Louis IX of France

Louis IX (25 April, 1214-25 August, 1270), also called Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 to his death. He established the Parlement of Paris. After his death he was canonised (declared a saint) in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII.
Sources
Jean de Joinville was a close friend of Louis and wrote a famous biography of the king, from which we have most of our information about him.
Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. Several other people wrote biographies about the king, but only these three had reliable information.
Early life
Louis was born at Poissy, near Paris. He was the son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile. Louis was eleven years old when his father died on November 8, 1226. He was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at Reims. Because Louis was so young, his mother ruled France as regent while he was a child.
His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227-1285) was made Count of Anjou.
On May 27, 1234 Louis married Marguerite of Provence (1221 - December 21, 1295), whose sister Eleanor was the wife of Henry III of England.
Crusading
At the age of 15 in 1229, Louis brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade after signing an agreement with Count Raymond VII of Toulouse.
He went on crusade twice, in his mid-30s in 1248 and then again in his mid-50s in 1270. In 1250, after initial success in his first crusade, Louis's army of 15,000 men was met by overwhelming resistance from the Egyptian army and people. Louis and his army were captured by Muslims in Egypt. Later that year, they were released. To be released, he had to give back the land that he had taken over. where he was captured. After his release from Egypt, Louis spent four years in the crusader Kingdoms of Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffe. Both crusades were complete disasters;
Louis's kindness towards the poor was much celebrated.
Alliances
In 1252, Louis attempted an alliance with the Egyptians, for the return of Jerusalem if the French assisted with the subduing of Damascus. In 1253, Louis tried to seek allies from the Ismailian Assassins and the Mongols.
Religion
Louis was Catholic, and he built the Sainte Chapelle ("Holy Chapel") on the Ile de la Cite in the centre of Paris. It is thought that the French monarchy was trying to establish the kingdom of France as the "new Jerusalem."
Louis IX tried to make France, which was seen as being a very religious place, a protector of the Church. It worked, and between the 12th and 13th centuries, France and the pope were very close.
Children
Blanche (1240 - April 29, 1243)
Isabelle (March 2, 1241 - January 28, 1271), married Theobald V of Champagne
Louis (February 25, 1244 - January 1260)
Philippe III (May 1, 1245 - October 5, 1285)
Jean (born and died in 1248)
Jean Tristan (1250 - August 3, 1270), married Yolande of Burgundy
Pierre (1251-1284), Count of Perche and Alencon; Count of Blois and Chartres in right of his wife, Joanne of Chatillon
Blanche (1253-1323), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castille
Marguerite (1254-1271), married John I, Duke of Brabant
Robert, Count of Clermont (1256 - February 7, 1317). He was the ancestor of King Henry IV of France.
Agnes of France (ca 1260 - December 19, 1327), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy
Death
During his second crusade, Louis died at Tunis, August 25, 1270, and his son, Philip III, replaced him as king. He may have died either of bubonic plague or dysentery.
His body was taken to the French royal necropolis at Saint-Denis just north of Paris.
Places named after Saint Louis
The cities of San Luis Potosi in Mexico, Saint Louis, Missouri, Saint-Louis du Senegal in Senegal, Saint-Louis in Alsace, Lake Saint-Louis in Quebec, and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California.
Many places in Brazil are called Sao Luis in Portuguese are named after Saint Louis.
References
Other websites
Etext full version of the Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, a biography of Saint Louis written by one of his knights
Biography of Saint Louis on the Patron Saints Index
1214 births
1270 deaths
Christian saints
Kings and Queens of France