pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Neptunes

The Neptunes are an American production duo that was formed around 1992 in Virginia Beach, Virginia by Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo.
The Neptunes have produced hit songs for many artists, including N.O.R.E., Clipse, Britney Spears, Jay-Z, Kelis, Mystikal, Justin Timberlake, Busta Rhymes, Usher, Nelly, Gwen Stefani, and Snoop Dogg.
In 2003, the Neptunes released a compilation album, Clones. The album features songs and remixes from several Star Trak artists. The Neptunes won a Grammy Award for "Producer of the Year" in 2004.
In 2009, Billboard ranked the Neptunes number one on their list of the top 10 producers of the decade. In January 2020, the Neptunes were announced to be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame as a part of the 2020 class. In May 2021, Hugo and Williams both received Honorary Doctorates from Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory at Berklee.
Discography
Albums
Clones (2003)
References
Musical duos
American hip hop bands
American record producers
American songwriters
Singers from Virginia
Pharrell Williams
American R&B bands
American rap music groups
American pop music groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups from Virginia
Leuconostoc

Leuconostoc is a gram-positive bacteria, emerging human pathogen found in environment and food products. Risk factors of infection include antibiotic pressure, foreign device, or underlying immune defects. Commercial diagnostics are commonly used to identify gram-positive bacteria, with errors mostly at the species level.
Gram-positive bacteria
Warwick Estevam Kerr

Warwick Estevam Kerr (born September 9, 1922, Santana do Parnaiba, Sao Paulo, Brazil- 15 September 2018) is a Brazilian engineer, geneticist, entomologist, and professor. He made many discoveries in the genetics and sex determination of bees. He is also responsible for the spread of africanized bees across the world.
Other websites
Warwick Estevam Kerr Biography . Brazilian Academy of Sciences.
1922 births
2018 deaths
Geneticists
Sao Paulo (state)
Brazilian scientists
Entomologists
Kulindadromeus

Kulindadromeus is a herbivorous dinosaur, an ornithischian from the Jurassic of Siberia, Russia.
The fossil shows clear signs of feather-like structures on its body. This is important because it was not known whether this group had proto-feathers. These structures probably had the function of temperature regulation: they were not flight feathers.
The original specimen was a partial skull with lower jaws. The volcanic ash layers of the formation form a Konservat-Lagerstatte with exceptional preservation. From 2010 onwards, more fossil material has been discovered, including subadult and juvenile individuals.
Features of the body surface
Specimens show large parts of its body surface (skin or 'integuent'). There are rows of scales on top of its tail and a covering of scales branching into feather-like structures. Until its discovery proto-feathers were thought to be only in the Theropoda. The feather remains discovered are of three types.
The first type consists of hair-like filaments covering the trunk, neck and head. These are up to three centimetres long and resemble the "dino-fuzz" already known from theropods like Sinosauropteryx. The second type shows groups of 1.5 centimetres-long filaments, each group coming from a base plate. These are on the upper arm and thigh. The base plates are ordered in a hexagonal pattern but do not touch each other. The third type is unique. It was found on the upper lower legs and consists of bundles of six or seven ribbon-like structures, up to two centimetres long. Each ribbon is made from about ten parallel filaments up to 0.1 millimetres wide.
The filaments earlier reported in Ornithischia, on Psittacosaurus and Tianyulong, could be homologous to the "protofeathers" found in non-avian theropods. This would imply that feathers are original to the Dinosauria as a whole and possibly to the Archosauria as a whole, since there are similar structures in the Pterosauria.
There are also three types of scales. Overlapping hexagonal scales, up to 3.5 millimetres in diameter, are present on the lower shins. Small round non-overlapping scales, less than one millimetre in cross-section, cover the hands, ankles and feet. The top of the tail is covered by five long rows of arched rectangular scales, measuring up to one by two centimetres. With these scales the trailing edge of each scale slightly overlaps the front edge of the scale behind it. In the middle, to the contrary, a small spur projects forward, covering the trailing edge of the preceding scale. The authors think the scales were not ossified scutes or osteoderms.
References
Ornithischia
Feathered dinosaurs
Yoshinori Ohsumi

(born 9 February 1945) is a Japanese cell biologist. He won the 2016 Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of how cell autophagy works.
Autophagy is the process that cells use to break down and recycle cellular components. This allows the orderly recycling of cellular components.
Ohsumi is a professor in Tokyo Institute of Technology's Frontier Research Center. He got the Kyoto Prize for Basic Science in 2012.
References
1945 births
Living people
Cell biologists
Japanese academics
Japanese biologists
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
Rosporden

Rosporden () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
References
Communes in Finistere
Guru Somasundaram

Guru Somasundaram is an Indian actor who has appeared in Tamil language films. He made his debut (started his career in cinema) in Thiagarajan Kumararaja's Aaranya Kaandam (2011). This film won him much appreciation. Suseenthiran's action film Pandiya Naadu (2013), Karthik Subbaraj's gangster (criminal gangs) film Jigarthanda (2014) and Raju Murugan's political satire (mockery or joke) film Joker (2016) made him popular for his acting. The film Joker got a National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. He is called Kollywood Heath Ledger. He lives in Tiruvannamalai.
Films acted
Web Series
Awards
Behindwoods Gold Medal for Best Actor for 2016.
References
Other websites
Indian movie actors
Forest City, Iowa

Forest City is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
List of rivers of Norway

The following are the 20 longest rivers of Norway ranked by length (in miles):
Glomma (373)
Pasvikelva and Ivalojoki (236) (86 in Norway, 149 in Finland)
Numedalslagen (218)
Gudbrandsdalslagen and Vorma (218)
Tanaelva (216)
Drammensvassdraget (Drammenselva) (187)
Skiensvassdraget (155)
Begna (155)
Otra (152)
Trysilelva (144)
Altaelva (142)
Namsen (141)
Hallingdalselva and Snarumselva (136)
Arendalsvassdraget (Nidelva (Aust-Agder)) (129)
Orklaelva (106)
Renaelva (102)
Vefsna (101)
Nea-Nidelvvassdraget (96)
Karasjohka (96)
Gaula (90)
Other rivers
Other rivers include:
Akerselva
Flakstadelva
References
De lengste elvene i Norge ("The longest rivers in Norway" (Norwegian) from the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate)
Norway
Norway
rivers
Let's Talk About Love

Let's Talk About Love is an English album by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It is her fifth album. It was released November 18, 1997. In 1998, it won "Female Album of the Year " at the Billboard Musica Awards.
Track listing
Charts and certifications
Charts
End of decade charts
Awards
Release history
References
Celine Dion albums
1997 albums
Bipartisan Policy Center

The Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC) is a Washington, D.C.-based think tank that promotes bipartisanship. The organization wants to combine ideas from both the Republican and Democratic parties to fix challenges in the United States. BPC was founded in 2007 by former Senate Majority Leaders Howard Baker, Tom Daschle, Bob Dole, and George J. Mitchell. As of 2021, the founding and current president is Jason Grumet.
References
Think tanks based in the United States
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
Carmen Sarahí

Carmen Sarahi Garcia Saenz (born on 29 June 1981 in Nuevo Laredo) is a Mexican singer, actress, dancer.
Career
Carmen Sarahi was born in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. She is a graduate of the Televisa Arts Education Center. He has faced soap operas such as Rubi, Rebelde, Mujer de madera, Palabra de mujer, Ni contigo ni sin ti, El Juramento (Telemundo), and programs like SOS: Sex and other secrets, Como dice el dicho, La rosa de Guadalupe and Decades, where he was part of the musical group Decadance. He was part of the Guzman team in the program La Voz (Mexico) where he was participating in the third season, reaching the Knockouts where he was defeated by Carolina Ross.
She has recorded voices for movies and cartoons. The most well-known work - in animated films Disney, where she voiced Elsa in Frozen and Frozen II. She performed the Latin American Spanish version of the song "Let It Go" (Libre soy) from the movie "Frozen" and of the song "Into the Unknown" (Mucho mas alla) from the movie "Frozen II".
On February 9, 2020, Sarahi was called to join Idina Menzel, Aurora and eight more of Elsa's international dubbers to perform the song "Into the Unknown" during the 92nd Academy Awards. Every international performer sang one line of the song in a different language: Maria Lucia Heiberg Rosenberg in Danish, Willemijn Verkaik in both German and Dutch, Takako Matsu in Japanese, Sarahi in Latin American Spanish, Lisa Stokke in Norwegian, Kasia Laska in Polish, Anna Buturlina in Russian, Gisela in European Spanish and Gam Wichayanee in Thai.
Personal life
She married to Jose Enrique Davila on 8 November 2014. They have two daughters, Camila (born on 17 March 2016) and Alexa (born on 14 October 2017).
References
1982 births
Living people
Mexican pop singers
Manchester tart

Manchester tart is a traditional English baked tart with a shortcrust pastry shell, spread with raspberry jam, covered with a custard filling and topped with flakes of coconut and a Maraschino cherry. Some have thinly-sliced bananas under the custard.
Manchester tart was often on school dinner menus until the mid-1980s.
Robinson's Bakers of Failsworth says it is the home of the Manchester tart.
References
Cakes
British food
Qutb Shah

Qutb Shah or Qutub Shah was a Sufi Muslim preacher and a religious scholar, a hero, he ruled in Herat Afghanistan in first quarter of 11th century.
He belonged to Imamia sect of Islam, later he was influenced by the teachings of his cousin, Abdul Qadir Gilani, and ended up becoming a Hanbali-Zaydi. His Hanbali-Zaydi Sufi school tries to integrate perfectionism of commandments and agape oriented activism. Ibn Arabi also tried this synergy by admiring Ibn Hazm which raised legal paradoxes and became controversial in ultranomian circles.
Qutb Shah, in first quarter of 11th century, ruled Herat (then Khorasan), where supposedly there was a power vacuum, and people made him their ruler due to his Religious Stature. After taking the throne of Herat, he also joined forces with Mahmud of Ghazni when Mahmud invaded Sub-continent. He ruled Herat until his death. All of his children migrated to modern-day Pakistan, and settled near Salt Range, on his command. He is considered to be the primary ancestor of the Awans. He is buried in Iraq near Imam Musa Kazim.
Asian Sufis
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Walloon Brabant (Chamber of Representatives constituency)

Walloon Brabant is a constituency of Belgium.
Members
Election results
References
Constituencies of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
Union City, Oklahoma

Union City is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
References
Other websites
Town of Union City official website
History of Union City
Towns in Oklahoma
Xosé María Díaz Castro

Xose Maria Diaz Castro (19 February 1914, Guitiriz - 2 October 1990, Lugo) was a Galician poet and translator.
Galician Literature Day is dedicated to him in 2014.
Work
Nimbos (1961) .
Authors that he translated
To Spanish: Verner von Heidenstam, Henrik Pontoppidan, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Rainer Maria Rilke, William Butler Yeats, T. S. Eliot, Walt Whitman, G. K. Chesterton, Frederick Forsyth, Friedrich Schiller, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valery, Alphonse de Lamartine and Paul Claudel.
To English: Federico Garcia Lorca and Rafael Alberti.
References
Further information
AAVV; Homenaxe a X. M. Diaz Castro , Xermolos, Guitiriz, 1987, 192 p., .
Blanco Torrado, A.; A ascension dun poeta, Xose Maria Diaz Castro, Caixa Galicia, Santiago, 1995, 143 p., .
Requeixo, Armando; Xose Maria Diaz Castro, vida e obra , Editorial Galaxia, Vigo, 2014, 200 p., .
Other websites
PoetaDiazCastro.com
A lus do mundo (14'43'') IES Poeta Diaz Castro (YouTube).
O instante eterno (9'52'') (Vimeo).
Spanish poets
1914 births
1990 deaths
Hans Schäfer

Johann "Hans" Schafer (19 October, 1927 - 7 November 2017) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1949-50||rowspan="16"|Koln||rowspan="14"|Oberliga||27||17
|-
|1950-51||27||11
|-
|1951-52||28||14
|-
|1952-53||28||27
|-
|1953-54||28||26
|-
|1954-55||19||10
|-
|1955-56||29||14
|-
|1956-57||22||17
|-
|1957-58||29||15
|-
|1958-59||27||13
|-
|1959-60||20||16
|-
|1960-61||23||19
|-
|1961-62||22||13
|-
|1962-63||26||11
|-
|1963-64||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||22||12
|-
|1964-65||17||8
404||243
404||243
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1952||1||2
|-
|1953||3||0
|-
|1954||7||7
|-
|1955||5||1
|-
|1956||5||0
|-
|1957||3||0
|-
|1958||9||4
|-
|1959||1||0
|-
|1960||0||0
|-
|1961||0||0
|-
|1962||5||1
|-
!Total||39||15
|}
References
1927 births
2017 deaths
German footballers
Sportspeople from Cologne
Keith Valigura

Keith Valigura (November 6, 1957 - January 12, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 16th district from 1985 to 1991. He was born in College Station, Texas.
Valigura died on January 12, 2021, in Conroe, Texas at age 63.
References
1957 births
2021 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Texas
Republican Party (United States) politicians
David Rotem

David Rotem (; 11 January 1949 - 8 June 2015) was an Israeli politician. He served as a member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu between 2007 and 2015. He was born in Bnei Brak to a Orthodox Jewish family, and grew up in Jerusalem.
Rotem died from cardiac arrest on 8 June 2015 in Efrat, West Bank, aged 66.
References
1949 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Members of the Knesset
Jewish Israeli politicians
Yisrael Beiteinu politicians
Abbotsford International Airport

Abbotsford International Airport is a public airport in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada. It is about 4.1 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Abbotsford's city centre.
It is the second-largest airport in the Lower Mainland after Vancouver International Airport. In 2010, it was the nineteenth busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements (102,128) and passengers (503,693).
References
Other websites
Abbotsford International Airport, official web site
Airports in Canada
Kreuth

Kreuth is a municipality and a spa town in the district of Miesbach in Upper Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Official website
Spa towns in Germany
Miesbach (district)
Quirinal Palace

The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply Quirinale) is a historical building in Rome, Italy. It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic.
The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic.
History
The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome.
The palace, on the Via del Quirinale and facing onto the Piazza del Quirinale, was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII
Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace.
The palace was a papal residence until 1870.
In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy.
In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic.
References
Other websites
Official site of the Presidency of Italy (Virtual tour of Quirinal Palace)
Satellite image of the palace and its garden
Buildings and structures in Rome
Palaces in Italy
1583 establishments
1580s establishments in Europe
16th-century buildings and structures
Martins Ferry, Ohio

Martins Ferry is a city in Belmont County, Ohio, United States, on the Ohio River. It is the largest city in Belmont County. 6,915 people lived there as of the 2010 census.
Martins Ferry is part of the Wheeling metropolitan area.
References
Cities in Ohio
Edred of England

King Edred or Eadred (c. 923 - November 23 955) was King of England from 946 until his death. He was a son of King Edward the Elder and Edgiva of Kent. He was king after his brother, King Edmund I. Like both his older brothers, Edred was successful against the Vikings. Edred was a very religious man, but had very poor health (he could barely eat his food). He died on November 23 955, in Frome, Somerset, and was buried in the Old Minster at Winchester. His nephew, King Edwy, became king after him.
Family tree
923 births
955 deaths
House of Wessex
People buried in Winchester Cathedral
All Star (song)

"All Star" is a 1999 American rock song from Smash Mouth. It was released on May 4, 1999. It was the second single off their album Astro Lounge.
"All Star" hit #2 on the Billboard Modern Tracks Chart and #4 on the Billboard Hot 100.
The song got positive reviews from the critics. It lasts three minutes and twenty one seconds.
In other media
The song has been used in the 1999 movies Mystery Men and Inspector Gadget.
Shrek
The song was most notably used in the beginning of the first Shrek movie where Shrek relaxes at his swamp with the song playing.
Music memes
Rock songs
Shrek music
1999 songs
Smash Mouth songs
Michael Medwin

Michael Hugh Medwin OBE (18 July 1923 - 26 February 2020) was an English actor and movie producer. His best known roles were in Shoestring, Scrooge and in The Army Game.
Medwin was born on 18 July 1923 in London, England. He studied at Canford School and at the Institute Fischer. Medwin retired in 2008. He died on 26 February 2020, aged 96.
References
Other websites
1923 births
2020 deaths
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English movie producers
Actors from London
Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III (; February 29, 1468 - November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 1534 to 1549.
Early life
Alessandro Farnese was born in an ancient Roman family. His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Pope Eugenius IV.
Cardinal
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI made Farnese a cardinal.
Pope
Cardinal Farnese was elected Pope in 1534; and he chose to be called Paul III.
Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
Council of Trent
He convened the Council of Trent in 1545.
Related pages
List of popes
References
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul III
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Farnese
1468 births
1549 deaths
Paul 3
Deans of the College of Cardinals
François Michelin

Francois Michelin (15 June 1926 - 29 April 2015) was a French heir and business executive. He served as the CEO of Michelin from 1955 to 1999.
Michelin was born in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne. His grandfather, Edouard Michelin (1859-1940), was the founder of Michelin. He became an orphan at the age of ten. He was a Roman Catholic. He had five children, including Edouard (1963-2006).
Michelin died on 29 April 2015 in Clermont-Ferrand, aged 88.
References
1926 births
2015 deaths
French chief executives
French businesspeople
French Roman Catholics
People from Clermont-Ferrand
Joseph Kamaru

Joseph Kamaru (8 November 1938 - 3 October 2018) was a Kenyan rock and gospel musician and political activist. He was a leading Kikuyu musician, who has sold about half a million records. He was known for his politically motivated songs. His music covered the teachings of life and sexual harassment in Kenyan politics and social culture. He was known for his friendship with Presidents Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel arap Moi.
Kamaru died on 3 October 2018 at the age of 79 at a hospital in Nairobi from complications of Parkinson's disease.
References
1938 births
2018 deaths
Kenyan musicians
Gospel musicians
Kenyan activists
Electoral district of Mawson

Mawson is an electoral district of South Australia. It was created in 1970.
Election results
References
Mawson
Causinae

The Causinae, commonly known as the "night adders", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa. The family is monotypic, since it only has the genus Causus. There are six species.
The night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 36 in) long. They are usually dark gray, light gray, light brown, or black in color with gray or black blotches.
Even though they are called the night adders, they are usually active at day, but some are active at night. When they are attacked or disturbed, they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off. Some may raise their head and neck off the ground, and with their tongue sticking out, move froward like a the Cobra does.
They eat mainly toads and frogs, but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food.
Reproduction
All night adders are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. This is unusual for most vipers, because most vipers are viviparous, they give live birth. They lay around two dozen eggs at a time. These eggs take around four months to hatch, when they hatch the hatchlings are 4-5 inches (10-12.5 cm) long.
Venom
The night adders have very big venom glands, which are around 10 centimeters long. But even though the venom glands are big, the adders don't always use their venom on their prey. The venom would kill the prey fast enough, but they usually seize their prey and swallow it.
When someone is bitten by a night adder, the venom does not spread around the body, and only causes swelling in the place of the bite. There have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom.
Species
Two-striped night adder, C. bilineatus
Snouted night adder, C. defilippii
Lichtenstein's night adder, C. lichtensteinii
West African night adder, C. maculatus
Green night adder, C. resimus
Common night adder, C. rhombeatus
Vipers
Reptiles of Africa
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. The number of Associate Justices is ruled by the United States Congress and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869.
How they are nominated
The President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint... Judges of the supreme Court." Although the Constitution refers to them as "Judges of the Supreme Court," the title actually used is "Associate Justice," introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789. Associate justices were traditionally styled "Mr. Justice" in court opinions, but the title was shortened to "Justice" in 1980, a year before the first female justice was appointed.
Duties
Each of the Justices of the Supreme Court has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it; the Chief Justice's vote counts no more than that of any other Justice.
Succession process
Under 28 USC 3, when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior Associate Justice until the disability or the vacancy ends.
Current justices
The current Associate Justices are (in order of seniority):
References
Other websites
Historic collection of Supreme Court decisions and biographies indexed by judge name
Kinoto Saito

Kinoto Saito (born 8 July 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ganju Iwate.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2005||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2005||Grulla Morioka||Regional Leagues||||||||||||
|-
|2006||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Ganju Iwate||rowspan="4"|Prefectural Leagues||7||8||0||0||7||8
|-
|2008||||||||||||
|-
|2009||||||||||||
|-
|2010||||||||||||
7||8||1||0||8||8
7||8||1||0||8||8
|}
References
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Iwate Prefecture
Berkley, Michigan

Berkley is a city in Oakland County, Michigan, United States.
Cities in Michigan
Phaistos disc

The Phaistos disc is a bronze age artifact. The disc is about in diameter and is made of clay. It is covered with many symbols. It is from the civilization of Minoa on the Greek island of Crete, possibly from the 2nd millennium BC.
The symbols cover both sides of the disc. They show everyday things. They were stamped onto the disc, pressed into the clay when it was still soft. They run in a spiral. This disc is the first known "printed" work in history; in the sense that there was a re-usable set of characters and drawings. It is the only artefact of its kind. Many questions have been asked about the disc, about its purpose, and if the signs shown actually represent writing.
In total, there are 242 tokens on the disc, taken from a set of 45 unique signs. There are arranged in 61 groups, separated by lines. Groups are between two and seven stamps long. Because the "text" is very short, and the disc is unique, it is likely that it will not be deciphered.
References
Minoan culture
Arthrodire

The Arthrodires (Arthrodira) are an order of extinct armoured, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi. They flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and living in most marine ecological niches.
Greek for "jointed neck", the arthrodires had movable joints between armour plates surrounding the head and body. The mouth is interesting. As the lower jaw moved down, the head shield moved, allowing a large opening. Lacking distinct teeth, like all placoderms, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate as a biting surface. The eye sockets are protected by a bony ring, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs.
Early arthrodires, such as the genus Arctolepis, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, Dunkleosteus, was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, from 3 to 9 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed Rolfosteus measured just 15 cm.
A common misconception is the arthrodires were sluggish bottom-dwellers that were outcompeted by more advanced fish. But during their reign, the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful vertebrate orders of the Devonian. They occupied a vast spectrum of roles from apex predator to detritus-nibbling bottom dweller. The arthrodires were one of many groups eliminated by the mass extinctions of the late Devonian. This let other fish such as sharks diversify into the vacant ecological niches during the Carboniferous period.
Placoderms
Extinct fish
Stephen Schwartz (pathologist)

Stephen M. Schwartz (January 1, 1942 - March 17, 2020) was an American pathologist. He worked at the University of Washington. He researched vascular biology, investigating the structure of blood vessels and smooth muscle cells. Schwartz was an assistant professor of pathology from 1974 to 1979, an associate professor from 1979 to 1984, and then a full professor from 1984 until his death.
Schwartz died of COVID-19 on March 17, 2020, aged 78.
References
1942 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
University of Washington faculty
Medical researchers
Scientists from Washington (state)
Lào Cai

Lao Cai City is a city in Vietnam and the capital of Lao Cai province. The city is next to Hekou in Yunnan, China and shares a border crossing.
Cities in Vietnam
Diglossia

Diglossia is when a group of people have two languages or dialects that they use. One is the common language they use every day, and the other is either a much older version from centuries before (for example, Arabic or Chinese) or a similar but clearly different modern-day version (for example, Norwegian with Bokmal and Nynorsk).
Related pages
Bilingual
Register (linguistics)
Language
Jermaine Jackson

Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (December 11, 1954) is an American singer, recording artist, dancer and bass guitarist. He is a former member of The Jackson 5 group, brother of Janet Jackson & brother of late American pop star Michael Jackson. In 1980 he was nominated for a Grammy Award. He was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother UK 2007. In September 2009, he planned a memorial fan based concert for Michael in historic part of Vienna, Austria but not many big stars registered so the event was canceled. He hopes more top stars will show up for July 2, 2010 worldwide tribute in Europe.
Personal life
On December 15, 1973, Jackson married Hazel Joy Gordy.
Jermaine always sternly defended his brother Michael without exception; in life and in death he officially represented Michael on behalf of Jackson family & friends.
Jackson has eight children. They are Jermaine Jr., Autumn, Dawn, Jeremy, Jaimy, Joudynn, Jaffar and Jermajesty.
On February 22, 2013 his second name was changed to Jacksun for "artistic reasons".
Jermaine Jackson was a Jehovah's Witness.
References
Other websites
Jermaine Jackson French Page : Complete Motown-era discography
VH1 Profile
Interview with Jackson regarding his conversion to Islam
1954 births
Living people
African-American singers
American guitarists
Jackson family
American Muslims
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Musicians from Gary, Indiana
Singers from Indiana
Linda Nolan

Linda Nolan (born 23 February 1959) is an Irish singer and actress. She is known as a member of the girl group The Nolans in 1974, along with her sisters Anne, Denise, Maureen, Bernie and Coleen.
As a member of the Nolans, she toured with Frank Sinatra in 1975, had seven UK top 20 hits (1979-82) and won the Tokyo Music Festival in 1981.
On 7 July 2014, she claimed that she was sexually assaulted by Rolf Harris in 1975 while The Nolans were supporting Harris in a tour of South Africa.
In March 2017, Nolan accidentally collapsed and broke her hip at home. During examination of her broken hip, she was diagnosed with an "incurable" form of cancer near her hip.
References
1959 births
Living people
Irish singers
Irish television actors
Actors from Dublin
1948–49 Austrian Cup

Qualification
Quarter finals
Semi-finals
Final
References
Austrian Cup
1940s in Austria
Business Line

The paper is printed at 17 centres across India, reaching metros as well as emerging Tier I and Tier II cities. Business Line has a daily circulation of 1,17,000 copies, per the Audit Bureau of Circulation in 2016.
References
Other websites
English-language newspapers published in India
Valdallière

Valdalliere is a commune. It is found in the region Normandy in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the 14 former communes of Vassy (the seat), Bernieres-le-Patry, Burcy, Chenedolle, Le Desert, Estry, Montchamp, Pierres, Presles, La Rocque, Rully, Saint-Charles-de-Percy, Le Theil-Bocage and Viessoix.
References
2016 establishments in France
Communes in Calvados
Josh Klinghoffer

Josh Adam Klinghoffer (born October 3, 1979) is an American musician. He is best known as being the guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers from 2009 to 2019.
American guitarists
Red Hot Chili Peppers
1979 births
Living people
Wingles

Wingles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Prescott, Arkansas

Prescott is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Bourecq

Bourecq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Connor Metcalfe

Connor Metcalfe (born 5 November 1999) is an Australian soccer player. He plays for FC St. Pauli in the 2. Bundesliga and for the Australia men's national soccer team (nicknamed the "Socceroos").
References
1999 births
Living people
Australian men's soccer players
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Hannes Schäfer

Dr. Johannes Schafer, born 2nd October 1965 in Gottingen, Germany, was the bass player of the German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse from the beginning (1987) until 1996. Today (2008) he is a doctor.
Schafer's first band was 1982 the punk band Defekt in Hanover, Germany, where he was singer and bass player. From 1985 until 1987 he played in the jazz rock band CIT., together with Mousse T. and at the same time he worked as a studio musician at the Stakkato Studio in Hannover.
In 1987 Schafer founded the rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse together with Kai and Christian Wingenfelder, Rainer Schumann and Christoph Stein-Schneider. He played the bass in this band until 1996, when he was followed by Christian Decker. Together with his band Schafer was awarded golden recording sales certifications for the Fury albums Fury in the Slaughterhouse (1988), Mono (1992), and the Hearing and the Sense of Balance (1995). Fury in the Slaughterhouse sold about three million recordings of albums made in their time with Hannes Schafer (1987-1996).
After leaving Fury in the Slaughterouse Schafer studied medicine and today (2008) he works as a doctor in the hospital Vinzenzkrankenhaus in Hanover.
Other websites
Homepage of Fury in the Slaughterhouse
the hospital Schafer works at today
1965 births
Living people
German musical entertainers
Flag of Albania

The flag of Albania () is a red flag, with a silhouetted black double-headed eagle in the centre.
Albania
National symbols of Albania
Trippin'

Trippin' is a 2005 television series about ecology. It was made by MTV. It featured famous people like Drew Barrymore and Jessica Alba. It was hosted by Cameron Diaz.
References
American television series
2005 television series debuts
Aalten

Aalten is a town and municipality in the eastern Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It lies in the Achterhoek region near the German border.
The former municipality of Bredevoort merged into Aalten in 1818 and that of Dinxperlo in 2005. Aalten village had about 17,400 inhabitants and Aalten municipality about 27,000 inhabitants in 2021.
Settlements
Aalten (town)
Barlo
Bredevoort
Dale
Dinxperlo
Haart
Heurne
IJzerlo
't Klooster
Lintelo
References
Plaatsengids.nl
Settlements in Gelderland
Pawon

Pawon () is a Buddhist temple built in the 8 to 9-centuries during Sailendra dynasty and located 1.75 km east of Borobudur temple in Java, Indonesia. Candi Pawon, Candi Mendut and candi Borobudur form a straight line geographically to symbolize binding unity of Buddhist temples during its ritual ceremonies.
Gallery
Related pages
Borobudur temple
Prambanan temple
References
Central Java
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Buddhist temples
Buildings and structures in Indonesia
8th-century buildings and structures
Biological control

Biological control, or biological pest control, is the reduction of pest populations by using natural enemies. It is important because crop pests become resistant to chemical pesticides.
Natural enemies of insect pests include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Predators, such as birds, lady beetles and lacewings, are free-living species that eat many prey during their lifetime.
Parasitoids are species whose larvae develop on or in a single insect host, ultimately killing or fatally infecting the host. Most have a very narrow host range. Many species of wasps and some flies are parasitoids.
Pathogens are disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or debilitate their host and are relatively specific.
Three strategies
There are three basic types of biological control strategies; conservation, classical biological control, and augmentation.
Conservation: Avoid using pesticides, which kill the natural enemies of the pests. Encourage the growth of those things which attack the pests. Use companion planting where possible. In China, the mosquito fern has been used for at least a thousand years, as a companion plant for rice crops. It hosts a special cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere, and also blocks out light from competing plants (but not the rice, which grows taller).
Classical biological control: This is the introduction of natural enemies to a new area where they did not originate or do not occur naturally. Thereafter, the predator lives as a natural part of the habitat, reproducing and killing the pest species. This method is especially effective when the pest is itself an invasive or introduced species in the area. Free of its natural enemies, the pest multiplies to huge numbers. The introduction from its homeland of an enemy or two can be very successful. One example is the use of Larinus planus to control the Canada thistle.
Augmentation: This is the release of numbers of natural enemies at specific times. These predators are natural parts of the ecosystem, but are released in such numbers as to overwhelm the pest at some critical time. Stocks of the predator are got from commercial suppliers.
An early example
A Chinese text from 304 AD, Records of the plants and trees of the southern regions, by Hsi Han, describes mandarin oranges protected by large reddish-yellow citrus ants. The ants attack and kill insect pests of the orange trees. The citrus ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) was rediscovered in the 20th century, and now is again used in China to protect orange groves.
References
Agriculture
Ecology
Bob Janecyk

Robert T. Janecyk (born May 18, 1957 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American retired professional ice hockey goaltender. Janecyk played 110 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Chicago Black Hawks and the Los Angeles Kings.
Before he played in the NHL, Janecyk played at Chicago State University. He also played for the Fort Wayne Komets and Flint Generals of the IHL, as well as the New Brunswick Hawks, Springfield Indians, and the New Haven Nighthawks of the AHL. During his time with the New Brunswick Hawks in the 1981-82 AHL season, he won the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award. He also won the Ken McKenzie Trophy in the 1979-80 IHL season during his time with the Fort Wayne Komets. He retired from professional ice hockey in 1988.
His son Adam plays ice hockey at the University of Michigan.
References
Other websites
1957 births
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Sportspeople from Chicago
Springfield Indians players
American ice hockey goaltenders
Henri Pirenne

Henri Pirenne (December 23, 1862 in Verviers - October 25, 1935 in Uccle) was a Belgian historian and academic. Pirenne is considered as one of the most important historians of Belgium.
Biography
He studied at the University of Liege and was a professor at the University of Ghent. His focus was on Medieval history, the history of Belgium and economic history.
He developed the so-called Pirenne thesis (nowadays out of date) in his book Mohammed and Charlemagne (published after his death in 1937). According to this opinion Mediterranean economics were disturbed by the early Islamic conquests and not by the barbarian invasions some centuries before.
Pirenne resisted the Dutchification of the University of Ghent. When this university had completely become Dutch-language spoken in 1930, he moved to the Brussels region where died in 1935, aged 72.
Works
Histoire de Belgique (7 volumes) (1899-1932)
The Formation and Constitution of the Burgundian State (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries), The American Historical Review (1909)
Belgian Democracy, Its Early History (1910, 1915)
The Stages in the Social History of Capitalism, The American Historical Review (1914)
Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (1927)
A History of Europe (1936)
Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (1936)
Mohammed and Charlemagne (1937)
1862 births
1935 births
Belgian academics
Belgian historians
People from Verviers
Thangjam Asteroid

Thangjam Asteroid, also known as 11806 Thangjam, is an asteroid, named after the Manipuri scientist, "Thangjam Guneshwar". The declaration was made at an International Astronomical Union (IAU) conference, "Asteroids, Planets and Meteors, 2017", in South America.
References
Asteroids
Linghem

Linghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Places of interest
The church of St. Vaast, dating from the sixteenth century.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Opt-outs in the European Union

In general, the law of the European Union is valid in all of the twenty-seven European Union member states. However, some member states can opt-out from legislation or treaties of the European Union, meaning they do not have to be part in certain policy areas.
Only three states have such opt-outs: Denmark (two opt-outs), the Republic of Ireland (two opt-outs) and Poland (one opt-out). The United Kingdom had four opt-outs before leaving the Union.
References
European Union
Max Fincham

Max Fincham (born 28 June 2004 in London, England) is an English actor. He is known for playing Isaac Mensah in the BBC One drama miniseries Dark Money, Thomas in the American television series The Alienist, Young Tim Goodman in Pokemon Detective Pikachu and for voicing the title character in the animated series Ricky Zoom. In 2021, he began playing Jerome Hall in the Apple TV science fiction series Invasion.
Other websites
2004 births
Living people
Actors from London
English voice actors
Black British actors
English television actors
English movie actors
Madge Bellamy

Madge Bellamy (June 30, 1899 - January 24, 1990) was an American stage and movie actress. She was born Margaret Derden Philpott in Hillsboro, Texas. She came from a good home, but ran away at 17 to become an actress and dancer in New York City.
She was featured in several roles, and made her first movie Passing Thru in 1920. After a dispute with Fox Films in 1929, she lost work. She returned to the screen in B-movies in 1932. She is probably best known today for playing Madeline in the horror movie White Zombie opposite Bela Lugosi.
In 1943, she was involved in a scandal with a rich married man. She was accused of shooting at him. Charges were dropped but her career was damaged. She made her last screen appearance in Northwest Trail in 1945.
The rest of her life was passed mostly in poverty. She sold tools in a store and was an unsuccessful novelist. She died in Upland, California of heart failure. Her autobiography was published shortly after her death. Her only marriage was brief and childless.
1899 births
1990 deaths
American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from Texas
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Hillsboro, Texas
Bless This House

Bless This House is a British comedy series that first aired on British TV on the 2nd February, 1971 and ran for six series or seasons with its final episode airing on 22nd April, 1976. It ended after the death of its main star, Sidney James. A film sequel was made in 1972 with the same title.
The Story
The programme centres on life in Birch Avenue, Putney, London, where stationery salesman Sid Abbott (Sidney James) and his wife Jean (Diana Coupland) live with their teenage children. Mike, the son, played by Robin Stewart, is fresh from art college and is more pre-occupied with protests than finding a job. The daughter, Sally, played by Sally Geeson, who is younger than Mike, is trendy and her parents are continually worried about her relationships with 'boys'. Sid and Jean constantly battle to comprehend the new generation's permissive ways and are usually out-of-touch. Their neighbours and best friends are Trevor (Anthony Jackson) and his wife Betty (Patsy Rowlands).
1970s British sitcoms
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
1971 television series debuts
1976 television series endings
Les Terres-de-Chaux

Les Terres-de-Chaux () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in eastern France.
Geography
The commune is northeast of Saint-Hippolyte.
Population
Related pages
Communes of the Doubs department
References
Other websites
Terres-de-Chaux on the regional web site
Communes in Doubs
2015 Cricket World Cup

The 2015 Cricket World Cup was held in Australia and New Zealand.
Cricket World Cup
Cricket World Cup
2010s in Australia
2010s in New Zealand
Cricket in Australia
Cricket in New Zealand
2015 in Oceania
Flywheel

A flywheel is a heavy disk or wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft. Flywheels are used for storage of kinetic energy. The momentum of the flywheel causes it to not change its rotational speed easily. Because of this, flywheels help to keep the shaft rotating at the same speed. This helps when the torque applied to the shaft changes often. Uneven torque can change the speed of rotation. Because the flywheel resists changes in speed, it decreases the effects of uneven torque. Engines which use pistons to provide power usually have uneven torque and use flywheels to fix this problem.
It takes energy to get a wheel (any wheel) to rotate. If there is little friction (good bearings) then it will keep rotating a long time. When energy is needed, it can be taken from the wheel again. So it is a simple mechanical means of storing energy. The amount of energy stored is a function of the weight and the speed of rotation - making a heavier wheel rotate faster takes more energy. Another factor is the radius (size) because the farther from the axis a part of the wheel is, the more energy it takes to make is rotate. These three factors can be represented by M (mass), (angular velocity), and R (radius). Combining the two equations below gives 2MR2/4. A fly-wheel is not just any wheel, but specifically designed to store energy. So it should be heavy and/or rotate fast. For example, some buses have a fly-wheel that is used for stopping and starting. When the bus stops (e.g. for a traffic light), the fly-wheel is connected to the wheels, so the rotational energy is transferred to it, so the bus will slow down while the fly-wheel speeds up. Then, when the bus has to start driving again, it is connected again and the energy is transferred back. Of course, you wouldn't want to lug a heavy wheel around on a bus, so it is made of a lighter material that can withstand extremely fast rotation.
Mathematics of flywheels
The kinetic energy of a rotating flywheel is
Where the moment of inertia of center mass is equal to
where is the moment of inertia of the mass about the center of rotation and (omega) is the angular velocity in radian units.
History
The flywheel has been used since ancient times, the most common traditional example being the potter's wheel. In the Industrial Revolution, James Watt contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine, and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel.
Other meanings
In the world of venture capital, the term "flywheel" is used to represent the recurrent, margin-generating heart of a business.
Energy
Engineering
Miraculous Medal

A 'Miraculous Medal' is a medal with Mary(mother of Jesus) on the front while crushing a serpent(representation of the devil). On the back is an M with a cross going through it.
Roman Catholicism
Journey Into Light

Journey Into Light is a 1951 American crime drama movie directed by Stuart Heisler and starring Sterling Hayden, Viveca Lindfors, Thomas Mitchell, Ludwig Donath. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox
Other websites
1951 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Movies directed by Stuart Heisler
20th Century Fox movies