pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vocation

A vocation (from the Latin word vocatio meaning a calling) is a job that suits a person best. It is also the desire to do a particular job, especially a religious career like being a priest. For religious people, a vocation is often something they feel God has asked them to do. A vocation is followed more for spiritual or emotional reasons than for money, which is a helpful extra benefit from a vocation but not the reason for it.
In Christianity
Vocations meet a psychological or spiritual need for the worker, and the word can also be used for a job at which a person is gifted. The word "vocation" comes from the Latin vocare, meaning "to call";. In the past the word meant people's being called to follow Christianity. Martin Luther was the first to use it in the modern way, to describe a life-task.
Christians believe God has created each person with gifts and talents designed for a reason. Christians can be called to vocations that are faithful to Christian teachings, such as marriage, or to be a priest, monk or nun, chastity as a single person or the general calling to live a life that is right, for the good of the Church or humanity.
For those who are not priests or full-time religious people, Protestantism was important in telling them they still had a vocation. Calvinism told people to work hard in life. Calvin said a Christian had two callings; a general calling to serve God and a calling to do a particular job at which they are useful. Protestant ministers in the past said working hard gives God glory. Without something to do, they said people were more likely to sin.
Vocation outside of Christianity
This belief also has an impact outside of religion. Modern occupations seen as vocations are those that involve caring or teaching, such as medicine, nursing, teaching, or veterinary work. Politics, may also be seen as a vocation. Campaigning for human rights, such as with the groups Amnesty International and Greenpeace, can also be seen as a vocation, although the word usually refers to a full-time job. People following other religions can also feel called to do a certain job by their gods.
References
Osvaldo Sosa

Osvaldo "Chiche" Sosa (26 January 1945 - 6 July 2020) was an Argentine football manager and player. He worked as the manager of Atletico Tucuman in the Primera Division Argentina. He was born in Buenos Aires. He was also known for playing with and managing Club Almagro.
Sosa died on 6 July 2020 from stroke-related problems in Buenos Aires, aged 75.
References
1945 births
2020 deaths
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine football managers
Deaths from stroke
Panjgur District

Panjgur () is a district in the west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Tehsils
Gichk Tehsil
Gowargo Tehsil
Panjgur Tehsil
Parome Tehsil
Other websites
Pangur District at www.balochistan.gov.pk
Districts of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Ox Mountain

Ox Mountain () is a story by the Chinese philosopher Mencius. In his time this mountain was in very bad shape, and everybody knew how it looked. Here is the story:
Mencius said, "The woods on Ox Mountain were once beautiful! On account of its being on the edge of a large country, it had been attacked with axes and hatchets, and then how could it remain beautiful? The refreshing breezes of day and night, and the moisture provided by rain and fog, did not fail to give rise to sprouts of vegetation. But cows and sheep have been repeatedly pastured there, and for that reason it has remained desolate. People observe its denuded state and assume that it never had any good resources. But how could this state be the true nature of this mountain?" -- Mencius, 6A:8
Mencius argued that "bad" human natures were produced just as the bad condition of Ox Mountain had been produced, so the answer to "bad" humans was to protect and nurture them from birth. He also thought that punishment does not do much good. It does not cure the root of the problem.
Folklore
Chinese literature
Herdern

Herdern is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Thurgau
Eohippus

Eohippus is small fossil proto-horse. It is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. The only species is E. angustidens, which was long considered a species of Hyracotherium. Its remains have been found in North America and date to the early Eocene (4856 million years ago).
Much of the evolution of the horse took place in North America. That is where horses originated, but became extinct there about 10,000 years ago.
References
Horses
Fossils
Huns

The Huns were an early group of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomadic people. They moved into Europe around 370, and in the 5th century, built an empire there under Attila the Hun. After Attila's death in 453, the empire fell apart.
References
Further reading
Note:These may not be written in Basic English.
Otto J. Manchen-Helfen: The Legend of the Origin of the Huns (published in Byzantion, vol. XVII, 1944-45, pp. 244-251)
E. A. Thompson: A History of Attila and the Huns (London, Oxford University Press, 1948)
J. Webster: The Huns and Existentialist Thought (Loudonville, Siena College Press, 2006)
Coinage and History of the White Huns- Waleed Ziad- Articles from the 'Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society', 2004-2006
The History Files Europe: The Origins of the Huns, based on conversations with Kemal Cemal, Turkey, 2002
Ethnic groups in Asia
Eurasian nomads
Ericka Huggins

Ericka Huggins ( Jenkins; born January 5, 1948) is an African American activist. She was in the Black Panther Party. She was active in the Black Power Movement.
She is an activist, writer, and educator. She illustrated a book called Insights & poems. Huggins was a former director of the Oakland Community School from 1973-1981. The Oakland Community school was founded by the leader of the Black Panther Party, Huey Newton. The Oakland Community School wanted to focus on quality education for Black and poor students. Huggins was the first woman and first Black person to be on the education board of Alameda County. Huggins worked on the Shanti Project which is a volunteer organization to help out create a better quality of life for people with terminal, life-threatening, or disabling conditions/illnesses.
She also worked as a professor of Women and Gender Studies at San Francisco State University and California State University from 2003-2011. She was also a professor in Sociology and African American Studies from 2008 to 2015 at the Peralta Community College District. After high school Ericka attended Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, then went to Lincoln University studying education.
References
1948 births
Living people
African American writers
American civil rights activists
Academics from California
Cool Silly

Cool Silly () is a Taiwanese-American mainstream pop trio consisting of producer/singer Tone (), singer/composer Ray Liu () and rapper/actor Leeway(). Renowned artist Tone () formed his own band after releasing his first debut album titled "Wo De 6:57am", and recruited the other two members to form Cool Silly. They are well known throughout Taiwan with their hit "Fly" (), which was the theme song for the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition (). The song attracted many fans, which led to Cool Silly's debut in 2010 with the release of their first digital album, Cool Silly: The Prelude. Since their debut, they have often been compared with the Popular Taiwanese rock group, F.I.R., because of the similar formation of band members and attractive performance personalities.
The name Cool Silly comes from the band's ideology that "a person can't be cool unless they're silly as well". The band insists that the personality of their music is not only "cool" but "silly" as well.
Member Profiles
Lead Vocal
Stage name: RayRay ()(Placed 11th on the second season of the popular Taiwanese talent show, Super Star Avenue )
Birth place: Taipei, Taiwan
Birth date:
Musical Instrument: Keyboard
Producer/Guitarist/Vocal
Stage name: Tone ()
Birth place: Austin, Texas
Birth date:
Musical Instrument: Guitar, Keyboard, arranging music on the computer
Rapper/Violinist
Stage name: L.Dub (Leeway, )
Birth place: Queens, New York
Birth date:
Musical Instruments: Violin, Guitar, keyboard, piano
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
"Fly"() (October, 2009)
Trivia
Rapper/Violinist, Leeway, was planning on attending Western State University College of Law after graduating CSU Fullerton in 2006. He decided to commit to a career in Asian Entertainment instead on a vacation visit to Taipei.
RayRay finished her Biochem degree at University of Washington in 3 years, and was offered a scholarship to Yale University Biomedicine grad program in 2006, but turned it down to pursue her dream in music. Soon after she came to Taipei she was selected by "Super Star Avenue".
Leeway has never met his biological mother.
RayRay placed 11th on the second season of the popular Taiwan Singing competition "Super Star Avenue", in which is the same competition that brought YouTube sensation Lin Yu Chun to instant fame.
Tone starred in the US independent film "Binary City" in 2006. He played the lead role, "Tony".
In June 2009, Leeway was cast as superstar David Tao's best friend in his director/producer romantic music movie, "Secret Love" (). Leeway also played the part of "Jerry" in the music video "Play" for David Tao's album Opus 69.
Tone is the CEO and creator of the popular website GeekWhat?.
References
Other websites
Pop music groups
Taiwanese musical groups
Shelby County, Iowa

Shelby County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 11,746 people lived there. The county seat is Harlan.
References
1851 establishments in Iowa
Iowa counties
Polity

A polity is a group of people who are brought together by any form of political agreement and who consider themselves as forming an autonomous unit. The political agreement uniting the group may be of different types: it can be a written constitution or even the unwritten recognition and respect of a hierarchy within the group. Depending on the size of the polity, it can be organized by a government or other, simpler forms of hierarchy. It is important to realize that the term polity can be used to refer to big entities like states, empires, and kingdoms, but also to smaller units like chiefdoms. What counts in calling a given group "a polity" is not its size nor the form of government it has. To be called "a polity" a group must be an organized and autonomous group that has exclusive rights of use of a specific portion of land.
Government
Treaty of Union

The Treaty of Union is the treaty that created the Kingdom of Great Britain. The treaty says that the Kingdom of England, which included Wales, and the Kingdom of Scotland were to be "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain". At the time it was commonly called the Articles of Union.
The details of the Treaty were agreed on 22 July 1706. Separate Acts of Union were passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland. The treaty took effect on 1 May 1707.
References
18th-century treaties
Kingdom of Great Britain
Burrow

A burrow is a hole or tunnel in the ground made by an animal. Animals dig burrows to live in. Sometimes animals only use burrows for a short time. Many animals dig burrows.
There are many different kinds of burrows. Different kinds of animals make different kinds of burrows. Lots of mammals make burrows. Some mammals that make burrows are moles, gophers, groundhogs, rabbits, meerkats, and kangaroo mice. The biggest mammal that makes a burrow is the polar bear.
Other kinds of animals that make burrows are: mammals, amphibians, fish (lungfish), crustaceans, reptiles, birds, small dinosaurs, insects, spiders, sea urchins, crustaceans, clams, and worms.
Burrows can be made in different materials. Kangaroo mice make burrows in sand. Termites make burrows in wood. Some sea urchins and clams make burrows in rock. Burrows can also be make in different shapes and sizes. Some burrows are simple tubes a few centimeters long. Others are many tunnels and rooms that connect to each other.
Sometimes a burrow has a special name when it is made by a certain kind of animal. For example, a rabbit's burrow is called a warren.
References
Ethology
Alphabet Inc.

Alphabet is an American company based in California. It holds Google and 12 other projects. The CEO is Sundar Pichai.
History
Alphabet was founded as a Google parent holding company on August 10, 2015. It included 9 businesses.
On December 3, 2019, the Google CEO Sundar Pichai became the Alphabet CEO too.
That year the company was ranked #15 on the Fortune 500 list of global US corporations by revenue.
In 2020, Alphabet net income was $40,269 million.
On January 16, 2020, Alphabet reached a $1 trillion market value.
Critics
In October 2020, the United States Government Department of Justice filed a Anti-Trust Lawsuit against Alphabet Inc over Googles monopoly on Search.
References
2015 establishments in California
2010s establishments in California
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies listed on NASDAQ
Google
Mountain View, California
Whole Lotta Rosie

"Whole Lotta Rosie" is a 1977 song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC and is taken from their fourth studio album Let There Be Rock. It went to number 5 in the Netherlands and number 12 in Belgium in 1978 and in 1980 it when to number 36 in the United Kingdom.
Track listing
1977 7-inch single (Netherlands: Atlantic ATL 109 92)
"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) - 3:33 edit
"Dog Eat Dog" (Young, Young, Scott) - 3:35
1977 7-inch single (Germany: Atlantic 109 92)
"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) - 4:00 edit
"Dog Eat Dog" (Young, Young, Scott) - 3:35
1978 7-inch Live single (UK: Atlantic HM 4)
"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) - 3:35
"Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be" (Young, Young, Scott) - 4:30
References
1977 songs
AC/DC songs
Guns N' Roses songs
Hard rock songs
Lightning

For the NHL team, see Tampa Bay Lightning
For the World War II fighter, see P-38 Lightning
Lightning is a very powerful electrical discharge made during a thunderstorm. The electric current makes the air very hot. The suddenly heated air expands very quickly, which causes thunder. Sometimes lightning happens between clouds. Sometimes (in the rain) lightning goes from cloud to ground. If it goes from cloud to ground, it can strike a person. Around 2000 people are struck by lightning each year. A few of them are not killed.
About 50 to 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth every second. Lightning has hit the Empire State Building as many as 500 times a year.
When lightning strikes, the surface rubs electrons from the lightning, and a spark of electricity shoots from the lightning to the surface. In a thunderstorm, the lower cloud has as many as 100 million volts of electricity. This electricity is given out either within the cloud, to the ground, to another cloud, or into the air. Lightning has been known to travel from the ground upwards to the cloud. In 1993, scientists discovered lightning bolts that shot upward from the top of a cumulonimbus cloud.
People can make and study lightning with a Tesla coil or a Van de Graaff Generator.
Franklin experiment
Benjamin Franklin experimented with electricity and was interested in lightning. He discovered many things about lightning. In 1772, he was the first to show that a thunderstorm lets out electricity. In his book he suggested an experiment to test it. Joseph Priestley said that Franklin flew a kite to prove the presence of electricity in the storm, using a dry silk string to protect himself from the electricity in the wet hemp kitestring.
Related pages
Ball lightning
Helicopter-triggered lightning strikes
References
Other websites
Central Florida's "Lightning Stalker" photography
How Lightning Works at HowStuffWorks
Positive lightning photography from Florida
http://science1.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/essd18jun99_1/
Weather
Electricity
Premier of Nunavut

The Premier of Nunavut is the first minister for the Canadian territory of Nunavut. The Premier is the territory's head of government and de facto chief executive, although their powers are somewhat smaller than those of a provincial premier.
The premier of Nunavut (and the cabinet) is directly elected by the non-partisan members of the Legislative Assembly. They are then formally appointed by the Commissioner of Nunavut.
References
Patricia Clarkson

Patricia Clarkson (December 29 1959) is an American actress. She has received an Emmy Award. She has appeared in many movie. These include The Green Mile, The Untouchables and Far from Heaven. She was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.
1959 births
Living people
Actors from New Orleans
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Géus-d'Arzacq

Geus-d'Arzacq is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Communes in Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Sharon Horgan

Sharon Horgan (born 13 July 1970) is an Irish actress, writer television producer and comedienne. She was born in London and moved to Dublin when she was seven. Her brother Shane Horgan (born 1978) is a retired rugby player. She wrote, produced and starred in the sitcom Pulling. Her other acting roles include: Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive, Angelo's, Free Agents, The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret, Dead Boss and Catastrophe.
References
Other websites
1970 births
Living people
Actors from London
Irish comedians
Irish television actors
Television producers
Television writers
Writers from Dublin
Writers from London
Snack

A snack is a small amount of food eaten between meals. It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amount. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn.
Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only few people do not snack. Most snacks bought are processed foods.
References
Snack foods
Group home

A group home, Also called an ''adult family home'', care home or congregate living facility (depending on country and region)is a private house that serves as a home for people who are not in the same family but have a common characteristic. In the United States and certain other countries, this would mean a home for people who need social assistance or who are not able to live alone or without proper care for safety reasons. Group homes provide a structured environment and assistance with some activities of daily living (Assisted living). Before the 1970s, these people lived in psychiatric hospitals, homes for the poor and orphanages.
People who live in a group home may be recovering drug addicts, developmentally disabled, abused or neglected youths, and/or young people with a criminal record. A group home is different from a halfway house because it is not restricted to recovering addicts or convicted criminals, and also because the people who live there usually have to help maintain the household by doing chores or helping to manage a budget. In most countries, people can still vote and attend university while in a group home.
There are typically from 3 to 16 residents, as well as a resident manager or service staff. Residents may have their own room or share rooms, and share facilities such as laundry, bathroom in most cases, kitchen and common living areas. The opening of group homes is occasionally fought against by neighbours who fear that it will lead to a rise in crime and/or a drop in property values.
A group home can also refer to family homes in which children and youth of the foster care system are placed until foster families are found for them.
References
Disability
The Exploited

The Exploited is a Scottish punk metal band. The band was formed in 1979 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Current lineup
Wattie Buchan - Vocals
Irish Rob - Bass
Willie Buchan - Drums
Matt McGuire - Guitar
Discography
Studio albums
Punks Not Dead - 1981
Troops of Tomorrow - 1982
Let's Start a War (Said Maggie One Day) - 1983
Horror Epics - 1985
Death Before Dishonour - 1987
The Massacre - 1990
Beat the Bastards - 1996
Fuck the System - 2003
Singles
"Army Life" - 1980 (EP)
"Exploited Barmy Army" - 1980 (EP)
"Dogs of War" - 1981
"Dead Cities" - 1981 (EP)
"Attack/Alternative" - 1982
"Computers Don't Blunder" - 1982
"Troops of Tomorrow" - 1982
"Rival Leaders" - 1983 (EP)
Split albums
Don't Let 'Em Grind You Down (W/Anti-Pasti) - 1981
Britannia Waives The Rules (W/Chron Gen & Infa Riot) - 1982
Apocalypse Punk Tour 1981 (W/The Anti-Nowhere League, Chron Gen, Anti Pasti & Discharge) - 1992
Live albums
On Stage - 1981
Apocalypse Tour (Limited Edition) - 1981
Live At The Whitehouse - 1985
Live And Loud - 1987
Live Lewd Lust - 1989
Don't Forget The Chaos - 1992
Live In Japan - 1994
Live at the White House-1996
25 Years of Anarchy and Chaos-2005
EPs
Jesus Is Dead - 1986 (12")
War Now - 1988 (12")
Videography
Live At The Palm Cove - 1983
Sexual Favours - 1987
The Exploited: 83-87 (1993)
Live In Japan - 1993
Alive At Leeds - 1995
Rock and Roll Outlaws - 1995
Buenos Aires 93 (1996)
Beat 'Em All - 2004
Best of collections
Totally Exploited - 1984
Castle Masters Collection - 1990
Apocalypse '77 - 1992
Singles Collection - 1993
Dead Cities - 2000
Punk Singles & Rarities 1980-83 (2001)
The Best Of The Exploited - Twenty Five Years Of Anarchy And Chaos (2004)
Complete Punk Singles Collection - 2005
Compilation albums
"Oi! - The Album" - 1980
"Lords Of Oi!" - 1997
References
Scottish rock bands
British punk bands
Perlis

Perlis is a state in Malaysia that is on the very northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia, bordering Thailand. The capital city of Perlis is Kangar.
References
Other websites
States of Malaysia
Blue Origin

Blue Origin Federation, LLC is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company headquartered in Kent, Washington. The company was founded in 2000 by Jeff Bezos and is led by CEO Bob Smith.
The company has taken 32 tourists into space, as of September 2022.
Flights
On July 20, 2021, Blue Origin had its first flight into space with people inside one of its spacecraft: three passengers and one commander. The flight was approximately 10 minutes, and crossed the Karman line (at an altitude of 100 kilometers).
June 4, 2022; the company's fifth flight with people on board; name of flight: NS-21; the company's 28th flight was a success.
August 4, 2022; the company's sixth flight with people on board; name of flight: NS-22; the company's 29th flight was a success.
September 12, 2022; the flight was a failure and no people were on the flight: a booster rocket failed and that started the launch escape system; the capsule came to an altitude of about , before its parachutes came out and it landed; name of flight: NS-23; the company's 30th flight. The accident is under investigation by Federal Aviation Administration, as of 2022's fourth quarter.
Vehicles being built or having tests done
The New Glenn launch vehicle (or carrier rocket) will have its first launch no earlier than 2023's fourth quarter; It can launch satellites.
Kuiper Systems, a subsidiary of the company Amazon, has contracts to launch satellites into space; The use of New Glenn rockets, is a part of the contract.
Extra information
The company motto is Gradatim Ferociter, Latin for "Step by Step, Ferociously."
Gallery
Related pages
Blue Origin NS-16
References
2000s establishments in Washington (state)
2000 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Washington (state)
Private spaceflight
British Rail Class 438

The British Rail 4-TC multiple units were unpowered fixed formation 4 carriage sets (fitted with driving cabs at each end) converted by BR at York Works from locomotive-hauled Mark 1 carriages in 1966-1967 and 1974. The units built on experience gained from the prototype 6TC unit. They were initially classified as Class 442 and numbered in the 300 and 400 series. This was later changed to Class 491, under which they spent the majority of their working lives. Shortly before withdrawal they were reclassified Class 438 and the units were renumbered to 8001-8034.
438
John Osmers

John Robert Osmers (23 February 1935 - 16 June 2021) was a New Zealand anti-apartheid activist. He was Anglican Bishop of Eastern Zambia from 1995 to 2002. He was born in Ashburton, New Zealand.
Osmers died in Lusaka, Zambia on 16 June 2021 from problems caused by COVID-19, aged 86.
References
1935 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia
New Zealand activists
Civil rights activists
Anglican bishops
Härnösand Cathedral

Harnosand Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Harnosand in Sweden. It belongs to Harnosand Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden and serves the Diocese of Harnosand. The church was inaugurated on 28 June 1846. It was built according to plans by Johan Adolf Hawerman.
The entire town of Harnosand can be viewed from atop the 46 metres tall tower
References
Other websites
Church of Sweden cathedrals
Keijo Korhonen

Keijo Tero Korhonen (23 February 1934 - 6 June 2022) was a Finnish politician, ambassador and professor. He was the Finnish foreign minister between 1976 and 1977. He was a member of the Centre Party. From 1983 to 1988, he was the Permanent Representative of Finland to the United Nations. Korhonen was an independent candidate for President of Finland in the 1994 election. Korhonen was born in Paltamo, Finland. He was a political science professor at the University of Arizona.
Korhonen died on 6 June 2022 in Tucson, Arizona at the age of 88.
References
1934 births
2022 deaths
Finnish politicians
Ambassadors to the United Nations
Finnish academics
Finnish writers
James Taylor (planter)

James Taylor (born 29 March 1835 in Kincardineshire - died 2 May 1892 in Kandy) was a Scottish man who brought tea plantations to Sri Lanka (Ceylon). He arrived in Ceylon in 1852 and landed in Loolecondera. He lived in Sri Lanka until his death (more than half of his lifetime). He worked with Thomas Lipton, another Scottish immigrant, to grow the tea industry in Sri Lanka.
1835 births
1892 deaths
Sri Lankan people
Scottish businesspeople
Brownsville, Wisconsin

Brownsville is a village in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 581 at the 2010 census.
References
Villages in Wisconsin
Dodge County, Wisconsin
Left Hand Path

Left Hand Path is a term used in occultism for one kind of spiritual path. It is the opposite of the Right Hand Path, which is what most people think of when they think of religion or spirituality.
The use of this term in occultism came from a term used in Hindu Tantra, Vama marga in Sanskrit. This ancient form of tantra used the breaking of rules (taboos) as part of the practice. Rules about diet and sex were broken on purpose. For example, rules against eating meat and drinking alcohol might be broken. Such a practice might require eating meat and drinking alcohol while having sex in a graveyard or cremation ground.
People who follow the Left Hand Path in the West are not interested in giving up pleasure or the world in order to be spiritual. They are not interested in worshiping God or following rules made up by others. They seek to gain power and freedom by breaking through taboos, fears and restrictions.
Many people link this term with Satanism and black magic, but they are not the same. The Left Hand Path is sometimes described as amoral.
Related pages
Thelema
The Satanic Bible
References
Evans, Dave. The History of British Magic After Crowley. Hidden Publishing, 2007.
Grant, Kenneth. Cults of the Shadow. London: Muller, 1975.
Hine, Phil. Black magic and the left-hand path .
Spirituality
Flag of South Africa

The national flag of South Africa was adopted in April 1994. It was designed by Frederick Brownell in March 1994.
Appearance
It has horizontal bands of red (on the top) and blue (on the bottom), It is separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal "Y" shape.
History
References
South Africa
1994 establishments in South Africa
National symbols of South Africa
Graveyard slot

A graveyard slot is a timeslot during the early morning hours, between 2:00 to 6:00 a.m., after late night television and before morning news shows. Many people are sleeping at home, or in work away from the television. The timeslot mainly shows reruns of original shows. Overnight news programs are broadcasted on ABC and CBS. NBC had its overnight news program during the 1980s.
Time
Television
Louis C. Wagner Jr.

General Louis Carson Wagner Jr. (born January 24, 1932) is a retired United States Army four-star general. He was Commanding General, United States Army Materiel Command (CG AMC) from 1987 to 1989.
Awards
Distinguished Service Cross
Army Distinguished Service Medal with one oak leaf cluster
Silver Star
Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
Bronze Star
Purple Heart
Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medal with oak leaf cluster
Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters
Combat Infantryman Badge
Senior Parachutist Badge
Ranger Tab
Other websites
Speaking Out After Decades of Silence
1932 births
Living people
American generals
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Military people from Missouri
André Citroën

Andre-Gustave Citroen (; 5 February 1878 - 3 July 1935) was a French industrialist and freemason of Dutch and Polish Jewish origin. Citroen was the founder of the car company Citroen, and for his application of double helical gears.
Citroen was born on 5 February 1878 in the city of Paris and died from stomach cancer on 3 July 1935 in Paris, aged 57. He had graduated the Ecole Polytechnique.
References
1878 births
1935 deaths
French chief executives
French mechanical engineers
Freemasons
French Jews
Alumni of the Grandes ecoles
Businesspeople from Paris
Deaths from stomach cancer
1273

Events
Europe
September 29 - Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne.
December 6 - Thomas Aquinas quit writing Summa Theologica -- a master work of Catholic theology -- leaving it unfinished after having a mystical experience during Mass.
King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Bratislava from Hungary.
The Middle East
December - Followers of the recently deceased Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi establish the Sufi order of the Whirling Dervishes in the city of Konya (in present-day Turkey).
The "Holy Redeemer" khachkar, believed to be one of the finest examples of the art form, is carved in Haghpat, Armenia, by Vahram.
The Constantinople suburb of Beyoglu (then known as Pera) is given to the Republic of Genoa by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus in return for Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople.
Asia
January 31 - The six-year long battle of Xiangyang ends as commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.
In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty (a puppet government of the Mongol Empire) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Mongol and Goryeo forces.
Births
July 15 - Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (died 1352)
November 24 - Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I of England (died 1284)
Abu al-Fida, Arab historian (died 1331)
David VIII of Georgia (died 1311)
Deaths
December 17 - Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (born 1207)
Baldwin II of Constantinople, last Latin Emperor of Constantinople (born 1217)
Rhea (moon)

Rhea (; ) is Saturn's second largest moon. It is made of ice and rock.
Ring system
Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal Science on March 6, 2008.
Notes
References
Saturn's moons
Ontario Highway 410

Ontario Highway 410 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It is 20.3 kilometers (12.6 miles) long. It starts at the junction of Highway 401 and Highway 403. It ends north of Brampton at Highway 10.
Roads in Ontario
MotorStorm

MotorStorm is a racing video game. It is only available for the PlayStation 3. The goal of the game is to win a series of races and to be the winner of the MotorStorm Festival. Players can control seven different types of vehicles throughout the game including rally cars, big rigs, dirt bikes, ATVs, racing trucks, buggies and mudpluggers. MotorStorm has a sequel called MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.
2006 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Baltimore (disambiguation)

Baltimore is a city in the state of Maryland in the United States.
Baltimore may also refer to:
Places
United States
Baltimore, California, a former settlement
Baltimore, Indiana, a now-extinct 19th-century town
Baltimore, Ohio, a suburb of Columbus
Baltimore, Tennessee
Baltimore, Vermont
Baltimore County, Maryland
Baltimore Town, California, a former settlement
Baltimore Township, Michigan
Canada
Baltimore, Ontario, Township of Hamilton, Ontario
Ireland
Baltimore, County Cork
Baltimore (Parliament of Ireland constituency)
People
George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (1579-1632), English politician and coloniser
Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605-1675), English peer
Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore (1637-1715)
Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore (1679-1715), English nobleman and politician
Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore (1699-1751), British nobleman
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (1731-1771), English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore
Charli Baltimore (born 1974), American rapper/hip-hop artist
David Baltimore (born 1938), American biologist and 1975 Nobel Prize laureate
John Baltimore (born 1978), American conductor
Music
Baltimore club, a genre of house and dance music
Sports
Baltimore Orioles, Major League Baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland
Baltimore Ravens, American football team based in Baltimore, Maryland
Baltimore Stallions, former Canadian Football team based in Baltimore, Maryland
Baltimore Bullets, former name of Washington Wizards, National Basketball Association team
Related pages
Digby, Nova Scotia

Digby is a town in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada.
References
Other websites
Live Web Cam view of Digby Harbour showing tidal range
Towns in Nova Scotia
Ismaïlia

Ismailia () is a city in Egypt, on the Suez Canal. Ismailia is the capital of the Governorate with the same name. The city has a population of approximately 750,000. It is approximately halfway between Port Said to the north and Suez to the south. The Canal widens at this point to include Lake Timsah, one of the Bitter Lakes.
Khedive Ismail the Magnificent founded the city in 1863, when the Canal was constructed. The city is named after him. The head office of the Suez Canal Authority is in Ismailia at the shore of Lake Timsah. Many of the buildings that were built when the British and French were involved in running the canal are still standing. Some of them are still being used by Canal employees and officials.
References
Cities in Egypt
1863 establishments
19th-century establishments in Africa
Duende

A duende is a legendary creature from Central and South America. It is like a sprite or pixie. Stories about duende say it has a hat. It can be evil, kind, helpful, or play tricks.
A little known fact about duendes is that many of them are theorized to live in present day Maine. Particularly is musician colonies as they are attracted to the spritely music of Jazz.
References
Folklore
Legendary creatures
Rochefort

Rochefort is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007, 12133 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 09 North, 05deg 13 East.
References
Municipalities of Namur
Plabennec

Plabennec () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Finistere
List of rivers of Singapore

The small island nation of Singapore has few rivers that are very long. The longest, the Kallang River, is only 10 km in length.
Natural rivers
Canalised
Alexandra Canal, Singapore
Geylang River
Kallang River
Pelton Canal
Rochor Canal
Rochor River
Siglap Canal
Singapore River
Stamford Canal, Singapore
Sungei Bedok
Sungei China
Sungei Ketapang
Sungei Lanchar
Sungei Pandan (lower reaches dammed as Pandan Reservoir)
Sungei Pinang (Hougang)
Sungei Punggol
Sungei Seletar Simpang Kiri
Sungei Sembawang
Sungei Serangoon
Sungei Simpang Kanan
Sungei Tampines
Sungei Ulu Pandan
Sungei Whompoe
On offshore islands
Pulau Tekong
Sungei Belang
Sungei Chek Mat Nah
Sungei Pasir
Sungei Permatang
Sungei Sanyongkong
Sungei Seminei
Sungei Unum
Pulau Ubin
Sungei Asam
Sungei Batu Kekek
Sungei Besar
Sungei Jelutong
Sungei Mamam
Sungei Puaka
Sungei Pulau Ubin
Sungei Teris
Sungei Tiga
Sungei Wat Siam
Former rivers
Dammed and flooded
Sungei Chik Abu - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
Sungei Puaka - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
Sungei Kranji - now the Kranji Reservoir
Sungei Sopok - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
Sungei Tengeh - now the Tengeh Reservoir
Geography of Singapore
Singapore
Singapore
rivers
The Jungle

The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by journalist Upton Sinclair. Inspired by the Union Stock Yards in Chicago, Sinclair wrote this book to show the sufferings of the working class and to show the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century. The book writes about the poverty, bad living and working conditions, and sorrow among the working class. The sad state of turn-of-the-century work is placed for the American public to see, suggesting that something needed to be changed to get rid of American "wage slavery". The novel is also an important example of the "muckraking" tradition begun by journalists such as Jacob Riis.
Upton Sinclair came to Chicago with hopes of writing The Jungle. When he came to the lobby of the Chicago Transit House, a hotel, he was quoted as saying, "Hello! I'm Upton Sinclair, and I'm here to write the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the Labor Movement!". He rented living quarters and immediately began walking its streets, talking to its people and taking pictures. One Sunday afternoon, he worked his way into a group of Lithuanian immigrants getting together for a wedding party, "Behold, there was the opening scene of my story, a gift from the gods". He was welcomed there and was with them until two in the morning.
The Jungle was first published in a series in 1905. "After five rejections", its first edition as a book was published by Doubleday, Page & Company on February 28, 1906, and it became an immediate best seller and has been in print ever since.
Plot
The main character is Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian man who emigrates to the United States with his fifteen year old fiance Ona Lukoszaite and their extended family. He marries her in Chicago and then soon gets a job at Durham's, a factory in Chicago. The factory mistreats him and Ona and their family. Eventually Ona dies of blood loss because the greedy midwife will not help her because the Rudkus family do not have enough money. Stanislovas, a child in the family who worked in a factory, is killed by an accident while working. Jurgus turns to drinking and Marija Barynczykas, a member of his extended family, becomes a prostitute.
References
English-language novels
History of Chicago
1906 works
1900s books
Marktbergel

Marktbergel is a municipality in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Carl Wilhelm Scheele (December 9, 1742 - May 21, 1786) a German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist, born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Germany (at the time under Swedish rule), was the discoverer of many chemical substances, most notably discovering oxygen before Joseph Priestley and chlorine before Humphry Davy.
1742 births
1786 deaths
German chemists
People from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Swedish scientists
In da Club

"In da Club" is a 2003 song by American rapper 50 Cent and is the lead single from his debut studio album Get Rich or Die Tryin'. It topped the single charts in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States. It went to the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Scotland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It also went to number 16 in France. The song was nominated for 2 Grammy Awards in 2004, but lost to Eminem's song "Lose Yourself". The music video for Eminem's song "Without Me" appears on a TV screen.
References
2003 songs
50 Cent songs
Hip hop songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Châtelat

Chatelat was a municipality in the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Chatelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged to form the new municipality of Petit-Val.
Other websites
Former municipalities of Bern
Isaac Berger

Isaac "Ike" Berger (November 16, 1936 - June 7, 2022) was an Israeli-born American weightlifter. He competed for the United States at the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won one gold and two silver medals. He held eight world records (four official and four unofficial), and won the United States national title eight times. Berger was born to a rabbi in Jerusalem.
References
1936 births
2022 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
American weightlifters
People from Jerusalem
Parks Australia

Parks Australia is an agency that manages national parks and conservation areas in Australia. The parks are governed by the Director of National Parks, which is a division of the federal government's Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities. Parks Australia looks after parks in the federal territories; those in the six states are managed by their own state-government agencies. Parks Australia provides some support to each state in managing their parklands. It also supports indigenous landholders to establish Indigenous Protected Areas.
Parks Australia manages six national parks and two botanical gardens:
Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens, Jervis Bay Territory
Christmas Island National Park, Christmas Island
Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory
Norfolk Island National Park, Norfolk Island
Pulu Keeling National Park, Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Northern Territory
Booderee, Kakadu and Uluru-Kata Tjuta are managed jointly with their traditional owners.
References
Other websites
Official website
Official blog
National Parks Australia Council
Government agencies of Australia
Conservation in Australia
Clarence M. Kelley

Clarence M. Kelley (October 24, 1911August 5, 1997) was an American politician. He was the second Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1973 to 1978.
References
1911 births
1997 deaths
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Peter Van Wagner

Peter Van Wagner (born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American movie and television actor. He was in Boardwalk Empire, Arthur, and Tower Heist.
Wagner was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
References
Other websites
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Pittsburgh
Nadap

The village of Nadap lies on the eastern slopes of Velencei Hills, it is a well oriented, self-contained settlement, with charming rural atmosphere. It is only two kilometers both from the recreation facilities of Lake Velencei and from the M7 motorway, therefore it is easily accessible from Budapest and from Szekesfehervar, too. Each house in the settlement has a great panorama.
Local sights
The settlements around Lake Velencei are overwhelmed with the spirit of Mihaly Vorosmarty. Nadap is not different either, the poet was baptised in the village on 3 December 1800. The baptistery is still in the church today. The inhabitants of the village expressed their admiration for the memory of the poet with a sculpture erected in the Millenium Park.
Nadap also hosts a key cartographical and architectural specialty; it is the home of the etalon for measuring heights in Hungary, called Nadapi szintezesi osjegy (Levelling mark of Nadap).
Other website
Nadap.hu
Villages in Hungary
Silent Spring

Silent Spring is the name of a book by Rachel Carson. It was published in 1962. It tells of the damage done to the environment by the use of chemicals to kill pests. The book is widely credited with helping launch the modern American environmental movement.
The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides such as DDT on wildlife, particularly birds. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically.
References
Other websites
Silent spring studyguide: summary, analysis, historical context, retrieved April 26, 2006
New York Times report of chemical industry's campaign July 22, 1962
Jim Norton, "Silencing Silent Spring
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): The Story of Silent Spring
1962 books
Biology books
Alz

The Alz is a river in Bavaria, southern Germany. Its origin is on the northern shore near Seebruck. It is a right tributary of the Inn, into which it flows in Marktl. Other towns on the Alz are Altenmarkt an der Alz, Trostberg, Garching an der Alz and Burgkirchen an der Alz.
The Alz is divided into the (upper Alz) and the (lower Alz). The section from the Chiemsee down to Altenmarkt is called the . The section from Altenmarkt to the center in Marktl is called the .
The Traun, a river flowing past the regional administrative center of Traunstein, is a tributary of the Alz.
References
Other websites
Wasserwirtschaftsamt Traunstein, Die Alz
Altotting (district)
Traunstein (district)
Rivers of Germany
Tough Guys

Tough Guys is a 1986 American action comedy movie directed by Jeff Kanew and starring Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Eli Wallach, Dana Carvey, Charles Durning, Darlanne Fluegel. It was distributed by Touchstone Pictures.
Other websites
1986 comedy movies
American action comedy movies
1986 action movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1980s
Amphoe Pai

Amphoe Pai is small district in the northeast of the province of Mae Hongson, Thailand. Pai is very famous for Thai and foreign visitors. There are many important rivers flowing through the district.
Amphoe Pai is made up of seven Tambon (local government areas) and 66 villages. The Tambon are:
Wiang Tai which has 8 villages
Wiang Nuea which has 10 villages
Mae Na Toeng which has 14 villages
Mae Hi which has 6 villages
Thung Yao which 12 villages
Mueang Paeng which has 9 villages
Pong Sa which has 7 villages
History
Amphoe Pai was settled back in human prehistory. The Pai area part of the kingdowm of King Mungrai, or Mung Rai during the 1200s. In 1774-1784 Pai was developed into village and then developed into Amphoe Pai.
Tourist attractions
Many people come to Amphoe Pai to visit:
Morpang waterfall
Krang temple
Pratadsrivichai temple
Nam Hu temple
Krareang Maping villages
Pagoda Pratadmayen
Pongnamrontapai
Mayen waterfall
Kongland
Mueang Pang hot spring
Huaijogluang
Districts
Geography of Thailand
Süphan

Mount Suphan (; Sipan,, , and "Sipan" also "Ciyaye Sipan", which means "White/s, Aryan/s" in Kurdish), is a dormant stratovolcano in eastern Turkey, immediately north of Lake Van. It is the second highest volcano in Turkey.
Other websites
Mount Suphan - map
Gallery
Volcanoes of Turkey
Mountains of Turkey
Meredith Salenger

Meredith Dawn Salenger (born March 14, 1970) is an American actress, who is best known for her role as Lainie Diamond in Dream a Little Dream.
For Disney, she played Natty Gann in The Journey of Natty Gann, and a television news reporter named Natalie Gann in the 2009 movie Race to Witch Mountain. She also did the voices of Barriss Offee and several characters in the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Star Wars Rebels, and Aurora Six in Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!. She also played Daphne in the ABC TV show Grey's Anatomy, Amber Wheeler in My Town, and did additional voices in Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
Other websites
1970 births
American child actors
American television actors
American movie actors
Jewish American actors
Harvard University alumni
Actors from Malibu, California
Living people