pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
E233 series

The is a commuter and suburban electric multiple unit (EMU) train type developed by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) from the earlier E231 series and the E531 series design. The first train was introduced in December 2006 for use on the Chuo Line (Rapid), followed by the E233-1000 series variant in 2007 for use on the Keihin-Tohoku and Negishi lines, the E233-3000 series outer-suburban variant in December 2007 for use on the Tokaido Main Line, and narrow-bodied E233-2000 series variant for Joban Line and Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line inter-running services. Further variants were built for use on the Keiyo Line, Yokohama Line, Saikyo Line, and Nambu Line.
Gallery
Electric multiple units
Daniel Offenbacher

Daniel Offenbacher(born February 18, 1992 in Scheifling, Austria) is an Austrian football player. He is playing for the Red Bull Juniors, the second team of F.C. Red Bull Salzburg, in the Regionalliga West (3rd level in Austrian football) as midfielder. 2011 he signed a contract for the first team. Currently he is playing on loan with Blau-Weiss Linz in the Second League.
Career
He started playing in his local club SV Scheifling in Styria. 2006 he came to Red Bull Salzburg academy and played in their youth teams. His first professional match was on 16 October 2009 in a match versus FC Wacker Innsbruck for the Red Bull Juniors. His first match in the first squad was exactly one year later when he substituted Ibrahim Sekagya in minute 68 in a league match versus SV Kapfenberg. 2010 he became regular member of the Juniors and played four times in the first squad. With the second squad he became champion of the Regionalliga West. He also was member of the Austrian team for the FIFA U20 World Cup in 2011.
Honours
Champion of Austrias Regionalliga West 2010/11
Member of the Austrian team for the FIFA U20 World Cup 2011
References
1992 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
People from Styria
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Asa Briggs

Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs (7 May 1921 - 15 March 2016) was an English historian. He was a leading specialist on the Victorian era. He was a well-known historian of broadcasting in Britain. He was made a life peer in 1976. Briggs was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire.
Briggs died in Lewes, East Sussex on 15 March 2016. He was aged 94.
References
1921 births
2016 deaths
English historians
People from Yorkshire
Esox

Esox is a genus of fresh water fish. It is the only living genus in the family Esocidae. The oldest known example of an Esox is Esox tiemani. It dates to about 62 million years ago and was found in Alberta, Canada. They are commonly called pike and pickerel. They are found in the northern parts of North America, Europe and Asia. One species, Esox lucius, the Northern pike, is found in both Europe and North America. Esox are large predatory fish with a long cylindrical body. They have a green color (various shades) with yellow eyes. Pike and pickerel share a forked tail fin and a large pointed head. Their dorsal and anal fins are located far back on their bodies. All species have very sharp teeth.
Species
Currently there are five species in the Esox genus. The study of this family is not complete. There are several known hybrids between species which occur naturally. The five species are:
Esox lucius - The northern pike; found in both Eurasia and North America.
Esox reichertii - The Amur pike; found in the Amur river in Asia.
Esox masquinongy - The Muskellunge; found in northern and eastern North America.
Esox niger - The Chain pickerel; native to the U.S. states of Georgia and North Carolina.
Esox americanus - The redfin pickerel; also found in Georgia and North Carolina.
There is an extinct species called Esox tiemani.
Forage
All species of Esox are predatory feeders. They eat other fish, small mammals and birds. Pike will eat almost anything that doesn't eat them first.
References
Other websites
University of Esox
Northern Pike, Esox lucius
Chain Pickerel Esox niger
Redfin pickerel
Amur pike in Russia
Esociformes
Freshwater fish
Don't Stop Me Now

"Don't Stop Me Now" is a 1979 song by Queen and is taken from their seventh studio album Jazz. It went to number 9 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in Ireland, number 14 in the Netherlands and number 86 in the United States. It was covered by McFly in 2006.
References
1979 songs
Queen (band) songs
McFly songs
Hard rock songs
LGBT songs
Pop rock songs
Power pop songs
Vladimir Petrov (ice hockey)

Vladimir Vladimirovich Petrov (; 30 June 1947 - 28 February 2017) was a Russian Soviet ice hockey player. He was an Olympic gold medalist twice (1972, 1976) and silver medalist (1980). He was born in Krasnogorsk.
Petrov died on 28 February 2017 in Moscow, at the age of 69.
References
Other websites
1947 births
2017 deaths
Russian ice hockey players
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Soviet Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Moscow
Ice hockey centres
Competitors at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Boxer briefs

Boxer briefs are men's underwear. They are tight like briefs but still have long legs like boxer shorts. They are popular and are worn by lots of teenagers and young men. They are sometimes called retropants, retros or retro shorts. They are are fashionable men's underwear that, unlike boxer shorts, are not cut wide, but rather fit snugly on the skin. That keeps the penis and testicles from moving and bouncing a lot, which some men find uncomfortable. The name retros is used because the cut or style comes from underwear styles from the 1950s or even earlier. Boxer briefs reversed the trend from the 1960s through the 1980s in which the popular cuts (styles) of underwear and swimwear became smaller and smaller, especially for teenagers and younger men.
Boxer briefs are usually made of soft material and can be made in different colours. Some boxer briefs have an opening with buttons on the front. Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. The waistband is often a separate piece of elastic and is sometimes in a color. Some boxer briefs have elastic at the end of the legs, and stitching across the bottom. Waistband elastics with the brand name in large letters are sometimes worn with pants (trousers) hanging lower on the hips than the elastic so that the brand name is showing. Pants (trousers) that hang lower on the hips than the underwear elastic are called saggers and the style is called sagging or, in some countries, "low-riding". Having the elastic showing was a style some boys, teenagers and young men liked. It started in the late 1980s but sometimes came back into fashion in later decades.
Some looser styles of boxer briefs offer a compromise or middle option between very snug boxer briefs and lightweight, loose-fitting boxer shorts.
Image gallery
References
Underwear
Bottoms (clothing)
Burgin, Kentucky

Burgin is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
Simone D'Andrea

Simone D'Andrea (Milano,1973) is an Italian voice actor.
He is the italian voice of James from Pokemon.
He is married with the voice actress Cristiana Rossi.
1973 births
Actors from Milan
Italian voice actors
ASP.NET

ASP.NET is a scripting language that was made by Microsoft. It helps make web pages more interactive by allowing developers to develop for the web. It allows developers to use languages like Visual C++, Visual C#, Visual Basic and Visual F# to make websites.
Programming languages
Microsoft Visual Studio
Lukenie River

The Lukenie River is a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Rivers of Africa
Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Marco Reus

Marco Reus (born 31 May 1989) is a German association football player who plays for
Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national football team. Reus is known for his speed and his ability to adapt easily to a new position. He was included in Germany's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad, however he was injured in a game before the World Cup, so he could not play.
Career statistics
Club
International
He became the first Germany player to score a for his country at Russia 2018 after the footballing nation's poor start to the tournament.
International
References
1989 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Dortmund
Borussia Dortmund squad
Borussia Dortmund players
Applied mathematics

Applied mathematics is a field of mathematics which uses mathematics to solve problems of other branches of science. The contrary notion is pure mathematics. There are many fields:
Approximation theory: Sometimes it is not possible to get an exact solution to a problem, because this might take too long, or it may not be possible at all. Approximation theory looks at ways to get a solution which is close to the exact one, and which can be obtained faster.
Numerical analysis and simulation: This field investigates various algorithms to get approximations for mathematical problems. The study of numerical linear algebra and validated numerics are also included in this field.
Probability and Statistics: How likely is it that something will happen? - If a coin is flipped 100 times, and lands heads up 53 times, is this coin good for games of chance, or should another one be taken?
Optimization is about finding better solutions to problems.
In ecology certain things are known about populations of animals or plants. This is usually called Population model. Biologists use them to tell how a population changes over time.
References
Related pages
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM)
International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS)
International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Japan Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (JSIAM, Japanese counterpart of SIAM)
Japan Society for Simulation Technology (JSST, Japanese counterpart of IMACS)
Other websites
The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) is a professional society for promoting the interaction between mathematics and other scientific and technical communities. With organizing and sponsoring many conferences, SIAM is a major publisher of research journals and textbooks in applied mathematics.
The Applicable Mathematics Research Group at Notre Dame University
Centre for Applicable Mathematics at Liverpool Hope University
Applicable Mathematics research group at Glasgow Caledonian University
Ramenskoye

Ramenskoye is a city in Moscow Oblast, and was home to the football club Saturn Moscow Oblast. About 82,074 people lived there as of 2002.
Cities and towns in Moscow Oblast
President of the Navajo Nation

The President of the Navajo Nation () is the head of government of the Navajo Nation. The office was created in 1991 following restructuring of the national government. The president and vice president are elected every four years, and can only serve two terms in office.
List
References
Electoral district of Monbulk

Monbulk is an electoral district of Victoria. It was created in 1967. It is in the Eastern Victoria Region.
Election results
|-
| bgcolor=#292A67 |
| style="text-align:left;"| Australia One
| style="text-align:left;"| Craig Cole
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,069
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.0
| style="text-align:right;"| +5.0
|-
References
Monbulk
Rock of Ages Corporation

Rock of Ages Corporation is a company in Vermont. It mines granite, which it sells largely for use in memorials, though it also makes smaller products.
It was started in 1885, and has its headquarters in Graniteville, Vermont, which is close to Barre.
There are around 230 people who work for the company. Rock of Ages had a profit of about $800,000 in 2008.
In October 2010, another mining company, Swenson Granite Company, said it would buy Rock of Ages for $39 million.
Rock of Ages runs the largest granite quarry in the world. It is about deep, and covers about 50 acres.
References
Mining companies
Companies based in Vermont
1885 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Vermont
Julian Assange

Julian Paul Assange (born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, publisher and journalist. He is a spokesman and editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks, which is a website that posts news leaks. He started the website in 2006. He was born in Townsville, Queensland. He also made a program called Rubberhose (file system) to hide secret information in a specific way that protects against torture.
Assange was the Readers' Choice for Time Person of the Year in 2010 after getting the most Internet votes. However, Mark Zuckerberg, who started Facebook, won the actual award.
In 2012, facing extradition to Sweden, he was granted political asylum by Ecuador and took refuge at the Embassy of Ecuador, London.
On 11 January 2018, it was announced that Assange had held Ecuadorian citizenship since 12 December 2017.
Ecuadorian President Lenin Moreno said on 27 July 2018 that he had begun talks with British authorities to withdraw the asylum for Assange. On 11 April 2019, Ecuador withdrew Assange's asylum and he was arrested by the Metropolitan Police shortly afterwards. His lawyers said they will fight extradition to the United States.
In November 2019, it was reported that Assange is in bad health, has depression and "could die in prison" if not hospitalized.
The extradition to the United States hearing (a pre-trial discussion in a court) for Assange began in London on February 24, 2020. The next set of hearings is scheduled for May.
References
1971 births
Living people
Australian journalists
Australian activists
Ecuadorian people
Extradition
University of Melbourne alumni
Writers from Queensland
Gianluigi Saccaro

Gianluigi Saccaro (29 December 1938 - 17 February 2021) was an Italian fencer. He won a gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics, a silver at the 1964 Games and a bronze at the 1968 Games. He also competed at the 1972 Olympics, both individually and with the Italian team, but failed to reach the finals. He was born in Milan.
Saccaro died on 17 February 2021 at the age of 82.
References
1938 births
2021 deaths
Italian Olympic silver medalists
Italian Olympic gold medalists
Italian Olympic bronze medalists
Italian fencers
Sportspeople from Milan
Elementary algebra

Elementary algebra is the most basic form of algebra taught to students. It is often one of the next areas of mathematics taught to students after arithmetic. While in arithmetic only numbers and operators like +, -, x, and / occur; in algebra, variables (like a, x, y) are used to stand for numbers. This is useful because:
It lets people solve problems about "unknown" numbers. This means learning about equations and how to solve them (for example, "find a number x where ").
It allows the generalization of the rules from arithmetic. While some students understand that , it helps to prove that for all a and b. This makes algebra a good step to learning about abstraction (learning general ideas from many examples).
It helps people understand and create functional relationships (also sometimes called cause and effect). An example of this is "if x tickets are sold, then the profit will be dollars".
These three are the main strands of elementary algebra. Elementary algebra is often used in many other subjects, like science, business, and building. Abstract algebra, a much more advanced topic, is generally taught late in college.
Simple algebra problems
If an equation has only one number that is unknown it is sometimes easy to solve. The unknown number is called "x":
To solve a simple equation with one unknown amount add, subtract, multiply, or divide both sides of the equation by the same number in order to put the unknown amount, x, on one side of the equation. Once x is by itself on one side, use arithmetic to determine the amount on the other side of the equation. For example, by subtracting 4 from both sides in the equation above:
getting:
Dividing both sides by 2:
getting:
It may help to think of this equation as a see-saw or balance, what you do to one side, you must do to the other and your main aim is to get x by itself.
Definitions
has the following components:
1 : Exponent (power), 2 : Coefficient, 3 : term, 4 : operator, 5 : constant, : variables
Notes
Algebra
Budō

Budo is a Japanese term describing modern Japanese martial arts. Budo, which means "the martial ways", has its origins in bushido, "the way of the warrior". The budo arts include aikido, judo, jukendo, Kendo, Kyudo, naginata, shorinji kempo and sumo. In battle, budo teaches defense with the ideas of nonviolence and spiritual enlightenment. Originally designed for warfare, budo became a way of self-defense. From his book Meditations on Violence, Rory Miller wrote:
"It is better to avoid than to run; better to run than to de-escalate; better to de-escalate than to fight; better to fight than to die. Budo is based on the principles of Zen. The term budo is often used in another sense to refer to specific martial arts such as Akai Budo, Judo and Kendo.
References
Japanese martial arts
Spirituality
Johnny Crawford

John Ernest Crawford (March 26, 1946 - April 29, 2021) was an American actor, singer, and musician. He first became well known as a Mouseketeer in Mickey Mouse Club. He also became known for playing Mark McCain in the ABC Western series The Rifleman.
In 2019, it was reported that Crawford was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died on April 29, 2021 at the age of 75.
References
1946 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American child actors
American bandleaders
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Ryūjin

Ryujin (Japanese Long Shen "dragon god", also called Rinjin and Owatatsumi) was the god of the sea in Japanese mythology. He was a dragon, a symbol of the power of the ocean, had a very big mouth, and could transform into human shape. Ryujin lived in Ryugu-jo, his palace under the sea built out of red and white coral, from where he was believed to control the tides with magical tide jewels. Sea turtles, fish and jellyfish were Ryujin's servants.
Ryujin was the father of the beautiful goddess Otohime who married the hunter prince Hoori. The first Emperor of Japan, Emperor Jimmu, is said to have been a grandson of Otohime and Hoori's. This means, Ryujin is believed to be one of the ancestors of the Japanese imperial dynasty.
A legend about Ryujin is the story about how the jellyfish lost its bones. This story tells that once, Ryujin wanted to eat monkey's heart, and sent the jellyfish to get him a monkey. The monkey managed to escape from the jellyfish by telling him that he had put his heart in a jar in the forest, and offered to go and get it. When the jellyfish came back and told Ryujin what had happened, Ryujin became so angry that he beat the jellyfish until its bones were all broken.
Other websites
Ryujin at the Encyclopedia Mythica.
Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology
Shinto
LaFace Records

LaFace Records was an American record label. It was owned and operated by Sony Music Entertainment.
LaFace was formed in 1989 as a joint venture between the producer duo Antonio "'L.A." Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and Arista Records. The combined nicknames of the duo's successful production company inspired the name of the label.
LaFace became a successful label throughout the 1990s, responsible for producing popular artists such as TLC, Toni Braxton, OutKast, Pink, Usher, Goodie Mob, Ciara, Donell Jones, Pressha and Cee-Lo Green. Towards the end of the decade, LaFace produced fewer artists and Babyface began to focus more on his own music career.
In 2011, LaFace became defunct.
1989 establishments in the United States
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American record labels
Nura M Inuwa

Nura Musa Inuwa (born 18 September 1989), also called M Inuwa, is a Nigerian Hausa musician, artist and movie producer.
Career
Inuwa has over 500 songs which were used in Kannywood films. Inuwas successfully sang a campaign song to opposition candidate Alhaji Atiku Abubakar in 2019, the former Vice President Nigeria.
Discography
Inuwa discography includes the following
Hubbi, Dan Baiwi, Alkawariri, Dawo dawo, Wata Ruga, Yar Fulani, Salm, Labarina, Yan Arewa, Duniyar Masoya, Mailaya, In Kaiya Zance, Daren Alkhairi, Basaja, Alkawari, Mai Gadon Zin, Zurfin Ciki etci5]
References
1989 births
Living people
Nigerian singers
People from Kano State
Mid back unrounded vowel

The mid back unrounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Vowels
Benny Chan

Benny Chan Muk-Sing (; 7 October 1961 - 23 August 2020) was a Hong Kong movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in British Hong Kong. During the 1990s, he directed movies like Big Bullet (1996), Who Am I? (1998), and Gen-X Cops (1999).
In 2019, Chan was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer. He died at a hospital in Hong Kong from the disease on 23 August 2020, aged 58.
References
1961 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from nasopharynx cancer
Chinese movie directors
Chinese movie producers
Chinese screenwriters
1204

1204 (MCCIV) was .
Events
February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor.
April 12 - The Fourth Crusade take Constantinople by storm, and pillage the city for three days. End of the Fourth Crusade.
May 16 - Baldwin, Count of Flanders is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire a week after his election by the members of the Fourth Crusade.
Theodore I Lascaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.
Boniface of Montferrat, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris and Pope Innocent III.
Valdemar II, King of Denmark, is recognized as king in Norway.
Angers and Normandy are recaptured from England by Philip II of France.
The Cistercian convent of Port-Royal is established.
The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria.
Philip of Swabia becomes a subject of Hermann I of Thuringia.
Beaulieu Abbey founded.
Jersey enjoys self-government thanks to the division of the Duchy of Normandy.
Births
Haakon IV, King of Norway (died 1263)
Heinrich Raspe, Landgraf of Thuringia (died 1247)
Abu 'Uthman Sa'id Hakam al Qurashi, Ra'is of Manurqa (died 1282)
Deaths
January 1 - King Haakon III of Norway
February 8 - Alexius IV Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
March 31 - Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of France and England
August 11 - King Guttorm of Norway
August 14 - Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (born 1182)
October 21 - Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester
December 13 - Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (born 1135)
Ban Kulin - ruler of Bosnia (born 1163)
Amalric of Bena, French theologian
William de Burgh, English politician
Emeric of Hungary (born 1174)
Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
Suleiman II of Rum
David Soslani, Prince of Ossetia
Massachusett

The Massachusett were a Native American tribe in the Northeastern Woodlands. They lived around the Boston area in what is now Massachusetts. Many Natives died from European diseases like smallpox. They were one of the first Natives the British colonists met. They were part of the Algonquian language family. The missionary John Eliot converted many Native peoples to Christianity.
References
Native Americans
Thallium(I) fluoride

Thallium(I) fluoride, also known as thallous fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlF. It has thallium and fluoride ions. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.
Properties
Thallium(I) fluoride is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. It also dissolves in ethanol. It absorbs a little water in wet air.
Preparation
It is made by reacting thallium(I) oxide or thallium(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.
Related pages
Thallium(III) oxide
Thallium(I) chloride
References
Thallium compounds
Fluorine compounds
List of colonial governors of Bechuanaland

This is a list of the colonial heads of Bechuanaland Protectorate, which gained independence as Botswana in 1966. From 1885 to 1891 the post was known as Deputy Commissioner; from 1891 to 1964 as Resident Commissioner; and from 1964 to independence as The Queen's Commissioner.
In the table below, dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office.
For continuation after independence see: Heads of State of Botswana
Sources
http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana
African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland
Heads of State and Government, 2nd Edition, John V da Graca, MacMillan Press 2000
Whitaker's Almanack 1965, J. Whitaker and Sons Ltd
References
Botswana-related lists
Soumaoro Kanté

Soumaoro Kante (also written Sumanguru Kante) was a king of the Sosso people during the 13th century. The Sosso formed their kingdom in the 1180s, after the collapse of the Ghana Empire.
In the Epic of Sundiata, Soumaoro is portrayed as a villain. He is said to have been a supernatural warrior with eight heads rising above his own. Many of his military victories were associated with his supernatural powers.
In 1203, Soumaoro captured Koumbi, the old capital of Ghana. He conquered several neighbouring peoples, including nine other kingdoms in the early 1200s. Among these were the Mandinka in what is now Mali. Soumaoro killed all of the Mandinka king's sons except one. This son, Sundiata Keita, was a cripple, and Soumaoro did not believe him to be a threat.
A short time later, however, Sundiata built an alliance of smaller kingdoms to oppose Soumaoro. Legends describe Sundiata as having supernatural powers as well. In 1230, Sundiata founded the Mali Empire. He defeated Soumaoro at the Battle of Kirina in 1235.
Sourmaoro ruled as a tyrant. His empire lasted a little more that 30 years. He was unable to maintain stability. He also made his people pay heavy taxes. He made them give him large amounts of gold, food, and livestock. On top of that he demanded that his subjects turn over the most beautiful women for his pleasure and the strongest boys to be his slaves. He killed anyone suspected of becoming a potential threat to his rule. Although he was successful on the battlefield, Sumanguru an arrogant, brutal and intolerant ruler. He failed at winning the faith and loyalty of the people he had hoped to unify under his rule.
References
Malian people
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Kings and queens
Daniele Mortari

Daniele Mortari (born 30 June 1955) is Professor of Aerospace Engineering at Texas A&M University.
References
Lateen

A lateen (from French latine, meaning "Latin") or latin-rig is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast. It runs in a fore-and-aft direction.
Dating back to Roman navigation, the lateen became the favorite sail of the Age of Discovery. This was mainly because it allowed a boat to tack "against the wind". It is common in the Mediterranean, the upper Nile River, and the northwestern parts of the Indian Ocean. It is the standard rig for feluccas and dhows. Another form is used on small recreational boats like the Sailfish and Sunfish.
Operation
A square sail is a very simple device. It catches a following wind and pushes the vessel forward. The lateen sail is more complex. It is set at an angle to the wind. It works by creating a difference in air pressure between the two sides (concave and convex) of the sail. This is the same way a fore-and-aft sail works. This is why the lateen sail is considered the ancestor of the fore-and-aft sail. The advantages of the lateen sail is that it is effective in lighter winds. It causes less drag and so is more efficient. It allows the vessel to sail much "closer to the wind" (meaning it can sail at up to about 45 degrees into the wind). This made the lateen sail a very important invention.
Development
The lateen sail did not directly come from the square sail. There was an intermediate sail type called the lug sail. It was one of the earliest fore-and-aft rigs. It was developed for use on the Indian Ocean. Sailors knew that the wind does not always come from behind the vessel. They learned that the square sail could be made more efficient by turning it on the mast so it remained at a right angle to the wind. When used with a keel and some form of steering, it provided more options. Instead of simply sailing downwind, the vessel could move in different directions relative to the direction of the wind. If the wind came from the beam (side of the ship), rotating the sail became less effective. But, if the luff (edge of the sail) was pointed into the wind and kept taut, the sail would provide forward movement. This could be made more effective if the yard (or spar) holding the sail is sloped downward into the wind. From this discovery came the lug, then the lateen.
History
In ancient history the square sail was used in the Mediterranean. It was used on seagoing ships of the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. In Northern Europe at this time, they only used the square sail. This was even after the ships in the Mediterranean were using the triangular lateen sails.
The 15th and 16th century caravel was a favorite type of ship used in the Portuguese and Spanish voyages of discovery. In addition to their distinctive single sterncastle, they carried lateen sails. During this time the caravel developed into a very fast and highly maneuverable ship. Two of Christopher Columbus's ships, the Nina and the Pinta were caravels. He repeatedly praised the Nina as his fastest and favorite ship.
References
Other websites
Lateen sailing; YouTube
Sailing ships
Landerneau

Landerneau () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Finistere
Morlanwelz

Morlanwelz is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, 18723 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 27 North, 04deg 14 East.
References
Municipalities of Hainaut
Strahlungen

Strahlungen is a municipality in Rhon-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Rhon-Grabfeld
Fanny Elssler

Fanny Elssler (23 June 1810 - 27 November 1884) was an Austrian ballerina of the Romantic period.
1810 births
1884 deaths
Ballerinas
Austrian entertainers
Twyla Tharp

Twyla Tharp (born July 1 1941) is an American dancer and choreographer. She lives and works in New York City.
Her work often uses classical music, jazz, and contemporary pop music. In 1973, Tharp choreographed the ballet Deuce Coupe to the music of The Beach Boys. It is considered to be the first crossover ballet. Later she choreographed Push Comes to Shove. That ballet featured Mikhail Baryshnikov and is now thought to be the best example of the crossover ballet.
Tharp has choreographed dances for many important ballet companies around the world. She also has had success on Broadway. In 1985, her staging of Singin' in the Rain, played at the Gershwin for 367 performances. Her dance musical Movin' Out ran for 1,331 performances on Broadway. The musical is set to the music and lyrics of Billy Joel. It received 10 Tony Award nominations and Tharp was named Best Choreographer.
Honors and awards
Twyla Tharp received two Emmy Awards, 19 honorary doctorates, the Vietnam Veterans of America President's Award, the 2004 National Medal of the Arts.
Tharp was inducted into the Academy of Achievement in 1993.
She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree for 2008.
Movies
Hair
Ragtime
Amadeus
White Nights
I'll Do Anything
References
Writers from New York City
American stage actors
1941 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
Tony Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Writers from Indiana
Drama Desk Award winners
Actors from Indiana
Actors from New York City
American choreographers
American dancers
Hōmyō dōji

Homyo doji () is a story from Japanese folklore. It is about a man who has a son. The son has to be a human sacrifice to a snake. He does not get sacrificed. Another boy named Homyo offers to sacrifice himself instead. Homyo's father is dead. Homyo is a Buddhist. A Bodhisattva saves him from dying. Homyo meets the king. The king does not like Buddhism, the religion that Homyo believes in. Homyo tells the king his story. The king becomes a Buddhist and quits his job as king.
References
Other websites
Digitised scans of the Homyo doji e-hon, Library of Congress, North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources: Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3.
Buddhism
Japanese folklore
Martin F. Conway

Martin Franklin Conway (November 19, 1827 - February 15, 1882) was a U.S. congressman, consul to France, abolitionist, and supporter of the Free-State movement in Kansas.
Career
Conway moved to the Kansas Territory in 1854. He first started working as a special correspondent for the Baltimore Sun.
In 1860, Conway was elected as representative to the U.S. Congress under the Wyandotte Constitution. When Kansas entered the Union in January 1861, he was the new state's first congressman. He served as a Republican until March 3, 1863.
Conway died on February 15, 1882.
References
1827 births
1882 deaths
Kansas Republicans
19th-century American politicians
Gavin MacLeod

Gavin MacLeod (born Allan George See, February 28, 1931 - May 29, 2021) was an American movie, stage, and television actor who was known for his role as Captain Merrill Stubing in The Love Boat and as Murray Slaughter in The Mary Tyler Moore Show.
He was born in Mount Kisco, New York on February 28, 1931. He was married to Joan Devore from 1954 until they divorced in 1972, they had four children. He was married to Patti Kending from 1972 until they divorced in 1982 and remarried in 1985.
MacLeod died at his home in Palm Desert, California on May 29, 2021 at the age of 90.
References
Other websites
NNDB Entry
1931 births
2021 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American activists
Actors from New York (state)
People from Mount Kisco, New York
Vernon, Alabama

Vernon is a city in Lamar County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,143. The city is the county seat of Lamar County.
Notable residents
Dan Penn, songwriter, born in Vernon.
Mitch Lucas, Christian evangelist/missionary, raised in Vernon.
Troy Hankins, successful Alaskan businessman and entrepreneur born and raised in Vernon.
Terry Moore, born in Vernon, major league baseball player
Guy Morton, born in Vernon, major league baseball player
Reuben Houston "Rube" Burrow--The most wanted outlaw of the late 1880s, he committed a series of train robberies along with his younger brother James Buchanan "Jim" Burrow.
References
Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Doris Roberts

Doris Roberts (November 4, 1925 - April 17, 2016) was an American actress. She acted in movies, television and on stage. She was known for her role as Marie Barone in the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond.
Roberts died in Los Angeles, California, on April 17, 2016, at age 90 in her sleep, due to a stroke.
References
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Emmy Award winners
Deaths from stroke
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
1925 births
2016 deaths
New Hampshire's 1st congressional district

New Hampshire's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. Democrat Chris Pappas is the representative since elected in 2018. It contains contains parts of Hillsborough, Rockingham, Merrimack, Grafton and Belknap counties; and the entirety of Strafford and Carroll counties.
References
01
Gloria Jean

Gloria Jean (April 14, 1926 - August 31, 2018) was an American actress and singer. She starred or co-starred in 26 feature movies between 1939 and 1959. Her best known roles were in The Under-Pup, Pardon My Rhythm, and Manhattan Angel.
Jean died of heart failure in Mountain View, Hawaii on August 31, 2018 at the age of 92.
References
Other websites
Gloria Jean Sings: tribute website with clips
1926 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American child actors
Singers from Buffalo, New York
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Iran at the Asian Para Games

Iran first participated at the Asian Para Games in 2010, and has sent athletes to compete in every Asian Para Games since then. The National Paralympic Committee for Iran is the I.R. Iran National Paralympic Committee.
Asian Para Games
Medals by Games
Asian Youth Para Games
Medals by Games
References
Asian Paralympic Committee
Asian Para Games
Other websites
Official website of the Iran Paralympic Committee
Asian Para Games
Iran at multi-sport events
George Wein

George Wein (October 3, 1925 - September 13, 2021) was an American jazz promoter, pianist, and producer. He was the founder of the Newport Jazz Festival. He also co-founded the Newport Folk Festival with Peter Seeger and Theodore Bikel. He also founded the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival.
Wein died on September 13, 2021 at his home in New York City at the age of 95.
References
Other websites
Newport Festivals Foundation
Biography from the National Endowment for the Arts
"A Fireside Chat With George Wein", by Fred Jung, AllAboutJazz.com interview from 2003]
Well-Rounded Radio's 2010 interview with George Wein
George Wein: A Conversation with the Father of the Newport Jazz and Folk Festivals
George Wein papers, Institute of Jazz Studies, Rutgers University
1925 births
2021 deaths
American jazz musicians
American jazz singers
Musicians from Boston
Singers from Boston
Semillitas

Semillitas is an American Spanish-language pay television channel owned by the media company SomosTV, headed by Luis Villanueva (President & CEO of SOMOS Group). The channel targets children 0-5 years of age with the objective of preserving Hispanic cultural roots and language through entertaining and violence free programming, specifically animation and is distributed in a format without traditional television advertisement. Semillitas, produced in High Definition, programs animation in Spanish 24-hours a day, with closed captioning and video description, utilizing Standard Spanish dialogue.
References
Other websites
http://www.somostv.net
American television channels
American television networks
2006 establishments in the United States
Potter Stewart

Potter Stewart (January 23, 1915December 7, 1985) was an American judge. He was the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1958 through 1981. During his tenure, he made, among other areas, major contributions to criminal justice reform, civil rights, access to the courts, and views of the Fourth Amendment.
Stewart died of a stroke at his Hanover, New Hampshire home on December 7, 1985, aged 70.
References
Other websites
Biography, bibliography, location of papers on Potter Stewart at Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.
Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court media on Potter Stewart.
Supreme Court Historical Society, Potter Stewart.
1915 births
1985 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Supreme Court justices
People from Jackson, Michigan
Monosodium glutamate

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), also known as sodium glutamate, is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. It is a chemical used to make foods taste better. This works because savory flavors are enhanced. That means the savory flavors are stronger. MSG is found in most foods. It is in higher concentrations in high protein foods such as meat, fish and dairy products. It has the E number of 621. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classed MSG as a food additive that is "generally recognized as safe". However, the FDA requires that it be listed on the label.
References
Sodium compounds
Ajit Pai

Ajit Varadaraj Pai (born January 10, 1973) is an American attorney. He served as the Chairman of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 2017 to 2021. He is the first Indian American to hold the office.
Early life
Pai was born in Buffalo, New York. He was raised in Parsons, Kansas. Pai studied at Harvard University and at the University of Chicago.
Early political career
He has served in various positions at the FCC since being appointed to the commission by President Barack Obama in May 2012, at the recommendation of Mitch McConnell. He was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate on May 7, 2012, and was sworn in on May 14, 2012, for a five-year term.
Chairman of the FCC
In January 2017, President Donald Trump named Pai as Chairman of the agency.
In March 2017, Trump announced that he would renominate Pai to serve another five-year term at the FCC, which will require confirmation by the U.S. Senate. Before his appointment to the FCC, Pai held positions with the Department of Justice, the United States Senate, the FCC's Office of General Counsel, and Verizon Communications.
On May 18, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission took the first formal step toward dismantling the net neutrality rules.
Pai was confirmed by the U.S. Senate for an extra five-year term as FCC Chairman on October 2, 2017.
He became well known in 2017 in his criticism and attempt to end the Obama-era policy net neutrality. It received wide criticism.
On November 30, 2020, Pai announced his plans to leave the FCC. He resigned from his post as FCC Chairman on January 20, the day that Joe Biden was inaugurated as President of the United States.
Personal life
Pai lives in Arlington, Virginia, with his wife Janine Van Lancker, daughter Annabelle Malathi Pai, and son Alexander Madhav Pai.
References
Other websites
1973 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Buffalo, New York
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Politicians from Kansas
Businesspeople from Kansas
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission
Stadium Arcadium

Stadium Arcadium is the ninth studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on May 9, 2006 by record label Warner Bros. Records. It sold 442,000 copies in the U.S. in the first week. It also appeared in the number one position on the Billboard 200 chart. According to Anthony Kiedis, Stadium Arcadium was going to be three different albums that the band would release; one every six months. However, they changed their mind and made one big double album. Critics said in reviews of Stadium Arcadium that the music on it was not very original, and was similar to the band's older work. However, they said it was still very good music. Stadium Arcadium won a Grammy Award, and so did "Dani California", the first single.
References
2006 albums
Red Hot Chili Peppers albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Indian Navy

The Indian Navy is the naval part of the Indian Armed Forces.
In 2010, the Indian Navy had 58,350 personnel, around 170 ships and 180 aircraft. It is the world's fourth largest navy in terms of personnel.
Aircraft carriers
Currently, the Indian Navy has one aircraft carrier. Two more are being built and will enter service by 2012 and 2015.
The carrier that the Indian Navy currently uses is called INS Viraat. INS Viraat was bought by India from the United Kingdom in 1986.
References
Navies
Indian military organizations
Walter Pidgeon

Walter Pidgeon (September 23, 1897 - September 25, 1984) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. He starred in many movies, including Forbidden Planet. He died in Santa Monica, California.
Other websites
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Canadian movie actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
1897 births
1984 deaths
Cebu City

Cebu City is a metropolis. It is one of the largest cities in the Philippines. It is the capital of Cebu Province.
It is often called the "Queen City of the South". Cebu is the main center of Christianity in the Philippines. The city has a lot of interesting history. Cebu was a fishing village and busy trading port in 1521 when the famous explorer Ferdinand Magellan visited it and died there. The center of the city has become modern and is well developed. There are also 44 smaller towns. Cebu has recently become the favorite tourist spot of the country.
Cities in the Philippines
City
R/K selection theory

r/K selection theory describes the way a species controls its number of offspring.
r-selection species produce many offspring. K-selected species focus on a few. Neither method is in itself superior, and they may occur in the same habitat; e.g., rodents (r-selection) and elephants (K-selection).
The theory was popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but several studies criticized it. The study of life histories has replaced the r/K selection paradigm.
The terminology of r/K-selection was coined by the ecologists Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson, based on their work on island biogeography. Study of the evolution of life history strategies actually has a longer history.
References
Ecology
Galia melon

The Galia melon, also known as sarda in Southeast Asia, is hybrid melon. It comes from a cross between the green-flesh melon cultivar 'Ha-Ogen' and the netted-rind melon cultivar 'Krimka'. It was developed in Israel at the Ne've Yaar Research Center of the Agricultural Research Organisation by Dr. Zvi Karchi. It was released in 1973, and named after Karchi's daughter, whose name means "God's wave" in Hebrew.The Galia melon can look like a cantaloupe the outside and a honeydew inside.
Galia melons have the following characteristics:
average weight is one kilogram.
a rounded shape.
rough lines on the skin.
are yellow when ripe.
they have a sweet taste and smell.
Ripeness is measured by color of the skin, when it starts turning from green to yellow. After cutting, uneaten pieces should be wrapped and refrigerated to keep flavor.
They are not difficult to grow. Galias are now grown in Algeria, Brazil, Guatemala, Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Southern US regions, Costa Rica, Panama, Honduras, Greece, Turkey, Israel, and Egypt.
References
Melons
Imre Kertész

Imre Kertesz (9 November 1929 - 31 March 2016) was a Hungarian author. He was a Holocaust concentration camp survivor. He wrote his autobiographical roman fatelessness. In 2002, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history". He was born in Budapest, Hungary.
Kertesz died in Budapest, Hungary from complications of Parkinson's disease on 31 March 2016, aged 86.
References
Other websites
Article on Kertesz
The Last Word - an interview with Kertesz from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
Imre Kertesz--Nobel Lecture
B.-ing There , a review of the novel Liquidation by Ben Ehrenreich, Village Voice, 20 December 2004
Imre Kertesz on Jewish.hu's list of famous Hungarians
Haaretz article on Kertesz
1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Writers from Budapest
Hungarian Nobel Prize winners
R. C. Soles Jr.

Robert Charles Soles Jr. (December 17, 1934 - February 5, 2021) was an American Democratic politician. He was a member of the North Carolina Senate, representing the 8th district from 1977 to 2011. Before, he was a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1969 to 1976. Soles Jr. was born in Tabor City, North Carolina.
In 2009, multiple men accused Soles Jr. of sexual abuse.
Soles Jr. died on February 5, 2021 in Loris, South Carolina at the age of 86.
References
1934 births
2021 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from North Carolina
Democratic Party (United States) politicians