pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Frank Shannon

Francis Connolly Shannon (July 27, 1874 - February 1, 1959), better known as Frank Shannon, was an Irish-born stage and movie actor and writer. He made his movie debut in 1913 in The Artist's Joke. He appeared in dozens of movies through the mid-1920s before returning to the stage.
Career
In 1931, he went to Hollywood. From 1937 to 1939, he played supporting parts, including Captain McTavish in Warner Bros.' Torchy Blaine series. Between 1936 and 1940, he played Dr. Zarkov in the three Universal Pictures Flash Gordon movie serials starring Buster Crabbe.
In the middle 1950s, he wrote for the television series Tales of the Texas Rangers. Shannon died in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California at age 84.
Movies
The Prisoner of Zenda (1913)
Perjury (1921)
Boomerang Bill (1922)
Monsieur Beaucaire, as Badger (1924)
Rasputin and the Empress, as Professor Propotkin (1932)
'G' Men, as Police Chief (1935)
Flash Gordon, as Dr. Zarkov (1936)
Road Gang, as Chaplain (1936)
The Texas Rangers, as Captain Stafford (1936)
The Adventurous Blonde, as Cap. McTavish (1937)
Blondes at Work, as Cap. McTavish (1938)
Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars, as Dr. Zarkov (1938)
Torchy Gets Her Man, as Cap. McTavish (1938)
Torchy Blane in Chinatown, as Cap. McTavish (1939)
Torchy Runs for Mayor, as Cap. McTavish (1939)
Torchy Blane... Playing with Dynamite, as Cap. McTavish (1939)
Union Pacific, as Old Man (1939)
Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe, as Dr. Zarkov (1940)
The Phantom, as Professor Davidson (1943)
The Desert Hawk (1944)
Other websites
1874 births
1959 deaths
American movie actors
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
Movie serial actors
Irish actors
Santiago de Cuba

Santiago de Cuba is a city in Cuba. It is the country's second largest city after Havana. It is the capital of the Santiago de Cuba Province.
References
Cities in Cuba
1515 establishments
Establishments in Cuba
Electoral district of South Barwon

South Barwon is an electoral district of Victoria. It was created in 1976. It is in the Western Victoria Region.
South Barwon includes some suburbs of Geelong, but also many smaller towns that are close to Geelong.
Election results
References
South Barwon
Municipalities of Portugal

The municipality ( or concelho) is the second-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as written in the 1976 Constitution.
References
Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning is a condition where there is too much lead in the body. Lead interferes with many processes. It is toxic to many organs and tissues. Treatment of the condition is usually to remove the source of lead. Some animals die from lead poisoning. Mostly, children are at risk for this condition. Symptoms of lead poisoning include coughing, fatigue, and severe dehydration.
Toxicology
Kleptomania

Kleptomania (, "to steal", mania, "mania") is an impulse control disorder. It is mental disorder with a frequent urge of stealing. Kleptomaniacs often steal many of the same thing and hoard, throw away or give away the things they steal. Some may not be aware that they have committed the theft. It is often found in people who have other mental disorders, such as depression, panic attacks, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder and drug addiction. The condition is more common in females, and especially those with bulimia.
References
Impulse control disorders
Hongbao

Hongbao () or red envelope is an envelope with money inside. In China, people give the envelope as a gift for special occasions. The red envelopes are most commonly given to children or single/unmarried adults during the Chinese New Year celebration, where Chinese families often gather together.
The red packet is also called "money warding off old age" (Ya Sui Qian ; yasui qian) during Chinese New Year.
Outside of China, similar customs have been adopted or are traditional across parts of Southeast Asia and many other countries with a sizable ethnic Chinese population. In the mid-2010's, a digital equivalent to the practice emerged within messaging apps with mobile wallet systems.
Origin of the hongbao
According to Chinese legend, in ancient times there was a demon or evil fairy named Sui (Sui ). Legend says that Sui is totally black, except for its colorless, transparent hands. Sui--according to the said legend--appears every Chinese New Year's eve and would touch a sleeping child's head, causing mental illness.
This is why Chinese New Year celebration is practiced by staying up late during the new year's eve, called Shousui or translated as "waiting for Sui".
So, the elderly people started to thread coins with a red string, called ya sui qian or "money to suppress Sui". The coins were given to children to entertain them, and to keep them awake to avoid Sui's touch.
According to the same legend, eight noble fairies turned themselves into eight coins, protecting the children from Sui. Thus, the story spread and everyone started to follow the same practice to protect the children. Over the years, the ya sui qian was replaced with the red envelopes--the hongbao.
References
Chinese culture
Lara Trump

Lara Lea Trump (nee Yunaska; October 12, 1982) is an American former television producer.
She is married to Donald Trump's son, Eric Trump, with whom she has two children.
She is the producer and host of Trump Productions' Real News Update and a former producer of Inside Edition.
References
1982 births
Living people
American television personalities
American television producers
American political commentators
Entertainers from North Carolina
Trump family
Republicans (United States)
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Katja Poulsen

Katja Poulsen is an archer from Denmark. She was born on 10 December 1976. Poulsen competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
1976 births
Living people
Danish archers
Danish Olympians
Peter Preston

Peter John Preston (23 May 1938 - 6 January 2018) was a British journalist and author. He was editor of The Guardian for twenty years, from 1975 to 1995. He contributed a weekly column to The Observer. He was born in Barrow upon Soar, Leicestershire.
He reported on Conservative MPs, including the perjurious Jonathan Aitken and cash-for-questions affair involving Neil Hamilton and Tim Smith.
Preston died of melanoma on 6 January 2018 at the age of 79.
References
Other websites
Column archive at The Guardian
1938 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from melanoma
British journalists
British columnists
Writers from Leicestershire
Íngrid Betancourt

Ingrid Betancourt Pulecio (; born 25 December 1961) is a Colombian politician. She is an anti-corruption activist. She was a Senator of Colombia from 1998 until 2001. She also was a member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia from 1994 until 1998.
Betancourt was kidnapped by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) on 23 February 2002 while campaigning for President of Colombia in the 2002 election as a Green candidate. She was rescued by Colombian security forces six and a half years later on 2 July 2008.
On 18 January 2022, she announced her candidacy for President of Colombia in the 2022 election. However, she withdrew from the election on 20 May, just one week before the first round began.
References
1961 births
Living people
French politicians
Kidnapped people
Politicians from Bogota
BBC 100 Women
Adolf Hitler Uunona

Adolf Hitler Uunona is a Namibian civil rights activist and politician. He has been a councilor and member of the South-West Africa People's Organization since 2004. He became famous in 2020 when news sources wrote he had been named after Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler.
Career
Southwest Africa
Uunona joined politics as an activist and as a member of the Southwest Africa People's Organisation. He was also a member of the militant organization People's Liberation Army. At the time South Africa instituted a racial segregation system called Apartheid.
Post-independence Namibia
He has been elected as a councilor several times since 2004 at the constituency of Ompundja in the Oshana regional council elections in year 2010 and 2015. In November 2020, he won the local election in northern Namibia with 1,196 votes, which represented 85% of the vote. His opponent, Mumbala Abner of the IPC party, lost, gaining only 213 votes. Uunona continued to be the councilor of Ompundja constituency of Namibia.
Name
German names like "Adolf" are common in Namibia. This is because Namibia was once a German colony called German South West Africa between the years 1884 and 1915 under the German Empire and was later a mandate of Union of South Africa.
International news sources wrote that Uunona has the same name as Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany during World War II. Adolf Uunona says his father probably did name him after Adolf Hitler but does not think his father knew who Adolf Hitler was at the time. "It wasn't until I was growing up that I realized: This man wanted to subjugate (or put under his control) the whole world," he said. Uunona usually goes by the first name "Adolf" alone or "Adolf Uunona" while in public. He says he has no plans to change his name, since they were already on so many government documents.
References
SWAPO politicians
1966 births
Living people
Namibian activists
Marple Hall School

Marple Hall School is a specialist language college in Marple, Greater Manchester, England. The headteacher is Mr. Joseph Barker. The school is on the outskirts of Greater Manchester, near the River Goyt.
History
Marple Hall was a manor house once owned by John Bradshaw. Born at Marple Hall, Bradshaw was first a clerk, then a lawyer. After the English Civil War he was the first to sign the death warrant of Charles I of England. The house was later owned by the Isherwood family. The ruins of the house are still near the grounds of the school. Two of the modern buildings are named for these two. In 1960 a grammar school was built on the grounds of the manor. In 1965 the school had separate schools for boy and girls. In 1974 it became Marple Hall County High School. This school is for both boys and girls.
References
Schools in England
Criminal law

Criminal law is the part of law that is about social norms. People who violate these norms are punished for their violation. It is different from civil law. Criminal law wants to protect certain values, such as life and limb, or property.
Criminal law has different objectives:
Retribution - Criminals ought to suffer in some way. This is the most widely seen goal. Because of what they did, they profited from others, or they caused harm to them. As a consequence, criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant disadvantage to "balance the scales". People submit to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if other people act against these laws, they surrender the rights granted to them by these law. For this reason, one who murders may be executed himself. A related theory includes the idea of "righting the balance."
Deterrence - Individual deterrence is aimed toward the specific offender. The aim is to impose a sufficient penalty to discourage the offender from criminal behavior. General deterrence aims at society at large. By imposing a penalty on those who commit offenses, other people are discouraged from committing those offenses.
Incapacitation - Designed simply to keep criminals away from society so that the public is protected from their misconduct. This is often achieved through prison sentences today. The death penalty or banishment have served the same purpose.
Rehabilitation - Aims at transforming an offender into a valuable member of society. Its primary goal is to prevent further offense by convincing the offender that their conduct was wrong.
Restoration - This is a victim-oriented theory of punishment. The goal is to repair, through state authority, any injury inflicted upon the victim by the offender. For example, one who embezzles will be required to repay the amount improperly acquired. Restoration is commonly combined with other main goals of criminal justice and is closely related to concepts in the civil law, i.e., returning the victim to his or her original position before the injury.
References
Criminal justice
Nona Gaprindashvili

Nona Gaprindashvili (; born 3 May 1941) is a Georgian chess player. She was the strongest female player of the 1960s and 70s, and became the sixth Women's World Chess Champion (1962-1978). She was the first woman to achieve the Grandmaster title.
In 1961, aged 20, Gaprindashvili won the fourth women's Candidates Tournament, setting up a title match against Russian world champion Elisabeth Bykova. She won the match easily, with a final score of 9-2 (+7-0=4), and went on to defend her title successfully four times. She finally lost her crown in 1978 to another Georgian, Maia Chiburdanidze, by a score of 6 1/2-8 1/2 (+2-4=9).
Gaprindashvili played for Soviet Union in the women's chess Olympiads of 1963, 1966, 1969, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1990, and for Georgia in 1992. She won as many as 25 medals, among which 11 team gold medals and 9 individual gold medals At the Dubai Olympiad 1986 she won all the ten games she played.
She was a five-times winner of the Soviet women's chess championship: in 1964, 1973, 1981, 1983, and 1985. During her career Gaprindashvili successfully competed in men's tournaments, tying for first place at Lone Pine, California in 1977.
In 1978 Gaprindashvili became the first woman to be awarded the Grandmaster title. She was awarded the title partly as a result of winning Lone Pine 1977 against a field of 45 players, mostly grandmasters. Although she did not meet the technical requirements for the GM Title, this result was so spectacular that FIDE found it sufficient.
Pal Benko wrote in Chess Life & Review (January 1979):
"...Of course (Nona) had earned the "woman grandmaster" title awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE), as have some two dozen other women... in Buenos Aires in November 1978 FIDE bestowed upon Nona Gaprindashvili the (men's) international grandmaster title. Not only is she the only woman ever to have received this title, she is the only woman ever to have deserved it.
"It is regrettable, therefore, that she did not actually earn the title in the regular way: FIDE requires that to earn the grandmaster title a player must achieve certain minimum scores in tournaments consisting of at least twenty-four games in aggregate (the description is highly oversimplified, but you get the idea), and Nona was two or three games short. Yet the FIDE Qualifications Commission voted to give her the title. In my opinion, this historic occasion should not have been allowed to carry even this slight tarnish".
Nona was the first President of the National Olympic Committee of Georgia. In 2009 she won in Condino, Italy the World Senior Championship for women.
References
1941 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Sportspeople from Georgia (country)
Egil Danielsen

Egil Danielsen (9 November 1933 - 29 July 2019) was a Norwegian javelin thrower. He was born in Hamar, Norway. He competed at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics. He won the gold medal in 1956. Danielsen set a new world record at 85.71 m and won the gold medal. He could never reproduce that throw. For his Olympic victory and world record Danielsen was selected Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year in 1956.
He retired after the 1960 Olympics and focused on his family and work at the Hamar Fire Brigade. In the 2000s he was a minor political candidate for the Norwegian Pensioner Party.
References
1933 births
2019 deaths
Norwegian athletes
Norwegian Olympic gold medalists
Javelin throwers
Norwegian politicians
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
FIFA World Cup Trophy

The World Cup is a gold trophy that is awarded to the winners of the FIFA World Cup tournament. Since the creation of the World Cup in 1930, two trophies have been used: the Jules Rimet Trophy from 1930 to 1970, and the FIFA World Cup Trophy from 1974 to the present day.
The first trophy, originally named Victory, but later renamed in honour of FIFA president Jules Rimet.
It is made of 18 carat gold and stands 36.8 centimeters high and weighs 6.1 kilograms.
References
FIFA
Sports trophies and awards
Nyctimystes eucavatus

Nyctimystes eucavatus is a tree frog from eastern Papua New Guinea. Scientists found it between 800 and 1200 meters above sea level in the eastern mountains.
This frog lays eggs that are about 2.2 mm long.
References
Frogs of Oceania
Lake City

Lake City may refer to:
Places
Lake City, Arkansas
Lake City, Florida
Lake City, Iowa
Lake City, Minnesota
Lake City, South Carolina
Lake City, California
Nickname
Lake City, as a city nickname, may also refer to any of the following cities:
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
Lake Charles, Louisiana
Lohja, Finland
Plattsburgh, New York
Related pages
Salt Lake City, Utah
Palakkad

Palakkad is a city in the state of Kerala, India. It is the administrative capital of Palakkad District. Palakkad has the seventh most people in Kerala. Malayalam is the most spoken language in Palakkad city.
Population
Palakkad had 130,955 people as of the 2011 Census of India. The literacy rate of the city is 94.20%. The metro area of Palakkad has 293,566 people.
Tourist Places
Tourist places in Palakkad include:
Palakkad Fort
Jainimedu Jain temple
Kalpathy Agraharam - Famous for ratholsavam
Malampuzha Dam
Manappulikavu Temple
Chinmaya Mission Guruvayurappa Temple
Nelliampathi-
Attapadi
Silent valley National Park
References
Cities in Kerala
Born Free

Born Free is a 1966 British American family adventure drama movie directed by James Hill and was based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Joy Adamson. It stars Virginia McKenna, Bill Travers, Geoffrey Keen, Peter Lukoye and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It won 2 Academy Awards in 1967. It spawned spin-offs and sequels.
Other websites
1966 adventure movies
1966 drama movies
1960s family movies
British family movies
British drama movies
British adventure movies
American family movies
American drama movies
American adventure movies
Movies based on books
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies directed by James Hill
Movies composed by John Barry
Movies adapted into television series
Movies set in Australia
Movies set in Kenya
Movies set in Papua New Guinea
Movies about orphans
Movies about lions
Traverse City, Michigan

Traverse City is a town in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, United States. Traverse City is famous for its cherries. It has a beautiful beach, world-class hotels, but the zoo has been closed because not many people visited it.
Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Kashiwa, Chiba

is a Japanese city in northern Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshu.
It has been recognized as a core city since 1996.
History
In the Edo period, the area around Kashiwa was directly controlled by the Tokugawa shogunate. These lands were known as tenryo.
Related pages
Kashiwa Reysol
References
Other websites
http://www.city.kashiwa.lg.jp/foreign/english/index.html
Kashiwa International Relations Association (KIRA), http://www.kira-kira.jp/english/english.html ;
Cities in Chiba Prefecture
Hop and Go

Hop and Go is a 1943 Looney Tunes short movie directed by U.S. Corporal Norman McCabe and released to movie theaters by RKO Radio Pictures. It stars Mel Blanc.
Other websites
1943 movies
Looney Tunes
English-language movies
Daniyal Akhmetov

Daniyal Kenzhetayuly Akhmetov (; born 15 June 1954) is a Kazakh politician who was the 6th Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 13 June 2003 to 9 January 2007.
References
Other websites
Kapital.kz
1954 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Kazakhstan
Oliver E. Williamson

Oliver Eaton Williamson (September 27, 1932 - May 21, 2020) is an American economist. He was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He was a laureate of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Williamson died on May 21, 2020 in Oakland, California of pneumonia-related problems at the age of 87.
References
Other websites
Oliver E. Williamson at University of California, Berkeley
Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression, 2009 lecture at NobelPrize.org
Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
1932 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American economists
Scientists from Wisconsin
People from Superior, Wisconsin
ASEAN Declaration

The ASEAN Declaration or Bangkok Declaration is the first document of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. It was signed in Bangkok on 8 August 1967 by the first five ASEAN members, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. The date is now celebrated as ASEAN Day.
References
1967
20th-century treaties
ASEAN
1967 in Asia
History of Indonesia
Wildest Dreams (song)

"Wildest Dreams" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was released on August 31, 2015. Swift co-write the song with its producers Max Martin and Shellback. It got generally positive reviews from music critics.
The song hit #5 on the American Billboard Hot 100.
"Wildest Dreams" has been certified 2x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales and streams of over 2 million copies in the United States.
References
Taylor Swift songs
Pop songs
2015 songs
Tony P. Hall

Tony Patrick Hall (born January 16, 1942) is an American Democrat politician and businessman. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 3rd congressional district from 1979 to 2002. From 2002 to 2006, Hall was United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture during the George W. Bush presidency.
During his time in Congress, Hall was known for introducing legislation that would have apologized for slavery in the United States.
References
1942 births
Living people
State legislators of the United States
United States representatives from Ohio
Politicians from Dayton, Ohio
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Ambassadors of the United States
United Nations officials
Rube Goldberg machine

A Rube Goldberg machine is a machine that looks complicated but has a very simple function, such as ironing a shirt. It is an expression used to identify something that does very simple tasks in a very complex way. The expression was named after American inventor and cartoonist Rube Goldberg (1883-1970). Rube Goldberg machines are usually a set of simple mechanisms that are indirectly unrelated, which carry out a simple function, these are called chain reactions and initiate a series of events to produce a certain outcome. Although the Rube Goldberg machine creates a simple outcome, it is most likely impossible to replicate in real-life as it is often extremely complex and quirky.
Phrases
Mechanics
Manes of Lydia

Manes was a mythical king of Lydia in Greek mythology. He was the son of Zeus and Gaia, and the father of Atys, who succeeded him as king.
Lydia may have then been known as Maeonia, which may have come from his name.
People in Greek mythology
Jason Furman

Jason Furman (born August 18, 1970) is an American economist. He is a professor at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and a Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.
On June 10, 2013, Furman was named by President Barack Obama as chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA).
References
1970 births
Living people
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Politicians from New York City
Scientists from New York City
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
PSY

Park Jae-Sang (Hangul: bagjaesang; born December 31, 1977) is a South Korean rapper. He is mainly known by his stage name, Psy (Hangul: ssai). His 2012 single "Gangnam Style" was a surprise viral hit. Before its popularity he was little known outside South Korea. Psy performed "Gangnam Style" on the American show Saturday Night Live.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Other websites
Official website
1977 births
Living people
Pop musicians
Rappers
Singers from Seoul
Electropop singers
Kalakote

Kalakote is a town in Rajouri District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
Daingerfield, Texas

Daingerfield is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Morris County.
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Georgia Institute of Technology

The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public university (school for after high school) in Atlanta, Georgia. It is also known as Georgia Tech.
It focuses primarily on engineering, science and computer science, but also has schools of management, architecture, and liberal arts.
When it opened in 1885, the school's main focus was on practical experience (learning things by doing them); students spent half of their time in class, and half in the shop.
It first admitted women in 1952.
In 1961, it was the first university in the South to integrate (let people of different races go to school together) without a court order.
The school's colors are white and old gold (mustard yellow). Their mascot is Buzz, a Yellow Jacket (a kind of bee-like wasp).
References
Association of American Universities
Georgia Tech
Colleges and universities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1885 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Sang Sapurba

In the Malay annals, the legend of Sang Sapurba was a king of the Malay who came from mount Siguntang Mahameru. He claimed descent from the Dhul-Qarnayn, king of the Malay world, later the Malay of royal clans who claimed to be his descendants.
According Minangkabau chronicle, he is referred to as great king of the king (Maharajadiraja), he was a heroic figure who killed Katimuno Snake, an immense snake, which destroyed their cultivation.
References
Folklore
History of Malaysia
Knap of Howar

Knap of Howar is a neolithic settlement on Papa Westray (one of the Orkney Islands) in Scotland. The farm was occupied from about 3700 to 2800 BC. The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.The houses have no windows, both entries face the sea. It is believed that the houses where lit by fires.
Settlements in Scotland
Cuscus

The North African food is at couscous
A Cuscus is a marsupial from Papua New Guinea. It has a pouch on its front where its baby begins to grow and develop in. The cuscus has thick white fur and a long tail, with a slightly pink tip. It uses its tail to help it climb through the trees.
References
Marsupials
Papua New Guinea
Mammals of Oceania
Andover, Iowa

Andover is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Cowley County, Kansas

Cowley County (county code CL) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 36,311 people lived there. Its county seat is Winfield. Its biggest city is Arkansas City.
Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.6%) is water.
People
Cowley County comprises the Arkansas City-Winfield, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Wichita-Arkansas City-Winfield, KS Combined Statistical Area.
Government
Presidential elections
Education
Unified school districts
USD 462, Central
USD 463, Udall
USD 465, Winfield
USD 470, Arkansas city
USD 471, Dexter
Colleges
Cowley College
Southwestern College
St. John's College closed in 1986
Communities
Cities
Winfield
Arkansas City
Udall
Burden
Parkerfield
Dexter
Atlanta
Geuda Springs (partly in Sumner County)
Cambridge
References
Notes
More reading
History of Cowley County Kansas; D.A. Millington / E.P. Greer; Winfield Courier; 162 pages; 1901. (Download 16MB PDF eBook)
Standard Atlas of Cowley County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 54 pages; 1905.
Edwards' Historical Atlas of Cowley County, Kansas; John P. Edwards; 52 pages; 1882.
Other websites
County
Cowley County - Directory of Public Officials
Historical
Cowley County - GenWeb
Maps
Cowley County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
1867 establishments in Kansas
Nighthawks (1981 movie)

Nighthawks is a 1981 action thriller movie directed by Bruce Malmuth and stars Sylvester Stallone, Billy Dee Williams, Lindsay Wagner, Nigel Davenport, Rutger Hauer, and Robert Pugh. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Other websites
1981 action movies
1981 crime thriller movies
American action thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies set in London
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in New York City
Grenade, Haute-Garonne

Grenade, also called Grenade-sur-Garonne, is a commune of the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
Monuments
Communes in Haute-Garonne
Lois Smith

Lois Smith (born November 3, 1930) is an American actress. She won a Drama Desk Award in 2006.
She has played supporting roles in movies including East of Eden, Five Easy Pieces, Resurrection, Fatal Attraction, Fried Green Tomatoes, Dead Man Walking, Tumbleweeds, Twister, and Please Give.
In television she has performed in series that include The Americans, True Blood, and Desperate Housewives.
References
Other websites
Drama Desk Award winners
1930 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Topeka, Kansas
Ramez Galal

Ramez Galal is an Egyptian prankster, actor and singer. He graduated from the Egyptian Academy of Arts.
Living people
Egyptian singers
Egyptian actors
Antonietta Dell'Era

Antonietta Dell'Era (16 February 1861 Milan 22 June 1945 Berlin) was an Italian prima ballerina in Berlin, best remembered for creating the Sugar Plum Fairy in The Nutcracker (1892). Her first performance was sold out, and she received good reviews. Modest Tchaikovsky described her as "pudgy and unattractive".
Italian dancers
1861 births
1945 deaths
Cary, Mississippi

Cary is a town in Sharkey County, Mississippi, United States.
Towns in Mississippi
Unicycle

A unicycle is a pedal vehicle. It is like a bicycle, but it has only one wheel. It has a seat and pedals, but no chain or gears. There is no handlebar, it is steered by gripping the seat with the legs and twisting the body. A rider keeps their balance by moving their arms, and controlling their speed. It is usually used for acting and performing. A unicycle is more expensive than a cheap bicycle, because unicycles are far less common.
There are two kinds of unicycles; giraffe unicycles and traditional unicycles. Giraffe unicycles are much taller than traditional unicycles, and use a chain so that the performer's legs do not have to stretch very far. Giraffe unicycles are mostly used by performers in circuses.
Unicycles are often used while the performer is simultaneously juggling or plate spinning. To do this, performers usually rock back and forth on the unicycle. This is called "idling". It lets the performer pay attention to what they are doing in their hands, instead of to the ground in front of them. To "idle" a unicycle, performers usually press one foot down, anchoring it in the bottom position of the wheel. This foot both provides support and completes the rocking motion that is necessary to keep the unicycle balanced.
Many other tricks can be done when riding a unicycle. This includes going backwards, riding up and down steps, pedaling with only one foot, hopping in place, wheel-walking (putting the feet on the tire instead of on the pedals) and riding over obstacles.
References
Human-powered vehicles
Cycling
Commensalism

Commensalism is a type of relationship between two organisms. In commensalism, one organism is helped while the other is not affected. In practice, it is difficult to show that the passive organism is not harmed. For example, some birds live in holes in trees. Does this damage the tree? Mites, which cannot fly, often hitch a ride on insects. Does this affect the
insect's fitness? There is no definite answer to such questions.
Orchids, mosses, and lichens all grow on tropical trees. They need sunlight, and by being higher up they get to the sunlight. All that can be said for sure is that the trees continue to live and reproduce, and so it is assumed that these epiphytes do not affect their host plant.
Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (18091894) introduced the term into evolutionary biology and ecology in the 1870s.
Amensalism
Amensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed or inhibited and the other is unaffected. Examples of amensalism include the shading out of one plant by a taller and wider one and the inhibition of one plant by the secretions of another (known as allelopathy).
Related pages
Mutualism
Symbiosis
Parasitism
References
Symbiosis
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", originally published as "Tip and Ty", was a popular and influential campaign song of the Whig Party's Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election.
Its lyrics supported the Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and John Tyler. The song also criticized incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.
Notes
John Tyler
William Henry Harrison
Martin Van Buren
19th-century American songs
1840
Final Straw

Final Straw is the third full-length album by the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in the United Kingdom in 2003 and in the United States in 2004, under Polydor Records. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and wrote the music with Nathan Connolly, Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn. The album was the first by Snow Patrol to become popular outside Northern Ireland and Scotland. Final Straw was re-released in the UK in 2004 with two extra tracks, and then was able to be bought in the U.S. without the bonus tracks.
Album credits
Stephen Marcussen - Mastering
Louie Teran - Mastering
Iain Archer - Vocals (Background)
Bruce White - Viola
James Banbury - Piano, String Arrangements, Cello
Fiona McCapra - Violin
Ben Georgiades - Engineer
Snow Patrol - Main Performer
Dan Swift - Engineer
Garrett Lee - Producer, Mixing
Gary Lightbody - Guitar, Glockenspiel, Vocals, Group Member, Vocals (Background), Keyboards
Mark McClelland - Bass, Group Member, Keyboards
Jonny Quinn - Drums, Group Member
Phil Tyreman - Assistant Engineer
Ian Dowling - Assistant Engineer
Mike Nelson - Mixing
Nathan Connolly - Guitar, Group Member, Vocals (Background)
Jeff McLaughlin - Assistant
Chris Lord-Alge - Mixing
Track listing
"How to Be Dead" - 3:22
"Wow" - 4:02 (This song is on the PlayStation 2 game Gran Turismo 4)
"Gleaming Auction" - 2:04
"Whatever's Left" - 2:39
"Spitting Games" - 3:46
"Chocolate" - 3:02
"Run" - 5:54 (This song was part of the soundtrack for the movie Chumscrubber)
"Grazed Knees" - 2:55
"Ways & Means" - 4:48
"Tiny Little Fractures" - 2:27
"Somewhere a Clock Is Ticking" - 4:32
"Same" - 3:54
"We Can Run Away Now They're All Dead and Gone" (UK re-release bonus track) - 3:15
"Half the Fun" (UK re-release bonus track) - 2:54
Chart positions
2003 albums
Snow Patrol albums
Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

This is a list of the 377 communes of the Haut-Rhin departement, in France.
(CAC) Communaute d'agglomeration of Colmar, created in 2004.
(CAM) Communaute d'agglomeration Mulhouse Sud Alsace, created in 2001.
Haut-Rhin
Ruta Lee

Ruta Lee (born Ruta Mary Kilmonis; May 30, 1935) is a Canadian actress. She has performed in a lot of movies and television programs. She was a semi-regular on the show Hollywood Squares. She played Lettie in the movie Funny Face and a tennis girl in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing.
Lee was born in Montreal, but grew up in Los Angeles.
Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
1935 births
Living people
Actors from Montreal
Armidale

Armidale is a city in New South Wales, Australia. As of 2006 it had a population of 19,485. It is found half-way between Brisbane and Sydney. It has an average altitude of 980 meters. It has a cool climate. It also has four seasons, unlike other parts of Australia. Armidale sometimes gets hailstorms. It was proclaimed a city in 1885. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney. There are bicycling areas in some parts of the city.
References
Cities in New South Wales
Édouard Balladur

Edouard Balladur (; born 2 May 1929) is a French politician. He served as Prime Minister of France from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995.
References
Other websites
1929 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Finance
Ajanta Caves

Ajanta Caves are about 30 caves located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. With Ellora Caves, they are among the most-visited sites in India. The Ajanta Caves have been made an UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. They are located in a valley, about from the town of Ajanta, in the northwest of the state. Buddhist monks lived in the valley, from 2nd century BCE to about the 7th century CE. They used some of the caves to make temples. All the caves are located near a non- perennial river, which only has water during and shortly after Monsoon season. Most of the caves were also used for being lived in. Only four are designed to be temples . The most important caves also contain paintings.
The nearest train station is about away, at Jalgaon. Most often, tours operate from the city of Aurangabad, which is about to the south. The tours often include both cave systems.
Geography of India
Rueyres, Switzerland

Rueyres is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Vaud
Raymond, Illinois

Raymond is a small town in Montgomery County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,006 at the 2010 census.
Towns in Illinois
Ken Ishikawa

Ken Ishikawa (born 6 February 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1993||rowspan="4"|Nagoya Grampus||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|1996||1||0||0||0||9||0||10||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Brummell Sendai||rowspan="2"|Football League||15||0||1||0||2||0||18||0
|-
|1998||26||0||4||0||2||0||32||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||24||0||2||0||0||0||26||0
|-
|2000||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||15||0||2||0||0||0||17||0
|-
|2002||17||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2003||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
106||0||14||0||14||0||134||0
106||0||14||0||14||0||134||0
|}
References
1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Okinawa Prefecture
John Byron (died 1600)

Sir John Byron Kt (ca. 1526 - 1600) was an Elizabethan English nobleman, landowner, politician, and knight. He was also known as Little Sir John with the Great Beard.
He was the son of Sir John Byron (died 1567) and lived at Clayton Hall, Manchester, and later Royton, both then in Lancashire and later still at Newstead Abbey in Nottinghamshire, which he inherited from his father.
He was High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1572 and High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire in 1596. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1579.
He married Alice Strelley and had four sons and three daughters. His eldest son was Anthony who died before him in 1587 and thus he was succeeded by his son Sir John Byron (died 1623). One of his daughters was married to Sir Thomas Hutchinson of Owthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Their daughter Margaret Hutchinson is an ancestor of U.S. President Andrew Jackson.
Ancestry
References
1520s births
1600 deaths
People from Manchester
Byron family
English knights
People from Nottinghamshire
English politicians
The Heartbreak Kid (1972 movie)

The Heartbreak Kid is a 1972 dark romantic comedy directed by Elaine May, and written by Neil Simon. It starred Charles Grodin, Jeannie Berlin, Eddie Albert, Audra Lindley, Doris Roberts and Cybill Shepherd. It is based on the short story "A Change of Plan", written by Bruce Jay Friedman.
It is #91 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs, a list of the funniest American movies ever made.
It was remade in 2007 as The Heartbreak Kid starring Ben Stiller and Malin Akerman.
References
1972 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies based on books
20th Century Fox movies
1915 Football Championship Paranaense

The 1915 Football Paranaense Championship (in Portuguese: Campeonato Paranaense de Futebol de 1915) was the first championship edition of the Brazilian state of Parana and southern Brazil.
The winner this year was the International Football Club. It was a football club of Curitiba, extinct since 1924.
Games
May 23 - International 2-0 America
May 30 - Coritiba 1-1 Rio Branco
June 6 - Parana 5-0 Paranagua
June 13 - America 5-1 Rio Branco
June 20 - Coritiba 1-1 Parana
June 27 - International 8-1 Paranagua
July 5th - Coritiba 3-1 America
July 12 - International 2-0 Parana
July 13 - Internacional 2-0 Coritiba
July 25 - America W-O Paranagua (Walkover)
July 25 - Parana 9-0 Rio Branco
August 1 - Rio Branco 3-1 Paranagua
August 3 - International W-O Rio Branco (Walkover)
August 10 - Parana 2-0 America
August 17 - Coritiba 2-0 Paranagua
Return
August 24 - America 1-0 International
August 31 - Rio Branco 0-3 Coritiba
September 7 - Paranagua 0-6 Parana
September 7 - Rio Branco 3-3 America
September 14 - Parana 1-0 Coritiba
September 21 - Paranagua 3-7 Internacional
September 28 - America W-O Coritiba * (Walkover)
October 5th - Parana 1-2 Internacional
October 12 - Paranagua 3-0 Rio Branco
October 13 - Coritiba 1-3 International
October 19th -Rio Branco O-W Parana (Walkover)
October 26 - Paranagua O-W America (Walkover)
November 17th - Rio Branco O-W International (Walkover)
November 2 - America 0-2 Parana
November 7 - Paranagua 3-3 Coritiba
Champion
International Foot-Ball Club
References
Other websites
Federacao Paranaense de Futebol 1915 championship
1915
Football in Brazil
1910s in South America
20th century in Brazil
1910s in sports
Copan, Oklahoma

Copan is a town in Oklahoma, in the United States.
References
Towns in Oklahoma
Hatsuko Morioka

was a Japanese freestyle swimmer. She was born in Hashimoto, Wakayama. She competed in the women's 400 metre freestyle and 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay events at the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
Hatsuko Morioka at the International Olympic Committee
1915 births
Year of death missing
1936 Summer Olympics
Japanese swimmers
People from Wakayama Prefecture
Surface-area-to-volume ratio

The surface area to volume ratio of an object is the relationship between two measurements. It is the ratio of Surface area to volume. It shows the comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. Small or thin objects have a large surface area compared to the volume. This gives them a large ratio of surface to volume. Larger objects have small surface area compared to the volume so they have a small surface area to volume ratio. A large lump, for example, has a small ratio, and may be smashed into powder to give it a large surface to volume ratio.
Two common ways of writing it are sa/vol or SA:V. Either of these say to divide the surface area by the volume. This shows how much surface area is required for each unit of volume.
Example
Geometry
Tara (Buddhism)

Tara or Arya Tara, also known as Jetsun Dolma in Tibetan, is a female Buddha linked with Buddhist tantra practice in Tibetan Buddhism. She is called the "mother of liberation". She stands for success in work and achievements.
Tara is a tantric deity whose practice is used by followers of the Tibetan branch of Vajrayana Buddhism to develop their inner qualities and understand outer, inner and secret teachings about compassion and emptiness. Tara is not found in the Japanese branch of Vajrayana Buddhism, Shingon.
There is more than one form of Tara. They have to do with different forms of the same quality. Bodhisattvas are often considered metaphors for Buddhist virtues.
The most widely known forms of Tara are:
Green Tara, known as the Buddha of enlightened activity
White Tara, also known for compassion, long life, healing and serenity; also known as The Wish-fulfilling Wheel, or Cintachakra
Red Tara, of fierce aspect associated with magnetizing all good things
Black Tara, associated with power
Yellow Tara, associated with wealth and prosperity
Blue Tara, associated with transmutation of anger
Cittamani Tara, a form of Tara widely practiced at the level of Highest Yoga Tantra in the Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism, portrayed as green and often conflated with Green Tara
Khadiravani Tara (Tara of the teak forest), who appeared to Nagarjuna in the Khadiravani forest of South India and who is sometimes referred to as the "22nd Tara."
In some schools of Buddhism there are twenty-one Taras. A practice text with the title In Praise of the 21 Taras is recited during the morning in all four sects of Tibetan Buddhism.
The main Tara chant or mantra is Om tare tuttare ture svaha. This Sanskrit mantra is pronounced by Tibetans and Buddhists who follow the Tibetan traditions as Om tare tu tare ture soha.
Buddhas
Bodhisattvas
Lei

Lei could mean:
Lei, the singular formal form of "you" in Italian (informal : tu)
Lei, the plural form of Leu, the name of two currencies. See Romanian leu and Moldovan leu.
Lei (Hawaii), a Hawaiian flower necklace
Lei (surname), a Chinese name
Lei (Italy), a town in Sardinia
Lei Fang, a character in the Dead or Alive game series
Lei Wulong, a character in the Tekken game series
Lei (magazine), an Italian magazine
Lei, the Portuguese language word meaning "law"
L.e.i., a clothing company
LEI could mean:
LEI, the ATA Airport Code for the Spanish city Almeria
Legal Expenses Insurance, a policy which covers the holder for legal costs
LEIS might mean:
Low-energy ion scattering
Morteza Ahmadi

Morteza Haj Seyed Ahmadi (; 1 November 1924 - 21 December 2014) was an Iranian actor, singer and writer. Ahmadi was known for his works in Autobus, Madrak-e Jorm and Khane-kharab. He was born in Tehran.
Ahmadi died on 21 December 2014 at his private house in Tehran, aged 90.
References
Other websites
1924 births
2014 deaths
Writers from Tehran
Iranian singers
Actors from Tehran
Wickersheim-Wilshausen

Wickersheim-Wilshausen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. It was created on 1 January 1973 from the former communes of Wickersheim and Wilshausen.
References
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Dell Curry

Wardell Stephen "Dell" Curry (born June 25, 1964) is a retired American professional basketball player. He played at the shooting guard and the small forward positions. He went to school at Virginia Tech. He then played in the National Basketball Association from 1986 until 2002.
Curry was selected 15th overall by the Utah Jazz in the 1986 NBA Draft. He also played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Milwaukee Bucks, Charlotte Hornets, and Toronto Raptors.
In 2004, he was added into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.
References
1964 births
Living people
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Toronto Raptors players
Utah Jazz players
Flag of the United States Virgin Islands

The flag of the United States Virgin Islands was adopted in 1921. The eagle holds a branch in one talon, and three arrows in the other, meaning the three major islands: Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix. Additionally, the colors of the flag are: yellow, showing various characteristics of the territory and the flowers; green, symbolizing the hills; white, meaning the clouds; and blue, depicting the waters.
History of the flag
The idea of a Virgin Islands Flag began with Rear Admiral Summer Ely Whitmore Kitelle, who was governor of the Islands on April 26, 1921. He approached Mr. White, and Percival Wilson Sparks, and asked them for suggestions for a flag design. Sparks, a cartoonist, drew a flag on paper. Afterwards Sparks transferred it on heavy cotton material, then asked his wife Grace and her sister Blanche Joseph to make the design.
United States Virgin Islands
United States territory flags
Tarinkot

Tarinkot or Tarin Kowt () is the capital of Oruzgan Province in southern Afghanistan. It is a town of about 10,000 people. Its population is mostly of Pashtun ethnic origin, including a sizable number of Tarins, whose ancestors were the original founders and settlers here some 500 years ago.
References
Cities in Afghanistan