious imagery. Gaga is shown dressed as Mary Magdalene in the video and depicted riding on the back of a motorcycle that an actor portraying Jesus is driving. The Catholic League condemned the video.
References
2011 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Tom Alter

Thomas Beach "Tom" Alter (22 June 1950 - 29 September 2017) was an Indian actor of American descent. He was a television actor, best known for his work in Bollywood, and the theatre.
Alter was born in Mussoorie, Uttar Pradesh, India (now in Uttarakhand). He was the son of American Christian missionaries of English and Scottish ancestry.
In 2008, he was awarded Padma Shri by the Indian government.
Tom Alter' son released a statement of his father's demise which said, "It is with sadness we announce the death of our beloved Tom Alter, actor, writer, director, Padma Shri, and most importantly our loving father!". Alter died of skin cancer on 29 September 2017 at his home in Mumbai, India at the age of 67.
References
Other websites
1950 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from skin cancer
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Stage actors
Epiglottis

The epiglottis is a thin flap in the oesophagus. It is the top part of the larynx. It closes to stop food from going down the trachea. It opens to allow breathing.
Other websites
Anatomy of the digestive system
Vaals

Vaals is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 10,092 people lived there.It is located on the border with Germany, Aachen is about away.
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Insulin lispro

Insulin lispro, better known as Humalog, is a quick-acting diabetic insulin taken before meals. People having Type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (or rarely, Type 2 diabetes) use the medication. It was first approved in 1996.
References
Anti-diabetic drugs
Kaus Mia

Kaus Mia is a Bangladeshi businessman who gained national attention for his exceptional commitment to paying taxes. Born in 1931, he started his career as a small grocer at the age of 19, before moving on to the tobacco industry.
Recognition
Mia first gained public recognition in 2021, when he was named the best taxpayer of the Mujib Year, which marked the birth centenary of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father of Bangladesh. The award was presented to him by the National Board of Revenue (NBR) in recognition of his exemplary record of tax compliance and contribution to the country's economic development.
Life story
Mia's success story is all the more remarkable given his humble beginnings. As a young man, he started his own small grocery store in his hometown of Khulna, in the southwest of Bangladesh. Later on, he entered the chewing tobacco industry and founded his own company, Kaus Tobacco Industries, which has become a leading player in the sector.
Despite his success, Mia has never shied away from his tax obligations. He has consistently paid his taxes on time and in full, earning him a reputation as a model citizen and a responsible business owner.
Mia's commitment to tax compliance has not gone unnoticed. In addition to being named the best taxpayer of the Mujib Year, he has also been recognized by the NBR as a top taxpayer in previous years. His example has inspired many others to follow in his footsteps, and he has become a role model for aspiring entrepreneurs and responsible citizens across Bangladesh.
Achievements
In recognition of his achievements, Mia has received numerous awards and accolades from various organizations, including the Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FBCCI) and the Bangladesh Chewing Tobacco Manufacturers Association (BCTMA). However, he remains humble and focused on his goals, stating that his ultimate aim is to contribute to the development of his country and make a positive impact on society.
References
Living people
Bangladeshi businesspeople
Ozzy Osbourne

John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne (born 3 December 1948) is an English heavy metal singer.
Osbourne was born in Marston Green Hospital in Marston Green, England. , He grew up in Aston, Birmingham, England. He has dyslexia. He was convicted of burglary when he was a teenager, for which he was fined. He was sent to prison for not paying the fine.
Osbourne was the lead singer for Black Sabbath between 1968 and 1978. He joined again in 1997 for occasional tours. Osbourne and Bob Daisley wrote a song called 'Suicide Solution', which was released on Blizzard of Ozz. It was heavily ridiculed claiming it was about suicide, which coincided with the words "shoot, shoot" whispered in the song. Osbourne stated in an interview that it was really a tribute to his friend Bon Scott, lead singer of AC/DC, who died of alcohol poisoning. However, Daisley states it's about Osbourne's substance and alcohol abuse. He bit the head off of a bat on stage while on a solo tour in Des Moines, Iowa supporting the Bark at the Moon album.
He and his wife Sharon have three children together: Aimee, Kelly and Jack. He also has three children from his first marriage to Thelma Riley: Elliot, Jessica, and Louis.
Osbourne released his first solo album, Blizzard of Ozz in 1980.
He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2000, which he publicly revealed in January 2020.
Solo albums
Blizzard of Ozz (1980)
Diary of a Madman (1981)
Bark at the Moon (1983)
The Ultimate Sin (1986)
No Rest for the Wicked (1988)
No More Tears (1991)
Ozzmosis (1995)
Down to Earth (2001)
Under Cover (cover album, 2005)
Black Rain (2007)
Scream (2010)
Ordinary Man (2020)
Patient Number 9 (2022)
Other websites
The Official Ozzy Osbourne Website
Ozzy Osbourne - Discography
Metal Storm - Ozzy Osbourne - Discography
References
British burglars
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Birmingham
Actors from Birmingham
Writers from Birmingham
English artists
English rock singers
English movie actors
English television personalities
People with Parkinson's disease
1948 births
Living people
People with dyslexia
WWE Hall of Fame
Eliza Doolittle

Eliza Sophie Caird (born 17 April 1988), best known as Eliza Doolittle, is a British singer and songwriter. Her first album Eliza Doolittle was released on 12 July 2010.
Early life
Eliza Doolittle was born in London in 1988. Her father is John Caird. Her mother is Frances Ruffelle. Doolittle grew up in Camden. She went to Channing School.
Career
On 29 November 2009 Doolittle released her first EP Eliza Doolittle on iTunes. On 11 April 2010 she released her first single "Skinny Genes". On 5 July 2010 her second single "Pack Up" was released. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number twelve. It reached number five on 11 July 2010. The two singles were from her album Eliza Doolittle, which was released on 12 July 2010.
In 2011 Doolittle was signed to Select Models.
On 28 April 2013 "You & Me", a song by Disclosure with Doolittle singing on it, was released. It reached number ten in the UK Singles Chart.
On 7 June 2013 Doolittle released the first single from her second album, "Big When I Was Little".
Doolittle released her second album In Your Hands on 14 October 2013.
References
1988 births
Living people
Singers from London
Ravi Bhalla

Ravinder Singh Bhalla (born January 13, 1974), often simply called Ravi Bhalla, is an American civil rights lawyer and politician. He is the mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey since 2018. He was a member of the city council of Hoboken from 2009 until 2017.
On November 7, 2017, he was elected New Jersey's first Sikh mayor, as well as the first elected mayor in the United States who is a Sikh and wears a turban.
Notes
References
1974 births
Living people
American mayors
Politicians from New Jersey
People from Passaic, New Jersey
People from Hoboken, New Jersey
Lawyers from New Jersey
American civil rights activists
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Something Deep Inside

"Something Deep Inside" is a 2000 song by Billie Piper and is the second single from her second studio album Walk of Life. It went to number 4 in the United Kingdom, number 7 in Scotland, number 18 in New Zealand, number 20 in Australia, number 33 in Ireland and number 97 in Switzerland.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Something Deep Inside" (radio mix) - 3:21
"First Love" - 3:39
"Something Deep Inside (Steel & Holliday mix) - 3:16
"Something Deep Inside" (video) - 3:20
UK CD2
"Something Deep Inside" (radio mix) - 3:21
"Something Deep Inside" (G.A.Y mix) - 6:45
"Something Deep Inside" (The Bold & The Beautiful mix) - 6:23
UK cassette single
A1. "Something Deep Inside" (radio mix) - 3:21
A2. "Something Deep Inside" (Motiv 8 radio mix) - 3:40
B1. "Something Deep Inside" (The Bold & The Beautiful edit) - 3:04
B2. "Something Deep Inside" (Motiv 8 Deep Club vocal mix) - 7:22
European CD single
"Something Deep Inside" (radio mix) - 3:21
"Something Deep Inside" (The Bold & The Beautiful mix) - 6:23
Australasian enhanced CD single
"Something Deep Inside" (radio mix) - 3:21
"Something Deep Inside" (Motiv 8 Deep Club vocal mix) - 7:22
"Something Deep Inside" (The Bold & The Beautiful mix) - 6:23
"Something Deep Inside" (Good as You remix) - 6:45
"Honey to the Bee" (Hex Hector club mix) - 4:32
"Something Deep Inside" (video) - 3:20
References
2000 songs
Billie Piper songs
Kryvyi Rih

Kryvyi Rih (; literal "Crooked Horn") is a city in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province) in central Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Kryvyi Rih Raion (district). In 2020, 619,278 people lived there.
Cities in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Shōnan

This article is about a region of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. For the former town in Chiba Prefecture, see Shonan, Chiba.
is the name of a local Japanese region along the coast of Sagami Bay which is about 50 kilometres southwest of Tokyo.
Shonan is centered on Enoshima, which is a small island near the coast.
Related pages
Shonan Bellmare
References
Other websites
JR Shonan Shinjuku Line
Michelin, Shonan region
Geography of Japan
Andover, Connecticut

Andover is a town in Tolland County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,151 at the 2020 census. Andover was founded, or created, on May 18, 1848.
References
Towns in Connecticut
19th-century establishments in Connecticut
1848 establishments in the United States
Chevrolet Celebrity

The Chevrolet Celebrity was a car. It was made from 1982 to 1990. The Celebrity was the best-selling car in 1986 in North America. The vehicle lasted one generation.
The sedan was stopped for 1989. The station wagon was last produced for 1990. Chevrolet replaced the sedan with the Lumina, and the station was succeeded by Chevrolet Lumina APV (a minivan).
The Celebrity is similar to the Buick Century, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera and Pontiac 6000.
Celebrity
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Alicia von Rittberg

Alicia Grafin von Rittberg (born 10 December, 1993 in Munich, Bavaria) is a German actress. She began with small roles in Dingsda and KiKA in the years 2000 and 2005.
Filmography
2006: The Old Fox (Television series, episode 30x03 Todliches Schweigen)
2007: Die Lawine
2008: Die Sache mit dem Gluck
2009: Romy
2008-2010: Meine wunderbare Familie (television series, five episodes)
2010: Das Geheimnis der Wale
2011: The Old Fox (Television series, episode 37x04 Zivilcourage)
2011: Hindenburg
2011: Die Verfuhrerin Adele Spitzeder
2011: Eine ganz heisse Nummer
2012: Barbara
2012: Und alle haben geschwiegen
2013: Alles fur meine Tochter
2014: Unterwegs mit Elsa
2014: Die Hebamme
2014: Die reichen Leichen. Ein Starnbergkrimi
2014: Fury
2015: Our Kind of Traitor
Awards
2013: Bavarian TV award - Young Artist Award for Und alle haben geschwiegen
2014: New Faces Award - Young Artist Award for Die Hebamme
References
Other websites
Profile on the Agency's website die agenten
1993 births
Living people
Actors from Munich
German movie actors
German television actors
Alfredo Cristiani

Alfredo Felix Cristiani Burkard, popularly known as Alfredo Cristiani (born November 22, 1947) is a Peruvian politician. He was the President of El Salvador from 1989 to 1994. Cristiani was born in San Salvador. He is a member of the ARENA. Cristiani is of Swiss decent.
References
Other websites
Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)
Living people
1947 births
Presidents of El Salvador
Hohenkammer

Hohenkammer is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Freising (district)
Trolley pole

A trolley pole is a tapered cylindrical pole of wood or metal, used to transfer electricity from a "live" overhead wire to the control and propulsion equipment of a tram or trolley bus. The use of overhead wire in a railway electrification system is said to be the 1880 invention of Frank J. Sprague.
Related pages
Bow collector
Pantograph
Third rail
Overhead lines
References
Rail technologies
Tram technology
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

The following is a list of the 472 communes of the Charente-Maritime departement in France.
(CALR) Communaute d'agglomeration de La Rochelle, created in 2000.
(CARF) Communaute d'agglomeration du Pays Rochefortais, created in 2000.
(CAR) Communaute d'agglomeration du Pays Royannais, created in 2002.
Communaute de communes de l'Ile-de-Re
Communaute de communes Plaine d'Aunis
Communaute de communes de Surgeres
Communaute de communes du canton de Loulay
Communaute de communes du canton d'Aulnay-de-Saintonge
Communaute de communes du canton de Saint-Jean-d'Angely
Communaute de communes du Sud-Charente
Communaute de communes Charente-Arnoult-Coeur de Saintonge
Communaute de communes du Pays Savinois
Communaute de communes du canton de Saint-Hilaire-de-Villefranche
Communaute de communes du Pays de Matha
Communaute de communes Vignobles et Vals boises du Pays Buriaud
Communaute de communes de la region de Pons
Communaute de communes de la Haute-Saintonge
Communaute de communes de l'Ile-d'Oleron
Communaute de communes des bassins Seudre-et-Arnoult
Communaute de communes du canton de Gemozac et de la Saintonge Viticole
Communaute de communes du Bassin de Marennes
Communaute de communes du Pays Marandais
Communaute de communes du Pays Santon
Communaute de communes du Val de Trezence, de la Boutonne a la Devise
Communaute de communes du canton de Courcon
Charente-Maritime
Maurice Jarre

Maurice-Alexis Jarre (; 13 September 1924 - 28 March 2009) was a French composer and conductor. He composed the movie scores for Lawrence of Arabia (1962) and Dr. Zhivago. He also worked on The Train (1964), Mohammad, Messenger of God (1976), Lion of the Desert (1981), Witness (1985), Fatal Attraction (1987), and Ghost (1990).
Jarre won three Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, and a Grammy Award.
Influences
Jarre stated composers like Arthur Honegger, Franz Waxman, Miklos Roza, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Richard Wagner, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Max Steiner, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Richard Strauss as influences.
References
1924 births
2009 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
French conductors
Movie score composers
Musicians from Lyon
Academy Award winning composers
Golden Globe Award winning composers
BAFTA Award winners
Grammy Award winners
20th-century French composers
21st-century French composers
Keegan-Michael Key

Keegan-Michael Key (born March 22, 1971) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Southfield, Michigan. He and Jordan Peele have a comedy show on MADtv.
References
1971 births
Living people
Actors from Michigan
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Michigan
Rennertshofen

Rennertshofen is a municipality in Neuburg-Schrobenhausen in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Neuburg-Schrobenhausen
Legend

Legends (derived from Latin legenda) are stories in oral tradition passed on by word of mouth.
The word is also used for famous or historically significant people, places, events, etc. We sometimes say of someone who is extremely famous that they are a "legend" or "of legendary fame".
Examples of legends are Ali Baba, the Fountain of Youth, Paul Bunyan, Bogeyman, Kraken, Sirens, Atlantis, the Loch Ness Monster, Bigfoot, and Yeti. Some legends are stories about real people; others are not. Odysseus and Robin Hood for example may have been real but most the stories about them are definitely fiction.
For some places, legends are the earliest history. For example, the origin of ancient Rome is known only from legends, as are the earliest dynasties in the history of China.
Oral tradition
Strategy

Strategy is a word which was first used by the military. It comes from an ancient Greek word for the general officer commanding all the armed forces of a state. A strategy is a long term plan on what to do to achieve a certain goal. When talking about the near future, people often use the word tactics. Military theorist Carl von Clausewitz said "tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war". Today, the word "strategy" is in common use; people might talk about "business strategy", for example.
The distinction between strategy and tactics applies to any planning which might be done against an enemy or opponent. Strategy is what we broadly intend to do to reach our long-term goal or objective. Tactics is the detailed steps which are used as our progress is opposed by the opponent. For this reason, tactics are short-scale and flexible. Strategy, on the other hand, is changed as little as possible. It may be that our goal simply cannot be reached. In that case, a search goes on for a new goal and a new or adjusted strategy. Often, in war, chess or business, roughly the same tactics are still used to get to a different goal. Negotiation is another area where the distinction between strategy and tactics is especially clear.
References
Bibliography
Clausewitz, Carl von. 1989. On War, trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
Gray, Colin S. 1999. Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Liddell Hart, Basil. H. 1967. Strategy. New York: Praeger.
Luttwak, Edward. 2001. Strategy: the logic of war and peace. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Sun Tzu. 1963. The Art of War. trans. Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Watson, John 1998. Secrets of modern chess strategy: advances since Nimzowitsch. Gambit, London.
Military
Games
Peace TV Foundation

Peace TV Foundation is a Sunni Salafi Islamic Non-Profit Organization in Banglandesh. Peace TV Foundation Works Towards Creating an Inclusive Society By Making Information About Islam Accessible Through Dawah, Social media, Teaching, Media & Political Engagement.
References
Non-profit organizations of Asia
Organisations based in Bangladesh
2020 establishments in Asia
21st-century establishments in Bangladesh
Hugh Leatherman

Hugh K. Leatherman Sr. (April 14, 1931 - November 12, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the South Carolina Senate, from 1981 until his death. He was the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Leatherman and sat on the state's Budget and Control Board.
He was President Pro Tempore of the South Carolina Senate for all but one day from 2014 through 2019.
On October 22, 2021, it was announced that Leatherman was in hospice care in Florence, South Carolina for colorectal cancer. He died from the disease on November 12, 2021 at the age of 90.
References
Other websites
South Carolina Legislature - Hugh K. Leatherman Sr. Official SC Senate Website
Hugh K. Leatherman Sr. Official Constituent Service Website
1931 births
2021 deaths
Politicians from South Carolina
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Deaths from colorectal cancer
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from North Carolina
Choking game

The choking game is a challenge that aims to cause unconsciousness by lowering the supply of oxygen to the brain. When becoming conscious again ("waking up"), people often have a euphoric feeling, or a good dream. Most of the time, adolescents try this game. One of the reasons is that they want to experiment with other states of consciousness. If they do it as a group, peer pressure often plays a role. The practice seems to have started in France, in the early 20th century. After the second world war (late 1940s, to early 1950s), several authors described it.
The reasons to play this game are different from those of erotic asphyxiation. Steve Field, chairman of the Royal College of General Practitioners in London, claims that children and teens try the game mainly "to get a high without taking drugs." Children "aren't playing this game for sexual gratification." It is frequently confused with erotic asphyxiation, which is oxygen deprivation for sexual arousal. Unlike erotic asphyxiation, adults usually don't play this game.
Dangers and effects
The brain will take permanent damage, if it doesn't get enough oxygen. The first effects occur within minutes.
In the United States, and in France, where it is known as "jeu de foulard", this practice has caused several deaths. The CDC has identified 82 victims aged between 6 and 19 years, who died as a result of this practice, between 1995 and 2007.
Most of the sensations felt are:
bright dots in the field of vision
tinnitus
sensation of floating or flying
tingling sensation in the limbs, often accompanied by a feeling of heat
vertigo, and a reduced sensation of consciousness
sudden loss of consciousness
According to Francoise Cochet, successfully preventing children from playing is to not only telling them that playing the game is dangerous, but also telling them about the risks involved.
Statistics
The French government organised a conference on the subject, where experts from France and Belgium took part. Afterwards, a study was done, where 1012 children between 6 and 15 years of age, were questioned. The study found the following results:
63 % of the children know one of these games
26 % had seen someone playing, mainly at school
one in ten has played the game
The main reason for playing is to do the same thing as the other colleagues; other reasons are because it is funny, and interesting
Most people who play are not aware of the risks
Most of those who have never played know about the risks.
Other websites
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Unintentional Deaths
Games adolescents shouldn't Play (G.A.S.P)
References
Games
Second-wave feminism

Second-wave feminism started in the 1960s in the United States. It lasted for roughly two decades. During first-wave feminism, women wanted to get the right to vote in elections and to be treated equally to men when it comes to owning and inheriting property. Second-wave feminism focused more on issues of sexuality (sex education, contraception, abortion, family planning) and violence directed against women (domestic violence, rape, and women's shelters). In many countries, there were also changes to the laws about divorce.
It was a reaction to women returning to their roles as housewives and mothers after the end of the Second World War. The men that had to leave the workforce to join the defence forces had returned and women were fired from their positions and replaced by men. This movement was initially concentrated in the United States of America and then spread to other Western countries. This movement was triggered by the publishing of Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique, a renowned feminist text credited for daring to break social conventions about the portrayal of women. Friedan was inspired by Simone de Beauvoir's book, The Second Sex, first published in Paris in 1949.
In the 1980s, there were disputes among different feminist groups (known as feminist sex wars), over issues of sexuality and pornography. These disputes started the "third-wave feminism" in the early 1990s.
References
Feminism
Ukraine at the Olympics

Ukraine sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 1994. It has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.
Before 1994, Ukrainian athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. After the Soviet Union ended, Ukraine was part of the Unified Team in 1992.
Ukraine has won a total of 116 medals at the Summer Games and five at the Winter Games. Gymnastics has been the nation's best sport.
The National Olympic Committee of Ukraine was created in 1990. It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
Medal tables
Medals by Summer Games
Medals by Winter Games
Medals by summer sport
Medals by winter sport
Flag Bearers
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1994 Winter Olympics - Viktor Petrenko
1996 Summer Olympics - Serhiy Bubka
1998 Winter Olympics - Andriy Deryzemlya
2000 Summer Olympics - Yevhen Braslavets
2002 Winter Olympics - Olena Petrova
2004 Summer Olympics - Denys Silantiev
2006 Winter Olympics - Natalia Yakushenko
2008 Summer Olympics - Yana Klochkova
2010 Winter Olympics - Liliya Ludan
2012 Summer Olympics - Roman Hontyuk
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Ukraine profile at London2012.com
Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Ukraine
Congo clawless otter

The Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) is a type of otter. It is also called the Cameroon clawless otter.
The Congo clawless otter is found in Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Burundi, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Rwanda, or Uganda. It lives in different habitats such as subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, freshwater spring, river deltas, saltwater lakes, saltwater marshes, rocky shores, sandy shores, estuary, intertidal flats, intertidal marshes, coastal saltwater lagoons, coastal freshwater lagoons, ponds, canals and ditches. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
Near threatened species
Mustelids
Mammals of Africa
Monophysitism

Monophysitism is an idea about the nature of Jesus Christ that Christ has only one nature, the divine one.
There are two main doctrines that can be called Monophysite ():
Eutychianism
Eutychianism says that the human and divine natures of Christ were combined into one new single mono) nature, and his human nature was "dissolved like a drop of honey in the sea".
Apollinarism
Apollinarism, or Apollinarianism, says that Christ had a human body and human "living principle" but that the Divine Logos had taken the place of the nous, or "thinking principle". That is analogous but not identical to what might be called a mind today.
Opposition
After Nestorianism, which was taught by Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople, was refused at the First Council of Ephesus, Eutyches, an archimandrite at Constantinople came up with new ideas. Monophysitism and Eutycheism were also refused at the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
Monophysitism is also rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches but was widely accepted in Syria, the Levant, and Egypt. That caused many tensions in the early days of the Byzantine Empire.
Later, Monothelitism was developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between the Monophysite and the Chalcedonian position, but it was also rejected by the members of the Chalcedonian synod though it had at times the support of the Byzantine emperors and one of the Popes of Rome, Honorius I. Some thought that Monothelitism was at one time held by the Maronites, but the Maronite community, for the most part, dispute that by stating that it has never been out of communion with the Catholic Church.
Miaphysitism, the christology of the Oriental Orthodox churches, is sometimes considered a variant of Monophysitism, but those churches view their theology as distinct from Monophysitism and anathematize Eutyches.
Christology
Patty Duke

Anna Marie "Patty" Duke (December 14, 1946 - March 29, 2016) was an American stage, television and movie actress. She was born in Manhattan, New York City. Duke was married to actor John Astin and had two children; Mackenzie Astin and Sean Astin.
In 1963, at age 16, Duke won the Academy Award for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for playing Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker. At the time, she was the youngest person to win the award.
On March 29, 2016, Duke died of sepsis from a ruptured intestine in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. She was 69 years old.
References
1946 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Queens
American activists
American autobiographers
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Deaths from sepsis
Disease-related deaths in Idaho
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
People with bipolar disorder
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Old Persian language

The Old Persian language is one of two Old Iranian languages. The other is Avestan). Old Persian was used during the Achaemenid era (c. 600 BC to 300 BC). Examples of Old Persian have been found in Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt.
Classification
Old Persian is an Old Iranian language, a member of the Southwestern Iranian language group. As an Iranian language, Old Persian is a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
Old Persian subsequently developed into Middle Persian, which is in turn the nominal ancestor of New Persian.
Phonology
The following phonemes are expressed in the Old Persian script:
Vowels
Long:
Short:
Consonants
Grammar
Nouns
Old Persian stems:
a-stems (-a, -am, -a)
i-stems (-is, iy)
u- (and au-) stems (-us, -uv)
consonantal stems (n, r, h)
Adjectives are declinable in similar way.
Verbs
Voices
Active, Middle (them. pres. -aiy-, -ataiy-), Passive (-ya-).
In Old Persian were used mostly the forms of first and third persons. Only Dual form used was ajivatam 'both lived'.
Lexicon
Related pages
Indo-Iranian languages
References and bibliography
: 238-245
: 56-85
Further reading
University Of Chicago (2007, June 22). Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought.
Iranian languages
Liberal Christianity

Liberal Christianity is a term which is used for several movements in Christianity. These movements formed between the 18th and 20th century. Their philosophical and theological ideas have been influenced by those of Enlightenment. They are not liberal in a political sense. They want to remain independent from dogmas defined by the different Christian Churches. When Liberal Christians interpret the Bible, they reject Biblical inerrancy and Papal authority. A Liberal Christian may have certain beliefs that are the same as those of more conservative Christians. Well known proponents include Hans Kung, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Albert Schweitzer.
Conservative theologians and scholars strongly criticize Liberal Christianity's rejection of orthodox doctrines and willingness to adapt to the modern era, claiming that it goes against traditional conceptions of Christian faith. Liberal Christianity has also been criticized for its pluralistic and relativistic leanings in theology. Modernism has been denounced by the Catholic Church as a heresy.
Related pages
Quaker
Episcopalian
Unitarian Universalism
References
Christian movements and denominational families
Yard (land)

A yard is an open space around a building. For instance, the space around a school is called a school yard. A yard is often used by humans and their pets. Yards with plants are called lawns.
Gardens
Dean Koontz

Dean Koontz (born July 9, 1945 in Everett, Pennsylvania) is a writer from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. He is known for writing in the suspense thriller genre. Many of his books have been New York Times Bestsellers.
Other websites
1945 births
Living people
Writers from Pennsylvania
Kelly Flynn

Kelly Flynn (October 4, 1954 - March 3, 2021) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the Montana House of Representatives from 2011 to 2019. Kelly was born in Townsend, Montana.
Flynn died of kidney and lung cancer on March 3, 2021, in Helena, Montana at age 66.
References
1954 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from kidney cancer
Cancer deaths in Montana
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Montana
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Electional history of Kurdish parties in Turkey

This list is the electoral history of the Kurdish political parties that have existed in Turkey.
Current parties
Parliamentary
Presidential elections
Local
Politics of Turkey
Elections in Asia
Turkey-related lists
Lists of political parties
Harry Melling

Harry Edward Melling (born 13 March 1989) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Dudley Dursley in the Harry Potter films.
Early life
Melling was born in London. He became a member of the Millfield Theatre Youth Drama Group when he turned 9.
Career
Melling appeared in five of the Harry Potter films as Harry Potter's cousin Dudley Dursley. After the Harry Potter films ended Melling went to Lamda drama school.
References
Other websites
1989 births
Actors from London
British child actors
English movie actors
English television actors
Living people
Caucourt

Caucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Sunda clouded leopard

The Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), or Bornean clouded leopard, is found on Sumatra and Borneo. It is a genetically distinct species, related to the Clouded leopard. It has now been filmed.
The Sunda clouded leopard is the largest cat in Borneo, weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion, are longer than other living felines. Its tail, which may be as long as its body, helps it balance when running and jumping.
In Borneo, they occur in lowland rainforest. In Sumatra, they appear to live more in hilly, montane areas. It is not known if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu islands close to Sumatra.
Its taxonomy
In December 2006, the genus Neofelis was reclassified into two distinct species:
Neofelis nebulosa from mainland Asia and
Neofelis diardi from Borneo and Sumatra
The Sunda clouded leopard in each island is different enough to be a separate subspecies.
References
Felines
Mammals of Asia
Conor Maynard

Conor Maynard (born 21 November 1992) is an English singer. He comes from Brighton. His first album, Contrast, was a large success: it went top of the UK charts. He had four singles from that album: Can't Say No, Vegas Girl, Turn Around and "Animal". They all reached the top 10 in the UK charts. They also did well in Scotland, Ireland, and other countries.
References
Other websites
Official website
1992 births
English singers
Living people
Mingora

Mingora is the largest city in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It lies on the banks of River Swat about 2 km from Saidu Sharif, the capital of Swat.
In 1998 the population of Mingora was about 175,000. The city was once a major tourist destination and was described by Queen Elizabeth as the "Switzerland" of the former British Empire.
However because of the Taliban, tourism has suffered due to fighting between the Taliban and the government. In March 2009 the city came under Taliban rule due to a peace agreement with the government. But the agreement was soon broken and in May 2009 the government were fighting with the Taliban to end their occupation of the city.
Famous people from Mingora
Malala Yousafzai, education activist, Nobel Peace Laureate of 2014
References
Cities in Pakistan
Saint-Germain-du-Crioult

Saint-Germain-du-Crioult is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Conde-en-Normandie.
References
Former communes in Calvados
Minerva (automobile)

In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder Minervette was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest automobile.
In the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France.
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several automobile racing competitions in Europe.
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles. The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their automobiles for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too).
After worldwar II the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely.
Other websites
Minerva Cars
Automobiles
Chavannes-le-Chêne

Chavannes-le-Chene is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Vaud
Mashiro

Mashiro is a Japanese name meaning white. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).
People
Mashiro Matsumura
Mashiro Kazahana or Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom, fictional characters in My-HiME and My-Otome
Mashiro, a fictional character in Bleach (manga)
Sakamato Mashiro
Masahiro Fukuda, Japanese association football player
Masahiro Endo, Japanese association football player
Masahiro Ando, Japanese association football player
References
Given names
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born 5 April 1947) is a Filipino politician who was the President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010 and the Vice-President from 1998 to 2001. She is currently a member of the House of Representatives. She was the country's second female president, after Corazon Aquino. She is also the daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal.
In July 23, 2018, she was elected as the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. She left the job in June 2019.
References
1947 births
Living people
Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
Presidents of the Philippines
Vice presidents of the Philippines
Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 177th Pope from 1198 until his death in 1216.
Early life
Lotario di Conti was born at Anagni in central Italy. His father was Count Trasimund of Segni who was a member of the Conti family.
During the short reigns of Pope Lucius III, Pope Urban III, Pope Gregory VIII, and Pope Clement III, he served in the church bureaucracy.
Cardinal
In 1190, Clement III raised him to the rank of Cardinal.
Pope
Cardinal Segni was unanimously elected pope on January 8, 1198; and he took the name of Innocent III.
Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
Pope Innocent promoted the theory that the spiritual power of the church was greater than than any king or emperor. Innocent was the first pope to form a Papal state.
Crusades
Innocent III was responsible for starting the Fourth Crusade, the Albigensian Crusade, and the Fifth Crusade.
Lateran Council
In 1215, Innocent brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Fourth Lateran Council.
Related pages
List of popes
List of popes from the Conti family
References
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope in sequence
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Segni
1160s births
1216 deaths
Italian popes