pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Top Gear

Top Gear is a television show on the BBC. The show is all about cars and other vehicles. They test new cars to see how fast they go. They also test really old cars and do crazy stuff with them. They usually rate cars that the normal person wouldn't be able to afford. The show started as a regular car show but has changed over time to what it is now. It uses comedy to attract viewers which are now estimated to be 350 million.
Segments
Races
The show often has long distance races. They usually race a fast car against a different form of transportation like trains and boats. They are called 'epic' races.
They also have smaller races where they match up cars of different times to see which one outperforms the other.
Challenge
The challenge part of the show is about different stunts of the most ridiculous things the show can come up with. One time they jumped a bus over a row of motorcycles (instead of the motorcycle jumping over buses).
Recently, the show has started using the phrase "How hard can it be?" for the challenge segment. They put themselves in different situations that a normal person probably wouldn't get a chance to experience.
Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car
Once during every episode (except some specials) they bring a celebrity on stage. They show footage of the celebrity driving an average car around a racetrack. They put the time it took for them to complete a lap of the track on a board with the names of all of the other celebrities who drove the same course.
Power Laps
Power laps are one lap around the Top Gear Test Track. They will take any car that can drive and will see how fast it can make it around the track. The vehicles must be cars and they must be road legal.
Other websites
2002 British television series debuts
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
English-language television programs
Edsbyns IF

Edsbyns IF is a sports club in Edsbyn in Sweden. The club was established on 6 June 1909 and adopted the game of bandy in 1925. It won the Swedish national men's championship in the years of 1952, 1953, 1962, 1978, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2017, 2018, 2020 and 2022..
References
Other websites
Official website
1909 establishments in Europe
Bandy clubs in Sweden
1900s establishments in Sweden
Ikorodu

Ikorodu is a city and local government area in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is located along the Lagos Lagoon and shares a boundary with Ogun State.
Etymology
The word Ikorodu was derived from two Yoruba words Oko (English: farm) and Odu (English: a plant that blackens).
References
Settlements in Lagos State
Local Government Areas in Lagos State
Robert Herbert

Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert (1831-1905) was the first Premier of Queensland. He was premier twice, the first time when Queensland became an independent colony, from 10 December 1859 to 1 February 1866 and then again from 20 July 1866 to 7 August 1866.
He was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford.
References
1905 deaths
1831 births
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Australian LGBT people
English LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT politicians
People educated at Eton College
People from Brighton
Politicians from Sussex
Premiers of Queensland
Stroud

Stroud is a market town and civil parish in the centre of Gloucestershire, England. It is 16 kilometres south of Gloucester, 24 kilometres south-southeast of Cheltenham, 21 kilometres west-northwest of Cirencester and 42 kilometres northeast of Bristol. It is known for its steep streets and cafe culture.
History
Stroud Parish was originally part of Bisely, until the church was assigned parochial rights by the rectors of Bisely in 1304.
It was heavily involved in the Industrial Revolution as a cloth town.
References
Market towns in England
Civil parishes in Gloucestershire
Paul Cook (footballer)

Paul Anthony Cook (born February 22, 1967 in Liverpool) is an English former footballer and the current manager of Sligo Rovers F.C. in Ireland. He had a lengthy career, playing for a number of clubs in the Football League as a left sided or central midfielder before retiring from the game in 2006.
1967 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Liverpool
Premier League players
Zilpah

Zilpah was a woman in the Book of Genesis who was given as a servant to Leah. After Jacob married Bilhah, Leah told him to marry Zilpah and he did. She gave birth to two sons Gad and Asher.
Old Testament people
Recquignies

Recquignies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,446 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Tony Xu

Tony Xu, (born 1985 as Xu Xun) (Chinese: Xu Xun ), is a Chinese-American technology executive and the co-founder and CEO of DoorDash. Which is an American Company that operate an online food ordering and food delivery platform.
Education
Xu holds bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research from the University of California, Berkeley and an MBA from Stanford Graduate School of Business.
Career
Xu began his career at his mom's restaurant washing dishes where he found the inspiration for a delivery service. He announced that DoorDash's profitability was his top priority.
References
List of Kashiwa Reysol players

The List of Kashiwa Reysol players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Kashiwa Reysol is a Japanese professional football club in Kashiwa, which is northeast of Tokyo in Chiba Prefecture.
List
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Kazushige Kirihata
Hideaki Kitajima
Yuzo Kobayashi
Masahiro Koga
Naoya Kondo
Yohei Kurakawa
Ryoichi Kurisawa
Hidekazu Otani
Alceu Rodrigues Simoni Filho
Masakatsu Sawa
Francoaldo Sena de Souza
Minoru Suganuma
Takanori Sugeno
Junya Tanaka
Masato Yamazaki
Shinya Yoshihara
Related pages
Sports in Japan
List of Japanese football teams
References
Other websites
Kashiwa Reysol website ; http://www.reysol.co.jp/main.php
J.League Club Guide
Kashiwa Reysol
Cave painting

Cave paintings are paintings on cave walls and ceilings. Usually these paintings were made in prehistoric times.
It is not known why these paintings were made. They may have been used in rituals. Some were surely giving information. Many paintings in caves are difficult to get at.
Today, there are about 350 caves known which have paintings in them. Many are in France and Spain. The best known are probably the caves of Altamira (in Spain), Lascaux (in France), or Creswell Crags in England. Sometimes, paintings were also done on cliff faces. Fewer of those have survived though, because of erosion. One such example are the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi (in Finland).
Most often, animals or hunting scenes were painted. Sometimes hands are there too. Rarely, there are also more abstract patterns.
The paintings were drawn with red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was put into the rock first.
Styles
Andre Leroi-Gourhan (19111986) classified the paintings into different styles:
Theories
There are different theories about why people created cave paintings. These are the most common explanations:
Painting in caves could be a form of hunting magic, meant to make a hunt more successful. A similar theory is based on studies of modern hunter-gatherer societies. This theory says that shamans made cave paintings. The shaman would retreat into the darkness of the caves, enter into a trance state, and then paint images of their visions, perhaps with some notion of drawing power out of the cave walls themselves.
Cave paintings could be some form of graffiti, mostly done by teenage boys of the time. Figurines have been found that show Venus at roughly the same age. According to this theory, there were many adolescents in the society of the time. Most of the adolescents who painted were male, but some were female.
The paintings may have been made for practical reasons: There is some hidden symbolism which may show the techniques of hunting, or the routes the animals took.
People may have painted what they wished for or what they had dreamt of.
The paintings could have been seen as "art" at the time. There are several societies today who do not have a word for art, but who practice the same type of painting.
Oldest known
In general, the date of these artefacts are not known with any accuracy. Our own dating system was invented long after the artefacts.
A painting on the wall of an Indonesian cave has is about 44,000 years old. It shows a buffalo being hunted. Last year another painting was found in Borneo.
Gallery
Related pages
Rock art
Upper Palaeolithic
References
Painting
Caves
Ancient history
Stone Age
Chesapeake Bay Bridge

The Chesapeake Bay Bridge (called the Bay Bridge by locals) is a bridge that crosses Chesapeake Bay, on the eastern coast of the United States. The bridge is long. It serves as a connecting route between the eastern and western shores of Maryland. The bridge was named after William Preston Lane Jr., the governor at the time that the building of the bridge was ordered.
Tolls and fees
A toll of six dollars is charged on the one-way toll side of the bridge (the side opposite of the Eastern Shore). Although for taxi services the fee is anywhere from 25 to 30 dollars.
Construction
The bridge was first proposed for building in 1938. Building did not begin until 1947 because of the United States' involvement in World War II. The bridge was finally opened to traffic on July 30, 1952. Later in 1967, because traffic on the bridge was increasing, another side for the bridge was proposed. The proposal was agreed to, and funded by the state of Maryland. Building began once again in 1969 and was completed in 1973.
Incidents
Today the Bridge is considered one of the most dangerous bridges in the world because of the accidents that have happened on it.
On August 10, 2008 a tractor trailer was involved in a head on collision, which worried people about the structure of the Bridge. Afterwards, the Maryland Transportation Comity ruled out any possibility of the accident being caused by the bridge itself.
On August 28, 2012 the bridge was seen making unusual vertical movements that were later found to be caused by two construction tarps that had been installed for a construction project, catching wind causing the bridge to slightly move. In result to the incident, traffic that day backed up almost seven miles, a record for traffic on the bridge.
On July 18, 2013 a tractor trailer was hit from behind, forcing it over the edge of the bridge, falling a total of 27 feet into the water, where the driver then was able to open the door and swim to the Eastern Shore and receive help.
References
Roads to the Future Website
Chesapeake Bay Bridge Fundamental
Official PDF for Bridge Finances
Bridges in the United States
1952 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Maryland
Information theory

Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering. Information theory measures the amount of information in data that could have more than one value. In its most common use, information theory finds physical and mathematical limits on the amounts of data in data compression and data communication. Data compression and data communication are statistical, because they guess unknown values. The amount of information in data measures how easily it is guessed by a person who does not know its value.
A key measure in information theory is "entropy". Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a dice (with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are mutual information, channel capacity, error exponents, and relative entropy.
Computer science
Cairo Governorate

Cairo Governorate is a governorate of Egypt. Its capital, the city of Cairo, is also the national capital of Egypt.
References
Governorates of Egypt
Reimerswaal

Reimerswaal, Zeelandic: Reimerswaol, is a municipality on the former island of Zuid-Beveland, Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands.
About 22,000 people were living in Reimerswaal in 2017.
North of the municipality lies the Eastern Scheldt, south the Western Scheldt.
Reimerswaal borders the Province of North Brabant, and the Belgian Province of Antwerp (just a small piece).
Yerseke is the biggest village in Reimerswaal. It is famous for its breeding of blue mussels and oysters.
Settlements
Villages with people in the municipality of Reimerswaal:
Hansweert: 1,631
Krabbendijke: 4,439
Kruiningen: 4,246
Oostdijk: 551
Rilland: 3,053
Waarde: 1,281
Yerseke: 6,740
Other websites
Municipalities of Zeeland
Casimir effect

The Casimir effect (predicted by Hendrik Casimir in 1948) is the attraction of two metal plates in a vacuum. This effect occurs because of a side effect of the quantum uncertainty principle, where 'virtual' particles cause the plates to be slightly pushed towards each other.
Relationship to quantum uncertainty principle
The quantum uncertainty principle says that particles, fields, etc. have two values, and that the more accurately you measure one, the less accurately you can measure the other. Since 'empty' space (which is a field) would be completely empty, then we would know both the field's magnitude (which is zero) and its rate of change (also zero). Therefore, there must be tiny fluctuations in 'empty' space, so that the uncertainty principle isn't violated. These take the form of virtual particles, which we wouldn't be able to detect directly. However, we can see the effects they have on real particles. Some of these particles are virtual photons, which can also be considered as waves. Now, between the reflective metal plates, there is a certain distance. Certain virtual photons, specifically ones where the distance divided by the wavelength is a whole number, are the only ones that can fit in here; if it isn't a whole number, eventually the peaks and troughs of the waves will coincide, and cancel it out.
Negative spacetime
Since there are fewer virtual particles on the inside of the plates rather than the outside, there is a greater force on the outside of the plates. This causes the plates to be pushed inwards. Now, the energy density of the universe is zero. This is because every particle has positive energy, but it also has gravity, which balances it out with negative gravitational energy. Since there are fewer virtual particles within the plates, that means that the energy density of the spacetime between the plates must be less than the energy density of spacetime outside the plates. However, since the energy density of the spacetime outside the plates is zero, that means that the energy density of the spacetime between the plates is less than zero, or negative. Negative spacetime has odd properties, such as being saddle-shaped and allowing travel into the past.
References
Quantum mechanics
Elizabeth Cross

The Elizabeth Cross is an award within the British honours system that is issued to the next of kin of a service man or woman who died due to enemy action or terrorism since 1949. The award comes with a memorial scroll that contains the dead persons name, when they died and has the Queen's signature on it. It is the most recent medal, honour or award to bear the name of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom since the George Cross. It is not an award for valour or bravery. It is in the shape of a cross with four equal sides that contains flowers at the end of each arm that represents the four countries within the union of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The medal also contains a laurel wreath behind the cross and bears the dead person's name on the back. The medal comes with a miniature (small version) medal for day wear. The medal can only be worn by the next of kin and for anyone else to wear it (even if related to the person who died) is a criminal offence.
Related pages
Victoria Cross
George Cross
George Medal
References
Other websites
Link to image of award
Link to image of memorial scroll
Link to image of award and miniature
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II
Tom Gehrels

Tom Gehrels (1925 - 2011), was an American astronomer, Professor Planetary Sciences, and Astronomer at the University of Arizona, Tucson. With co-workers, he discovered over 4,000 asteroids, including Apollo asteroids, Amor asteroids, as well as dozens of Trojan asteroids. Gehrels also discovered a number of comets. In an interview, Gehrels was asked what he would do if an asteroid hit the Earth. He said, "Go out there and have a look, of course."
In the 1970s, Gehrels was in charge of the Imaging Photopolarimeter experiment on the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 satellites which explored the planets, Jupiter and Saturn.
Gehrels edited a number of space science textbooks. One of his sons, Neil Gehrels, was also an astronomer.
Gehrels was part of the Dutch Resistance in World War II. In 1994, he argued that German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun had been involved in Nazi concentration camps during that war.
Books
Physical Studies of Minor Planets, edited by Tom Gehrels (1971), NASA SP-267
Planets Stars and Nebulae Studied With Photopolarimetry, edited by Tom Gehrels (1974),
Jupiter: Studies of the Interior, Atmosphere, Magnetosphere, and Satellites, edited by Tom Gehrels and Mildred Shapley Matthews (1976),
Protostars & Planets: Studies of Star Formation and of the Origin of the Solar System, edited by Tom Gehrels and Mildred Shapley Matthews (1978),
Asteroids, edited by Tom Gehrels and Mildred Shapley Matthews (1979),
Saturn, edited by Tom Gehrels and Mildred Shapley Matthews (1984),
Asteroids II, edited by Richard P. Binzel, Tom Gehrels, and Mildred Shapely Matthews (1989),
Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, edited by Tom Gehrels, Mildred Shapley Matthews, and A. M. Schumann (1994),
On the Glassy Sea, in Search of a Worldview, Tom Gehrels (2007, first published in 1988),
Survival Through Evolution: From Multiverse to Modern Society, Tom Gehrels (2007),
References
Other websites
Gehrels - university page
Obituary from University of Arizona
1925 births
2011 deaths
American astronomers
Asteroid discoverers
Scientists from Tucson, Arizona
Educators from Tucson, Arizona
Climax

The climax is the part of a movie or story, with the most suspense or terrifying moment. It may be the main character is about to die or the villain is going to capture the heroes.
Climax is most often used when the author want you to be worried or frightened. They do this to make you continue reading the book or to make you continue watching the movie. Climax is normally found near the end of the story or movie. It is near the conclusion.
Related pages
Literary element
References
Narratology
Fiction
Scissor-tailed hummingbird

The scissor-tailed hummingbird (Hylonympha macrocerca) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Venezuela. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was first listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Research has shown it to be rarer than it was thought. Because of this, it was listed as "Endangered status" in 2008.
Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Hristo Bonev

Hristo Atanasov Bonev (Bulgarian: Khristo Atanasov Bonev; born 3 February 1947), also known as Zuma (Bulgarian: Zuma), is a former Bulgarian footballer. He last managed Lokomotiv Plovdiv in the Bulgarian A PFG.
He was capped 96 times by Bulgaria bwtewwn 1967 and 1979, where he scored 48 goals. He played at the 1970 and 1974 FIFA World Cups. He mostly played for Lokomotiv Plovdiv, but he also played for CSKA Sofia and AEK Athens. In 1982, he came out of retirement to play for Oxford United in 1982.
After his retirement, he became a manager for Lokomotiv Plovdiv. He would also manage Panathinaikos, AEL Larissa, Ionikos, APOEL, the Bulgarian national team, Lokomotiv Sofia, and Sachsen Leipzig.
International goals
Scores and results list Bulgaria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bulgaria goal.
Notes
Some sources credit Bonev's second goal as an own-goal by Nikos Kovis.
References
1947 births
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgarian football managers
1970 FIFA World Cup players
1974 FIFA World Cup players
Association football midfielders
Living people
Feature phone

A feature phone or a dumbphone is a type of mobile phone. The name "feature phone" usually means the phone cannot do things that a smartphone can do. Feature phones basically allow people to make phone calls and sent text messages, while a few may also be able to play multimedia and access the internet and other services offered by the user's wireless service provider.
Modern feature phones can have smartphone-like 3G connectivity, touchscreens, and access to popular social networking services. However, these phones do not support software made by other companies as much as smartphones--because of this, feature phones are also called dumb phones.
People often buy feature phones as they are cheaper than smartphones, especially in emerging markets. In the past few years, however, phone makers have begun to make and sell cheap smartphones for sale in places where high-end smartphones are not popular.
As a result, as of 2015, feature phones are now considered very low quality products.
References
Mobile phones
Danny Kirwan

Daniel David Kirwan (13 May 1950 - 8 June 2018) was a British Hall of Fame blues rock guitarist and singer-songwriter. He was born in London. His greatest success came with his role as a member of the band Fleetwood Mac between 1968 and 1972.
Kirwan died on 8 June 2018 in London from pneumonia at the age of 68.
References
Other websites
1950 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
British singer-songwriters
British rock guitarists
Blues guitarists
Fleetwood Mac members
Singers from London
Musicians from London
Writers from London
Awe

Awe is an emotion that is like wonder but less joyous. It can be seen as a combination of surprise and fear.
Awe can be seen as a reaction to a person or animal seeing something shocking, bad or beautiful.
References
Emotions
Minnesota State University, Mankato

Minnesota State University, Mankato (Minnesota State) is the largest and second oldest university in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system. It is one of the largest universities in Minnesota. The nickname for the sports teams is the Mavericks. Minnesota State is located in Mankato, Minnesota a city southwest of the Twin Cities. It has a big business impact on southern Minnesota. Its stadium was where the Vikings came to practice in the summer. It was also linked to the Coach (TV series). Its sports teams have won several national championships at the National Collegiate Athletics Association's Division II level.
Minnesota State University, Mankato
References
Other websites
Minnesota State Athletics website
Colleges and universities in Minnesota
Central Collegiate Hockey Association
Western Collegiate Hockey Association
1868 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Minnesota
Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon

Dorothy Louise Taliaferro "Del" Martin (May 5, 1921 - August 27, 2008) and Phyllis Ann Lyon (November 10, 1924 - April 9, 2020) were an American lesbian couple known as feminist and gay-rights activists.
Martin and Lyon met in 1950, became lovers in 1952, and moved in together on Valentine's Day 1953. They had been together for three years when they co-founded the Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) in San Francisco in 1955. It was the first social and political organization for lesbians in the United States.
They both acted as president and editor of The Ladder until 1963, and remained involved in the DOB until joining the National Organization for Women (NOW) as the first lesbian couple to do so.
They were married on February 12, 2004, in the first same-sex wedding to take place in San Francisco after Mayor Gavin Newsom ordered the city clerk to begin providing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. However, that marriage was voided by the California Supreme Court on August 12, 2004.
They married again on June 16, 2008, in the first same-sex wedding to take place in San Francisco after the California Supreme Court's decision in In re Marriage Cases legalized same-sex marriage in California.
Martin was born in San Francisco. She died there of problems caused by a fall at the age of 87 in 2008.
Lyon was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She died in 2020 at the age of 95.
References
American feminist writers
American LGBT rights activists
Lesbian feminists
American journalists
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
LGBT people from California
Ines Granvorka

Ines Granvorka (born 13 August 1991) is a Swiss female volleyball player.
She played at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship with her club Volero Zurich. She played for TS Volley Dudingen.
References
1991 births
Living people
Swiss volleyball players
Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is an operating system for computers made by the United States-based company Microsoft. Windows is used by almost 90% of desktop and laptop computers.
History
The first version of Windows, Windows 1.0, came out on November 20, 1985. The newest version, Windows 11, came out October 5, 2021. Most personal computers made after 2015 come with Windows 10. However, some older or cheaper personal computers may come with Windows 8.1 or Windows 7.
Windows makes it easier to run programs (applications) than MS-DOS did. DOS required typed commands to make the computer do something. DOS required correct syntax of each command. Making mistakes caused the computer to usually give an error message and do nothing.
Design
Users control their Windows computer by its graphical user interface (or GUI for short). It only needs a keyboard or a mouse to work. In later versions, a touch screen works as well. However, using both a keyboard and a mouse makes many tasks easier. By clicking a few buttons on the screen, Windows helps keep your files safe, and easier to change and move. Versions of Windows after 2005 make it even easier for some users with disabilities because these versions have touch screens. For use of a touch screen, some mobile devices come with Windows. Tablet computers and smartphones such as Microsoft Surface and Microsoft Lumia use Windows.
Programs
The following programs are included with Windows:
WordPad - to write simple documents, typically using words/text.
Windows Photo Viewer - to look at pictures.
Microsoft Paint - to make simple drawings or change pictures.
Microsoft Edge web browser - to use the Internet to look at web pages and download files.
Windows DVD Player - to watch videos.
Windows Groove - to play and listen to music.
Windows has several kinds of applications/programs available. Popular applications include games, word processors (to write words) or additional programs like Adobe Flash Player (to watch some videos and play many games on internet sites). Adding new applications to Windows is called "installing". Applications can be bought/purchased on a CD or DVD. Applications can also be downloaded from the Internet. Some internet applications can be downloaded for free, and others can be bought using the internet.
Versions
Criticism
Many users complain that Windows creates problems for them. Some users complain that Windows made their computers slower when they changed from DOS. Many people also complain about problems that make their computer less safe to use, even though Microsoft tries to fix these problems. Many computer viruses are created to infect computers running Windows since it is such a popular operating system. Windows was the most popular operating system until recently (today mobile operating systems such as Android are more popular).
References
Other websites
The Microsoft Windows website
The Windows Team Blog - Official blog of the Windows Team at Microsoft
Microsoft operating systems
Vispa

Vispa is a river in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. It gives the name to the city of Visp.
Vispa comes from the confluence of the Matter Vispa, which flows into the Mattertal valley and the Saaser Vispa, which flows into the Saastal valley, near Stalden. It runs about in the Vispertal valley and flows into the Rhone near Visp.
The length is .
Rivers of Switzerland
Geography of Valais
Benjamin Abalos

Benjamin Santos Abalos, Sr. (born September 21, 1935) is a Filipino politician. He was a chairman of the Commission on Elections. He was also a former chairman of the MMDA and mayor of Mandaluyong City.
On June 5, 2002 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo appointed Abalos to replace Alfredo Benipayo.
On October 1, 2007, Abalos resigned during a press conference after complaining for lack of rules to create an impeachment case against Filipino governors. The Commission on Elections appointed Resurreccion Borra as Acting Chairman.
References
1935 births
Living people
Filipino politicians
Jacques Tati

Jacques Tati (; born Jacques Tatischeff, ; 9 October 1907 - 5 November 1982) was a French mime, filmmaker and actor. During his career, he only directed nine movies. His career lasted from 1931 until his death. Some of his movies are thought to be the best French comedy movies of all time, with Tati being one of the best French directors.
His directed works were Gai dimanche (1935), School for Postmen (1947), Jour de fete (1949), Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot (1953), Mon Oncle (1958), Playtime (1967), Trafic (1971), Parade (1974) and Forza Bastia (1978).
His 1958 movie, Mon Oncle, won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
Tati was born in Le Pecq, France. He was married to Micheline Winter from 1944 until his death in 1982. They had three children. Tati died on 5 November 1982 in Paris from a pulmonary embolism, almost one month after his 75th birthday.
References
Other websites
Tati Bibliography via UC Berkeley
The Official Jacques Tati website
Jacques Tati profile at FilmsdeFrance.com
"Confusion" Jacques Tati's unfinished film
Museum of Modern Art retrospective in the Village Voice
Jacques Tati's ode to his illegitimate daughter, The Telegraph, 16 June 2010
1907 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Mimes
French movie actors
French stage actors
French screenwriters
French movie directors
French movie producers
French comedians
Melle

Melle is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, 10660 people lived there.
It is at 51deg 00 North, 03deg 48 East.
References
Municipalities of East Flanders
Northern Story

Northern Story () is a 1960 Soviet drama movie directed by Yevgeni Andrikanis. It stars Oleg Strizhenov, Eva Murniece, and Valentin Zubkov.
Actors
Oleg Strizhenov as Pavel Bestuzhev
Eva Murniece as Anna Jakobsen / Maria Jakobsen
Valentin Zubkov as Tikhonov
Gennadi Yudin as Shchedrin
Nikolai Svobodin as Kiselyov
Viktor Kulakov as Merk
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1960 movies
Soviet drama movies
Sjösa

Sjosa is a locality in Nykoping Municipality in Sodermanland County in Sweden. In 2010, 483 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Sodermanland County
Bioggio

Bioggio is a municipality of the district of Lugano, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Bioggio was created on 4 April 2004 from the merger of Bosco Luganese and Cimo. On 20 April 2008, Iseo used to be part of the municipality of Bioggio.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Ticino
Gordon Briscoe

Dr Gordon Briscoe OAM (1938-2023) was an Aboriginal Australian activist and a retired football player. He was a member of the Stolen Generations.
Briscoe was born in Alice Springs. He was descended from the Marduntjara and Pitjantjatjara nations of Central Australia. He was taken away from his mother as a child and was taught at a Christian mission in Adelaide. Briscoe played football (soccer) for Adelaide in the South Australian league. He played alongside his schoolmate Charles Perkins. In 1958, he moved to England with the hope of playing professional football. He had small jobs with Barnet and Preston North End, but he did not make a first team appearance. He went back to Australia at the suggestion of Perkins. The two of them later played recreational football with the Australian National University from 1968 to about 1972.
Briscoe began studying at ANU in 1981. His focus was on the indigenous history of Australia. He was involved in the production of the SBS documentary First Australians. He got his PhD in 1997.
Briscoe also worked as an activist for indigenous Australians. He was involved in the establishment of the Aboriginal Progress Association in the 1950s, the Aboriginal Legal Service in the 1960s and the Aboriginal Medical Service
in 1972.
References
1938 births
2023 deaths
Indigenous Australian activists
Indigenous Australian politics
Australian men's soccer players
Order of Australia
Pitjantjatjara
People from Alice Springs
Indigenous Australian sportspeople
The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power

"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" is an article. It is written by U.S. journalist Richard Behar. The article is highly critical of Scientology.
It was first published by Time magazine on May 6, 1991, as an eight-page cover story. Later, it was published in Reader's Digest in October 1991. He stated that the attorneys and private investigators (affiliated with the Church of Scientology) were investigating him while researching the Time article. The investigators contacted his friends and family about him.
"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" is known even today by journalists in the media, as a reference for historical information on the Church of Scientology.
References
Other websites
Companion article to main article, also by Behar.
Documents
Across the Plains (1910 movie)

Across the Plains is a 1910 American silent Western movie. It was directed by Francis Boggs. The movie stars Hobart Bosworth.
Cast
Hobart Bosworth
Betty Harte
Tom Santschi
Other websites
1910 movies
American Western (genre) movies
1910s Western (genre) movies
black-and-white movies
American silent movies
Royal Observatory, Greenwich

The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (Royal Greenwich Observatory or 'RGO') was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II.
At this time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal, for John Flamsteed, to beas the director of the observatory.
He was to "apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation".
The Observatory is on a hill in Greenwich Park in Greenwich, London, overlooking the River Thames.
The Greenwich Meridian runs through the site of the Observatory. It is the line at which the longitude is defined as 0deg.
Other websites
HM Nautical Almanac Office
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Aerial View of The Royal Observatory, Greenwich at Google Maps
The National Maritime Museum
The RGO at Herstmonceux
The Observatory Science Centre
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
References
Observatories
Museums in London
Lisa Banes

Lisa Banes (July 9, 1955 - June 14, 2021) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in Cocktail (1988), Freedom Writers (2007), Gone Girl (2014), and as Hollis in A Cure for Wellness (2016).
Banes was born in Chagrin Falls, Ohio. She studied at the Julliard School in New York City. Banes was openly a lesbian and married to Kathryn Kranhold.
On June 4, 2021, Banes was hit by a motorist on a scooter in a hit and run accident in New York City. She was hospitalized under critical condition for a brain injury. She died from her injuries ten days later, aged 65.
References
Other websites
1955 births
2021 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Ohio
Actors from New York City
Lesbians
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Ohio
LGBT people from New York City
American crime victims
Road accident deaths in New York (state)
Crate

A crate is a type of container often used in shipping. It can be made of wood, but crates made to carry bottles are often plastic. Steel and aluminium crates are also used.
History
The word crate comes from the word: .
The earliest packaging materials were made of wood and wood fiber. The first crates used to transport anything were hampers or baskets. They were made of twigs, strips of wood, roots, and reeds. Whatever was available that could be woven into a container. Baskets were used to hold and transport food and goods. Later glass and ceramic jugs were protected by baskets.
The first documented reference to a shipping crate in the United States is in a 1930 handbook, Technical Bulletin No. 171 written by C. A. Plaskett for the US Department of Agriculture. His writing implies that crates were defined before that time. C. A. Plaskett was known for his extensive testing and defining of various components of transport packaging.
Construction
While both can be used for shipping, a crate is different from a box. A crate has a frame while a box generally does not. Crates are rigid containers built for the purpose of protecting the contents. Crates can be made of wood, plastic, metal or other materials. Crates usually need to be designed to exactly fit what it is they are protecting. Reusing a crate that does not fit the contents can waste space and harm the contents.
References
Other websites
Crating Express. Crating Express provides Packaging and Carpentry Services with Certified Wood for Export, in the Miami area, South Florida and anywhere within the USA. Crating Express is Quality Services, On time and at the Best Prices.
Wood Crate, Box and Case Style Diagrams
Building a Basic Crate 2.0 - Boston University
Wood
Containers
Jack Kruschen

Jack Joseph Kruschen (March 20, 1922 - April 2, 2002) was a Canadian-American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his role as Dr. Dreyfuss in The Apartment.
Kruschen was born on March 20, 1922 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He was married to Marjorie Ullman from 1947 until they divorced in 1961. Then he was married to Violet Rafaella Mooring from 1962 until her death in 1978. Then he was married to Mary Pender from 1979 until his death in 2002.
Kruschen died on April 2, 2002 in Chandler, Arizona from natural causes, aged 80.
Other websites
1922 births
2002 deaths
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Winnipeg
Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign

The 2016 presidential campaign of Ted Cruz, the junior United States Senator from Texas, was announced through social media and later event at Liberty University on March 23, 2015. Cruz has been seen as a potential candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States since shortly after taking office in 2013.
Background
Leading up the 2016 presidential election cycle, commentators expressed their opinion that Cruz would run for President in 2016. On March 14, 2013, he gave the keynote speech at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington, D.C. He tied for 7th place in the 2013 CPAC straw poll on March 16, winning 4% of the votes cast. He performed even more strongly in the 2014 CPAC straw poll, coming in second with 11% behind Kentucky senator Rand Paul. In the 2015 CPAC poll, he came in third with 11.5% behind Wisconsin governor Scott Walker and Paul.
On April 27, 2016, Cruz named former GOP candidate and businesswoman Carly Fiorina as his running mate.
On May 3, 2016, after losing the Indiana primaries to Donald Trump, Cruz suspended his campaign.
Campaign
Cruz announced his campaign for the presidency on March 23, 2015, at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia, during the student convocation. He became the first announced major Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 campaign.
In the first few months of the campaign, Cruz held campaign rallies in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
References
Cruz
Kerry Washington

Kerry Marisa Washington (born January 31, 1977) is an American actress, producer and director. She is known for playing Olivia Pope on the drama TV series Scandal and Alicia Masters in the Tim Story's Fantastic Four movies (2005-2007).
Filmography
Fantastic Four (2005)
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007)
Django Unchained (2012)
Cars 3 (2017)
Other websites
1977 births
African-American movie actors
African-American voice actors
African American movie directors
African American movie producers
American television directors
American television producers
Emmy Award winners
American LGBT rights activists
Actors from New York City
Living people
Planty, Aube

Planty is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Communes in Aube
Alberto Grimaldi

Alberto Grimaldi (28 March 1925 - 23 January 2021) was an Italian movie producer. He was born in Naples, Italy. He was known for producing the movies: For a Few Dollars More, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Last Tango in Paris and Gangs of New York.
Grimaldi died on 23 January 2021 in Miami, Florida at the age of 95.
References
Other websites
1925 births
2021 deaths
Italian movie producers
Movie people from Naples
Petrarch

Francesco Petrarca (20 July 1304 - 19 July 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists.
Petrarch is often called the "father of humanism". Based on Petrarch's works, and to a lesser extent those of Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio, Pietro Bembo in the 16th century created the model for the modern Italian language. Petrarch is credited with developing the sonnet with his Canzoniere to a level of perfection that would be unsurpassed to this day and spreading its use to other European languages. His sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. Petrarch was also known for being one of the first people to call the Middle Ages the Dark Ages, although the negative myth as we know it today is largely the legacy of romantic literature.
References
Other websites
Canzoniere (different edition) and other works
Petrarch and Laura Multi-lingual site including many translated works (letters, poems, books) in the public domain and biography, pictures, music.
Petrarch from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
Excerpts from his works and letters
The Petrarchan Grotto
Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) (1304-1374)
Poems From The Canzoniere, translated by Tony Kline.
Petrarch - the poet who lost his head April 6, 2004 article in The Guardian regarding the exhumation of Petrarch's remains.
Francesco Petrarca at The Online Library of Liberty
De remediis utriusque fortunae, Cremonae, B. de Misintis ac Caesaris Parmensis, 1492.
1304 births
1374 deaths
Italian poets
Medieval poets
Tilloloy

Tilloloy is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Focus on the Family

Focus on the Family (FOTF, or FotF) is an American evangelical group. The non-profit organization was founded in 1977 by James Dobson, and is based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. They have started several ministries, such as Adventures in Odyssey, and Focus on the Family Action.
Other websites
Focus on the Family official website
1977 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Colorado
GABA

GABA is gamma-Aminobutyric acid (g-Aminobutyric acid). It is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. It is an inhibiting neurotransmitter. Normally, when a neuron receives an impulse, it will make the signal stronger. In the case where there is an inhibiting neurotransmitter, the cell will no longer get the impulse, and the signal as a whole will be weakened.
GABA regulates how much neurons in the central nervous system will be stimulated in humans, and other mammals. It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. In humans, GABA is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone. In insect species GABA acts only on excitatory nerve receptors.
Even though chemically it is an amino acid, GABA is rarely referred to as such in the scientific or medical communities. The term "amino acid," used without a qualifier, refers to the alpha amino acids, which GABA is not. GABA is also not incorporated into proteins.
References
Amino acids
Neuroscience
Flag of Wales

The flag of Wales ( or , meaning the red dragon) is a red dragon passant on a green and white field.
Wales
Flags of the United Kingdom
Wales
Marina Storozhenko

Marina Storozhenko (born 6 June 1985) is a Kazakhstani volleyball player.
She played at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, 2012 Asian Women's Volleyball Cup, 2013 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2014 Asian Games, 2014 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, and 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
She played for VC Zhetysu.
References
Other websites
Kazakhstan's libero previews FIVB Grand Prix Group 3 Finals Volleyball World, Aug 15, 2014
1985 births
Living people
Kazakhstani volleyball players
Emanuel Pogatetz

Emanuel Pogatetz (born 16 January 1983) is an Austrian football player. He plays for Hannover 96 in the German Bundesliga and the Austria national team.
Career
He started playing football with SK Sturm Graz where he also played his first match as football professional. He went on to FC Karnten in the second division where he became champion and won the Austrian Cup. Then he went to Bayer Leverkusen. On loan he played for FC Aarau, Grazer AK and Spartak Moskau. 2005 he went to FC Middlesbrough in the English Premier League. 2006 he scored versus FC Sunderland and was the first Austrian player who scored in the Premier League. 2010 he went on to Hannover 96 in the German Bundesliga where he soon became a regular player for team.
Emanuel Pogatetz nickname is "Mad Dog" because he is a very hard defender. Former England and Middlesbrough coach Steve McClaren said "He never, ever, gives less than 300% in performance."
International career
On May, 18th he played his first match for the team. Due to public criticism about the team coach Josef Hickersberger he was suspended for a short time. Josef Hickersberger nominated him for the team for the UEFA Euro 2008. 2009 he became captain of the team.
Club career statistics
|-
|2000/01||Karnten||First League||33||0||||||||||||||33||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|2002/03||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Aarau||Nationalliga A||21||3||||||||||||||21||3
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Graz||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||31||1||||||||||4||1||35||2
|-
|2004/05||22||1||||||||||9||1||31||2
|-
|2005||Spartak Moscow||Premier League||11||0||||||||||||||11||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="4"|Premier League||24||1||5||0||3||0||9||0||41||1
|-
|2006/07||35||2||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||42||2
|-
|2007/08||24||0||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|2008/09||27||1||4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
86||2||||||||||13||2||99||4
0||0||||||||||||||0||0
21||3||||||||||||||21||3
11||0||||||||||||||11||0
110||4||21||0||5||0||9||0||145||4
228||9||21||0||5||0||22||2||276||11
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||12||1
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||37||2
|}
Other websites
Official homepage
Players profile Homepage Hannover96
Interview with Karim Haggui and Emanuel Pogatzetz
References
1983 births
Living people
Players of the Austrian national football team
People from Graz
Angela Rayner

Angela Rayner (nee Bowen; born 28 March 1980) is a British politician serving as Shadow First Secretary of State and Deputy Leader of the Opposition since 2020. A member of the Labour Party, she currently serves as its Deputy leader. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashton-under-Lyne since 2015. She has served in the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn as Shadow Secretary of State for Education since 2016.
In January 2020, Rayner announced her candidacy for Labour Deputy Leader in the 2020 deputy leadership election, which she won.
References
1980 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 2015-2017
UK MPs 2017-2019
UK MPs 2019-present
British trade unionists
Politicians from Greater Manchester
People from Stockport