pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Renaissance art

Many of the most famous and best-loved works of art in the world were created during the time known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance began about 1400 and lasted until about 1600. Italy, and in particular the city of Florence is thought of as the home of Renaissance art.
Many Flemish painters from the area of modern Belgium were also very busy at this time. The style of their pictures, and their use of oil painting influenced the Italian painters.
Important artworks
Competition for the Baptistry Doors
In 1401, a competition was held to find a sculptor to make a huge set of bronze door for the oldest church in Florence. Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello all entered the competition. Ghiberti won. When he finished the first set of doors, he had to make another set. It took fifty years. In that time, dozens of artists helped Ghiberti to make the doors.
Brancacci Chapel
On the walls of this family chapel at the church of the Carmelite Monastery, Massaccio painted pictures which were so realistic that everyone was amazed.
The statue of the Smug Cat
The most famous sculptor of the Early Renaissance was Donatello. His most important job was to make a huge equestrian monument of a soldier (on horseback). The soldier's was called by his nickname, Gattamelata, meaning the Smug Cat (a Cat who is fed on Honey). Donatello had seen a huge equestrian monument before; there is one in Rome of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. No-one had made such a big bronze statue for more than a thousand years. Donatello's statue was a huge success. It still stands outside the Basilica of Saint Antonio, in the city of Padua.
The painting of the Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci did one of the world's most famous paintings, the Last Supper on the wall of the dining room in a monastery in Milan while he was working there for the Duke. It shows Jesus, on the night before he died, sharing a meal with his disciples. It has been reproduced and copied thousands of times.
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling
Michelangelo painted the whole ceiling of the Sistine Chapel all by himself over five years. The way that the figures were painted was to influence other artists for hundreds of years.
Mona Lisa
Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel by Leonardo Da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. The work is owned by the French government and hangs in the Musee du Louvre in Paris, France with the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo.
The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody.
Related pages
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance music
Art
Renaissance
Bead

A bead is a small item with a hole in it for stringing. Beads can be threaded together on a string. Beads can be made from many different things including wood, glass, and gemstones. The oldest known beads are over 100,000 years old. Beads, made from stones, have been found in the graves of the kings of Egypt. Clay beads have always been made in abundance. They were first painted in patterns similar to those used on bowls or pots.
Making beads in clay is a skill which is easy to learn. The clay material presents a design opportunity limited only by the imagination and expertise of the maker.
During the last century in the western hemisphere, the wearing of beads has become the prerogative of woman. Yet throughout history, men have worn great quantities of beads to show their masculinity and virility. As early as 5000 BC men and women alike valued wearing strands of shell, stone, teeth and bone beads. Faience and Carnelian beads found in an Egyptian tomb date back to 4000 BC. Phoenician trade ships carried beads to and from Egypt as early as 2500 BC so it is impossible to know for sure how long beads were really in circulation. The graves of Egypt reveal the development of the craft of bead making better the those of other civilizations due to the trade routes established in continental Europe. From 3000-1900 BC, the Amber Routes ran from Moravia, France and Austria to Russia, England and Spain. Ancient trade routes went to the Far East as well as Africa.
Today, there are many types of the beads including silver beads, stone beads, fire polish, and swarovsky crystal beads. Stringing beads on beading wire is one of the most popular methods for making beaded jewellery and motifs. This can be worn as bracelets, necklaces, and anklets. In Japan, beads making came into fashion when Crown Princess Masako made her swarovski beads necklace by herself. Bead art shows are held in November every year, and beads lovers publish their work. They often become trendsetters.
Place or period of origin
African trade beads
slave beads
References
Jewelry
Textile arts
Khanewal Tehsil

Khanewal Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Khanewal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 25 Union Councils of Pakistan, six of which form the tehsil capital Kabirwala.
Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)
Karl Kehrle

Karl Kehrle OSB OBE (3 August 1898, Mittelbiberach, Germany - 1 September 1996, Buckfast, Devonshire, England, United Kingdom), known as Brother Adam, was a Benedictine monk, beekeeper, and an authority on bee breeding, Developer of the Buckfast bee.
1898 births
1996 deaths
Jewellery

Jewellery (or jewelry) refers to any clothing accessory that is worn as a decoration.
In itself, jewellery has no other purpose than to look attractive. However, it is often added to items that have a practical use. Items such as belts and handbags are mainly accessories but may be decorated. A broach, often worn to keep a cloak closed, could be highly decorated with jewels.
Necklaces, finger rings and earrings are the most usual kinds of jewellery.
History
Humans have made jewellery for a long time. There are many forms of jewelry worn for traditional, social or religious reasons. Jewellery can come in many forms, worn on any part of the body or clothing. Jewellery most often are rings, chains, bead strings, pendants and piercings, worn around or on different body parts.
Creation
Jewellery can be made from any material. The first jewellery was made from bone, animal teeth, wood or stone. Jewelry often uses gemstones and precious metals.
Fashion jewellery or costume jewellery is jewellery that is worn just for fashion, and is not made of expensive materials.
Common jewellery types
Earrings, which is any jewellery worn on the ears
Necklaces, worn around the neck
Finger rings and toe rings (finger rings are usually just called "rings")
Bracelets or bangles, worn on the wrists
Arm rings or armlets, worn on the upper arms
Pins or brooches, worn on clothes for decoration or keeping clothes from undoing.
Piercings, which is jewelry that is put through holes in the skin
Cremation jewelry such as keepsakes, bracelets, keychains, necklaces, pendants or rings
Gallery
Related pages
Cartier (jeweller)
References
Sargassum

Sargassum is a genus of generally planktonic (free-floating) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales. The Atlantic Ocean's Sargasso Sea gets its name from the large amount of several species of Sargassum that grow there.
References
Algae
Kristi Yamaguchi

Kristine Tsuya Yamaguchi (born July 1971) is a retired American figure skater. She was the first Asian American to win an Olympic gold medal in figure skating. Her skills have inspired many people.
Childhood
Yamaguchi was born in July 12 1971 in Hayward, California. As a child, she had a bad foot condition. She had to wear casts on her legs when she was young. Her mother said this could be why she is such a hardworking person. She was inspired by Olympic gold medalist, Dorothy Hamill and other famous figure skaters. She started figure skating at a young age and worked very hard through her teenage years.
Awards
When she was 20, Yamaguchi won an Olympic gold medal for figure skating in the 1992 Winter Olympics. She also won many other awards. She is also a member of the United States figure skating Hall of Fame.
Accomplishments
After she retired from skating, she continued to inspire and prove herself to the world. She wrote many books, Including Figure skating for Dummies, Always Dream, and Dream Big, Little Pig. These books are about figure skating and dreaming big. Yamaguchi started the "Always Dream Foundation" to help kids pursue their dreams. She is also a mother of 2 kids and continues to figure skate for fun.
References
1971 births
Living people
Figure skaters from California
People from Hayward, California
People from California
Hélène Berr

Helene Berr (27 March 1921 - 10 April 1945) was a French writer of Jewish ancestry. She documented her life in a diary during the time of Nazi occupation of France. In France she is named to be a "French Anne Frank". The first print Helene Berr Journal of 24,000 copies was sold out after only two days.
Refrences
1921 births
1945 deaths
Carl von Gontard

Carl von Gontard (January 13, 1731 in Mannheim - September 23, 1791 in Breslau) was a German architect; he worked primarily in Berlin, Potsdam, and Bayreuth.
He modified the original Deutscher Dom and Franzosischer Dom cathedrals in Berlin and added the domed towers.
References
Other websites
1731 births
1791 deaths
German architects
People from Mannheim
Beer Sheba

Beer Sheba is a city on the northern edge of the Negev region in Israel. It is the home of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
Notable sites
The Abrahams Well International Visitors Center archaeological museum.
Israeli Air Force Museum, at the nearby Hatzerim air force base.
References
Other websites
Verizon Fios

Verizon FiOS is a bundled internet access, telephone, and television service that works over a fiber-optic network. It is offered in some areas of the United States by Verizon Communications and Frontier Communications.
References
2006 establishments in the United States
Telecommunications
American internet service providers
American television providers
Religious Confucianism

Religious Confucianism is the idea that Confucianism is a religion. It originated in the time of Confucius with his defense of traditional religious institutions of his time such as the Jongmyo rites, and the Ritual Music System.
The Chinese name for Religious Confucianism is Rujiao (), the word for secular Confucianism is Rujia (). The differences can be roughly translated with Jiao jiao meaning religion, and Jia jia meaning school.
Religious Confucianism includes ancestor worship, sacrifices, and sacrifices to heaven in its practice.
Religious Confucianism worships Confucius, the seventy-two disciples, Mencius, Zhu Xi, and Shangdi.
In Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism, are called the "three teachings."
Religious Confucianism has been promoted by the government from the Han dynasty until the 1911 Revolution. The Five Classics became the foundation of the Chinese legal system, and the Spring and Autumn Courts. Religious Confucian organizations known as Confucian Churches formed in the Qing dynasty have significant popularity among Overseas Chinese people today.
Related pages
Confucianism
Confucius
References
Other websites
Huang Ke Wu :<Min Guo Chu Nian Kong Jiao Wen Ti Zhi Zheng Lun ,1913-1917 (Ye Mian Cun Dang Bei Fen ,Cun Yu )> .
Zhang Xiang Long :<Religious ConfucianismDe Zhong Jian > (Ye Mian Cun Dang Bei Fen ,Cun Yu )(2008)
Zhang Xiang Long :<Zhong Jian Religious ConfucianismDe Wei Xian , Bi Yao Ji Qi Zhong Xing Lu Xian > (Ye Mian Cun Dang Bei Fen ,Cun Yu )(2008)
Wu Zhen :<Jin Dai Zhong Guo Zhuan Xing Shi Dai "Zheng Jiao Guan Xi "Wen Ti ----Yi Fan Si Kang You Wei "Kong Jiao "Yun Dong Wei He Xin (Ye Mian Cun Dang Bei Fen ,Cun Yu )> .
Ke Ruo Pu :<[Min Jian Religious Confucianism] Gai Nian Zhi Shi Tan :Yi Tai Wan Ru Zong Shen Jiao Wei Li (Ye Mian Cun Dang Bei Fen ,Cun Yu )> .
Pages with unreviewed translations
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles containing non-English-language text
Articles containing Vietnamese-language text
Confucianism
Religion in China
East Asian religions
CS1 maint: location
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
Articles containing Korean-language text
Religious Confucianism
Acanthopleura granulata

Acanthopleura granulata, the West Indian fuzzy chiton, is a medium-sized tropical species.
It is common in the tropical western Atlantic. It is often not noticed: its color and texture are similar to the rocks on which it lives.
In the West Indies, these and other common intertidal chitons are known as "curb". The foot of the animal is eaten by people and is also used as bait for fishing.
This chiton occurs from southern Florida to Mexico, south to Panama, and in the West Indies.
References
Molluscs
Margaret Nolan

Margaret A. Nolan (29 October 1943 - 5 October 2020) was an English visual artist, actress and model. She was best known for her appearances in the 1964 movies Goldfinger and A Hard Day's Night. Nolan was born in Norton Radstock, Somerset. Her career lasted from 1964 to 2019.
Nolan died on 5 October 2020 in London from cancer at the age of 76.
References
Other websites
Margaret Nolan: Official website
1943 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in London
English models
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
People from Hampstead
Actors from Somerset
Actors from London
Actors who played in James Bond movies
Hurricane Nate (2005)

Hurricane Nate was an Atlantic hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It came close to Bermuda, but did not land there. Nate was the 14th named storm and 7th hurricane of the 2005 season. It started southwest of Bermuda on September 5. It then moved northeast very slowly. It passed south of Bermuda and moved into colder waters. Then, it began to weaken. Nate later became part of a larger weather system.
The storm caused no damage because it stayed at sea. However, one person was killed from rip currents that were caused by the storm. Nate caused light rainfall and gusty winds on Bermuda. Canadian Navy ships that were carrying supplies to help people after Hurricane Katrina were slowed down because of Nate.
Hurricanes in Bermuda
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
2005 in Bermuda
2000s in New Jersey
2005 in the United States
Robert R. Redfield

Robert Ray Redfield Jr. (born July 10, 1951) is an American virologist. He was the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry from March 2018 until Januar 2021.
References
1951 births
Living people
American physicians
Virologists
Scientists from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
Noah Wyle

Noah Wyle (born June 4, 1971) is an American actor.
Roles
Television
He is best known for his role as John Carter in the television series ER (1994-2009). This earned him nominations for three Golden Globe Awards and five Primetime Emmy Awards.
He is also known for his roles as:
Flynn Carsen in The Librarian franchise including three TV movies,
The Librarian: Quest for the Spear (2004)
The Librarian: Return to King Solomon's Mine (2006)
The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice (2008) then returning for the television series (2013-2018)
Tom Mason in the television series Falling Skies (2011-2015)
Movies
He has appeared in movies such as A Few Good Men (1992), Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999), Donnie Darko (2001), and W. (2008).
1971 births
Living people
American television actors
Korçë

Korce is a city in southeastern Albania. It is the capital of the Korce District. About 105,000 people live here. It is the sixth largest city in Albania.
The city has Fan Noli University.
References
Cities in Albania
2020 Peruvian protests

The 2020 Peruvian protests were a series of demonstrations caused after the removal of President Martin Vizcarra. These started on November 9, 2020.
Massive protests were seen in many cities of the country, to show their anger at the president's vacancy and reject the inauguration of the president of Congress, Manuel Merino.
References
2020 protests
November 2020 events
2020 protests
Rakvere

Rakvere is a town in northern Estonia and is the capital of the Laane-Viru County. It is 20 km south of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea.
Other websites
Towns in Europe
Settlements in Estonia
Brent Seabrook

Brent Seabrook (born April 20, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and is an alternate captain. He was the Chicago Blackhawks first round draft pick in 2003. He played in the WHL for the Lethbridge Hurricanes where he played four seasons. On June 9, 2010, Seabrook won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks and also won a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics. On June 24, 2013, He won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.
On September 17, 2015, Seabrook was named as an alternate captain for the Blackhawks. On September 26, 2015, Seabrook signed an 8-year contract extension with the Blackhawks.
His younger brother Keith plays for the Rockford IceHogs of the AHL.
Awards
He won the gold medal with Canada at the IIHF World U18 Championships gold medalist in 2003.
He won the silver medal with Canada ath the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in 2004.
He was named to the WHL East Second All-Star Team in 2005.
He won the gold medal with Canada at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in 2005.
He participated in the NHL YoungStars Game in 2006.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.
He won the gold medal with Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2013.
References
Other websites
1985 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Lethbridge Hurricanes players
Living people
Stanley Cup champions
Super Mario Run

Super Mario Run is a side-scrolling auto-running video game developed and published by Nintendo for iOS and Android devices. It was released first for iOS on December 15, 2016. It was released for Android in March 22, 2017.
Super Mario Run has three game modes. It has core game where the player controls Mario or other characters and automatically run across the screen while jumping to collect coins and other awards. It has a Toad Rally where players compete against ghosts of other players. It also has a Mushroom Kingdom area for players to expand using coins and other collectibles from the other game modes.
References
Other websites
2016 video games
IOS games
Mario platform games
Nintendo video games
Video games developed in Japan
Android (operating system) games
National Institute of Standards and Technology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory which is a non-regulatory (non-controlled) agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The institute's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and Technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life.
Standards
United States government agencies
1901 establishments in the United States
United States Department of Commerce
Aida Quilcué

Aida Marina Quilcue Vivas (born in Paez , Cauca) is a Colombian politician, indigenous leader and social leader of the Nasa people. She belongs to the "Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca" (CRIC). She had been a UNESCO human rights and peace advisor. In 2022, she was elected to be the Senate of the "Republic by the Special Indigenous Constituency". Her party, the Alternative Indigenous and Social Movement (MAIS), was given assurance.
Activism
In the 1990s, she was a health promoter for the Cauca Indigenous Association (AIC).
In 2000, she was coordinator of the health program at the AIC and at the Regional Indigenous Council of Huila (CRIHU).
Between 2003 and 2009, she was appointed Senior Counselor of the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC). She was one of the organizers of the 2008 Indigenous Minga. In the event, thousands of indigenous people marched to the city of Bogota in protest. Her husband, Edwin Legarda, died on December 16 in a hospital in Popayan after receiving three rifle shots. Her husband was fired by soldiers on the highway connecting Inza with Totoro, in the department of Cauca . During the trial and in the following years, Quilcue and her daughter have been victims of death threats and attacks.
Awards and Honours
In 2021, she was the winner of the National Award for the Defense of Human Rights in Colombia. It was in the category "Defense for a Whole Life".
References
Colombian politicians
People from Cauca
Langenegg

Langenegg is a municipality in the district Bregenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. It is in the Bregenz Forest.
References
Settlements in Vorarlberg
Hass avocado

The Hass avocado is a cultivar of avocado (Persea americana) with dark green colored, bumpy skin. It was first grown and sold by Southern California mail carrier and amateur horticulturist Rudolph Hass, who also gave it his name.
The Hass avocado is a big fruit weighing 200 to 300 grams.
References
Avocados
Andrea Scotti

Andrea Scotti (born 27 August 1931) is an Italian actor.
1931 births
Living people
Italian actors
Schmiechen

Schmiechen () is a municipality in the district of Aichach-Friedberg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Aichach-Friedberg
Sadika Parvin Popy

Sadika Parvin Popy (known as Popy) is a Bangladeshi movie actress and model who has performed in numerous Bangladeshi films. She was born and brought up in Khulna city. She has won three national film awards for Best Actress.
Awards and achievements
National Film Awards
References
Other websites
1979 births
Living people
Recipients of Bangladesh National Film Awards
Bangladeshi movie actors
Francoist Spain

Francoist Spain () or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain. During this time period Spain was officially known as the Spanish State (). After Franco's death, Spain turned into a democracy.
During the Spanish Civil War, Francisco Franco led the nationalists supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The republicans were supported by the Soviet Union, Mexico, and France. The dictatorship was created right after the nationalists won. Francisco Franco made himself the Caudillo of Spain and ruled until his death in 1975.
Francoism
Nationalism
Francisco Franco promoted ultranationalism. He did not allow the use of regional languages such as Catalan, Basque, Galician, and promoted Spanish as the only official language.
References
1936 establishments in Europe
1975 disestablishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Spain
Fascism
Former dictatorships
Al Jackson Jr.

Alan "Al" Jackson, Jr. (November 27, 1935 - December 1, 1975) was an American jazz musician and drummer. He formed the funk and jazz group, Booker T. & the M.G.'s.
Jackson was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1935. He played drums in recording sessions for many other musicians, including Otis Redding and Wilson Pickett. Booker T. & the MG's had several successful records including Green Onions, Hip Hug-Her, Hang 'Em High and Time Is Tight.
Jackson was murdered at his home in 1975.
Death
A few months before his death, he was attacked and wounded by his girlfriend and manager, Denise LaSalle.
Jackson was shot dead in his home at 3 am. His wife, who before this had shot him in the chest, said that a burglar came into their house, tied her up, and shot him when he came home. Police said that nothing had been taken from the house, and Jackson's wallet was still on his body. Official investigations ruled out robbery.
Police believe the person who shot Jackson was killed after a gun battle with police on July 15, 1976.
References
African American musicians
American jazz musicians
American soul musicians
American murder victims
American drummers
Deaths by firearm in the United States
American funk musicians
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
1935 births
1975 deaths
2014 Commonwealth Games

The 2014 Commonwealth Games were held in Glasgow, Scotland.
It is the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland, although the country previously hosted the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh. Over the last 10 years, however, Glasgow and Scotland have also staged World, Commonwealth, European, or British events in all 17 sports proposed for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, including the World Badminton Championships in 1997.
Selection process
Scotland was the first country to consider hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games in 2004, with Scottish cities being invited by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland to consider making a bid. In September 2004, Glasgow was announced as the Scottish candidate city over Edinburgh (which hosted the Games in 1970 and 1986, and the inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000) following a cost-benefit analysis by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland. The Scottish Executive under then First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell, with the support of the United Kingdom government and all main parties in the Scottish Parliament, formally announced Glasgow's intention to host the games on 16 August 2005.
In March 2006, the bidding process began, with the Glasgow Bid team presenting their case to the Commonwealth Games Federation at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, along with the other confirmed candidate cities; the Nigerian capital, Abuja and Halifax in Canada. In October 2006, the first voting delegates arrived in Glasgow, in order to inspect the city's existing and proposed amenities and facilities. Glasgow announced on 16 January 2007, the 17 sports to be included should its bid be successful. Halifax later withdrew its bid on 8 March 2007, following the withdrawal of funding from the municipal government.
References
Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games
Glasgow
Sport in Scotland
21st century in Scotland
Earendel

Earendel, technically WHL0137-LS, is the most-distant known single star. Its name comes from Aurvandill ("Morning Star" in Old English). Its image was captured by the Hubble Space Telescope.
The star was observed through a gravitational lens. It has a redshift. Light from the star was emitted 900millionyears after the Big Bang, and took 12.9billionyears to travel to Earth.
References
Stars
Surveillance

Surveillance means watching someone or something. It may be secret, and many methods are used including telephone tapping to listen to the person's calls and putting an electronic listening device, a bug, into a room.
Governments and the military have built large facilities designed to listen in to communications between other governments and military groups. For example the U.S. has a large base at Pine Gap near Alice Springs, Australia, which listens to communication signals from all over the world.
Eavesdropping is also surveillance, but often without much planning. It means listening to things you aren't supposed to hear. It is a deliberate act, rather than simply overhearing someone else talking.
Surveillance methods
Many people engage in surveillance for many purposes. That purpose may be crime prevention, alerting for attacks, or general gathering of information for a politcal purpose. The results of surveillance are sometimes called "intelligence". Surveillance collects information for police, intelligence agencies, military planners or commercial firms.
This may include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment (such as CCTV cameras), or interception of electronically transmitted information (such as internet traffic or phone calls).
Surveillance may include simple, relatively low-technology methods such as watchtowers, human intelligence agents and postal interception. On the other hand, global surveillance is done by satellite cameras on a daily basis. Such satellites are called "reconnaissance satellite" or spy satellites.
The word surveillance comes from a French phrase for "watching over" ("sur" means "from above" and "veiller" means "to watch").
Related pages
Mass surveillance in the United States
References
Espionage
Technology
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire

William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (bapt. 1 June 1720 - 2 October 1764) was a British Whig statesman who was Prime Minister of Great Britain for a short period of time.
Titles from birth to death
Lord Cavendish of Hardwick (1720-1729)
Marquess of Hartington (1729-1741)
Marquess of Hartington, MP (1741-1751)
The Rt. Hon. Marquess of Hartington (1751-1755)
His Grace The Duke of Devonshire, PC (1755-1756)
His Grace The Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (1756-1764)
1720 births
1764 deaths
English Dukes
Knights of the Garter
Javier Astúa

Javier Astua Araya (6 November 1968 - 4 January 2022) was a Costa Rican professional footballer. He played as a forward. He played for the Costa Rica national football team between 1992 until 1994, making thirteen appearances.
Astua died on 4 January 2022 from heart disease in San Jose, Costa Rica, at the age of 53.
References
1968 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from heart disease
Costa Rican footballers
Sound film

A sound film is a motion picture (or movie) with sound that has been synchronised with the image. Before sound films, there was only silent film, and dialogue was shown in words on the screen. The first known exhibition of sound movies took place in Paris in 1900. But sound movies were not widely made commercially until a long time later. The first commercial screening of a short sound movie took place in New York City in April 1923. They are now the standard kind of technology for movie making.
The first sound film was THE JAZZ SINGER.
Movie terminology
Sound
Audio technology
Färgelanda Municipality

Fargelanda Municipality () is a municipality in Vastra Gotaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Fargelanda.
References
Other websites
Fargelanda Municipality
Fargelanda Municipality
Legislative Assembly of Manitoba

The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba is the unicameral assembly of the legislature of Manitoba, Canada. There are fifty-seven members, all from single-member constituencies. Each is elected in provincial general elections in a first-past-the-post voting system. The assembly meets in the Manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg.
The Premier of Manitoba is usually the leader of the largest party in the Legislative Assembly. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba is the presiding officer of the legislature.
Government of Manitoba
Manitoba
Unicameral legislatures
Robinson Crusoe (1947 movie)

Robinson Crusoe () is a 1947 Soviet adventure movie directed by Aleksandr Andriyevsky. The story of the film is based on the 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It stars Pavel Kadochnikov, Yuri Lyubimov, and Aleksandr Smiranin.
Actors
Pavel Kadochnikov - Robinson Crusoe
Yuri Lyubimov - Friday
Aleksandr Smiranin - Father of Robinson
E. Sanikidze - Mother of Robinson
V. Pavlenko - Liza
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1947 movies
Soviet adventure movies
Chador

A chador (Persian chdr) is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. In Iran, women wear a chador in public. The Chador covers all the body except the face. However some religious women, cover their faces with their chador too.
A chador is a full-length semi-circle of fabric open down the front. It is thrown over the head and held shut in front. A chador has no hand openings or closures but is held shut by the hands or by wrapping the ends around the waist.
Related page
Hijab
Women and Islam
Islamic dress
Tristach

Tristach is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Coulter, Iowa

Coulter is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Population
References
Cities in Iowa
Sadler, Texas

Sadler is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
Katrina cottage

Katrina cottages are small houses designed and marketed in the United States in the wake of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005). They were designed as a response to the inadequacies of the trailers issued to flood victims by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The homes are designed to attempt to fulfill the needs of their occupants in a more permanent and weather-resistant manner, while addressing the challenges of building and protecting a home in the Gulf Coast region. Some of the homes are elevated, on stilts, particularly in southern Louisiana and Mississippi, where much of the land currently used is near sea level, protected by levees, or prone to flooding by nearby rivers or coastal storm surges or high tides.
Though designs differ somewhat, the main factor for appearance is that Katrina cottages look like traditional homes in the area, reduced in size to lower costs and ease construction so that multiple units can be built quickly as needed. The Katrina cottages are usually one-bedroom, shotgun-house designs, with a front porch that helps stabilize the house from strong winds. Hence, they tend to be smaller than many house trailers, which have 2 or 3 bedrooms (as in a double wide trailer); however, the cottages are constructed of heavier materials to resist winds that would buckle the light-weight walls of mobile homes.
The best-known of these designs are those by Marianne Cusato, whose original "Katrina Cottage" made the term popular and received in 2006 the first annual People's Design Award from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution. As Cusato's design and others gained increasing media attention, the number of designs has increased. The home-improvement retailer Lowe's offers pre-packaged Katrina Cottage kits, including plans and all materials needed for construction. A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) pilot program accommodating 900 Mississippi coast families encountered some opposition from local government officials opposed to permanent small housing units, although Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour urged local officials to accept the cottages as safer than trailers, in high winds or moderate floods.
Other websites
"The house that Katrina built", St. Petersburg Times, January 28, 2006.
"The little house that roared", San Francisco Chronicle, March 4, 2006.
"Lowe's Makes Katrina Cottages Available for Purchase", Architectural Record Digest, November 3, 2006.
Notes
Houses in the United States
Hurricane Katrina
John Laird, Baron Laird

Professor John Dunn Laird, Baron Laird of Artigarvan (23 April 1944 - 10 July 2018) was a Northern Ireland life peer and former chairman of the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency. In 2013 Laird allegedly offered to lobby for a firm against parliamentary rules. As a result, he resigned from the Ulster Unionist Party. He was created a life peer on 16 July 1999 as Baron Laird, of Artigarvan in the County of Tyrone.
Laird died on 10 July 2018 in Belfast at the age of 74.
References
Other websites
Lord Laird website
John Laird, Crossbencher Stratagem
Ulster's 'Braveheart' on rebel hunt , Interview with the Sunday Tribune, 22 January 2006 (Newshound)
Debrett's Limited
Parliamentary answers 2010/11.
1944 births
2018 deaths
Northern Ireland people
Members of the House of Lords
Autonomous underwater vehicle

An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is a robot like a submarine that can be used for underwater searches.
Exploration
Robots
Watercraft
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy

Erode Venkata Ramasamy (17 September 1879 - 24 December 1973), also called Periyar, Thanthai Periyar or E. V. R. by his followers, was an Indian philosopher, politician, independence and social activist. He started the Self-Respect Movement or the Dravidian Movement and proposed the creation of an independent state called Dravida Nadu, uniting the states of South India. He was also the founder of the socio-cultural organization, Dravidar Kazhagam. Periyar started his weekly magazine, "Kudi Arasu" to express his views against the Congress party and Mahatma Gandhi.
Life
Periyar was born in Erode, Madras Presidency in a rich family. At a young age, he witnessed many incidents of racial, caste and gender discrimination. Periyar married when he was 19 and had a daughter who lived for only 5 months. His first wife, Nagammai, died in 1933. He always protested against young women getting married to much older people. Periyar, when he was 72, married for a second time, Maniammai who was 32 at the time in July 1948. His second wife, Maniammai, continued Periyar's social work after his death in 1973, but Dravidar Kazhagam was still spreading his thoughts and ideas.
Periyar fought for the Tamil language, Tamil people, and for their rights until his death. He was against Brahmin for their caste and religious following. Periyar organized anti-Hindi protests in 1938, against introducing Hindi as a compulsory language of study in schools. Now in the present days, Periyar's followers are increasing all over the world among the Tamil people, due to their interest in Tamil language and history behind them.
Tamil activists
1879 births
1973 deaths
Tamil Nadu politicians
Bromic acid

Bromic acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO3. It contains hydrogen and bromate ions.
Properties
Bromic acid cannot be found pure. It can be found in a solution though. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to chloric acid.
Preparation
Bromic acid is made by adding a strong acid to a bromate such as sodium bromate.
Uses
Bromic acid can be used to make bromates, although it is not normally used.
Related pages
Bromous acid
Perbromic acid
Hypobromous acid
Acids
Bromine compounds
Manipura (Mahabharata)

Manipura kingdom or Manipuram Rajyam is an ancient kingdom and presently a village in the Khorda district of the Indian state of Odisha. In the Mahabharata, the ancient Hindu scripture, Manipur is mentioned as a kingdom located in the shoreline periphery of the Bay of Bengal, after passing through the Mahendra Mountain. It is the place where Arjuna seek asylum and get married to Chitrangada, the princess of the kingdom.
References
Odisha
Mahabharata
Hinduism
Francis Suarez 2024 presidential campaign

Francis X. Suarez, the 43rd Mayor of Miami, announced his campaign for the 2024 United States presidential election in a campaign video on June 14, 2023.
Background
In April 2021, Suarez was seen as a possible running-mate to potential 2024 presidential candidate Nikki Haley emerged. A report by The Hill in September 2021 showed that Suarez was interested in running for president.
Suarez spoke on Fox News on June 11, 2023, talking about his visits to early primary states and that he will make an important speech at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library on June 15. He filed to run for president with the Federal Election Commission on June 14.
Campaign
On July 5, 2023, a super PAC supporting Suarez created a chatbot that uses his face and voice to answer questions about his campaign. The bot directs users to campaign videos based on the questions asked, and can even make fun of other presidential candidates such as Ron DeSantis. The program is an example of artificial intelligence.
On August 8, Suarez announced that he had met the donor requirements to attend the first Republican primary debate in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. However, the RNC has to verify this claim before he is officially added to the debate. He said in an interview with The Hill that if he does not qualify for the first debate, he may leave the race.
The campaign ended on August 29, 2023 after Suarez failed to qualify for the first debate.
References
2024 United States presidential campaigns
Wilkau-Haßlau

Wilkau-Hasslau is a town in the rural district Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is about south of Zwickau.
References
Other websites
Zwickau Rural District
Indian Hills, Kentucky

Indian Hills is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
Wellington Phoenix FC

Wellington Phoenix F.C. is a soccer club from Wellington, New Zealand. It competes in the A-League, under licence from Football Federation Australia (FFA).
References
A-League
Wellington
Football in New Zealand
2000s establishments in New Zealand
2007 establishments
Sports teams in New Zealand
Cyclades

Cyclades is an island group in Greece. The group of Cyclades includes many islands. The larger islands of the group is Naxos, Andros, Tinos, Mykonos, Paros, Milos, Thira (or Santorini), Syros, Amorgos, Ios, Kythnos, Kea, Sifnos, Serifos, Sikinos, Folegandros and Anafi. The group, also includes many others small islands and islets. Also Cyclades is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Cyclades is the Ermoupolis in the island of Syros.
References
Prefectures of Greece
Abbey library of St. Gallen

The Abbey library of St. Galllen () is a library in St. Gallen, Switzerland. It was attached to the abbey of St. Gallen. This abbey had a great importance in the Middle Ages. Today, there are about 2,100 manuscripts from the Middle Ages, about 1 650 Inucabula (books and sheets printed before 1501) and early printings before 1520, as well as about 160,000 books. The library is the oldest library in Switzerland. The manuscript B of the Nibelungenlied is kept here.
Libraries in Europe
St. Gallen
Eddie LeBaron

Edward Wayne LeBaron, Jr. (January 7, 1930 - April 1, 2015) was an American football quarterback in the 1950s and early 1960s in the National Football League. He played for the Washington Redskins, Calgary Stampeders, and for the Dallas Cowboys.
He was added into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1980, into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame in 2004 and was a charter inductee into the Sac-Joaquin Section Hall of Fame in October 2010. He died on April 1, 2015.
References
1930 births
2015 deaths
Washington Redskins players
Calgary Stampeders players
Dallas Cowboys players
Sportspeople from California
Nufenen

Nufenen (, ) was a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubunden in Switzerland.
It is on the San Bernardino tunnel road.
On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Hinterrhein, Nufenen and Splugen merged to form the new municipality of Rheinwald.
References
Other websites
Official website
Former municipalities of Graubunden
Radwinter

Radwinter is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 595 people living in Radwinter.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Uttlesford
Bérelles

Berelles is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 151 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Rita Bhaduri

Rita Bhaduri (4 November 1955 - 17 July 2018) was an Indian movie and television actress. She was born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Bhaduri was known for her roles in Nimki Mukhiya, Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa, and in Sindoor Aur Bandook.
Death
Bhaduri died on 17 July 2018 at a Mumbai hospital from kidney disease at the age of 62.
Films acted
Kevi Rite Jaish (as Old lady) - 2012
Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon as Kalavati - 2003
Dil Vil Pyar Vyar - 2002
Mulaqaat - 2002
Kya Kehna - 2000
Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya - 1999
Jaane Jigar - 1998
Tamanna - 1997
Hero No. 1 - 1997
Virasat - 1997
Khoon Ki Pyasi - 1996
Pyar Zindagi Hai - 1996
Aatank Hi Aatank - 1995
Dance Party - 1995
Inteqam Ke Sholay - 1995
Maa Ki Mamta - 1995
References
Other websites
Reeta Bhaduri at Bollywood Hungama
1955 births
2018 deaths
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Actors from Lucknow
Bullenkuhlen

Bullenkuhlen is a municipality of the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
East India Company

The East India Company (EIC) was an British joint-stock company with headquarters in London. It was started for trading with the East Indies, but most trade was with India and China. It was given a charter, permission to exist, in 1600 and traded many things in India.
In the mid-18th century, the company built up its own presidency armies and won the Battle of Plassey, which brought it from only trading with India to actually ruling India.
The company had armed forces and armed ships. It fought against various Indian rulers and struggled against the Dutch East India Company and other European nations. It was ruled by one governor and 24 directors. It became a monopoly in most parts of India.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the British government ruled India directly and the company was dissolved in 1874. Its role was taken over by the Government of India (the British Raj). At its height, the Raj covered a huge area from Baluchistan in the west to Burma in the east, as well as Ceylon and a number of other islands.
References
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
1600 establishments
1874 disestablishments
17th-century establishments in England
1870s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1600s establishments in Europe
Boston Marathon

The Boston Marathon is a famous marathon which is run every April in Boston, Massachusetts on Patriot's Day. The distance of the race is 26.2 miles or 26 miles and 385 yards. To participate, runners need to qualify ahead of time by getting a certain time on another marathon first. This time is different depending on how old the runner is. (Every year, some runners who do not qualify are allowed in by raising money for charity).
2013 bombings
During the 2013 Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, two explosions happened near the finish line at 2:49 PM EDT. Three people were killed and around 183 people were injured.
References
Other websites
Official website
Running
Sports in Boston
April events
Osip Mandelstam

Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam, ; January 15, 1891 - December 27, 1938) was a Russian poet and essayist.
Mandelstam was born in Warsaw, to a rich Jewish family. In 1900 Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky school, which also counts Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian (and Soviet) culture among its alumni. His first poems were printed in the school's almanac in 1907.
In April 1908 Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg. In 1911, in order to continue education in the University of St. Petersburg, he converted to Methodism (which he did not practice) and entered the university the same year.
Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution, became closely associated with symbolist imagery, and in 1911 he and several other young Russian poets formed the "Poets' Guild" (Russian: Tsekh Poetov, Tsekh Poetov), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky.
In 1922 Mandelstam arrived in Moscow with his newlywed wife Nadezhda. At the same time his second book of poems, Tristia, was published in Berlin. For several years after that, he almost completely abandoned poetry, concentrating on essays, literary criticism, memoirs (The Din Of Time, Russian: Shum vremeni, Shum vremeni; Feodosiia, Feodosiya - both 1925) and small-format prose (The Egyptian Stamp, Russian: Egipetskaia marka, Yegipetskaya marka - 1928). As a day job, he translated (19 books in 6 years), then worked as a correspondent for a newspaper.
Mandelstam died in 1938 in prison.
Mandelstam's non-conformist, anti-establishment tendencies always simmered not far from the surface, and in the autumn of 1933 they broke through in the form of the famous "Stalin Epigram".
Bibliography
Osip Mandelstam: "Poems", chosen and translated by James Greene. Elek Books, 1977; revised and enlarged edition, Granada/Elek, 1980.
Osip Mandelstam: The Noise of Time: Selected Prose (European Classics) (Paperback), translated by Clarence Brown Northwestern University Press; Reprint edition, 2002.
Coetzee, J.M. "Osip Mandelstam and the Stalin Ode", Representations, No. 35, Special Issue: Monumental Histories. (Summer, 1991), pp. 72-83.
References
1891 births
1938 deaths
Jewish writers
Methodists
Polish Jews
Prisoners
Russian Christians
Russian Jews
Russian poets
Russian writers
Soviet Jews
Writers from Warsaw