pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spencer's river tree frog

Spencer's tree frog, Spencer's river tree frog or the spotted tree frog (Ranoidea spenceri) is a tree frog from Australia. It lives near the Great Dividing Range in Victoria and New South Wales. It lives between 200 and 1200 metres above sea level.
The adult frog is 4.2 to 7.0 cm in length. It is green or brown and can have spots. This frog lives in forests on mountains, both dense forests and open forests, both dry forests high in the mountains and wet forests lower down. It always lives in rocky places near streams.
The female frog lays 300-1000 eggs at a time in between rocks or underneath rocks in the water. The tadpoles eat algae off rocks and dead things from the bottoms of the water. Male frogs that live near the bottoms of mountains become adults 18 months after transforming from tadpoles to frogs. Female frogs that live near the bottoms of mountains become adults 3.5 years after transforming into frogs. Male frogs that live high in the mountains become adults 3.5 years after transforming into frogs. Female frogs that live high in the mountains become adults 4.5 years after transforming into frogs. Adult frogs eat insects.
This frog is in danger of dying out. Scientists only ever saw this frog in 19 streams. The frog has disappeared from 4 of them. The other streams make up 12 groups of frogs who only mate within their group. Adult frogs do not move much. Scientists think a single frog does not move more than 80 meters in its whole life.
Scientists are not sure why this frog is endangered, but they think many of them died during the 20th century. They think two types of invasive species, the rainbow trout and brown trout are eating the tadpoles. This frog can catch the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.
References
Frogs of Australia
History of the alphabet

The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. The first pure alphabet emerged around 2000 BCE to represent the language of Semitic workers in Egypt, and it was derived from the alphabetic principles of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. Most alphabets in the world today descend directly from this development, such as the Greek and Latin alphabets, or were inspired by its design.
Early history
Beginnings in Egypt
By 2700 BCE, the ancient Egyptians had developed a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent the consonants of their language and a 23rd that seems to have represented word-initial or word-final vowels. The first purelyalphabetic script is thought to have been developed around 2000 BCE for Semitic workers in central Egypt.
Over the next 500 years, it spread north, and all subsequent alphabets around the world have either descended from it or been inspired by one of its descendants, with the possible exception of the Meroitic alphabet, a 3rd century BCE adaptation of hieroglyphs in Nubia to the south of Egypt.
Semitic alphabet
The oldest examples are in Egypt and date to around 1800 BCE /.
The inscriptions may show that the alphabet was invented in Egypt.
References
Tom Blundell (cricketer)

Thomas Ackland Blundell (born 1 September 1990 in Wellington, New Zealand) is a New Zealand cricketer who plays for Wellington in the Plunket Shield. He made his international debut in January 2017 and has scored four test centuries in test cricket.
Other websites
1990 births
Living people
New Zealand cricketers
Sportspeople from Wellington
Recoilless rifle

Recoilless rifles are guns that can shoot very large bullets or explosives without any recoil. This is important because Newton's First Law of Motion teaches that whenever something moves, there is a motion that goes the opposite direction that is just as strong. This is why guns have recoil. Whenever a gun shoots a bullet forward, the bullet going forward creates an equally strong movement backward. The heavier a bullet is, the more force needed to fire a bullet forward, and therefore the more force the bullet sends the gun backward. Recoilless rifles can fire very large bullets and explosives without hurting their users because they are made with a hole in the back of the gun so that the force from firing the gun goes behind the user, rather than towards the user's shoulder. People using recoilless rifles must be very careful that no one is behind them when they are shooting because the force going behind the gun, or the backblast, is powerful enough to kill a person.
Artillery
Rifles
Gordon Brand Jnr

Gordon Brand Jnr (19 August 1958 - 1 August 2019) was a Scottish professional golfer. He played on the European Tour, winning eight times, and later the European Senior Tour, winning twice. He was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland.
He played in the 1979 Walker Cup and played twice in the Ryder Cup, in 1987 and 1989. Brand died suddenly on 1 August 2019, aged 60.
References
1958 births
2019 deaths
Sportspeople from Fife
British golfers
Almyra, Arkansas

Almyra is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
Towns in Arkansas
Dunga

Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri (born 31 October 1963), known as Dunga (), is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder.
Career statistics
Club
International
Coaching record
Honours
Player
Internacional
Rio Grande do Sul State League: 1982, 1983, 1984
Vasco da Gama
Rio de Janeiro State League: 1987
Jubilo Iwata
J. League: 1997
Brazil U-20
FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1983
South American Youth Championship: 1983
Brazil
FIFA World Cup: 1994
FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997
Copa America: 1989, 1997
Olympic Silver Medal: 1984
South American Pre-Olympic Tournament: 1984
Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1994, 1998
J. League Most Valuable Player: 1997
J. League Best Eleven: 1997, 1998
FIFA XI: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
Golden Foot: 2010, as a football legend
Fiorentina All-time XI
Manager
Internacional
Rio Grande do Sul State League: 2013
Brazil
Copa America: 2007
Olympic Bronze Medal: 2008
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2009
Superclasico de las Americas: 2014
Individual
IFFHS World's Best National Coach: 2007
References
Other websites
Official website (archived, 18 March 2018)
1963 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Association football midfielders
Jubilo Iwata players
J1 League players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Brazilian Olympic bronze medalists
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Brazilian football managers
Raven (DC Comics)

Raven is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in a special insert in DC Comics Presents #26 (October 1980). She was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Perez. She is a known member of the superhero team Teen Titans.
The character also goes by the alias Rachel Roth as a false civilian name.
Raven has appeared in numerous cartoon television shows and movies, including as one of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network's eponymous series, voiced by Tara Strong. Rachel Roth makes her live adaptation debut in the DC Universe series Titans, played by Teagan Croft.
Other websites
Titans Tower: Raven
DC Comics superheroes
Martin O'Malley 2016 presidential campaign

The 2016 presidential campaign of Martin O'Malley, the 61st Governor of Maryland, for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 2016 was announced on May 30, 2015 and suspended on February 1, 2016.
Background
O'Malley had been seen as a potential presidential candidate since at least December 2012. In that month, he said that Hillary Clinton, who has launched her own 2016 campaign, would be a "great President", brushing off questions about his own potential candidacy and commenting that he would have to do "a lot of soul-searching and discernment and introspection."
Announcement
The day prior to his announcement, May 29, O'Malley released a video of himself strumming the presidential fanfare Hail to the Chief on his guitar, alluding to his impending announcement. The following day, May 30, O'Malley launched his campaign at a scheduled rally in Baltimore, Maryland.
Suspension
O'Malley suspended his campaign after poor polling numbers and a poor performance in the Iowa caucuses.
References
O'Malley
Harriet Andersson

Harriet Andersson (born 14 February 1932) is a Swedish actress. She is best known for appearing in many movies directed by Ingmar Bergman and eventually being his romantic partner. Andersson appeared in several of his best-known movies, including Smiles of a Summer Night (1955), Through a Glass Darkly (1961), Cries and Whispers (1972), and Fanny and Alexander (1982).
References
Other websites
1932 births
Living people
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Swedish stage actors
Swedish voice actors
Actors from Stockholm
MacOS Mojave

MacOS Mojave (version 10.14) is the fifteenth major version of MacOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers.
MacOS
John Frost Bridge

The John Frost Bridge is a bridge in Arnhem. It was bombed after Operation Market Garden in September 1944. It was later rebuilt. Some parts of the bridge are still the same as they were in 1944.
Bridges in Europe
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Transport in the Netherlands
Arnhem
Quokka

The quokka (Setonix brachyurus) is a small marsupial about the size of a large cat. Like other animals in the macropod family, such as kangaroos and wallabies, the quokka eats grass and small plants, and is mainly nocturnal. It lives on some small islands off the coast of Western Australia, mainly on Rottnest Island near Perth, and Bald Island near Albany. A small number live on the main land in the protected area of Two Peoples Bay, which they share with Gilbert's Potoroo. The quokka is the only member of the genus Setonix.
Description
The quokka weighs between and . It is around long with a tail. This is short for a macropod. It has a solid build, rounded ears, and a short, broad head. It looks like a very small, fat kangaroo, but it can climb small trees and shrubs. It has rough fur which is a brown colour, fading to pale brown underneath. The quokka eats a small amount of its waste products.
It is about the size of a domestic cat.
Behaviour
The quokka is a social animal and lives in large groups. They eat grass, sedges, succulents and leaves. They can become very sick if fed with things like bread, given to them by visitors to Rottnest Island. Visitors are now told not to feed them. Quokkas breed at any time on the mainland, but in late summer on Rottnest. The female quokka has two babies (called joeys) in a year.
The quokka moves in the same way as a kangaroo, using both small and large hops.
Quokkas and people
Quokkas are not scared of people, so you are able to get quite close to them, particularly on Rottnest Island. It is against the law on Rottnest Island to handle or touch the animals in any way. A A$100 fine can be given by the Rottnest Island Authority for picking up a quokka. People can even be taken to court and get a fine of up to $1000. These fines have been used in some unusual cases where quokka have been hurt or killed by visitors to Rottnest.
Status
There are a lot of quokkas living on the small offshore islands, because this is only a small area they are listed as vulnerable. On the mainland, they are attacked by dingoes, as well as introduced animals like foxes, dogs and cats. They also need thick ground cover for shelter. Farming has cleared much of the land which is another reason the species is threatened.
European discovery
The quokka was one of the first Australian mammals seen by Europens. The Dutch sailor, Samuel Volckertzoon wrote about seeing a "a wild cat" on Rottnest Island in 1658. In 1696, Willem de Vlamingh thought they were rats and named the island "Rottenest", Dutch for "rat nest".
Name
The word quokka is comes from a Nyungar word, which was probably gwaga.
References
Other websites
Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
7.62×51mm NATO

The 7.62x51mm NATO is one of the main types of bullets used for battle rifles, sniper rifles, and light machine guns used by NATO countries.
It is based on the .30-06 Springfield catridge. The bullet is the same size, but the case is slightly smaller so soldiers could carry more bullets. It was the main bullet used by NATO until the 5.56x45mm NATO was invented.
Guns that use the 7.62 NATO include the M14, the FN FAL, the G3, the SCAR, the M240, and the M21.
Ammunition
Military cartridges
NATO
Pistol and rifle cartridges
Marta Fascina

Marta Fascina (born 9 January 1990) is an Italian politician. She is a member of Forza Italia. She has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2018.
Fascina has been dating former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi since 2020.
References
Living people
1990 births
Italian politicians
People from Calabria
Mike Sadek

Michael George Sadek (May 30, 1946 - January 20, 2021) was a Major League Baseball catcher. He spent his entire major league career with the San Francisco Giants. His career lasted from 1975 to 1981.
Sadek died on January 20, 2021 in San Andreas, California from heart and lung disease, aged 74.
References
1946 births
2021 deaths
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from Minneapolis
Deaths from lung disease
Independence Club

The Independence Club (, ) was a Korean association that supported the independence movement during the Joseon dynasty. It was active from 1896 to 1899. The club was an early supporter of human rights and people's democracy in Korea. It was founded by Seo Jae-pil and Yun Chi-ho.
The group helped build the Independence Gate. and set up the People's Joint Association.
Related pages
Independence Gate
Dongnip Shinmun
People's joint association
Seo Jae-pil
Yun Chi-ho
Syngman Rhee
Rhee Sang-jae
Kim Kyu-sik
Other websites
Independence Club
Independence Club
dogribhyeobhoeyeongu
More reading
Oh Se-ung, Dr. Philip Jaisohn's Reform Movement, 1896-1898: A Critical Appraisal of the Independence Club, University Press of America, 1995,
Djun Kil Kim (2008-01-07), the History of Korea, Greenwood Press
References
Civil rights
Human rights
History of Korea
1896 establishments in Asia
1899 disestablishments
1890s establishments in Asia
1890s disestablishments in Asia
Finland national football team

Finland national football team is the national football team of Finland.
Player records
Most appearances
Top scorers
References
European national football teams
Football in Finland
Organizations based in Finland
Oberasbach

Oberasbach is a municipality in Furth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 6 km southwest of Furth, and 10 km west of Nuremberg (centre).
Stadtrat
The local council has 24 members.
The election in 2014 showed the following results:
9 seats (CSU)
9 seats (SPD)
3 seats (Free voters)
2 seats (The Greens)
1 seat (FDP)
Twin towns
Oberasbach is twinned with:
Niederwurschnitz, Germany
Olawa, Poland
Riolo Terme, Italy
Personalities
Steffen Weinhold, (born 1986), handball player
Deniz Aytekin, (born 1978), football referee
Maurice Muller, (born 1992), soccer player
Related pages
References
Furth (district)
Cheese fries

Cheese fries are a popular fast food dish with french fries covered in cheese. Cheese fries are similar to the Canadian dish poutine. They are called cheesy chips or chips and cheese in places like the United Kingdom.
Fast food
Cheese dishes
Dow City, Iowa

Dow City is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Crawford County, Iowa
Alfons Maria Jakob

Alfons Maria Jakob (2 July 1884, Aschaffenburg/Bavaria-17 October 1931, Hamburg) was a German neurologist who worked in the field of neuropathology. He was one of the scientists who discovered Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
1884 births
1931 deaths
German doctors
Neurologists
Zeng Qinghong

Zeng Qinghong (; born 30 July 1939) is a retired Chinese politician. He was the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2008.
Other websites
Vitae
1939 births
Living people
Chinese politicians
Mooky Greidinger

Moshe "Mooky" Joseph Greidinger is an Israeli businessman and the CEO of Cineworld, a major cinema chain. Along with his brother, he owns 29% of the company. Mooky comes from a family with a long history in the cinema business, dating back to the 1930s. He joined his father's cinema business in 1976 and later expanded it globally. However, the COVID-19 pandemic caused significant challenges for Cineworld, leading to financial difficulties and the company filing for bankruptcy protection in 2022.
References
Israeli businesspeople
Composite decking

Composite decking (also called wood-plastic) is an alternative to timber. It is made with recycled plastic and wood. This type of decking is becoming more and more popular as it is eco-friendly in nature and helps to save forests as it can be used as an alternative to wood. It is being used in many environments projects including outdoor dining, leisure areas, balconies and caravan decks, in addition to many decks of all shapes and sizes.
References
Construction
Recycling
Environmental technology
University of Missouri Press

The University of Missouri Press is a university press controlled by the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri and London, England. It was created in 1958 by English professor William Peden. Many publications are by, for, and about people from Missouri. The Press also focuses on the areas of American and world history; military history; intellectual history; biography; journalism; African American studies; women's studies; American, British, and Latin American literary criticism; political science; regional studies; and creative nonfiction. The Press has published 2,000 books since its creation and currently publishes about 30 mostly academic books a year.
References
20th-century establishments in Missouri
1958 establishments in the United States
Publishing companies of the United States
University presses
Companies based in Missouri
Ivan Dziuba

Ivan Mykhailovych Dziuba (; 26 July 1931 - 22 February 2022) was a Ukrainian literary critic, social activist, dissident and politician. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, elected in 1991.
Dziuba was the Minister of Culture of Ukraine (1992--1994). He was the Co-Chief of Editorial Board of the Encyclopaedia of Modern Ukraine. He also co-founded the People's Movement of Ukraine.
Dziuba died in Kyiv, Ukraine on 22 February 2022, at the age of 90.
References
1931 births
2022 deaths
Ukrainian politicians
Ukrainian writers
Ukrainian academics
Soviet dissidents
Ukrainian activists
Mi Plan

Mi plan (My Plan) is the fourth studio album by singer Nelly Furtado It is also her first ever all Spanish album. It was released in September, 2009. Seven of the songs were written together by Furtado and Cuban musician, Alex Cuba.
Singles
"Manos al Aire" was the first single released from the album. It was on the radio on June 30, 2009, with digital versions on sale the next day.
Track listing
References
2009 albums
Latin Grammy Award-winning albums
Through the Olive Trees

Through the Olive Trees ( Zir-e Derakhtan-e Zeytun, actually meaning Under the Olive Trees) is an 1994 Iranian drama movie directed by Abbas Kiarostami and starring Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz, Hossein Rezai. It was distributed by Miramax Films.
Other websites
1994 drama movies
Iranian movies
French drama movies
Movies directed by Abbas Kiarostami
High tech

High technology (or high tech for short) is the best technology available at the moment. High technology can be defined as the most complex or the newest technology on the market. The opposite of high technology is low technology (or low tech for short). This is simple and cheap technology.
Related pages
Electronics
Innovation
References
Other websites
Technology
Jackson County, Oklahoma

Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 28,439 people lived there. Its county seat is Altus.
Geography
The county has a total area of 804 square miles.
Oklahoma counties
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Silent Trigger

Silent Trigger is a 1996 Canadian American British Italian action thriller movie directed by Russell Mulcahy and starring Dolph Lundgren, Gina Bellman, Conrad Dunn, Christopher Heyerdahl, Dean Harris. It was distributed by Buena Vista..
Other websites
1996 action movies
1996 thriller movies
Canadian action movies
Canadian thriller movies
American action movies
American thriller movies
British action movies
British thriller movies
Italian action movies
Italian thriller movies
Movies directed by Russell Mulcahy
Movies set in Montreal
Korsberga

Korsberga is a locality in Hjo Municipality in Vastra Gotaland County in Sweden. In 2010, 214 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Vastra Gotaland County
Pravda

Pravda was the newspaper that served as the official mouthpiece of the Soviet Communist Party.
Newspapers published in Russia
Peissen

Peissen is a municipality of the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Steinburg (district)
Hoyerswerda

Hoyerswerda (Upper Sorbian: Wojerecy, Lower Sorbian: Worjejce) is a city in the north of the Saxonian Upper Lusatia, lying north east of Cottbus and from Dresden, (Saxony). It is in the Sorbian settlement area. The city is one of the six centers of the Free State of Saxony and is a member of the Euroregion Neisse, a group which helps international trade and cooperation in the area.
History
First mention of Hoyerswerda
The first time Hoyerswerda was mentioned in a document was in 1268. In the year 1371 the emperor Karl IV. made it a market place. The people were allowed to choose their own council . This right was given to them by Baron von Duba. In the year 1705 the Elector of Saxony August the Strong gave Hoyerswerda to Katharina of Teschen. She was an important person in the small town. She helped the town to develop its trade and handicraft.
In 1759, during the Seven-Years War between Prussia and Saxony, there was a fight between Austrian and Prussian troops which is called: the Battle of Hoyerswerda.
The Prussian invaders
After the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815 Hoyerswerda was given to Prussia. In 1825 it became part of Selesia. In 1873 the railway came to Hoyerswerda - opening up access to other parts of the country. This brought economic prosperity. A large repair workshop was built. In 1912 the Sorbians formed an organization called "Domowina" in Hoyerswerda. In the year 1945 a lot of Hoyerswerda was destroyed because it was a military stronghold of the German army. The invading troops of the Red Army set parts of the city on fire.
In 1955 the brown coal industry developed close to the city. Today this industry is partly in Brandenburg. Houses were built here for the families of the people working in the industry. From 1957 the need of for housing increased even more. The first large blocks of flats were built. Altogether ten residential complexes were built creating housing for tens of thousands of people. In the year 1981 the number of inhabitants of the city reached its maximum of 71.124. At this time Hoyerswerda had the highest birth rate in the GDR. In 1990 the former Prussian province of Lower Saxony decided by popular vote to go over to the Free State Saxony.
After the GDR
In 1991 rioting took place in Hoyerswerda outside a hostel for foreign asylum-seekers. People used the word Auslanderfrei (foreigner-free). This word was voted the Unwort (politically incorrect word) of 1991.
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain many people have left the town. Since the number of inhabitants continued to decrease after 1999, many iron buildings were pulled down. From 1 January 2008 Hoyerswerda will no longer be able to rule itself as there will be changes to the administration of Saxony, and Hoyerswerda will become part of a district (Kreis) instead of being a kreisfreie Stadt.
References
Other websites
Official website
Bautzen Rural District
Cities in Saxony
Alpbach

Alpbach is a municipality of the district of Kufstein in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Näfels

Nafels was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
Other websites
Official website
Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Meissner effect

The Meissner effect is when a magnetic field is pushed out of a superconductor when it becomes superconducting. If you were to put a superconductor in the field of a big magnet and you looked just inside the superconductor, you would see that the magnetic field was much smaller than it was outside. The deeper in you looked, the closer it would be to zero. This is one of the ways that superconductors are not the same as perfect conductors, which do let magnetic fields pass through them.
The effect was discovered by Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld in 1933. They saw that because the magnetic field cannot go through the superconductor, the field right outside the superconductor becomes stronger.
One example of the Meissner effect is a magnet levitating above a superconducting plate cooled by liquid nitrogen. In order to stop the magnetic field from going into the superconductor, the superconductor acts like a magnet pointing the opposite direction. This repels the real magnet and stops it from coming any closer.
References
Magnetism
Zhou Yulin

Zhou Yulin (; 12 February 1923 - 2 March 2021) was a Chinese mathematician and academic. In 1991, he was elected as a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Zhou was born in Shanghai. He taught at Peking University and at China Academy of Engineering Physics. He was best known for his works on mathematical simulation and physical processes of China's nuclear weapons.
Zhou died on 2 March 2021 in Beijing at the age of 98.
Honours and awards
1982 State Natural Science Award (First Class)
1985 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Special)
1991 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
1996 Science and Technology Progress Award of the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation
1997 Hua Luogeng Mathematics Prize
2006 Su Buqing Applied Mathematics Prize (Special)
Further reading
References
1923 births
2021 deaths
Chinese mathematicians
Chinese academics
Scientists from Shanghai
Claude Beausoleil

Claude Beausoleil (16 November 1948 - 24 July 2020) was a Canadian writer, poet, and essayist (An essay writer). He was born in Montreal.
In 1991, Beausoleil won the Prix litteraires du Journal de Montreal for Une certain fin de siecle. He was also a finalist for the 1991 Governor General's Awards. He won the 1997 Prix Alain-Grandbois for Grand Hotel des etrangers. La Blessure du silence won the Prix Louise-Labe in 2009, and Mystere Wilde won the Prix Heredia of the Academie francaise in 2015.
Beausoleil was a member of the Academie Mallarme. His archives are kept in the Bibliotheque et Archives nationales du Quebec.
Beausoleil died on 24 July 2020 in Montreal, At the age of 71.
References
1948 births
2020 deaths
Canadian essayists
Canadian poets
Writers from Montreal
Penguin (biscuit)

Penguins are a type of biscuit that is made in Scotland. They are a bar shaped biscuits that are covered in milk chocolate. The biscuits are filled with chocolate cream. Pladis' manufacturing division McVitie's makes them at their factory in Stockport.
History
They were first made in 1932 by William McDonald, a biscuit manufacturer in Glasgow. They became a brand of McVitie's when McDonald joined with McVitie's and Price, MacFarlane Lang & Co and Crawford to create United Biscuits in 1948. Each wrapper has a joke or "funny fact" printed on it and designs that feature penguins that are often in styles like that of famous works of art. These designs are usually funny.
In the 1980s, Penguin became known for their television advertising slogan "P...P...P...Pick up a penguin!"
In October 1996, United Biscuits sued Asda because they said Asda said their own brand of "Puffin" biscuits were part of the Penguin brand. In March 1997, United Biscuits won the case. The court found out Asda had not broken any laws on how the Penguin brand could be used.
United Biscuits was criticised for still using trans fatty acids in the cream filling of Penguins. By December 2007, United Biscuits began to publicly say trans fats are not in Penguins anymore.
The Tim Tam made by Arnott's in Australia was based on the Penguin. Occasional references in the media include tongue-in-cheek debates over which biscuit is better.
Types
There are currently three versions of the biscuit:
Chocolate
Orange
Mint
Spin off brands
In 2002, McVitie's made some versions of the Penguin biscuit: Penguin Chukkas, Wing Dings, Flipper Dipper, Splatz and Mini Splatz. There is a PS5 million promotional campaign for the biscuits. In 2008, McVitie's also made Penguin triple chocolate wafers.
Notes
Other websites
"Picnics past" - Observer story claiming the Penguin is the "towering treat of the Seventies"
Penguin wrapper at the Candy Wrapper Museum
McVitie's site
United Biscuits page
Penguin in the generic game, James Pond II
1932 establishments in the United Kingdom
Chocolate
Baked foods
Scotland
Christina Lindberg

Christina Lindberg, born 4 November 1968, is a Swedish country and dansband singer. She has sung together with Lasse Stefanz, and is probably most known for the song "De sista ljuva aren", which was a Svensktoppen hit from February 1989 and the upcoming 65 weeks, until the song left the chart in September 1990.
References
Otheer websites
Christina Lindbergs homepage
1968 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Inauguration of Jimmy Carter

The inauguration of Jimmy Carter as the 39th president of the United States was held on January 20, 1977. The inauguration was the beginning of the four-year term of Jimmy Carter as President and Walter Mondale as Vice President. It was also the end of Gerald Ford's presidency.
Chief Justice Warren E. Burger administered the oath of office to Jimmy Carter, and House Speaker Tip O'Neill administered the Oath of office to Walter Mondale. This was the last inauguration that was set up on the East section of the U. S. Capitol.
References
1977 in the United States
Jimmy Carter
Carter, Jimmy
Carter, Jimmy
Walter Pukutiwara

Walter Pukutiwara (c. 1930 - 10 November 2004) was an Aboriginal artist from central Australia. He crafted traditional tools, such as spears and spear-throwers, and wooden sculptures, known in Western Desert languages as . He made these by carving the wood and then engraving patterns () into its surface with a burning wire. This technique is called pokerwork. The patterns engraved into the objects depict , spiritual stories about creation ancestors from the Dreamtime. The National Museum of Australia contains many examples of Walter's works.
Walter was born just south of Uluru, some time around 1930. The place where he was born is associated with the , and so the (brushtail possum) is his personal totem. Walter grew up living a traditional way of life in the bush with his family. When he was a young man, he went to live at the mission in Ernabella, South Australia. He worked there with sheep, as a shepherd and shearer. He got married to Topsy Tjulyata, and the couple moved to Amata. During the 1980s, Walter served as the Pitjantjatjara representative on the Aboriginal Arts Board (AAB). He lobbied the board for money to support art and crafts in Amata. As a result, the craft centre at Amata was established in February 1981.
Later in 1981, Walter and Topsy went to Uluru and set up a tent at the base of Uluru. From there they sold their works to tourists for over two weeks. They did this trip with other artists from Amata, including Tony Tjamiwa and Pulya Taylor, and their friends Peter Yates and Patricia D'Arango. In 1983, this group travelled around to artist communities in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. This was to discuss the idea of setting up a new craft centre at Uluru that would sell artworks from around the region to tourists. The couple moved to Mutitjulu so that they could help set up Maruku Arts, in 1984. Water and Topsy were some of the first artists for the centre. Walter served on the organisation's Governing Committee for 20 years, including as chairman many times.
From 1976 to 1978, Walter also served as a member of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Board. In the early 1990s, he helped to set up Anangu Tours, the main tour operator in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. His daughter, Rene Kulitja, and son-in-law, Richard Kulitja, took over the company when Walter retired. Walter died on 10 November 2004, in Alice Springs.
References
This article includes text from the Powerhouse Museum, Australia , which has been licensed under CC-BY-SA.
Other websites
Topsy Tjulyata Taylor at Prints and Printmaking
1930 births
2004 deaths
Australian sculptors
Woodworkers
Artists from South Australia
Artists from the Northern Territory
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Jack Viertel

Jack Viertel (born February 7, 1949) is an American theatrical producer and writer. He was born in Stamford, Connecticut.
From 2000 to 2020, he was a producer at the Encores! series.
Works
The Secret Life of the American Musical, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016. ISBN 978-0-374-53689-3
References
Other websites
Broadway Profiles - A Serial Interview with Jack Viertel CTI, April 18, 2019
Living people
Theatre producers
American playwrights
1949 births
Writers from Connecticut
People from Stamford, Connecticut
Signal Hill, California

Signal Hill is a city in Los Angeles County, California.
Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Alice Bel Colle

Alice Bel Colle is a comune in the Province of Alessandria in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Settlements in Piedmont
Robert Taylor (computer scientist)

Robert William Taylor (February 10, 1932 - April 13, 2017), known as Bob Taylor, was an American Internet pioneer. He led teams that made major contributions to the personal computer, and other related technologies.
Career
Taylor was director of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office from 1965 through 1969, founder and later manager of Xerox PARC's Computer Science Laboratory from 1970 through 1983, and founder and manager of Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Center until 1996.
Death
On 13 April 2017, he died at his home in Woodside, California from complications of Parkinson's disease, aged 85.
Other readings
Reprints of early papers with preface by Taylor
References
Other websites
The New Old Boys From the ARPAnet Extract from 'Tools for Thought' by Howard Rheingold
1984 ACM Software Systems Award citation
1994 ACM Fellow citation
2004 Draper Prize citation
1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Texas
American computer scientists
Scientists from Dallas
John Richard Hicks

Sir John Richard Hicks (8 April 1904 - 20 May 1989) was a British economist. He contributed to the fields of consumer demand theory in microeconomics. In 1937, he developed the IS/LM model which summarizes a Keynesian view of macroeconomics. His book Value and Capital (1939) significantly extended general-equilibrium and value theory. The compensated demand function is named the Hicksian demand function in memory of him.
He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1964.
In 1972 he received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (jointly) for his pioneering contribution to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.
Hicks died on 20 May 1989 at his home in the Cotswold village of Blockley at the age of 85.
References
1904 births
1989 deaths
British economists
Edmílson

Edmilson Gomes (born 10 July, 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Palmeiras.
Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="6"|Sao Paulo||rowspan="6"|Serie A||7||0
|-
|1996||15||0
|-
|1997||22||1
|-
|1998||11||0
|-
|1999||11||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Division 1||24||1
|-
|2001/02||18||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||26||0
|-
|2003/04||36||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Barcelona||rowspan="4"|La Liga||6||0
|-
|2005/06||28||0
|-
|2006/07||26||0
|-
|2007/08||11||0
|-
|2008/09||Villarreal||La Liga||6||0
|-
|2009||Palmeiras||Serie A||||
72||1
104||3
77||0
253||4
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
!Total||40||1
|}
References
Other websites
Official foundation website
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
FC Barcelona players
Prime Minister of Madagascar

This is a list of prime ministers of Madagascar, since the creation of the office of Chief Minister in 1828, during the Merina Kingdom.
List
Other websites
World Statesmen - Madagascar
Beverly, Massachusetts

Beverly is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 39,502 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Massachusetts
Xu Shen

Xu Shen () was a scholar and politician from the Han dynasty. He was the writer of the Shuowen Jiezi, a Chinese dictionary.
58 births
148 deaths
Chinese scholars
Chinese politicians
Champlive

Champlive is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Gone with the Wind

Gone with the Wind is a 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell. It tells the story of a family woman in the American South (and in the plantation of Tara) during the Civil War. She falls in love with a city gentleman. It is one of the most famous books of its time, and was made into a movie of the same name.
The title takes the name from the line of Ernest Dowson's poem: "I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind." (The line appeared in the book). Critics and historians have disagreed with its views of Confederacy and the American South before the Civil War. But it is true to the events of the time, and also has a well-written account of the fall of Atlanta in 1864. The book won the Pulitzer Prize on May 3, 1937. In 1991, Alexander Ripley wrote its official sequel, Scarlett. Three years later, it was made as a television miniseries. In 2001, the copyright holders of the original book tried to stop sales of Alice Randall's The Wind Done Gone. (The book retold Mitchell's story from a slave's point of view.) The resulting lawsuit allowed the book to be published; it was seen, based on rules in the First Amendment, as a parody.
Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Other websites
The Story behind Margaret Mitchell's book
RaveCentral: Gone with the Wind
Greatest Movies page
Photos of the first edition of Gone with the Wind
1936 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Fiction set in the past
Georgia (U.S. state) in fiction
Novels about the American Civil War
Pulitzer Prize winners
Romance novels
Saadeddine Othmani

Saadeddine Othmani (; born 16 January 1956) is a Moroccan politician. He was the Prime Minister of Morocco from 2017 until 2021.
On 17 March 2017, Saadeddine Othmani was appointed as Prime Minister by King Mohammed VI.
References
1956 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Morocco
Lamont, Iowa

Lamont is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Third Lanark A.C.

Third Lanark A.C. was a football club which has played in Scotland.
Scottish football clubs
1872 establishments in the United Kingdom
1870s establishments in Scotland
1967 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Sonja Ball

Sonja Ball, (born October 20, 1956), is a American voice actress and singer. Ball is well known for her voice-over work as the voice of Jane Read in Arthur, Martha Moppet in The Little Lulu Show, Huckle Cat in The Busy World of Richard Scarry, Polly in the English dub of Samurai Pizza Cats, Nicole in the Madeline TV specials, and Marina and Hedwig in the English dub of Saban's Adventures of the Little Mermaid. She also did the voice for 5-year-old Wimzie, a happy-go-lucky, half-bird, half-dragon in the PBS children's series Wimzie's House. Ball is also known for her talented singing voice for several theme songs such as Ovide and the Gang, Adventures of the Little Koala, Woofy, The Little Flying Bears, Yakari, Wimzie's House, and The Legend of North Wind as well as providing narration and vocalist for the National Film Board of Canada's 1998 short Ludovic: The Snow Gift.
Other websites
1956 births
Living people
Actors from Montreal
Canadian actors
Canadian voice actors
Jord van Weeren

Jord van Weeren (born 1994) is a Dutch bowler and bowling coach from Leiden. He represents the Netherlands at international competitions since 2008. He became 2022 European team champion.
Biography
Van Weeren started with playing football when he was a child. In the same period he went often to the bowling hall because his mother played bowling. His sister also played bowling. As a junior he competed as an exceptional case at a senior competition, and won. The junior head coach who was present advised him to started playing more competitions.
Van Weeren competes at around seven international tournaments per year. He participated at the 2018 WTBA World Tenpin Bowling Championships. In 2019 he became twice national champion (Singles and Doubles). He became in European team champion in Helsinki in 2022, together with Michell Stinissen, Nick de Gelder, Mike Bergmann and Kenneth Ramos.
As an amateur bowler he has to pay all the costs for the tournaments, training facilities and bowling balls.
Van Weeren is bowling coach of the Dutch national team (under-18). In 2022 he was selected to become Leiden sport coach of the year.
Van Weeren has an IT job at Rabobank. He uses all his holiday days for playing bowling tournaments.
References
1994 births
Living people
coaches
Dutch sportspeople
Hate group

A hate group is a group of people that want to hurt and be mean to other people. Hate groups usually are against people who are different from members of the group. This includes differences in ethnic group, religion, sex, and/or sexual orientation. The Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis are examples of hate groups.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination prohibits participation to hate group and hate speech, as well as racial discrimination in Article 4.
Related pages
Anti-Defamation League
Hate groups in the United States
Homophobia
Ku Klux Klan
Neo-Nazism
Racism
Sexism
Xenophobia
Political organizations
While loop

In computer science, a while loop is a statement which is used to execute code repeatedly based on a condition. Simply, it can be thought of as a repeating if statement.
Overview
The while loop consists of two parts: the condition and a block of code. The condition is evaluated and if it is true, the block of code is executed. This repeats until the condition evaluates to false. As a pre-test loop, the while loop checks the condition before the block is executed. In contrast, the do-while loop checks the condition after the loop has executed. A while loop would typically be used when you don't know the number of times you would like to loop over the block of code. Instead, code would continue looping until a particular condition is met. When the number of times a loop is to be executed is already known before the execution of the loop, a for loop would be a better choice.
A template of a while loop is shown below:while (condition)
{
statements;
}
Example
Example code in the C programming language is shown below.
int x = 0;
while (x < 5)
{
printf ("x = %d
", x);
x++;
}In this example, the loop first checks to see if the variable x is less than 5. Because it is, it will enter the loop, printing the value of x and then increment x by 1. After completing the code block, it will continue to repeat the code block until x is equal to 5. When x is equal to five, the condition evaluates to false and the code exits the while loop.
A loop that continues repeating forever is possible if the condition is always true. When this happens, it is up to the developer to create a statement to exit the loop. An example of this is shown below: while (true)
{
//do complicated stuff
if (someCondition) break;
//more stuff
}In the above example, the condition while always be true. To exit the loop, a break statement is used when a specific condition inside the loop evaluates to true.
Computer science
MV Bill

Alex Pereira Barbosa better known as MV Bill is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on January 3, 1974.
Alongside the career of rapper, MV Bill launched in 2005, along with Celso Athayde, the book Head Pig. The following year, Falcon - Traffic Kids, available in book and DVD, which became known nationally after viewing the program Fantasy, the Globo.
References
Brazilian rappers
1974 births
Living people
Ryszard Witke

Ryszard Witke (9 November 1939 - 27 October 2020) was a Polish ski jumper. He competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics. Witke was born in Sanok, Poland.
Witke died on 27 October 2020 in Karpacz, Poland at the age of 80.
References
1939 births
2020 deaths
Polish Olympians
Polish skiers
Mobile discotheques in UK

Silver Sounds Mobile Discotheque
One of the earliest mobile discotheques in Britain started out in Brighton, Sussex in 1967. At that time the Brighton Pavilion Young Conservatives held a weekly dance every Friday evening when, apart from a live group, vinyl was the only form of entertainment available.
Based on the success of these Friday get-togethers one of the members, Roger Wheeler, conceived the idea of setting up a mobile form of entertainment based on the Friday evening format initially using the Young Conservative's equipment for the first few events. He was joined in this venture by Paul Dennis, another Young Conservative, with the shows hosted by Wheeler and Dennis usually as a pair but sometimes with just one as the DJ.
The partnership continued their venture until Dennis left in January 1970 to travel to and work in Australia and the Far East.
As the original equipment belonged to the Brighton Pavilion Young Conservatives it could not continue to be used by the new venture and an uncle of Roger's was able to construct a system consisting of an amplifier, speakers, a mixer and two Garrard floating decks with the latter used to create stability wherever used.
Steady progress in the early years led to expansion of the areas covered to North Sussex, South Surrey and Kent.
Whilst sounding primitive by modern day standards it was a successful addition to musical entertainment in this era especially as the start-up had been greeted with so much scepticism by many at the time but copied by so many since.
Disco
Entertainment in the United Kingdom
Mansfield, Missouri

Mansfield is a city in Wright County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,296 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Missouri
Pathet Lao

Pathet Lao was a political and communist movement in Laos that was established in the mid-20th century. The organization eventually succeeded in gaining the highest power in Laos after an internal war. war or revolution (against the French and American) that lasted from the 1950s to 1975. The organization had very close relationship with the Vietnamese communists. During the Indochina War, the organization was effectively organized, supported and equipped by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
References
Communism
Organizations based in Laos
Everyday Is Christmas

Everyday Is Christmas is a Christmas album by Australian singer-songwriter Sia Furler. It was released by Atlantic Records and Monkey Puzzle on 17 November 2017. The album will feature original songs co-written and co-produced with Greg Kurstin.
References
2017 albums
Four (One Direction album)

Four is the fourth studio album by the British-Irish boy band One Direction.
2014 albums
One Direction albums
Tom Ruegger

Tom Ruegger () is an American animator and songwriter. Ruegger is known for his association with Disney Television Animation and Warner Bros. Animation. He also created Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, and Histeria!.
References
Other websites
Official blog
Living people
American animators
1950s births