pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nova

A nova (plural novae or novas) is a huge nuclear explosion on a white dwarf star. It causes a sudden brightening of the star.
Novae are not to be confused with other brightening phenomena such as supernovae. Novae occur on the surface of a white dwarf in a binary system. If the two stars of the system are close enough, material is pulled from the companion star's surface onto the white dwarf. This collection of hydrogen onto the surface of the star starts a runaway fusion reaction.
In spite of their violence, the amount of material ejected in novae is usually only about 1/10,000 of a solar mass, quite small relative to the mass of the white dwarf. Only five percent of the accreted mass is fused during the power outburst. This is enough energy to make nova ejecta to go outward as fast as several thousand kilometers per second--higher for some novae than others. The star also brightens, from a few times solar to 50,000-100,000 times solar. In 2010 scientists using NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope were surprised to discover, for the first time, that a nova can also emit gamma-rays (>100 MeV).
A white dwarf can potentially generate multiple novae over time as additional hydrogen continues to accrete onto its surface from its companion star. An example is RS Ophiuchi, which is known to have flared six times (in 1898, 1933, 1958, 1967, 1985, and 2006). Eventually, the white dwarf could explode as a type Ia supernova if it approaches the Chandrasekhar limit.
Occasionally a nova is bright enough and close enough to be seen by the unaided eye. The brightest recent example was Nova Cygni 1975. This nova appeared on 29 August 1975, in the constellation Cygnus about five degrees north of Deneb and reached magnitude 2.0 (nearly as bright as Deneb). The most recent were V1280 Scorpii, which reached magnitude 3.7 on 17 February 2007, and Nova Delphini 2013. Nova Centauri 2013 was discovered 2 December 2013 and is so far the brightest nova of this millennium reaching magnitude 3.3.
Astronomers estimate that the Milky Way experiences roughly 30 to 60 novae per year, with a likely rate of about 40. The number of novae discovered in the Milky Way each year is much lower, about 10. Roughly 25 novae brighter than about magnitude 20 are discovered in the Andromeda Galaxy each year and smaller numbers are seen in other nearby galaxies.
References
Types of stars
Trust (American TV series)

Trust is an American television anthology series that premiered on FX. Trust's 10-episode first season is set in 1973 and centers on the kidnapping in Italy of John Paul Getty III, then-heir to Getty Oil. The first season was written by Simon Beaufoy and directed by Danny Boyle.
The series premiered on March 25, 2018 to positive reviews praising Sutherland's performance of Getty.
It stars Donald Sutherland as J. Paul Getty, Hilary Swank as Gail Getty, Harris Dickinson as John Paul Getty III, Brendan Fraser as James Fletcher Chace, and Michael Esper as John Paul Getty Jr. with Veronica Echegui as Luciana.
References
American crime television series
Fox television series
J. Paul Getty
English-language television programs
Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department

The following is a list of the 403 communes of the Eure-et-Loir departement, in France.
(CAC) Communaute d'agglomeration de Chartres, created in 2000.
(CAD) Communaute d'agglomeration du Drouais, created in 2003.
Eure-et-Loir
Ngasepam

Ngasepam is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
References
Meitei surnames
Secular state

A secular state is a idea where the state is neutral to all religion and religious matters. A secular state should not support any religion and should not give preferential treatment to anybody based on their religion.
List of secular countries
There are two types of secular countries:
Constitutionally secular countries
Countries that practice state atheism
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Partially-recognised countries
Related pages
State religion
Theocracy
Freedom of religion
Irreligion
Separation of church and state
References
Politics
States
Secularism
Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi (, 'Abu Zaby) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates(UAE). The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city is 972 km2 in size. The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2022. Abu Dhabi is also the capital of UAE and is the largest emirates in UAE.
History
People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago. In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city. Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818. People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi. They started to sell the oil in the 1960s. In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.
Weather
Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate. There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months. The average rainfall per year is 51 cm. It can also be very hot. In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42 degC. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23 degC.
Tourism
Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours, Ferrari World, the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.
References
Cities in the United Arab Emirates
National capitals in Asia
Abu Dhabi (emirate)
Janice Teixeira

Janice Teixeira is a retired sports shooter from Brazil. Teixeira competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She was born on 20 May 1962.
References
Other websites
1962 births
Living people
Brazilian sport shooters
Brazilian Olympians
Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)

Andrew James Little (born 7 May 1965) is a New Zealand politician. He is the Minister of Health and Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations. He is also the Minister for the Government Communications Security Bureau and the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service.
Little was Leader of the Opposition from 2014 to 2017.
References
1965 births
Living people
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Karl Kroeber

Karl Kroeber (November 24, 1926 - November 8, 2009) was an American literary scholar. He wrote about the English Romantics and American Indian literature. He was the son of Theodora and Alfred L. Kroeber. They were both anthropologists.
He was professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University. He wrote about literary criticism and its relationship to ecology, traditional literature, and art history.
Kroeber's sister was the science fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin. His children were Paul Kroeber, a linguist; Arthur Kroeber, a journalist and expert on the Chinese economy; and Katharine Kroeber Wiley, a writer.
Kroeber died of cancer on November 8, 2009. He was 82 years old.
Publications
Books
Artistry in Native American Myths. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
British Romantic Art. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Ecological Literary Criticism: Romantic Imagining and the Biology of Mind. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
Ishi in Three Centuries, with Clifton Kroeber. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends.Ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
Retelling/Rereading: the Fate of Storytelling in Modern Times. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992
Romantic Fantasy and Science Fiction New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
Romantic Landscape Vision: Constable and Wordsworth. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975.
Romantic Narrative Art. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1960. OCLC: 305135
Styles in Fictional Structure: The Art of Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, George Eliot. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971.
Traditional Literatures of the American Indian: Texts and Interpretations, ed., 1981. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Selected essays
"The Evolution of Literary Study", 1883-1983 PMLA, Vol. 99, No. 3, Centennial Issue (May, 1984), pp. 326-339
References
Other websites
1926 births
2009 deaths
Columbia University faculty
Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. It is widely used as a model organism in plant genetics. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard (Brassicaceae) family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish.
It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome is maintained by The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR).
Much work has been done to find out what its 27,000 genes and 35,000 proteins do.
Arabidopsis is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.
References
Brassicaceae
Model organisms
Genetics experiments
Glenolden, Pennsylvania

Glenolden is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 7,153 at the 2010 census.
References
Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Ara Gevorgyan

Ara Gevorgian (Gevorgyan) (born April 19, 1960, Yerevan) is an Armenian musician, composer and musical producer. In 2004 he was awarded by the Honorary Artist of the Republic of Armenia title by the President Robert Kocharyan.
Biography
Gevorgian is the son of well-known Armenian folk-singer Valya Samvelyan. He studied at #31 school of Yerevan and at the A. Tigranyan musical school at the same time. During the two years he studied at Yerevan #8 college of Fine Arts. From 1983 to 1987 he studied at Armenian pedagogical institute after Khachatur Abovyan at the faculty of wood wide instruments and pop music department.
In 1987-1989 Gevorgian taught conducting at the same Institute, then he worked at Armenian Television ("3-Aliq" TV program).
In 1983 he founded the "Rally" Armenian pop-rock band, the participant of "Song - 85" festival.
He participated in the Opening Ceremony of the Cultural Year of Armenia in Russia hosted at the Moscow Kremlin Music Hall and honored by the presence of the presidents of Armenia and Russia Robert Kocharyan and Vladimir Putin respectively and the famous singer Charles Aznavour.
Ara Gevorgian co-operates with Jivan Gasparyan, Ian Gillan, Demis Roussos, Pedro Eustache, Daniel Decker and others. Among his most popular songs are "Adana", "Artsakh", "Ov Hayots Ashkharh" and "Ovkyanosits ayn koghm".
Discography
1995 "Ovkianosits Ayn Koghm" (Over the ocean)
1997 "Nostalgie"
1999 "Ani" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA)
2001 "Khor Virab" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA).
Other websites
Ara Gevorgian's Official site
Gevorgyan at Persons.AM
Armenian Music Center
Armenian composers
1960 births
Musicians
Living people
Alexander Grischuk

Alexander Grischuk (born Moscow, 31 October 1983) is a chess grandmaster, one of the top Russian players.
In the FIDE World Chess Championship 2000 he made it to the semi finals.
In the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004 he made it to the quarter finals, where he lost 3-1 to Rustam Kasimdzhanov.
Grischuk is also one of the best blitz chess players in the world, having once held the record for highest rating achieved on the Internet Chess Club. In 2006 he won the World Blitz Championship in Israel.
Grischuk is married to the Ukrainian WGM Natalia Zhukova.
References
Other Websites
1983 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Pleasure

Pleasure is an emotion. It is the opposite of pain. Humans and many other mammals feel pleasure. People feel pleasure when they do something that is fun or that feels good.
Pleasure in neuroscience
Pleasure is studied in neuroscience. Neuroscientists have mapped pleasure "hotspots" in the brain. Pleasure is important for a person's mental health and well-being. The loss of pleasure is common in people with mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia, and addiction.
Pleasure in psychology
Pleasure is studied in positive psychology. How much pleasure someone feels changes from person to person. Pleasure depends how special something is. There is no rule that says what pleasure is for every person.
Sigmund Freud wrote about the "pleasure principle" in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle. According to Freud, the pleasure principle is what drives people to do things that give them a feeling of immediate gratification.
Pleasure in philosophy
The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus said that people feel the most pleasure possible when they have no suffering.
Hedonism is another philosophy that is focused on pleasure. It says that pleasure is good. In Hedonism, people focus on pleasure and avoid pain.
Utilitarianism is a philosophy that focuses on pleasure. It says that morality requires that people do what has the most utility for the most people.
Related pages
Happiness
References
Emotions
Voice of America

The Voice of America (VOA) is the official broadcasting service of the United States government. It is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting. Along with English, VOA broadcasts in many other languages. VOA's broadcasts are made to share a positive view of the United States with the world. Americans in the United States are not part of VOA's intended audience, but many Americans do listen to the program.
History
VOA was organized in 1942 under the Office of War Information with news programs aimed at Europe and North Africa occupied by Germany. VOA began broadcasting on February 24, 1942, but VOA noted in its site that it began broadcasting on February 1, 1942. Transmitters used by VOA came from shortwave transmitters used by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Voice of America began to transmit radio broadcasts into the Soviet Union on February 17, 1947.
During the Cold War, VOA's budget was reduced. On August 1, 1953, VOA was separated from the Department of State and it was included under the Information Agency. VOA moved its headquarters from New York to Washington, DC. next year. In 1959 VOA started "Special English" programs. In the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, Radio Marti and TV Marti.
One of VOA's famous programs was remembered as "Jazz Hour" presented by Willis Conover. This program continued for 40 years, and its record remains at the National Museum of American History, also known as ""Smithsonian".
Languages
The Voice of America broadcasts in 46 different languages. Television broadcasts are marked with a star:
Related pages
Special English
Notes
Other websites
Voice of America website
Media in the United States
Radio
1942 establishments in the United States
Kings City

Kings City was an amusement park in Eilat, Israel. It is located in the hotels area of the city. The amusement park is dedicated to the Bible and was open in 2005 at a cost of US$40,000,000, and closed in 2015.
Gallery
Other websites
Kings City website
Kings City under construction
Photo gallery, August 2005 (111 photos)
Theme parks in Israel
Eilat
Chester Williams

Chester Mornay Williams (8 August 1970 - 6 September 2019) was a South African rugby union rugby player. He played as a winger for the Springboks from 1993 to 2000. Williams also played rugby for the Western Province in the Currie Cup. He was born in Paarl, South Africa.
Williams died on 6 September 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 49.
References
Other websites
ESPN Profile
1970 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
South African rugby union players
Eastern European Summer Time

Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 time zone. This zone is 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used as a summer daylight saving time in some European, North African, and Middle Eastern countries. During the winter, the Eastern European Time (UTC+2) is used.
Usage
The following countries and territories use Eastern European Summer Time during the summer:
Belarus, from 1991-2011, now observes Moscow Time all year long
Bulgaria, regularly since 1979
Cyprus, regularly since 1979, Northern Cyprus returned to EET on 29 October 2017
Egypt, used from 1970- 20 April 2011 and again from 16 May 2014- 20 April 2015
Estonia, in years 1981-88 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1989
Finland, regularly since 1981
Greece, regularly since 1975
Israel, regularly since 1948
Jordan, since 1985
Latvia, in years 1981-88 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1989
Lebanon, since 1984
Lithuania, in years 1981-88 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1989, in years 1998 was changed to Central European Summer Time, but returned to EEST since 2003
Moldova, in years 1981-89 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1991
Romania, regularly since 1979
Russia (Kaliningrad), in years 1981-90 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1991
Syria, since 1983
Turkey, from 1970-78 and 1985-2016, now observes Turkey Time all year long
Ukraine, in years 1981-89 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1992, but sections of Ukraine including Crimea, Dontesk, and Luhansk have switched to Moscow Time all year long in March 2014.
In 1991 EEST was used also in Moscow and Samara time zones of Russia.
Time zones
Blake Masters

Blake Gates Masters (born August 5, 1986) is an American venture capitalist, author, and politician. He is the president of the Thiel Foundation. Masters co-wrote Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future with Peter Thiel in 2014. He was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the United States Senate in Arizona in the 2022 election. He is a supporter of former President Donald Trump.
References
1986 births
Living people
American political writers
Writers from Denver
Politicians from Denver
Businesspeople from Denver
Politicians from Tucson, Arizona
Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona
Writers from Tucson, Arizona
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Hyde Park Barracks

Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney, Australia is a brick building designed by convict and architect Francis Greenway and constructed from 1818 to 1819. The building on Macquarie Street in Sydney CBD, and is listed on UNESCO's World Heritage List as Australian Convict Sites and on the Australian National Heritage List. The site was intended to house male convicts. Today it is operated as a museum by the Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales.
The building is in close proximity to the historic Sydney Mint and Hyde Park.
History
Governor Lachlan Macquarie ordered the construction of brickwork to house convicts until 1838 who had to work for the colonial government of New South Wales. With this building, Macquarie deviated from the previously practiced British colonial policy of creating convict camps in which strict discipline and religious education were practiced, thereby liberalising them. From 1848 to 1886 it was used for young immigrants looking for work and waiting for their families. From 1887 to 1979 it housed courts and government offices.
In 1981 the building was restored and today it houses a museum about the history of the convicts. In July 2010 it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of a selected set of Australian Convict Sites.
The museum can be visited daily with a few exceptions on certain days and certain public holidays.
References
Other websites
A Place For The Friendless Female: Sydney's Female Immigration Depot
UNESCO announcement of World Heritage listing
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Australian Convict Sites
Edmund Ignatius Rice

Edmund Ignatius Rice (; 1 June 1762 - 29 August 1844), was a Roman Catholic missionary and educator. Rice was the founder of two religious institutes of monks. In 1808 Rice and several friends took religious vows and became the Presentation Brothers. In 1822, as Brother Ignatius, he was elected Superior general of the Irish Christian Brothers.
In 1779 he became his uncle's apprentice in a merchant business. Rice inherited the business about 1790 after his uncle died. He became a successful businessman. After his wife died he dedicated his life and wealth to helping the poor.
References
1862 births
1844 deaths
Missionaries
Johnny Cage

Johnny Cage is a fictional character in the Mortal Kombat games for video game consoles.
Portrayals
He was portrayed in games by Andrew Bowen and played by Linden Ashby in the 1995 movie.
Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
Mortal Kombat characters
Video game characters in movies
Tauves

Tauves is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Puy-de-Dome department in central France.
Twin towns
Tauves is twinned with:
Castiglione di Sicilia, Italy
Pia, France
References
Communes in Puy-de-Dome
University of Tarapacá

The University of Tarapaca (in Spanish: Universidad de Tarapaca) is a Chilean university with 3 headquarters located in Arica and one in Iquique. It's another university in the north of Chile.
History
It was founded on 1981 but starts in 1982. This university derives from the old headquarter of University of Chile in Arica.
Faculties
Sciences
Health Sciences
Law & Social Sciences
Education & Humanities
Agronomical Sciences
Other websites
Universidad de Tarapaca
Arica
1982 establishments
1980s establishments in Chile
Katherine Langford

Katherine Langford (born 29 April 1996) is an Australian actress. She is known for her role as Hannah Baker in the first two seasons of the Netflix teen drama series 13 Reasons Why (2017-2018). She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama. Langford has also taken on supporting roles in the movies Love, Simon (2018) and Knives Out (2019).
References
1996 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Actors from Perth, Western Australia
Actors from Toronto
Farmington, Connecticut

Farmington is a town in Hartford County in the Farmington Valley area of central Connecticut in the United States. The population was 26,712 at the 2020 census.
References
Towns in Connecticut
Oostrozebeke

Oostrozebeke is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007, 7458 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 55 North, 03deg 20 East.
References
Municipalities of West Flanders
Holler If Ya Hear Me

"Holler If Ya Hear Me" is the first single off American rapper 2Pac's second studio album Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.. The song samples the songs "Do It Any Way You Wanna" by People's Choice and "Rebel Without a Pause" by Public Enemy.
The song is about frustrations with black poverty, police injustice, and Shakur's perceived harassment from political figure Dan Quayle.
The editor of Vibe was quoted in TIME as stating that the song struck a chord with a large section of disaffected youth.
References
Other websites
1993 songs
Tupac Shakur songs
Aubiet

Aubiet is a commune in the Gers department. It can be found in the southwestern part of France.
Related pages
Communes of the Gers department
Communes in Gers
Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)

Celebrity Jeopardy! is a regular sketch for Saturday Night Live with Will Ferrell as Alex Trebek and Darrell Hammond as Sean Connery. It is about Trebek hosting rounds of Jeopardy with three celebrity contestants, one of them is usually Connery. The regular sketches aired between 1996 and 2002 with few sketches in future years, including one for the 40th anniversary of the show.
Sketch
Sean Connery likes to misread the categories into crude versions such as "Who Reads" as "Whore Ads" and "Let it Snow" as "Le Tits Now". He also likes bragging about his randy activities with Trebek's mother.
Impact
Even though Alex Trebek loved the sketches, he personally liked Eugene Levy as a better portrayer of him.
Mass media franchises introduced in 1996
Kuznetsk (disambiguation)

Kuznetsk (Russian: Kuznetsk) is a town in Penza Oblast, Russia.
Kuznetsk may also refer to:
Kuznetsk, former name of Novokuznetsk, a city in Kemerovo Oblast in south-western Siberia
Kuznetsk Basin, a large Russian coal mining region in southwestern Siberia
Leninsk-Kuznetsky (city), a city in the Kuznetsk Basin
Leninsk-Kuznetsky District, an administrative district in the Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, which lies in the Kuznetsk Basin
Kuznetsk Depression, a geological landform in south-central Siberia
Related pages
Kuznetsk Alatau, a mountain range in southern Siberia
Novokuznetsk, the second most populous city in Kemerovo Oblast, also known as Kuzbass (Kuzbass), which is a portmanteau for the Kuznetsk Basin
2020 Palghar mob lynching

On 16 April 2020, a Gundas group lynched two Hindu Sadhus and their driver in Gadchinchale, Palghar District, Maharashtra, India. The incident was fuelled by WhatsApp rumours of thieves operating in the area during the countrywide coronavirus lockdown. The vigilante group of villagers had mistaken the three passengers as thieves and killed them. Policemen who intervened were also attacked; four policemen and a senior police officer were injured.
As of 4 May, 115 villagers had been arrested by the Maharashtra police on charges of murder and an investigation was ongoing. After the incident, rumours were spread to increase religious tension. On 22 April, Maharashtra Home Minister, Anil Deshmukh posted a complete list of people arrested, stating that none of the arrested were Muslims. The government said that both the attackers and the victims were of same religion.
References
2020 in India
April 2020 events
Lynching
Maharashtra
Murder in 2020
Murder in India
Lincoln County, Colorado

Lincoln County is a county in the state of Colorado in the United States. As of the 2020 census, 5,675 people lived there. The county seat is Hugo.
References
Colorado counties
Ice axe

An ice axe is a tool mountaineers use for routes that involve snow or ice. It is used to probe the stability of the snow or ice in crevasses, and for ice climbing. There are techniques to lighten a fall onto a suitable surface of snow or ice. it can be used to securize a party on an ice climbing tour. In 1933, crampons were introduced. These are attached to the shoes of the mountaineer and provide more stability. They are also used in icy situations. Before their widespread use, ice axes were used to make steps for the mountaineers to use.
Tools
Neuter gender

Neuter (, calque from Greek [udeteron], neither one nor the other) is a grammatical gender, a linguistic class of nouns triggering specific types of inflections in associated words.
The neuter was present in most Indo-European languages together with masculine and feminine. It was perhaps originally used for objects. The distinction between masculinum, femininum and neuter was already clear to the Latin grammarians, who got this lesson from the Alexandrian grammarians.
Neuter still exists in Germanic languages, Slavic languages and Greek. In the Romance languages it has almost disappeared.
It is a neuter pronoun.
Grammar
Gender
Kevin Austin

Kevin Levi Austin (12 February 1973 - 23 November 2018) was an English-born Trinidadian professional footballer. He worked as a youth team coach for Scunthorpe United.
Career
As a player, he was a defender from 1992 until 2012. He played over 100 league matches each for Leyton Orient, Lincoln City and Swansea City. He also played in the Football League for Barnsley, Brentford, Cambridge United, Bristol Rovers and Chesterfield.
Austin also played Non-League football for Saffron Walden Town, Kettering Town, Darlington and Boston United.
Death
Austin was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in April 2018. He died on 23 November 2018 from the disease at the age of 45.
References
Other websites
Unofficial Kevin Austin Profile at The Forgotten Imp
1973 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Footballers from London
Trinidad and Tobago footballers
Angelshark

An angelshark is a species of cartilaginous fish in the genus Squatina. They have flattened bodies and wide pectoral fins, which make them look similar to rays. Twenty-three species are known.
The genus is the only one in its family, Squatinidae, and order Squatiniformes. They are worldwide in temperate and tropical seas. Most species are in shallow temperate or tropical seas, but one species is found in deeper water, down to 1,300 metres. Angelsharks are specialised for a kind of predation which is unusual for sharks.
They are ambush predators. They have extensible jaws with long, needle-like teeth. They quickly snap upwards to capture prey. They bury themselves in sand or mud lying in wait for their prey, which includes fish, crustaceans, and many different types of mollusks.
Discription and biology
The front part of the angel sharks' bodies are wide and flattened, but the back part is more muscular. The eyes and spiracles are on the top, and the five gill slits are on its back. Both the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins are large and are held horizontally. There are two dorsal fins, no anal fin. Unusually for sharks, the lower lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the upper lobe. Most types of angel sharks grow to a length of about 1.5 metres: the Japanese angelshark reaches two metres. They are ovoviviparous, and can have up to 13 pups at a time.
Behavior
Although angelsharks are bottom dwellers and appear harmless, they can give painful bites if provoked, due to their powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Angelsharks may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail.
thumb|right|200px|An Australian angelshark
References
Cartilaginous fish
Fujian

Fujian (; ) is a province on the southeast coast of China. The capital is Fuzhou.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However some Fujian areas like Kinmen (also called Quemoy) and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China. The PRC however, still claim that Kinmen and Matsu to be part of Fujian Province of the PRC.
Geography
Fujian is separated from Taiwan by the 180km wide Taiwan Strait. Some of the small islands in the strait are also part of the province.
Small parts of the province, namely the islands of Kinmen and Matsu, are under the administration of the Republic of China. The area of Fujian is about 121,400 square kilometers.
Administrative divisions
The People's Republic of China controls most of the province, and divides it into nine prefecture-level divisions.
All of these cities except Longyan, Sanming, and Nanping are found along the coast.
Economy
Fujian is one of the powerhouses in Chinese economy. In 2008, Fujian's nominal GDP rose by 13% from the previous year. With year-over-year growth rate of ~10% in past years, Fujian's 2017 GDP reached 3.23 trillion Yuan (1 Yuan is about 0.66 US $ in 2017).This puts Fujian in No. 10 spot among Chinese provinces by GDP ranking.
Demographics
The population is 34.71 million (2000 population census). Han Chinese make up most of the population.In 2018, the population increased to 39.11 million.
Famous people
Huang Qiaoshan (871-953), Vice-Minister of Works, Tang dynasty.
Zheng Qiao (1108-1166), historian.
Zhu Xi (1130-1200), Confucian philosopher.
Lin Zexu (1785-1850), scholar and official.
Lin Shu (1852-1924), translator.
See alsp
Fujian Province, Republic of China
Dialects
There are several local dialects spoken by people from different regions in Fujian. People from the South (Xiamen, Quanzhou, etc.) speak Min, also known as Hokkien.
References
Other websites
Fujian Government website
Provinces of China
Lạng Sơn province

Lang Son is a province of Vietnam, bordering Guangxi province in China. It is found in the Northeast region. Its capital is Lang Son.
The province has an area of and as of 2019, it has 781,655 people.
Provinces of Vietnam
Ryan Russell

Ryan Russell is an British actor, best known for being a presenter on CBeebies from 2017 to 2019 and for playing the role of Michael Bailey in the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street since 2019. He studied Performance at the University of Salford and has appeared onstage in It's a Wonderful Life and Cassio and in commercials for Superdrug and WeBuyAnyCar.com. Russell was also one of the kids on World of Colours.
Other websites
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British television actors
British television presenters
Jobcentre Plus

Jobcentre Plus is part of the Department for Work and Pensions in the United Kingdom.
In 2019 there were 638 offices in the country. In 2022 194 new temporary Jobcentres and 150 Youth Hubs were set up by Therese Coffey. This was part of the government's Way to Work Campaign to get more people across Great Britain into work.
Universal Credit, Jobseeker's Allowance, Employment and Support Allowance, Maternity Allowance, Bereavement benefits and Social Fund payments are managed by people in the Jobcentres. Work Coaches at the Jobcentres are employed to help people get support they need to get into work.
History
Labour exchanges were set up by Herbert Asquith's government in 1910. They were soon renamed employment exchanges. When the National Insurance system started in 1913 Unemployment Benefit was paid there. They were also used to pay National Assistance after 1948. Unemployed people had to sign on once every 2 weeks to get their money. Separate Jobcentres were started in 1973. They advertised jobs. Unemployed people had to sign on there to look for work and then collect their money from the employment exchange. Later the employment exchanges were turned into Jobcentres.
They paid out about PS100 million a year in benefits in 2005/6. In 2010 there were about 71,000 people working in 750 Jobcentres.
References
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
Social security in the United Kingdom
Ritchies

Ritchies is a large supermarket chain in Australia. The chain is owned by a group of private investors. Metcash is a part of that group. The chain is also known as "Ritchies Supa IGA". Most Ritchies stores are in Victoria. Ritchies earns about $1.4b each year.
In recent years, Ritchies has had grown a large amount. In 2000, there were less than 20 Ritchies stores. Ritchies is now on the top 20 Australian retailers list. Other companies on this list include large companies such as Kmart, Myer and Wesfarmers Bunnings..
References
Other websites
Official Ritchies Web Site
Supermarkets of Australia
Léopold Sédar Senghor

Leopold Sedar Senghor (9 October 1906 - 20 December 2001) was a Senegalese poet, politician, and cultural theorist. He was the first president of Senegal (1960-80). He was part of the Negritude movement. Some people called him an African socialist, but many Senegalese socialists thought he was not really socialist because he was supported by France and put communists in Senegal in jail. He also started the Senegalese Democratic Bloc party.
Senghor was the first African allowed to join the Academie francaise. Many people think he is one of the most important intellectuals from Africa during the 20th century.
References
Other websites
Biography and guide to collected works: African Studies Centre, Leiden
Histoire des Signares de Goree du 17ie au 19ie siecle. Poemes de Leopold Sedar Senghor
Biographie par l'Assemblee nationale
Biographie par l'Academie francaise
President Dia by William Mbaye (2012, english version) - Youtube - Political documentary - 1957 to 1963 in Senegal (55')
Sangonet
Preface par Leopold Sedar Senghor a l'ouvrage collectif sur Le Nouvel Ordre Economique Mondiale edite par Hans Kochler (1980) (facsimile)
1906 births
2001 deaths
Presidents of Senegal
Senegalese writers
Poets
Jyn Erso

Jyn Erso is a female character from Star Wars and the main character of the film Rogue One. She is the daughter of the scientist behind the Death Star, Galen Erso but is raised by rebel extremest Saw Gerrera. She is captured by the Rebel Alliance and is sent on a mission to kidnap her father. She is joined by Cassian Andor, K-2SO and other members as they try to find her father. During the mission she learns about the Death Star and how to blow it up. Although unable to capture her father she joins the rest of the Rebel Alliance in getting the plans to destroy the Death Star. She sacrifices herself during the mission but the Rebel Alliance was able to win the battle. Jyn Erso is played by Felicity Jones in the film.
References
Star Wars characters
Fictional characters introduced in 2016
Emilie Autumn

Emilie Autumn Liddell (born on September 22, 1979) is an American singer and violinist. She started learning to play the violin when she was four years old. She calls her style Victoriandustrial. It is influenced by the Victorian era. She performs with The Bloody Crumpets.
Early life
Autumn left school when she was nine or ten. She went to Indiana University for two years. She left because the university would not let her wear corsets.
Career
Autumn released On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo on her label Traitor Records. In 2000 a book of poetry that she wrote was published.
In 2003 Autumn's first studio album Enchant was released.
In 2006 Opheliac was released by Trisol Music Group GmbH.
In 2007 A Bit o' This & That was released to iTunes. In 2010 The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls was published.
In 2012 Autumn released her third studio album, Fight Like a Girl.
Personal life
Autumn has bipolar disorder. She is vegan.
Discography
Studio albums
Enchant (2003)
Opheliac (2006)
Fight Like a Girl (2012)
References
1979 births
Living people
People with bipolar disorder
Singers from Los Angeles
Itziar Ituño

Itziar Ituno Martinez (born June 18, 1974) is a Spanish actress. She is best known for her role as Inspector Raquel Murillo in the Spanish television series Money Heist (La casa de papel).
Early life
Ituno was born in Basauri, on June 18, 1974. She graduated in urban-industrial and political sociology from the University of the Basque Country and studied acting at the Basauri Theater School.
Career
Ituno's first appearance was in the Basque film Agur Olentzero, agur (Goodbye Olentzero, Goodbye). It was was released in 1997.
She got a role in the soap opera Goenkale in 2001. She played Nekane Beitia, a bisexual policewoman from the fictional village of Arralde in this television series. She played the role until 2015, when the show was canceled. This role increased her visibility in the Basque Country.
She was starring in the films Loreak (Spanish submission for the Academy Awards) and Igelak, released in 2015 and 2016 respectively.
She starred in the television series La casa de papel (broadcast on Antena 3 and then acquired by Netflix) in the role of Raquel Murillo, a police inspector in 2017.
She is also a singer in three bands: Dangiliske, EZ3, and INGOT.
She was a presenter of the Basque Film Gala and the EITB Gala for the 65th edition of the San Sebastian International Film Festival on 26 September 2017.
It was announced in May 2020 that Ituno will make her English language debut in the British animated short film Salvation Has No Name, due for release in 2020.
References
Living people
1974 births
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
River Alt

The River Alt is a river in the county of Merseyside in England just north of Liverpool. The river begins near Huyton and flows about 28 km northeast to empty into the Irish Sea at the town of Hightown. Other towns along the river include Kirkby, Maghull and Formby. There are 75 km of tributary feeding the river. About 250,000 people live in the area around the river. The northern part of the river forms the boundary between the counties of Merseyside and Lancashire.
Rivers of England
Merseyside
Selenous acid

Selenous acid, also known as selenious acid, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2SeO3. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and selenite ions.
Properties
Selenous acid is a weak acid. It can be heated to make selenium dioxide. It is more stable than sulfurous acid. It can be crystallized as a white solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with bases to make selenites.
Preparation
It is made by dissolving selenium dioxide in water.
Uses
It is used to dye steel a blue-grey color. It is used in the making of organic compounds.
Safety
Selenous acid is very toxic. Just ingesting a small amount can kill you.
Related pages
Selenic acid
Hydroselenic acid
Sources
Acids
Selenium compounds
Voiced labiodental approximant

The voiced labiodental approximant is a consonant. It is used in some languages. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is <v> .
Consonants
Hajj

The Hajj ("pilgrimage") is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the most holy city of the Muslims, and a Fard or mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence. It is one of the five pillars of Islam, alongside Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, and Sawm. The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world. The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah, and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to God (Allah). The word Hajj means "to intend a journey", which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions.
The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th (or in some cases 13th) of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year. Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions.
The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham. During Hajj, pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people, who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj, and perform a series of rituals: each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba (the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims), runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah, drinks from the Zamzam Well, goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil, spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa, and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars. The pilgrims then shave their heads, perform a ritual of animal sacrifice, and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha.
Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year. This is sometimes called the "lesser pilgrimage", or Umrah. However, even if they choose to perform the Umrah, they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so, because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj.
As an industry
Saudi Arabia's economy greatly benefits from Hajj tourism and has invested in hotel businesses as well as infrastructure to accommodate and profit from Hajj and Ummrah tourism.
References
Islamic culture
Mecca
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Worship
Calcium sulfide

Calcium sulfide is a chemical compound made of one calcium atom and one sulphide atom. It has the chemical formula CAS. It is white and forms cubes.
It has a high melting point of 2,525 Celsius (4,577 degF; 2,798 Kelvin), and decomposes upon contact with water.
Calcium compounds
Sulfur compounds
David Thewlis

David Thewlis (born 20 March 1963) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Remus Lupin in the Harry Potter movie series, as the Earthworm in James and the Giant Peach, V.M. Varga in the third season of Fargo and as Ares in Wonder Woman.
He also appeared in Afraid of the Dark (1991), Naked (1993), Timeline (2003), Kingdom of Heaven (2005), The Omen (2006), The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (2008), London Boulevard (2010), War Horse (2011), and Red 2 (2013). He also voices Shame Wizard in Big Mouth.
Thewlis was born in Blackpool, Lancashire, England.
References
Other websites
1963 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from Blackpool
Blousson-Sérian

Blousson-Serian is a commune in the Gers department. It is in southwestern France.
Related pages
Communes of the Gers department
Communes in Gers
Alojzy Orszulik

Alojzy Orszulik (21 June 1928 - 21 February 2019) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. Orszulik was ordained to the priesthood in 1957. He served as titular bishop of Vissalsa and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Siedlce, Poland, from 1989 to 1992. He then was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lowicz, Poland, from 1992 to 2004.
Notes
1928 births
2019 deaths
Polish Roman Catholic bishops
St. Louis Eagles

The St. Louis Eagles were a professional ice hockey team and a former member of the National Hockey League (NHL) based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Eagles lasted for only one year, playing in the 1934-35 NHL season.
Other websites
Results on hockeydb.com
Defunct National Hockey League teams
1934 establishments in the United States
1935 disestablishments
20th-century establishments in Missouri
1930s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Missouri
Saint-Philippe-du-Seignal

Saint-Philippe-du-Seignal is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Styrene

Styrene is a certain organic chemical compound having the chemical formula C8H8. Its chemical structure is made up of a vinyl group bonded onto a benzene ring. This benzene ring makes styrene an aromatic compound. At room temperature and pressure, styrene is a clear, colorless liquid. Other names for styrene can be styrol, vinylbenzene, phenylethene, or phenylethylene.
Uses
Styrene is used in polymer chemistry as a monomer. This means many styrene molecules can bond together to make a larger molecule called polystyrene. Polystyrene is a kind of polymer often used as a plastic. This kind of chemical reaction is called polymerization.
Styrene can also bond with other kinds of monomers to make other kinds of polymers called copolymers. For one example, styrene has been mixed with another monomer called 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer which is a kind of synthetic rubber. For another example, styrene is mixed with acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer plastic called ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene).
Production
In industry, styrene is made from ethylbenzene by this chemical reaction:
This kind of reaction is called dehydrogenation. Hydrogen is also made by this reaction..
Hydrocarbons
Laroque, Gironde

Laroque, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Guest worker

Guest workers are people brought into a country to work in different industries.
They are used to fill a shortage in labour that most often cannot be done locally. Guest workers often do not have the same rights as normal workers. In some countries guest workers are not allowed to stay long periods of time. In Germany there are many guest workers from Turkey. Turkish guest workers have formed their own communities in the German cities where they live. Turkish guest workers have been in Germany since the 1950s.
Many Koreans in Japan came as guest workers early in the 20th century, and in Arab countries late in the century.
Related pages
Migrant worker
Other websites
Foreign workers in Malaysia - News update
The PBS newsmagazine NOW focuses on America's "Guest Workers" including interviews with actual guest workers who work in Montana's forests
Burma Migrant Worker Issues
Migrant labor activism in New York City from Dollars & Sense magazine
Migrant Workers Television(MWTV) in Seoul Korea
December 18 vzw - International Advocacy and Resource Center on Migrant Workers Rights
Migrante International
No One is Illegal
Global Culture: essay on migrant workers
Migrant Farmworkers and Their Children
Employment
Immigration