pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gatehouse

A gatehouse was a strong building built over the gateway to a city or castle. A gatehouse is found on European castles, manor houses and mansions.
Sometimes gatehouses defended a town by being built across a bridge, a river or a moat, as in Monmouth.
English gatehouses
Ightham Mote
Nottingham Castle
Stokesay Castle
Stanway Hall, Stanway, Gloucestershire
Westwood, Worcestershire
Burton Agnes Hall, Yorkshire
Hylton Castle, Hylton, Sunderland
French gatehouses
Chateau de Suscinio
Chateau de Trecesson
Chateau de Vitre
Fortification
Billy Mainwaring

William Thomas "Billy" Mainwaring (born Gwilym Thomas Mainwaring; 24 January 1941 - 3 April 2019) was a Welsh rugby union player. He played as a second row. He played for Wales in 1967-68. He appeared for his country six times. He played for amateur teams Taibach, Aberavon, Bridgend and the Barbarians. He was born in Port Talbot. He worked as a steelworker.
Mainwaring died after a long illness on 3 April 2019, at the age of 78.
References
Other websites
Billy Mainwaring at ESPN Scrum
1941 births
2019 deaths
People from Port Talbot
Welsh rugby union players
24 (2016 movie)

24 is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language Sci-fi thriller movie. It was written and directed by Vikram Kumar. The film is a Time travel fiction movie, in which film's star actor Suriya had played triple roles, alongside with lead actress' Nithya Menen, Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Saranya Ponvannan.
Cast
Suriya is in three roles:
Dr. Sethuraman, a scientist who invented the watch
Athreya, Sethuraman's twin brother
Manikandan "Mani" Sethuraman, Another name is Subramani, who is Sethuraman's son
Samantha Ruth Prabhu as Sathya
Nithya Menen as Priya Sethuraman, Sethuraman's wife
Saranya Ponvannan as Sathyabama, Mani's adopted mother
Ajay as Mithran, Athreya's assistant
Girish Karnad as Sathya's Grandfather
Mohan V. Raman as Sathya's father
Sudha as Sathya's mother
Sathyan as Saravanan, Mani's friend
Charle as Reddiyar
Appukutty as Reddiyar's staff
Harsha Vardhan as Kalai, electrician/watchman who works for Athreya
Natarajan Balkrishna as Sathya's uncle
T S Ranganathan as Sathya's uncle
References
Other websites
2016 movies
Movies set in the 1990s
2010s Indian movies
Time travel movies
Tamil-language movies
Alison Hammond

Alison Hammond (born 5 February 1975) is a British TV presenter, reality star and actress. She is best known for co-presenting ITV's daytime show This Morning as well as being a contestant on Big Brother in 2002.
Hammond was born to Jamaican parents and was raised in Birmingham. After appearing on Big Brother, Hammond appeared in multiple other TV shows including I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.
References
British television presenters
1975 births
Living people
Flagstaff, Arizona

Flagstaff is a city in the northern part of Arizona in the United States. It is the county seat of Coconino County. About 58,200 people were living in Flagstaff in 2006. Flagstaff has an area of . It has a humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification: Dfb).
Sister cities
- Barnaul (Russia)
- City of Blue Mountains (Australia)
- Hsin Tien City (Taiwan)
- Manzanillo (Mexico)
Other websites
Official City Government Website
References
County seats in Arizona
1876 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Arizona Territory
Church Father

The Church Fathers are ancient and influential Christian theologians, some of whom were great teachers or bishops. Only early teachers of Christianity are seen as Fathers by the Western Church. However, the Orthodox Church honors many more recent saints as "Fathers".
Western Church: Ambrose (340-397), Jerome (347-420), Augustine (354-430) and Saint Gregory the Great (540-604)
Eastern Church: Basil (c.329-379), Athanasius (c.296-373), Gregory of Nazianzus (329-c.389) and John Chrysostom (347-407)
Christian theology
Genome editing

Genome editing is a type of genetic engineering.
DNA is inserted, replaced, or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleases, or "molecular scissors". The nucleases make specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) at desired places in the genome. The cell's own mechanisms repair the induced break(s) by natural processes.
At present there are four families of engineered nucleases being used.
To understand the function of a gene or a protein one interferes with it in a sequence-specific way, and watches its effects on the organism. However, in some organisms it is difficult or impossible to do site-specific mutation. Therefore more indirect methods have to be used. Examples are:
Silencing the gene of interest by short RNA interference (siRNA). Yet gene disruption by siRNA can be variable and incomplete.
Genome editing with nucleases such as ZFN. This is different from siRNA. The engineered nuclease (the enzyme which cuts the DNA) is able to modify DNA-binding. This way it can (in principle) cut any targeted position in the genome, and introduce change in sequences for genes which cannot be specifically targeted by conventional RNAi.
Genome editing was chosen by Nature Methods as the 2011 Method of the Year. The technique is already being used, but implanting modified embryos into a woman is not yet permitted.
The CRISPR/Cas9 method
In 2017 this system was announced as one of the biggest scientific achievements of the year. Cas9 is an enzyme which, with a guide RNA, can put a new sequence of DNA into a genome. Sir John Skehel said "That might allow you to knock out a particular gene in a cell, or introduce a particular gene, or correct a particular mutated gene that you want to work better".
References
Genetic engineering
Edgewood, Florida

Edgewood is a city of Florida in the United States.
Cities in Florida
Twilight of a Woman's Soul

Twilight of a Woman's Soul () is a 1913 Russian silent drama movie directed by Yevgeni Bauer. It stars Nina Chernova, A. Ugryumov, and V. Demert.
Actors
Nina Chernova as Vera Dubovskaya
A. Ugryumov as Prince Dolsky
V. Demert as Maksim Petrov
V. Bryansky as Vitaly Bryansky
References
Other websites
Russian drama movies
Russian silent movies
1913 movies
Movies directed by Yevgeni Bauer
Pauly D

Paul DelVecchio Jr. (born July 5, 1980), publicly known as DJ Pauly D, is an American television personality and disc jockey. He is best known for being a housemate on MTV's reality show Jersey Shore.
He is the first of the Jersey Shore cast to get his own spin-off show, The Pauly D Project.
References
1980 births
Living people
American DJs
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Television personalities from New Jersey
Louise Leakey

Louise Leakey (born 21 March 1972) is a Kenyan paleontologist. She does research and field work on human fossils in East Africa.
Louise started finding fossils in 1977. She was six years old. She is the youngest person to find hominid fossils. In 1993, she replaced her father Richard Leakey as field expedition leader for Turkana paleontological expeditions in one of the most arid and hostile environments on Earth.
Today, together with her mother, Meave Leakey, she leads the Koobi Fora research project. The project has found some of the most important hominid fossils of the past two decades. The most recent is Kenyanthropus platyops.
Louise Leakey was born in Kenya in 1972, the same year as her grandfather Louis Leakey died. She married Emmanuel de Merode, a Belgian primatologist in 2003. They have two daughters: Seiya, born in 2004, and Alexia born in 2006.
Family tree
Related pages
List of Kenyan scientists
References
Other websites
Koobi Fora Research Project
Leakey Foundation
TED Talks: Louise Leakey digs for humanity's origins at TED in 2008
1972 births
Kenyan scientists
Living people
British anthropologists
British palaeontologists
Leakey family
Anthropologists
Jimmy Perry

James "Jimmy" Perry OBE (9 September 1923 - 23 October 2016) was an English writer, scriptwriter, producer, author and actor who is known for creating the BBC sitcom Dad's Army.
Perry was born on September 9, 1923 in Barnes, Surrey, England. He studied at Colet Court and at St Paul's School. Perry lived in Algarve, Portugal.
Perry died in London on 23 October 2016 at the age of 93.
References
Other websites
1923 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Surrey
English stage actors
English television actors
English television producers
English television writers
Writers from Surrey
List of Mario television series

Several television series were based on the Mario series of video games, started by Nintendo.
Series
Saturday SupercadeThe Super Mario Bros. Super Show!
King Koopa's Kool KartoonsThe Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3
Super Mario WorldThe Super Mario Challenge
Anime
Super Mario Amada anime series
Regular characters
Lists of television series
Mario video games
Lennie Rosenbluth

Leonard Robert Rosenbluth (January 22, 1933 - June 18, 2022) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born in New York City. Rosenbluth played for the Philadelphia Warriors between 1957 until 1959.
Rosenbluth died on June 18, 2022 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina at the age of 89.
References
1933 births
2022 deaths
Golden State Warriors players
Sportspeople from New York City
Giuseppe Ciarrapico

Giuseppe Ciarrapico (28 January 1934 - 14 April 2019) was an Italian businessman, sports official and politician. He was president of the football club AS Roma from 1991 and 1993. He also served as a Senator for Silvio Berlusconi's The People of Freedom party from 2008 to 2013. He was born in Rome, Lazio.
Ciarrapico died on 14 April 2019 in Rome. He was 85.
References
1934 births
2019 deaths
Italian businesspeople
Politicians from Rome
I'm Breathless

I'm Breathless - Music from and Inspired by the movie Dick Tracy is the second soundtrack album by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on May 22, 1990, by Sire Records.
Track listing
1990 albums
Madonna albums
Pop albums
Jazz albums
Uzhhorodskyi Raion

Uzhhorodskyi Raion (, ) is one of the raions (districts) of Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. It's administrative center is the city of Uzhhorod, also the center of the surrounding oblast. Population:
Administrative division
The raion is divided into 14 hromadas.
Cities
Towns
Villages
Related pages
Administrative divisions of Ukraine
Zakarpattia Oblast
References
Zakarpattia Oblast
Raions of Ukraine
Boy Story

Boy Story (Nan Hai De Gu Shi ) is a Chinese hip-hop group launched by JYP Entertainment and Tencent Music Entertainment Group (TME). The group is composed of six members: Hanyu, Zihao, Xinlong, Zeyu, Ming Rui, and Shuyang. On September 1, 2017 Boy Story released their first single "How Old R U". In September 21 2018, Boy Story made an official debut with their first mini album Enough.
History
Pre-debut project
Since September 2017, the "Real! Project" special plan has launched with four singles to make the official debut in September 2018. The first single was "How Old R U". The second single was "Can't Stop" that was released on December 15, 2017, and the third single was "Jump Up" released on March 30, 2018. The final pre-debut single was produced by JYP Entertainment founder Park Jin -young himself. The song, "Handz Up", was released on June 12 2018.
2018-present: Debut with Enough
Boy Story made their official debut on September 21, 2018 with their first mini album Enough that included all the pre-debut singles and the debut song "Enough". On October 21, 2018, the group released "Stay Magical" (Qi Miao Li ). The following month, Boy Story released the song "For U" on November 22, 2018. Boy Story released "Oh My Gosh" on March 29 2019, followed by another comeback on July 26, 2019 with "Too Busy" featuring Jackson Wang. On January 6, 2020, Boy Story released the album "I=U=WE Xu "
Members
Jia Han Yu (Jia Han Yu ) May 20, 2004 .
Li Zi Hao (Li Zi Hao ) October 22, 2004 .
He Xin Long (He Xin Long ) March 11, 2005 .
Yu Ze Yu (Yu Ze Yu ) December 24, 2005 .
Gou Ming Rui (Gou Ming Rui ) August 28, 2006 .
Ren Shu Yang (Ren Shu Yang ) April 24, 2007 .
Discography
Extended plait
Singles
References
C-pop
Musical groups
Thou (unit)

The thou (abbreviation th) or mil (mainly United States) is a unit of length in the Imperial System and the United States Customary Units. It is equal to of an inch. This is not to be confused with the old form of "you".
Etymology
Thou comes from the Germanic languages, a shortening of thousandth.
Mil comes from the Romance languages, a shortening of mille.
History
The thou was introduced in 1844 by Joseph Whitworth as a substitute to traditional fractions such as which cannot be defined simply in hundredths unlike (0.25) or (0.5). Traditional fractions continued to be used, as they were a substantial part of other units of length.
Length
Usage
The thou is used in engineering and manufacturing mostly.
Units of length
Imperial units
Right to die

The right to die is the belief that people have the right to end their own lives. Usually, when people talk about the right to die, they are talking about the right of people with terminal illnesses to end their lives.
The right to die is very controversial. Most arguments about the right to die focus on these questions:
Should a person with a terminal illness be allowed to:
Kill themselves?
Have somebody else help them kill themselves?
Have a doctor give them medications that they can take to kill themselves?
Refuse medical treatment, if doing that would cause them to die?
Should people who have illnesses which will not kill them, but cause severe pain or suffering, have the right to die?
Who, if anyone, has the power to make these decisions?
Hinduism accepts the right to die for anyone that has terminal diseases and have no desire to live. Other religions, however, vary in the tolerance of this right, and some call suicide a sin.
Related pages
Antinatalism
Terminal illness
Assisted suicide
Euthanasia
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (the first "right to die" case in the United States)
References
Euthanasia
Controversies
Rights
Biblical canon

The Bible is a collection of texts. These texts are usually called books. There are different versions of the Bible. These versions come from communities that include parts they find important and leave out other parts they think are less important. A Biblical canon is a set of books of the Bible that a certain movement considers Scripture (that is, inspired by God).
Books
These books are in almost all Christian Bibles. Some Bibles contain other books as well.
Old Testament
These books were written before the birth of Jesus Christ.
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 & 2 Samuel
1 & 2 Kings
1 & 2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song of Solomon, sometimes called Song of Songs
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
New Testament
These books were written after the birth of Jesus Christ.
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelation, sometimes called The Revelation of Christ to John
Related pages
Apocrypha
Books of the Bible
Judaism
Christianity
Bible
Beyond the Rocks (1922 movie)

Beyond the Rocks is a 1922 American romantic drama movie directed by Sam Wood and based on the 1906 novel of the same name by Elinor Glyn. It stars Rudolph Valentino, Gloria Swanson, Edythe Chapman, Robert Bolder, June Elvidge and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1922 romantic drama movies
1920s American drama movies
1920s American romance movies
American romantic drama movies
American silent movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Sam Wood
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in England
Movies set in Paris
Plateosaurus

Plateosaurus is a prosauropod dinosaur genus. They lived during the Upper Triassic period, around 214 to 294 million years ago in what is now Europe.
They were very common in their day. Over 100 skeletons have been found, some of them nearly complete. Many fossils have come from Swabia, Germany.
Plateosaurus was the first long-necked plant eater in the Triassic. An adult Plateosaurus could weigh up to and grow long. They had plump plant-crushing teeth, powerful hind limbs, short but muscular arms and grasping hands with large claws on three fingers. They probably used their sharp thumb claws to defend themselves against predators.
The explanation of the large number of skeletons is that the areas were probably mud-traps.
References
Prosauropods
Triassic dinosaurs
Öckerö

Ockero is an urban area in the county of Vastra Gotaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Ockero Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Vastra Gotaland County
Android Oreo

Android Oreo is the eighth major release of Android. It was first released as an alpha quality developer preview in March 2017 and was released to the public on August 21, 2017.
References
Android (operating system)
Ilan Gilon

Ilan Gilon (, ; 12 May 1956 - 1 May 2022) was an Israeli politician of the Meretz party.
Early life
Gilon was born in Galati, Romania. He got polio when he was a baby. Because of this he has problems with his legs. He migrated to Israel when he was a child. He studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem but didn't obtain a degree. He became involved in politics by becoming a member of the youth department of Mapam (a socialist political party and a forerunner of Meretz), followed by Meretz itself later on.
Political career
Gilon was deputy mayor of Ashdod from 1993 to 1999. He served three spells in the Knesset between 1999 and 2021. As a parliamentarian, he was mainly involved with social welfare issues. Among these are promoting laws to help people with disabilities. After the resignation of Zehava Gal-On in October 2017, Gilon has become leader of the Meretz party in the Knesset.
In 2018, Gilon ran for Meretz party president however he withdrew from the race because of bad health.
Death
Gilon had two strokes in 2018 and 2019. He died on 1 May 2022 in Ramat Gan, Israel at the age of 65.
References
Other websites
Bio at Knesset Website
1956 births
2022 deaths
Members of the Knesset
Israeli political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Meretz politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Romanian Jews
Deaths from stroke
Toxicofera

Toxicofera (Greek or Latin for "those who carry toxins"), is a hypothetical clade of living Squamata (lizards and snakes). It includes about 4600 living species. This is all venomous reptile species, plus related non-venomous species.
The clade was identified when research showed that the evolution of venom was very ancient, and that it might have occurred only once.
Cladistics
The Toxicofera combines the following groups from traditional classification:
Suborder Serpentes (snakes)
Suborder Iguania (iguanas, agamid lizards, chameleons, etc.)
Infraorder Anguimorpha, consisting of:
Family Varanidae (monitor lizards)
Family Anguidae (alligator lizards, glass lizards, etc.)
Family Helodermatidae (Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard)
References
scaled reptiles
Clinchamps-sur-Orne

Clinchamps-sur-Orne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Laize-Clinchamps.
References
Former communes in Calvados
Highlandville, Missouri

Highlandville is a city in Christian County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri
Vacuum tube

A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.
History
Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.
John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. Lee De Forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers. Many other kinds were invented for various purposes.
The transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power. In addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life. Eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes. At this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead. High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.
Current uses
In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:
Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens.
People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (See tube sound).
Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.
References
Electronic components
List of Mexican painters

This is a list of famous Mexican painters.
Frida Kahlo (d. 1954)
Diego Rivera (d. 1957), muralist (Mexican muralism)
David Alfaro Siqueiros (d. 1974), one of the "big three" (Mexican muralism)
Elizabeth Catlett (d. 2012)
Luis Nishizawa (d. 2014)
Arturo Garcia Bustos (d. 2017)
Jose Luis Cuevas (d. 2017), pioneer of Generacion de la Ruptura (an art movement)
Evangelina Elizondo (d. 2017)
Sarah Jimenez (d. 2017)
Joy Laville (d. 2018)
Jose Sacal (d. 2018)
Gilberto Aceves Navarro (d. 2019), pioneer of Generacion de la Ruptura
Rina Lazo (d. 2019)
Francisco Toledo (d. 2019)
Manuel Felguerez (d. 2020)
Arturo Rivera (d. 2020)
Rodolfo Aguirre Tinoco (1927-)
References
Lists of painters
Dario Fo

Dario Fo (Sangiano 3 March 1926 - 13 October 2016) was an Italian playwright, theatre actor and composer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1997. It highlighted him as a writer "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".
His plays often depend on improvisation, Commedia dell'arte style. Fo owned and operated a theatre company with his wife, actress Franca Rame. His most famous works are Mistero buffo and Accidental Death of an Anarchist.
Fo died on 13 October 2016 at a hospital in Milan, Italy from a serious lung disease, aged 90.
References
Other websites
Dario Fo at Nobelprize.org
1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung disease
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Italian actors
Italian playwrights
Italian writers
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Rauzan

Rauzan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
References
Communes in Gironde
Scottish Ambulance Service

The Scottish Ambulance Service is part of NHS Scotland. It is governed by a special health board and is funded directly by the Health and Social Care Directorates of the Scottish Government.
It is the sole public emergency medical service covering Scotland's mainland and islands; providing a paramedic-led accident and emergency service for 999 calls, a patient transport service, and a wide variety of supporting roles including air medical services, specialist operations including response to hazardous substances, or chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence incidents and specialist transport and retrieval.
When the Scottish National Health Service was set up in 1948 the St Andrew's Ambulance Association and the British Red Cross were paid to run the ambulance services. The British Red Cross stopped doing it in 1967.
It has more than 1,300 paramedic staff, and 1,200 technicians.
References
National Health Service
Scottish Government
Emergency services in the United Kingdom
Hands All Over (song)

"Hands All Over" is a single released under A&M/Octone Records by pop/rock band Maroon 5. It is the 3rd single released off of the band's 3rd studio album called Hands All Over. It was released on December 22, 2010. The music video for the song was leaked on YouTube and Yahoo! Music on December 23, 2010.
Music Video
The music video for Hands All Over was leaked on Maroon 5's home YouTube page on December 23, 2010. However, the music video was leaked on YouTube for only if a user had the link to the video. The band released the link for anyone on Facebook and Twitter. The Facebook page Hands All Over (Maroon 5 album) 9.21.10 leaked the leak along with the band's official Facebook page.
The music video shows a somewhat animated feature showing the bandmates performing in separate areas with "hands" on the bodies of the band members.
Maroon 5 songs
Altered state of consciousness

An altered state of consciousness (ASC), or altered state of mind, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state. The expression was used in 1966 by Arnold M. Ludwig, and brought into common usage by Charles Tart. It describes induced changes in one's mental state, almost always temporary. A synonymous phrase is "altered state of awareness".
Altered states of consciousness can be associated with artistic creativity, or different focus levels. They also can be shared between people and studied as a subject of sociological research.
States of consciousness
During an altered state of consciousness, brain waves occupy different frequencies (i.e. Epsilon, Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma). These waves can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Also, subjective reports and observer reports of behaviour are used to identify the altered state.
Related pages
Tonic immobility
References
Consciousness
Tear down this wall!

"Tear down this wall!" was the challenge made by United States President Ronald Reagan to Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy the Berlin Wall. The speech was made at the Brandenburg Gate near the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987. It was made to honor the 750th anniversary of Berlin.
Among the spectators were West German president Richard von Weizsacker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl and First Lady Nancy Reagan.
Reagan challenged Gorbachev, who was then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to tear the wall down as a symbol of Gorbachev's desire to increase freedom between Eastern and Western Germany.
The speech is thought to be one of the greatest speeches by Reagan or by any other president.
References
Other websites
Full text and audio MP3 of the speech
Full video of President Reagan delivering the speech at the Brandenburg Gate, courtesy of the Reagan Foundation.
Ronald Reagan Signed and Inscribed Photograph at the Berlin Wall Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Reagan speechwriter Peter Robinson reflecting on the speech before the Commonwealth Club of California in 2004.
Image of text at National Archives site
"Tear Down This Wall" How Top Advisers Opposed Reagan's Challenge to Gorbachev--But Lost by Peter Robinson
1987 in Europe
Speeches by Ronald Reagan
Mikhail Gorbachev
Berlin Wall
1980s in the Soviet Union
1987 in the United States
1980s in Germany
Postcard

A postcard or post card is a rectangular piece of paper or cardboard, which is intended to send a short message by post. Usually, a postcard is mailed without an envelope. Modern postcards usually have a photo or an image on one side of the card, the other side contains space for writing the address and a short message. The first postcards were used in the second half of the 19th century. Today, many people send postcards when they are on holiday. The designs of post cards have evolved since the early ages and many prefer to send personalized post cards now which gives a personal touch or adds a feeling or emotion to it.
Other websites
www.cpaphil.com Cpaphil is the largest site offering more than 1m vintage postcards online
Postal services
Borzoi

Borzoi is a type of Russian dog. It used to be called a Russian Wolf Hound.
This breed of dog was brought to the United States in 1889. It was approved by the American Kennel Club one year later. The breed is beautiful and has a gentle personality. It makes it a good pet.
The breed was approved and the descriptive standard was written in 1650. It has not changed much since then. It is about tall at the withers (its back near the shoulders). It weighs from . Borzois have a long coat. They can be any color from solid white to brown and white, gray and white or brindle. They can also be all black. People who take care of Borzois have done a good job of stopping health problems. Borzois do not have many of the problems other breeds have with health.
In Russia, they were well liked by the royalty. It was illegal to sell them. They were given to those who did something special for the Tzars. They feature in Russian novels e.g. in Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina". During the Russian revolution, most of the breed were killed because they were a symbol of royalty. A few were taken from the country.
They have been used in advertising for luxury cars and jewelry. This is because of their elegant looks.
Dog breeds
Wangdue Phodrang District

Wangdue Phodrang District is one of the 20 districts in Bhutan. The administrative centre is Wangdue Phodrang.
There are 15 village blocks:
Athang Gewog
Bjena Gewog
Daga Gewog
Dangchu Gewog
Gangte Gewog
Gasetsho Gom Gewog
Gasetsho Om Gewog
Kazhi Gewog
Nahi Gewog
Nyisho Gewog
Phangyuel Gewog
Phobji Gewog
Ruepisa Gewog
Sephu Gewog
Thedtsho Gewog
Districts of Bhutan
Irving Moskowitz

Irving Moskowitz (January 11, 1928 - June 16, 2016) was an American physician, businessman and philanthropist. His philanthropy, in part, helped create a Jewish majority in Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.
Moskowitz was of Jewish descent.
References
Other websites
Moskowitz Foundation Home Page
Irving Moskowitz Home Page
Irving I Moskowitz Foundation on GuideStar
The Moskowitz Prize for Zionism
1928 births
2016 deaths
American Jews
American philanthropists
American physicians
Businesspeople from New York City
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish philanthropists
Humboldt Park, Chicago

Humboldt Park, one of 77 designated community areas, is on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Humboldt Park neighborhood is known for its social and ethnic demographic change over the years. The Puerto Rican community has identified strongly with the area since the 1970s.
Humboldt Park is also the name of a 207-acre (0.8 km2) park near to the community area. The area is considered to be the most violent in the city.
References
Community areas of Chicago
Hangest-sur-Somme

Hangest-sur-Somme is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Bob Bondurant

Robert "Bob" Bondurant (April 27, 1933 - November 12, 2021) was an American racecar driver. He raced for the Shelby American, Ferrari and Eagle teams. Bondurant was one of the most famous drivers during the 1950s. He was born in Evanston, Illinois. Bondurant was added in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2003.
Bondurant died on November 12, 2021 at his home in Paradise Valley, Arizona at the age of 88.
References
1933 births
2021 deaths
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from California
Sportspeople from Evanston, Illinois
Mona Simpson

Mona Simpson (; June 14, 1957) is an American novelist and the former wife of Richard Appel. She has written six novels. Studied English at the University of California, Berkeley. She also took Languages and Literature at Bard College. She won a Whiting Award for her first novel, Anywhere but Here (1986). It was a popular success and later adapted as a film by the same name and was released in 1999.
She wrote a sequel, The Lost Father (1992). Critical recognition has included the Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize. She also made the shortlist for the PEN/Faulkner Award for her novel Off Keck Road (2000).
Simpson is the younger sister of the late Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs. Simpson was born after her parents had married. She did not meet Jobs, who was placed for adoption after he was born, until she was 25 years old.
Simpson was born in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
References
Other websites
1957 births
American novelists
Writers from Wisconsin
People from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Steve Jobs
Living people
Poteet, Texas

Poteet is a city in Atascosa County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
Montory

Montory is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Montory
Marktrodach

Marktrodach is a municipality in Kronach in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Kronach (district)
Saint-Martin, Valais

Saint-Martin is a municipality of the district Herens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Villages
Saint-Martin, Eison, La Luette, Liez, Praz-Jean, Suen and Trogne.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Valais
Frostius

Frostius -- also called Frost's Toads -- is a small genus of true toads. There are only two species.
Species
References
Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Frostius accessdate=2008-04-13
AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: April 13, 2008). Frostius pernambucensis
Toads
Frogs of South America
Ganshoren

Ganshoren is a municipality in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007, 21395 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 52 North, 04deg 18 East.
References
Municipalities of Brussels-Capital Region
Sylvester James Gates

Sylvester James Gates Jr. (born December 15, 1950), known as S. James Gates Jr. or Jim Gates, is an American theoretical physicist. He works on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory.
He retired from the physics department at the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences in 2017.
He is the Brown Theoretical Physics Center Director, the Ford Foundation Professor of Physics, Affiliate Professor of Mathematics, and Watson Institute for International Studies & Public Affairs Faculty Fellow at Brown University.
He was a University of Maryland Regents Professor and was on former President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
References
1950 births
Living people
American physicists
Educators from Florida
Scientists from Florida
Writers from Tampa, Florida
OpenVPN

OpenVPN is a VPN protocol that is open-source. This means the source code is openly available for anyone to access and develop.
An active community has formed around the OpenVPN project, which has kept it up-to-date and provided regular security audits to ensure it's viability.
It is particularly known for its security and privacy as well as its adjustability.
OpenVPN typically works on any port and has five encryption algorithms to such as SSL, IPSec or SSH
For the best security and privacy, you should use AES 256-bit encryption, which is essentially unbreakable and should also use a TCP 443 port.
The TCP 443 port will make your connection similar to an https connection. It is essentially a secure connection which can help prevent website blocking and can help you bypass censorship.
For greater speed, it is recommended to use UDP ports, and you can select the default, Blowfish-128 cipher. This isn't the absolute highest level of security, but for most people, it will suffice and will operate significantly faster than AES 256 on TCP.
Software
Playoffs

The playoffs, postseason, or finals are a series of games played after the regular season of a particular sports league. They are played by the most successful teams of the season. It is used to determine the season's champion. The teams that play in the playoffs are the ones with the most wins or points during the regular season.
Playoffs are usually, but not always, done with a single-elimination system.
Sports words
List of awards and nominations received by Billie Eilish

This is a list of awards and nominations received by American singer-songwriter Billie Eilish.
Other accolades
World records
References
Hüsamettin Cindoruk

Ahmet Husamettin Cindoruk (born 1933) is a Turkish politician. He was the 17th Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey between 1991 to 1995. He was also the Acting President of Turkey in 1993 following the death of Turgut Ozal.
References
1933 births
Living people
Presidents of Turkey
Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey
Pitfall: The Lost Expedition

Pitfall: The Lost Expedition is a pair of action-adventure video game, it was developed by Edge of Reality and published by Activision. One of the most Nintendo GameCube games, and other consoles such as; PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. Originally released in 2004. It was released also on digiBLAST and later Wii as Pitfall: The Big Adventure , released in 2006 and 2008. It is the final installment of Pitfall! series.
Other websites
Pitfall Harry official websites
2004 video games
3D platform games
Action video games
Activision video games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo GameCube games
Pitfall series
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox games
What Are You Waiting For?

What Are You Waiting For? is the debut album from FM Static, a Canadian pop punk band. It was released in the summer of 2003 although there was a TFK record the same year.
Although not a bestseller or anything really great, What Are You Waiting For? did manage to sell around 60,000 copies in three and a half years. Remember, FM Static are only a side project.
Three days later - 2:23
Crazy mary - 2:51
Something to believe in - 2:48
Definitely maybe - 2:49
Donna - 2:27
All the days - 2:26
Hold me twice - 2:44
The notion - 2:11
October - 2:50
My first stereo -2:53
Hey now (hidden song) -3:08
Pop punk albums
2003 albums
New York's 19th congressional district

New York's 19th congressional district is a congressional district in New York. It is in the middle of the state and north of New York City. The counties of Columbia, Delaware, Greene, Otsego, Schoharie, Sullivan, and Ulster are all in the district, and parts of Broome, Dutchess, Montgomery, and Rensselaer counties are also in the district. The 19th district borders Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut to the east, and Pennsylvania to the southwest. The district is represented by no one since 2022.
Election history
References
19
Paul Adegboyega Olawoore

Paul Adegboyega Olawoore (30 November 1961 - 1 January 2022) was a Nigerian Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of Ilorin from 2019 until his death in 2022. He was born in Nigeria. He was made a priest in 1992.
In December 2021, Adegboyega Olawoore was said to have been in bad health. He died on 1 January 2022 in Ilorin, Nigeria at the age of 60.
References
1961 births
2022 deaths
Nigerian Roman Catholic bishops
21st century

The 21st century is the current century. It began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100. It was the first century of the 3rd millennium. it's not the same with the century known as the 2000s which began on January 1, 2000 and ended on December 31, 2099.
Years
Note: movie years before or after the twenty-first century are in italics.
Related pages
11th century (1001-1100)
Margaret Beazley

Margaret Joan Beazley, (born 23 July 1951) is an Australian jurist. She is the 39th and current Governor of New South Wales since 2 May 2019. She was the president of the New South Wales Court of Appeal, the first woman to hold the office, from 2013 until February 2019.
References
1951 births
Living people
Governors of New South Wales
Australian judges
Politicians from Sydney
Vitantonio Liuzzi

Vitantonio "Tonio" Liuzzi (born 6 August 1981) is an Italian raceing driver. He was born in Locorotondo. He currently drives for the Hispania Formula One team. He has homes in Lugano, Switzerland and Pescara, Italy.
Racing record
Career summary
Season in progress.
As Liuzzi was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.
Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicates fastest lap)
Season in progress.
References
Other websites
The official website for Vitantonio Liuzzi
Vitantonio Liuzzi profile and statistics
1981 births
Living people
Formula One current
Italian Formula One drivers
People from Apulia
Edward D. DiPrete

Edward Daniel DiPrete (born July 8, 1934) is an American Republican Party politician from Rhode Island. He served as the 70th Governor of Rhode Island for three two-year terms, serving from 1985 to 1991.
References
1934 births
Living people
Governors of Rhode Island
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Moscow Zoo

The Moscow Zoo is a zoo in Moscow, Russia. It is one of the ten largest zoos in the world. It covers (in 2013). The zoo holds over 6,000 individual animals, of 927 species (in 2013). The zoo opened in 1864. The most recent exhibits include a sea aquarium, an aviary, a sea lion exhibit, and children's attractions. A footbridge connects the two parts of the zoo that are separated by Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street.
Moscow Zoo Museum
Founded in 2008 in a two-storey building of the 19th century, built in the late XIX - early XX centuries, located on the territory of the zoo. Since 2015, the museum has been open to the public and everyone. In the central and side halls there is an exposition devoted to the history of the Moscow Zoo and a natural science permanent exposition. The collection of the museum includes more than 10,000 zoo coat of arms from all over the world, hundreds of paintings, sculptures and drawings by the masters of Russian animalistics, such as Vasily Vatagin, Alexei Komarov, Vadim Trofimov, Andrei Marts and Alexei Tsvetkov.
Research & Educational Center
The Moscow Zoo has her own educational institute. In addition to full-training for zoo staff and teachers, there is a continuing education program for zoo and aquarium staff, veterinarians, teachers and volunteers, as well as courses in zoo psychology. Since the Moscow Zoo has been chairman of all zoos in Russia since the Soviet period, it is a national training center. It was founded in 2017 by the current director Svetlana Akulova and Bjorn Stenvers.
References
The Top 10 Largest Zoos in the World
Other websites
Moscow Zoo Academy
Zoos
Buildings and structures in Moscow
Organizations based in Russia
Tobermory, Ontario

Tobermory is a small community in Ontario, Canada.It is on the northern tip of the Bruce Peninsula. It is northwest of Toronto. It is north of the nearest city, Owen Sound. It is named after Tobermory, Mull in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.
Tobermory is a port city on Lake Huron. There are several shipwrecks near the community, especially in the Fathom Five National Marine Park. Many people go scuba diving to explore the wrecks. The town is also near the Bruce Peninsula National Park.
Settlements in Ontario
Subaru Corporation

Subaru Corporation which used to be named Fuji Heavy Industries is a Japanese manufacturing company that makes Subaru cars, aircraft for the Japanese Self Defence Force, engines, garbage trucks and wind turbines.
References
Other websites
The Company's website
Manufacturing companies of Japan
Subaru
1950s establishments in Japan
1953 establishments in Asia
Yairus Gwijangge

Yairus Gwijangge (31 December 1968 - 15 November 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was born in Mapenduma, Papua, Indonesia. Gwijiangge was the Regent of Nduga from 2011 to 2016 and again from 2017 until his death.
Gwijangge died on 15 November 2020 at a hospital in Jakarta, aged 51.
References
1968 births
2020 deaths
Indonesian politicians
Disease-related deaths in Indonesia
Bill Hayden

William George "Bill" Hayden (born 23 January 1933) is an Australian politician. He served as the 21st Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1989 to 1996. He had been leader of the Labor Party from 1977 to 1983, as well serving as a cabinet minister in the Whitlam and Hawke Governments.
Hayden was elected to the House of Representatives when he was 28 years old. He replaced Jim Cairns as Treasurer in 1975, but served for only five months.
In early 1977, Hayden challenged Whitlam for the party leadership and was defeated by just two votes. He replaced Whitlam as Leader of the Opposition at the end of the year when Whitlam resigned as a result of Labor's defeat at the 1977 election. He was replaced by Bob Hawke in 1983.
References
Other websites
1933 births
Living people
Governors-General of Australia
Australian judges
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Politicians from Brisbane
I Gotta Feeling

"I Gotta Feeling" is a single released in 2009 by The Black Eyed Peas from their fifth studio album, The E.N.D. The song debuted at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, and later hit number 1 on the U.S. charts. The song replaced the group's song, "Boom Boom Pow", at the top. "I Gotta Feeling" stayed number one for fourteen weeks in the US and topped the charts in 14 other countries. It won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 2010 Grammy Awards.
In June 2018, the song was certified Diamond by the RIAA for 10 million combined units (streaming and sales) sold in the US.
References
2009 songs
Black Eyed Peas songs
Hip hop songs
Dance-pop songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Toy Story 2

Toy Story 2 (also known as Toy Story 2: Finding Woody) is a 1999 American computer-generated animation movie and a sequel to the 1995 movie Toy Story. It is the third Disney/Pixar full-length movie and was released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Pictures. It is about toys that come alive when people are not around. Woody is kidnapped by a toy collector so Buzz Lightyear and his friends go on a mission to save him. A sequel to this movie, Toy Story 3, was released in 2010.
Soundtrack
Woody's Roundup by Riders in the Sky
Hold On, I'm Comin' by The Neville Brothers
Wipe Out by The Surfaris
When She Loved Me by Sarah McLachlan
Pizza Planet Rocks! by Sum 41
You've Got a Friend in Me by Lyle Lovette
Cast
Tom Hanks as Sheriff Woody
Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear
Joan Cusack as Jessie
Mary Kay Bergman as Jessie's yodeling voice
Kelsey Grammer as Stinky Pete the Prospector
Frank Welker as Bullseye
Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head
Jim Varney as Slinky Dog
Wallace Shawn as Rex
John Ratzenberger as Hamm
Annie Potts as Bo Peep
Wayne Knight as Al McWhiggin
John Morris as Andy Davis
Laurie Metcalf as Andy's Mom
Estelle Harris as Mrs. Potato Head
R. Lee Ermey as Sarge
Jodi Benson as Tour Guide Barbie, Amy's Barbie doll
Jonathan Harris as Geri the Cleaner
Joe Ranft as Wheezy, Heimlich
Robert Goulet (singing voice of Wheezy)
Andrew Stanton as Emperor Zurg
Jeff Pidgeon as Aliens, Mr. Spell
Lee Unkrich as Red Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robot
John Lasseter as Blue Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robot
Jack Angel as Rocky Gibraltar
Corey Burton as Woody's Roundup Announcer
Hannah Unkrich as Molly Davis
Andi Peters as Luggage Handler 2
Dave Foley as Flik
References
Other websites
Pixar Wiki: Toy Story 2
1999 animated movies
1999 comedy movies
1990s computer-animated movies
2009 3D movies
American sequel movies
American comedy movies
Buddy movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by Randy Newman
Pixar movies
Toy Story
3D re-releases
Movies directed by John Lasseter