pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Axe

An axe (or ax) is an ancient tool. It is used to shape, split and cut wood.
The hand axe was probably the first tool in the Stone Age. It did not have a handle.
In the past, axes were used as weapons by soldiers. Today, axes are usually related to woodcutters and firemen.
Axes are simple machines. They are in the category of wedges. They are usually made of some sort of metal, mainly steel or iron. They can have a metal or wooden handle.
Cutting tools
Blades
Woodworking tools
Charli XCX

Charlotte Emma Aitchison (stage name: Charli XCX; born 2 August 1992) is a British singer, songwriter and occasional actress. She began her singing career in 2008. In 2014 she sang on "Fancy" by Iggy Azalea. That song hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Charli XCX was born in Cambridge to an ethnic Indian mother from Uganda and a Scottish father. She grew up in Start Hill, Essex.
Her first album, 14, was released in 2008. Her second album, and her first major label studio album, True Romance, was released in 2013. She wrote the songs "I Love It" with Icona Pop and "Fancy" with Iggy Azalea. In 2014, her song "Boom Clap" reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Her third album, Sucker, was released on 16 December 2014.
Discography
True Romance (2013)
Sucker (2014)
Charli (2019)
How I'm Feeling Now (2020)
Crash (2022)
References
Other websites
1992 births
Living people
English pop singers
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Cambridge
Singers from Essex
Atlantic Records artists
Synth-pop singers
1751

Events
Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow
March 25 - For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales.
March 31 - The future King George III of the United Kingdom succeeds his father as Prince of Wales. His mother Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales.
First publication of Encyclopedie
The Academy and College of Philadelphia, the predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, is founded.
Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the British colonies, is founded.
Births
March 16 - James Madison, American politician, 4th President of the United States (d. 1836)
Deaths
March 31 - Frederick, Prince of Wales, member of the British Royal Family (b. 1707)
Veracruz

Veracruz is one of the 32 states of Mexico.
References
Johnny Bush

Johnny Bush (February 17, 1935 - October 16, 2020) was an American country music singer-songwriter, and musician. Bush was best known for his voice and for writing the song "Whiskey River", a top 10 hit.
Bush died at a hospital in San Antonio, Texas, on October 16, 2020 from problems caused by pneumonia, aged 85.
References
1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American singer-songwriters
American country singers
American country guitarists
Musicians from San Antonio, Texas
Singers from San Antonio, Texas
Writers from San Antonio, Texas
Musicians from Houston
Writers from Houston
Singers from Houston
American drummers
Hiawatha, Iowa

Hiawatha is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Rick Karsdorp

Rick Karsdorp (born 11 February 1995) is a Dutch professional footballer.
References
Other websites
Netherlands profile at OnsOranje
1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from South Holland
Dutch footballers
Sepidan County

Sepidan County () is a county in Fars Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Ardakan. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 87,801, in 20,127 families. The county is subdivided into three districts: the Central District, Beyza District, and Hamaijan District. The county has three cities: Beyza, Hamashahr, and Ardakan.
References
Other websites
Counties of Iran
Fars Province
100

100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: C) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).
Events
Roman Empire
Pliny the Younger advances to consulship
Tiberius Avidius Quietus rule as governor of Roman Britain ends
Timgad (Thamugas) founded by Emperor Trajan
The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers
Bricks become the primary building material in the Empire
Europe
Lions have become extinct in Europe by this year
Asia
Pakores, last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, becomes king
In China, the wheelbarrow is first used
Americas
Hopewell culture begins in what is now Ohio (uncertain date)
Teotihuacan at the center of Mexi reaches a population of 50,000
Arabia
Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut
Religion
The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China
Fourth Buddhist Council begins
The making of the Kama Sutra begins in India
Births
Deaths
Josephus, Jewish historian
Agrippa II of Judea
References
Mary Hopkin

Mary Hopkin (born 3 May 1950) is a Welsh folk singer. She was born in Pontardawe. She was most famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Her first and biggest hit was "Those Were The Days" in 1968.
When The Beatles started their own record label called Apple Records, they were looking for new artists to sign up. Model Twiggy, a friend of the band, recommended her. After Hopkin signed with Apple, Beatle Paul McCartney produced many of the songs for her first album, called Post Card. Singer-songwriters Donovan and Harry Nilsson, and record producer George Martin, also gave her songs to record.
"Those Were The Days" was McCartney's choice for Hopkin's first single. He chose well, and the song became a hit worldwide. Hopkin recorded other singles, including "Goodbye", "Temma Harbour", "Knock, Knock, Who's There", and a remake of Doris Day's "Que Sera, Sera", but they were not as successful as her first record. McCartney moved on to a solo career after the Beatles disbanded, and no longer worked with her. Hopkin's second album, Earth Song/Ocean Song, was largely self-produced.
Hopkin disliked the way Apple Records had promoted her, as a kind of "squeaky-clean" schoolgirl. She left the label after two albums and a best-ofs compilation, also titled Those Were the Days. She retired from music after marrying producer Tony Visconti, but she did appear as a background singer on a few of his productions.
During the 1990s, Apple Records reissued many of their old records, including Hopkin's two original albums. She oversaw a new version of Those Were the Days, with bonus tracks and a detailed booklet.
References
Other websites
Official page
1950 births
Living people
British folk musicians
Musicians from Glamorgan
Welsh singers
2022 Peshawar mosque attack

On 4 March 2022, the Islamic State - Khorasan Province attacked a Shiite mosque in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The attack killed at least 63 people and injured over 190 others.
Background
During the late 20th and early 21st centuries in Pakistan, Islamist and sectarian attacks have been very common. Thousands of people have been killed. In 2004, their attacks became an insurgency. Three attacks in Peshawar have had triple-digit death tolls. They were a market bombing in 2009, a church bombing in 2013 and a school massacre in 2014. Many attacks have had double-digit death tolls, including those at Shia mosques in 2013 and 2015.
Attack
On 4 March 2022, a suicide bomber exploded at the Shiite Kucha Risaldar mosque in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The attack killed at least 61 people, including the prayer leader, and injured another 196. The next day, the Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack.
Related pages
2023 Peshawar mosque bombing
References
2022 disasters in Asia
2022 in Pakistan
2020s building bombings
2020s explosions in Asia
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2022
Attacks on mosques
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Asia
Building bombings in Asia
Crime in Pakistan
Explosions in 2022
Islamic State
Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2020s
March 2022 events
Mass murder in 2022
Massacres in Asia
2022 mosque attack
Suicide bombings in Asia
Suicide in 2022
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2022
2010 US Open – Wheelchair Quad Singles

Peter Norfolk is the defending champion, but he lost in the final 6-0, 2-6, 6-3, against David Wagner.
Draw
Final
Round Robin
Standings are determined by:
Number of wins
Number of matches
Head-to-head records
Percentage of sets won, or of games won
Steering Committee decision.
Other websites
Official site of US Open
Wheelchair Quad Singles
Alive II

Alive II is the second live album and eighth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 28, 1977. The last five songs are exclusive to (only on) this album.
Track listing
Detroit Rock City
King Of The Night Time World
Ladies Room
Makin' Love
Love Gun
Calling Dr. Love
Christine Sixteen
Shock Me
Hard Luck Woman
Tomorrow And Tonight
I Stole Your Love
Beth
God Of Thunder
I Want You
Shout It Out Loud
All American Man
Rockin' In The USA
Larger Than Life
Rocket Ride
Any Way You Want It
Kiss (band) albums
1977 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Greerton

Greerton is a major suburb of Tauranga. Its neighbouring suburbs are Pyes Pa to the south and Gate Pa to the north. It is named after Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Harpur Greer, commander of the British forces during the Battle of Gate Pa in 1864. There are two primary schools in the suburb.
References
Tauranga
Nonlinear system

In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system is a system, where the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. In nature, most systems are non-linear.
Nonlinear problems are interesting to engineers, biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and many other scientists. In nature, most systems are nonlinear. Nonlinear dynamical systems, describe changes in variables over time. Such systems may appear chaotic, unpredictable, or counterintuitive. Linear systems are much simpler.
A nonlinear system of equations is used to mathematically describe a nonlinear system. This is set of equations in which the unknowns (or the unknown functions in the case of differential equations) appear as variables of a polynomial of degree higher than one or in the argument of a function which is not a polynomial of degree one. In other words, in a nonlinear system of equations, the equation(s) to be solved cannot be written as a linear combination of the unknown variables or functions that appear in them. Systems can be defined as nonlinear, regardless of whether known linear functions appear in the equations. In particular, a differential equation is linear if it is linear in terms of the unknown function and its derivatives, even if nonlinear in terms of the other variables appearing in it.
Nonlinear dynamical equations are difficult to solve. For this reason, they are commonly approximated using linear equations. If only limited accuracy or a range of the input values is required, this works well. The problem is that it hides interesting phenomena such as solitons, chaos, and singularities.
Although such chaotic behavior may appear random, it is in fact not random. For example, some aspects of the weather are seen to be chaotic, where simple changes in one part of the system produce complex effects throughout. This nonlinearity is one of the reasons why accurate long-term forecasts are impossible with current technology.
Some authors use the term nonlinear science for the study of nonlinear systems. This term is disputed by others:
References
Systems theory
Charlie Hebdo shooting

On 7 January 2015, at approximately 11:30 CET (10:30 UTC), three masked gunmen armed with Kalashnikov rifles, a shotgun, and a rocket-propelled grenade launcher stormed the headquarters of the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris. They shot and killed 12 people, including Charlie Hebdo staff and two French National police officers, and wounded 11 others. In Niger churches and cars were burned in protest of Muhammed on the cover of Charlie Hebdo.
The gunmen entered the building and began shooting with automatic weapons, while shouting "Allahu Akbar". Up to 50 shots were fired during the attack. Following a massive manhunt, the French police believe they have located the attackers and are mounting an operation against them. On Twitter people used the hashtag #JeSuisCharlie to show support for freedom of speech after the shooting. It is similiar to Monkseaton Shooting.
Background
Charlie Hebdo is an antireligious left-wing newspaper. In 2011 the newspaper's office was firebombed because the cover of an issue of the newspaper called "Charia Hebdo" had a cartoon of Prophet Muhammad on it. The newspaper's editor-in-chief Stephane "Charb" Charbonnier was added to Al-Qaeda's most wanted list in 2013.
Victims
Killed
Cabu, 76, cartoonist
Elsa Cayat, 54, psychoanalyst and columnist
Charb, 47, caricaturist and journalist
Philippe Honore, 73, cartoonist
Bernard Maris, 68, economist and journalist
Tignous, 57, cartoonist
Georges Wolinski, 80, cartoonist
Suspects
Said Kouachi and Cherif Kouachi were identified by French police as the main suspects in the shooting. The two Franco-Algerian brothers, both from Gennevilliers, are aged 34 and 32, respectively. In 2008, Cherif Kouachi was convicted of terrorism charges and sentenced to three years in prison, along with 18 months of suspension, for having assisted in sending fighters to Iraq's insurgency.
Hamyd Mourad, an 18-year-old homeless man of unknown nationality, was identified by the police as a third suspect in the shooting.
References
Other websites
2015 in France
2015 murders in Europe
2010s crimes in France
2010s in Paris
2015 mass shootings in Europe
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2015
Islamic terrorist incidents in France
January 2015 events
Massacres in Europe
Mass murder in 2015
Mass murder in France
Murder in Paris
Murders by firearm in France
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 2015
Terrorist incidents in Paris
Assassinations
Hido

was a Japanese professional wrestler, better known under the ring name or simply . He was best known for his career with Big Japan Pro Wrestling (BJW), Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA-MS), Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) and Wrestling International New Generations (W*ING).
Hido died on October 17, 2021 at the age of 51.
References
1969 births
2021 deaths
Japanese professional wrestlers
People from Osaka
Randy Schekman

Randy Wayne Schekman (born December 30, 1948) is an American cell biologist. He works at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the editor-in-chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1992. He won the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with James Rothman and Thomas C. Sudhof for their work on cell membrane vesicle trafficking.
References
1948 births
Living people
American biologists
Scientists from Minnesota
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Gower

Gower is a peninsula in Wales. It is near Swansea. It has many scenic sights like caves.
Geography of Wales
Peninsulas of the United Kingdom
Stanton, Texas

Stanton is a city in and the county seat of Martin County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,492 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Spirochaete

Spirochaetes (or Spirochetes) are the phylum Spirochaetae. These are double-membrane bacteria with long, helically coiled (spiral-shaped) cells.
Spirochaetes are bacteria. They have flagella, which run lengthwise between the cell wall and outer membrane. The flagella cause a twisting motion which moves the spirochaete about.
Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are many parasitic species.
Classification
The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae). They are all put in a single order, the Spirochaetales. Disease-causing members of this phylum include:
Leptospira species, some of which which cause leptospirosis
Borrelia species, some of which cause Lyme disease
Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever.
Treponema pallidum subspecies which cause syphilis and yaws.
Brachyspira species, which cause intestinal spirochaetosis.
References
Other websites
Introduction to the Spirochetes. UCMP.
Gram-negative bacteria
Zarina (artist)

Zarina Hashmi (16 July 1937 - 25 April 2020), known professionally as Zarina, was an Indian-American artist and printmaker. She worked in New York City. Her work focused in drawing, printmaking, and sculpture. Her works were involved with the Minimalist movement. She was born in Aligarh, United Provinces, British Raj. Zarina was a board member of the New York Feminist Art Institute.
Zarina died in London from problems of Alzheimer's disease on 25 April 2020, aged 83.
External links
Zarina Hashmi: a pioneira da arte minimalista e as narrativas da diaspora (in Portuguese)
References
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Indian artists
American artists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
1937 births
2020 deaths
Acquiesce

"Acquiesce" is a song that appeared on the B-side to Oasis' first UK #1 single, "Some Might Say". The song was released on 24 April 1995.
The song was included on the B-sides compilation album The Masterplan which was released in 1998, after it was voted for inclusion by fans of the band on their official website. The song was also released as one of the lead tracks to Oasis' Stop the Clocks EP, in promotion of their compilation album, Stop the Clocks.
The verses to "Acquiesce" are sung by Liam Gallagher and the chorus is sung by Noel (because, he claimed that Liam could not reach the high notes), making it the first song to ever feature both Gallagher brothers on lead vocals. The only other Oasis songs to feature both of them on lead vocals are "Put Yer Money Where Yer Mouth Is", from their 2000 album Standing on the Shoulder of Giants, "Born on a Different Cloud", from their 2002 album Heathen Chemistry, and "Let There Be Love", from their 2005 album Don't Believe the Truth.
References
Other websites
1995 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Yemen at the Olympics

Yemen has been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1984. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. Before 1990, North Yemen and South Yemen competed separately. North Yemen was in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Games. South Yemen was at the 1988 Summer Games only. Yemen has never won an Olympic medal.
The Yemen Olympic Committee was formed in 1971 and recognized by the IOC in 1981.
Olympic table
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Yemen profile at London2012.com
Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Yemen
Jill Johnson

Jill Johnson (born 24 May 1973, Angelholm, Sweden) is a country singer from Sweden. She participated for Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998 with the song "Karleken ar", finishing 10th. She had a major hit in Sweden in 2003 with the Melodifestivalen song "Crazy in Love".
Several of her albums have chartered at Sverigetopplistan.
Discography
Albums
1996 - Sugartree
1998 - Nar hela varlden ser pa
2000 - Daughter of Eve
2001 - Good Girl
2003 - Discography 1996-2003
2004 - Roots and Wings
2005 - Being who you are
2005 - The Christmas In You
2007 - Music Row
2008 - Baby Blue Paper
2009 - Music Row II
2010 - The Well-Known And Some Other Favourite Stories
2010 - Baby Blue Paper Live
2011 - Flirting With Disaster
2011 - Valkommen jul
2012 - A Woman Can Change Her Mind
2013 - Duetterna
2014 - Livemusiken fran Jills veranda
References
Sources
Discogs
Other websites
Official website
1973 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Country musicians
Condenser (apparatus)

A condenser is a device used in the laboratory to cool hot gases into liquids. It is usually a long, circular glass tube. Inside the tube there is another, smaller tube. The hot gas goes through the smaller, inside tube, while in the outside one cold water goes around. Water can be put in from the tap, and goes from the bottom to exit at the top. This makes sure the tube is always full of water, so that cooling is quick.
A condenser is used for example in distillation, where the hot vapour needs to be cooled down back to liquid to be collected. It is also used in reflux where it makes sure that the solvent used does not boil and go away.
Laboratory equipment
Santa Fe de Antioquia

Santa Fe de Antioquia is a municipality in the Antioquia Department of Colombia. The city is located about 50 miles north of Medellin, the department capital. It has a population of about 23,000 residents.
History
It was founded by the name Villa de Santafe in 1541 by Jorge Robledo on the western bank of the Cauca River. It received the coat of arms and the title of City of Antioquia from King Philip II of Spain in 1545. It was promoted to the status of parish in 1547 by the bishop of Popayan. It changed its name in 1584 when it became the capital of Antioquia. It was a mining town from its beginnings and the gold mining operation has been the base of its economy.
Its cathedral was constructed in 1799 and elevated to Diocese of Antioquia in 1804 by Pope Pius VII. In 1813 Antioquia was declared a sovereign and independent state with Santa Fe as its capital, a status it maintained until 1826, when Medellin was chosen as the new departmental seat. Due to the state of conservation of its colonial architecture, it was declared a national monument in 1960.
Geography
The municipal area has a mountainous territory within the Central Cordillera of the Andes and watered by the rivers Cauca and Tonusco. Its area is 493 km2.
Economy
The economy of Santa Fe de Antioquia is based on agriculture. The main products made are coffee, maize and beans.
Tourism
Tourism was, and continues to be one of the more important economic enterprises for the municipality. The opening of the Tunnel of the West (which shortens the time and the distance between the locality and Medellin) in 2006 has allowed hundreds of tourists to come each weekend, stimulating the vocation of the vicinity as a summer vacation site.
Sites of Interest
All of the town is a historical site; the architecture that has survived through the years gives Santa Fe de Antioquia the aspect of a city "suspended" in the colonial era, which is the reason the city was declared a National monument.
Bridge of the West (National Monument)
Metropolitan Cathedral
Archiepiscopal Palace
Plaza Mayor Juan de Corral
Museum of Religious Art
The House of the Two Palms
La Playita (Famous Ranch To The South of the Plaza)
Tonusco Campestre
Other websites
http://www.medellintraveler.com/Cinema.html
City of Santa Fe de Antioquia official government website
Galleria de Imagenes
Cities in Colombia
1541 establishments
Deptford Bridge DLR station

Deptford Bridge is a light metro station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) Bank-Lewisham Line. It is in Deptford, south-east London. The station is elevated above both local roads and Deptford Creek. It is next to Lewisham College and Deptford market. The station is between Greenwich and Elverson Road stations. It is on the boundary of Travelcard Zone 2 and 3.
Docklands Light Railway stations
Transport in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Bizen Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshu. Along with Bitchu and Bingo Provinces, it was sometimes called .
The province had borders with Mimasaka, Harima, and Bitchu Provinces.
The ancient capital city of the province was near Okayama.
History
In 713 (Wado era 6, 3rd month), the land of Bizen-no kuni was separated from Mimasaka Province (Mei Zuo Guo ).
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Bizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shrines and Temples
Kitbitsuhiko jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Bizen.
Related pages
Provinces of Japan
Prefectures of Japan
List of regions of Japan
List of islands of Japan
References
Other websites
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Former provinces of Japan
Okayama Prefecture
713 establishments
710s establishments in Japan
Disestablishment time missing or unknown
Kira Kazantsev

Kira Kazantsev (b. July 20, 1991) is an American beauty pageant winner. She was crowned Miss America on September 14, 2014. Before that, she was Miss New York 2014. She works against domestic violence and abuse. "She's trilingual! Kazantsev -- a daughter of Russian immigrants -- speaks Russian and Spanish in addition to English."
Kazantsev was born in San Francisco, California.
References
Miss America winners
People from San Francisco
1991 births
Living people
Monsieur Beaucaire (1946 movie)

Monsieur Beaucaire is a 1946 American comedy movie directed by George Marshall and is the second version of the 1900 novel of the same name by Booth Tarkington. It stars Bob Hope, Joan Caulfield, Patric Knowles, Marjorie Reynolds, Cecil Kellaway, Reginald Owen, Hillary Brooke, Constance Collier and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1946 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by George Marshall
Paramount Pictures movies
Tiruvannamalai district

Tiruvannamalai district is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The town of Tiruvannamalai is the headquarters of the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 2,464,875 with 994 females for every 1,000 males.
History
Tiruvannamalai district is one of the sacred area in Tamil Nadu. The name of the district comes from its headquarters. The word "annamalai" in Tiruvannamalai means "the inaccessible mountain" and "Tiru" is a respectful title given. The temple town of Tiruvannamalai is one of the most ancient heritage sites of India and is a centre of the Saiva religion. The Deepam festival celebrated here attracts devotees from far and wide throughout South India. After independence Tiruvannamalai was under North Arcot District. The civil district of North Arcot was divided into Vellore District and Tiruvannamalai District in October 1989.
References
Other websites
official website
Tiruvannamalai district
Cowpox

Cowpox is a disease. This disease affects the skin. It is caused by a virus (Cowpox virus) that is related to the Vaccinia virus. People (or animals) who have the disease have red blisters. The disease can be spread by touch from cows to humans. The virus that causes cowpox was used to perform the first successful vaccination against another disease. The disease vaccinated against was the deadly smallpox. Smallpox is caused by the related variola virus. Therefore, the word "vaccination" has the Latin root vaca meaning cow.
In 1798, the English physician Edward Jenner made a curious observation. Jenner lived in the countryside, not in the city.
Some of his patients had gotten cowpox, and recovered from it. He observed that those patients did not get the disease again, they seemed to be immune against it. What was more, they also seemed to be immune against smallpox. Smallpox was a deadly disease then, that killed most of the people it infected. So he used the fluid he got from cowpox lesions, and scratched it into healthy people. That way, he could make those people immune against smallpox.
The Cowpox (Catpox) virus is found in Europe and mainly in the UK. Human cases are very rare and most often contracted from domestic cats. The virus is not commonly found in cows; the reservoir hosts for the virus are woodland rodents particularly voles. It is from these rodents that domestic cats get the virus. Symptoms in cats include lesions on the face, neck, forelimbs, and paws, and less commonly upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, pustular lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction. The incubation period (the time between an infection and the first signs of the disease) is 9-10 days. The virus can be found mostly in late summer and autumn.
Historical use
Cowpox was the original vaccine of sorts for smallpox. After infection with the disease, the body (usually) gains the ability recognise the similar smallpox virus from its antigens and so is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently.
Later, and still today, another vaccine was used: vaccinia. Vaccinia is similar to cowpox, but not the same.
Related pages
Chickenpox
List of diseases
References
Diseases caused by viruses
Animal diseases
Burgkirchen an der Alz

Burgkirchen an der Alz (Bavarian: Buagkiacha a da Oiz) is a municipality in Altotting, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
References
Municipalities in Bavaria
Altotting (district)
Henryk Vogelfanger

Henryk Vogelfanger (4 October 1904 - 6 October 1990), was a Polish actor. He worked and lived in Lviv until World War Two when he joined Polish underground army, Armia Krajowa. Together with the legendary actor, radio personality Kazimierz Wajda, he was a star of the radio and theater comedy show Szczepko and Tonko. This was widely popular in Poland and other countries with over six million regular listeners, 1932-1939. The show ended when World War Two started. The team made three family movies, adventures of Szczepko & Tomko.
References
Other websites
1904 births
1990 deaths
Polish movie actors
Annoying Orange

Annoying Orange is a live action/animated comedy web series created by Dane Boedigheimer. The main character is an orange who annoys other fruits. The episodes are uploaded to the YouTube channel realannoyingorange weekly. As of 2022 there were over 700 videos. The channel had over 11 million subscribers.
Television series
In 2012, Cartoon Network made a 2012-2014 television series, The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange, based on the YouTube series.
References
Other websites
YouTube
Internet memes
Students for a Free Tibet

Students For a Free Tibet (SFT) is an American non-profit international group of students and activists working with the Tibetan people for human rights and freedom. It was started in 1994. The group educates people and uses non-violent methods of action for making Tibet independent. SFT tries to influence public policy decisions within government institutions. It recommends self-determination for Tibet because of Tibet's historical status. It opposes the Chinese government's violation of the Tibetan people's human rights, cultural heritage, environment, language and religion.
References
Other websites
Students for a Free Tibet homepage
1994 establishments in the United States
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Human rights organizations in the United States
Tibet
Ocean pollution

Ocean pollution is pollution in the sea. It is a form of water pollution. "Ocean pollution" and "marine pollution" mean the same thing.
Sources of ocean pollution
Marine pollution occurs when harmful effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algae growth.
Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains.
When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web.
Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products.
Every time we wash a car or use fertilizer on our lawns we are polluting the ocean. People often think that water pollution comes from big factories, but most of the pollution comes from everyday people doing everyday things. This kind of pollution is called nonpoint-source pollution because we cannot point out where it came from directly. All waste water, in time, enters a body of water (usually a stream). Every stream leads to a river, and every river leads to an ocean.
Oil spills
Because so many people use oil, large ships must take billions of barrels of it across the oceans. If it is not handled carefully, these trips can be very bad. In 1989, the United States experienced a large oil spill in Prince William Sound, a waterway on the Alaskan coast. The Exxon Valdez, a very big ship, hit a reef and spilled more than 260,000 barrels of oil. The results were very bad. A great number of animals were covered in oil and began dying immediately. Animals that ate these oil-filled animals also died. Many Alaskans who lived by fishing these animals lost their businesses. Even though many animals were saved, and the Exxon Oil Company spent 2.5 billion dollars trying to clean up the oil, Alaska's wildlife still suffers.
References
Other websites
Mercury pollution
How Oil Spill Absorbent Products Work
Facts about Marine Mercury Pollution from Oceana.org
Science News / Marine Pollution Spawns 'wonky Babies'
Water pollution
Druten

Druten is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 18,797 people lived there.
Settlements in Gelderland
Municipalities of Gelderland
Tasmanian oak

Tasmanian oak (or Australian oak) is hardwood timber made from some types of Eucalyptus trees in Tasmania. The trees for making Tasmanian oak are Eucalyptus regnans, Eucalyptus obliqua or Eucalyptus delegatensis. It is a light-coloured type of wood. It is used for building, furniture and paper.
Wood from the same species of trees in Victoria is called Victorian ash.
References
Tasmania
Wood
Eucalyptus
Mazatlán

Mazatlan () is a city in the Mexican state of Sinaloa; the surrounding municipio (municipality) for which the city serves as the municipal capital is also called Mazatlan. It is located at on the Pacific coast, just across from the southernmost tip of the Baja California peninsula.
Mazatlan is a Nahuatl word meaning "place of the deer." The city was started in 1531. By the mid-1800s a large group of immigrants had arrived from Germany. These new citizens made Mazatlan into a successful commercial seaport, importing equipment for the nearby gold and silver mines. It served as the capital of Sinaloa from 1859 to 1873. They also influenced the music, banda, which is an form of Bavarian folk music, and also started the Pacifico Brewery on March 14, 1900.
Mazatlan, with a population of 352,471 (city) and 403,888 (municipality) as of the 2005 census, is the second-largest city in the state (after Culiacan) and Mexico's largest commercial port. It is also a popular tourist destination, with its beaches lined with resort hotels. A car ferry across the Gulf of California from Mazatlan to La Paz, Baja California Sur exists. The municipality has a land area of 3,068.48 km2 (1,184.75 sq mi) and includes smaller communities such as Villa Union, La Noria, El Quelite, El Habal and many other small villages.
Mazatlan is served by Gral. Rafael Buelna International Airport.
Sister towns
Hamm, since 1978
Santa Monica, California
Seattle, Washington
Puntarenas,
Grande Prairie, Alberta
Cityscape
Communities and neighborhoods
Beaches and parks
Viejo Mazatlan & Centro area:
Olas Altas
Playa Norte
Los Pinitos
Zona Dorada (Golden Zone):
Gaviotas
Sabalos
Playa Camaron
Nuevo Mazatlan area:
Cerritos
Playa Bruja
El Delfin
Marmol
Isla de la Piedra:
Gallery
References
Spanish
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informatica
Sinaloa Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico
Other websites
Mazatlan Map
Open Directory Mazatlan Business
Official websites
Instituto de Cultura
Carnaval of Mazatlan
Ayuntamiento de Mazatlan
Spanish
Mazatlan History in the XIX Century
Cities in Mexico
Sinaloa
1530s establishments in Mexico
1531 establishments
Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk is an American military jet aircraft. Its first flight was in 1954. It was first used by the US Navy in 1956. The Skyhawk was one of the main attack aircraft of the Vietnam War.
Many foreign countries used it, such as Argentina, Israel, Kuwait, and Singapore. The Argentina Air Force used theirs in the Falklands War for attacks against British forces.
United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
Israel Defense Forces
A-4
Elisa Mainardi

Elisa Mainardi (27 July 1930 - 8 May 2016) was an Italian stage, movie and television actress. She was born in Rome. She was known for her roles in Fellini Satyricon, Roma, and And the Ship Sails On. Mainardi was also known for being in movies directed by Federico Fellini.
Mainardi died in Rome, Italy on 8 May 2016, aged 85.
References
Other websites
1930 births
2016 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Rome
Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine is a chemical in human nerves that carries information from the sense of touch, sense of smell, etc. This chemical is produced inside the brain in the pituitary gland.
Organonitrogen compounds
Neuroscience
Esters
Bridgwater

Bridgwater is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the District of Sedgemoor.
Towns in Somerset
Zinc sulfide

Zinc sulfide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ZnS. It contains zinc and sulfide ions.
Properties
Zinc sulfide is white when pure. It does not dissolve in water. It can burn at a high temperature to make sulfur dioxide and zinc oxide. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen sulfide.
Preparation
Zinc sulfide can be made by igniting a mixture of powdered zinc and sulfur. Another way of making it is to react hydrogen sulfide with a zinc compound.
Uses
Zinc sulfide is used to convert ultraviolet light to visible light. It can be doped with copper to make it glow in the dark.
Related pages
Zinc sulfate
Zinc chloride
Sulfur compounds
Zinc compounds
Wealth inequality in the United States

Wealth inequality in the United States, also known as the wealth gap, refers to the unequal distribution of assets among residents of the United States. Wealth inequality in the U.S. is worse than in most developed countries other than Switzerland and Denmark.
References
Economy of the United States
Capitalism
Economic indicators
Opfenbach

Opfenbach is a municipality in the district of Lindau in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Lindau (district)
ABC Signature

Bold textFor other uses of the name "ABC Studios", see ABC Studios
ABC Studios is an American television production studio under the Disney Television Studios unit of Walt Disney Television that was named in 2020 (both ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company). The studio is the production arm of the ABC television network, and originally started in 1950 as the television unit of Walt Disney Productions, later Walt Disney Television in 1985, and launched a subsidiary, the first incarnation of Touchstone Television, established in 1985 (later to be merged into ABC in 1999, and merged Walt Disney Network Television into Touchstone Television) and renamed ABC Studios in 2007. it has a Signature unit, ABC Signature Studios, which was formed in 2013. it is not to be confused with the unit of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation with the same name.
References
1985 establishments in California
American Broadcasting Company
American television studios
Companies based in Burbank, California
Disney companies
Peabody Award winners
Chicane (musician)

Chicane is the stage name of English musician and record producer Nick Bracegirdle. He was born on 28 February, 1971, in Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire.
Chicane is known for the singles "Offshore", an Ibiza dance anthem included in thousands of compilations in both chill-out and dance versions; "Saltwater", which featured vocals by Clannad member Maire Brennan and is one of the most well-known and popular singles of the trance genre; and the UK number-one hit "Don't Give Up", featuring vocals by Bryan Adams, and also a top ten hit on singles charts across Europe.
References
1971 births
Living people
British record producers
Electronic music
English songwriters
Entertainers from Buckinghamshire
Adolfo Lugo Verduzco

Adolfo Lugo Verduzco (24 March 1933 - 21 January 2022) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Lugo Verduzco was born in Hidalgo, Mexico. He was a Senator for Hidalgo between 1982 until 1987. He was also Governor of Hidalgo between 1987 until 1993.
Lugo Verduzco died on 21 January 2022 in Pachuca, Mexico at the age of 88.
References
1933 births
2022 deaths
Mexican politicians
Somerville, Texas

Somerville is a city in Burleson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
Nonantola

Nonantola is an Italian city in Emilia-Romagna. About 15,000 people live there.
Nonantola Abbey a Benedictine monastery, was founded in 752 by the Lombard duke of Friuli, St. Anselm.
Cities in Emilia-Romagna
Álvaro Teherán

Alvaro Teheran (January 6, 1966 - May 4, 2020) was a Colombian basketball player. He was born in the town of Maria La Baja, Colombia. He was selected as the 44th overall pick in the 1991 NBA Draft by the Philadelphia 76ers. Teheran played college basketball at Houston Baptist from 1987 to 1989 and Houston from 1989 to 1991.
In December 2019, Teheran was hospitalized for renal failure in Cartagena, Colombia. He died on May 4, 2020 at the age of 54.
References
1966 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Basketball players
Colombian sportspeople
Christmas cake

A Christmas cake is a heavy cake containing much dried fruit and usually having a covering of icing. It is made to be eaten at Christmas. It can also be called a fruitcake.
A common favorite of many is the traditional Scottish Christmas cake, the "Whisky Dundee." It was named this because the cake came from Dundee and is made with Scotch whisky. It is a light and crumbly cake, and light on fruit and candied peel--only currants, raisins, sultanas and cherries. This Christmas cake is mostly good for people who do not like very sweet and moist cakes. As with all fruitcakes, almonds (or other nuts) can be removed by people who do not like them or those with bad nut allergies.
At the other end of the Christmas cake tradition, the apple cream Christmas cake is a sweet mix of sliced apples, raisins and other fruit, with eggs, cream cheese, and heavy whipping cream.
In the middle of the other two listed above is the mincemeat Christmas cake. It is simply any traditional or vegetarian mincemeat mixed with flour, eggs, and other pastry ingredients, to transform it into a cake batter; or it can also be steamed as a Christmas pudding.
A premade fruitcake mix can be bought at a grocery store.
Cakes
Christmas
Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa

Maharishi Vedic City (MVC) is a city in the state of Iowa, United States.
Cities in Iowa
Catherine Spence

Catherine Helen Spence (31 October 1825 - 3 April 1910) was a Scottish-Australian journalist and author in Australia. She fought for the rights of poor people, orphans, criminals, women, and children. She devoted most of her life to making change in South Australia. She strongly believed that women should be allowed to vote. Spence believed that everyone should get a good education. She was the first Australian woman to try to join the government.
She was lovingly called "the Grand Old Woman of Australia". In Scotland a plaque was made at her birthplace in 1999 (89 years after she died). She died in Adelaide, South Australia.
Early life
Catherine Helen Spence was born in 1825 in Melrose, Scotland. She moved to South Australia with her family in 1839. She went to a small private school and got a good education. Spence started working as a private teacher when she was 17 years old. She became good at giving public speeches and preaching.
Activism
Catherine Helen Spence was an activist for many humans' rights. She made many public speeches on the subjects she thought were important. She wrote several books. She did not sign with her own name on the first few books she wrote. Her first book was about Australia. It was the first book about Australia created by a woman. She created a program that helped the poor and children without families. Spence was important to an organization that supported women's right to vote. South Australia (the place she lived) became the first place to let women vote.
Spence wrote about wanting equality in the government and fairness towards women. She wanted women to be paid as much as men. She also wanted the environments that women worked in to be safe and healthy. Most people were not ready to accept her ideas in South Australia.
References
1825 births
1910 deaths
Australian novelists
Australian activists
Australian journalists
Gbangbatoke

Gbangbatoke is a small town in southern Sierra Leone. It is in the Moyamba District. The people of Gbangbatoke are mainly from the Mende ethnic group. The Mende language is the main language.
Two of Sierra Leone's important politicians, Sir Milton Margai and Sir Albert Margai were born in Gbangbatoke.
References
Towns in Africa
Geography of Sierra Leone
Hillsboro, Iowa

Hillsboro is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Daisuke Tanaka

Daisuke Tanaka (born 6 January 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for MIO Biwako Kusatsu.
Club career statistics
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||Otsuka Pharmaceuticals||Football League||29||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1
|-
|2005||Tokushima Vortis||J. League 2||8||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Gifu||Regional Leagues||8||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2007||Football League||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|MIO Biwako Kusatsu||rowspan="3"|Football League||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2009||24||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
92||3||2||0||0||0||94||3
92||3||2||0||0||0||94||3
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Shiga Prefecture
Solomonia Saburova

Saint Solomonia Yuryevna Saburova (c. 1490 - 18 December 1542) was the first wife of Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy. She was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Sofia of Suzdal.
1490 births
1542 deaths
Christian saints
Hulk (movie)

Hulk is a 2003 American superhero movie directed by Ang Lee. It was based on the Marvel character Hulk by Stan Lee. Hulk's main actors are Eric Bana, Jennifer Connelly, Sam Elliott, and Nick Nolte.
Plot
In the 1960s, David Banner wanted to create super soldiers but General Ross denied him permission. David decided to test on himself. He later had a son named Bruce.
References
2003 movies
English-language movies
2000s superhero movies
American superhero movies
Hulk (Marvel Comics)
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
Movies directed by Ang Lee
Movies produced by Avi Arad
Movies set in San Francisco
Movies set in the 1960s
Screenplays by James Schamus
Superhero drama movies
Universal Pictures movies
White Christmas (song)

"White Christmas" is a popular song about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. It mixes sadness and comforts of home. The version sung by Bing Crosby is said to be the world's best-selling single.
The song has been covered and performed by artists including Jo Stafford, Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald and Bette Midler. It has sold over 150 million copies.
The original version was released in 1942.
Irving Berlin's opening verse is often dropped in many recordings. However, the opening verse is included on Barbra Streisand, Darlene Love and The Carpenters' Christmas studio albums.
References
Christmas songs
1940s songs
Pop songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Bette Midler songs
Westlife songs
Willie Nelson songs
Ella Fitzgerald songs
Jo Stafford songs
Michael Buble songs
Pat Boone songs
McCone County, Montana

McCone County is a county found in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,734 people. Its county seat is Circle. The county was created in 1919 and named for State Senator George McCone.
References
1919 establishments in Montana
Montana counties