pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Garage (1980 movie)

The Garage () is a 1980 Russian comedy movie directed by Eldar Ryazanov and starring Liya Akhedzhakova, Iya Savvina, Svetlana Nemolyayeva, Valentin Gaft, Andrey Myagkov, Georgi Burkov, Leonid Markov, Igor Kostolevsky, Anastasia Voznesenskaya. It was distributed by Mosfilm.
Other websites
1980 comedy movies
Russian comedy movies
Movies directed by Eldar Ryazanov
Movies set in Russia
Carl J. Shapiro

Carl J. Shapiro (February 15, 1913 - March 7, 2021) was an American businessman.
In 1939, he founded Kay Windsor, Inc. in New Bedford, Massachusetts. It became one of the largest women's clothing companies in the country. He is its former president and chairman of the board and was director of Vanity Fair Corp in 1971. He retired five years later.
Shapiro and his foundation reportedly lost some $550 million from Bernie Madoff, who received $250 million around December 1, 2008 from Shapiro, then one of Madoff's oldest friends and one of his biggest financial backers.
His wife, Ruth, died in 2012. Shapiro turned 100 in February 2013.
Shapiro died on March 7, 2021 in Boston at the age of 108.
References
1913 births
2021 deaths
American centenarians
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from Boston
Charlotte's Web

Charlotte's Web is a children's novel by E. B. White. First published in 1952, it was illustrated by Garth Williams and won many awards.
Three movies are based on the book:
Charlotte's Web (1973), an animated movie made by Hanna-Barbrea productions.
Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure (2003), the sequel to the 1973 movie.
Charlotte's Web (2006), a live-action movie based on the book, starring Julia Roberts and Dakota Fanning.
1952 books
20th-century American novels
Newbery Honor books
English-language novels
Children's books
Sharecropping

Sharecropping is a term for when one person farms another person's land, and then the two share what is produced. Sharecroppers are almost always poor, and are often in debt to landowners or other people. Sharecropping was very common in the Southern United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery. At that time, many African-Americans sharecropped on the land that they had once farmed as slaves. Sharecropping was part of the system of "Jim Crow", which kept blacks poor and not really citizens.
Sharecropping became more common in the Southern United States when slavery was abolished. During the 20th century it became rare there.
History of the United States
Labor
Agriculture
Property
Intragna, Switzerland

Intragna was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli.
References
Other websites
Former municipalities of Ticino
Governor of Kentucky

The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky. The governor's term is four years in length; since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years.
Kentucky is one of only five U.S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years. The current governor is Andy Beshear, who was first elected in 2019.
References
Mass spectrum

A mass spectrum is an intensity versus m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) plot that represents a chemical analysis. The mass spectrum of a sample is a pattern representing the distribution of ions by mass (more correctly: mass-to-charge ratio) in a sample. It is a histogram usually made using an instrument called a mass spectrometer. Not all mass spectra of a given substance are the same. It can depend on the operating conditions of the instrument. For example, some mass spectrometers break the analyte molecules into many pieces; others observe the intact molecular masses with little fragmentation. A mass spectrum can represent many different types of information based on the type of mass spectrometer and the specific experiment; however, all plots of intensity vs. mass-to-charge are called "mass spectra".
Common fragmentation processes for organic molecules are the McLafferty rearrangement and alpha cleavage.
In the past, chemists with PhD degrees were needed to interpret mass spectra. Today, computer programs read the data and identify the compounds in a sample.
References
Other websites
Interactive tutorial on mass spectra National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Weighing Atoms: A layperson's introduction to mass spectrometry National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
What's in an Oil Drop: A layperson's introduction to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (IUPAC green book)
An introductory video on Mass Spectrometry The Royal Society of Chemistry
Spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry
Kurt Russ

Kurt Russ (born 23 November 1964) is an Austrian football player. Now he is coach of TSV Hartberg in the Austrian Bundesliga.
Club career
Russ started with FC Langenwang and later moved on to Kapfenberger SV. He also played for First Vienna FC, FC Swarovski Tirol and LASK Linz. He finished his career at SC Schwanenstadt.
International career
He played 28 matches in the Austrian national football team as defender. His debut was in the 1-0 victory over Denmark on 27 April 1988. His last international match was a European qualification match also against Denmark.
Coaching career
He started with SC Schwanenstadt. From summer 2007 until March 2008 he was head coach of Vorwarts Steyr. He was then head coach of the second team of Kapfenberger SV and headcoach of the team from 2013 until 2016 and from 2018 until 2020. In 2021 he became headcoach of the Austrian Bundesliga team TSV Hartberg.
References
1964 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Kapfenberger SV managers
Austrian football defenders
Players of LASK
Trébeurden

Trebeurden is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Cotes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Sister cities
Trebeurden is twinned with:
Valcelele, Buzau, Romania, since 1989
Villanuova sul Clisi, Italy, since 2000
Newton Ferrers, Devon, England, since 2010
Communes in Cotes-d'Armor
Ratcliff, London

Ratcliff is an area of East London. It is in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is located on the north side of the River Thames. It was once a hamlet in the historic county of Middlesex.
Ratcliff is the site of one of London biggest fires in 1794. It began at Clovers Barge Yard. The flames quickly spread to a nearby barge loaded with saltpetre. This was a substance used to make gunpowder and matches. This exploded. Causing the fire to spread and destroying Ratcliff.
Etymology
Ratcliff name is from a sandstone cliff. This used to be above the surrounding marshes. This had a red appearance. Hence Red-cliffe.
History
Ratcliffe was known for shipbuilding. It was an important sea departure area. In the sixteenth century. Such as Willoughby and Frobisher. Ratcliffe at this time also had the largest population in Stepney. Having 3500 residents.
Around 1669. Almost 200 Presbyterians were worshipping inside a warehouse in Ratcliffe. There was a purpose-built Quaker meeting house in Schoolhouse Lane that had been built near the same time.
Ratcliffe was divided between the parishes of Limehouse and Stepney until 1866. It was constituted a separate civil parish. It was then administered by Limehouse District Board of Works. In 1900 it joined the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney.
As the warehouses fell into decline. They were not allowed to stand and were cleared for redevelopment.
References
Areas of London
London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Bugchasing

Bugchasing is trying to get HIV through sex. People who try to get HIV are called bugchasers, and they are all men who have sex with men. It is not entirely understood why people try to get HIV, and bugchasing actions are hard to understand. It is rare.
Motivation and action
Bugchasers are men who have sex with men and purposely try to get HIV. It is not understood why this happens.
There are four common explanations.
First, it is thought that some men become bugchasers because they fear HIV infection, which had previously changed how they have sex. This can include things like men abstaining from sex entirely, only having sex with one person, or using sexual protection like condoms. Second, some men think having HIV is sexy. This means it can feel good to think about it, or that it is the ultimate taboo to overcome.
Third, bugchasers might think having HIV makes them part of a group.
And fourth, bugchasing might be an action against heteronormativity, the idea that everyone is heterosexual. The idea is that bugchasers do not achieve some expectations placed on them, including safe sex. There is a fifth possible reason--suicide--but this is not clear or very helpful.
Either way, people only rarely call themselves bugchasers, and they only try to get HIV even more rarely. This behavior does not entirely fit in with their identity. This means that bugchasing actions are rarely based on persons known to have HIV and having sex with them. Instead, a lot of bugchasers have sex in ambiguous situations, where they do not know if their partners have HIV. In 2005, researchers said there was no empirical evidence that bugchasing existed; they said that bugchasing as an idea and an activity existed, but it was rare.
Notes
References
HIV/AIDS
Markus Wischenbart

Markus Wischenbart (born in Tirol, Brixlegg, Austria) is a Dominicano-Austrian entrepreneur, the owner of Lifestyle Holidays Vacation Club, one of the largest resort complexes in the Dominican Republic.
Biography
Markus Wischenbart was born in Tirol, Austria. At the age of 14, Wischenbart started to work as a paperboy.
Wischenbart moved to Puerto Plata, the Dominican Republic, in 2002. In the same year, Wischenbart created the Lifestyle Holidays Vacation Club concept and became the head of the resort. As of 2021, LHVC is one of the largest resort facilities in the Dominican Republic.
References
Other websites
Markus Wischenbart's travel advice -- Lifestyle Dubai
Is It A Good Time To Visit The Dominican Republic? -- Forbes
9 Steps To Success From Markus Wischenbart: Useful Habits Of Productive People
Markus Wischenbart on Twitter
Markus Wischenbart on LinkedIn
Living people
Capital Region of Denmark

The Capital Region of Denmark is an administrative region of Denmark. The capital city is Hillerod.
Denmark's largest lake, Arreso, is in the region. It is also home to the deepest lake, Fureso.
Municipalities of Region Hovedstaden
There are 29 municipalities in the Capital Region of Denmark.
Copenhagen
Frederiksberg
Albertslund
Allerod
Ballerup
Bornholm
Brondby
Dragor
Egedal
Fredensborg
Frederikssund
Fureso
Gentofte
Gladsaxe
Glostrup
Gribskov
Halsnaes
Herlev
Hillerod
Horsholm
Hoje-Taastrup
Hvidovre
Ishoj
Lyngby-Taarbaek
Rudersdal
Rodovre
Tarnby
Vallensbaek
References
2007 establishments in Denmark
Amanda Bynes

Amanda Laura Bynes (born April 3, 1986) is an American actress, program host on Nickelodeon and fashion designer. After being in several successful television series on Nickelodeon in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Bynes has moved into a movie career. She starred in several movies aimed at teenage audiences. These included Big Fat Liar, She's the Man, Hairspray, and Easy A. She was on the 2007 Forbes list as the 5th highest paid celebrities under 21 earning $2.5 million.
Bynes has been described by The Boston Globe as having an "everygirl" appeal, embodying "both everything her teen fans dream of being and everything they know they really are, and they love her for it." In 2006, she was named one of Teen People's "25 Hottest Stars Under .
Career
On June 19, 2010, Bynes said on her Twitter that she is retiring from acting saying she does not like it as much as she used to. A month later, Bynes changed her mind and returned to acting.
Again in 2012 she said that she is retiring from acting.
Personal life
In April 2012 Bynes was arrested for side-swiping a police car. In June 2012 she was charged with driving under alcohol or drugs when she was arrested in April.
In May 2013 Bynes was arrested at her house in Manhattan for having marijuana. In July she was arrested after she set fire to a stranger's driveway. The police decided that she should be kept for psychiatric evaluation for her own safety. Since September 2013 Bynes has been in The Canyon rehab in Malibu for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder treatment.
On March 20, 2023 Bynes was found roaming the streets of Downtown Los Angeles unclothed. Bynes waved down a car and told them she was "coming down from a psychotic episode". After calling 911 herself, Bynes was taken to a nearby police station and after an evaluation by mental health officials, she was placed under a psychiatric hold. This comes merely days away from her one-year anniversary of being released from her conservatorship held by her parents Rick and Lynn Bynes.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
Other websites
1986 births
Living people
Actors from Ventura County, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Ventura County, California
People with bipolar disorder
People with schizophrenia
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (video game)

Hercules: The Legendary Journeys is an action adventure video game with Beat 'em up elements that was released on November 17, 1997, on the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color, developed by PS1 and published by Titus Software, based on the television series.
Description
Ares, Hercules' brother, forms a plan to dethrone Zeus with the help of Hera. With Zeus ill, a struggle for power corrupts the immortal realm. The Gods, unaware of the true nature of the disturbance, flee to the mortal realm in a search to find the reason for the turmoil. Hercules, a man whose strength is like nothing ever seen, is the only one who can save the world, both mortal and immortal, and his father from certain doom. Take control of the legendary hero as you travel around the land in search of a cure, and to stop Ares from completing his plan.
Related pages
Xena: Warrior Princess
Young Hercules
References
Xenaverse
1997 video games
Video games based on television shows
E number

An E number is a number code which is used as a food additive. E numbers are usually found on food labels throughout the European Union. The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee. Only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union, the 'E' prefix which stands for Europe. In casual language in the UK and Ireland, the term "E-number" is used as a pejorative term for artificial food additives, and products may promote themselves as "free of E-numbers" even though some of the ingredients (e.g. bicarbonate of soda) do have such a code.
E numbers are also encountered on food labeling in other jurisdictions, including the GCC, Australia, New Zealand and Israel. They are increasingly (though still rarely) found on North American packaging, especially in Canada. The "E" prefix is omitted in Australia and New Zealand, and the term "E-Number" unknown.
Usually, the number has 3 digits. E numbers between E100 and E199 are colors. E numbers between E200 and E299 are preservatives. E numbers between E300 and E399 are antioxidants and acidity regulators. E numbers between E400 and E499 are thickeners, stabilizers and emulsifiers. E numbers between E500 and E599 are pH regulators. E numbers between E600 and E699 are flavor enhancers. E numbers between E700 and E799 are antibiotics. E numbers between E900 and E999 are glazing agents, gases, and sweeteners.
Other websites
Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers
Food Additives in the European Union
List of Food Additives, database for mobile phones
Foods
Numbering schemes
Mimosa

Mimosa is a genus of plants. It has around 590 species of herbs and shrubs. It is classified in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae. The word "mimosa" comes from the Greek word that means "mimic".
The best known species of mimosa are Mimosa pudica and Mimosa tenuiflora. Mimosa pudica is found in Central and South America. When touched or heated, it folds its leaves. Mimosa tenuiflora is used by shamans (traditional magical) healer.
It is used in ayahuasca brews (a "magic" drink) because of the psychedelic drug N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT in its roots. In general, the production of such a chemical is a defence against herbivory.
Grouping
The Mimosa genus has been split up into smaller groupings or lumped into larger ones. It has over 3,000 names to describe its species. Most of these names are now considered synonyms. Some of the names have been given to other species and genera.
The name "mimosa" has been used for other species that look like mimosa but are not related. Some of the most common unrelated plants called this name are the silk tree (Albizia julibrissin) and sattle (Acacia dealbata).
Description
This genus includes some plants that are able to move fast. This is very rare. The mimosa's leaves close quickly when touched.
Mimosa is related to the genera Acacia and Albizia. The difference between them is that the mimosa's flowers have ten or fewer stamens. The big round flower of the mimosa is actually an inflorescence, a cluster (close group) of many small flowers.
References
Barneby, R.C. 1992. Sensitivae Censitae: A description of the genus Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, vol. 65.
Other websites
http://www.mimosa-pudica.de/e_index.html
Two small videos showing the plant folding its leaves
Invasive plant species
İlhan Cavcav

Ilhan Cavcav (October 4, 1935 - January 22, 2017) was a Turkish businessman. He served as the chairman of Genclerbirligi, a Football club in Turkey for almost 40 years until his death. He was born in Ankara.
He was known for his hard negotiation tactics with the big clubs in Turkey and searching for abilities especially for discovering talent from Africa.
Controversies
In November 2014 Cavcav announced that he would be fining bearded players, claiming that they were a bad influence for the youth. Cavcav said that he would fine players that kept their beards 25,000 Turkish Liras and also attacked UEFA for not banning beards in all of its completions.
Death
Cavcav was taken to hospital after falling and hitting his head, which caused a brain hemorrhage. He was kept in intensive care unit. One day later, on January 22, 2017, he was pronounced dead.
Accomplishments
In 1978 Genclerbirligi S.K. had no training facilities and now the team has one of the largest youth programs in Turkey and of training facilities in Bestepe, Ankara (Bestepe Ilhan Cavcav Tesisleri)
He is the longest serving professional football club chairman in Turkey (1978-2017).
References
Other websites
Genclerbirligi Fans and Statistics site
Genclerbirligi Fans and Comment site
1935 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Turkish businesspeople
People from Ankara
Deaths from head injury
Kilmichael, Mississippi

Kilmichael is a town in Montgomery County, Mississippi, United States.
Towns in Mississippi
Xzibit

Alvin Nathaniel Joiner (born September 18, 1974 in Detroit, Michigan), known by his stage name, Xzibit, is an American rapper, actor and television host. He is known for hosting the MTV television show Pimp My Ride. He has also appeared in many movies as well. He is currently working on his seventh studio album, Napalm. He has also become an internet meme.
Discography
Albums
Xzibit has released 6 studio albums:
References
Other websites
Official website
1974 births
Living people
African American musicians
Rappers from Michigan
Internet memes
Singers from Los Angeles
Singers from Detroit
Shadows and Fog

Shadows and Fog is a 1991 American mystery comedy movie directed by Woody Allen (who also stars) and also starring Kathy Bates, Jodie Foster, John Cusack, Mia Farrow, Donald Pleasence, John C. Reilly, Madonna, John Malkovich, Fred Gwynne, Lily Tomlin. It was distributed by Orion Pictures.
Other websites
1991 comedy movies
1990s mystery movies
American comedy movies
American mystery movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Woody Allen
Francesco Forte

Francesco Forte (11 February 1929 - 1 January 2022) was an Italian politician, academic and economist. He was born in Busto Arsizio, Italy. He was a member of the Socialist Party. Forte was Minister of Finance between 1982 and 1983. He was a cabinet member during the Bettino Craxi and Amintore Fanfani governments.
He was mayor of Bormio from 1988 to 1991.
Forte was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1979 until 1987. He was later a member of the Senate from 1987 until 1994. Forte was Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1983 until 1987. He was also Minister of European Affairs between 1983 until 1986.
Forte died on 1 January 2022 in Turin, Italy at the age of 92.
References
1929 births
2022 deaths
Italian mayors
Italian academics
Italian economists
Bunnik

Bunnik is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. The population of Bunnuk is 15,192 as of 2019.
Settlements in Utrecht (province)
Municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Ken Shimura

(born , February 20, 1950 - March 29, 2020) was a Japanese comedian. He co-starred with Masashi Tashiro, Nobuyoshi Kuwano in the Japanese variety show Shimura Ken no Bakatono-sama. He was known for starring in Hachiji Da Yo! Zen'in Shugo! with the comedy group The Drifters and Fun TV with Kato-chan and Ken-chan with Cha Kato. Shimura was born in Tokyo.
Shimura was diagnosed with COVID-19 on March 23, 2020 while hospitalized for pneumonia in Tokyo. He died six days later from the infection at the age of 70.
References
1950 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan
Japanese television personalities
Japanese comedians
Actors from Tokyo
Yugoslav First League

Yugoslav First League is a former football league which was top division in Yugoslavia.
References
Football leagues in Europe
Football in Yugoslavia
Defunct sports leagues
1923 establishments in Europe
1992 disestablishments in Europe
Cynthia Rylant

Cynthia Rylant (born June 6, 1954) is an American author and librarian. She has written more than 100 children's books, including works of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. Some of her books have won awards, including her novel Missing May, which won the 1993 Newbery Medal, and A Fine White Dust, which was a 1987 Newbery Honor book.
References
American children's writers
1954 births
Living people
Writers from West Virginia
Librarians
Breeches

Breeches (pronounced or ) is a type of clothing that males wear that covers the body from the waist down, with different coverings for each leg, usually stopping just below the knee, though sometimes reaching to the ankles. The breeching of a young boy, at an age somewhere between six and eight, was a completion in his childhood.
Other websites
Etymology
Trousers and shorts
International Congress of Mathematicians

The International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) is the largest conference for mathematics. It meets once every four years. The organizer is the International Mathematical Union (IMU).
List of Congresses
Prior to the 1897 Congress, it came the International Mathematical Congress.
Notes
References
Further reading
Donald J. Albers, Gerald L. Alexanderson, Constance Reid. International Mathematical Congresses: An Illustrated History, 1893-1986, Springer-Verlag, 1986.
Yousef Alavi, Peter Hilton and Jean Pedersen. "Let's Meet at the Congress" American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 3-8
Other websites
International Mathematical Congress: held in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago
International Mathematical Union: Proceedings 1897-2014
ICM 1998
ICM 2002
ICM 2006
ICM 2010
ICM 2014
ICM 2018
Mathematics
1897 establishments in Europe
Avenue

The word "Avenue" has a similar meaning with the word "street" except that "Avenue" is most times used to describe a longer and bigger street.
Roads
Urban design
John Y. Brown Jr.

John Young Brown Jr. (December 28, 1933 - November 22, 2022) is an American politician, entrepreneur, and businessman from the U.S. state of Kentucky. He served as the 55th governor of Kentucky from 1979 to 1983, although he may be best known for building Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) into a multimillion-dollar restaurant chain.
Brown died at a hospital in Lexington on November 22, 2022, at age 88. He had been dealing with health complications derived from COVID-19 since the summer. His casket lay in state in the Kentucky Capitol's rotunda for two days starting on November 29, 2022. His funeral was held at the Kentucky Capitol on November 30. Brown would be buried in the Lexington Cemetery.
References
Other websites
1933 births
2022 deaths
Governors of Kentucky
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Charles G. Boyd

Charles Graham "Chuck" Boyd (April 15, 1938 - March 23, 2022) was a general of the United States Air Force. Boyd was a pilot who served in Vietnam and is the only Vietnam War prisoner of war (1966-1973) to reach the four-star rank (1992).
Boyd supported former Vice President Joe Biden for president in the 2020 election, the first candidate he had publicly ever endorsed.
Boyd died at the age of 83 on March 23, 2022 from lung cancer in Haymarket, Virginia.
References
1938 births
2022 deaths
American generals
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Prisoners of war
American aviators
Military people from Iowa
Deaths from lung cancer
Beppo Mauhart

Josef "Beppo" Mauhart (14 September 1933 - 7 May 2017) was an Austrian football executive and journalist. He was born in Enns, Austria. He was appointed to the supervisory board of Austria Tabak in 1972 and became deputy chairman there in 1976. In 1977, Austria Tabak became a sponsor of the FK Austria Wien football club. The club changed its name to Austria Memphis - a cigarette brand.
From 1988 to 1995, Mauhart was CEO of Austria Tabak.
From 1984 to 2002, Mauhart was president of the Austrian Football Association. He had the longest tenure in the history of the association.
Mauhart died on 7 May 2017 in Munich, Germany from complications of a stroke at the age of 83.
References
Other websites
1933 births
2017 deaths
Austrian businesspeople
Austrian journalists
Austrian writers
Deaths from stroke
People from Upper Austria
Rosa Peña Rocamontes

Rosa del Carmen Pena Rocamontes is a sports shooter from Mexico. Rocamontes competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She was born on 19 September 1994.
References
Other websites
1994 births
Living people
Sport shooters
Mexican Olympians
Switch

A switch is something that changes the flow of an electrical circuit. The most common kind of switch is something (for example a railroad switch) which can be taken off of one course and put onto another. The term "switch" usually means electrical power. In applications where more than one switch is needed, (i.e. a telephone service) mechanical switches have been replaced by electronic switches which can be controlled automatically.
The switch is called a "gate" when used in a mathematical form. In logic, arguments are represented as logic gates. The use of electronic gates to work as a system of logical gates is the basic idea behind the computer --i.e. a computer is a lot of electronic switches that work as logic gates.
Types of switch
There are many types of switches. Some of these are:
DIP switch
Reed switch
Rocker switch
Micro switch
Relay switch
Rotary switch
Surface mount switch
Toggle switch
Tilt switch
Time switch
Other meanings
The word 'switch' can also mean to change between two things. For example, on a railway line, sometimes the track can split into two different tracks. If the train is travelling on one line and changes over to the other, it has just done a switch.
Related pages
Electricity
Railway
Electronic components
Ozone Disco fire

A 1996 Ozone Disco fire or simply as Ozone Disco fire occured on 11:35 pm, 18, March 1996 in South Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines. It left at least 162 dead and 95 are injured. It is the first worst fire in the Philippine history in the 20th century. It is also one of the top 10 worst fire nightclubs in the world.
History
The Ozone Disco is a famous club located at Tomas Morato in Quezon City. It was established in year 1991. It was developed and operated by Westwood Entertainment Company, Inc.
Incident
The fire broke out at 11:35 pm on March 18, 1996, More than 350 attendees when the incident, Most of them are young fresh men high school graduate at that time.
References
March 1996 events
Building and structure fires in Asia
1990s in the Philippines
1996 disasters in Asia
Ray Walston

Ray Walston (Herman Raymond Walston; November 2, 1914 - January 1, 2001) was an American actor and comedian. He was known for his role as Uncle Martin O'Hara in the television series My Favorite Martian.
On January 1, 2001, Walston died at age 86 at his home in Beverly Hills, California 6 years after being diagnosed with lupus. He was survived by his wife, daughter, and two grandchildren. Walston was cremated and his ashes given to his daughter.
References
Other websites
1914 births
2001 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Cochran County, Texas

Cochran County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 2,547 people lived there. The county seat is Morton.
References
Texas counties
Biophysical chemistry

Biophysical chemistry is the study of biological systems. It looks for explanations of the various phenomena in biological systems in terms of either the molecules that make up the system or the supra-molecular structure of these systems.
Biophysical chemists use various tools used in physical chemistry to probe the structure of biological systems. These tools include spectroscopic methods like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction. For example, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 was based on x-ray diffraction studies of ribosomes.
Biophysical chemists study protein structure and the functional structure of cell membranes. For example, enzyme action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the substrate molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion. Similarly, biophysical chemists study the structure and function of the biomembranes using model supramolecular structures. These include liposomes or phospholipid vesicles of different compositions and sizes.
The oldest well-known institute for biophysical chemistry is Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Gottingen. The Biophysics Department of King's College London is where the X-ray crystallography studies of DNA was done in the early 1950s.
Related pages
Biophysical techniques
Biophysics
References
Branches of biology
Branches of chemistry
Rocky Rapids, Alberta

Rocky Rapids is a hamlet in Brazeau County, Alberta, Canada. It has 300 people.
Business
Rocky Rapids has one store. Most citizens work in Drayton Valley, Alberta. Drayton Valley is about 7 kilometers away.
Education
Children go to school in Drayton Valley. Some may be home schooled.
References
Brazeau County
Hamlets in Alberta
Chuy Bravo

Chuy Bravo (born Jesus Melgoza; December 7, 1956 - December 14, 2019) was a Mexican-American actor and comedian, best known as the sidekick of host Chelsea Handler on the talk show Chelsea Lately during its run from 2007 to 2014. He usually provided comedic relief to Handler's show, and was the topic of many of her jokes. He also appeared in some pornographic videos.
Bravo was born in Tangancicuaro, Michoacan, Mexico. He had dwarfism and was 4 feet 3 inches (130 cm) tall. Bravo died of a heart attack caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage on December 14, 2019 in a Mexico City hospital at the age of 63.
References
Other websites
1956 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage
People with dwarfism
American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American pornographic actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican comedians
Comedians from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Naturalized citizens of the United States
The Chase Spain

The Chase Spain is a upcoming Spanish gameshow from the original British verison of The Chase.
The host of the show will be hosted by Ion Aramendi. The chasers will be Ruth de Andres (female), Erundino Alonso (male), Lilit Manukyan (female) and Paz Herrera (female).
ITV Studios has confirmed that the gameshow. The Chase has been commissioned by TVE-owned LA1 in Spain, becoming the 14th territory to order the show. The show will be produced by Mediacrest.
It is also to return in Israel on KAN 11, where last year it won the award for Best Game Show at the Israeli Television Awards for the second year in a row. KAN has commissioned two further series.
The Chase turned 10 last year having first appeared on UK screens - where it is produced by ITV Studios label Potato - in 2009. During that time, it has regularly won its slot and grown its audience share, making it one of ITV's most successful daytime shows, with more than 1500 episodes.
Since then it has gone on to be commissioned in territories including Australia, Denmark, Germany, and Russia, with six of the 14 international versions produced locally by ITV Studios.
In Germany, the show launched in 2012 in a late-night slot, before being moved to primetime in 2015 where it airs on Das Erste, while in Serbia one in five viewers tune in to watch on RTS1. It launched in Finland on MTV3 in August 2018, where it added +80% to the slot for individuals.
References
Television game shows
Spanish culture
Dhime

The Dhimay, Dhimaya (Nepal Bhasa: dhimy) or Dhime (dhime) is a drum. The drummer can hit either side of the drum. The dhime is a traditional Newar musical instrument.
References
Drums
Nepal
St. Paul, Virginia

St. Paul, Virginia is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Towns in Virginia
Tri-Cities, Tennessee
Mudstone

A mudstone is a siliciclastic sedimentary rock which has a mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles (at least 1/3 of each). So, a mudstone is a type of mudrock with a more varied grain size than either siltstones or claystones.
Alternatively, some sources say it is a synonym for mudrock.
Claystone
A claystone is a mudrock which does not split easily.
In order for a rock to be a claystone, it must be up to half (50%) clay, whose particles measure less than 1/256th of a millimeter.
Related pages
Mud
References
Sedimentary rocks
"No Way to Prevent This", Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens

"No Way to Prevent This', Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens" is the title of many articles published by the American news satire organization The Onion about the large amounts of mass shootings in the United States and how not a lot is done in the aftermath of these mass shootings.
Each article is about 200 words long, and talks about a different shooting. The article talks about the location of the shooting and the number of victims, but usually remains the same as to other articles.
A fictional resident, usually of a state in which the shooting did not take place, is quoted as to have said "a terrible tragedy", but "there's nothing anyone can do to stop them".
These articles end by saying that the United States is the "only economically advanced nation in the world where roughly two mass shootings have occurred every month for the past eight years" and that many Americans feel helpless as they have gotten used to the mass shootings.
References
American culture
Yajurveda

The Yajurveda (Sanskrit: yjurved, , from meaning "prose mantra" and veda meaning "knowledge") is one of the four Vedas, and one of the scriptures of Hinduism. Others are Rigveda, Samaveda, and Atharva Veda.
Vedas
Hinduism
Qincheng Prison

Qincheng Prison () is a maximum-security prison in the Changping District northwest of Beijing in the People's Republic of China. The prison was built in 1958 with aid from the Soviet Union and it is the only prison belonging to the Ministry of Public Security.
The majority of people in prison here are political prisoners. Some of them were participants in the Chinese democracy movement and Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Famous inmates include Jiang Qing, Bao Tong, Dai Qing, as well as Tibetans such as Choekyi Gyaltsen, the 10th Panchen Lama, and Phuntsok Wangyal. Other inmates included many communist cadres who were criticized during the Cultural Revolution, such as Bo Yibo, Peng Zhen, Israel Epstein, Sidney Rittenberg and David Crook. 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo was also imprisoned here.
The prison is at the eastern foothill of Yanshan, facing the North China Plain in the east, north and south. The plain is where Qincheng Farm (Qin Cheng Nong Chang ) is, which is part of the prison.
Bibliography
MacFarquhar, Roderick, and Michael Schoenhals, Mao's Last Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 342-345, 416, 435, 442.
Yao Lun, "Qincheng jianyu de laiyou" (Origins of Qincheng Prison), in Sun Mingshan, ed., Lishi shunjian (Moments in History), vol. 2, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 2001, pp. 51-58.
Prisons in Asia
Buildings and structures in Beijing
1958 establishments in Asia
Cepillín

Ricardo Gonzalez Gutierrez known as Cepillin () (February 7, 1946 - March 8, 2021) was a Mexican clown, singer, television personality and actor. He was born in Monterrey, Mexico. His career lasted from 1977 until his death. He starred in the Televisa program El Show de Cepillin. Cepillin had another show in 1987 called Una sonrisa con Cepillin on Channel 5 of Televisa.
In April 2018, Cepillin endorsed Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador for president in the 2018 election.
Cepillin died at a Naucalpan hospital on March 8, 2021 from spinal cancer, aged 75.
References
1946 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from spinal cancer
Cancer deaths in Mexico
Mexican singers
Mexican television presenters
Mexican comedians
Mexican television actors
Clowns
Karl-August Fagerholm

Karl-August Fagerholm (31 December 1901, Siuntio - 22 May 1984, Helsinki) was Speaker of Parliament and three times Prime Minister of Finland (1948-50, 1956-57, and 1958-59).
References
1901 births
1984 deaths
Prime Ministers of Finland
The Internationale

"The Internationale" (, ;
,
, , , ) is a very well known communist, socialist, and social democratic/socialist song. While it was originally written in French, it was translated into many other languages, including English. The most famous versions, however, are those in Russian and Chinese.
The French words, written by Eugene Pottier, were originally supposed to be sung to the tune of "La Marseillaise", but a separate tune was created for it by a Belgian named Pierre Degeyter.
The Russian version, written by Arkady Yakolevich Kots () in 1902, was adopted as the national anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR) in 1918 and as that of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the Soviet Union) in 1922. It stayed like this until 1944, when it was replaced by the State Anthem of the Soviet Union written by Alexander Alexandrov.
The Chinese lyrics were written by Qu Qiubai ().
The song is known by its tune, and its chorus, which in French begins with "" (meaning "It's the final battle").
Original French lyrics
Russian lyrics
Chinese lyrics
Performance
The song has been translated into over 100 languages, making it one of the most translated songs of all time. The song and its translations have been adopted and sung by communists all around the world. In communist countries, it is often sung not just in political party meetings, but also in official gatherings, schools, protests and many other situations.
References
Other websites
Downloadable recordings in more than 30 languages
Another large collection
Historical anthems
Communism
Socialism
Anthems of organisations
Anthems of Soviet Socialist Republics
Climax community

In ecology, climax community is a term for a stable biological community of plants, animals and fungi.
After a process of ecological succession the vegetation in an area reaches a steady state. Its stability is not guaranteed: invasive species and climate change can cause changes. However, relatively, the system is stable.
This equilibrium was thought to occur because the climax community is composed of species best adapted to average conditions in that area. The term is sometimes also applied in soil development.
The idea of a single climatic climax, which is defined in relation to regional climate, originated with Frederic Clements in the early 1900s. The first analysis of succession as leading to something like a climax was written by Henry Cowles in 1899, but it was Clements who used the term "climax" to describe the idealized endpoint of succession.
References
Ecosystems
Plants
C. Rangarajan

C. Rangarajan or Chakravarthi Rangarajan (born 1932) is an Indian economist. He was the 19th Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. He is the former Chairman of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council. He was a professor in Ahmedabad University. From 1997 to 2003, he was Governor of Andhra Pradesh.
References
1932 births
Living people
Indian businesspeople
Governors of Andhra Pradesh
Governors of Odisha
Governors of Tamil Nadu
Twisp River

The Twisp River is a tributary of the Methow River, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is about 26 miles (42 km) long. The name of the river comes from the Okanagan placename [txw@c'p], perhaps meaning "wasp" or "yellowjacket".
References
Rivers of Washington (state)
Hilbert's problems

In 1900, the mathematician David Hilbert published a list of 23 unsolved mathematical problems. The list of problems turned out to be very influential. After Hilbert's death, another problem was found in his writings; this is sometimes known as Hilbert's 24th problem today. This problem is about finding criteria to show that a solution to a problem is the simplest possible.
Of the 23 problems, three were unresolved in 2012, three were too vague to be resolved, and six could be partially solved. Given the influence of the problems, the Clay Mathematics Institute formulated a similar list, called the Millennium Prize Problems in 2000.
Summary
The formulation of certain problems is better than that of others.
Of the cleanly-formulated Hilbert problems, problems 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, and 21 have a resolution that is accepted by consensus. On the other hand, problems 1, 2, 5, 9, 15, 18+, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether it resolves the problem.
The solution for problem 18, the Kepler conjecture, uses a computer-assisted proof. This is controversial, because a human reader is unable to verify the proof in reasonable time.
That leaves 16, 8 (the Riemann hypothesis) and 12 unresolved. On this classification 4, 16, and 23 are too vague to ever be described as solved. The withdrawn 24 would also be in this class. 6 is considered as a problem in physics rather than in mathematics.
Table of problems
Hilbert's twenty-three problems are:
Other websites
:Wikilivres:Mathematische Probleme - source texts, documents, translations, media
Listing of the 23 problems, with descriptions of which have been solved
Original text of Hilbert's talk, in German
English translation of Hilbert's Mathematical Problems on Wikisource
Details on the solution of the 18th problem
"On Hilbert's 24th Problem: Report on a New Source and Some Remarks."
The Paris Problems
Hilbert's Tenth Problem page!
'From Hilbert's Problems to the Future' , lecture by Professor Robin Wilson, Gresham College, 27 February 2008 (available in text, audio and video formats).
References
About the problems
Other references
Mathematical problems
Problem solving
J.Lo

J.Lo is the second studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. It was released on January 22, 1969 by Epic Records and became her best-selling album. Epic Records released 4 singles to promote the album.
The album was re-released in July 2001. It contained three bonus tracks. Due to usage of slurs such as "nigga", "bitch" and "fuck" in "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", the re-edition has been released with 'Parental Advisory' sticker. Also the album has been released without label, despite strong language and sexual content.
Track listing
"Love Don't Cost a Thing" (Damon Sharpe, Greg Lawson, Georgette Franklin, Jeremy Monroe, Amille Harris) - 3:42
"I'm Real" (Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, Cory Rooney, L.E.S) - 4:57
"Play" (Anders Bagge, Arnthor Birgisson, Christina Milian, Rooney) - 3:32
"Walking on Sunshine" (Lopez, Sean "Puffy" Combs, Mario Winans, Jack Knight, Michael "Lo" Jones) - 3:46
"Ain't It Funny" (Lopez, Rooney) - 4:06
"Carino" (Lopez, Rooney, Manny Benito, Neal Creque, Jose Sanchez, Frank Rodriguez, Guillermo Edghill, Jr.) - 4:15
"Come Over" (Combs, Winans, Michelle Bell, Kip Collins) - 4:53
"We Gotta Talk" (Lopez, Rooney, Oliver, Tina Morrison, Steve Estiverne, Joe Kelly) - 4:07
"That's Not Me" (Combs, Winans, Kandice Love) - 4:33
"Dance with Me" (Combs, Winans, Knight, Jones) - 3:54
"Secretly" (Lopez, Rooney, Oliver, Khalilah Shakir) - 4:25
"I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, Cheryl Lorraine Cook, Clifon Nathaniel Chase, O'Brien Anth, Sylvia Robinson) - 3:44
"That's the Way" (Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne) - 3:53
"Dame" (with Chayanne) (R. Jerkins, F. Jerkins, Daniels, Benito) - 4:25
"Si Ya Se Acabo" (Benito, Greco, Contreras) - 3:37
Latin American edition
"Amor Se Paga con Amor" (Sharpe, Lawson, Franklin, Monroe, Harris, Benito) - 3:44
"Carino" (Spanish) (Lopez, Rooney, Benito, Creque, Sanchez, Rodriguez, Edghill) - 4:17
"Que Ironia (Ain't It Funny)" (Lopez, Rooney, Benito, Tommy Mottola) - 4:07
Japanese edition
Released January 24, 2001
"I'm Waiting" - 3:11
Special edition
Released July 24, 2001
"I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, L.E.S., Jeffrey Atkins, Irving Lorenzo, Rick James) - 4:22
UK, Australian, and Portuguese edition
Released October 16, 2001 (AUS) / November 5, 2001 (UK)
"Pleasure Is Mine" - 4:19
"I'm Waiting" - 3:11
"I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) - 4:22
Charts
Sales and certifications
References
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Jennifer Lopez albums
2001 albums
Dance-pop albums
Latin music albums
R&B albums
Epic Records albums
Eve Myles

Eve Myles (born 1978 in Ystradgynlais, Powys), is a Welsh actress. She is most known for playing lead characters in Belonging and Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood.
Other websites
1978 births
Living people
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh voice actors
Cruz Azul

Cruz Azul Futbol Club, A.C., known simply as Cruz Azul (, "Blue Cross"), is a football club from Mexico City, Mexico. It was originally from Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul, Hidalgo.
Cruz Azul is the most successful club in CONCACAF Champions League, The club has won six titles. They are also the third most popular team in Mexico (after Guadalajara and Club America).
Currently this team plays in Estadio Azul in Mexico City.
Honors
Domestic
Mexican Primera Division: 8
1968-69, Mexico 1970, 1971-72, 1972-73, 1973-74, 1978-79, 1979-80, Invierno 1997
Runners-up (10): 1969-70, 1980-81, 1986-87, 1988-89, 1994-95, Invierno 1999.
Segunda Division de Mexico: 1
1963-64
Copa Mexico/Copa MX: 3
1968-69, 1996-97, Clausura 2013
Runners-up (2): 1973-74, 1987-88
Campeon de Campeones: 2
1968-69, 1973-74
Runners-up (1): 1972
International
CONCACAF Champions' Cup / CONCACAF Champions League: 6
1969, 1970, 1971, 1996, 1997, 2014
Runners-up (2): 2009, 2010
Copa Libertadores: 0
Runners-up (1): 2001
Copa Interamericana: 0
Runners-up (1): 1972
Minor trophies
Copa Pachuca: 5
1997, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007
Runners-up (2): 2000, 2005
400 Monterrey Tournament Champion: 1
1996
Friendly
Teresa Herrera Trophy: 0
Fourth place (1): 2000
Runners-up (1): 2002
Third place (1):2008
Copa 5 De Mayo: 1
2004
Copa Panamericana 2007 (friendly tournament)
Copa Cuauhtemoc: 1
2008
Copa Aztex: 1
2009
Foursquare Champion Azteca: 81
1981
Burgos Tournament Champion: 1
1980
Almeria Tournament Champion: 1
1979
References
Mexican football clubs
Sport in Mexico City
1927 establishments in North America
1920s establishments in Mexico