pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dynamic and formal equivalence

Dynamic and formal equivalence are concepts from linguistics.
When a language is translated into another one, there is a problem: the meaning of a word or a phrase in the first language is not the same as that of the word or phrase in the second language. The first language may also have words, phrases or grammatical structures that do not exist in the second language.
There are two possible ways to solve this problem:
The translator can look at what the text means. He or she can then try to find expressions in the target language that mean very similar things. With this approach, the translation will sound more natural, and may be easier to read. This approach towards translation is known as dynamic or functional equivalence.
It is possible to make a literal translation. The approach towards this kind of translation is called formal equivalence. A literal translation may mean that the text is translated word-for-word. This will be harder to read, but it will be closer to what is written in the source text. However, there may even be some expressions in the source language that are absent in the target language. In that case, they are used in the translated text just the way they have been in the source text. But only the letters used in the source language for those expressions are replaced with letters from the target language. And it is done in such a way that the expressions used in the translation sound similar to those in the source text.
Linguistics
Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 movie)

Fun with Dick and Jane is the 2005 American criminal comedy remake of Fun with Dick and Jane (1977) starring Jim Carrey, Tea Leoni, Alec Baldwin and Richard Jenkins. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, the movie did well at the box office making a worldwide total of $202 million, a weekend grossing only $30,383,515, but was able to eventually make eight times its opening weekend gross during the holiday season.
Release Dates
Cast
Jim Carrey as Richard "Dick" Harper
Tea Leoni as Jane Harper
Alec Baldwin as Jack McCallister
Richard Jenkins as Frank Bascombe
Angie Harmon as Veronica Cleeman
John Michael Higgins as Garth
Richard Burgi as Joe Cleeman
Carlos Jacott as Oz Peterson
Stephanie Weir as Deborah "Debbie" Peterson
Aaron Michael Drozin as Billy Harper
Gloria Garayua as Blanca
Jason Marsden as Clerk
Jeff Garlin as Boss
James Whitmore as Security Guard
Notes
Other websites
Official site
2005 comedy movies
2005 crime movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
American movie remakes
2000s English-language movies
Movies directed by Dean Parisot
Miriam A. Ferguson

Miriam A. Ferguson (born Miriam Amanda Wallace; June 13 1875 -- June 25, 1961) was a politician in Texas. She was nicknamed "Ma" Ferguson. She became the Governor of Texas on two different occasions. She was the second woman governor that served the United States.
Ferguson was born in Bell County, Texas. She died of heart failure, age eighty six.
Governors of Texas
1875 births
1961 deaths
Dree Hemingway

Dree Hemingway (born December 4, 1987) is an American fashion model and actress. She is the daughter of Mariel Hemingway and niece of Margaux Hemingway. She did editorials for Harper's Bazaar and for Vogue.
Dree Hemingway was born in Idaho.
References
American television actors
American movie actors
Models from Idaho
Actors from Idaho
1987 births
Living people
SummerSlam (2008)

SummerSlam was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on August 17, 2008 at Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was the 21st annual SummerSlam event and starred wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown and ECW brands.
Results
Related pages
List of WWE pay-per-view events
SummerSlam
References
Other websites
The official website of WWE SummerSlam 2008
SummerSlam 2008 Microsite (Macromedia Flash Player needed)
2008 in professional wrestling
SummerSlam
History of Indianapolis
2008 in American television
21st century in Indiana
Mansehra Tehsil

Mansehra Tehsil () is a subdivision of the Mansehra District, Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The main or central city of Mansehra is also located in this area. It is a major stop for tourists on the Karakoram Highway which leads to China. It is also a major transit point to the Northern Areas and locations such as the Kaghan Valley, Naran, Shogran, Lake Saiful Mulook and Babusar Top.
Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Trenni Kusnierek

Trenni Kusnierek is a sportscaster formally with MLB Network. She currently works for WJTM-AM as a sports anchor. She also worked at WDJT-TV as a sports anchor. She also worked for FSN Pittsburgh for the Pittsburgh Pirates and FSN Wisconsin for the Milwaukee Brewers. He is the current sideline reporter for Green Bay Packers preseason telecasts with Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon. Kusnierek is a former studio host and reporter for MLB Network.
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Living people
1977 births
Hiroshi Miyazawa

Hiroshi Miyazawa (born 22 November 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||13||0||3||0||6||0||22||0
|-
|1994||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|1995||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||0||3||0||14||0||41||0
|-
|1997||5||0||0||0||4||0||9||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||21||1||0||0||3||0||24||1
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
69||1||6||0||27||0||102||1
69||1||6||0||27||0||102||1
|}
References
1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Neuf-Berquin

Neuf-Berquin (; from ) is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 1,248 people lived in the commune.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Neosho County, Kansas

Neosho County (standard abbreviation: NO) is a county in the south east of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 16,512 people lived there. The county seat is Erie.
History
19th century
In 1861, Neosho County was created.
The first railroad was built through Neosho County in 1870.
Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (1.1%) is water.
People
Government
Presidential elections
Neosho County is a very Republican county. However, like the rest of Southeast Kansas counties, Democrats have not done poorly.
Education
Unified school districts
Erie-Galesburg USD 101 (Web site), serves the communities of Erie, Galesburg, Stark.
Cherokee USD 247 (Web site), serves mostly parts of Crawford and Cherokee counties, but also includes small parts of Labette and Neosho counties.
Chanute USD 413 (Web site)
Chetopa-St. Paul USD 505 (Web site)
Cherryvale-Thayer USD 447 (Web site)
Communities
Cities
Chanute
Earlton
Erie
Galesburg
Stark
St. Paul
Thayer
References
More reading
Standard Atlas of Neosho County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 53 pages; 1906.
Other websites
County
Neosho County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
Neosho County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Kansas counties
1861 establishments in Kansas
Sámi Parliament of Norway

The Sami Parliament of Norway (, , Lule Sami) is the representative body for people of Sami heritage in Norway.
The Parliament was opened on 9 October 1989. The seat is in the village of Karasjohka (Karasjok) in Karasjohka Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county.
It currently has 39 representatives, who are elected every four years by direct vote from 7 constituencies. The current president is Silje Karine Muotka who represents the Norwegian Sami Association.
References
Government of Norway
Askersby

Askersby is a locality in Orebro Municipality in Orebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 243 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Orebro County
List of presidents of the Reichstag

The President of the Reichstag was the presiding officer of the German legislature from 1871 to 1918, under the German Empire and again from 1920 to 1945, under the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany.
Presidents of the Reichstag
|-
|colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey" align=center| Presidents of the Reichstag
|-
|colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey" align=center| Presidents of the Weimar National Assembly
|-
|colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey" align=center| Presidents of the Reichstag
Presidium of the Reichstag
References
German ministries 1871-1945Rulers.org
Politics of Germany
Mohamed Said Fofana

Mohamed Said Fofana (born 1952) is a Guinean politician. He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 2010 to 2015. He began his term as Prime Minister in 2010. His predecessor was Jean-Marie Dore.
References
1952 births
Prime Ministers of Guinea
Living people
Cramlington

Cramlington is a town in the county of Northumberland, in the north-east of England.
Cramlington is about five miles from the coast. The nearest beach is at Blyth, which is to the east. The county town of Morpeth is rather nearby.
Newcastle city is also close, which people of Cramlington can go and enjoy.
Cramlington is rather new, with lots of parks. The bicycle track system means cyclists can travel around the entire town without having to travel on the roads. The underpasses under the major roads mean children can walk around safe from traffic.
History
It was thought the Vikings were the first to settle in Cramlington. Until relatively recently it was made up of a few small mining villages, but was chosen to be a new town and since the 1960s, builders have enlarged the town to become the town of 40,000 it is today.
Facilites
The headquarters of The Officers Club menswear store is in Cramlington.
A large indoor shopping mall, Manor Walks, serves as the main shopping centre, next to the old village centre. There is a large leisure centre, Concordia, next to the shopping centre which has an indoor pool, climbing wall and well-equipped gym.
There are lots of Christian churches in the town including two Methodist, an Anglican church with two plants, as well as a Catholic church and a few Pentecostal and charismatic churches.
Cramlington Community High School is the only secondary school in the town, which passed the recent OFSTED inspection with 'outstanding' grades. The school system is about to be replaced with the two tier system, in which the high school will cater for 11-18 year olds.
Famous People
The comedian Ross Noble grew up in Cramlington.
References
Towns in Northumberland
Homo

Homo is a genus of upright primates that walk on two legs. The only living species is Homo sapiens (humans).
The genus began about 2.3 million years ago. Their ancestors were almost certainly some line of Australopithecine apes. Species of Homo have:
A larger brain (above 900ml)
Improved walking and running ability.
As the process continues, the forehead becomes more vertical, the skull becomes rounder, the teeth are reduced in size, arms are shorter and legs are longer. The skeleton becomes more delicate. particularly in our species.
All species used stone tools, but there is no evidence of when language developed. Human evolution is a much studied topic.
Species
Homo habilis
Homo rudolfensis
Homo ergaster
Homo erectus
Homo floresiensis
Homo rhodesiensis
Homo georgicus
Homo naledi
Homo antecessor
Homo cepranensis
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Denisovans
Homo sapiens
References
Hominins
Ben Guerdane

Ben Gardane or Bengardane ( or , ; ) is a commune and coastal town in south eastern Tunisia, close to the border with Libya. It is located at around .
History
During the Second World War Ben Gardane Airfield was used by the 57th Fighter Group, which flew P-40 Warhawks from the airfield from 9 to 21 March 1943 during the Eighth Army advance into Tunisia from Libya, to which the 57th was attached. It was also used by Spitfires from the 601 Squadron RAF.
The town belongs to the governorate of Medenine. Located 423 km - 559 km by road - from Tunis, it is the city furthest from the capital.
It is the last major city in the governorate of Medenine with total population estimated at 79,912 inhabitants in 2014. It is located 32 kilometers from the Tunisian-Libyan border.
It is best known both in Tunisia and Libya as a trade road and an open exchange market. Tunisians take advantage of the availability and variety of the goods existing in the shops. The great amount of these goods are basically imported from Libya and deemed less expensive.
It is distinguished for its large population of dromedaries estimated at 15,000 head. An annual festival devoted to them during the month of June.
In March 2016, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya attacked the town in the Battle of Ben Guerdane.
Islamic militancy
According to The Washington Post, "hundreds of young men have left Ben Guerdane over the past three decades to wage jihad in Iraq, Afghanistan and Bosnia, radicalized in part by a repressive regime that persecuted Islamists".
The leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi famously said of Ben Gardane, "if it was located next to Fallujah, we would have liberated Iraq."
Population and tribal diversity
There is a mixture of Berbers and Arabs, who from the Twazin tribal alliance which took place centuries ago as a tribal defense shield against the invasion, especially from the east towards Libya. There is no historical record as to the date of the establishment of this alliance but the inhabitants of Bengardane still have this bond and are said to be proud of the alliance. Beside the Twazin, there are other large tribes such as Jelidat, Rabai'a which have participated in shaping the heritage, culture and way of life in Bengardane .
Related pages
2016 Ben Guerdane attack
References
Settlements in Tunisia
Towns in Africa
Rebecca Adlington

Rebecca "Becky" Adlington, OBE (born 17 February 1989) is a retired English freestyle swimmer. She won two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400 m and 800 m. She won bronze medals in the women's 400 m and 800 m freestyle events in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Adlington retired from all competitive swimming on 5 February 2013.
Early life
Adlington was born in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. She went to The Brunts School there.
In 2013 she was a contestant on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.
References
1989 births
British Olympic bronze medalists
British Olympic gold medalists
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
Living people
Mansfield
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Nottinghamshire
British swimmers
International Opium Convention

The International Opium Convention was the first drug control treaty (or agreement). It was signed at The Hague in The Netherlands on January 23, 1912. The United States organised a conference between 13 countries called the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China because people complained more and more about opium trade. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The Convention said that "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."
The Convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force around the world in 1919 when it became part of the Treaty of Versailles.
A modified International Opium Convention was signed on February 19, 1925, which started on September 25, 1928. It introduced control system to be looked after by a Permanent Central Opium Board, part of the League of Nations. Egypt, with support from
China and United States, recommended that a ban on hashish be added to the Convention.
India and other countries did not agree, saying social and religious customs and that wild-growing cannabis plants being available in many places, that would make it difficult to enforce, so this never made it into the final treaty. A compromise was made that banned the export of Indian hemp to countries that have banned its use. Importing countries were made to issue certificates approving the import and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes." It also required Parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin." These restrictions still made it easy for countries to allow production, internal trade, and use of cannabis for recreational purposes.
The Convention was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.
References
International law
The Hague
Drug control law
Kambhampati Hari Babu

Kambhampati Hari Babu is an Indian politician and the current Governor of Mizoram. He was a member of parliament as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
References
Living people
1953 births
Governors of Mizoram
Sonoma Coast State Beach

Sonoma Coast State Beach is a series of beaches in Sonoma County, California. The beaches are protected as the Sonoma Coast State Park. It extends for about along the Pacific Coast, from Bodega Head in Bodega to just north of Goat Rock Beach.
The nearest town is Jenner. The coastline consists of a number of named beaches, including Arched Rock Beach, Jenner Beach, Blind Beach, Goat Beach and Goat Rock Beach. Goat Beach is known for being one of the most dangerous surfing spots in California because of its powerful waves, and it is recommended to not go near the water when visiting the beach. Jenner Beach got attention in August 2004 when two Christian youth camp counselors, 22-year-old Lindsay Cutshall and 26-year-old Jason Allen, were found dead. Both had been shot in the head at close range. The murders have not been solved.
References
Other websites
California State Parks official site for Sonoma Coast State Park
Sonoma County, California
Beaches of California
State parks in the United States
Rural area

Rural areas are areas which are not towns or cities. They are often farming or agricultural areas. These areas are sometimes called "the country" or "countryside". People who live "in the country" often live in small villages, but they might also live somewhere where there are no other houses nearby.
Rural is the opposite of urban, which means places such as cities where buildings and places where people work and live are all close together.
Many people who live in cities like to go to the country to relax. They go there for recreation, often for their holidays, or to read.
In the U.S. and Angola the term "rural area" technically describes a place that has less than 500 inhabitants per square mile.
Human geography
Urban and regional sciences
oc:Campagne
2020 Jolo bombings

The 2020 Jolo bombings occurred on August 24, 2020, when suicide bombers of Abu Sayyaf jihadists attacked Jolo, Sulu, Philippines, killing 14 people and wounding 75 others.
The first attack happened as army personnel were assisting in carrying out COVID-19 humanitarian efforts. The second, a suicide bombing, was carried out near the Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral.
References
2020s explosions in Asia
2020s murders in Asia
2020 in the Philippines
August 2020 events
Explosions in 2020
Islamic State
Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2020s
Mass murder in 2020
Mass murder in Asia
Suicide bombings in Asia
Suicide bombings in the 2020s
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2020
NGC 4605

NGC 4605 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is about 15 million light-years away from Earth.
Spiral galaxies
Andrew Wyeth

Andrew Newell Wyeth ( ; July 12, 1917 - January 16, 2009) was an American visual artist, primarily a realist painter, working mostly in a regionalist style. He was one of the best-known U.S. artists of the middle 20th century.
Wyeth was born in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. He was the youngest of N.C. Wyeth's five children. His siblings included artists Henriette Wyeth and Carolyn Wyeth as well as inventor Nathaniel Wyeth. In 1940, he married Betsy James, who would often model in his paintings.
On January 16, 2009, Wyeth died in his sleep in Chadds Ford after a brief illness. He was 91 years old.
References
Other websites
1917 births
2009 deaths
American painters
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
People from Pennsylvania
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Ungersheim

Ungersheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Marthe Bogaerts

Marthe Bogaerts was a French swimming administrator in the early 20th-century from Paris.
Sport executive
Bogaerts served as the president of the Mouettes de Paris club between 1911 and 1920. This swimming club was a main women's swimming club in the early 20th-century; during the early phase of the French women's swimming. She was nicknamed "tambour-majeur" (major drummer). She is described as chairing the the club with "authority" but also with "dedication". During her presidency, the club grew to two hundred swimmers.
After the foundation of the Academie d'education physique et sportive de la femme, it had 1300 members in 1918. Bogaerts became responsible for the swimming section. Many swimmers became instructors including Yvonne Degraine, Georgette Houy, Berthe Conte and Suzanne Wurtz.
Personal life
Bogaerts married to a sports journalist of newspaper L'Auto. They lived in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. Their daughter Andree Bogaerts (born 1903) was a swimmer. As a member of Mouettes de Paris she was was a competitive swimmer between 1912 and 1919. Her main achievements were winning the junior competition over 50 metre in Charenton-le-Pont in 1916 and finishing third in the 50 metre (behind Jeanne Decorne) and 80 metre at the Grand prix de Paris des joutes a la lance in 1919.
References
Sports executives and administrators
French swimmers
Sportswomen
Sportspeople from Paris
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
19th-century births
20th-century deaths
Bengy-sur-Craon

Bengy-sur-Craon is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. About 657 people lived there in January 2019.
Population
References
Communes in Cher
Hemiksem

Hemiksem is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007, 9755 people lived there.
It is at 51deg 08 North, 04deg 20 East.
References
Municipalities of Antwerp
Rebecka Liljeberg

Rebecka Manstrale Liljeberg (born 13 May 1981) is a Swedish actress.
She was born in Turinge, about 40 km southwest of Stockholm, and moved around Sweden for much of her youth. Liljeberg's mother was relatively young when she was born, and her parents divorced when she was one year old. At the age of 9 (1991), Liljeberg began her acting career when she won a role in the series Sunes jul. Between 1993 and 1997, she became played in amateur theatre, which she continued with until gaining a role in the movie Narkontakt later in 1997. The following year she won her breakthrough role in the Lukas Moodysson movie Fucking Amal. For the movie she stopped his study in high school to take up the role, which ultimately won her the 1999 Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Alexandra Dahlstrom. After her roles in Fucking Amal and Sherdil, Liljeberg began an adult education course in order to graduate from high school. While studying, she also played in Bear's Kiss, and voiced a character in the Swedish version of IMAX movie T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous. In 2002, she completed the adult education course, and is now studying medicine at the Karolinska Institute to become a pediatrician.
Private Life
Liljeberg is known to enjoy working with computers. She wrote for a Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet for some time. Liljeberg also contributed to UNESCO's Utrymme anthology of twenty works from young writers around the world. Liljeberg now lives in Stockholm with her boyfriend Alexander Skepp. They have two children: Harry Theodor, born in June 2002 and Vera, born on 1 January, 2005. Liljeberg expressed a desire to work with director Lukas Moodysson again.
Filmography
Sunes jul (1991) (series)
Narkontakt (1997)
Langtans blaa blomma (series) (1998)
Fucking Amal (1998)
Lithivm (1998)
Dar regnbagen slutar (1999)
Sherdil (1999)
Skargardsdoktorn (2000)
Fodelsedagen (2000)
Eva & Adam (2000)
Bear's Kiss (2002)
References
Other websites
1981 births
Living people
Swedish actors
Tracey Walter

Tracey Walter (born November 25, 1947) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Bob the Goon in Tim Burton's 1989 movie Batman. He won a Saturn Award in 1984.
Walter was born on November 25, 1947 in Jersey City, New Jersey.
References
Other websites
Tracey Walter Online
1947 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New Jersey
Saturn Award winners
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Slim Chaker

Slim Chaker (24 August 1961 - 8 October 2017) was a Tunisian politician. He was born in Sfax, Tunisia. He was a member of the Nidaa Tounes party.
Chaker served on the cabinet of Moncef Marzouki and Beji Caid Essebsi. He served as Minister of Public Health for a few months in 2017. He also served as Minister of Finance from 2015 to 2016 and Minister of Youth and Sports for a few months in 2011.
Chaker died in Tunis, Tunisia from a heart attack after taking part at a marathon on 8 October 2017 at the age of 56.
References
1961 births
2017 deaths
Tunisian politicians
Second law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics says that when energy changes from one form to another form, or matter moves freely, entropy (disorder) in a closed system increases.
Differences in temperature, pressure, and density tend to even out horizontally after a while. Due to the force of gravity, density and pressure do not even out vertically. Density and pressure on the bottom will be more than at the top.
Entropy is a measure of spread of matter and energy to everywhere they have access.
The most common wording for the second law of thermodynamics is essentially due to Rudolf Clausius:
In other words, everything tries to maintain the same temperature over time.
There are many statements of the second law which use different terms, but all mean the same thing. Another statement by Clausius is:
Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.
An equivalent statement by Lord Kelvin is:
A transformation whose only final result is to convert heat, extracted from a source at constant temperature, into work, is impossible.
The second law only applies to large systems. The second law is about the likely behavior of a system where no energy or matter gets in or out. The bigger the system is, the more likely the second law will be true.
Overview
In a general sense, the second law says that temperature differences between systems in contact with each other tend to even out and that work can be obtained from these non-equilibrium differences, but that loss of thermal energy occurs, when work is done and entropy increases. Pressure, density and temperature differences in an isolated system, all tend to equalize if given the opportunity; density and pressure, but not temperature, are affected by gravity. A heat engine is a mechanical device that provides useful work from the difference in temperature of two bodies.
Quotes
--Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (1927)
--Greg Hill and Kerry Thornley, Principia Discordia (1965)
--Philosopher / Physicist P.W. Bridgman, (1941)
Miscellaneous
Flanders and Swann produced a setting of a statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to music, called "First and Second Law.
The economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen showed the significance of the Entropy Law in the field of economics (see his work The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971), Harvard University Press).
References
Further reading
Goldstein, Martin, and Inge F., 1993. The Refrigerator and the Universe. Harvard Univ. Press. A gentle introduction, a bit less technical than this entry.
Maxwell's demon 2 : entropy, classical and quantum information, computing. Edited by Harvey S. Leff and Andrew F. Rex. Bristol; Philadelphia : Institute of Physics, 2003
Other websites
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics." by Lawrence Sklar.
The evolution of Carnot's principle, by E.T. Jaynes, in G. J. Erickson and C. R. Smith (eds.) Maximum-Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Science and Engineering'' vol. 1, p. 267 (1988).
The Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics
Laws of physics
Blue Hawaiian

A Blue Hawaiian is an alcoholic cocktail made from pineapple juice, rum and Curacao, with coconut cream and crushed ice. The name "Blue Hawaiian" comes from the blue colour given to the drink by Curacao, an orange flavoured liqueur.
References
Cocktails
Kaltjiti

Kaltjiti (also previously known as Fregon) is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located about south of the Musgrave Ranges and is from the Stuart Highway. The town sits on Officer Creek, which flows from Mount Woodroffe. The creek is usually a dry sandy bed and only flows at times of very high rainfall. There are about 350 people living at Kaltjiti.
The first recording by white Australians of a community at Kaltjiti was by explorer Ernest Giles. He wrote that he found 200 male Aborigines there in September 1873, during his second trip into the South Australian desert. The meeting was violent, as Giles and his travellers interrupted a sacred ceremony. The first European settlement near Kaltjiti was set up in 1934. It was established by a dogger (dingo hunter), who was given the rights to the nearby bore (called Shirley Well) by the government as a reward for all the dingos he had killed. By the late 1950s, Aboriginal families were camped at Shirley Well permanently. In 1960, the station at Ernabella was expanded to include Shirley Well.
A outstation, called Fregon, was built with government help by 1961, as a base for Aboriginal stockmen and their families. It was built south of Shirley Well on Officer Creek. The aim of the settlement was to provide training in working with livestock and for the families to have access to traditional country in the sandhills to the west. Fregon was administered through Ernabella and it was not until 1968 that it had its own airstrip. It began with a school, a small health clinic, a workshop, a small store and houses for the staff.
Mail is delivered to Kaltjiti twice a week. Supplies are delivered every two weeks. Water is provided from four bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. Electricity comes from a diesel generator. Kaltjiti does not have a permanent police presence. State police are based at Marla and run patrols to the area.
References
Other websites
Profile at PY Media
Fregon Anangu School
Kaltjiti Arts
Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1934 establishments
Ohsweken Demons

The Ohsweken Demons is a professional indoor lacrosse team that plays in Hagersville, Ontario. It is part of the Canadian Lacrosse League. The team plays its home games in Iroquois Lacrosse Arena.
The team played its first season in 2012. It won the Creators' Cup league championship that year.
Canadian Lacrosse League
Sport in Ontario
Caledonian Sleeper

Caledonian Sleeper is the collective name for overnight sleeper train services between London and Scotland, in Great Britain, Since 2015 it has been operating as its own company.
Rail transport in Scotland
Lincoln, Maine

Lincoln is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States.
Towns in Maine
Godfried Danneels

Godfried Maria Jules Danneels (4 June 1933 - 14 March 2019) was a Belgian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Metropolitan Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels and the chairman of the episcopal conference from 1979 to 2010.
He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983. He resigned in 2008 at the age of 75 and was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on 18 January 2010. He was born in Kanegem, Tielt, Kingdom of Belgium.
Danneels died on 14 March 2019 in Mechelen, Belgium, aged 85.
References
Other websites
1933 births
2019 deaths
Belgian priests
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
People from West Flanders
Roman Catholic archbishops
The Angriest Dog in the World

The Angriest Dog in the World is a comic strip created by film director David Lynch.
Background
Lynch came up with the idea for the comic strip in 1973 during a time when he was feeling very angry. The comic strip was first published in the LA Reader, and ran from 1983 until 1992. The comic strip was also serialized in Cheval Noir.
Each comic strip is introduced with a small caption featuring this text:
Each strip is visually the same. The first three panels are identical, and feature the black dog growling, tied to a post in a yard by a chain. He is between a tree on the left and one wall of a house with a window on the right. The fourth panel is the same as the previous three panels, except it is night time and a circle of light is coming from the house's window.
A word balloon appears in one or more of the panels, showing one of the members of one of the house's unseen family, either Bill, Sylvia, Pete or Billy, Jr, is speaking. The speech is usually an aphorism or a non-sequitur. Such sayings include: "If everything is real... then nothing is real as well." and "It doesn't get any better than this."
In a short essay on Lynch's Rabbits, Objectif Cinema notes:
David Lynch has of course used animals within his back catalogue of work before. Dogs for instance feature in nearly every one of his movies usually as a visual prop: who could forget the scene in Wild at Heart in which our canine friend scampers away with the Bank teller's severed hand? Or the mewling pups in Mary X's living room in Eraserhead? Indeed a dog, albeit in cartoon form, took centre stage in Lynch's cartoon series for the LA Reader, The Angriest Dog in the World. But it is here on his website that Lynch seems to be opening up more to the wonders of nature: Bees, Coyotes and Dead Mice all have a part to play in various guises and manifestations within www.davidlynch.com, and as part of the pay-per-view series, the Rabbit has been given the starring role.
Homages
In 2003, cartoonist Ted Rall parodied the comic strip using his comic The Angriest Liberal in the World.
In 2004, Dinosaur Comics, a comic that uses the same sequence of illustrations, which are clip-art, in every comic strip in a similar way, made a direct reference to The Angriest Dog in the World.
In 2016, the episode of Homestar Runner "Later That Night... " was released. The episode of Homestar Runner features The Cheat dressed as The Angriest Dog in the World.
References
Other websites
The Angriest Dog in the World at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012.
American comic strips
Fictional dogs
Episcopal Church

Episcopal Churches are those that kept the division of priesthood, into bishops, deacons, and priests; these churches are not Roman Catholic, very often they are Protestant or Anglican. in the US, the word is often used as a synonym for the Anglican Church.
Anglicanism
General Weighted Average

The General Weighted Average (GWA) is the average of grades in all subjects taken, whether passed or failed. It is the result of combining the performance rating based on the screening criteria or subject. It serves as the indicator of a student's academic performance in a given semester or school year.
Related pages
Academic grading in Philippines
References
Education in the Philippines
North American Aviation

North American Aviation (NAA) was an American aircraft manufacturer which built several important planes and spacecraft.
History
It was founded in 1928 to buy airlines, but then was forced to give up its control of those airlines because of the Air Mail act of 1934. It then went into manufacturing. The first plane it built was the T-6 Texan. It also built the B-25 Mitchell, the P-51 Mustang, and the F-86 Sabre. It later became part of Boeing after a series of mergers.
1928 establishments in the United States
American aircraft companies
Eric Jacobson

Eric Jacobson (born July 25, 1970) is an American puppeteer who has been working with Sesame Street since 1994. He is the current performer of Grover since 1998 and Bert since 1997, he's also the current performer of Miss Piggy and Fozzie Bear in The Muppets Franchise, replacing Frank Oz. He is married to Mary Jacobson.
Muppet Performers
Muppet Characters: Fozzie Bear (2001-present), Miss Piggy (2002-present), Sam the Eagle (2003-present), Animal (2004-present) Gonzo (2005-present)
Sesame Street: Count Von Count (1993-present), Frankie, Giant Boulder, Mr. Snuffleupagus (2001-present), Guy Smiley (2004-present), Oscar the Grouch (2014-present), Two-Headed Monster (right head, 2017-present) one of The Three Little Pigs, Mr. Tiger, Hammy the Dwarf, the Martians, "Dinner Theatre" Pumpkin uncle ("Annie Get Your Gumbo"), Dusty
Bear in the Big Blue House: Harry the Duck, Yukker Tutter
Elmopalooza: Additional Puppeteer
It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie: Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Yoda Muppet
A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa: Fozzie Bear, Miss Piggy, Animal, Sam Eagle
The Muppets: Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Sam Eagle, Marvin Suggs
Spaghetti Space Chase: Bert, Super Grover 2.0
Muppets Most Wanted: Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Sam Eagle, Animal, Baby
Muppet Moments: Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Sam the Eagle
The Muppets 2015 Presentation Pilot: Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Sam Eagle
The Muppets: Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Sam Eagle, Marvin Suggs
The Muppets Take the Bowl: Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Sam Eagle, The Newsman
The Muppets Take the O2: Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Sam Eagle, The Newsman
References
Other websites
Living people
1970 births
Twisted Sister

Twisted Sister is an American metal band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos We're Not Gonna Take it and I Wanna Rock. Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.
Albums
Under the Blade (1982)
You Can't Stop Rock 'N' Roll (1983)
Stay Hungry (1984)
Come Out and Play (1985)
Love Is for Suckers (1987)
Still Hungry (2004)
A Twisted Christmas (2006)
References
Other websites
Official site
Official Bent Brother site
Official Dee Snider site
Official Eddie Ojeda site
Official A.J. Pero site
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from New York City
Thomas Burgess (bishop, born 1756)

Thomas Burgess (18 November 1756 - 19 February 1837) was an English author, philosopher, Bishop of st Davids and Bishop of Salisbury, he founded st David's college, Lampeter was a founding member of Odiham agricultural society, and helped to establish the royal veterinary college in London, and was the first president of the Royal society of literature
References
Harford, J. S. (John Scandrett). (1841). The life of Thomas Burgess. 2d ed. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Greene and Longmans. The main biography of Burgess, written by John Scandrett Harford, Quaker banker and landowner, and donor of the land for St David's College, Lampeter. Online at HathiTrust: https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2t43v35d
Price, D T W. (1987) Yr Esgob Burgess a Choleg Llanbedr: Bishop Burgess and Lampeter College. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ()
Yates, Nigel (ed). (2007). Bishop Burgess and his world : culture, religion and society in Britain, Europe and North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Digitised 2009. () ()
1756 births
1837 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Oleguer Presas

Oleguer Presas (born 2 February 1980) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Ajax.
Club career statistics
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="7"|Barcelona||rowspan="7"|La Liga||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002/03||18||0||0||0||4||0||22||0
|-
|2003/04||18||0||0||0||4||0||22||0
|-
|2004/05||36||1||0||0||7||0||43||1
|-
|2005/06||33||0||0||0||11||0||44||0
|-
|2006/07||25||0||8||0||5||0||38||0
|-
|2007/08||12||0||1||0||2||0||15||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Ajax||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||19||1||1||0||4||0||24||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
127||1||9||0||31||0||167||1
19||1||1||0||4||0||24||1
146||2||10||0||35||0||191||2
References
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Catalonia
FC Barcelona players
Sportspeople from Sabadell
Jim McDermott

James Adelbert McDermott (born December 28, 1936) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for from 1989 to 2017. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
He served on the House Ways and Means Committee and was a member of the House Progressive Caucus. He was formerly the committee chairman, then in 1995, ranking minority member on the House Ethics Committee.
On January 4, 2016, he announced his retirement.
References
1936 births
Living people
United States representatives from Washington
Politicians from Chicago
Politicians from Seattle
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
The Gold Rush

The Gold Rush is a 1925 silent movie. It was written, directed, and produced by Charlie Chaplin. He stars in the movie, too. The movie is set in the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush. Chaplin plays the Little Tramp. It was a character he created. The Little Tramp appeared in many Chaplin movies. In this movie, the Little Tramp has many adventures with other prospectors. He falls in love with a saloon girl. Critics liked the movie. One critic wrote, "Here is a comedy with streaks of poetry, pathos, tenderness, linked with brusqueness and boisterousness. It is the outstanding gem of all Chaplin's pictures, as it has more thought and originality than even such masterpieces of mirth as The Kid and Shoulder Arms." In 1992 The Gold Rush was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Chaplin hoped that people would remember him for this movie.
References
Other websites
The Greatest Films: The Gold Rush
Bibliography
American silent movies
1925 comedy movies
American comedy movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Gold
Movies directed by Charlie Chaplin
Movies set in the 1890s
Movies set in Alaska
Movies set in Yukon
Pope Callixtus III

Pope Callixtus III (; December 31, 1378-August 6, 1458), born Alfonso de Borja, was an Spanish official of the Roman Catholic Church and the 210th Pope from April 8, 1455 until his death.
Early life
Borja was born near Valencia on December 31, 1378.
Bishop
Martin V named Borja bishop of Valencia in 1429.
Cardinal
In 1444, Eugene IV made Borja or "Borgia" a cardinal.
Pope
After Nicholas V died, Cardinal Borgia was elected pope on April 8, 1455. He chose to be called Callixtus III.
In 1456, Callixtus authorized a review of the trial of Joan of Arc; and she was found innocent.
Related pages
List of popes
List of popes from the Borgia family
References
Other websites
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Borja, Alfonso de
Spanish popes
1378 births
1458 deaths
People from Valencia
House of Borgia
Popes
Thingujam

Thingujam is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
References
Meitei surnames
Fallerans

Fallerans is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache

Le Nouvion-en-Thierache is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Ölmbrotorp

Olmbrotorp is a locality in Orebro Municipality in Orebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 548 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Orebro County
The Seventh Companion

The Seventh Companion () is a 1967 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Aronov and Aleksei German. It stars Andrei Popov, Aleksandr Anisimov, and Georgiy Shtil.
Actors
Andrei Popov - Eugene Pavlovich Adamov, former royal general
Aleksandr Anisimov - Kuhtin
Georgiy Shtil - Kimka
Pyotr Chernov - Zykov
Valentin Abramov - chairman of the house committee
Vladimir Osenev - Priklonskiy
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1967 movies
Soviet drama movies
Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

The "anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" was the anthem of Kazakhstan during the Soviet era.
Lyrics
References
Kazakh anthems
Anthems of Soviet Socialist Republics
Tamura, Fukushima

is a city in Fukushima, Japan. Tamura was created on March 1, 2005 by combining several towns towns and villages from the Tamura District. They were Funehiki, Ogoe, Takine, and Tokiwa, and Miyakoji. Between 1 March and 31 August 2011, many people moved to Tamura. The population actually went up by about 1,000 people, or 2%.
Landmarks
There are two well-known places to visit in Takine-cho. Abukuma Limestone Caves and the Hoshi no Mura ("Village of Stars") Observatory are popular with tourists.
Sister cities
Tamura has a only one international sister city:
Mansfield, Ohio, United States
And, one sister city in Japan:
Nakano, Tokyo
Related pages
Futaba, Fukushima
Kawauchi, Fukushima
Namie, Fukushima
Okuma, Fukushima
Tomioka, Fukushima
References
Other websites
Tamura official website
Cities in Fukushima Prefecture
Lakh

Lakh is the number 10^5, obtained by multiplying ten-thousand by 10, also named one hundred thousand. The word lakh is used in India. It is written as 1,00,000 in India and 100,000 in most other countries. 100 lakh is one crore.
India
Numbers
William P. Curlin Jr.

William Prather Curlin Jr. (born November 30, 1933) was an American politician. He is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky from 1971 through 1973.
He was in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957.
He was a member of the Kentucky General Assembly from 1968 to 1971 as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives.
Other websites
1933 births
Living people
United States representatives from Kentucky
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Paolo Cannavaro

Paolo Cannavaro (born 26 June 1981) is an Italian football player. He plays for Napoli.
Club career statistics
|-
|1998/99||Napoli||Serie B||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Parma||rowspan="2"|Serie A||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2000/01||4||0||1||0||3||0||8||0
|-
|2001/02||Hellas Verona||Serie A||24||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||1
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Parma||rowspan="4"|Serie A||14||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2003/04||16||0||4||0||6||0||26||0
|-
|2004/05||28||1||1||0||12||0||41||1
|-
|2005/06||29||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||31||3
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Napoli||Serie B||39||2||4||1||colspan="2"|-||43||3
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Serie A||34||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|-
|2008/09||30||0||1||0||6||0||37||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
221||7||22||1||27||0||270||8
221||7||22||1||27||0||270||8
|}
References
1981 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Sandy Martens

Sandy Martens is a football player. He has played for Belgium national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1993-94||Olsa Brakel||||30||18
|-
|1994-95||rowspan="5"|Gent||rowspan="5"|First Division||31||10
|-
|1995-96||32||9
|-
|1996-97||30||6
|-
|1997-98||22||6
|-
|1998-99||28||8
|-
|1999-00||rowspan="5"|Brugge||rowspan="5"|First Division||29||4
|-
|2000-01||31||8
|-
|2001-02||26||5
|-
|2002-03||30||14
|-
|2003-04||15||2
|-
|2003-04||rowspan="4"|Gent||rowspan="4"|First Division||11||0
|-
|2004-05||3||1
|-
|2005-06||28||2
|-
|2006-07||7||1
|-
|2007-08||Beveren||Second Division||26||5
|-
|2008-09||Oudenaarde||Third Division||||
379||99
379||99
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1999||6||3
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
!Total||11||3
|}
References
1972 births
Living people
Belgian footballers
Favoriten

Favoriten is the 10th district of Vienna, Austria.
Favoriten is bordered by the districts Meidling to the west and Simmering to the east. Liesing is to the southwest. Margareten and Wieden are to the north.
Districts of Austria
Vienna
Dompierre-sur-Charente

Dompierre-sur-Charente is a commune of 464 people (2018). It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Charente-Maritime department in southwest France.
References
Communes in Charente-Maritime