pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

In statistics the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann.
It was first defined and used in physics (in particular in statistical mechanics) for describing particle speeds in idealized gases. In an idealized gas the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, most of the time. Sometimes they collide and exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. Particle in this context refers to gaseous particles (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
While the distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds, Boltzmann later carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution.
A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The distribution depends on the temperature of the system and the mass of the particle.
The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell-Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. For this reason, it forms the basis of the Kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.
References
Probability distributions
Zeddiani

Zeddiani (Tzeddiani) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,151 people lived there. Its area is 11.81 km2. It is 10 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Riverside County, California

Riverside County is one of fifty-eight counties in the U.S. state of California. According to the 2020 census, there were 2,418,185 people living there. It is the 4th-most populous county in California. It's also the 10th-most populous in the whole country. The name came from the city of Riverside, which is its county seat.
References
1893 establishments in California
Edwards County, Illinois

Edwards County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. At the 2020 census, 6,245 people lived there. The county seat is Albion.
References
Illinois counties
Brush with Greatness

"Brush with Greatness" is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons second season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on April 11, 1991. In this episode, Marge revives her high school-era liking in painting by enrolling in an art class after getting encouraged by Lisa. When she wins first prize in a local art competition for a painted picture of Homer on the couch in his underwear, Mr. Burns commissions her to paint a picture of him. Meanwhile, Homer is determined to lose weight after becoming stuck in a water slide at an amusement park.
Other websites
1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 2) episodes
Alice Rivlin

Alice Mitchell Rivlin (March 4, 1931 - May 14, 2019) was an American economist. She was the U.S. Federal Reserve and budget official. She was Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve, Director of the White House Office of Management and Budget, and founding Director of the Congressional Budget Office.
She was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and visiting professor at Georgetown University. Rivlin also co-chaired, with former Senator Pete Domenici, the Bipartisan Policy Center's Debt Reduction Task Force.
Personal life
Rivlin was of Cornish ancestry. In 1955, she married former Justice Department attorney Lewis Allen Rivlin of the Rivlin family, with whom she had three children; they divorced in 1977. In 1989, she married economist Sidney G. Winter, Jr.
Rivlin died on May 14, 2019 in Washington, D.C. from cancer, aged 88.
References
Other websites
Home page at the Brookings Institution
Interview with the Minneapolis Fed
Interview with Federal Reserve
Testimony of Alice Rivlin to Congress, October 5, 1977, on the potential energy savings of urban transportation.
Alice Rivlin profile at LittleSis
Statements and Speeches of Alice M. Rivlin
1931 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
American economists
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
Scientists from Philadelphia
Writers from Philadelphia
Politicians from Philadelphia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Francis Maude

Francis Anthony Aylmer Maude (born 4 July 1953) is an English politician and the current Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General. He is the Member of Parliament for the Horsham constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1983 general election for the North Warwickshire constituency but lost in 1992. He returned to parliament in the 1997 general election.
Maude was born in Abingdon-on-Thames, Berkshire. He is a member of the Conservative Party.
1953 births
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British lawyers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
English politicians
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Berkshire
Port Vincent, Louisiana

Port Vincent is a village in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Villages in Livingston Parish, Louisiana
Río de Oro

Rio de Oro was one of the two territories of Western Sahara, when the territory was under Spanish rule. Rio de Oro, which literally means river of gold is more to the south. The other part was called Saguia el Hamra. The territory is named after a wadi. The capital of the territory is called Dakhla. When the territory was ruled by the Spanish, its name was Villa Cisneros. It has a size of roughly . To the north, the 26th parallel is the border, and to the south, the territory is limited by the 21deg 20' parallel (and the border with Mauritania).
Originally, Portuguese traders called the territory Rio do Ouro, they traded goods for gold dust, in the year 1442. They believed to be in Mali ruled by Mansa Musa. Mali was famed for its gold deposits, despite the fact that gold was never found there, and only further south in Akjoujt and south of the Niger River. Historic maps show a river running from the center of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, newer maps show a shorter river which ends in a wadi named Megeta Mersug. In 1886, a Spanish expedition searched for this river, but did not find it.
References
Western Sahara
Spanish Africa
Grussenheim

Grussenheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Lempäälä

Lempaala is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. As of 28 February 2023, 24,629 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Akaa, Kangasala, Pirkkala, Tampere, Valkeakoski and Vesilahti. It was founded in 1866.
Other websites
Municipality of Lempaala - Official website
1866 establishments in Finland
Municipalities of Pirkanmaa
Ironheart (character)

Ironheart (Riri Williams) is a fictional superhero character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created in 2016 by writers Brian Michael Bendis, and artist Mike Deodato, and later redesigned by Eve Ewing and Kevin Libranda.
Portrayal
Dominique Thorne is set to portray Williams in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022) before starring in the Disney+ series Ironheart (2023).
Marvel Comics characters
Fictional characters introduced in 2016
Tyson Chandler

Tyson Cleotis Chandler (born October 2, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player and player development coach for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Chandler was the second overall pick of the 2001 NBA Draft by the Los Angeles Clippers. He was immediately traded to the Chicago Bulls. He has also played for the New Orleans Hornets, Charlotte Bobcats, Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Phoenix Suns, Los Angeles Lakers, and Houston Rockets. As starting center for Dallas, he helped win the franchise's first NBA championship in 2011 and won NBA Defensive Player of the Year with the Knicks in 2012. He was also a member of the United States men's national basketball team's gold medal runs in the 2010 FIBA Basketball World Cup and 2012 Summer Olympics.
Career transactions
June 27, 2001: Drafted 2nd overall by Los Angeles Clippers in 2001 NBA Draft.
June 27, 2001: Traded by L.A. Clippers along with Brian Skinner to the Chicago Bulls for Elton Brand.
July 14, 2006: Traded by Chicago to the New Orleans Hornets for P.J. Brown and J.R. Smith.
February 17, 2009: Traded by New Orleans to the Oklahoma City Thunder for Chris Wilcox, Joe Smith and the rights to DeVon Hardin.
February 18, 2009: The Oklahoma City Thunder stopped the trade for Tyson Chandler, because he failed to pass a physical.
July 28, 2009: The New Orleans Hornets traded Tyson Chandler to the Charlotte Bobcats in exchange for Emeka Okafor.
July 13, 2010: Traded by Charlotte along with Alexis Ajinca to the Dallas Mavericks for Matt Carroll, Erick Dampier and Eduardo Najera.
December 9, 2011: Acquired by the New York Knicks in a three team trade
References
Notes
Other websites
1982 births
Living people
Chicago Bulls players
New Orleans Hornets players
Charlotte Bobcats players
Dallas Mavericks players
New York Knicks players
Phoenix Suns players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Houston Rockets players
National Basketball Association high school draftees
Beccles railway station

Beccles railway station is a station in Suffolk, England for Beccles. Trains are currently run by Greater Anglia.
Trains
References
Railway stations in Suffolk
AFL–CIO

The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, called the AFL-CIO, is a group of labor unions in the United States and Canada. There are 54 national different unions in the group, and they speak for over 10 million workers. It was started in 1955, when the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations joined after a long argument. From 1955 to 2005, almost all union workers in the U.S. were part of the AFL-CIO. However, in 2005, some large unions (like the Teamsters) left the AFL-CIO.
The president of the AFL-CIO, Richard Trumka served from 2009 until his death on August 5, 2021.
Other websites
AFL-CIO official website
List of AFL-CIO affiliated unions
Speeches from the 2005 AFL-CIO convention
Teamsters' Disaffiliation letter to John Sweeney, President AFL-CIO 2005
Workers Independent News
References
Trade unions in the United States
Karl Wirsum

Karl Wirsum (1939 - May 6, 2021) was an American artist who was a member of the Chicago artistic group The Hairy Who, and helped set the foundation for Chicago's art scene in the 1970s. Although he was primarily a painter, he also worked with prints, sculpture, and even digital art.
1939 births
2021 deaths
Artists from Chicago
Flag of the Cayman Islands

The flag of the Cayman Islands consists of a Blue Ensign defaced with the British overseas territory's coat of arms. Adopted in 1959 to supplement the Union Jack and to replace the flag of the Colony of Jamaica, it has been the flag of the Cayman Islands since the territory was granted self-government that year.
References
Cayman Islands
Cayman Islands
Jostaberry

The jostaberry (Ribes x nidigrolaria) is a type of fruit plant in the genus Ribes. This type of bush has three original species, the black currant R. nigrum, the North American coastal black gooseberry R. divaricatum, and the European gooseberry R. uva-crispa.
Ribes
Berries
Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a serious condition in which insulin becomes less able to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Usually, insulin helps sugar move out of the blood and into the body's cells. In the cells, the body can use sugar to make energy. If this does not happen correctly, too much sugar stays in the blood. This is called hyperglycemia. If the blood glucose level is above normal for a long time, this can lead to major health problems.
Insulin resistance often causes certain types of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. A condition called 'metabolic syndrome' is strongly tied to insulin resistance.
Signs and symptoms
High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
Fatigue, and sleepiness, especially after meals.
Brain fogginess and inability to focus (can't think clearly).
Weight gain, fat storage, difficulty losing weight.
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Increased thirst (called polydipsia) and hunger (called polyphagia)
Treatment
Self-care
Eat less carbohydrates, and very much less direct sugar.
Take more exercise, long walks, activity.
Standard medical test
Blood sugar level test after 12 hours starvation.
Endocrine system
Diabetes mellitus
July Monarchy

The July Monarchy () was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France ruled by . This started on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, and ended on 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848.
History
The July Monarchy ended the Bourbon Restoration period of French history. It began when people overthrown Charles X, the last king of the House of Bourbon.
The new leader, Louis Philippe, is a member of the Orleans of the House of Bourbon. He proclaimed himself as ("King of the French").
The July Monarchy was ruled by rich bourgeoisie and former Napoleonic officials. The king wanted friendship with the United Kingdom and colonial expansion such as the French conquest of Algeria.
In 1848, revolutions taken place in many parts of Europe, the king is not popular anymore and he was overthrown.
References
1830 establishments
1848 disestablishments
House of Orleans
History of France
Kenichiro Meta

Kenichiro Meta (born 2 July 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.
Club career statistics
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||6||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2003||33||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|-
|2004||43||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||45||2
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||43||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||44||0
|-
|2006||J. League 1||20||0||0||0||5||2||25||2
|-
|2007||Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||Tochigi||Football League||16||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||2
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||42||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||1
|-
|2009||38||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
241||5||10||0||5||2||256||7
241||5||10||0||5||2||256||7
|}
References
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Kagoshima Prefecture
Cumiana

Cumiana is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Settlements in Piedmont
Felsham

Felsham is a village and civil parish in Mid Suffolk, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 417 people living in Felsham.
References
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Miguel Picazo

Miguel Picazo (27 March 1927 - 23 April 2016) was a Spanish movie director, screenwriter and actor. He is best known for directing his first movie La Tia Tula (Aunt Tula) (1964). He was also an actor. He was in The Spirit of the Beehive (1973) and Tesis (1996). He retired in 1997.
Picazo died in Madrid, Spain on 23 April 2016, aged 89.
References
Other websites
1927 births
2016 deaths
Spanish movie directors
Spanish movie actors
Spanish screenwriters
Aphelion

The aphelion is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun. The point in the orbit where an object is nearest to the sun is called the perihelion. The word aphelion derives from the Greek words, apo meaning away, off, apart and Helios. It's an apoapsis of an body in the Solar System.
The Earth's orbit has its aphelion around July the third, at which it is approximately 152.1 million kilometers or 94.5 million miles from the Sun. Due to the workings of the Gregorian calendar, it may be a day or two earlier or later.
Orbits
Barnes, London

Barnes is an area in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in southwest London.
Areas of London
London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Mino Province

, one of the List of Provinces of Japan, encompassed part of modern-day Gifu Prefecture on the island of Honshu. It was sometimes called .
Mino had borders with Echizen, Hida, Ise, Mikawa, Omi, Owari, and Shinano Provinces.
The ancient capital city of the province was near Tarui. The main castle town was at Gifu.
History
In 713, the road crossing through Mino and Shinano provinces was widened to accommodate increasing numbers of travelers.
In 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara took place at the western edge of Mino, near the mountains between the Chubu region and the Kinki region.
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Mino Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shrines and Temples
Shitori jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Mino.
Related pages
Provinces of Japan
Prefectures of Japan
List of regions of Japan
List of islands of Japan
References
Other websites
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Former provinces of Japan
Gifu Prefecture
Break-open shotgun

A break-open shotgun is a type of shotgun that loads shotgun shells by opening up the barrels, taking out the spent shells, placing a new shell in each chamber, then closing the barrels. Most are either single- or double-barrel. Triple- and quadruple-barrel (four barrel) shotguns also exist, but single- and double-barrel shotguns are easier to make and less likely to jam.
Most double-barrel shotguns are made with their barrels touching side-by-side. However, there are also shotguns where one barrel is on top of the other. Over-and-under shotguns are easier to aim than side-by-side shotguns because you do not need to aim a little to the left or right.
Since the metal cartridge was invented in 1845, most shotguns were break-open shotguns until the repeating shotgun was invented. However, break-open shotguns are still popular with civilians because they are easier to use and less likely to jam than repeating shotguns. Nonetheless, they hold fewer shells than repeating shotguns.
Shotguns
Communes of the Lot department

The following is a list of the 340 communes of the Lot departement, in France.
Lot
Comparison (grammar)

Comparison, in grammar, is a property of adjectives and adverbs.
Adjectives and adverbs take three degrees, such as kind, kinder, kindest. The central degree is comparative, since for example Bill is kinder than Joe. whereas the first and third degrees make no comparison. Likewise the use of more as in more quickly is comparative, where quick and quickest are not.
Grammar
N. D. Tiwari

Narayan Datt Tiwari (18 October 1925 - 18 October 2018) was an Indian politician. He was the only Indian politician to be chief minister of two different Indian states.
He was formerly in Praja Socialist Party and later joined Indian National Congress.
He was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1976-77, 1984-85, 1988-89) and Chief Minister of Uttarakhand (2002-2007). In 1986-1987, he was in Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's cabinet as Minister for External Affairs. He was Governor of Andhra Pradesh from 2007 until 2009.
Tiwari died on his 93rd birthday on 18 October 2018 in New Delhi from multiple organ failure.
References
1925 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Disease-related deaths in India
Governors of Andhra Pradesh
Yellow hypergiant

A yellow hypergiant is a huge hypergiant star. It starts off a mass of about 20-60 solar masses, but it soon loses about half that mass (because they are very unstable). It has a spectral class from A to K.
They are amongst the most luminous stars, with absolute magnitude (MV) around -9. They are very rare: only 15 are known in the Milky Way and six of those are in a single cluster.
They are sometimes referred to as 'cool hypergiants' in comparison to O- and B-type stars, and sometimes as 'warm hypergiants' in comparison to red supergiants. Yellow hypergiants have evolved off the main sequence and have little hydrogen left in their centres.
Examples
Rho Cassiopeiae
V509 Cassiopeiae
V382 Carinae
HR 5171
Hypergiants
Types of stars
Nalchik

Nalchik (; Kabardian: //; //) is the capital city of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia. It is in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains. In 2010, 240,203 people lived there.
Spa towns
Capitals of republics of Russia
Colony of Virginia

The Colony of Virginia (also known as Virginia Colony) was the first of thirteen colonies in North America. The English first tried to make the Roanoke Colony in 1584. A war delayed resupply until 1590. When the ships arrived, the colonists were gone. The decision to settle Jamestown again came from a group called the Virginia Company of London. Virginia was settled again in 1607 at Jamestown, this time successfully. The Virginia Company had its charter revoked in 1624 for not showing a profit. At that time the colony of Virginia became a crown colony. It became a British colony after 1707.). It remained an English colony until the American Revolution.
The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II. He gave Virginia colony the name for its loyalty to the crown during the era of the Commonwealth of England. When Virginia colony was first settled it was a huge geographic area that was England's claim on all of North America. After the United States was formed, the entire states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois, and portions of Ohio were all later created from the territory that was once known in the Colony of Virginia.
References
18th century in Virginia
Former British colonies
1707 establishments
1700s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Former colonies in North America
Jessie Ralph

Jessie Ralph (November 5, 1864 - May 30, 1944) was an American stage and movie actress. Her roles were mostly dumpy old ladies. She played Greta Garbo's maid in the movie Camille. In The Affairs of Cellini, she played Beatrice.
Ralph was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. She also died there, at age seventy-nine.
References
American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from Massachusetts
1864 births
1944 deaths
J. Michael Mendel

J. Michael "Mike" Mendel (September 24, 1964 - September 22, 2019) was an American television producer. He was a four-time Emmy Award winner for his works on The Simpsons and Rick and Morty. He also produced The PJs, The Oblongs, Drawn Together, Sit Down, Shut Up, and Napoleon Dynamite.
Mendel died suddenly on September 22, 2019 in Los Angeles, two days before his 55th birthday.
References
Other websites
Emmy Award winners
1964 births
2019 deaths
American television producers
People from Virginia
People from Los Angeles
Japanese Bobtail

The Japanese Bobtail is a breed of cat from Japan. It has a short tail.
The Maneki Neko is usually a Calico cat (Japanese Bobtail).
References
Cat breeds
Mammals of Japan
List of best-selling singles

This is a list of best-selling singles in the world. The Guinness World Records named the holiday single "White Christmas" (1942) by Bing Crosby as the best-selling single worldwide. According to Guinness, "White Christmas" sold over 50 million copies. The single is known as the "best-selling single of all time". It was released before music charts were created. The song "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" (1997) by Elton John, is "the biggest-selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s". The recording was a tribute to Princess Diana. It sold 33 million copies, making it the third best-selling single of all time.
Best-selling physical singles
15million physical copies or more
10-14.9million copies
Best-selling digital singles
15million digital copies or more
10-14.99million copies
Notes
a. Sales figure includes digital sales.
b. Sales figure includes 'equivalent track streams'.
c. Sales figure includes physical sales.
d. Sales figure includes ringback tone sales not counted by the IFPI.
References
Bibliography
Record charts
Democrat Party (Thailand)

The Democrat Party (; ) is a Thai political party. The oldest party in Thailand, it was founded as a royalist party; it now upholds a conservative and pro-market position.
The Democrat Party made its best showings in parliament in 1948, 1976, and 1996. It has never won an outright parliamentary majority. The party's electoral support bases are southern Thailand and Bangkok, although election results in Bangkok have fluctuated widely. Since 2004, Democrat candidates won three elections for the governorship of Bangkok. From 2005 to 2019, the Democrat Party was led by Abhisit Vejjajiva, former prime minister.
References
Political parties in Thailand
Marradi

Marradi is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany.
Settlements in Tuscany
Climate change denial

Climate change denial is the denial of climate change. They do not believe climate change exists.
Further reading
Kathy Mulvey (January 2017). "Tillerson Refuses to Acknowledge ExxonMobil's Efforts to Deceive the Public on Climate Change"
Hausfather, Zeke (January 2017). No 'Pause' in Global Warming: Oceans Heating Up and Sea Levels Rising at Alarming Pace. "Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change."
David Kaiser and Lee Wasserman (December 2016). "Part 1" and "Part 2", New York Review of Books
"Frontline: Climate of Doubt". PBS. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Bowen, Mark (2008). Censoring Science: Dr. James Hansen and the Truth of Global Warming. Plume.
Shearer, Christine (2011). "Kivalina: A Climate Change Story" Haymarket Books.
Montlake, Simon (2019) What does climate change have to do with socialism The Christian Science Monitor
"Climate fight 'is undermined by social media's toxic reports'". The Guardian. 21 March 2021.
denial
Conspiracy theories
Caldwell catalogue

The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 objects. It includes star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by English astronomer Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.
The Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation. However, it was not compiled for that purpose. It does not include many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. As Messier got his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.
So Moore compiled a list of 109 objects - to match the accepted number of Messier objects. The list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.
References
Astronomical catalogues
William Goldman

William Goldman (August 12, 1931 - November 16, 2018) was an American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He won two Academy Awards for his screenplays for Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) and again for All the President's Men (1976).
His other written works include his thriller novel Marathon Man and comedy-fantasy novel The Princess Bride, both of which Goldman made into a movie.
Goldman died in New York City on November 16, 2018 from pneumonia complicated by colon cancer, aged 87.
References
Other websites
Academy Award winning writers
1931 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from pneumonia
Cancer deaths in New York City
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American novelists
American playwrights
Screenwriters from Chicago
Halo 4

Halo 4 is a first-person shooter video game made by 343 Industries. It is published by Microsoft Studios and is available for Xbox 360.
The game was announced at E3 2011 on June 4, 2011. Halo 4 sees the return of Master Chief and Cortana. On September 26, 2012, Halo 4 was announced that it had completed development and the game was released worldwide (except Japan) on November 6, 2012. Halo 4 was released in Japan on November 8, 2012.
References
Other websites
Halo official website
Halo Waypoint on 343 Industries
2012 video games
Xbox 360-only games
Halo video games
Shooter video games
Get Rich or Die Tryin' (movie)

Get Rich or Die Tryin' is a 2005 American hip-hop crime drama movie directed by Jim Sheridan. It stars 50 Cent, Terrence Howard, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Joy Bryant, Omar Benson Miller, Tory Kittles, Viola Davis, and Bill Duke. It was released on November 9, 2005 by Paramount Pictures.
The movie was known during production as Locked and Loaded. It is named after 50 Cent's first album of the same name, released in 2003.
Cast
50 Cent as Marcus "Young Caesar" Greer
Marc John Jefferies as Young Marcus
Terrence Howard as "Bama"
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as "Majestic"
Joy Bryant as Charlene
Rhyon Nicole Brown as Young Charlene
Omar Benson Miller as Kyrl
Tory Kittles as "Justice"
Ashley Walters as Antoine
Viola Davis as Grandma Viola Greer
Sullivan Walker as Grandpa Wesley Greer
Serena Reeder as Katrina Greer
Bill Duke as Levar
Mpho Koaho as "Junebug"
Russell Hornsby as Odell
Joseph Jomo Pierre as Uncle "Deuce"
Ryan Allen as Uncle Roy
Pedro Miguel Arce as Cash Counting Guard
Boyd Banks as Prison Solitary Guard
Mykelti Williamson as Charlene's Step-Father (uncredited)
References
Other websites
2005 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American coming-of-age movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies directed by Jim Sheridan
Paramount Pictures movies
African-American movies
Movies set in New York City
Victoria, London

Victoria is an informal area of inner city London. It is in the City of Westminster. It is named after Queen Victoria.
City of Westminster
Godparent

A godparent is an adult who sponsors a child during a formal religious ceremony or rite. Many religions have godparents or other adults who do something almost the same. These religions include Christianity & Judaism and Islam. Usually a godparent must be a member of the religion of the child. The role of a god parent is to also give the god child a gift, small or big, money, toys, etc. Mainly on Sundays.
Originally a godparent was someone who agreed to help raise the child and help them to become a good member of the religion. They may also have taken over as parent to the child if both its real parents died. Today, the role of godparent is not often a formal one, and has no real responsibility to the child. A female child of a godparent is a goddaughter. A male child of a godparent is a godson.
References
Christian worship and liturgy
Judaism
Islam
Oberreichenbach, Bavaria

Oberreichenbach is a town in the district of Erlangen-Hochstadt, in Bavaria, Germany.
References
Erlangen-Hochstadt
Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019)

Tropical Storm Pabuk, also referred to as Cyclonic Storm Pabuk, was a weak storm that hit the Malay Peninsula in January 2019. It was also the earliest storm in both the Western Pacific and North Indian Ocean basins on record. Forming on the last day of 2018, Pabuk went into 2019 and crossed into the North Indian Ocean basin several days later. The first storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon and North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons, Pabuk first appeared as a tropical disturbance in the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, which organized into a tropical depression on December 31.
Storm history
A tropical disturbance formed over the southern portion of the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, absorbing the remnants of Tropical Depression 35W (Usman) on December 30. Under high vertical wind shear, the low-pressure area remained messy until December 31 when it was upgraded to a tropical depression by both the JMA and the JTWC.
Under good conditions, including warm sea surface temperatures, good outflow but strong vertical wind shear, Pabuk did not manage to intensify further for
another two days until it started to move west-northwestward and entered the Gulf of Thailand on January 3, where vertical wind shear was slightly weaker.
Soon after Pabuk crossed over into the basin, the IMD started to make warnings on the storm, making Pabuk the earliest-forming cyclonic storm for this basin, as well as the first cyclonic storm with a name originally assigned by RSMC Tokyo. Over the few days days, Pabuk continued moved west-northwestward, before weakening into a well-marked low on January 7. The system's remnant low then turned to the northeast. Finally, it disappeared on January 8.
Impact
The storm caused 10 deaths in total, and total damages were estimated to be ~$157.2 million (2019 USD).
On Thailand, 8 of the 10 people were killed with many trees downed. Elsewhere, many people were forced to evacuate coastal areas of Thailand. In Bangkok, rain and storm surge flooded roads in the large city. Pabuk killed 8 people in Thailand, including one Russian tourist.
Related pages
2019 Pacific typhoon season
2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Sources
Pabuk
Retezat Mountains

The Retezat Mountains (, ) are one of the highest massifs in Romania. They are part of the Southern Carpathians. The highest peak is Peleaga (Varful Peleaga), at an altitude of . Other important peaks are Papusa (Varful Papusa) and Retezat Peak (Varful Retezat).
The Retezat Mountains have many glacial lakes. The largest glacial lake in Romania, Bucura Lake (lacul Bucura) is in these mountains. It covers and is located at an altitude of metres. The area also contains the Retezat National Park, Romania's first national park.
Other websites
Retezat page on SummitPost
Website of Retezat National Park
Maps of the Retezat
Jiu Valley Portal - Romania's principal coalmining region and a gateway to the Retezat National Park
Retezat - photographs + information in Czech
Alpinet
Mountain ranges of the Carpathians
Mountains of Romania
Neptune Trojan

A Neptune Trojan is an asteroid which is in the same orbit as the planet Neptune.
Their name comes from the Trojan asteroids which have the same orbital period as a planet. As of March 2007, there are six known Neptune Trojans. They lie in the elongated, curved region around the L4 Lagrangian point 60deg ahead of Neptune. The six Neptune Trojans are , 385571 Otrera, , 385695 Clete, and .
The discovery of in a high inclination (>25deg) orbit is significant because it suggests a 'thick' cloud of Trojans. It is believed that large (radius 100 km) Neptune Trojans could greatly outnumber the Jupiter Trojans.
The New Horizons spacecraft passed through the L5 Neptune region in 2014. It was preparing to observe Pluto and did not observe any asteroids there.
References
Trojan asteroids
Neptune
Uppercut

An uppercut in boxing is a punch that usually aims for an opponent's chin. It is commonly known as a hook to the chin (for example in German: Kinnhaken).
In the technical language, people do not use the expression "hook to the chin", because as a rule one calls a "hook" a punch from the side with the lead hand, and almost always the chin is the target of punches. It is achieved by lifting your right or left hand and attempting to hit the opponent's chin.
Aim
The uppercut is often used to start or finish a set of punches.
Notable users
Joe Louis was mostly known for his uppercuts.
References
Martial art techniques
Boxing
Roger Vivier

Roger Henri Vivier (November 13 1907 - 2 October 1998) was a French fashion designer who specialized in shoes.
Early life
Born on November 13, 1903 in Paris, France and died on October 2, 1998 in Toulouse, France. His best-known creation was the stiletto heel.
Orphan at the age of nine, Vivier studied sculpture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris and his compositions show a concern for form and texture characteristic of a sculptor. His best-known creation is the stiletto heel, which he shares in the creation authorship with Charles Jourdan.
Works
In 1937, he opened his first store on rue Royale in Paris and worked for Elsa Schiaparelli. After several years in New York, he designed shoes for the Christian Dior collections, then collaborated with Yves Saint Laurent, Pierre Balmain, Nina Ricci, Guy Laroche.
In 1970, hippie fashion inspired her waders that Brigitte Bardot and young women in miniskirts adopted. In 1985, he opened a boutique on Madison Avenue, in New York, and another in Japan in 1991.
In 1997, he even became artistic director of Myrys. Over the years, he has created custom models for such famous personalities as Josephine Baker, Jeanne Moreau, Catherine Deneuve, and the Beatles.
References
1907 births
1998 deaths
French fashion designers
Schwändi

Schwandi was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Sud and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
Other websites
Website of Schwandi
Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Pontavert

Pontavert is a commune in the Picardie region of the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Angela Davis

Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an African American political activist and author. She first became famous because she was a prominent member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and was involved in Black Power movements in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then she has become known for her work as a writer and speaker while teaching at the University of California. She has done research in the areas of feminism and critical theory and is a prison abolitionist.
Davis grew up in Alabama, then went to college at Brandeis University and University of California, San Diego. She was involved in activism from her youth. After becoming a Doctor of Philosophy in Germany, she returned to the US and began teaching as a professor. In 1969, she was fired from teaching for being a member of the Communist Party. A judge decided it was an illegal firing and the school eventually hired her back.
In 1970 she was put in prison by FBI agents. Some black revolutionaries tried to break their allies out of prison by kidnapping a white judge and some jurors in Marin County, but the police didn't let them get away and the revolutionaries and judge were shot to death. The FBI suspected that she bought the gun one of the revolutionaries used and decided to accuse her of the murder of the judge. In 1971 she appeared at the Marin County Superior Court and said, "I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." She was released from jail in 1972. Ronald Reagan said that she should never be allowed to teach at a California university. The English rock band The Rolling Stones recorded a song called "Sweet Black Angel" that was on their 1972 album Exile on Main St. and dedicated to Davis.
In the 1990s, she left the Communist Party and began to focus her activism on prisons. She gave a speech in 1997 called "The Prison Industrial Complex". In it she said "prisons are becoming an integral part of the US economy." She said that fear of young people of color was being exploited to create a fast-growing industry, the prison-industrial complex (PIC). She created a prison abolitionist group called Critical Resistance in the same year. She wants there to be no prisons or police because she believes that the US prison system is more like a new form of slavery than a criminal justice system.
Since she started focusing on prisons, she has also supported Democrats like Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Joe Biden in presidential elections.
Davis is Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
She was married to Hilton Braithwaite in the 1980s.
Notes
References
"Angela Davis, Sweetheart of the Far Left, Finds Her Mr. Right" People, July 21, 1980.
1944 births
Living people
American political writers
American political activists
American communists
Bisexual people
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from Alabama
LGBT writers
People acquitted of murder
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Indianapolis Colts

The Indianapolis Colts are an American football team in Indianapolis, Indiana. They play in the National Football League. They were originally the Baltimore Colts. The team moved to Indianapolis in 1984.
Other websites
Indianapolis Colts official website
1984 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Indiana
Tea bag (sexual act)

Tea bag is a slang term for a sexual act in which the male puts his scrotum into his partner's mouth over and over. It is called "tea bagging" because it is like a tea bag being put into a cup of hot water and dipped. Some people would not like being tea bagged, but it does not need to be painful.
Tea bagging has been used during hazing or bullying incidents. Groups hold down victims while somebody "shoved his testicles in [the victim's] face" or puts his "crotch to his head."
Pretending to tea bag is a popular taunt in multiplayer first person shooter video games, the player who has killed the other crouches over and over on the dead body of their opponent. Although some say that it is not being a good winner, it is common in amateur, and possibly even professional gaming, many tea bagging in fighting games as well.
References
Sexual acts
Huldrych Zwingli

Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli or Ulricus Zuinglius (January 1, 1484 - October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland and the founder of the Swiss Reformed churches. Separately from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived at similar final beliefs by studying the Bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar.
Early life
His father was also called Ulrich Zwingli, and his mother was Margaret Meili. Zwingli had two sisters and seven brothers.
Zwingli was born in Toggenburg, Wildhaus, St. Gallen, Switzerland, to an important family in the middle class.
Reformation
Zwingli's Reformation was supported by the judge and the people of Zurich. That led to major changes in the lives of the people and the government in Zurich.
Zwingli was killed at Kappel am Albis in a battle against the Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland.
Related pages
John Calvin
1484 births
1531 deaths
Calvinists
Christian theologians
Protestant Reformers
Swiss people
Coinmarketcap

Coinmarketcap is a website that provides real-time data on the prices and market capitalizations of various cryptocurrencies.
Coinmarketcap was founded in 2013 by Brandon Chez. In 2020, CMC was acquired by Binance but continues to operate independently. CMC launched an educational rewards program in 2020, and a educational portal called CMC Alexandria in 2021. In December 2021, CMC experienced technical glitches with cryptocurrency prices for a short period. In November 2021, Coinmarketcap helped the Vice, New York Times and some other media to detect the meme coin called Squid Game as a fraud scheme. The website is also a source for crypto exchanges rankings. For instance, Kraken is named as the second largest US cryptocurrencies exchange by the New York Times who reference to Coinmarketcap.
References
Websites
Economics
Cumiès

Cumies is a commune of 36 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Communes in Aude
Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy is also called "physical therapy". It attempts to treat what limits a person's abilities to move and do things in their daily life.
It is the treatment of disease, injury, deformity or disability to improve the quality of life. Physiotherapists use exercise, hands-on techniques (including manual therapy, dry needling and trigger point therapy), patient education and various other methods.
Physiotherapists are well known for their treatment of musculoskeletal injuries such as ankle sprains, muscle injuries and tendon pain. Musculoskeletal physiotherapists are often clinic-based, however are often also working with sporting teams and also work in hospitals.
However, physiotherapists are also crucial for many conditions that you may not have realised. neurophysiotherapy plays an important role in the recovery of neurological conditions such as stroke patients and traumatic brain injury patients. Physios also play an important role in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, such as after heart surgery and in respiratory conditions such as emphysema.
Physios also play a major role in treating children, including those with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, Down syndrome, and other chromosome-related conditions.
Benefits of Physiotherapy
Reducing or eliminating pain - therapeutic exercises and manual therapy techniques such as mobilization of joints and soft tissue or treatments such as ultrasound, taping, or electrical stimulation to relieve pain and restore muscle and joint function to reduce pain can help. This type of treatment can also prevent the pain from coming back.
Sports injury recovery and prevention: Many sports can put you at greater risk for certain types of injuries, and physical therapists know this (such as stress fractures for distance runners). They will be able to help you create a rehabilitation or preventive workout plan that will help you return to your sport safely.
Manage age related issues: Some age related issues like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sciatica, osteoporosis, dementia, knee replacement, neck pain, back pain etc can be easily treated by physiotherapy.
Avoiding surgery
Recovery from stroke or Paralysis
Improved balance
References
Therapy
Healthcare occupations
Osteocephalus camufatus

Osteocephalus camufatus is a frog in the family Hylidae. It lives in Brazil. Scientists have seen it in two places.
The skin on the frog's back is dark green in color. It has some light brown marks on its back. Its belly has tan spots. The legs have dark marks on them.
References
Frogs of South America
Brokopondo District

Brokopondo is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Brokopondo.
As of the 2012 census, 15,909 people lived there. It has an area of .
Districts of Suriname
King's Field: The Ancient City

King's Field: The Ancient City released in Japan and Europe as is a medieval-themed first-person role-playing video game. It is became the fourth game and final installment of King's Field series, and sequel to King's Field III. Developed by FromSoftware, and published by Agetec (American version) while Metro 3D release this game in Europe. Released exclusive for PlayStation 2.
References
Other websites
Official Website
2001 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developed in Japan
Video game sequels
Anderson .Paak

Brandon Anderson (born February 8, 1986, in Oxnard, California), is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, musician, and record producer better known as Anderson .Paak. He became a leading popular music performer of the 2010's. Paak has won eight Grammy Awards.
He is of African American and Korean ancestry.
Anderson first appeared as a drummer in his family's church. He began his music career performing under the stage name Breezy Lovejoy.
Anderson later adopted the stage name Anderson .Paak. His first album, Venice, was released in 2014 and became a hit. It featured the singles "Drugs" and "Miss Right".
His second album, Malibu (2016), featured the singles "The Season / Carry Me", "Am I Wrong", "Room in Here" and "Come Down". The album was nomination for a Grammy.
Paak's third album, Oxnard, was released in 2018. It included the singles "Tints" and "Who R U?" . The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 11.
His fourth album, Ventura (2019), won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album in 2020.
In 2021, Paak and fellow singer-songwriter and musician Bruno Mars formed the duo Silk Sonic. Their first studio album An Evening with Silk Sonic was released on November 12, 2021. In 2022, the duo won four Grammy Awards.
References
1986 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
21st-century American rappers
American voice actors
African-American rappers
African-American singers
American record producers
American drummers
American contemporary R&B singers
Korean singers
Grammy Award winners
People from Oxnard, California
Singers from Los Angeles
Rappers from Los Angeles
Singer-songwriters from California