pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 - 4 December 1679) was a philosopher from England. His most famous book is Leviathan (1651).
Writings
Hobbes mainly wrote about government and law--he was a political philosopher. He tried to show that the best kind of government has one in which society was organised under one authority. All individuals in that society give up some rights for the sake of protection. There is no doctrine of "separation of powers" in Hobbes's discussion. According to him, the sovereign power must control civil, military, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers.
Studies
Looking at human nature, we will see that humans are very selfish and that we are willing to hurt each other if we think it will help us. Naturally, humans are all equal because we are all strong enough to kill each other--even a child can kill a strong man while he sleeps. Imagine what things would be like without a government. It would be terrible--a "state of war". There would not be enough stuff for everyone, and people would disagree about who got what. Some people would fight each other, and everyone else would be very worried about their own safety. No one would be able to trust anyone else or make plans for the future. Life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" (people would be alone, poor, mean, and would not live for long). Next, Hobbes argues that it would be a good idea for everyone to stop fighting and choose a Sovereign which could be one man or an assembly of men. Everyone should agree to obey the Sovereign, and give him all power of coercion or force of restraint under law. Once the Sovereign is in place, everyone has to obey him, even those who disagree with him. This is because everyone already agreed to obey him no matter what. Hobbes says it's better to be mostly safe under an all-powerful Sovereign, than to be in a state of war.
Hobbes wanted his argument to be like math, with each step leading to the next. However, many people disagreed with his argument. Some said that Hobbes was in favor of rebellion, because he said that people were naturally equal. Others said that humans are not as selfish as Hobbes thought. Today, most people do not like the idea of an all-powerful government. Nevertheless, Hobbes's argument was a very important one, and philosophers who are interested in government or political theory still study Hobbes's books very carefully.
References
1588 births
1679 deaths
17th-century English philosophers
Gustav Kirchhoff

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (12 March 1824 - 17 October 1887) was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and radiation by heated objects. He coined the term black body radiation in 1862.
He proposed two sets of independent concepts in both circuit theory and thermal emission. They are all called 'Kirchhoff's laws' after him, as well as a law of thermochemistry. The Bunsen-Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after him and his colleague, Robert Bunsen. He also discovered rubidium with Bunsen in 1861.
References
1824 births
1887 deaths
German inventors
German physicists
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
Ludlow (town), Vermont

Ludlow is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States.
Towns in Vermont
Patrick Dupond

Patrick Dupond (14 March 1959 - 5 March 2021) was a French ballet dancer and artistic director. He was named danseur etoile of the Paris Opera Ballet in 1980. He worked with eminent dancers such as Rudolf Nureyev, Maurice Bejart and Alvin Ailey.
In 1990, he became dance director of the Paris Opera Ballet. He left this position in 1995, then the Paris Opera in 1997.
Dupond was gay and controversially said he made the "mistake of choosing to be gay".
Dupond died on March 5, 2021, a few days before his 62nd birthday.
References
1959 births
2021 deaths
French dancers
Gay men
LGBT dancers
French LGBT people
Lisa's Pony

"Lisa's Pony" is the eighth episode of the third season of The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 7, 1991. In this episode, Homer humiliates Lisa by forgetting to buy the right reed for her saxophone. desperate to win back his daughter's love, Homer gives Lisa the one thing she has always wanted, a pony named "Princess." Homer struggles with two jobs to cover the cost of sheltering and feeding the pony. Lisa, upon seeing what Homer must go through to pay for the pony, decides to give it away.
Other websites
"Lisa's Pony" at The Simpsons.com
1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
MacGyver

MacGyver was an American television series. It was first shown in September 1985 on the television network, ABC. The main character, Angus MacGyver (played by Richard Dean Anderson), often prevented inevitable defeats, saved lives, distracted enemies, made weapons, and even performed everyday tasks usually using very few objects that seemed irrelevant or abnormal to use in such situations. His use of duct tape has led some parts of the world to call it "MacGyver tape."
The term "MacGyver" now means someone who is able to perform amazing feats with the use of very few and often irrelevant objects.
1980s American television series
1985 American television series debuts
1990s American television series
1992 American television series endings
Action television series
Spy television series
English-language television programs
Rival (disambiguation)

Rival or rivals may refer to:
Literature, music, and media
"Rival" (Pearl Jam song), song on Pearl Jam'''s 2000's album Binaural "Rival" (song), the second opening theme song of the Pocket Monsters series
"Rivals" (DS9 episode), the eleventh episode of the second season of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine "The Rivals" (The O.C. episode), the 17th episode of the FOX television series, The O.C. The Rival, comic book villain, enemy of The Flash
The Rivals, play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan
Rivals (film), a 1925 film starring Oliver Hardy
Sonic Rivals'', video game
Other use
Rivals in sports
Rivals.com, a network of United States-based sports Web sites which focus especially on college sports and also recruiting
College rivalry
Rivalry (economics)
Monocular rivalry and Binocular rivalry in vision.
Sibling rivalry (brothers and sisters)
The Rivals (band), an English punk band
The Rivals (mountain), a mountain on the Llyn peninsula in Gwynedd
Rivals, Kentucky
Mohamed Morsi

Mohamed Morsi (, ALA-LC: Muhammad Muhammad Mursi 'Isa al-'Ayyat ; 8 August 1951 - 17 June 2019) was an Egyptian politician. With the support of the Muslim Brotherhood he became the fifth President of Egypt on 30 June 2012. On 3 July 2012, the Egyptian defense minister Abdul Fatah Khalil Al-Sisi declared that Morsi would no longer be president, after many people who wanted him to resign began protesting.
On 16 May 2015, Morsi was sentenced to death by an Egyptian court for passing state secrets to Qatar. In 2016 a higher court overturned the death penalty, pending another trial.
On 17 June 2019, Morsi reportedly had a heart attack in a Cairo court and later died, aged 67.
References
1951 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Egyptian Muslims
Presidents of Egypt
Cairo University alumni
Sioux Rapids, Iowa

Sioux Rapids is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Neoplasm

A neoplasm (or neoplasm) is tissue that is growing where it should not be. If they become a mass, they become a tumour. Tumours are either malignant (harmful) or benign (safe). Cancer, for example is malignant and sometimes spreads to other places on the body. Some tumours have a cause that makes them grow. For some tumours no cause is known. A tumour usually forms as a lump or mass.
Tumours can occur in humans and animals. In humans, tumors can occur because the genetic code of cells is modified too much, causing affected cells to divide and expand uncontrollably. The Tasmanian Devils in Tasmania, Australia are in danger of becoming extinct because of a malignant tumour that grows on their face.
References
Health problems
Cancer
Horizon City, Texas

Horizon City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in El Paso County, Texas
Blain, Loire-Atlantique

Blain is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Smitley River

The Smitley River is a river in British Columbia, Canada. It is in the north Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains. It flows southeast to join the Noeick River. The Smitley River starts on the east side of Mount Saugstad.
References
Rivers of Canada
Eien

was a after Kanna and before Eiso. This period started in April 987 and ended in August 988. The reigning emperor was .
Events of Eian era
987 (Eien 1, 10th month): The emperor visited the home of Fujiwara no Kaneie.
987 (Eien 1, 11th month): The emperor visited Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu.
987 (Eien 1, 12th month): The emperor visited the Kamo Shrine.
988 (Eien 2, 11th month): The emperor visited the home of Kaneie on his 60th birthday.
Related pages
Heian period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
Caren Marsh Doll

Caren Marsh Doll (born April 6, 1919), born as Caren Morris, is an American actress and dancer. She was Judy Garland's stand-in for The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Ziegfeld Girl in 1941.
Along with Jerry Maren, who also played a munchkin (as a member of The Lollipop Guild), she is one of the two known surviving members of the cast of The Wizard of Oz, she was helping Judy Garland.
References
Other websites
1919 births
Living people
American movie actors
Models from Los Angeles
Actors from Hollywood
American centenarians
American dancers
American television actors
Pseudonyms
Writers from Los Angeles
Matrei am Brenner

Matrei am Brenner is a market town of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Life extension

Life extension (also indefinite life extension or biological immortality) is the catch-all term for drastically increasing people's lifespans by halting or reversing aging. Because aging has multiple causes and symptoms, any successful indefinite life extension program would have to include multiple medications, supplement pills, therapies and other procedures. It could even include molecular nanobots to repair damage brought on by aging. This life expectancy extension is currently impossible but futurists say such procedures, therapies, etc should be available in the 2030s or 2040s.
Medicine
Fool (If You Think It's Over)

"Fool (If You Think It's Over)" is a 1978 song by English singer Chris Rea and taken from his debut studio album Whatever Happened to Benny Santini?. It went to number 12 in the United States, number 15 in Canada, number 25 in the Netherlands, number 30 in the United Kingdom, number 31 in New Zealand and number 39 in Australia. The song's success earned Rea a Grammy nomination in 1979. It was covered by Elkie Brooks in 1981 and went to number 6 in Ireland, number 17 in the United Kingdom and number 18 in South Africa.
References
1978 songs
Chris Rea songs
Elkie Brooks songs
Soft rock songs
Yale, Iowa

Yale is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Charmeil

Charmeil is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Palmerston North (New Zealand electorate)

Palmerston North is an electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It is in Palmerston North.
Election results
References
New Zealand electorates
Women's Rights National Historical Park

Women's Rights National Historical Park (est.1980) consists of four historical properties in Seneca Falls and Waterloo, New York. These properties are important to women's rights. They are the Wesleyan Chapel (the site of the first Women's Rights Convention); the Elizabeth Cady Stanton House; the M'Clintock House; and the Richard Hunt House. The park consists of 6.83 acres (27,600 m2). It includes a visitor center and an education and cultural center.
The Votes For Women History Trail (est. 2009) is administered through the Park. It is a motor vehicle route of sites in upstate New York important to women's rights. Sites include the Susan B. Anthony House; the Mount Hope Cemetery; Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home; the M'Clintock House; and The Women's Rights National Historic Park itself.
Gallery
Other websites
Women's Rights National Historic Park
National Historical Parks of the United States
Salvador Minuchin

Salvador Minuchin (October 13, 1921 - October 29, 2017) was an Argentine-American family psychotherapist. He was born and raised in San Salvador, Argentina. Minuchin developed structural family therapy, which talked about problems within a family by talking about the relationships between family members, or between subsets of family.
When Minuchin moved to New York in 1981, he established the Family Studies Institute, where he could teach family therapists and interface directly with the foster care system through consultation services.
Minuchin died of heart disease at a care facility in Boca Raton, Florida on October 29, 2017 at the age of 96.
References
Other websites
The Minuchin Center
The Philadelphia Child and Family Therapy Training Center
1921 births
2017 deaths
Argentine scientists
American psychologists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Argentine writers
Writers from New York City
Captain EO

Captain EO is an American-British short 3D science fiction movie. It is 17 minutes long. It is about an astronaut and hero called "Captain EO". He is played by Michael Jackson. Anjelica Huston plays the alien villain called the "Supreme Leader". The executive producer was George Lucas and the movie director was Francis Ford Coppola (who came up with the name "Captain EO" from Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn). Captain EO is one of the first 4D movies. The movie played at Disneyland and Epcot. In 1996 Captain EO was shown on MTV. This is the only time it was shown on television. It has never been released on video or DVD. The movie can be watched on the internet from video sharing websites such as YouTube.
1986 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies about extraterrestrial life
Michael Jackson
Butler, Georgia

Butler is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Taylor County.
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Lake Forest, California

Lake Forest is a city in Orange County, California. At the 2020 census, 85,858 people lived here.
References
Cities in California
Settlements in Orange County, California
Brayden McNabb

Brayden Luke McNabb (born January 28, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres and Los Angeles Kings.
Career
Before playing in the NHL, McNabb played parts of 4 seasons with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL). McNabb played for Team Canada during the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and won a gold medal with Canada at the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament.
He was drafted 66th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Sabres on May 18, 2011. On November 26, 2011, McNabb made his NHL debut in a 5-1 win against the Washington Capitals. On December 26, 2011, he scored his first NHL goal against Tomas Vokoun of the Washington Capitals in a 4-2 win.
On March 5, 2014, the Sabres traded McNabb, along with Jonathan Parker and two draft picks, to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Hudson Fasching and Nicolas Deslauriers.
References
Other websites
1991 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Kootenay Ice players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Rochester Americans players
Vegas Golden Knights players
Penelope (movie)

Penelope is a 2006 American fantasy romantic comedy movie. It received mixed reviews by critics. It stars Christina Ricci, James McAvoy, Richard E. Grant, Peter Dinklage, Burn Gorman, Nigel Havers and Catherine O'Hara with Reese Witherspoon.
2006 comedy movies
2006 romance movies
2006 fantasy movies
2000s American fantasy movies
American romantic comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
American independent movies
Shield bug

Shield bugs are the Acanthosomatidae, a family of Hemiptera. There are 55 genera, with about 200 species.
It is one of the least varied families of bugs. The number of species is quite low for beetles, and it is not known why this is so. Individually they are fairly common.
Shield bugs, like almost all bugs, live by sucking the sap of plants, usually flowering plants. They have a "layered" defence system. From a distance they are difficult to see because they are camouflaged. Then, they have a tough armoured back. Lastly, if touched, they give off revolting scents, rather like stink bugs (which are a related group).
References
Hemiptera
Ian Cross

Ian Robert Cross (6 November 1925 - 2 November 2019) was a New Zealand novelist, journalist and administrator. His first novel, The God Boy, was released in 1957. Later novels are The Backward Sex (1959), After ANZAC Day (1961) and The Family Man (1993).
References
1925 births
2019 deaths
New Zealand journalists
Nepali Army

The Nepali Army (Nepali: nepaalii senaa, romanized: Nepali Sena), technically the Gorkhali Army (gorkhaalii senaa, Gorakhali Sena; see Gorkhas), is the land service branch of the Nepalese Armed Forces. During the period of the Nepali unification campaign, it was known as the Gorkhali Army and later as the Royal Nepali Army following the establishment of a Hindu monarchy in Nepal. It was officially renamed to the Nepali Army on 28 May 2008, following the abolition of the 240-year-old Shah dynasty shortly after the Nepali Civil War.
The Nepali Army has participated in various conflicts throughout its history, going as far back as the Nepali unification campaign launched by Prithvi Narayan Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom. It has engaged in an extensive number of battles within South Asia, and continues to take part in global conflicts as part of United Nations peacekeeping coalitions.
The Nepali Army is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal and the incumbent Chief of Army Staff is General Prabhu Ram Sharma.
References
Pierre Ryckmans

Pierre Ryckmans (28 September 1935 - 11 August 2014), also known by his pen name Simon Leys, was a Belgian-Australian diplomat, writer, sinologist, essayist and literary critic. He wrote in many language including Chinese, French and English. He wrote the novel Chinese Shadows (Ombres Chinoises) in 1974 in French, which was later translated to English in 1977. He was also the Professor of Chinese Studies at the University of Sydney in Sydney, New South Wales from 1987 until 1993.
Ryckmans was born in Brussels. He studied Chinese culture, art and literature in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. He moved to Australia in 1970. He later taught Chinese in many universities all over the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales. He was married and had four children.
Ryckmans died from cancer on 11 August 2014 in Sydney, aged 78.
References
Other websites
1935 births
2014 deaths
Australian critics
Australian diplomats
Australian essayists
Belgian essayists
Linguists
Belgian translators
University of Sydney faculty
Writers from Brussels
Vich, Switzerland

Vich is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
Economy
The Plainisphare record label is in Vich.
History
Vich once had a paleolithic village (which are about 2.5 million years old) on it. There are also clues that it was lived on during the Bronze Age. There is also a Roman paved road running through it from Nyon to Orbe.
Control
Vich was controlled by many people. It belonged to the lords of Besancon to Cossonay, Prangins and Savoy.
In 1536 the canton of Vaud was taken by the Bernese who kept it until 1798 when the canton was freed by the French revolutionary troops. In 1803, Vich joined the Swiss Confederation.
References
Other websites
Official website (French)
Aerial photographs on swisscastle.ch
Municipalities of Vaud
Inductive reasoning

Induction is one of the main forms of logical reasoning. The other is deduction. In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases. For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.
Induction is not the method of science, but it can be the starting-point for science. Everyone can see that the sun, moon and stars appear to move across the sky. Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do. We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism). What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations. That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained. What science did was to prove the obvious explanation was not the right one.
Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants. If he had stopped there, his name might not be known today. What he did was suggest a way in which all these facts could be explained. It was an hypothesis which could be, and was, tested in every way possible. It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it. Again, real science was built on a collection of facts which needed an explanation. The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.
Induction, the collecting of facts, is not by itself science. The philosopher Hume said it meant "instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience". Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question "Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?" Philosophers usually think the real issue is: what distinguishes good from bad inductions? A way to say it is: "If all known As are B, then probably all As whatever are B".
Criticism
Inductive reasoning allows for a false conclusion even if all the premises are true. This is illustrated in the following example:
1. Humans exist.2. Birds also exist.3. Therefore, birds are human.
This example shows that even though all the premises are correct, the conclusion can be false.
References
Other websites
Discussions suitable for students of philosophy can be found in the usual places, especially:
Vickers, John 2014. The problem of induction. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Logic
Ailton

Ailton is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Arts and Entertainment
Ailton Krenak (born 1954), Brazilian writer and journalist
Ailton Graca (born 1964), Brazilian actor
Religion
Ailton Menegussi (born 1962), Brazilian bishop
Sportspeople
Ailton Lira (born 1951), Brazilian football forward
Ailton dos Santos Silva (born 1966), Brazilian football manager
Ailton Ferraz (born 1966), Brazilian football forward and manager
Ailton (footballer, born 1968), born Ailton Delfino, Brazilian football striker
Ailton (footballer, born 1973), born Ailton Goncalves da Silva, Brazilian football striker
Ailton (footballer, born 1980), born Ailton de Oliveira Modesto, Brazilian football midfielder
Ailton (footballer, born 1984), born Ailton Jose Almeida, Brazilian football forward
Ailton Junior (born 1987), born Jose Junior Pereira Ailton, Brazilian football defender
Ailton Canela (1994-2016), Brazilian football forward who died in the Chapecoeanse plane crash
Ailton Ferreira Silva (born 1995), Brazilian football left-back
Ailton (Cape Verdean footballer) (born 1996), born Ailton Cesar Duarte Silva, Cape Verdean football forward
Related pages
Ernest MacMillan

Sir Ernest MacMillan (born Mimico, Ontario, 18 August 1893; died 6 May 1973) was a famous Canadian conductor and composer.
MacMillan's father was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and musician. He was a child prodigy. He gave his first organ recital in Massey Hall at the age of ten. After studying in Britain and gaining the ARCO and FRCO diplomas at the Royal College of Organists, he studied modern history at the University of Toronto from 1911 to 1914.
Prisoner in Germany
In 1914 he went to Europe. He wanted to study at the Paris Conservatoire but this was closed because of the political situation. He went on to Germany to attend the Bayreuth Festival, but World War I started and he was taken prisoner and kept at the Ruhleben civilian detention camp near Berlin. He helped the other people who were prisoners in the camp to put on concerts. He gave talks about classical music and conducted a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Mikado as well as a pantomime version of Cinderella. This helped him to get experience in conducting. He also took part in the drama productions. He studied hard and was given a BA degree from the University of Toronto (1915) and a D Mus from the University of Oxford (1918), although he was locked up in the camp all this time.
After the war
After the war he returned to Canada where he gave organ recitals and lectured about his experiences in Ruhleben. From 1926 to 1942 he was principal of the Toronto Conservatory of Music, later to become the Royal Conservatory of Music. He was the conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra between 1931 and 1956. He did a lot for music in Canada,and he was knighted in 1935 by King George V. In 1969 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He died in Toronto in 1973.
When he conducted he often took the music very slowly. This gave him the nickname "Lord Largo" ("Largo" means "slow and broad" in music). He had an amazing musical memory and he could improvise very well. MacMillan helped to record and preserve the traditional songs and music of Canada's aboriginal or First Nations people. He had an important influence on almost every part of Canadian musical life.
1893 births
1973 deaths
Canadian musical entertainers
POW at Ruhleben
Knights Bachelor
Canadian composers
University of Toronto alumni
Game Maker

Game Maker is a computer program for the Windows operating system. It was first made by Mark Overmars, but it is now made by the company YoYo Games.
Game Maker lets people make computer games without knowing a computer programming language. People who know how to use programming languages can use Game Maker's own programming language, called Game Maker Language.
The newest version is Game Maker Studio. Since the first version made in 1999, Game Maker was given many new features. One of these features is 3-D graphics.
Game Maker has a drag-and-drop interface. This lets people make games using mostly the computer mouse. Game Maker uses icons that tell the person what actions they can do. People can make simple games by moving these icons into a given order. More detailed games can be made when Game Maker Language is used.
Game Maker has an internet community and website. There, people who use Game Maker can put their games up for others to play. People can also get help on using Game Maker from other people.
History
Game Maker started as an animation program called Animo. Each new version of Game Maker added new features. Starting with version 7.0, Game Maker was published by the YoYo Games company.
In May 22, 2012, YoYo Games released GM:Studio. After that GM:HTML5 is no longer supported.GM:Studio allows users to publish their games to Windows, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, Linux Ubuntu and HTML5.
References
Oxford County, Maine

Oxford County is a county in the state of Maine, in the United States. As of the 2020 Census, the county had a population of 57,777. Its county seat is the town of Paris.
References
19th-century establishments in Maine
1805 establishments in the United States
Maine counties
Shameless (U.S. TV series)

Shameless is an American comedy-drama television series which airs on Showtime. This remake of the British series is set in Chicago, although filmed in Los Angeles, with the exterior scenes shot in Chicago.
The series is about a dysfunctional family of an alcoholic named Frank Gallagher. He is a single father of six children. While he spends his days drunk or in search of misadventures, his kids learn to take care of themselves. His older daughter, Fiona, took responsibilities as a parent and raised her five siblings.
It stars William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher and Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher. It also stars Joan Cusack who plays Sheila Jackson, a woman who loves Frank and is obsessive. Justin Chatwin, Jeremy Allen White, Cameron Monaghan, Emma Kenney, Ethan Cutkosky, Steve Howey and Shanola Hampton are also in the show.
It first aired on January 9, 2011. It has been nominated for many awards such as Emmy Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards and Golden Globe Awards.
References
2011 American television series debuts
American comedy-drama television series
Television series set in Chicago
English-language television programs
Lynn Borden

Lynn Borden (March 24, 1937 - March 3, 2015) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as "Barbara Baxter" in the final season of the Shirley Booth sitcom Hazel, which aired on CBS from 1965 to 1966 though the program began in 1961 on NBC.
Borden was born in Detroit. She died of an illness in Encino, Los Angeles.
1937 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Detroit
American movie actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
McDonald County, Missouri

McDonald County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat is Pineville. In 2020, 23,303 people lived there.
References
1849 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Districts of Nepal

The districts of Nepal ( - jilla) are the second level in the administrative subdivision of the country.
There are 77 districts that are grouped in 7 provinces. Within the districts are the municipalities and the rural municipalities.
List of districts by province
Koshi Province
Madhesh Province
Bagmati Province
Gandaki Province
Lumbini Province
Karnali Province
Sudurpashchim Province
Related pages
Administrative divisions of Nepal
Provinces of Nepal
Development Regions of Nepal
Zones of Nepal
References
Other websites
Nepal Maps
Sonny Chiba

, also known as , was a Japanese actor, singer, movie producer and director, and martial artist. He was from Fukuoka, Kyushu. He was possibly the most famous Japanese movie actor of all time.
Chiba died on 19 August 2021 at a hospital in Kimitsu, Japan from pneumonia caused by COVID-19, aged 82.
Filmography
The Street Fighter (1974) as Takuma Tsurugi
Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003) as Hattori Hanzo
Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2004) as Hattori Hanzo
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) as Kamata
Sushi Girl (2012) as Sushi chef
References
Other websites
Official Website
Official Blog
Facebook
AllRovi Sonny Chiba
Sonny Chiba - HKMDB
1939 births
2021 deaths
Japanese movie actors
Japanese television actors
Japanese stage actors
Japanese voice actors
Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Actors from Fukuoka Prefecture
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan
Deaths from pneumonia
Goshen, Vermont

Goshen is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States.
Towns in Addison County, Vermont
Khoisan

The Khoisan is the name for two peoples of Southern Africa: the San and the Khoikhoi. The San are foraging bushmen, and the Khoi are a pastoral people previously known as the Hottentots. The relationship between the two groups is not very clear. The San are generally smaller than other humans in the area. They also look very different than other groups of people there. As of 2018, between 90.000 and 100.000 San are left. Most of them live in Botswana and Namibia. There are San minorities in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The San were some of the original (indigenous) inhabitants of Southern Africa. Then the southward Bantu migrations from North and East Africa reached the region 700 years ago. The Bantu populations displaced the Khoi and San to become the predominant inhabitants of Southern Africa.
The Khoisan "was the largest population on Earth at some point", according to one evolutionary geneticist. The evidence of the Khoisan's original presence in South Africa is the distribution of their languages today. Khoisan language groups often have extreme differences in structure and vocabulary despite close proximity, which demonstrates a long period of settlement and co-evolution of languages in the same region.
Charles Darwin wrote about the Khoisan and sexual selection in The Descent of Man in 1882, commenting that their steatopygia evolved through sexual selection in human evolution, and that "the posterior part of the body projects in a most wonderful manner".
In the 1990s, genomic studies of the world's peoples found that the Y chromosome of San men share patterns of polymorphisms that are different from those of all other populations. Because the Y chromosome changes little, this type of DNA test is used to determine when different human subgroups separated from one another. This shows their last common ancestry. The authors of these studies suggest that the San may have been one of the first populations to differentiate from the most recent common ancestor of all living humans, estimated to have lived 60,000 to 90,000 years ago.
References
Ethnic groups in South Africa
Ethnic groups in Africa
Mountain big-eyed tree frog

The mountain big-eyed tree frog (Nyctimystes montanus) is a tree frog from New Guinea. Scientists have only seen it in the Arfak Mountains in Indonesia.
The adult male frog is about 5.2 cm long and the female about 6.3 cm long. The dead, preserved frog is gray or brown with darker markings.
References
Frogs of Asia
Chilla Porter

Charles Michael "Chilla" Porter (11 January 1936 - 15 August 2020) was an Australian athlete and politician. He won a silver medal in the high jump at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He later was general secretary of the Liberal Party of Australia (Western Australian Division) from 1978 to 1987. He was born in Brisbane.
Porter died on 15 August 2020 of cancer near Perth. He was aged 84.
References
1936 births
2020 deaths
Australian Olympic silver medalists
Politicians from Brisbane
Cancer deaths in Australia
Burhanuddin Rabbani

Burhanuddin Rabbani (1940 -- 20 September 2011) was the President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996. He had been a Mujahideen leader who fought against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. He was removed as President when the Taliban took over in 1996. He then became the leader of the Northern Alliance which took over in Kabul when the Taliban were removed. He became the head of Afghanistan's High Peace Council which was trying to find a way to end the fighting in Afghanistan. He was killed in a suicide attack on his home. A man who claimed to be a Taliban leader met with Rabbini, and then exploded a bomb, which he had hidden in his turban.
References
Presidents of Afghanistan
Assassinated people
1940 births
2011 deaths
Kabul University alumni
Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Latin:Ordo Praedicatorum, OP) is a Roman Catholic religious order. Its members follow the rules Saint Dominic gave them in the 13th century. After the 15th century they are commonly known as Dominicans.
Roman Catholic religious orders
Declaration of Montreal

The Declaration of Montreal on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Human Rights is a document for human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people as well as intersex people adopted at an international meeting held in Montreal on 29 July 2006.
Among more than 1500 speaker at the meeting, there was Louise Arbour, who was a president of United Nation working for human rights of all over the world. This Declaration was submitted to United Nation after the meeting.
The goal of this Declaration is to tell about violence and discrimination against LGBT people and to insist that LGBT have the same rights as other members of society, including care and prevention of AIDS, same-sex marriage and medical care to transgender and their permission on gender status by the law. And also affirms that the intersex must be protected from surgery without their full agreement.
And further the Declaration demands United Nations and all countries to recognize May 17 as the International Day Against Homophobia.
This declaration has(along with the 1996 "International Bill of Gender Rights") become the origin of the Yogyakarta Principles.
Related pages
Discrimination
Homophobia
Transphobia
Transgender
Yogyakarta Principles
References
Other websites
Declaration of Montreal (full text)
LGBT
Human rights
Alexandru Bădiţă

Alexandru Badita is a retired water polo player from Romania. Badita competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born on 2 October 1937.
References
Other websites
1937 births
Living people
Romanian water polo players
Romanian Olympians
Sportspeople from Bucharest
Warren Mitchell (basketball)

Warren Eugene Mitchell Sr. (April 1, 1933 - October 15, 2020) was an American college basketball coach. He was the head coach for the William & Mary Tribe men's basketball team from 1966 to 1972. He was born in Lynchburg, Virginia.
Mitchell died in Midlothian, Virginia on October 15, 2020 from COVID-19 and problems caused by dementia at the age of 87.
References
1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Deaths from dementia
College basketball coaches
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Virginia
Interstate 405 (Oregon)

Interstate 405 (I-405), also known as the Stadium Freeway No. 61, is a short north-south Interstate Highway in Portland, Oregon. It forms a loop that travels around the west side of Downtown Portland.
References
Roads in Oregon
Interstate Highways
Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada

The Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada is part of the branch of the Seventh-day Adventist Church located in Canada. The church started in the 1870s in Quebec. William Miller travelled to parts of Canada. In 1902, Seventh-Day Adventist churches in Canada orgainized a union conference for the country.
In 2011, the church reported a membership of 61,468.
Protestantism
1870s establishments in Canada
Religious organizations based in Canada
Battle of Mine Creek

The Battle of Mine Creek (also known as the Battle of the Osage) was a battle in the American Civil War. In total, 1,300 people were killed. The battle was fought in Linn County, Kansas.
References
Mine Creek
1860s in Kansas
1864 in the United States
Carolyn Pollan

Carolyn Pollan (July 12, 1937 - October 23, 2021) was an American politician. She was born in Houston, Texas. Pollan was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1975 until 1999. Pollan was a member of the Republican Party.
Pollan died on October 23, 2021 in Little Rock, Arkansas at the age of 84.
References
1937 births
2021 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Houston
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque

Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (built 1192 - 1316) Quwwat-ul-Islam was sponsored by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, founder of the Mamluk dynasty. The Quwwat-ul-Islam is best known for its tower of victory, celebrating the Muslim conquest of India. A Hindu and Jain temple was
modified into Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. It consists of a rectangular courtyard enclosed by cloisters. Perhaps it was the first monument of iconoclast in India. It is in contradiction to Hasan Nizami's account of Aibak as peaceful and 'Lakh Baksh' or 'giver of lakhs' in his book Taj-ul-Masir. It is said he was generous and spent huge sums in charity. But it may also be that the monument was hurriedly built with the building material from the temple as Aibak had not established himself firmly in India at that time.
Quwwat-ul-Islam, the "Glory of Islam," was hastily erected by the young amir, who conscripted an army of local craftsmen, presumably Hindus, to assemble the structure.
The Quwat-ul-Islam mosque (completed 1196), consisting of cloisters around a courtyard with the sanctuary to the west, was built from the remains of demolished temples celebrating the Muslim conquest of India. It is built of red sandstone, gray quartz, and white marble, but is probably inspired by the "Iron Pillar " that stands on the site. Built in the Gupta dynasty in the 6th century, it is the only piece of the temple that stands in its original location. Qutb built around it when he constructed the mosque. Although made of iron, it has resisted rust for over 1,500 years.
Later, a lofty arched screen was erected and the mosque was enlarged, by Shams-ud- Din Iltutmish (A.D. 1210 - 1235) and Ala-ud-Din Khalji. The Iron Pillar in the courtyard bears an inscription in Sanskrit in Brahmi script of fourth century A.D., according to which the pillar was set up as a Vishnudhvaja (standard of god Vishnu) on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra. A deep socket on the top of the ornate capital indicates that probably an image of Garuda was fixed into it.
References
Mosques in India
Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
Monuments and memorials
Mughal architecture
World Heritage Sites in India
13th-century buildings and structures
1964–65 Austrian Cup

The 1964-65 Austrian Cup was Austria's nationwide football cup competition. Admira-Energie were the defending champions. In the event of a draw, overtime + replay, in the event of a draw in the replay, overtime + drawing of lots.
Round of 32
First round with teams from the first and second league.
Replay match:
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Replay matches:
Semi-finals
Final first leg
SC Wiener Neustadt:
Josef Schneider - Herbert Ofenbach - Manfred Fenz - Hubert Hutfless - Rudolf Neudauer - Josef Fresser - Erno Frank - Alfred Hoffmann - Friedrich Tiefenbrunner - Werner Artner - Gerhard Seidl coach: Adolf Patek
LASK:
Helmut Kitzmuller - Heribert Trubrig - Manfred Pichler - Gyula Szabo - Adolf Blutsch - Gerhard Sturmberger - Luka Liposinovic - Carlos Lima - Helmut Koglberger - Rudolf Sabetzer - Franz Viehbock coach: Frantisek Bufka
Final second leg
LASK:
Helmut Kitzmuller - Heribert Trubrig - Manfred Pichler - Gyula Szabo - Adolf Blutsch - Gerhard Sturmberger - Luka Liposinovic - Carlos Lima - Helmut Koglberger - Rudolf Sabetzer - Franz Viehbock coach: Frantisek Bufka
SC Wiener Neustadt:
Josef Schneider - Herbert Ofenbach - Manfred Fenz - Hubert Hutfless - Rudolf Neudauer - Josef Fresser - Karl Schatzer - Alfred Hoffmann - Friedrich Tiefenbrunner - Josef Bierbaumer - Gerhard Seidl coach: Adolf Patek
References
Austrian Cup
1960s in Austria
Fred Bellefroid

Fred Bellefroid (22 January 1945 - 13 January 2022) was a Belgian sculptor.
Bellefroid is the creator of the iconic at the Oude Markt in Leuven. He made many sport statues. The common style of his statues are long figures that are moving. In 2021 he created the prize statues for the winner of the Brabantse Pijl cycling race.
Bellefroid died in on 13 January 2022, at the age of 76.
Gallery
References
1945 births
2022 deaths
Belgian sculptors
Arnstein

Arnstein () is a town in Main-Spessart in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography
Location
The town is on the edges of the river Wern and is about 20 km from Schweinfurt and 25 km from Wurzburg.
Constituent communities
Arnstein's Stadtteile are:
References
Other websites
Main-Spessart
Measure for Measure (album)

"Measure for Measure" is the fourth studio album by Australian new wave band Icehouse. It was released on 21 April, 1986 through Chrysalis Records. It went to number 2 in New Zealand and number 8 in Australia. It also reached number 55 in the United States.
Track listing
All songs written by Iva Davies and Robert Kretschmer, except where noted.
References
1986 albums
Icehouse (band)
Tanya (1940 movie)

Tanya () is a 1940 Soviet comedy movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov. It stars Lyubov Orlova, Yevgeny Samoylov, and Elena Tyapkina.
Actors
Lyubov Orlova - Tatyana Morozova
Yevgeny Samoylov - Alexey Lebedev
Elena Tyapkina - Maria Sergeevna Pronina
Vladimir Volodin - professor Pyotr Taldykin
Osip Abdulov - Feodor Karpovich Dorokhov
Nikolay Konovalov - Nikolai Zubkov
References
Other websites
1940 comedy movies
Soviet comedy movies
Movies directed by Grigori Aleksandrov
Östra Göinge Municipality

Ostra Goinge Municipality () is a municipality in Skane County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Broby.
References
Other websites
Ostra Goinge Municipality
Ostra Goinge Municipality
Sainte-Radégonde-des-Noyers

Sainte-Radegonde-des-Noyers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Communes in Vendee
Ramallah

Ramallah ( Ramallah is a Palestinian city, in the West Bank. It is north of Jerusalem. It currently serves as the de facto capital of the State of Palestine, Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority. The constitutional capital is Jerusalem. Ramallah has over 27,000 people living there. Ramallah was historically a Christian town, but today Muslims form the majority of the population, with 25% of the people Christians.
The name of the city is made of "Ram", an Aramaic word that means "high place or mountain", and "Allah", the Arabic word for God. It translates as "Height of God".
Palestinian PLO leader (1969-2004) Yasser Arafat is entombed here in mausoleum.
References
Other websites
Ramallah City
Ramallah History
National capitals in Asia
Cities in the West Bank
Howard Cosell

Howard William Cosell (March 25, 1918 - April 23, 1995) was an American sports journalist, movie and television actor, and writer. He was known for his sports announcing and for his roles in Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell, Bananas, Fol-de-Rol, and in Sleeper.
Cosell was born on March 25, 1918 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He studied at New York University and at New York University School of Law. Cosell was married to Mary Edith Abrams from 1944 until her death in 1990. Cosell and Abrams had two children. Cosell died on April 23, 1995 in New York City, New York from heart failure, aged 77.
References
Other websites
Howard Cosell at Find A Grave
The Official Howard Cosell Website
1918 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American journalists
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from North Carolina
Writers from North Carolina
People from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Memphis Pyramid

The Pyramid Arena or Memphis Pyramid is a pyramidal sports facility and store located in Memphis, Tennessee. The building has served numerous purposes since its construction in 1991. It's currently a Bass Pro Shops store that also includes restaurants, a campground-themed hotel, archery range, bowling alley and observation deck. When it first opened, the Memphis Pyramid was an indoor stadium capable of seating 20,142 people.
Buildings and structures in Tennessee
Memphis, Tennessee
1991 establishments in the United States
Norman, Oklahoma

Norman, is the county seat and largest city in Cleveland County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Norman is about 20 miles south of Oklahoma City. James Garner and Toby Keith are from Norman. The University of Oklahoma is in Norman. Norman was founded in 1889 by Abner Norman. In 2008, Money Magazine said Norman was a very good place to live. Norman has one small airport and a railroad station.
References
Other websites
Visit Norman
Official city website
Jazz in June festival
SummerBreeze Concert Series
County seats in Oklahoma
19th-century establishments in Indian Territory
Go, Dog. Go!

Go, Dog. Go! is a 1961 children's book by P. D. Eastman. It was later made into a series of the same name from Netflix.
References
1961 books
Children's literature
Mairieux

Mairieux is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 711 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord