pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mantra

In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Mantra means a group of words. There are many such groups of words. Some mantras have meanings. However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words. Such mantras do not carry meanings. From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras.
Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers. However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science.
The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas. People read them aloud. They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings. The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation. Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth. Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly. Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time.
References
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola
https://vedic7.blogspot.com/2022/12/mantras.html
Hinduism
Hindu mythology
Maben, Mississippi

Maben is a town in Webster County, Mississippi, United States.
Towns in Mississippi
Murder of Abby Choi

A 28-year-old Hong Kong woman named Abby Choi was found murdered on 24 February 2023. She was a model and internet celebrity. Police discovered her headless body at a village. They said some of her body parts were in a refrigerator and some of the parts had been cooked. Police said that there were 6 suspects had been arrested. They are Choi's ex-husband, her ex-parents-in-law, her ex-brother-in-law, the alleged mistress of her ex-father-in-law, and a 41-year-old man.
References
Four Freedoms Award

The Four Freedoms Award is an annual award. It is presented to people and organisations who have "demonstrated" the principles of the Four Freedoms of US-president Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
President Roosevelt described his Four Freedoms during the State of the Union speech of 6 January 1941. In his speech he said that if democracy is to survive and flourish, people everywhere in the world are entitled to four human rights: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear.
The awards have been given since 1982, alternately in the United States and the Netherlands. In odd years the awards are given to Americans by the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute in Hyde Park, New York. In some years special awards have been given.
In even years the award ceremony is held in Middelburg and honours non-Americans. The choice for Middelburg was motivated by the suspected descendance of the family Roosevelt from the village of Oud-Vossemeer in the province of Zeeland.
Four Freedoms Speech
The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following
In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.
The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world.
The third is freedom from want --which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-- everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear --which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-- anywhere in the world.
That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.--Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941
Laureates
Freedom Medal
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Worship
Freedom from Want
Freedom from Fear
Special presentations
References
Roosevelt Institute, List of laureates
. NOS (2008)
Oosthoek, A.L. (2010) Roosevelt in Middelburg: the four freedoms awards 1982-2008,
American Rethoric, Four Freedoms Speech of Roosevelt
Other websites
Roosevelt Institute, Hyde Park, New York
Roosevelt Stichting, Middelburg, Netherlands
American awards
Dutch culture
Human rights
New York (state)
Zeeland
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in the Netherlands
Parkstein

Parkstein is a municipality in Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Official Parkstein Website
Parkstein-net
for more on the geology specifics
Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district)
Grant County, Minnesota

Grant County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 6,074 people lived there. The county seat is Elbow Lake.
References
Minnesota counties
Pomona College

Pomona College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Claremont, California. It was founded in 1887 by a group of Congregationalists who wanted to make a "college of the New England type" in Southern California, and in the 1920s, it founded the Claremont Colleges group.
Pomona is a four-year college for undergraduates. About students from all 50 U.S. states and 63 countries go there . The college offers 48 majors and 600 courses, but students can take about 2700 courses total when the courses at the other Claremont Colleges are counted. The college's - main campus is in a residential area near the base of the San Gabriel Mountains.
Pomona has the lowest acceptance rate of any U.S. liberal arts college ( for the class of ), and is ranked among the top five liberal arts colleges in the country by Forbes, U.S. News & World Report, and The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. It has an endowment of $ billion , giving it the eighth-highest endowment per student of any college or university in the U.S. In 2020, Niche ranked Pomona as the most diverse college or university in the country; 74% of students are from outside of California, 56% receive need-based financial aid, and 61% are a person of color or an international student.
Pomona has about 25,000 living alumni. The college's alumni have won Oscar, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony awards. They have also become U.S. Senators, ambassadors, and other federal officials. Others have won Pulitzer Prizes, become billionaires, won a Nobel Prize, joined the National Academies, and competed in the Olympics. The college is a top contributor to the Fulbright Program and other fellowships.
References
Colleges and universities in California
Los Angeles County, California
Zequinha

Zequinha (born 18 November, 1934) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
References
1934 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Recife
Roger Joseph Boscovich

Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 - 13 February 1787) was a Croatian polymath and Jesuit from the city of Dubrovnik in the Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Croatia). He studied and lived in Italy and France, where he published many of his works.
He produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy. In 1753 he discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon.
In Vienna in 1758, he published the first edition of his famous work, Philosophiae naturalis theoria redacta ad unicam legem virium in natura existentium (Theory of natural philosophy derived to the single law of forces which exist in nature). It included his atomic theory and his theory of forces. A second edition was published in 1763 in Venice and a third again in Vienna in 1764. In 1922 it was published in London, and in 1966 in the United States. Another edition was published in Zagreb in 1974.
Life
Boscovich was born in Dubrovnik as the youngest of seven children. He joined the Jesuit school in Dubrovnik, leaving for Rome in 1725. In Rome he was under the care of 2 Jesuit priests whom introduced him to the Society of Jesus. In 1731, enrolled in college at Sant'Andrea delle Fratte. There, he studied mathematics and physics and in 1740 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the college.
Boscovich studied the transit of Mercury, the Aurora borealis, the figure of the Earth, the observation of the fixed stars, the inequalities in terrestrial gravitation, the application of mathematics to the theory of the telescope, the limits of certainty in astronomical observations, and various problems in solid geometry and spherical trigonometry.
In 1742 he and other scientists were consulted by Pope Benedict XIV, as to the best way of securing the structure of the dome of St. Peter's, Rome, in which a crack had been discovered. His suggested placing five iron bands and it was accepted.
In 1758, Roger Joseph Boscovich described a version of atomic theory. He explained the resistance of hard bodies as due to force rather than "hardness". "The primary elements of matter are in my opinion perfectly indivisible & non-extended points".
As a devoted Jesuit, Boscovich spent his life without ever getting married or having children.
Related pages
Atomic theory
John Dalton
References
About Boscovich:
Cerqueiro, Daniel. Boscovich, the Time Traveler. Buenos Aires: Small Ed. Venice. 2008. ISBN 978-987-9239-18-6
Croatian scientists
Mathematicians
Neuchâtel District

Neuchatel District is one of the six districts of the canton of Neuchatel, Switzerland. The district capital is the town of Neuchatel. It has a population of (as of ).
Municipalities
The district has nine municipalities:
Mergers
On 1 January 1966 the municipality of Landeron-Combes changed its name to Le Landeron.
On 1 January 2009, Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre merged to form the new municipality of La Tene.
References
Districts of Neuchatel
Stanley Lucas

Stanley Lucas (15 January 1900 - 21 June 2010) was a British supercentenarian. He was the oldest living man in Europe at the time of his death. He was also the third-oldest man in the world. Lucas was born at Morwenstow UK and had two brothers and two sisters. In 1908 his family moved to Marhamchurch where Lucas lived until 1948. Lucas married Ivy Nancekivell in 1926 and took over the family farm. Lucas was a breeder of Devon cattle and Devon longwool sheep and started a dairy farm in the early 1940s. In 1948 he moved to live with his family at Poughill, where he continued to live after Ivy's death in 1963. Lucas was a member of Bude Town Council from 1959 to 1970, as well as vice chairman. His daughter said, "He has worked hard in his working life and was a teetotaller and non-smoker and since he has been elderly has been well cared for". He died on 21 June 2010 in Bude, England at the age of 110.
References
1900 births
2010 deaths
Bill Nelson

Clarence William "Bill" Nelson II (born September 29, 1942) is an American politician and astronaut. Nelson is the 14th and current Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration since May 2021. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the United States Senator from Florida from 2001 to 2019. He lost his re-election campaign in 2018 to Republican Governor Rick Scott.
He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991. In January 1986, he became the second sitting member of Congress to fly in space, after Jake Garn. He was a payload specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia.
Nelson retired from Congress in 1990 to run for Governor of Florida, but was lost the Democratic nomination to Lawton Chiles.
In March 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Nelson to be Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in his administration.
Early life
Nelson was born in Miami, Florida. He was raised in Melbourne, Florida. Nelson studied at the University of Florida, Yale University and at the University of Virginia.
Early political career
Nelson began his career in the Florida House of Representatives, where he served from 1973 to 1979. He then served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991.
In January 1986, Nelson became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space along with John Glenn. He flew as a Payload Specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia.
United States Senate
He served in the United States Senate, serving Florida from 2001 to 2019.
In the U.S. Senate, he was a centrist and a moderate Democrat. Nelson supported same-sex marriage, lowering taxes on lower and middle income families, expanding environmental programs and regulation, protecting the Affordable Care Act and expanding Medicaid.
Nelson chaired the Senate Aging Committee from 2013 to 2015, and was Ranking Member of the Senate Commerce Committee from 2015 to 2019.
Nelson lost re-election in 2018 to Republican Rick Scott by 0.1%.
Administrator to NASA
On February 22, 2021, reports emerged that President Joe Biden was considering nominating Nelson to be the NASA Administrator. Biden officially nominated Nelson on March 19, 2021 to the position.
His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 29, 2021 by a unanimous voice vote.
Personal life
In 1972, Nelson married Grace Cavert. The couple have two adult children: Charles William "Bill Jr." Nelson, and Nan Ellen Nelson. He has suffered from prostate cancer.
References
Other websites
1942 births
Living people
American astronauts
Lawyers from Miami
Military people from Florida
Episcopalians
Politicians from Miami
United States representatives from Florida
United States senators from Florida
University of Florida alumni
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Yale University alumni
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Administrators of NASA
Forel-sur-Lucens

Forel-sur-Lucens is a former municipality of the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, it is part of the municipality of Lucens.
References
Other websites
Former municipalities of Vaud
Naknek, Alaska

Naknek () is a census-designated place located in and the borough seat of Bristol Bay Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 470.
References
Borough seats in Alaska
Census-designated places in Alaska
Hilde Benjamin

Hilde Benjamin (born Hilde Lange, February 5, 1902 in Bernburg - April 18, 1989 in East Berlin) was an East German judge and justice minister. She was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).
Education and career
She studied law at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, the University of Heidelberg, and the University of Hamburg. Afterwards she worked as a lawyer, and became a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). During the war she had to do forced labor.
After the war she was vice president of the Supreme Court of East Germany from 1949 to 1953, a member of the Volkskammer (the East German parliament) from 1949 to 1967, justice minister from 1953 to 1967, and a member of the Central Committee of the SED from 1954 to 1989.
Benjamin was notorious for her judging of "show trials" (for political effect) and ministerial activities. Because she sentenced many people to death, she was nicknamed "Bloody Hilde", "The Red Guillotine", and "Red Freisler".
Later in life she gave lectures about the history of the judiciary in Potsdam.
Personal life
She was married to pediatrician and resistance fighter George Benjamin, who was also Jewish and who died in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Jewish-German philosopher Walter Benjamin was her husband's brother.
References
Biographies:
www.fembio.org
www.mdr.de
www.ddr-im-www.de
1902 births
1989 deaths
German judges
German lawyers
German people of World War II
Government ministers of East Germany
Holocaust survivors
Jewish German academics
Jewish German politicians
Jewish judges
Jewish lawyers
Jewish politicians
Members of the Volkskammer
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Judges
Pithecopus megacephalus

The large-headed leaf frog (Pithecopus megacephalus) is a frog that lives in Brazil. Scientists have seen it 800 meters above sea level in the 800 m in the Espinaco Mountains.
First paper
References
Frogs of South America
Torno, Lombardy

Torno is a comune in the Province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy.
Settlements in Lombardy
Gammelstad Church Town

Gammelstad Church Town () is a World Heritage Site in Gammelstaden close to the city of Lulea, Sweden. The church village consists of 424 wooden houses around a stone church from the early 15th-century.
Motivation for World Heritage Site
Gammelstad Church Town was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1996 with the motivation:
Gallery
References
World Heritage Sites in Sweden
Alba, Texas

Alba is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Towns in Texas
Delta, British Columbia

Delta is a place in British Columbia, Canada. Delta is a part of Metro Vancouver. Delta is next to the cities of; Richmond to the north, Surrey to the east, and New Westminster to the north east. Delta is also next to Point Roberts to the south, Point Roberts is a part of Whatcom County, Washington, USA. Delta is the biggest place in Metro Vancouver by how much land it has, Surrey is the second biggest. The mayor of Delta is Lois Jackson.
Delta has three towns; Ladner, Tsawwassen, and North Delta.
About Delta
Delta was made in 1868 by two people named William and Thomas Ladner. In 1879 Delta turned into a municipality.
In 1959, the George Massey tunnel was made and it connected Delta to Richmond. In 1986, the Alex Fraser bridge was made and it connected Delta to New Westminster. Four highways go through Delta; Highway 99, Highway 17, Highway 10, and Highway 91. The busy Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal is in Delta. Delta is also has a lot of farm land and the Burns Bog, which is the largest bog in North America.
Towns
Delta has three towns:
North Delta - most people who live in Delta live here. North Delta is next to Surrey by Scott Road to the east and 96th Avenue to the north. The first and only Krispy Kreme donut shop in British Columbia is in North Delta. North Delta is also has the Scottsdale Centre shopping mall. 52,000 people live in North Delta.
Ladner - a small town in north-west Delta. Ladner is the main centre of Delta. Ladner has a downtown centre. The Delta Municipal Hall, the Delta Hospital, the Delta Cable building, the Delta Museum, and the Delta School District head office are all in Ladner. Ladner also has an airport, which is called the Boundary Bay Airport. The main street in Ladner is Ladner Trunk Road, which turns into Highway 10. 25,000 people live in Ladner.
Tsawwassen - a place named after a First Nations tribe. The busy Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal, which has ferries that go to Victoria, Nanaimo, and the Gulf Islands, is in Tsawwassen. Tsawwassen is also has Delta's only border crossing, which goes to Point Roberts, Washington, USA. Tsawwassen also has a beach and two Indian reserves. The Tsawwassen Town Centre Mall, South Delta's only shopping mall, is also in Tsawwassen. The main street for Tsawwassen is 56th Street. 25,000 live in Tsawwassen.
Other websites
Official website
Cities in British Columbia
Tshopo

Tshopo is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Kisangani. It name is from the Tshopo River.
Before 2015, it was part of Orientale Province.
Territories
The territories of Tshopo are:
Bafwasende
Banalia
Basoko
Isangi
Opala
Ubundu
Yahuma
References
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2015 establishments in Africa
Fremont, Nebraska

Fremont is a city in Dodge County in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Nebraska. The population was 27,141 at the 2020 census.
References
Cities in Nebraska
County seats in Nebraska
Amajari

Amajari is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.
Municipalities in Roraima
Androidland

Androidland is the first Android retail store, opened by the company Telstra on Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia, in December 2011. Two more Androidland stores opened in India in 2013.
Related pages
Google Nexus
Galaxy Nexus
References
Other websites
Official Telstra Press Release
News of about the store at the Official Google Australia Blog
Images of the store
Google
Android (operating system)
2011 establishments in Australia
Oron (district)

The Oron District was a district in the Swiss canton of Vaud. The seat of the district was the municipality of Oron-la-Ville.
It contained the following municipalities:
Bussigny-sur-Oron
Carrouge
Chatillens
Chesalles-sur-Oron
Corcelles-le-Jorat
Ecoteaux
Essertes
Ferlens
La Rogivue
Les Cullayes
Les Tavernes
Les Thioleyres
Maracon
Mezieres
Montpreveyres
Oron-la-Ville
Oron-le-Chatel
Palezieux
Peney-le-Jorat
Ropraz
Servion
Vuibroye
Vulliens
Former districts of Vaud
Sweating Bullets (song)

"Sweating Bullets" is a song by Megadeth. Megadeth is an American thrash metal band. The song was released in 1993 as a single. It was the third single from Countdown to Extinction (1992). This is the band's fifth album. A music video for the song was also made. The song went to number 27 on the US Mainstream Rock music chart. It also went to number 26 on UK music charts.
The song was written by Dave Mustaine. It is about somebody that has schizophrenia.
Charts
References
1992 songs
Megadeth songs
Alcide d'Orbigny

Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 - 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who helped in zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.
1802 births
1857 deaths
French naturalists
White House Rose Garden

The White House Rose Garden is a garden by the White House in Washington, D.C., United States. The president holds speeches talks in the Rose Garden.
References
Gardens
Parks in the United States
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Morristown, Vermont

Morristown is a town in Lamoille County, in the U.S. state of Vermont. The population was 5,227 at the 2010 census. Morristown is the largest town by population in Lamoille County.
References
Towns in Vermont
Fillmore County, Nebraska

Fillmore County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 census, 5,551 people lived there. The county seat is Geneva. The county was founded in 1856 and named after Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (1850-1853).
References
1856 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Nebraska counties
Villefloure

Villefloure is a commune of 165 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Communes in Aude
Sennori

Sennori (Sennaru, Sennari) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 7,281 people lived there. Its area is 31.34 km2. It is 277 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Lake Albacutya

Lake Albacutya is a freshwater lake in western Victoria, Australia. It is listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. When full Lake Albacutya covers , is deep and holds around 230 GL.
Geography
The lake is part of the Wimmera River Terminal Wetlands. Water enters the lake from Outlet Creek which only flows when Lake Hindmarsh overflows. Water from the Wimmera River flows into Lake Hindmarsh. When full water from Lake Albacutya flows along Outlet Creek, and begins to fill further small lakes and wetlands to the north. This has not happened since 1976.
Water quality
Because the lake has less salt than Lake Hindmarsh, Lake Albacutya supports a denser cover of vegetation in its dry phase.
The lake has not received any inflow for some years and remained dry throughout the wetter years of 2011-2012.
References
Albacutya
Lakes of Victoria, Australia
Ramsar sites
Alice Munro

Alice Ann Munro (born 10 July 1931) is a Canadian writer of short stories. Munro received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. In her stories Munro has changed the way people write short stories. Her stories usually start in a place where people do not expect. After that, the stories go back and forward in time.
Her first collection of short stories, Dance of the Happy Shades, was published by Ryerson Press in 1968. It won the 1968 Governor General's Award for Fiction.
Munro's most recent collection of short stories, Dear Life, was published in 2012 by McClelland and Stewart.
References
1931 births
Canadian writers
Living people
Writers from Ontario
O. Henry Award winners
Dwarf Fortress

Dwarf Fortress (also known as Slaves to Armok: God of Blood Chapter II: Dwarf Fortress) is an indie game created by Tarn and Zach Adams. It has three modes, each providing a different experience but all sharing a fantasy setting. It is currently in Alpha, and has been in development since 2002. The game has simple text-based graphics inspired by classic roguelikes. There is no way to win, but various ways of losing an in-game fortress or adventurer. A popular meme within the game's fanbase is "Losing is fun!"
Gameplay
Before the game can be played, a world must be made. The player can choose the size, number of groups, and various other bits of the world. After this, they are shown a world made to their liking and can use it or ask for another.
In "Fortress Mode", the player manages a fortress of dwarves. Among other things, the player is able to construct buildings, build an army, and break holes. Their dwarves must be fed, entertained, and protected from hazards to survive. Hazards include flooding, sieges, magma, and a variety of hostile creatures.
In "Adventure Mode", the player explores the world as their own character. Through exploration, they can gather information on characters and places across the map. Quests can be discovered by listening to friendly NPCs. Most quests focus around killing villains or monsters, and reward fame. Some friendly NPCs can be made into companions, who will aid the player in their travels. The player character has the same needs as the dwarves, including hydration and rest. This mode features a deeper combat system where body parts can be targeted.
In "Legends Mode", the player can read the generated history of their world. Historical figures, artifacts, and battles are described. A historical map of the world is included.
History
In their youth, the Adams brothers were avid fans of sci-fi and fantasy games. They became curious about computer game development and Tarn worked to learn programming. The two programmed various computer games including Slaves to Armok: God of Blood, a role-playing game focused around killing goblins. Using much of the system created for Armok and inspiration from their mining game Mutant Miner, they began work on Dwarf Fortress in 2002. The game has been in development since 2006, with frequent updates on progress and planned features. The game is free to download and its development is funded through PayPal donations.
References
2006 video games
Freeware games
Indie video games
MacOS games
Role-playing video games
Simulator video games
Windows games
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional organization in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
References
Other websites
International organizations
Organizations based in Nepal
Jack Hirschman

Jack Hirschman (December 13, 1933 - August 22, 2021) was an American Marxist poet, essayist and social activist. He wrote more than 100 volumes of poetry and essays. He was born in New York City.
In 2006, Hirschman was made Poet Laureate of San Francisco by Mayor Gavin Newsom.
His best known poetry volumes were A Correspondence of Americans (Indiana U. Press, 1960), Black Alephs (Trigram Press, 1969), Lyripol (City Lights, 1976), The Bottom Line (Curbstone, 1988), and Endless Threshold (Curbstone, 1992).
Hirschman suddenly died at his home in San Francisco on August 22, 2021, aged 87. He died a few minutes before the start of his speaking in the last of a regular online interview as the World Poetry Movement coordinator board.
References
1933 births
2021 deaths
American poets
American essayists
American political activists
Marxists
Writers from New York City
Writers from San Francisco
Caradrina draudti

Caradrina draudti is a moth of the Noctuidae family. Boursin used the scientific name in 1936.
References
Caradrina draudti in lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Rallidae

The rails, or Rallidae, are a large family of small to medium-sized birds. The rails are related to cranes, and both are in the order Gruiformes.
The family is diverse, and includes the crakes, coots, and gallinules. Many species are associated with wetlands, although the family is found in every terrestrial habitat except dry deserts, polar regions and alpine areas above the snow line. The Rallidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. There are numerous island species. The most common habitats are marshland or dense forest. They like dense vegetation.
There are many rails on islands, and they are often flightless.
Flight and flightlessness
The wings of all rails are short and rounded. Their flight is not powerful, but can continue for long periods, and many species migrate annually. The weakness of their flight means they are easily blown off course, so they are common vagrants. This has led them to colonize many isolated oceanic islands. Furthermore, these birds often prefer to run rather than fly, especially in dense shrub or woodland habitats. Some are also flightless at some time during their moult period.
Many island rails are flightless because on a small island without threatening predators they do not need to fly or move long distances. Flight makes intense demands, with the keel and flight muscles taking up to a quarter of a bird's weight. Reducing the flight muscles lowers the metabolic demands, and reduces the flightless rail's energy needs. For this reason, flightlessness makes it easier to survive and colonize an island where resources may be limited. Flightlessness can evolve extremely rapidly in island rails; it took as little as 125,000 years for the Laysan rail to lose the power of flight and evolve the reduced, stubby wings only useful to keep balance when running quickly.
References
Ukrainian Wikipedia

The Ukrainian Wikipedia (, Ukrayins'ka Vikipediya) is the Ukrainian language edition of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia.
It started in 2004 and is the 16th largest edition by article count.
References
Other websites
The Ukrainian Wikipedia's Main Page
Wikipedias
Mitsutoshi Watada

Mitsutoshi Watada (born 26 March 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1998||rowspan="4"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||28||2||2||0||4||2||34||4
|-
|1999||17||0||1||0||2||0||20||0
|-
|2000||26||8||3||0||4||1||33||9
|-
|2001||25||6||2||1||4||1||31||8
|-
|2002||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||12||2||0||0||7||1||19||3
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||17||6||1||0||1||0||19||6
|-
|2005||16||0||1||0||3||0||20||0
|-
|2006||Banditonce Kobe||Regional Leagues||0||0||4||4||colspan="2"|-||4||4
|-
|2007||Gifu||Football League||20||4||2||2||colspan="2"|-||22||6
|-
|2008||Kariya||Football League||11||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||3
172||31||16||7||25||5||213||43
172||31||16||7||25||5||213||43
|}
References
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyogo Prefecture
Changsha Metro

The Changsha Metro (officially ; also called ) is a rapid transit system in Changsha, which is the capital of Hunan province in China. The first metro line of it, Line 2, was opened on April 29, 2014. This made Changsha the 18th city in mainland China to open a rapid transit system.As of May 2020, three additional lines of it are under construction.
Lines in operation
Reference
Rapid transit systems
Rail transport in the People's Republic of China
Hunan
Janakpur Zone

Janakpur ( ), was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, reaching from the Indian border in the south to the Tibetan border in the north and Sagarmatha Zone in the east and Bagmati and Naryani Zones in the west.
The headquarters of Janakpur Zone and its main city was Janakpur. It is a historic city of Hinduism. The city was believed to be the capital city of King Janak, the father in law of Lord Rama, the son of the then king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha. The name of this zone is related to the historic King Janak and his capital Janakpur.
Other cities within Janakpur Zone were Kamalamai (in Inner Terai) and Bhimeshwor and Bardibas, Dhalkebar, Jaleshwor, Malangwa, Gaushala Bazar and Matihani (Outer Terai).
Districts
Janakpur was divided into six districts. They are :-
Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
Zones of Nepal
Districts of Nepal
Zones of Nepal
Alex Fraser (scientist)

Alex Fraser (1923-2002) was an Australian computer scientist. He helped develop the modelling of population genetics on computers. His work made an impact on how we view evolutionary systems today.
1923 births
2002 deaths
Australian scientists
Scientists from London
Computer scientists
Continuum hypothesis

The continuum hypothesis is a hypothesis on continuum that there is no set that is both bigger than that of the natural numbers and smaller than that of the real numbers. Georg Cantor stated this hypothesis in 1877.
There are infinitely many natural numbers, the cardinality of the set of natural numbers is infinite. This is also true for the set of real numbers, but there are more real numbers than natural numbers. We say that the natural numbers have infinite cardinality and the real numbers have infinite cardinality, but the cardinality of the real numbers is greater than the cardinality of the natural numbers.
This hypothesis is the first problem on the list of 23 problems David Hilbert published in 1900. Kurt Godel showed in 1939, that the hypothesis cannot be falsified using Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. The Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory is the set theory commonly used in mathematics. Paul Cohen showed in the 1960s that the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory cannot be used to prove the continuum hypothesis, either. For this, Cohen was awarded the Fields Medal.
Set theory
Sundby

Sundby is a locality in Ekero Municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden. In 2010, 270 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Stockholm County
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht

Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht is a village and municipality in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands. About 31,000 people were living there in 2021.
References
Plaatsengids.nl
Other websites
Official website
Gallery
Settlements in South Holland
Municipalities of South Holland
Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill

Anthony Paul Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill, QC (3 July 1936 - 8 August 2020) was a British barrister and politician. He sat in the House of Lords as a non-affiliated peer. He was born into a Jewish family in London.
n 29 June 2007, Lester was appointed by Prime Minister Gordon Brown as a special adviser on constitutional reform to the Secretary of State for Justice. Lester's peerage was announced on 13 August 1993.
Until sexual harassment claims arose in February 2018, Lord Lester sat as a Liberal Democrat. On 12 November 2018, the House of Lords Committee for Privileges and Conduct supported a recommendation that Lord Lester be suspended from the House of Lords until June 2022 as a result of a complaint of sexual harassment.
References
1936 births
2020 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British lawyers
Harvard University alumni
Jewish British politicians
Jewish lawyers
Liberal Democrats (UK) people
Members of the House of Lords
Politicians from London
Isleworth

Isleworth is a small town of Saxon origin. It is in the London Borough of Hounslow in West London.
Areas of London
London Borough of Hounslow
Heartland

Heartland is 1979 American western drama movie directed by first time director Richard Pearce and was based on the 1914 memoir by Elinore Pruitt Stewart. It stars Rip Torn, Conchata Ferrell, Barry Primus, Lilia Skala, Amy Wright, Jerry Hardin, Jeff Boschee.
Other websites
1979 drama movies
1970s Western (genre) movies
American drama movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Richard Pearce
Partridge

The partridge is a medium sized bird. They are known as game birds because they are hunted and eaten by humans. They are in the Pheasant family (Phasianidae).
Partridges are in the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The line "...and a Partridge in a pear tree" is sung.
Color and shape
Most partridges are brown, gray and white. They are camouflaged and difficult to see. They have short legs and short bills. Partridges are smaller than Pheasants but they are bigger than Quails.
Partridges can not fly very well and they do not migrate. This means they always stay in the same area all year round.
Habitat
Partridges live in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. They live in places such as moors, grassland and farmland. They feed mostly on seeds, and nest on the ground. This means their nests are not very safe from predators such as foxes. Partridges use their camouflage to make it difficult for predators to see them and their nests.
Phasianidae
Hydrazine

Hydrazine, also known as diazine, is a chemical compound. It is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen ions. Its chemical formula is N2H4. It contains hydrogen in its +1 and nitrogen in its -2 oxidation state.
Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It smells like ammonia, but it is more reactive than ammonia. It is a strong reducing agent. It is explosive. It can mix with water. It is a base similar to ammonia.
Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium hypochlorite with liquid (not household) ammonia. If it is reacted with household ammonia, toxic fumes will be released. It can be made by reacting urea with sodium hypochlorite.
Uses
It is used to make foam. It is also used in rocket fuels. It can be used in fuel cells. It is used to make sodium azide by reacting sodium amide with sodium nitrite.
Related pages
Ammonium
Azide
Nitrate
Nitrogen compounds
Timurid dynasty

The Timurid dynasty () or the Timurids, who called themselves Gurkani Note: Gurgan, Gurkhan, or Kurkhan; The meaning of Kurkhan is given in Clements Markham's publication of the reports of the contemporary witness Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo as "of the lineage of sovereign princes". (), were a Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turco-Mongol lineage. The dynasty was heavily Persianized and the Persian language was used as the main and official language because members of the dynasty were strongly influenced by the culture of Iran. The Timurids established two well-known empires, the Timurid Empire in Iran and Central Asia and the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. The Mughal dynasty was a branch of the Timurid dynasty.
Y-DNA
Test of living male descendant show's Y-DNA R-M198 (R1A1).
References
History of Islam
Mongol Empire
History of Iran
History of Uzbekistan
Royal dynasties
Serge Ibaka

Serge Ibaka (born 18 September 1989) is a NBA player born in Republic of the Congo and a naturalized citizen of Spain. Ibaka plays for the Milwaukee Bucks. Before that he has played for the Los Angeles Clippers,Toronto Raptors and Oklahoma City Thunder. He plays at the forward position.
Other websites
Serge Ibaka at Basketball-Reference
References
1989 births
African sportspeople
Living people
Oklahoma City Thunder players
Orlando Magic players
Toronto Raptors players
Sysslebäck

Syssleback is a locality in Torsby Municipality in Varmland County in Sweden. In 2010, 527 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Varmland County
Rowan

A Rowan is a type of fruit-bearing plant in the family Rosaceae. They grow in the cooler areas of Europe and Asia. The fruit is a 4-8 mm diameter ball. It is bright orange or red in most species, but pink, yellow or white in some Asian species. The fruit is soft and juicy.
Fruits
Rosaceae
Humboldt-University of Berlin

The Humboldt-University of Berlin () is Berlin's first public university. It was founded by Wilhelm von Humboldt. He was the German Minister of Education at the time. Von Humboldt organized Germany's system of education which is still used today. The first building was donated by Frederick William III of Prussia. The University opened its doors in 1810 as the University of Berlin.
History
At the time of its founding in 1810, there was pressure to make the new university both practical and industrial. Von Humboldt wanted it to be a center for the pursuit of truth in learning. In the end he won out. The University was set up under his principles. In 1828 it was formally renamed the Frederick-William University. The university was named in honor of the reigning monarch, Frederick William III of Prussia. The university offered the traditional faculties of law, medicine, theology and philosophy. Emperor William made several establishments at the University. One of these was the professorship of "American History". It is now called the "Theodore Roosevelt professorship". It required the position be filled by an American professor who must lecture in German. In an interview with then president Butler of Columbia University, a second professorship in Berlin was established with a lectures in English taught by a German professor.
From 1933 to 1945, under Nazism, the university lost many of its Jewish scholars and students. Some were killed. On May 10, 1933 many university books were burned. Before World War II Humboldt was still the major university in Berlin. After the war the university was greatly weakened. It reopened in January 1946. It was in the Soviet sector of Berlin. Many students and faculty wanted to continue their education free of communist government control. With the help of the US Army and donations from the United States government, the Free University of Berlin was established in 1948 in West Berlin.
In 1949 the university was given its present name, Humboldt-University of Berlin (), to honor the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt. The university underwent a number of changes by the government of East Berlin in the 1950s. But it regained its importance as a major center of learning.
The university today
The university got its start reflecting the principles of the great educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt. It pioneered many new academic disciplines. In spite of its problems in the 20th century, the university has returned to its founding principles. There are 260 degree courses offered. The university has an academic staff of about 2,170 and 35,000 students. it is currently ranked 80th among the world's universities. It has been informally called "Berlin University" throughout its history. Also, informally, the "University of Linden" () after its location.
References
Other websites
Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Home page (in German)
1949 establishments in Germany
Colleges and universities in Berlin
Education in Berlin
Neue Deutsche Biographie

Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB; New German Biography) is a biographical reference work. The 26 volumes published so far cover more than 22,500 biographies of peoples and families who lived in the German language area.
German literature
Biographies (books)
Storm cellar

Storm cellars are underground structures that are either located below buildings, or are built underground near houses or other such buildings. They are reinforced structures into which residents can go for protection from a strong wind storm. They are common in areas that often have tornadoes and hurricanes.
In houses
A typical storm cellar for a single family would be built nearby the home. It might have a floor area of eight by twelve feet, (2.5 x 3.5 m) and an arched roof like that of a quonset hut--but it would be entirely underground. In most cases the entire structure would be built of blocks faced with cement and rebar through the bricks for protection from the storm doing this makes it almost impossible for the bricks to fall apart. New ones sometimes are made of septic tanks that have been modified with a steel door and vents. Most storm cellars would be reached by a covered stairwell. At the opposite end of the structure there would be conduits for air that would reach the surface, and perhaps a small window to serve as an emergency exit and also to provide some light.
Additional uses
A storm cellar may also be used to store canned goods for emergencies or for a long period of time.
Further reading
The Secure Home, Joel Skousen, Swift Learning Resources; 3rd ed, 1999 (ISBN 1-56861-055-6)
Related pages
Storm door
Storm drain
Storm room
Storm windows
Tornado
Tornado Alley
Buildings and structures
Siege of Leningrad

The siege of Leningrad was a siege in Leningrad during World War II. The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed.
Although the Soviet Union forces managed to open a narrow path to the city on 18 January 1943, the siege was only stopped on 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It is thought of as one of the most destructive sieges ever to happen. It was possibly the heaviest in terms of casualties, killing over 1 million innocent people.
Also, because of the siege, no food was allowed to enter Leningrad, leaving the residents to eat things such as:
Cats
Sawdust
Horses
Wallpaper paste
Human flesh (e.g babies)
Anything that could be salvaged and was edible
Because of the German operations, no people or supply trucks were allowed to enter or leave the city, leaving the occupants without food often for weeks or months.
Related pages
Symphony No. 7 "Leningrad" (Shostakovich)
References
World War II
Saint Petersburg
Leningrad
Iredell County, North Carolina

Iredell County is a county of the U.S. state of North Carolina. At the 2020 census, the population was 186,693. Its county seat is Statesville, and its largest town is Mooresville. The county was formed in 1788.
References
18th-century establishments in North Carolina
1788 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Rina Gonoi

Rina Gonoi (born 1999) is a Japanese former soldier. After she left the army she started a public campaign in 2022, demanding truth and a formal apology after she was sexually assaulted by drunken male officers during training in 2021. Attempts were made to brush her allegations and she received anonymous threats. However in September 2022 the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force acknowledged that her allegations were accurate and the four male officers apologised to her in person. In December 2022 she was named by the Financial Times as one of the 25 most influential women of 2022.
References
Japanese military people
1999 births
Crime victims
Siamaggiore

Siamaggiore (Siamaiore, Siamajori) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 927 people lived there. Its area is 13.17 km2. It is 8 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Dryas (plant)

Dryas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae.
There are three species and one hybrid:
Dryas drummondii - Drummond's avens
Dryas integrifolia - Entire-leaved avens
Dryas octopetala - Mountain avens
Dryas x suendermannii - D. drummondii x D. octopetala
Rosaceae
Nordmaling

Nordmaling is an urban area in the county of Vasterbotten in Sweden. It is the seat of Nordmaling Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Vasterbotten County
Pasquale Squitieri

Pasquale Squitieri (27 November 1938 - 18 February 2017) was an Italian movie director and screenwriter. He was best known for his Spaghetti Western movies. He was also known as William Redfield. He was born in Naples.
Squitieri died on 18 February 2017 in Rome, at the age of 78.
Filmography
Io e Dio (1969)
Vengeance Is a Dish Served Cold (1971)
Camorra (1972)
I guappi (1974)
The Climber (1975)
Il prefetto di ferro (1977)
Corleone (1978)
L'arma (1978)
Savage Breed (1980)
Claretta (1984)
The Repenter (1985)
Naso di cane (1986) (TV miniseries)
The Third Solution (1988)
Gli invisibili (1988)
Atto di dolore (1990)
Il colore dell'odio (1990)
Li chiamarono... briganti! (1999)
L'avvocato de Gregorio (2003)
Father (2011)
References
Other websites
1938 births
2017 deaths
Italian movie directors
Movie people from Naples