pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Toba catastrophe

The Toba catastrophe was the largest volcanic eruption in the last 2.6 million years. It is called a catastrophe because its effects may have damaged the human species.
The eruption
Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia, is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred 73,000 (+-4000 years) years ago.
It was a climate-changing event. The eruption was two orders of magnitude (= x100) larger than the largest known historic eruption, that of Tambora, also in Indonesia.
This eruption was the last and largest of four eruptions of Toba during the Quaternary epoch. It had an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8 (described as "apocalyptic"). It made a sizable contribution to the 100x30 km caldera complex. The mass it threw out was 100 times greater than the largest volcanic eruption in recent history. That was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which caused the 1816 "Year Without a Summer" in the northern hemisphere.
Consequences
The eruption of Toba led to a volcanic winter with a worldwide decline in temperatures between 3-5 degrees C, and up to 15 degrees C in higher latitudes.
Effect on humans
According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences. It killed most humans then alive. It created a population bottleneck in Central Eastern Africa and India that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.
According to the theory, only 10,000 (perhaps only 1,000) pairs of humans survived the disaster. Perhaps it led to the other hominids becoming extinct, though the Neanderthals certainly survived in Europe and Eurasia.
There is no direct evidence that the theory is correct. And there is no evidence for any other animal decline or extinction, even in environmentally sensitive species. There is evidence that human habitation continued in India after the eruption. The theory in its strongest form seems to be incorrect.
References
Volcanic eruptions
Calderas
Volcanoes of Indonesia
Somerset, Maryland

Somerset is a town in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States.
Towns in Montgomery County, Maryland
Whately, Massachusetts

Whately is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Siouan languages

The Siouan languages (also known as Siouan proper or Western Siouan) are a group of Native American languages. The Siouan languages are spoken in central North America.
Languages of North America
Kid Rock

Robert James Ritchie, better known as Kid Rock, (born January 17, 1971) is an American singer, songwriter, and rapper. He has made songs with parts of many different styles of music, including rock, hip hop, heavy metal, and country.
Early career
Kid Rock grew up in Romeo, Michigan, which is near Detroit. He made his first album, Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast, in 1990. However, it did not gain many success. He made several more records over the next few years, but the albums did not make any sells either. By 1998, bands such as Korn and Limp Bizkit were becoming popular with music that had both rap and heavy metal. Because Kid Rock was making similar music, the record label Atlantic Records, signed Kid Rock to a contract. In 1998, his album Devil Without A Cause was released. Songs such as Bawitdaba and Cowboy were released, making Kid Rock a star.
Later career
In 2000, Kid Rock released The History of Rock, an album that mostly had old songs from before he became famous, along with two new songs. He released the album Cocky in 2001, Kid Rock in 2003, Rock n Roll Jesus in 2007, and Born Free in 2010.
Live performances
Kid Rock is a supporter of people in the United States Military. He has performed several concerts for soldiers, and gave soldiers free copies of his album Born Free.
In 2004, Kid Rock performed during the Super Bowl halftime show. Although the show was more controversial for an incident where one of Janet Jackson's breasts was seen on television, Kid Rock was criticized for playing while wearing an American flag.
United States Senate campaign, 2018
Kid Rock has been mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2018 U.S. Senate election in Michigan. On July 12, 2017, he shared a photo of a "Kid Rock for US Senate" yard sign on Twitter. He later confirmed that he is in fact running for the Senate.
Discography
Singles
"All Summer Long" (2008)
Studio albums
Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast (1990)
The Polyfuze Method (1993)
Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp (1996)
Devil Without a Cause (1998)
Cocky (2001)
Kid Rock (2003)
Rock n Roll Jesus (2007)
Born Free (2010)
Rebel Soul (2012)
First Kiss (2015)
Sweet Southern Sugar (2017)
References
1971 births
Living people
Singers from Michigan
American hip hop singers
American rock musicians
American country singers
American movie actors
Writers from Michigan
Politicians from Michigan
Rappers from Michigan
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Gold Coast Suns

The Gold Coast Suns are a professional Australian rules football club from the Gold Coast, Queensland, that plays in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Club song
We are the suns of the Gold Coast sky
We are one in the red, gold and blue
We are the mighty Gold Coast Suns
We play to win the flag for you
Fight! Fight! Fight!
Till we hold up the cup
Run, run, run all the way
Hey, we are the suns of the Gold Coast sky
We're the team who never say "die"!
Related pages
Australian rules football in Queensland
Other websites
Official website
Australian rules football clubs
La Burbanche

La Burbanche is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Communes in Ain
Only Wanna Be with You

"Only Wanna Be with You" is a 1995 song by Hootie & the Blowfish. It is from their debut studio album Cracked Rear View. It topped the single charts in Canada. It also went to top 40 in Australia, Iceland, El Salvador, New Zealand and the United States. It was covered by Post Malone in 2021.
Track listings
References
1995 songs
Hootie & the Blowfish songs
Post Malone songs
Alternative rock songs
Roots rock songs
Drug cartel

The term drug cartel is used to describe a group who makes, distributes and sells illegal drugs on national level. Drug cartels are often doing so across multiple countries. Mostly, the cartels in areas like Mexico and South America bring drugs to North America.
The basic structure of a drug cartel is the following:
Falcons: Considered the "eyes and ears" of the cartel. Falcons are typically the lowest rank of drug cartel members. They are scouts, responsible for reporting activities of the police, military, and rival groups.
Hitmen: These members are armed. They are responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, and theft. They are also responsible for defending their turf from rival groups and the military.
Lieutenants: The second highest position in a drug cartel. They are typically allowed to carry out low-profile murders without permission from their bosses. They are also responsible for supervising the hitmen below them.
Drug Lords: The highest position in a drug cartel. They are responsible for supervising the drug industry, appointing leaders, making alliances with rival groups, and planning high profile murders.
There are other members in drug cartels, typically those who are drug planters and suppliers. They are critical parts of a drug cartels operation. They are technically not considered part of the logistics in drug cartels.
Related pages
Illegal drug trade
Organized crime
Illegal drugs
The Rifleman

The Rifleman is an American western television series that aired on ABC from 30 September 1958 to 8 April 1963 for 5 seasons and 168 episodes. It stars Johnny Crawford, Chuck Connors, Paul Fix, Bill Quinn, Patricia Blair, Hope Summers, Harlan Warde, Chris Alcaide and is related to the NBC western television series Law of the Plainsman.
Other websites
Western (genre) television series
1950s television series
1958 television series debuts
1963 television series endings
English-language television programs
City of London

The City of London is a district of Greater London. The city's boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages. Although it is now only a small part of the metropolis, it is a notable part of central London. The City holds city status in its own right, and is also a ceremonial county. Often referred to as the City, or the Square Mile, it is just over one square mile, in area.
It is here in the City of London where most of the United Kingdom's financial trade is done. It is a very small area, only a square mile, and has a very small resident population (8,000). However, many people come to work here and during the day it can be very busy, with some 300,000 people in it.
"London" now refers to Greater London, which is made up of 32 boroughs (including the City of Westminster and the City of London). The city is in central London and is the oldest part of the city, dating back to Roman times. The City of London has its own mayor, the Lord Mayor of London, an office separate from (and much older than) the Mayor of London. There are other ancient features, dating back to medieval times. The city has its own police force, the City of London Police.
Financial markets
The City vies with New York City as the financial capital of the world: many banking and insurance institutions have their headquarters there. The London Stock Exchange (shares and bonds), Lloyd's of London (insurance), the London Metal Exchange and the Bank of England are all based in the city.
Over 500 banks have offices in the city, and the city is an established leader in trading in Eurobonds, foreign exchange, energy futures, metals, and global insurance. The Alternative Investment Market, a market for trades in equities of smaller firms, is a recent development. In 2008, the City of London accounted for 4% of UK GDP.
London is the world's greatest foreign exchange market, with much of the trade conducted in the City of London. Of the $3.98 trillion daily global turnover, as measured in 2007, trading in London accounted for around $1.36 trillion, or 34.1% of the total. The Pound Sterling, the currency of the United Kingdom, is globally the fourth most traded currency and the third most held reserve currency.
Since 1991 Canary Wharf, a few miles east of the City in Tower Hamlets, has become a second centre for London's financial services industry and houses many banks and other institutions formerly located in the Square Mile. This development does not appear to have damaged the city: both places have grown.
History
The city is the site of Roman Londinium, and the archaeological remains are on display in the Museum of London, City Wall.
The city has many churches designed by Sir Christopher Wren, including St Paul's Cathedral. The city was the site of the Great Fire of London in 1666.
References
Ceremonial counties of England
Phone connector

A phone connector (also called jack plug, stereoplug) is an electrical plug that is used in audio systems. For example, it is used in electric guitar cables to connect the guitar to an amplifier. There are typically three different sizes of phone connectors: 6.3 mm, 3.5 mm and 2.5 mm diameters.
Balanced and unbalanced circuits are possible with stereoplug connector when using monosignal per one stereoplug. Sound quality improves with a balanced circuit because noise signal reduces, especially with microphones where the signal is often weak.
Related pages
XLR connector
Electrical connectors
Audio technology
Sulzbach, Saarland

Sulzbach is a town and a city in the district of Saarbrucken, in Saarland, Germany. It has a population of 16,215 (as of Dec 2015). It is located northeast of Saarbrucken.
References
Cities in Saarland
Towns in Saarland
Saarbrucken (district)
Jeremy Irons

Jeremy John Irons (born 19 September 1948) is an English actor and activist. The movies in which he has starred include The Lion King (1994), Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), Lolita (1997), and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016).
Irons trained as an actor at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. He played John the Baptist and Judas in Godspell for a total of 1,128 performances. In 2005, Irons won both an Emmy award and a Golden Globe award for his supporting role in the television mini-series, Elizabeth I.
Filmography
References
Other websites
1948 births
Living people
Annie Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from the Isle of Wight
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
L'Île-Saint-Denis

L'Ile-Saint-Denis is a commune. It is found in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in France.
Communes in Seine-Saint-Denis
Mass versus weight

In the physical sciences, mass and weight are different. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in the object. Weight is a measure of the force on the object caused by a gravitational field. In other words, weight is how hard gravity pulls on an object. This means the mass of an object will remain at wherever it is on the earth's surface, but if it is moved from the equator to the North Pole, its weight will grow by 0.5% because of the increase in the earth's gravitational field.
Mass is measured in kilograms or pounds. A one-liter volume of water has a mass of one kilogram. Weight is measured in newtons, the standard unit for force. A one-kilogram mass placed on a bench presses down on the bench with almost ten newtons of force.
Overview
The weight of something is the value measured at the Earth's surface. Unfortunately the common terms used to describe the weight of an object are units of mass such as kilograms or pounds. For almost all of human history weight has been measured on the surface of the Earth. Here, the weight is proportional to the mass. Objects which have the same mass have the same weight. An object with the twice the mass of another will also have twice the weight. As a consequence it is common practice to use the two words, mass and weight, as if they mean the same thing, and to use kilograms or pounds as the units for both mass and weight. Using the same terms to describe and measure the two different properties has led to confusion between these two properties, mass and weight. Mass and weight are not the same thing.
Generally, mass refers to how "heavy" something is. However, mass is really an inertial property; that is, the tendency of an object to remain at constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. According to Newton's second law of motion, as expressed in the formula an object with a mass, m, of one kilogram will accelerate, a, at one meter per second per second (about one-tenth the acceleration due to Earth's gravity) when acted upon by a force, F, of one newton.
Feeling the difference
It is possible to feel the difference between weight and mass by suspending an object with a mass of over ten kilograms on a rope with a length of two or more meters. If a person pushes upwards against the underneath of the object with one finger they will feel the weight of the object. If they push momentarily against the side of the suspended object with one finger they will feel the mass of the object. (It is important that they do not push the object sideways far enough to begin to raise it.)
Matter
Physics
Ashley Cole

Ashley Cole (born 20 December 1980) is a retired English football player who is currently the first-team coach for Everton. He is notable for playing for England 77 times.
He now plays for LA Galaxy as a defender in the left back position.
Cole married Cheryl Tweedy in July 2006. She divorced him in September 2010.
Club career statistics
International
References
1980 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Association football full-backs
Black British sportspeople
Arsenal F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Footballers from London
Premier League players
Carlos Freile Zaldumbide

Carlos Freile Zaldumbide (May 18, 1851 - August 28, 1928) was an Ecuadorian politician, who served twice as acting President of Ecuador and one term as Vice President of Ecuador.
A wealthy landowner that pioneered Holstein livestock raising in Ecuador.
He was the acting President from 12 August 1911 to 1 September 1911 (a reign lasting just 21 days). He took the role on a temporary basis when Eloy Alfaro, who had been President for over 4 years, was overthrown and went to exile. Freile was replaced by the already elected President Emilio Estrada, whose mandate lasted just three months before his death on 21 December 1911.
Carlos Freile then served once again as acting president, this time from 22 December 1911 to 6 March 1912. He was again acting president during a crisis and was succeeded by Francisco Andrade Marin.
Other websites
Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
1851 births
1928 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Presidents of Ecuador
Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart

Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart (19 March 1901 - 8 July 1956) was a Dutch politician and diplomat. He was the first United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1951 to 1956.
Awards
Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1949.
Nobel Peace Prize, 1954 (awarded to the UNHCR).
Wateler Peace Prize, 1956.
References
Other websites
Parlement.com (Parlementair Documentatie Centrum, Leiden University)
1901 births
1956 deaths
Dutch diplomats
Dutch journalists
Dutch people of World War II
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
Politicians from North Holland
Writers from North Holland
Voiced velar implosive

The voiced velar implosive is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Consonants
Igor Luchenok

Igor Mikhailovich Luchenok (Belarusian: Igar Mikhailavich Luchanok, Ihar Mikhaylavich Luchanok, Russian: Igor' Mikhailovich Luchenok; 6 August 1938 - 12 November 2018) was a Belarusian composer. He was born in Maryina Horka, Belarus. He was awarded the People's Artist of Belarus and People's Artist of the USSR. He was chairman of the Belarusian Union of Composers.
Luchenok worked in many genres ranging from vocal-symphonic, chamber-instrumental, and chamber-voca. From his works formed the repertoire of Pesniary, Syabry, Verasy, Joseph Kobzon, Sofia Rotaru, Valentina Tolkunova, Maria Pakhomenko, Lev Leshchenko, Victor Vuyachich, Eduard Khil and many others.
Luchenok died on 12 November 2018 from a stroke in Minsk at the age of 80.
References
Other websites
Igar Luchanok: Ia dapamagaiu ne tol'ki siabram, ale navat i voragam
1938 births
2018 deaths
Belarusian musicians
20th-century composers
L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs

L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Hurricane Edouard (1996)

Hurricane Edouard was the strongest hurricane in 1996. Its winds reached 145 miles an hour. Edouard was at major hurricane status for around eight days. The storm was originally forecast to slam the Northeastern United States. It was much less severe there.
Edouard generated strong waves that killed two people on the coastal shore of New Jersey. The southeast coast of Massachusetts received minor hurricane force winds that caused minimal damage on Nantucket Island.
The name Edouard was not retired due to lack of serious damage. The name was used again in the 2002, 2008 and 2014 Atlantic hurricane seasons, and will be again during 2020.
Hurricanes in the United States
1996 in the United States
1990s in New Jersey
1990s in Massachusetts
Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot

Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot (1883 - March 28, 1942) was a Punjabi landowner and supporter of the All India Muslim League (AIML) in its demand for a separate Pakistan. In March 1940, he was one of the principal hosts for the AIML's famous Lahore Conference.
Punjabi people
1942 deaths
1883 births
Muslim League
Salinibacter ruber

Salinibacter ruber is an extreme halophile (salt-loving organism) that lives in concentrations of salt from 20 to 30%.
References
Extremophiles
Gram-negative bacteria
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (14 September 1486 - 18 February 1535) was a German occult writer, astrologer, and alchemist.
His life
Agrippa was born in Cologne in 1486. In 1512, he taught at the University of Dole in France.
In 1510, he studied briefly with Johannes Trithemius.
During this part of his life in Germany, France and Italy, he worked as a theologian, physician, legal expert and soldier.
He was for some time in the service of Maximilian I.
According to his student Johann Weyer, in the book De praestigiis daemonum, Agrippa died in Grenoble, in 1535.
Partial works
De occulta philosophia libri tres. Ed. Vittoria Perrone Compagni. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 1992: .
Three Books Of Occult Philosophy. Trans. J. F. Edited by Donald Tyson. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 1993: .
Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex. Trans. Albert Rabil, Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996:
1486 births
1535 deaths
Astrologers
German esotericists
Occultists
Writers from Cologne
Dunkirk

Dunkirk (, pronounced or ; ) is a harbour city in the northernmost part of France, 10 km (6 mi) from the Belgian border.
The population of the whole metropolitan area was of 265,974 at the 1999 census.
Until the middle of the 20th century the city was in the Dutch language area; today the local Dutch dialect still can be heard but has largely given way to French.
History
Dunkirk was first mentioned in 1067 as Dunkerk ().
In World War II, heavy fighting took place around Dunkirk during the German invasion in 1940 (Battle of Dunkirk), but a lull in the action unexpectedly allowed a large number of French and British soldiers to escape to England. The British evacuation of Dunkirk through the English Channel was codenamed Operation Dynamo.
During the war, Dunkirk was largely destroyed by bombing.
Postwar Dunkirk
On 14 December 2002, the Norwegian auto carrier Tricolor collided with the Bahamian-registered Kariba and sank off Dunkirk harbour, causing a hazard to navigation in the English Channel.
Communes
Since 9 December 2010, the former communes of Fort-Mardyck and Saint-Pol-sur-Mer were merged into the commune of Dunkirk.
Economy
Dunkirk has the third largest harbour in France, after those of Le Havre and Marseille. It is also an industrial city, heavily dependent on the steel, food processing, oil refining, ship building and chemical industries.
Tourist attractions
The Musee Portuaire hosts exhibits images about the history and presence of the port.
The Musee des Beaux-Arts has a large collection of Flemish, Italian and French paintings and sculptures.
The Carnival of Dunkirk
Miscellaneous
Transport
Dunkirk has a ferry connection with Dover in England.
Twin towns
Dunkirk is twinned with:
Krefeld, Germany since June 15, 1974
Middlesbrough, United Kingdom since April 12, 1976
Dunkirk has cooperation agreements with:
Dartford district, United Kingdom since March 1988
Thanet district, United Kingdom since June 18, 1993
References
Other websites
City council website
Tourist office website
Subprefectures in France
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Douglas Kenney

Douglas C. "Doug" Kenney (December 10, 1946 - August 27, 1980) was an American writer and actor. He was born in Palm Beach, Florida. He was one of the co-founders of National Lampoon magazine, along with Henry Beard and Robert Hoffman. Kenney collaborated with Beard at the Harvard Lampoon, which they wrote for while they went to the namesake college. They both co-wrote the satirical novel Bored of the Rings. Afterwards, they went to make a nationwide version of the magazine christened, The National Lampoon. The magazine spun off into a radio show, a TV special, albums and films--which he also wrote for.
He co-wrote the National Lampoon's Animal House, which he also had an extended cameo in as "The Stork". After the success of Animal House, he produced and wrote Caddyshack--which he also had a nameless cameo in. He had a bit part in the 1977 film Between the Line.
Kenney died after falling from a thirty-foot cliff in Kauai, Hawaii. He was 33 years old. Kenney's death was ruled as "accidental".
References
Other websites
1946 births
1980 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
American movie actors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
Writers from Florida
Actors from Florida
The Return of the Regulator

The Return of the Regulator is the fourth studio album by Warren G. The album was released on December 11, 2001.
References
2001 albums
Genouilly, Cher

Genouilly is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. In 2019, 676 people lived there.
References
Communes in Cher
1951 Census of Manipur

The 1951 Census of Manipur was a census held in Manipur, India every ten years.
Language data
In the 1951 census, Meitei language (also known as Manipuri language) speakers account for 65.29% of the total population of Manipur.
Related pages
1961 Census of Manipur
References
History of Manipur
1951 in Asia
Manipur
Brian Mulroney

Martin Brian Mulroney (born March 20, 1939) is a Canadians politician. He was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984 to June 25, 1993, and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993.
His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the rejection of constitutional reforms such as the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
Mulroney was born on March 20, 1939, in Baie-Comeau, Quebec. He is the son of Irish Canadian Catholic parents, Mary Irene (nee O'Shea) and Benedict Martin Mulroney,
References
Other websites
The 'Greenest' PM in History
Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
CBC Digital Archives - Brian Mulroney: The Negotiator
"Martin Brian Mulroney," by Norman Hillmer
1939 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Canada
Canadian lawyers
Irish businesspeople
Irish politicians
Canadian businesspeople
People from Westmount, Quebec
Politicians from Quebec
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Siluyan (Kilin)

Archbishop Siluyan (Kilin) (, secular name Simon Afinogenovich Kilin, ; 15 May 1939 - 5 November 2021), was a bishop in the Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church (RORC). He was the Old Believer archbishop of Novosibirsk, beginning in 2015.
References
1939 births
2021 deaths
Russian Orthodox Christians
Archbishops
Montalto Dora

Montalto Dora is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Settlements in Piedmont
Swizz Beatz

Kasseem Dean (born September 13, 1978 in The Bronx, New York), known by his stage name, Swizz Beatz, is an American record producer, DJ, rapper and painter.
He began to produce music tracks at the age of 16 and sold his first beat when he was 17. His beat would later become DMX's hit single Ruff Ryders' Anthem. He founded his own record label, Full Surface Records in a joint venture with Clive Davis of J Records at the age of 23. He is currently married to singer Alicia Keys and they have 4 children.
Discography
Studio albums
Swizz Beatz has released 2 studio albums and a compilation album:
Compilation albums
References
Other websites
Official website
1978 births
Living people
American DJs
American painters
Rappers from New York (state)
Musicians from the Bronx
Singers from New York City
Flying University

Flying University (or "Floating University") was a counterculture educational activist group in Warsaw, Poland. They gathered in private apartments to teach history and the Polish language to students. The group operated for 20 years from 1885 to 1905. Warsaw was then under the control of the Russian Empire. Marie Curie became a student here after being banned from Warsaw University because of her sex.
References
Education in Poland
History of Poland
Warsaw
1885 establishments
Establishments in Poland
1900s disestablishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Europe
Hawthorne, Nevada

Hawthorne is a census-designated place (CDP) in Mineral County, Nevada, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 3,118. It is the county seat of Mineral County.
References
County seats in Nevada
Census-designated places in Nevada
Unincorporated communities in Nevada
Lake Kari

Lake Kari () is a lake in Armenia, in the slopes of Mount Aragats. It is mostly formed by ice and snow.
Other websites
Lakes of Asia
Geography of Armenia
Scolopendra heros

The desert centipede, also known as the giant centipede, Scolopendra heros, giant red head, texas red head, or the sonoran centipede, is the largest centipede in North America.
Myriapods
Mega Babies

Mega Babies is an animated children's television series created by Paul Rudish, who has previously had made the Cartoon Network shows Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls and Samurai Jack. It is produced by CineGroupe and Landmark Entertainment Group in association with Sony Wonder.
The series was broadcast on Cartoon Network and Teletoon. The show was also aired in UK on Sky One's weekday mornings and later repeated on Channel 5 on weekend mornings between 2007 and 2008.
2000s American animated television series
2005 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
Canadian animated television series
2005 Canadian television series debuts
2006 Canadian television series endings
Action television series
Animated adventure television series
Bruce Davison

Bruce Davison (born June 28, 1946) is an American actor and director. Davison is well known for his starring roles in the horror movie Willard (1971), Longtime Companion (1989) and in the X-Men movie franchise - through X-Men (2000) and X2 (2003) as Senator Robert Kelly.
Davison won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Longtime Companion.
References
Other websites
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1946 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American television directors
Actors from Philadelphia
Sunflower galaxy

The Sunflower galaxy (Messier 63 or NGC 5055) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. It is about 37 million light-years away from Earth.
Spiral galaxies
Blagoevgrad Province

Blagoevgrad Province is a province (oblast) of southwestern Bulgaria. The administrative centre is Blagoevgrad.
The province has 14 municipalities with 12 towns. Significant towns include Bansko, Gotse Delchev, Melnik, Petrich, Razlog, Sandanski, and Simitli.
There are several mountains, or parts of mountains, in the province. These are Rila, Pirin, the Rhodopes, Slavyanka, Belasitsa, Vlahina, Maleshevo, Ograzhden and Stargach. There are two major rivers, Struma River and Mesta River.
Municipalities
The Blagoevgrad province has 14 municipalities. The following table shows the names of each municipality, the main town (in bold) or village, and the population of each as of 2011.
Notable people from Blagoevgrad Province
Paisiy Hilendarski (1722-1773)
Neofit Rilski (1793-1881)
Georgi Izmirliev (1851-1876)
Boris Sarafov (1872-1907)
Yane Sandanski (1872-1915)
Nikola Vaptsarov (1909-1942)
Georgi Pirinski (1948)
Rosen Plevneliev (1964)
References
Provinces of Bulgaria
Molfetta

Molfetta is a city in southern Italy. Molfetta is in the Apulia Region. It has about 59,000 inhabitants.
Cities in Apulia
Reinier Kreijermaat

Reinier Kreijermaat (25 April 1935 - 22 January 2018) was a Dutch footballer. He was active as a midfielder in the 1960s. He was born in Utrecht, the Netherlands. He made his debut for USV Elinkwijk in 1956. He played for Elinkwijk until 1959, when he moved to Dutch heavyweights Feyenoord.
References
Other websites
Profile
1935 births
2018 deaths
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Utrecht (city)
Roanoke

Roanoke may refer to:
The Roanoke people, who once lived in North Carolina.
Roanoke Colony, a failed British colony.
Roanoke Island, where Roanoke Colony was created.
Roanoke, Alabama
Roanoke, Texas
Roanoke, Virginia
Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina
Boston Navy Yard

The Boston Navy Yard was one of the oldest shipbuilding places in the United States Navy. It was first called the Charlestown Navy Yard and later Boston Naval Shipyard. It was started in 1801. It was officially closed as an active naval yard on July 1, 1974. The USS Constitution is still docked there. The USS Cassin Young, a World War II-era destroyer, is there and is a museum ship.
References
Other websites
info
Naval transport
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Buildings and structures in Massachusetts
1800 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Lise Bourdin

Lise Bourdin (born 20 November 1925) is a French retired movie actress. She was born in Neris-les-Bains, Allier, France. Bourdin retired in 1959, after a ten-year movie career.
Some of her best known roles were in Children of Love (1953), The River Girl (1954), The Last Five Minutes (1955), Desperate Farewell (1955), La ladra (1955), Love in the Afternoon (1957), The River of Three Junks (1957), Ces dames preferent le mambo (1957) and The Last Blitzkrieg (1959).
References
Other websites
1925 births
Living people
French movie actors
French stage actors
Terry Buckle

Terrence Owen Buckle (24 August 1940 - 10 September 2020) was a Canadian Anglican bishop. He was Archbishop of Yukon from 1995 to 2010 and Metropolitan of British Columbia and Yukon from 2005 until 2010, in the Anglican Church of Canada. He was born in Ontario.
Buckle died on 10 September 2020 in Whitehorse, Yukon from cancer at the age of 80.
References
1940 births
2020 deaths
Anglican bishops
Cancer deaths in Canada
People from Ontario
1427

Events
August 4 - Hussite Wars: Battle of Tachov The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
August 17 - First band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizen of Paris.
Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.
Balsics rule of Montenegro comes to an end.
Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.
Gabriel V elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time.
Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Burma).
Conflict of Druimnacour in Sutherland, Scotland.
First witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.
Celestine Order established in France.
Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he would later become its patron saint).
Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.
Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.
Births
September 9 - Thomas de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (died 1464)
October 14 - Alesso Baldovinetti, Italian painter (died 1499)
October 26 - Archduke Sigismund of Austria (died 1496)
November 29 - Zhengtong Emperor of China (died 1464)
November 30 - Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (died 1492)
date unknown
Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)
Deaths
April 17 - John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403)
May 7 - Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
August 27 - Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr (born 1395)
date unknown
Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan (born 1397)
Qu You, Chinese novelist (born 1341)
probable
Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (born 1350)
Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter
Marietta Chudakova

Marietta Omarovna Chudakova (; 2 January 1937 - 21 November 2021) was a Soviet and Russian literary critic, historian, and doctor of philological sciences, writer, memoirist, public figure. She was the chairman of the All-Russian Bulgakov Foundation. She was a known critic of Vladimir Putin.
Chudakova worked at Moscow State University. Her first works were published in 1958. From 1959 to 1961, she taught Russian language and literature in a Moscow school.
She was the chairman of the All-Russian Bulgakov Foundation.
Chudakova was diagnosed with COVID-19 in early November 2021. She died on 21 November 2021 at a hospital in Moscow from the infection, aged 84.
References
1937 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia
Russian academics
Literary critics
Russian historians
Writers from Moscow
Memoirists
Popish Plot

The Popish Plot was a story made up by Titus Oates that caused people to hate the Catholics in England between 1678 and 1681. Oates said that there was a large Catholic conspiracy to kill Charles II. His story led to the execution of at least 15 men and caused the Exclusion Bill Crisis. After a while Oates' complicated story fell apart, and he was arrested and sent to prison for perjury.
References
17th century in England
1678
1679
1680
1681
1680s in Europe
Baywatch

Baywatch is an American television series. The show is about lifeguards who look after the beaches of Los Angeles County, California and Hawaii.
The show was canceled after its first season on NBC. However, it was later syndicated. At one time, the series was the most-watched television show in the world. The weekly audience was near 1.1 billion viewers.
The show ran under its original title and format between 1989 and 1999. Between 1999 and 2001, the cast and setting of the series changed. Its title was then changed to Baywatch: Hawaii.
In 2017, an action and crime-comedy movie adaptation from the television show was released. The movie got bad reviews from critics. It made around $177.9 million in world revenue.
The cast of Baywatch (1989-1999)
David Hasselhoff as Mitch Buchannon
Parker Stevenson as Craig Pomeroy
Shawn Weatherly as Jill Riley
Billy Warlock as Eddie Kramer
Erika Eleniak as Shauni McClain
Peter Phelps as Trevor Cole
Brandon Call as Hobie Buchannon
Holly Gagnier as Gina Pomeroy
Monte Markham as Don Thorpe
John Allen Nelson as John D. Cort
Gregory Alan Williams as Garner Ellerbee
Jeremy Jackson as Hobie Buchannon
Tom McTigue as Harvey Miller
Richard Jaeckel as Ben Edwards
Nicole Eggert as Summer Quinn
David Charvet as Matt Brody
Pamela Anderson as C. J. Parker
Kelly Slater as Jimmy Slade
Alexandra Paul as Stephanie Holden
Yasmine Bleeth as Caroline Holden
Jaason Simmons as Logan Fowler
David Chokachi as Cody Madison
Gena Lee Nolin as Neely Capshaw
Donna D'Errico as Donna Marco
Jose Solano as Manny Gutierrez
Traci Bingham as Jordan Tate
Nancy Valen as Samantha Thomas
Michael Newman as Michael Newman
Carmen Electra as Lani McKenzie
Kelly Packard as April Giminski
Michael Bergin as J. D. Darius
Angelica Bridges as Taylor Walsh
Marliece Andrada as Skylar Bergman
Mitzi Kapture as Alex Ryker
Brooke Burns as Jessie Owens
The cast of Baywatch Hawaii (1999-2001)
David Hasselhoff as Mitch Buchannon
Brooke Burns as Jessie Owens
Michael Bergin as J. D. Darius
Brandy Ledford as Dawn Masterton
Michael Newman as Michael Newman
Simmone Mackinnon as Allie Reese
Jason Momoa as Jason Ioane
Stacy Kamano as Kekoa Tanaka
Jason Brooks as Sean Monroe
Brande Roderick as Leigh Dyer
Charlie Brumbly as Zach McEwan
Krista Allen as Jenna Avid
References
Television series set in Los Angeles County, California
English-language television programs
American television series revived after cancellation
American soap operas
1989 American television series debuts
1980s American drama television series
1990s American drama television series
2000s American drama television series
2001 American television series endings
Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson, , was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled segregation was legal, as long as equal facilities were provided for both races. The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1. The majority opinion was written by Justice Henry Billings Brown, and the minority opinion was written by Justice John Marshall Harlan.
In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education partially overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling.
Background
The State of Louisiana passed a law saying that whites and blacks had to ride in different cars on trains, but required that the train cars be "equal." Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth black (meaning that one of his eight great-grandparents was black) was arrested for riding in a whites-only car. He challenged the Louisiana law, saying it was against the United States Constitution. Plessy argued that the state law which required East Louisiana Railroad to segregate trains had denied him his rights under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
The Decision
The Supreme Court, in a 7-1 decision, ruled that the Louisiana law was valid. They said that requiring whites and blacks to ride in separate trains did not harm blacks in any way. Justice John Marshall Harlan was the only justice who thought the law was against the Constitution. He thought segregation made black Americans feel inferior. He said that the Constitution is "color blind" and that the law should not treat any group better than any other group.
Brown and Plessy
In 1954, the United States Supreme Court made it illegal to segregate schools by race. Chief Justice Earl Warren even ruled that ""separate facilities are [always] unequal.""
However, Brown did not make it illegal to segregate in any other places, aside from schools. Segregation in other places was still legal. This means that Brown overturned part of Plessy v. Ferguson by making school segregation illegal, but it did not overturn the entire law.
Related pages
Racial segregation
History of racial segregation in the United States
Jim Crow laws
References
United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
American civil rights
19th century in Louisiana
Human rights abuses in the United States
Maurice Blanchard Cohill Jr.

Maurice Blanchard Cohill Jr. (November 26, 1929 - January 1, 2022) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania from 1976 until his death in 2022. Between 1985 and 1992, he was Chief Judge of that court. Cohill Jr. was nominated by President Gerald Ford.
Cohill Jr. was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied at Princeton University and at the University of Pittsburgh. Cohill Jr. died on January 1, 2022 in Pittsburgh from stroke-related problems, aged 92.
References
1929 births
2022 deaths
American judges
Lawyers from Pittsburgh
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Deaths from stroke
Landsberg (district)

Landsberg am Lech is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in the south of Bavaria, Germany. Neighbor districts are: Aichach-Friedberg, Furstenfeldbruck Rural District, Starnberg Rural District, Weilheim-Schongau, Ostallgau and Augsburg (district); Landsberg am Lech is the capital of Landsberg (district).
Towns and municipalities
References
Other websites
European Holocaust Memorial - a monument ensemble against racism and totalitarianism at the place of the crime - under the executive management of the Citizens' Association European Holocaust Memorial Foundation
Kaufering.com an online memorial to the victims of the Kaufering death camps and their liberators.
The Holocaust in the Landsberg area - Citizens' Association "Landsberg in the 20th Century" (English)
Districts of Bavaria
Tramway track

Tramway tracks are used on tramways or light railways. Grooved rails (or girder rails) are normally used to let the trams run on streets. This is called "street-running". Like normal rail tracks, tram tracks consist of two parallel steel rails.
Tram rails can be placed in several surfaces. Standard rails can be put on sleepers like railway tracks, or with grooved rails on concrete sleepers into street surfaces (pavement) for street running. Another environmentally-friendly or ecologically-friendly alternative is to lay tracks into grass turf surfaces. This is known as grassed track (or track in a lawn). It was first used in Liverpool in 1924.
Rail infrastructure
Tram technology
Savoca

Savoca (Sicilian: Savuca) is a comune (municipality) in Italy.
Geography
It is located within the Province of Messina in Sicily. The area borders Casalvecchio Siculo, Forza d'Agro, Furci Siculo, Sant'Alessio Siculo, and Santa Teresa di Riva.
History
The history of the area goes back to the Romans. The region became part of the Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century. There was cultural and economic prosperity from the 15th to 18th century and decline since the 19th century. More people have been moving to the coastal regions of Sicily. Tourism has slowed down the decline. The town is part of the I Borghi piu belli d'Italia. This is a collection of historic towns for tourism. The town has many historic buildings. Some notable buildings are castle Pentefur, old Town Hall, Archimandrite Palace, Church of San Michele and Church of San Nicolo.
Movies
The town is also known, because The Godfather was filmed there, alongside the town Forza d'Agro. The Bar Vitelli and the Church of San Nicolo were the two filming locations of The Godfather.
References
Settlements in Sicily
Hans-Ulrich Klose (politician, born 1935)

Hans-Ulrich Klose (29 March 1935 - 7 February 2022) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. He was in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1985 to 2005.
Klose died in Korschenbroich, Germany on 7 February 2022, at the age of 86.
References
1935 births
2022 deaths
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Tefnut

Tefnut was the ancient Egyptian goddess of water and fertility. She and her brother and husband, Shu, were created by Atum, Ra or Amun. Tefnut was the mother of Nut and Geb also she is associated with the lion. In art she is represent as a woman with head of the lion with Sun disc.
God's plan
Tefnut, along with Shu, were the first deities created by Ra. She had other names, such as Tefenet and Tefnet. She was mainly in charge of moisture, but was also responsible for Order, Time, Justice, Heaven and Hell. She was very closely related to both the sun and the moon. She was known as both the left (moon), and right (sun): 'Eyes of Ra.'
Physical description
Once Tefnut fled from Ra as a lioness, causing a great drought. Only Thoth could persuade her to return, so he went to Nubia and got her back. When she got back, there was great rejoice in all the temples. After that incident, Tefnut, normally wearing her fathers' sun disk, was seen as a lioness, or a woman with a lions' head. Very rarely ever again was she seen portrayed as a full woman. When Tefnut was in the royal court, she wore a crown made of sprouting plants. Sometimes she was seen lying horizontally between the ground and the sky. She was sometimes pictured with her husband, Shu, helping to hold up Nut. She cried with the pain, and when she cried, that made the ground fertilized.
Power & magic
Tefnut sat in judgment of the dead in the underworld. Tefnut wears her fathers' sun disk, a symbol of power. She carries a scepter and wears an ankh, the symbol of life. As she was the goddess of moisture, she was also related to other deities of moisture and wetness. She was seen holding up the sky with her brother/husband Shu. As she was in charge of moisture, she held other roles as well. Some of them were: Order, justice, time, the weather,Heaven, and Hell. Above all, her main role was to bring moisture down on the ancient Egyptians.
Worship
Tefnut was worshipped in lion form in Leontopolis (May-ta-hut). Part of the city of Denderah (Iunet), was known as 'The House of Tefnut.' Some of Tefnut's festival dates were the 20th of August, the day of satisfying the Hearts of the Ennead. Another festival date was the 29th of October, which was the day of Going Forth of Het-Hert and the Ennead. The last festival date was the 15th of November, the Ennead Feast in the House of Kay Heru and Wasir. Tefnut does not have any main centers of Worship, or any known temples dedicated to her.
Other websites
touregypt.net
pantheon.org
ancientegypt.co.uk
Egyptian gods and goddesses