pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Fußballgemeinschaft Salzburg

The Fussballgemeinschaft Salzburg was a wartime syndicate of three football clubs in the city of Salzburg, Austria (then Ostmark) during World War II and existed from April 1943 to April 1945.
History
After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich in 1938, the clubs in the Salzburg 1st Class and the Western Division League were entitled to take part in the promotion rounds to the then Gauliga. However, the political situation as well as the service obligations, conscription into the German Wehrmacht or the Reichsarbeitsdienst brought football to an almost complete standstill. SV Austria Salzburg, with German guest players who were stationed in Salzburg, became the strongest club in Salzburg's 1st class and won the championship in the 1939/40 and 1940/41 seasons. In 1941, after beating SK Amateure Steyr, the champion of the Oberdonauer 1st class, they made it into the promotion round to the Ostmark division class. In the promotion games, however, Salzburg failed because of the overwhelming opponents SK Sturm Graz, Post SV Wien and BSG Traisen.
After this season, it was difficult to maintain the game in the Salzburg class. With the declaration of "total war" and the consequent conscription of almost all capable players, the club had not enough players. In April 1943, the traditional clubs Salzburger AK 1914, SV Austria Salzburg and 1. Salzburger SK 1919 decided to merge to form the Fussballgemeinschaft Salzburg in order to be able to continue playing.
The management of the association was divided between the officials of the individual clubs. When the new club started, there were only three established players from Austria Salzburg in the squad and young players from the other two clubs were added to the squad. The 1942/43 season had to be canceled because the new syndicate had only one competitor, Reichsbahn SG Salzburg.Austria Salzburg was declared champion.All promotion games against the competitors SK Amateure Steyr and 1. FFC Vorwarts 06 Wien were clearly lost. The Salzburg youth team only scored three goals and was hopelessly inferior to their opponents.
In the 1943/44 season, the FG Salzburg was the only Salzburg representative to play in the Oberdonau-Salzburg league, finishing eighth out of eleven teams. FG Steyr, which also emerged from the war-related merger of the Steyr clubs Amateure and Vorwarts, became champions of this league.
In the aborted and unranked game season 1944/45, the matches were played exclusively by youth players. On April 8, 1945, shortly before the surrender of the German Reich, the FG Salzburg was dissolved. As early as autumn 1945, the three traditional clubs SAK, SSK and Austria set up their own teams again and occupied the first three places in the revived Salzburg 1st class.
Football clubs of Salzburg
Austrian football clubs
Mart Nutt

Mart Nutt (21 March 1962 - 2 June 2019) was an Estonian politician and historian. He served as a member of the Riigikogu, the parliament of Estonia, since the country's independence in 1991. From 1991 to 1992, he was head of department of Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He became a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2007. From 1988 to 1991, Nutt was a research director of the Estonian Open Air Museum. He was the curator of the Estonian Academy of Arts.
Nutt died on 2 June 2019, at the age of 57.
References
1962 births
2019 deaths
Estonian politicians
Estonian historians
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the walls of Babylon (near present-day Al Hillah in Iraq) were one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They were built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC. He is said to have built the gardens to please his wife, Amytis of Media. She wanted to see the trees and plants of her homeland. The hanging gardens were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BC.
Existence
Some people do not believe the Hanging Gardens were real. In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by Berossus, a Chaldean priest. He lived in the late 4th century B.C. Greek historians later wrote more about them.
Recent archaeological digs of the palace in Iraq have uncovered evidence of a building with vaults and a well nearby. However, the place of the palace complex is different from where Greek historians said they were, which was on the banks of the Euphrates River. Also recently, there have been digs on the banks of the Euphrates River of some large 25 meter-thick walls.
References
Other websites
Seven Wonders of the World: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Technology and Culture. 44, 1, 2003 Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the water screw: the context of invention in the ancient world"
Seven Wonders of the World
Mesopotamia
Botanical gardens
1st millennium BC buildings and structures
Amaravati River

The Amaravati River is the longest tributary of Kaveri River. This river flows through the districts of Karur and Tirupur in Tamil Nadu state. The long Amaravati River begins at the Kerala/Tamil Nadu border at the bottom of Manjampatti Valley.
This river irrigates over of agricultural lands in Tiruppur and Karur districts. The Amaravathi Dam has 4 Megawatts of electricity generating capacity installed.
Gallery
Notes
Rivers of Tamil Nadu
Essential oil

An essential oil is a liquid from a plant. Essential oils contain chemical compounds that are useful for their scent. They are used in aromatherapy. Perfumes are made with essential oils.
Around the world, essential oils are being studied in modern clinical trials to test ancient claims of healing. They are being studied for their effectiveness as antibacterial agents, fungicides, insecticides, pain relief, stress reduction, and skin problems.
Name
The name essential oil comes from theories in the Middle Ages of a fifth element. People than believed that there were four basic elements that everything was made of: fire, water, air and earth. The elusive "soul" of things was called the quintessential element or the fifth element. Over time, quintessential was shortened to essential. Alchemists said that this element could change iron to gold. Some believed it held the planets in their orbits.
Producing the essential oil
Most essential oils today are steam distilled. This process separates out the aromatic essential oils from the solid plant matter. With steam distillation, it can take thousands of pounds of plant matter to create just one liter of essential oil.
Other methods include expelling and solvent extraction. Expelling is using pressure to squeeze the essential oil out of the plant. This method is generally used for citrus oils. Solvent extraction uses substances such as carbon dioxide to extract the essential oil. This method is used for delicate plants such as rose and jasmine, which can be too fragile to go through the distillation process.
Plants
Chemicals
Oils
Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery

Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.
References
Former communes in Calvados
Braunau, Switzerland

Braunau is a municipality of the district of Munchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Thurgau
Kahō

was a after Kanji and before Eicho. This period started in December 1094 and ended in December 1096. The reigning emperor was .
Events of the Kaho Era
1095 (Kaho 2, 4th month): Emperor Horikawa paid visits to the Iwashimizu Shrine and to the Kamo Shrines.
1095 (Kaho 2, 8th month): The emperor was stricken with fevers; and he recovered.
1095 (Kaho 2, 11th month): The Buddhist priests of Mount Hiei ccarried a portable shrine to the central hall of Enryaku-ji.
26 November 1096 (Kaho 3, 9th day of the 11th month): Former-Emperor Shirakawa entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 44.
Related pages
Heian period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
Albiolo

Albiolo () is a comune in the Province of Como in the Lombardy region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Lombardy
List of Wikipedias

This is a list of many of the different language editions of Wikipedia; as of July 2023, there are 334 Wikipedias. For their number of articles, see the main list.
Wikipedia edition codes
Each Wikipedia has a code, which is used as a subdomain below wikipedia.org. Interlanguage links are sorted by that code.
The codes represent the language codes defined by ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-3, and the decision of which language code to use is usually determined by the Internet Engineering Task Force language tag policy.
One code is not a language code ('be-x-old') but refers to a specific orthography.
Some deviations include:
List
The table below lists the languages of Wikipedia roughly sorted by the number of active users (registered users who have made at least one edit in the last thirty days). It is shown as the "power of ten" of the count of active users, also known as the common logarithm, rounded down to a whole number. In this way, "5" means at least 105 (or 100,000), "4" means at least 104 (10,000), and so on.
Bot-created articles
Internet bots have created most of the articles on the following Wikipedias:
Cebuano Wikipedia
Dutch Wikipedia
Swedish Wikipedia
Waray Wikipedia
Notes
References
Other websites
m:Help:How to start a new Wikipedia
m:List of Wikipedias
The Game

"The Game" is a song by DragonForce. It is the second single and first track from the studio album Maximum Overload. The song has a music video released on June 18 2014 on YouTube. The song featured Matt Heafy.
Other websites
Heavy metal
List of world snooker champions

The World Snooker Championship snooker tournament founded in 1927 and since 1977 played at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. The event is played over 17 days in late April and early May, and is chronologically the third of the three Triple Crown events of the season since 1977-78, when the UK Championship was first held. The event was not held from 1941 to 1945 because of World War II or between 1958 and 1963 due to declining interest.
The governing body that organises this event is the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Prior to this in 1968, the world championship was organised by the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC), except for a few years when the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) staged their own event, the World Professional Match-play Championship.
The best player at the World Snooker Championship was Joe Davis, who won 15 consecutive titles between 1927 and 1946. The record in the modern era, usually dated from 1969 of a knock-out tournament format, rather than a challenge format, is held by Stephen Hendry, who won the title 7 times between 1990 and 1999.
Champions
Statistics
Multiple champions
Champions by country
Notes
References
World Snooker Championship
The Fateful Day

The Fateful Day () is a 1995 Iranian drama movie directed by Shahram Assadi and was based on novel of the same name by Bahram Beyzai. It stars Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz, Ezzatolah Entezami, Alireza Shoja Nouri, Zhaleh Olov, Jamshid Mashayekhi.
Other websites
1994 drama movies
Iranian movies
Imran Momina

Syed Muhammad Imran Momina AKA Emu is a multi-dimensional pianist & is one of the founding members of the band Fuzon who had been playing since the age of 19.
His flair for arranging his own music and experimenting with melodies made him set up his own recording and mixing studio -- and this is where the jam sessions take place.
Technically proficient, self-tutored Fuzoneer, Emu has an array of possibilities at his disposal. Imran aka 'Emu' is a charismatic keyboard exponent. The music stalwart that he is, Emu has an uncanny knack for orchestrating memorable music which is dominant in Fuzon's gilt-edged.
Awards
2003: Best emerging Talent at the Lux Style awards
2003: Indus music Awards Best Composer award.
2003: Indus Music Awards Best Ballad Award.
2004: Lux Style award Best Video Khamaj.
2005: Indus Music Awards Best Ballad award.
2005: Asian Bollywood music awards Best band in Asia award.
2005 Best non Filmi album Saagar EMI Virgin, India.
2006: Best Guitarist in Pakistan at TMA, The Musik Awards awarded to Shallum Asher Xavier.
2007: Best Producer in Pakistan awarded to Emu at the TV Awards.
2008: Best Guitarist in Pakistan at TMA, The Musik Awards awarded to Shallum
2008: Best Keyboardist of Pakistan at TMA, The Musik Awards awarded to Emu
FUZON
Fuzon is the brainchild of Emu & lead guitarist Shallum Xavier. The band bases its roots on experimentation and collaboration between different soundscapes and musical disciplines, hence the name 'Fuzon'.
The biggest musical sensation to revolutionize the Pakistani & Indian music scene in the past 10 years; Fuzon has broken boundaries and records at home and abroad. Fuzon encompasses hybrid styles of exquisite melodies and everlasting pop/rock instrumentation, hence carving out a special niche for themselves.
Fuzon touched the heights of popularity with their first album Saagar, which featured 12 tracks, with a common strain of pop melodies blended with Pakistani classical and folk vocals. The opening track Aakhon Kay Saagar gave rise to their popularity within Pakistan.
Pakistani Theater Show ISHQ
In September 2017 EMU composed the music for the Pakistani Theater play ISHQ in UK which was an adaptation of Heer-Ranjha. The show received outstanding response from the audience in UK and Emu's music was highly appreciated by all.
Work Outside Pakistan
In 2010 his band Fuzon did a special song and a video for the Bollywood movie Mumbai Cutting starring Jimmy Shergill, Soha Ali Khan and Sachin Khedekar for which he was anxiously waiting for the release of the film. In 2017 Fuzon collaborated with Rahat Fateh Ali to direct the song "Zindagi Ae ZIndagi" for the film Maatr- The Mother.
References
Other websites
Fuzon (band) on IMDb website
Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2020
Circle

A circle, also known as a nought, is a round, two-dimensional shape. All points on the edge of the circle are at the same distance from the center.
The radius of a circle is a line from the center of the circle to a point on the side. Mathematicians use the letter for the length of a circle's radius. The center of a circle is the point in the very middle. It is often written as .
The diameter (meaning "all the way across") of a circle is a straight line that goes from one side to the opposite and right through the center of the circle. Mathematicians use the letter for the length of this line. The diameter of a circle is equal to twice its radius ( equals 2 times ):
The circumference (meaning "all the way around") of a circle is the line that goes around the center of the circle. Mathematicians use the letter for the length of this line.
The number p (written as the Greek letter pi) is a very useful number. It is the length of the circumference divided by the length of the diameter ( equals divided by ). As a fraction the number is equal to about or (which is closer) and as a number it is about 3.1415926536.
The area, , inside a circle is equal to the radius multiplied by itself, then multiplied by ( equals times times ).
Calculating p
can be measured by drawing a circle, then measuring its diameter () and circumference (). This is because the circumference of a circle is always equal to times its diameter.
can also be calculated by only using mathematical methods. Most methods used for calculating the value of have desirable mathematical properties. However, they are hard to understand without knowing trigonometry and calculus. However, some methods are quite simple, such as this form of the Gregory-Leibniz series:
While that series is easy to write and calculate, it is not easy to see why it equals . A much easier way to approach is to draw an imaginary circle of radius centered at the origin. Then any point whose distance from the origin is less than , calculated by the Pythagorean theorem, will be inside the circle:
Finding a set of points inside the circle allows the circle's area to be estimated, for example, by using integer coordinates for a big . Since the area of a circle is times the radius squared, can be approximated by using the following formula:
Calculating measures of a circle
Area
Using the radius:
Using the diameter:
Using the circumference:
Circumference
Using the radius:
Using the diameter:
Using the area:
Diameter
Using the radius:
Using the circumference:
Using the area:
Radius
Using the diameter:
Using the circumference:
Using the area:
Related pages
Semicircle
Sphere
Squaring the circle
Pi
Pi (letter)
Tau
References
Other websites
Calculate the measures of a circle online
Shapes
Conic sections
Jamal Edwards

Jamal Edwards (24 August 1990 - 20 February 2022) was a British music businessman and DJ. He was the founder of the online urban music platform SB.TV.
Edwards was an ambassador for the Prince's Trust. He was known for his charity works relating to youth centers and education.
Edwards died at his mother's home in Acton, London on 20 February 2022, at the age of 31 from a sudden heart attack.
References
1990 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
British DJs
Businesspeople from London
Musicians from London
People from Bedfordshire
British philanthropists
Pierce County, Wisconsin

Pierce County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, 42,212 people lived there. The county seat is Ellsworth.
References
Wisconsin counties
Feulen

Feulen () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Diekirch.
As of 2019, 2,164 people live here.
Communes of Luxembourg
William Dampier

William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651; died March 1715) was the first Englishman to explore parts of Australia. He was the first person to circumnavigate the world three times. On one voyage he rescued Alexander Selkirk, a sailor who may have inspired Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.
References
1651 births
1715 deaths
English explorers
People from Somerset
Broc

Broc ([], ) is a municipality of the district Gruyere in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Fribourg
Doenjang

Doenjang is a Korean soybean paste. It is salty and savory, and is used to season many kinds of Korean food. It is similar to Miso, Japanese soybean paste.
History
The history of Doenjang begins before the period of three kingdoms. Books from the Chosun dynasty explain the way to make good Doenjang, saying that if doenjang in a house tastes bad, food in the house tastes bad. This means doenjang has been an important food in Korea for a long time.
Manufacture
The main ingredients of Doenjang are sea water and Meju. The basic way to make Doenjang is to take Mejus and put them into big jars with sea water. Bad bacteria and odor are removed by adding charcoal and sun-dried chili peppers. Liquid is then taken out to make Korean soy sauce. This sauce takes about 20 to 30 days to make. The Mejus are taken out from the jar and tempered. Salt and soy sauce is added on this paste and the paste is put in jars again. After sun-drying for several days, it becomes Doenjang.
Variety
There are several kinds of Doenjang; Chungukjang, Makjang, Dambukjang, BbamjangBbagaejang, Patjang, Jipjang, Garoojang, and Borijang. Each is made in different ways using different ingredients or at different times of the year. For example, Chungukjang is made within two to three days, whereas the other take longer time to make. Patjang uses red bean. Makjang is made in Spring.
Moreover there are several attempts to improve doenjang using additional ngredients, such as green tea.
Use
Many traditional Korean foods, which are well known as healthy food, uses Doenjang as their ingredients. Doenjang Jjigae and Chungukjang JJigae are examples of this.
Also, Korean have doenjang when they eat Ssambop, Samgyupsal, etc.
Health
According to recent research, Doenjang has several materials that prevent cancer. Doenjang is very nutritious. Since Doenjang is a fermented food like yogurt and cheese, it is said that the older it is, the better it is.
References
KM.Hwang et al., Doenjang Extract Has Anticancer Activity and Induces Apoptosis in AGS Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma, Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Vol.10 No.2, 2005. June
Cancer Weekly, Doenjang's active compounds are genistein and linoleic acid, published on 2003. May
Korea
Korean food
Haruo Nakajima

(January 1, 1929 - August 7, 2017) was a Japanese actor. He was born in Yamagata. Nakajima was best known for portraying Godzilla from the 1950s through the early 1970s. Nakajima was Godzilla for 12 movies straight. He retired from acting in 1973.
Nakajima died on August 7, 2017 in Tokyo of pneumonia at the age of 88.
References
Other websites
Roberto, John Rocco. Shigeko Kojima (trans.) Winter 1999. "An Interview with Godzilla: Hauro Nakajima", Originally published in Kaiju Fan.
Biography of Haruo Nakajima in comic book format
1929 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Japanese movie actors
A Christmas Carol (1910 movie)

A Christmas Carol is a 1910 American silent drama movie. It stars Marc McDermott, Charles S. Ogle, and William Bechtel.
Actors
Marc McDermott as Ebenezer Scrooge
Charles S. Ogle as Bob Cratchit
William Bechtel
Viola Dana
Carey Lee
Shirley Mason
References
Other websites
American silent movies
Movies based on books
1910 movies
Movies directed by J. Searle Dawley
American drama movies
Hjälmaren

Hjalmaren is a lake in central Sweden. It is the fourth-largest lake in Sweden.
References
Other websites
Lakes of Sweden
Biblical studies

Biblical studies is the academic study of the Judeo-Christian Bible and other similar books. For Christianity, the Bible has the New Testament and Old Testament together, which are often called the "Scriptures."
Related pages
Bible study, intensive reading of the Bible
Biblical hermeneutics
Biblical criticism
Christian theology
Other websites
Wikiversity: Biblical Studies
Historical approach to Bible studies
Christian theology
Viré-en-Champagne

Vire-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne

Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne (December 31, 1918 - June 3, 2018) was a Russian-born American author. She was a sniper during World War II and a survivor of the Siege of Leningrad. She was the author of 14 books. She was a survivor of the Siege of Leningrad.
Wayne died in Kingston, Washington of respiratory failure on June 3, 2018 at the age of 99.
References
Other websites
Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne official website
Interview with Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne , Silver Star Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne, 26 June 2008.
Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne Silver Planet Photo Gallery , June 2008.
Detailed Bibliography of Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne
1918 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Washington (state)
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American novelists
Russian novelists
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Writers from Washington (state)
Kimiyoshi Yasuda

(born February 15, 1911 Tokyo, Japan, died July 26, 1983) was a Japanese film director from the 1950s to 1970s. He directed at least six films about Zatoichi, the Blind Swordsman and Yokai Monsters: Along With Ghosts.
References
Democrat In Name Only

Democrat In Name Only or DINO is a word for people who are in the Democratic Party of the United States but believe things and want to pass laws that are different from most Democrats. DINO is a pejorative term, meaning it is an insult that other Democrats or liberals use for people whom they think should not count as Democrat.
References
Democrats (United States)
Berberis microphylla

Berberis microphylla, common name box-leaved barberry and Magellan barberry, in Spanish calafate and michay and other names, is a plant. It has shiny box-like leaves.
References
Other websites
Grbavica (movie)

Grbavica is a 2006 Bosnian Austrian German Croatian war movie directed by Jasmila Zbanic and starring Mirjana Karanovic, Luna Mijovic, Leon Lucev, Jasna Beri, Ermin Bravo, Dejan Acimovic, Bogdan Diklic, Jasna Zalica.
Other websites
2006 movies
2000s war movies
Bosnia and Herzegovina movies
Austrian movies
German movies
Croatian movies
Movies directed by Jasmila Zbanic
Movies set in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Copan stream frog

The Copan stream frog (Ptychohyla hypomykter) is a frog. It lives in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala. Scientists think it might also live in El Salvador. People have seen this frog between 340 and 2070 meters above sea level.
This frog lives in cloud forests.
References
Frogs of South America
Rebecca Pidgeon

Rebecca Pidgeon (born October 10, 1965) is an American actress and singer-songwriter.
In 1991, she married playwright David Mamet and they have two children.
She appeared in some of Mamet's movies such as The Spanish Prisoner (1997), The Winslow Boy (1999), State and Main (2000), and Heist (2001).
Works
The Raven (Chesky, 1994)
The New York Girls' Club (Chesky, 1996)
The Four Marys (Chesky, 1998)
Tough on Crime (Fuel 2000, 2005)
Behind the Velvet Curtain (Great American Music, 2008)
Slingshot (Toy Canteen, 2011)
Blue Dress On (Toy Canteen, 2013)
Bad Poetry (Toy Canteen, 2014)
Sudden Exposure to Light (Toy Canteen, 2019)
References
Other websites
1965 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American folk singers
American pop singers
American movie actors
American guitarists
Singers from Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
Actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lupo the Butcher

Lupo the Butcher is a 1987 Canadian animated short comedy movie. It was directed and written by Danny Antonucci.
Other websites
1980s animated movies
1987 comedy movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian comedy movies
1980s black comedy movies
Fictional Italian people
Internet memes
Queen Jetsun Pema

Jetsun Pema (Dzongkha: rje-btsun-pdm-; Wylie: rje btsun padma; born 4 June 1990) is the Queen (Druk Gyaltsuen, which literally means "Dragon Queen") of Bhutan, as the wife of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.
Early life
Jetsun Pema was born at Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu on 4 June 1990. Her father, Dhondup Gyaltshen, is the grandson of two Trashigang Dzongpons, Thinley Topgay and Ugyen Tshering (governors of Trashigang). Her mother, Aum Sonam Choki, comes from the family of Bumthang Pangtey, one of Bhutan's oldest noble families. Sonam Choki's father was a half-brother of two queens consort of Bhutan, Phuntsho Choden (great-grandmother of the present king) and her sister Pema Dechen.
Her ancestor is also the 48th Druk Desi and 10th Penlop of Trongsa Jigme Namgyal (father of King Ugyen Wangchuck and of her great-great-grandmother, Ashi Yeshay Choden). The King and Queen of Bhutan are distant cousins.
Jetsun Pema is the second eldest of five children. Her siblings are two brothers, Thinlay Norbu and Jigme Namgyel, and two sisters, Serchen Doma and Yeatso Lhamo (the eldest, who is the wife of the king's brother, Prince Gyaltshab Jigme Dorji Wangchuck).
Jetsun Pema's early education took place in Thimphu at the Little Dragon School, the Sunshine School (1995-96) and finally the Changangkha Lower Secondary School (1997-98). She then received a convent education at St. Joseph's Convent in Kalimpong, West Bengal, India, in 1999-2000. She pursued her secondary education at the Lungtenzampa Middle Secondary School in Thimphu from 2001 to 2005 and moved to The Lawrence School, Sanawar, in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, in April 2006. She joined Lawrence as a Class-XI student and studied English, history, geography, economics and painting. She completed her Higher Secondary education on 31 March 2008. She then began her tertiary education at Regent's College in London, where she graduated with a degree in international relations, with psychology and art history as minor subjects.
1990 births
Bhutanese people
Buddhists
Living people
Kings and Queens consort
Gordon H. Bower

Gordon Howard Bower (December 30, 1932 - June 17, 2020) was an American cognitive psychologist. He studied human memory, language comprehension, emotion, and behavior modification.
He held the A. R. Lang Emeritus Professorship at Stanford University.
He was voted number 42 in the list of most notable psychologists of the 20th century, published by the Review of General Psychology.
He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2005.
Bower died on June 17, 2020 at his home in Stanford, California from pulmonary fibrosis at the age of 87.
References
1932 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
American psychologists
Scientists from Ohio
Writers from Ohio
Eleanor Sokoloff

Eleanor Sokoloff (nee Blum; June 16, 1914 - July 12, 2020) was an American pianist and piano teacher. She taught on the faculty of the Curtis Institute of Music from 1936 until her death. She taught many famous pianists such as Hugh Sung, Lambert Orkis, Susan Starr, Claire Huangci, Kit Armstrong, Craig Sheppard, Leon McCawley, Keith Jarrett and Sean Kennard. In 2001, in recognition of her tenure, Sokoloff received the Curtis Alumni Award.
She turned 100 in June 2014. Sokoloff died on July 12, 2020 at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the age of 106.
References
Other websites
Bio of Eleanor Sokoloff at The Curtis Institute of Music
1914 births
2020 deaths
American centenarians
American pianists
Educators from Philadelphia
Musicians from Philadelphia
Musicians from Cleveland
Educators from Cleveland
Edgard, Louisiana

Edgard is a census-designated place (CDP) in, and the parish seat of, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 2,637 at the 2000 census. It is part of the New Orleans metropolitan area.
References
Census-designated places in Louisiana
Parish seats in Louisiana
St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana
12-inch single

The 12-inch single (often called "12") is a type of gramophone record that has a wider groove compared to other types of records. This allows better sound quality. This record type is used a lot in disco and dance music genres, where DJs use them to play in discos or clubs. They are usually played at 45 RPM, which allows for improved quality.
Audio disc
Crisp County, Georgia

Crisp County is a county in the center of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,128. The county seat is Cordele. The county was created on August 17, 1905.
References
1905 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Natalia Dyer

Natalia Danielle Dyer (born January 13, 1995) is an American actress. She is best known for her starring role of Nancy Wheeler in the Netflix series Stranger Things. She started her career in 2009, appearing in Hannah Montana: The Movie as Clarissa Granger.
Dyer was born in Nashville, Tennessee. She is a student at New York University.
References
Other websites
1995 births
Living people
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Nashville, Tennessee
Hidden Treasures (EP)

Hidden Treasures is an extended play by American thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released on July 18th, 1995 by Capitol Records. The album has songs that were only on movie soundtracks and non-Megadeth albums. Four of the songs were released as singles, and three of them were nominated for Grammy Awards.
Track listing
The following track list can be verified with the Hidden Treasures liner notes.
References
Megadeth
Calculating Infinity

Calculating Infinity is the first album by The Dillinger Escape Plan. The Dillinger Escape Plan was an American mathcore band. Relapse Records released it on September 28, 1999. Steve Evetts produced the album with Ben Weinman and Chris Pennie. Many music critics think it is an important work of avant-garde metal. Calculating Infinity is the band's only album to have Dimitri Minakakis as the lead singer. Minakakis left the band in 2001.
Many music critics liked the album. Some liked that the music on the album was complex. Many critics think that it is one of the best albums made by The Dillinger Escape Plan. Calculating Infinity is one of the first mathcore albums. It inspired other people to make mathcore music.
Track listing
Personnel
The Dillinger Escape Plan
Dimitri Minakakis - singing
Ben Weinman - guitar, bass, synthesizer
Brian Benoit - guitar
Chris Pennie - drums
Production
Ben Weinman - producer
Chris Pennie - producer
Adam Doll - liner notes
Alan Douches - mastering
Steve Evetts - producer, engineer
Aaron Harris - assistant
Jason Hellmann - assistant
Matthew F. Jacobson - executive producer
Adam Peterson - graphic design
References
1999 albums
Heavy metal albums
Lucette Berlioux

Marie-Lucienne Berlioux (4 August 1909 - 6 September 1964) was a French swimmer in the 1930s. She was specialzed in the freestyle. She was a member of Club des Nageurs de Paris.
Swimming
In 1932 Berlioux became with her team national champion in the 4x100 metre freestyle relay. Individually she became in 1934 junior French champion in the 100 metre freestyle in a time of 1:18.6; a year later she would again win the national junior. At the 1934 national senior championships she won the bronze medal in 100 metre freestyle. In August she was a member of the French national team at the 1934 European Aquatics Championships in Magdeburg, Germany. With the French team she finished fifth in the 4x100 metre freestyle event with a time of 5:01.4. On 2 September that year she became for the first time national long distance open water champion at the . She was again national champion in 1935, 1936 and 1938. In 1935 she won the bronze medal in the 400 metre freestyle and in 1936 she won the silver medal in this event, both times behind Louisette Fleuret. In 1937 she became with her tean national champion in the 4x100 metre freestyle relay.
Personal life
Her parents were Eugene Berlioux who was trainer at CNP and Morocco in 1950, and Suzanne Berlioux who was teacher and trainer (Neptune Club de France, CNP, Racing Club de France). Her older sister was swimmer and journalist Monique Berlioux. Her grandfather was industrialist Georges Poincarre.
Born in Nancy in 1909, she later lived in Marseille and Metz. In 1926 she moved to Paris. During World War II, she fled Paris with her mother and sister and moved to Normandy in 1943. After World War II she became a teacher.
References
French swimmers
Sportswomen
People from Nancy
1919 births
1966 deaths
Bebeto de Freitas

Paulo Roberto de Freitas, best known as Bebeto (January 15, 1950 - March 13, 2018) was a Brazilian volleyball coach and football manager. He was the President of Botafogo FR football club.
Bebeto was born in Rio de Janeiro. He won a silver medal at the 1984 Olympics. He won the 1998 World Championships with Italy men's national team. He also competed in the volleyball tournaments at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.
The following year he began his career as football manager for Clube Atletico Mineiro, moving to Botafogo in 2002, bringing the team back to Campeonato Brasileiro Serie A in 2003.
De Freitas died on March 13, 2018 of a heart attack in Belo Horizonte, Brazil at the age of 68.
References
1950 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Brazilian football managers
Volleyball coaches
Brazilian Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro
Al G. Wright

Alfred Geoffrey "Al" Wright (June 23, 1916 - September 5, 2020) was an American bandleader and conductor. He was the Director of Bands Emeritus at Purdue University and Chairman of the Board of the John Philip Sousa Foundation. He was born in London, but his family moved to the United States in the 1920s.
Wright became director of the Purdue All-American Marching Band (AAMB) in 1954, becoming only the second person to hold the position, and served for 27 years until his retirement in 1981.
Wright and his wife Gladys live in West Lafayette, Indiana. He turned 100 in June 2016. Wright died on September 5, 2020 at the age of 104.
References
Other websites
Biography on the Sousa Foundation website
Biography on the Purdue AAMB website
Al Wright Papers - Special Collections in Performing Arts at the University of Maryland
1916 births
2020 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American centenarians
American conductors
Purdue University faculty
Musicians from London
Musicians from Indiana
Iran Air Flight 227

Iran Air Flight 277 was a passenger plane which, on , 2011, crashed while trying to land in bad weather at Urmia Airport, West Azarbaijan province, Iran. The aircraft that crashed was going between Mehrabad International Airport, Tehran, Iran, and Urmia. It was an Iran Air Boeing 727-286Adv, registration EP-IRP.
Aircraft
The aircraft that crashed was a Boeing 727-286Adv. It was registered EP-IRP and was built in 1974. The aircraft spent a long time out of service, and was in Baghdad, Iraq from 1984-90, and then stored from 1991-2002. After that, it was fixed and went back to flying.
Accident
The flight was going between Tehran and Urmia. The plane crashed when it was about to land. It crashed near a lake. The crash happened at around 19:45 local time (16:15 UTC), and was thought to be caused by bad weather. The aircraft had missed its first try at landing, and it either crashed during a go-around, or while trying to return to Tehran. The weather at the time of the accident included snow and it was hard to see. When it crashed, the plane broke into more than one piece, but there was no fire or explosion. There were different reports right after the crash as to the type of aircraft that it happened to. Either a Fokker 100 or a Boeing 727 was thought to have crashed, but it was later made clear that the plane was a 727.
The number of people on board was not known; RIA Novosti said that 95 passengers were on the plane, but Reuters said there were 156 passengers and the Associated Press said there were 105 passengers. Later reports said there were either 105 or 106 people on board. Between 10 and 12 were crew and either 95 or 94 were passengers. The Iran Civil Aviation Organization said the day after the crash that a total of 93 passengers and 12 crew were on board.
Casualties
At least 77 people were killed and 26 were hurt. It was hard to rescue people because there was a lot of snow at the time. A local official said that "[the] problem at the moment for rescue work is the heavy snow," which he said was around deep at the site of the crash. After the crash, 36 ambulances and 11 hospitals were used in the rescue.
Passengers
Passengers' home countries
After the crash
Iran ordered that the reason the plane crashed be found out. A day after the crash, people at the location had found both the flight's cockpit voice recorder, which records sounds in the cockpit, and the flight data recorder, which records what the plane does. Iran's Transport Ministry said that the investigation will be made up of several groups of people that study different parts of. The Iran Civil Aviation Organization will be in charge. The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder were both taken to Tehran as part of the investigation.
References
Other websites
Photo of aircraft involved
Photos from crash
2011 disasters in Asia
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 2010s
2010s in Iran
Aviation accidents and incidents in Asia
Disasters in Iran
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by ice
January 2011 events
Ecuador at the Olympics

Ecuador has been in 12 Summer Olympic Games.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Ecuador is ECU.
History
No Ecuadorian team has competed in the Olympic Winter Games. The Ecuadorian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1948 and recognized by the IOC in 1959.
Medalists
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Ecuador profile at London2012.com
Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
National Parliament of Solomon Islands

The National Parliament of Solomon Islands has 50 members, elected for a four-year term in 50 single-seat constituencies.
It is presided by a Speaker. The current speaker is Patterson Oti.
References
Solomon Islands
Solomon
Solomon
Intoxication

Intoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. It can also refer to the effects caused by the ingestion of poison or by the overconsumption of normally harmless substances.
People who drink too much alcohol become intoxicated. They may become impaired in some or all of their senses like touch or even eyesight. Long term drinkers develop tolerance to alcohol. This high tolerance means it takes more alcohol to produce the outward signs of intoxication. Intoxication may bring delirium or make people do or say things that are not normal for them. The level of harm done usually depends on the substance and the amount. Mild intoxication usually is not permanently harmful. Mild stimulants like caffeine usually do not harm the person.
Types
Some types of intoxication:
Alcohol intoxication
Caffeine intoxication
Cannabis intoxication
Heroin intoxication
Water intoxication
Intoxication can cause a state of mind that remains once the person is no longer intoxicated that can be used as a legal defense:
Settled insanity
Symptoms
Often taking a mild depressant or stimulant does not have much effect on the person who took it. But more serious drugs, substances, or even medications can have a large effect on the person. Usually stimulants keep the person awake and energetic. Depressants work the opposite way; they decrease the heart rate of the person and relax them. Sedatives give the same effect. More of these substances can carry harm or even life-threatening effects, if ingested in large amounts. Mixing alcohol with prescription drugs often leads to increased or hastened impairment. Alcohol can produce hazardous side effects, reduce heart rate, and drop blood pressure to a dangerous level.
References
Related pages
Toxin
Disability
Physiology
Health problems
Seigneur

Seigneur (, ) was used during medieval times. It was the name formerly given in France to someone who had been granted a fief by the ruling king or queen, with all its associated rights over people and property. This form of lordship was called seigneurie. The rights that the seigneur had were also called seigneurie, and the seigneur himself was the seigneur justice because he exercised jurisdiction over his fief. France repealed its feudal system August 4, 1789 in the wake of the French Revolution. Since then, the office of seigneur ceased to exist, and the title has only been used for sovereign princes and only by their families.
The part of Canada that was once called New France also used a seigneurial system from 1627 to 1854.
References
1789 disestablishments
18th century in France
History of France
French nobility
Xu Jiujing

Xu Jiujing (born 13 July 1995) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, 2015 Asian Women's U23 Volleyball Championship, 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship, and 2016 Asian Women's Volleyball Cup.
At the club level, she played for Shanghai women's volleyball team.
References
1995 births
Living people
Chinese volleyball players
Jōtoku

was a after Eicho and before Kowa. This period started in November 1097 and ended in August 1099. The reigning emperor was .
Events of the Jotoku Era
1097 (Jotoku 1, 1st month): Minamoto no Tsunenobu died at age 82.
1097 (Jotoku 1, 4th month): The emperor visited the temple at Gion.
1097 (Jotoku 1, 10th month): The emperor visited the home of Fujiwara no Moromichi.
Related pages
Heian period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
Bob Brett

Bob Brett (13 November 1953 - 5 January 2021) was an Australian tennis coach. He coached Boris Becker. Becker won Wimbledon, the US Open and the Australian Open between 1989 and 1991 while Brett was his coach. Brett also coached Goran Ivanisevic, Andrei Medvedev, Mario Ancic, Marin Cilic, and others. Brett spent 24 years on the ATP circuit. He was born in Melbourne, Victoria.
Brett died of cancer in Paris on 5 January 2021. He was 67.
References
1953 births
2021 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Coaches
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Tennis
Bernhard Wicki

Bernhard Wicki (28 October 1919 - 5 January 2000) was an Austrian actor and movie director.
Movies
Die Brucke (1959)
The Miracle of Father Malachia (1961)
The Longest Day (with Ken Annakin and Andrew Marton) (1962)
The Visit (1964)
Morituri (1965)
(1971)
Karpfs Karriere (1971)
The Conquest of the Citadel (1977)
(1984)
Sansibar oder Der letzte Grund (1987)
Spider's Web (1989)
References
Other websites
Photographs and literature
1919 births
2000 deaths
Austrian movie directors
Austrian movie actors
Austrian television actors
Austrian stage actors
How It Feels to Be Run Over

How It Feels to Be Run Over is a 1900 British silent movie directed by Cecil M. Hepworth and stars Cecil Hepworth and May Clark.
Actors
Cecil Hepworth as Driver
May Clark as Passenger
Several actors as passengers
References
Other websites
British movies
1900 movies
British silent movies
Kesgrave

Kesgrave is a town on the eastern side of Ipswich in Suffolk. Its population is roughly around 14,000 people.
To the west of Kesgrave, there is a town called Martlesham. Kesgrave has an historical church called All Saints.
References
Towns in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Ipswich
Suffolk Coastal
Vindeln Municipality

Vindeln Municipality () is a municipality in Vasterbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Vindeln.
References
Other websites
Vindeln Municipality
Municipalities of Vasterbotten County
Faizon Love

Langston Faizon Santisima (born June 4, 1968), better known as Faizon Love, is an American actor and comedian. He appeared in Elf (2003).
Early life
Love was born Langston Faizon Santisima in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba on June 4, 1968.
Other websites
1968 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Brookhaven, Georgia

Brookhaven is a city in western DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is northeast of Atlanta. Brookhaven became DeKalb County's 11th city on December 17, 2012. It has been approved in a referendum on July 31, 2012.
In 2012, about 49,000 people live in Brookhaven. It is the largest city in DeKalb County. The new city stretches over .
References
Other websites
City of Brookhaven
Brookhaven Directory
Brookhaven Neighborhood Association
2012 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Saving Mr. Banks

Saving Mr. Banks is a 2013 biographical comedy-drama movie. It is based on the real life events during the making of the 1964 Disney movie Mary Poppins.
Saving Mr. Banks stars Tom Hanks as Walt Disney and Emma Thompson as P. L. Travers. Paul Giamatti, Bradley Whitford, Kathy Baker, Rachel Griffiths and Colin Farrell also appear in the movie.
Meryl Streep was the first choice to play Travers. Thompson took the part because the studio could not get Streep. Thompson has said the role of P. L. Travers was the most difficult one she's played.
Photography began in September 2012. The movie was filmed in the Los Angeles area, and the Disney Studios. Care was taken to keep any post-1964 rides from being caught on film.
Saving Mr. Banks was given its world premiere at the London Film Festival on October 20, 2013. It has received much critical praise. The Hollywood Reporter said the movie was an "affecting if somewhat soft-soaped comedy drama, elevated by excellent performances."
References
2013 drama movies
2010s biographical movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Movies set in the 1960s
Norman Podhoretz

Norman Podhoretz (; born January 16, 1930) is an American magazine editor, writer, and conservative political commentator. He was born in New York City. His views are seen as "paleo-neoconservative". He is a writer for Commentary magazine. He was the publication's editor-in-chief from 1960 to 1995.
Podhoretz studied at Columbia University and Clare College, Cambridge. He married Midge Decter in 1956. They have two childen. Decter died in 2022.
References
1930 births
Living people
American editors
American political writers
American political commentators
Journalists from New York City