pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ulster Volunteer Force

The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is a loyalist paramilitary (civilians trained as soldiers) group based in Northern Ireland. It was formed in 1966. Its name comes from the UVF of World War I. The Ulster Volunteer Force was started as a Protestant/Unionist militia (citizen military force) in 1912 to oppose the Home Rule campaign for a separate Irish parliament. Many UVF members formed the 36th (Ulster) Division that fought with the British Army in World War I. The Progressive Unionist Party is the political wing of the outlawed Ulster Volunteer Force and Red Hand Commando. Although the PUP is called a loyalist fringe party, it has more moderate unionist views than any of the traditional unionist parties.
Crimes
During the Troubles in Northern Ireland (1969-1998), the UVF carried out many attacks:
In 1971, they bombed McGurk's Bar in Belfast which was in a mostly Catholic area of the city. The blast killed 15 Catholics and destroyed the building.
In 1974, they placed three car bombs in the centre of Dublin and another in Monaghan, which were deliberately exploded at rush hour to kill as many people as possible. The bombs killed 33 people and injured over 300, making it the worst atrocity of the conflict.
In 1975, they shot dead three members of the Miami Showband, a popular showband from Dublin, as they were travelling home from doing a show in County Down, Northern Ireland.
In 1994, they attacked a bar in Loughinisland County Down and fired on the customers. The attack killed six Catholics and injured five others.
Following the murder of a Catholic taxi driver in Portadown in July 1996, the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the UVF was expelled. They immediately set up the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF).
Ceasefire and decommissioning
After a continuous campaign of 28 years, the UVF called a ceasefire in October 1994. They stated in October 2007 that they had ended their campaign and in June 2009 they announced they had decommissioned (destroyed their weapons), however the UVF have been involved in a number of incidents since then, which has put the announcement in doubt.
Deaths as a result of campaign
From the organization's creation in 1966 and ending of campaign in 2007, the UVF were responsible for at least 400 murders, however it is believed the actual figure is closer to 1,000. The UVF stated that their mission was to destroy Irish republican paramilitary groups, however over 80% of their victims were Catholic civilians.
References
Steve Bruce, The Red Hand, 1992,
Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald, UVF, 2000,
Martin Dillon, The Dirty War
Brendan O'Brien, The Long War - the IRA and Sinn Fein
Peter Taylor, Loyalists
Tony Geraghty, The Irish War
Other websites
History of the 1912 UVF
History of the YCV
CAIN - University of Ulster Conflict Archive
Photographs of UVF murals
Ulster Volunteer Force
1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Lever-action firearms

Lever-action firearms are guns that hold multiple bullets and are loaded by pulling and pushing a lever at the bottom of the gun.
Lever-action rifles first became important weapons during the American Civil War. Two rifles made during this time were the Henry and Spencer rifles. They fired much more quickly and could be loaded much faster than muzzleloading rifles. However, their use was limited because many generals felt that the ability to shoot many bullets without reloading would cause soldiers to shoot with less accuracy. However, after the Civil War, lever-action guns became much more popular. They were popular with not just soldiers, but also with hunters and even civilians. They were so popular that the most famous lever-action rifle, the Winchester Model 1873, was called "the gun that won the West".
Both the militaries of the United States and the Russian Empire used lever-action guns often until the beginning of the 20th century. Even though lever action guns can fire much faster than bolt-action rifles (lever-actions can fire 2 rounds a second in skilled hands,) the bolt-action rifle was chosen to be the main gun for most infantry. This was because bolt-action rifles could easily be fired when soldiers are lying on the ground, but lever-actions cannot do so easily.
Lever-action guns were made for many different types of bullets, both pistol and rifle bullets. Most lever-action guns are rifles, but there are also lever-action shotguns as well. The most famous of these are the Winchester Model 1887.
Firearms
Rifles
Douglass, Kansas

Douglass is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 1,700 people lived there.
History
19th century
The first settlement was founded at Douglass in 1869. Douglass is named after its founder, Joseph W. Douglass, a storeowner who was deadly shot at the town site in 1873 while apprehending a suspected chicken thief. Douglass was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1879.
In 1877, the Florence, El Dorado, and Walnut Valley Railroad Company built a train line from Florence to El Dorado, in 1881 it was extended to Douglass, and later to Arkansas City. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to El Dorado was abandoned in 1942. The train line connected Florence, Burns, De Graff, El Dorado, Augusta, Douglass, Rock, Akron, Winfield, Arkansas City.
21st century
In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was constructed about 1.8 miles west of Douglass, north to south through Butler County.
Geography
Douglass is at (37.516802, -97.011705).
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.
Climate
Douglass has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Koppen Climate Classification system says that Douglass has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
People
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 1,700 people, 625 households, and 452 families living in Douglass.
Education
Douglass is part of Douglass USD 396 public school district.
Notable people
Monty Beisel (b1978), football linebacker in NFL.
William Couch (1850-1890), leader of the Oklahoma Boomer Movement and as the first provisional mayor of what became Oklahoma City.
James Durham (1881-1949), pitcher in Major League Baseball.
Phyllis Haver (1899-1960), actress during silent movie era.
George Hill (1895-1934), movie director and cinematographer during silent movie era.
References
Other websites
City
City of Douglass
Douglass - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
USD 396, local school district
Historical
, from Hatteberg's People on KAKE TV news
Maps
Douglass City Map, KDOT
Cities in Butler County, Kansas
1869 establishments in Kansas
Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Haitian Creole: Jan-Jak Desalin; ; 20 September 1758 - 17 October 1806), was one of the leaders of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of Independent Haiti under the Constitution of 1805. Jacques would permanently end slavery in Haiti, he was named Emperor of Haiti by the leaders of the Revolution until his assassination in 1806; he is considered one of the founding fathers of Haiti. He is regarded as one of the founding fathers of Haiti.
In an act of genocide, he would provoke the Massacre in Haiti of 1804, where around 3,000 to 5,000 people would die, excluding the Polish Legionaries.
References
Other websites
The Dessalines Reader. Short biography and links to many primary sources.
"Haitian Constitution of 1805", Webster University
1758 births
1806 deaths
Murderers
Assassinated people
Rocky V

Rocky V is a 1990 American sports drama movie directed by John G. Avildsen and starring Sylvester Stallone, Talia Shire, Burt Young, Sage Stallone, Tony Burton, Tommy Morrison, Burgess Meredith, Richard Gant. It is the sequel to the 1985 movie Rocky IV and is the fifth movie in the Rocky franchise. The movie was distributed by United Artists and was nominated for 7 Razzie Awards in 1991.
Plot summary
Shortly after winning a boxing match against Ivan Drago, Rocky and his family return to the United States. When the family returns home, it is revealed that Paulie had signed a power of attorney over to Rocky's accountant, who sabotaged the family's entire fortune of real estate deals gone sour. In addition, the accountant did not pay Rocky's tax returns within the past known years, and the mortgage on the family's mansion is in debt worth $400,000. When Rocky sees a doctor, it is revealed that he has suffered some brain damage, which forces his to regret his decision to continue boxing and retire.
After selling the mansion and auctioning off some of the belongings, the family has paid off the mortgage debt and moves back to their former site in southern Philadelphia. One day, Rocky meets someone named Tommy Gunn, and agrees to train him. Rocky becomes so fixated on training Tommy that he ends up neglecting his family, especially for his son Robert, who is being harassed in school. Around the holidays, promoter George Washington Duke visits the Balboa residence, which foreshadows Tommy turning his back on Rocky. Rocky reconnects with his family, while Tommy wins the boxing championship against Union Cane. The media condemns Tommy for leaving Rocky, a concept of which Tommy brushes away. Duke recommends Tommy to have a street fight with Rocky, which proves to be the only way of facing a true contender.
Tommy engages Rocky in a street fight with nearby neighbors in support of Rocky. The duel ends in a stalemate, where the police arrest both Tommy and Duke for their actions. Later, Rocky and his son Robert discuss what might come of the future.
Other websites
1990s sports movies
1990 drama movies
1990s sequel movies
American sequel movies
Rocky movies
Movies directed by John G. Avildsen
2014 North American polar vortex

The 2014 North American polar vortex was a weather system that caused extremely cold weather through Canada and the United States. Freezing temperatures went all the way down to Nashville, Tennessee. Several cities broke records: Chicago O'Hare International Airport set a record on 6 January with a temperature of , beating the record in 1884 and 1988. There were also power failures throughout Canada and United States. One in Newfoundland on 5 January took out the power of 190,000 customers. Almost 24,000 people lost electricity across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana.
In Minnesota, Governor Mark Dayton ordered all schools closed down due to weather. Across Indiana, over fifty of the state's ninety-two counties ordered roads closed to all traffic except emergency vehicles, mostly north of Indianapolis.
Several people were killed because of the extreme weather all across North America.
References
2014 disasters in the United States
Severe weather
2014 in weather
Natural disasters in the United States
Natural disasters in Canada
2014 disasters in Canada
Interstate 880 (Iowa)

Interstate 880 (I-880) is an Interstate Highway in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, U.S. Its route was created in 2019 from a section of I-680. It follows the same routing as Interstate 80N (I-80N), which originally connected I-29 and I-80 from 1966 to 1973. The highway is long.
Interstate Highways
Buildings and structures in Iowa
USRC Massachusetts

USRC Massachusetts was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. While not the first USRS cutter to be launched, it was the first to enter active service.
History
Massachusetts was built at Newburyport, MA by shipwright William Searle. She was designed as a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts.
On July 15, 1791 Massachusetts was launched. John Foster Williams was its first master. Her crew consisted of four officers, four enlisted men and two cabin boys. She was long by wide and had a shallow draft of only . Williams ordered an increase in her size without getting approval by the service. This increased her cost over what was originally budgeted. But the government accepted the Massachusetts as changed by Williams.
She had the shortest service life of any of the original ten cutters. The first Massachusetts turned out to be too expensive to operate and was too slow. On 9 October 1792 she was sold. In 1793 she was replaced by a smaller lighter sloop, the Massachusetts II.
Related pages
USRC Vigilant (1791)
USRC Active (1791)
USRC General Green (1791)
USRC Scammel (1791)
USRC Argus (1791)
USRC Virginia (1791)
USRC Diligence (1791)
USRC South Carolina (1791)
USRC Eagle (1791)
Notes
References
Other websites
USRC Massachusetts (1791); Military Wiki
Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
Military of the United States
1790s in the United States
Iris (eye)

The iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye. It controls the diameter and size of the pupils.
Eye colour is the colour of the iris. In humans, the iris may look green, blue, brown, hazel (a combination of light brown, green and gold), grey, violet, or even pink. In response to the amount of light exiting the eye, muscles attached to the iris expand or contract the pupil. The larger the pupil, the more light can enter the eye and reach the retina.
Eye anatomy
Javier Alva Orlandini

Javier Alva Orlandini (December 11, 1927 - June 1, 2020) was Peruvian politician and lawyer. He was a member of the political party Popular Action. He was the 2nd Vice President of Peru during the government of Fernando Belaunde from 1980 to 1985. He later served as President of Peru's Constitutional Tribunal from 2002 to 2005.
He wrote several books, including "Responding to the Dictatorship", "Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow", the "Vicious Circle", "I Minister", "Word of Honor" and "Yes I swear", and numerous legal articles. The audits, representative legislative, legal, academic and professional are of extensive quality and are recognized by the Peruvian people and their various institutions that have given many honorary degrees.
He was the 2nd Vice President of Peru during the government of Fernando Belaunde from 1980 to 1985.
Throughout his life he became a Deputy from 1963 to 1968, Minister of Government and Police from 1965 to 1966, Senator from 1980 to 1985 and from 1990 to 1992, President of the Senate from 1981 to 1982, and Congressman from 1995 to 2000.
He ran for President in 1985, but got 4% of the popular vote, losing to Alan Garcia.
References
1927 births
2020 deaths
Vice presidents of Peru
Syed Iftikhar Bokhari

Syed Iftikhar Ali Bokhari (6 July 1935 - 10 November 2021), also known as IA Bokhari, was a Pakistani politician and cricketer. He was the member of the Senate of Pakistan between March 1988 and March 1991. He played first-class cricket from 1952 to 1966. He was born in Lahore, then-British India.
Bokhari died on 10 November 2021 in Lahore at the age of 86.
References
Other websites
Iftikhar Bokhari at CricketArchive
Iftikhar Bokhari at Cricinfo
1935 births
2021 deaths
Pakistani cricketers
Politicians from Lahore
Sportspeople from Lahore
Amaranth (color)

Amaranth is a rose-red color that is the color of the flower of the amaranth plant.
The first written use of amaranth as a color name in English was in 1690.
Meaning
The color amaranth represents immortality in Western civilization because the name is derived from the name in Greek mythology of a flower that was believed to never die that grew in the abode of the Greek gods on Mount Olympus. Something that is perceived as everlasting may be described by the adjective amaranthine. (The color peach represents immortality in Chinese civilization.)
Where the name comes from
The name amaranth comes from the Greek a (not) + marainean (to waste away). A flower that never died that was believed to grow on Mount Olympus.
Tones of amaranth color comparison chart
Amaranth flowers come in many different colors:
References
Related pages
List of colors
Gray Davis

Joseph Graham "Gray" Davis, Jr. (born December 26, 1942) is an American retired politician and attorney.
Davis served as the 37th Governor of California from 1999 to 2003. He was a member of the Democratic Party, only months into his second term, in 2003 Davis was recalled and removed from office, the second state governor successfully recalled in U.S. history.
Before serving as governor, Davis was chief of staff to Governor Jerry Brown (1975-81), a California State Assemblyman (1983-87), California State Controller (1987-95) and the 44th Lieutenant Governor of California (1995-99).
Davis holds a BA in history from Stanford University and a J.D. from Columbia Law School. He was awarded a Bronze Star for his service as a Captain in the Vietnam War.
References
Other websites
Gray Davis Digital Library (active web site, launched 2006)
Department of Energy article on Davis' energy conservation efforts
1942 births
Living people
Governors of California
Lieutenant Governors of California
Politicians from New York City
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Doug Jones (politician)

Gordon Douglas Jones (born May 4, 1954) is an American attorney, prosecutor, and politician. Jones is the United States Senator of Alabama upon being elected on December 12, 2017 and sworn-in on January 3, 2018. Jones served as the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama.
As a lawyer, Jones is known for prosecuting the remaining two Ku Klux Klan perpetrators of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing which killed four African-American girls, along with leading an indictment against the Olympic Park Bomber.
Jones was the Democratic nominee in the U.S. Senate special election in Alabama against Republican nominee Roy Moore which was held on December 12, 2017. Jones was elected Senator with 49.6% of the vote to Moore's 48.8% of the vote.
Jones lost his re-election in 2020 to Tommy Tuberville in November.
References
Other websites
Doug Jones for Senate
Jones & Hawley
1954 births
Living people
Lawyers from Alabama
United States senators from Alabama
People from Fairfield, Alabama
Politicians from Alabama
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Educators from Alabama
Belgian Eifel

The Belgian Eifel (, , , ), commonly called the Canton of Sankt Vith (, , , ), is a canton of the Liege Province of Belgium. Its capital is Sankt Vith. It has five municipalities.
Sankt Vith is the southernmost of the two German-speaking cantons in Belgium, the other being Eupen. Unlike Eupen, Sankt Vith is a rural canton and it has less people than Eupen does.
Municipalities
There are five municipalities in Sankt Vith:
Amel
Bullingen
Burg-Reuland
Butgenbach
Sankt Vith
References
Cantons of Wallonia
German-speaking Community of Belgium
Astringent

An astringent is a chemical that causes skin tissue to contract. It can be used to heal wounds and acne.
Drugs
Adamawa Region

The Adamawa Region is a region of Cameroon. The capital city is Ngaoundere.
The Gotel and Mambila Mountains are at the border with Nigeria. Rivers include the Faro River, Mbere River, and Lom River.
The Adamawa has two national reserves. The first of these is the Parc National du Mbam et Djerem. It protects 4165 km2 in both the Adamawa and East Regions. The park is notable for having both large tracts of savanna and forest. In addition, a small portion of the Parc National de Boumba Ndjida extends into the territory from the North Region.
Government
Adamawa has five departments:
Djerem, with its capital at Tibati
Faro-et-Deo, with its headquarters in Tignere
Mayo-Banyo, with its capital in Banyo
Mbere, headed from Meiganga
Vina, governed from Ngaoundere
References
Regions of Cameroon
1983 establishments in Africa
Kushtagi

Kushtagi is a panchayat town in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is part of the Koppal district.
Historically city gets its name by a disease called kushta roga in Kannada. It is believed British rulers used this village as a camp to seperate out and keep the deceased people here.
In the 2001 census, Kushtagi had a population of 21,180.
Kushtagi is well connected by road to Bangalore, Hubli, Raichur, Bagalkot and other major cities. The nearest major airport is in Hubli. Koppal and Hospet have the nearest railway stations to Kushtagi.
Villages in the Kushtagi area include:
Vanageri
Varikal
Virupapur
Yelbunchi
Yelburthi
Yerigeri
Zhoolkunti
Zhunjalkoppa
Though India got independence from British. It was under Nizams of Hyderabad when rest of the India was struggling for independence. Nizams continued to rule it even post Independent India And kushtagi had to carry a seperate fight to get its independence.
References
Towns in Karnataka
Carlo Rambaldi

Carlo Rambaldi (September 15, 1925 - August 10, 2012) was an Italian special effects artist. He is known for designing the alien E.T. in for the movie E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and the mechanical head-effects for the creature in Alien (1979) (for each of them Rambaldi won an Oscar).
References
Other websites
1925 births
2012 deaths
Academy Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
Italian artists
People from Emilia-Romagna
Windows Narrator

Windows Narrator is a tool for the visually impaired. The user has four options to customize their experience.
Purpose
The tool reads text, message boxes, and mimics user typing. The voice, pitch, and speed can all be tailored to the user's preferences.
Other tools
Microsoft Windows Speech Recognition
Related pages
Narrator
Microsoft Windows Speech Recognition
References
Other websites
Windows Official Site
Microsoft Windows software
Abra (province)

Abra (; ) is province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The capital is Bangued, and is bordered by Ilocos Norte on the northwest, Apayao on the northeast, Kalinga on the mid-east, Mountain Province on the southeast, and Ilocos Sur on the southwest.
References
Provinces of the Philippines
Bourne, Massachusetts

Bourne is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
François Truffaut

Francois Roland Truffaut (6 February 1932 - 21 October 1984) was a French movie director, producer, writer, actor and critic. He was very popular in the 1960s for such noted movies as The 400 Blows, Jules and Jim, Stolen Kisses, The Wild Child and others.
Truffaut was born in Paris and died of brain cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine.
Other websites
Actors from Paris
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from brain cancer
French movie actors
French screenwriters
French voice actors
French movie critics
Movie directors from Paris
Movie producers from Paris
Writers from Paris
1932 births
1984 deaths
Richard Matheson

Richard Burton Matheson (February 20, 1926 - June 23, 2013) or Logan Swanson was an American author and screenwriter. He mostly wrote in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres. Two of his books are I Am Legend and Bid Time Return. He wrote several television episodes for The Twilight Zone.
Matheson was born on February 20, 1926 in Allendale, New Jersey to a Norwegian family. He was raised in Brooklyn, New York. Matheson studied at Brooklyn Technical High School and at the University of Missouri. He was married to Ruth Ann Woodson from 1952 until his death in 2013. They have four children.
Matheson came up with the idea for I Am Legend after seeing Tod Browning's Dracula.
Matheson died on June 23, 2013 in Los Angeles, California from a long illness. He was 87 years old.
References
Other websites
Richard Matheson featured on AMC-TV's Sci-Fi Department webshow
1926 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American novelists
American screenwriters
American television writers
Writers from New Jersey
Fikret Abdić

Fikret Abdic (born 29 September 1939) is a Bosnian politician and businessman.
In 2002 he was convicted on charges of war crimes against Bosniaks loyal to the Bosnian government by a court in Croatia and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment, which was later reduced on appeal to 15 years by the Supreme Court of Croatia.
On 9 March 2012, he was released after having served two thirds of his reduced sentence.
References
1939 births
Living people
Members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina businesspeople
Bosnia and Herzegovina war criminals
Maspalomas Dunes

The Maspalomas Dunes are sand dunes located on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria, Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. A 404 hectare area of the municipality of San Bartolome de Tirajana, they have been protected as a nature reserve. They are one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
References
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Canary Islands
Laildo Machado

Laildo Ribeiro Machado is a rower from Brazil. Machado competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was born on 10 October 1952.
References
Other websites
1952 births
Living people
Brazilian rowers
Brazilian Olympians
Kane Williamson

Kane Stuart Williamson (born 8 August 1990) is a New Zealand international cricketer. He is currently the captain of the New Zealand national team in all formats. He is a right-handed batsman and an occasional off spin bowler.
International centuries
, Williamson has scored 24 Test and 13 ODI centuries. His highest score in Test is 251 and 148 in ODIs. He is yet to score a century in T20Is.
Achievements
In the annual ICC Awards in January 2022, Williamson was included in ICC Men's Test Team of the Year for the year 2021.
Personal life
Donations
During the New Zealand vs Pakistan 2014 ODI series, Williamson donated his entire match fee for all five ODIs to the victims of the 2014 Peshawar school massacre. He bowls and bats right handed but writes left handed.
Family
Williamson and his wife Sarah became parents when their daughter was born in 2020. He stood down from the second Test against the West Indies so he could attend the birth.
References
Other websites
Kane Williamson at Howstat
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|-
1990 births
Living people
New Zealand cricketers
Jack DeSena

John Patrick "Jack" DeSena (born 6 December 1987) is an American movie and voice actor. He is best known for his work on the sketch comedy series All That. He joined the program's cast at the start of its 7th season in 2002. He tied with Logan Lerman for the 2005 Young Artist Award for "Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor" (for All That). His family moved to Irvine, California in 1999 and he attended school there. He was a very active member of the international ComedySportz troupe (a comic improvisation team that participates in games as seen on Whose Line is it Anyway?). He also did voice work for the character of Sokka on the Nickelodeon series Avatar: The Last Airbender. Recently DeSena has been working on the online mockumentary web series Dorm Life which is a 2008 Webby Honoree for Best Writing and Comedy: Individual Short or Episode. As of 2016, Jack DeSena and Chris Smith are co-creators of the sketch comedy YouTube channel "Chris and Jack".
1987 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Boston
Actors from San Francisco
People from Irvine, California
Paa sternosignata

Paa sternosignata is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir and possibly the India. Its natural habitats are rivers, swamps, and freshwater marshes.
Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Klein bottle

The Klein bottle is a geometrical object, named after the German mathematician Felix Klein. He described it in 1882, and named it Klein'sche Flache (Klein surface). Like the Mobius strip, it only has one surface. Mathematicians call this a non-orientable surface. Klein bottles only exist in four-dimensional space, but a model of a Klein bottle can be made in 3D. This model is different from the original because at some point the shape touches itself. In 3D, part of the shape is "inside" the rest. This is not the case in 4D. Some 3D models use different colors to show the 4th component. The part that lies "inside" then has a different color.
Because the surface is non-orientable, there is no "inside" or "outside". This means that if a liquid were filled "in the bottle", it would run down its surface. This may not be true for the 3D models of the bottle.
The 2-dimensional version of a Klein bottle is a Mobius strip.
Making a Klein bottle from a rectangle
Join the arrows so that they face the same way, like so:
References
Other websites
Acme Klein Bottles - Clifford Stoll sells blown-glass immersed Klein bottles.
Klein bottle construction
Klein Bottle Images by John Sullivan
The Klein bottle
A modular origami model of the Klein bottle
A knitted version
Paper klein bottle - make your own
Geodesic klein bottles and some mystic musings
Imaging Maths - The Klein Bottle
Shapes
Hua Chenyu

Hua Chenyu (born February 7, 1990), also known by his nickname Hua Hua, is a Chinese singer and songwriter. He rose to fame after winning the 2013 Super Boy singing contest produced by Hunan TV, China.
Hua released his debut album Quasimodo's Gift in September 2014. The sales volume of this album ranked Top 1 in the Jingdong Top 100 Annual Sales Chart (Music). His second physical album Aliens was released in December 2015.
1990 births
Living people
Chinese singers
Lyme disease

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia. The disease is carried by ticks which are parasitic on mammals such as mice, deer, and people. In other words, ticks are the vector which transmits the disease.
It is the most common tick-borne infection in the United States. Although Allen Steere realized in 1978 that Lyme disease was a tick-borne disease, the cause of the disease remained a mystery until 1982. It can cause joint swelling, rashes, and neurological symptoms.
Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics. Depending on disease stage and antibiotic used, treatment is usually between 10 and 28 days.
Symptoms
Fever
A bulls-eye rash, also known as Erythema migrans.
Cranial nerve palsies (drooping of the face)
Arthritis
Fatigue
Headache
Myalgias (muscle pain) and arthralgias (joint pain)
Meningitis (stiff neck)
Chills
References
Diseases caused by bacteria
Diseases spread by insects
Saint-Léger-les-Vignes

Saint-Leger-les-Vignes is a commune. It is in the Pays de la Loire region in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Delta County, Colorado

Delta County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 31,196. The county seat is Delta.
Communities
City
Delta
Towns
Cedaredge
Crawford
Hotchkiss
Orchard City
Paonia
Unincorporated communities
Austin
Cory
Eckert
Lazear
References
Colorado counties
Confucius

Confucius (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni.
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Although he grew up in extreme poverty, it did not stop his curiosity from growing. He was a very dedicated student, especially in his teenage years. Its not known how he received his formal education, but he mastered many subject of the arts. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.
Confucius lived in a time when many states were fighting wars in China.
This period was called the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius did not like this and wanted to bring order back to society.
Teaching
Like Socrates, Confucius sometimes did not answer philosophical questions himself.
Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.
Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.
Confucius wanted people to think about other people more than about money or what they owned.
However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.
Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.
Two people could be
Prince and Subject
Father and Son
Husband and Wife
Elder and Child
or Friends
These were traditional relationships called the 'five prototypes'.
Confucius said that in all these relationships, both people must obey rules.
For example, a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.
Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be okay with other people doing those things to themselves.
This is sometimes called the Golden Rule and was also taught by Jesus Christ.
His students wrote down small stories about him, and things that he said.
These were put together to make a book called The Analects, which became one of the main books of Confucianism.
551 BC births
479 BC deaths
Eastern philosophers
Confucianism
Chinese philosophers
Privatization

Privatization is when a nationalized company or government agency is sold by the government to investors who want to buy it.
Economic policy
Mutual of Omaha

Mutual of Omaha is a mutual insurance company with headquarters in Omaha, Nebraska. The company is on the Fortune 500.
References
20th-century establishments in Nebraska
1909 establishments in the United States
Insurance companies of the United States
Companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
List of tallest buildings in the United States

This is a list of the tallest buildings in the United States. It is in order by height including antennas.
List
* Indicates building is still under construction, but has been topped out.
Related pages
List of tallest buildings in the world
List of tallest buildings in New York City
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
References
Other websites
SkyscraperCity
Emporis.com - Tallest High-rise Buildings in U.S.A.
United States
Lists of buildings in the United States
Ric Suggitt

Ric "Sluggo" Suggitt (October 30, 1958 June 27, 2017) was a Canadian rugby union footballer and a rugby union coach. Suggitt was also the Head Coach of the USA Women's 7's Olympic team. He was the head coach at university of Lethbridge. He was born in Edmonton, Alberta.
Suggitt was the coach of the female Canada national team and the men's national seven-a-side team, when he was appointed to the post of coach of the male Canada national rugby union team, in 2004.
Suggitt died on June 27, 2017 in Calgary, Alberta from a sudden heart attack, aged 58.
References
Other websites
Profile of Ric Suggit
1958 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Rugby union players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Mandalay Pictures

Mandalay Pictures (later as Mandalay Independent Pictures and Mandalay Vision) is a Santa Monica,-based movie production company and subsidiary of Mandalay Entertainment Group, established on May 27, 1995 by producer and businessman Peter Guber. At the same time, the company signed a exclusive contract with Sony Pictures to production of films through the Columbia and TriStar. The mascot of company is tiger.
At first, was a independent company, was acquired by Lionsgate in 1997, which was a owner of company until 2002. In 2003, was a again independent company, was merged with Mandalay Entertainment in 2008.
In 2007, the company launched a Mandalay Independent Pictures, independent division, which deals with production and financing of only independent films. In 2010, the division was renamed to Mandalay Vision.
References
1995 establishments in California
American movie studios
Maclyn McCarty

Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911 - January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.
McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.
McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.
The work
The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.
Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.
This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.
References
1911 births
2005 deaths
Academics from New York (state)
American geneticists
Scientists from Indiana
Wolf Prize winners
People from South Bend, Indiana
Sailing ship

A sailing ship is a big boat with sails which catch the wind. The wind pushes the boat along. A sailing ship had a rig of at least three masts, square rigged on all of them. The great days of sailing ships was from around the 15th century to the middle of the 19th century. They were very important for trade as well as for war. All large boats became known as "ships", so when steam power was invented people talked about "steam ships" to distinguish them from "sailing ships".
Small boats with sails are called "yachts" or sailboats. They are used today for leisure activities.
Sailing ships
Duma florulenta

Duma florulenta (synonym Muehlenbeckia florulenta), commonly known as tangled lignum or often simply lignum, is a shrub in Australia and is the nomenclatural type of genus Duma.
References
Polygonaceae
Zoophobia

Zoophobia (or Animal Phobia) is a general phobia and the set of specific phobias (and sub-phobias), this kind of phobia is having irrational fear of animals, which were described by the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, who saw this behavior in psychoneurotic childrens.
References
Phobias
Girl in a Coma

Girl In a Coma is a rock band from San Antonio, Texas on Joan Jett's Blackheart Record's label. The band is made up of sisters Nina(vocals/guitar) and Phanie Diaz (drums) and Jenn Alva (bass). The group recorded a rock version of the song "Si Una Vez" by Selena.
Discography
2007 "Both Before I'm Gone"
Other websites
Official site
American rock bands
American punk bands
Musicians from San Antonio, Texas
Musical groups from Texas
Levi Strauss

Levi Strauss (February 26, 1829-September 26, 1902) was a German-born American maker of clothing.
Born as Lob Strauss into a Jewish family in Buttenheim in Franconia, Bavaria, now a part of Germany. In 1847, Strauss, his mother and two sisters moved to New York City to join his brothers Jonas and Louis Lob in their dry goods business. By 1850 he had adopted the name "Levi Strauss".
In 1853, Strauss moved to bustling San Francisco, California, where the California Gold Rush was still in high gear. Levi expected that the mining camps would welcome his buttons, scissors, thread and bolts of fabric; additionally, he had yards of canvas sailcloth intended for tent-making and as covers for the Conestoga wagons that dotted the landscape next to every stream and river in the area.
It was on California Street that Levi and his brother-in-law David Stern opened a dry goods wholesale business called Levi Strauss & Co. Levi was often found leading a pack-horse, heavily laden with merchandise, directly into the mining camps found throughout the region. The story goes that both prospectors and miners, often complaining about the easily torn cotton "britches" and pockets that "split right out" gave Levi the idea to make a rugged overall trouser for the miners to wear. These were fashioned from bolts of brown canvas sailcloth, with gold ore storage pockets that were nearly impossible to split. Levi exhausted his original supply of canvas as the demand grew for his hard-wearing overalls, and so he switched to a sturdy fabric called serge, made in Nimes, France. Originally called serge de Nimes, the name was soon shortened to denim.
In 1872, Levi received a letter from Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor. Davis was one of Levi Strauss' regular customers, who purchased bolts of cloth from the company to use for his own business. In this letter, Davis told Levi about the interesting way in which he made pants for his customers: he placed metal rivets at the points of strain--pocket corners and on the base of the fly. As he did not have the money to patent his process he suggested that Levi pay for the paperwork and that they take out the patent together.
On May 20, 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent #139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the first of the famous Levi's brand of jeans in San Francisco, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.
Levi Strauss died on September 26, 1902, at the age of 73. He left his thriving manufacturing and dry goods business to his four nephews--Jacob, Louis, Abraham and Sigmund Stern--who helped rebuild the company after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. The following year, Jacob Davis sold back his share of the company.
Peter Haas and his family are the primary heirs to the Levi Strauss fortune.
Other websites
Levi Strauss Company
Levi's
Levi's Europe
Levi's Online Store
Businesspeople from San Francisco
1829 births
1902 deaths
Lampaul-Guimiliau

Lampaul-Guimiliau () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Finistere
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge

The , also known as the Pearl Bridge, is the world's longest suspension bridge.
Akashi-Kaikyo connects the island of Honshu with Awaji Island in the Seto Inland Sea. The bridge is part of the Honshu-Shikoku Highway which allows automobiles to cross the Akashi Strait.
History
The construction of the bridge began in May 1988. The bridge was opened on April 5, 1998.
The cost of building the bridge is estimated at 500 billion yen.
References
Other websites
Structurae, Akashi Kaikyo Bridge
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
1998 establishments in Japan
Bridges in Japan
Wage

A wage is money that is paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work. The amount may be fixed for each task completed (this is called piece rate); or it may be based on time or other measurable quantity of work done.
Work for wages is the most common form of work. Because of this, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms of employee payment. However, a wage is different to a salary or commission. A salary is where the employer pays an arranged amount at regular intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked or amount of work done. Commission is usually an extra payment based on the performance of the worker or product. Waged employees may also receive "tips" paid directly by clients. They will usually not get the same benefits as those paid with a salary, such as annual leave and sick leave.
Wages are usually paid by the hour. This is called an hourly wage. Wages paid by the day are still common. Wage rates may be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), laws, and tradition. Market forces are perhaps more dominant in the United States, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in Japan. In many countries, laws set a minimum wage that all employers must pay their workers. This means that employers cannot pay workers a lower rate than the minimum wage; however, they can pay them a higher rate. The minimum wage rate is there to protect the working class.
Wages were paid in the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome.
References
Other websites
Salary and wages data collection
Employment
Labor
Income
John Flamsteed

John Flamsteed FRS (19 August 1646 - 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer. He was the first Astronomer Royal, appointed in 1675.
Flamsteed calculated the solar eclipses of 1666 and 1668.
He was responsible for several of the earliest recorded sightings of the planet Uranus, which he mistook for a star and catalogued as '34 Tauri'. The first of these was in December 1690, which remains the earliest known sighting of Uranus by an astronomer.
Star catalogue and atlas
Flamsteed is also remembered for his conflicts with Isaac Newton, the President of the Royal Society at the time. Flamsteed was refusing to publish work commissioned by the king, so in 1712 Newton and Edmond Halley published a preliminary version of Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica. They did so without crediting the author.
Some years later, Flamsteed managed to buy many copies of the book, and publicly burnt them in front of the Royal Observatory. However, the numerical star designations in this book are still used and are known as Flamsteed designations.
In 1725 Flamsteed's own version of Historia Coelestis Britannica was published posthumously, edited by his wife Margaret. This contained Flamsteed's observations, and included a catalogue of 2,935 stars to much greater accuracy than any previous work. This was considered the first significant contribution of the Greenwich Observatory. In 1729 his wife published his Atlas Coelestis, assisted by Joseph Crosthwait and Abraham Sharp, who were responsible for the technical side.
Further reading
The correspondence of John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal. 1995-2002. Compiled and edited by Eric G. Forbes, Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth. Bristol: Institute of Physics. (v1); (v2) ; (v3)
The Gresham lectures of John Flamsteed. 1975. edited and introduced by Eric G. Forbes. London: Mansell.
Newton's tyranny: the suppressed scientific discoveries of Stephen Gray and John Flamsteed. 2001. David H. Clark & Stephen H.P. Clark. Freeman.
1646 births
1719 deaths
English astronomers
Huey, Dewey and Louie

Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck are Disney characters. They are Donald Duck's nephews and triplets.
The trio first appeared in a newspaper comic strip on October 17, 1937. Their first animated appearance was in the short film Donald's Nephews, released April 15, 1938.
They starred in the 1987 television series DuckTales. In the DuckTales stories they appeared in adventures with their great-uncle, Scrooge McDuck. In the 1990s series Quack Pack the boys were shown as teenagers.
Other websites
Disney characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Fictional ducks
Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelial tissue, a membrane that surrounds several cavities inside of the human body, including the lungs. Although mesothelioma has many possible causes, most cases can be traced to asbestos exposure.
Mesothelioma is a deadly form of cancer. Most patients are diagnosed in their 60s and die at around age 70. It is different from asbestosis, another disease caused by asbestos. Mesothelioma has been the subject of many lawsuits.
References
Cancer
Asbestos
Bosio

Bosio is a comune in the Province of Alessandria in the Piedmont region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Piedmont