pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Diyu

Diyu (traditional Chinese: Di Yu ; "earth prison") is hell in Chinese mythology. It is based on Naraka concept about the afterlife.
Diyu looks like an underground maze with many chambers. Souls are taken here to atone their sins during their life.
Afterlife
Buddhism
Chinese mythology
UB40

UB40 is an English reggae band. They were formed in 1978 in Birmingham. They are named after an unemployment form at the time. At that time, they used to give PS40 to every unemployed person every month. Therefore, the name was derived to be Unemployment Benefit PS40 (UB40)
Other websites
1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from Birmingham
Reggae bands
Takuya Honda

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Honda was born in Sagamihara on April 17, 1985. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse in 2008. He played many matches as defensive midfielder from first season. Shimizu won the 2nd place in the 2008 J.League Cup and 2010 Emperor's Cup. In 2011, he moved to Kashima Antlers. However he could not play many matches for injury. In July 2013, he returned to Shimizu S-Pulse. Although he played many matches, Shimizu was relegated to J2 League first time in the club history end of the 2015 seasons. In 2017, he moved to Montedio Yamagata and played in 4 seasons. In 2021, he moved to J3 League club FC Gifu.
In 2008, Honda was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics. He played 2 matches as defensive midfielder. In January 2011, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against Saudi Arabia on January 17. At this tournament, he played 2 matches and Japan won the champions.
Statistics
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J1 League||16||1||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||23||1
|-
|2009||18||0||5||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|2010||31||1||4||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||42||1
|-
|2011||rowspan="3"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="3"|J1 League||3||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2012||8||0||3||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2013||7||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2013||rowspan="4"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J1 League||15||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2014||24||1||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|-
|2015||23||1||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||25||1
|-
|2016||J2 League||19||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2017||rowspan="4"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="4"|J2 League||36||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|-
|2018||28||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|2019||39||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|-
|2020||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2021||FC Gifu||J3 League||||||||||||||||||||
285||5||24||0||29||0||1||0||339||5
285||5||24||0||29||0||1||0||339||5
|}
|-
|2011||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}
References
Other websites
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Kashima Antlers players
Montedio Yamagata players
FC Gifu players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Ramazan Rragami

Ramazan Rragami (3 April 1944 - 15 January 2022) was an Albanian football player and coach. He played for the Albania national team between 1965 until 1973, making twenty appearances. He also played for KF Vllaznia Shkoder, FK Partizani Tirana and KF Skenderbeu Korce. His career began in 1960 and he retired in 2000. He was born in Shkoder, Austria.
Rragami died on 15 January 2022, at the age of 77.
References
1944 births
2022 deaths
Albanian footballers
Football managers
Carlos Fernández Gondín

Carlos Fernandez Gondin (1 July 1938 - 7 January 2017) was a Cuban politician. He was born in Santiago de Cuba. He served as the Minister of the Interior of Cuba from 2015 until his death in 2017 during the Raul Castro presidency.
In 2015, he suffered a stroke. He died in Havana from complications of a chronic condition on 7 January 2017, aged 78.
References
1938 births
2017 deaths
Cuban politicians
Quinoa

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa; ( or , from Quechua or ) is a species of goosefoot (Chenopodium). It is a grain-like crop grown primarily for its edible seeds.
Quinoa is not a real cereal, or grain, but more of a vegetable, as it is not a member of the grass family. As a chenopod, quinoa is closely related to species such as beets, spinach, and tumbleweeds. Its leaves are also eaten as a leaf vegetable, much like amaranth. Quinoa greens are not widely available for purchase. Quinoa gives high quality protein and other nutrients. It has been called a 'superfood'.
References
Amaranthaceae
Edible nuts and seeds
https://www.nasimahealth.com/is-quinoa-keto/
Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth

Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, PC (30 May 1757-15 February 1844) was a British statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804.
His father was a physician specialising in the treatment of mental illness. His father was one of George III's doctors and this resulted in Addington being known (in no friendly spirit) as "The Doctor". Before becoming Prime Minister he had been Speaker of the House of Commons.
He tried but failed to negotiate a lasting peace with Napoleon's France.
He was not well regarded as Prime Minister and his capabilities were summed up in the rhyme: "Pitt is to Addington as London is to Paddington". As Viscount Sidmouth, he was a very reactionary Home Secretary in the Government of the Earl of Liverpool but he was eventually persuaded to retire in favour of Sir Robert Peel.
1757 births
1844 deaths
British Viscounts
Politicians from London
Legislative speakers
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Wilbert Awdry

The Reverend Wilbert Vere Awdry, OBE (15 June 1911 - 21 March 1997), was an English Anglican cleric, railway enthusiast, and children's author. Simply known as the Reverend W. Awdry, he was the creator of Thomas the Tank Engine, the central figure in his acclaimed Railway Series.
Awdry was born on 15 June 1911 in Ampfield, Hampshire, England. He was raised in Box, Wiltshire, England. Awdry was educated at Marlborough House School, Sussex (1919-24), Dauntseys School, West Lavington, Wiltshire (1924-9); St Peter's Hall, Oxford (BA, 1932), and Wycliffe Hall, Oxford.
He was married to Margaret Awdry from 1938 until her death in 1989. They had three children, Christopher Awdry, Hilary Fortnum and Veronica Chambers. Awdry died on 21 March 1997 in Rodborough, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England from natural causes, aged 85.
References
Other websites
Internet Archive: 'Original' Awdry Family Website - contains some information not available on the later site
Internet Archive: Sodor Enterprises (publishing company) - Formerly www.sodor.co.uk (Dead link discovered April 2010)
Rev. W. V. Awdry - Biography at the Official Awdry Family Website
The Narrow Gauge Railway Museum, Tywyn, Gwynedd, Wales - Home of the Rev. W. V. Awdry's study
1911 births
1997 deaths
British children's writers
English writers
Writers from Hampshire
Writers from Wiltshire
Task

In common language, a task is something you want to accomplish or finish, such as trying to complete a problem or an assignment.
Related pages
Taskforce
Task analysis
Task (project management)
Task (computers)
Human behavior
Problem solving
Overbetuwe

Overbetuwe is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 47,543 people lived there.
It was created on 1 January 2001 from the former municipalities of Elst, Heteren and Valburg.
References
2001 establishments in the Netherlands
Municipalities of Gelderland
Haute-Ajoie

Haute-Ajoie is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Chevenez, Damvant, Reclere and Roche-d'Or merged into the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Rocourt merged into the municipality of Haute-Ajoie.
References
Other websites
Official website
2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Jura
Bass Strait

Bass Strait is a sea strait separating Tasmania from the south of the Australian mainland, specifically the state of Victoria. The strait was named after George Bass who travelled it in 1798.
It is about 240 km wide at its narrowest point and generally around 50 metres deep. It has many islands, with King Island and Flinders Island home to many towns.
The water is very rough, with many ships lost in the 19th century. A lighthouse was built on Deal Island in 1848 to help ships in the eastern part of the Straits. On the west, the Cape Otway Lighthouse was first lit in 1848. Another lighthouse was at Cape Wickham at the northern end of King Island in 1861.
Islands
There are over 50 islands in Bass Strait. Major islands include:
Western section:
King Island
Three Hummock Island
Hunter Island
Robbins Island
South eastern section:
Furneaux Group
Flinders Island
Cape Barren Island
Clark Island
and several other islands
North eastern section:
Kent Group
Deal Island
and 3 smaller islands
Hogan Island
Curtis Island
References
Other websites
Straits
Bodies of water of Australia
Geography of Victoria, Australia
Geography of Tasmania
Lilliana Ketchman

Lilliana Belle Ketchman (born June 23, 2008), known as Lilly K., is an American YouTuber, model, and dancer. She is known for being shown on Lifetime's Dance Moms, starting in season six. She is also know for her YouTube videos.
References
John Arena

John Arena is an American politician. He is the Democratic member of the Chicago City Council representing the 45th ward. The 45th ward includes Portage Park, Gladstone Park, Mayfair, Edgebrook, Forest Glen and Jefferson Park.
References
1960s births
Living people
Chicago City Council members
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Hernán Alemán

Hernan Claret Aleman Perez (21 May 1955 - 7 July 2020) was a Venezuelan Accion Democratica politician. He was the National Assembly representing the state of Zulia from 2011 until his death. Aleman was Mayor of Cabimas from 1989 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2008.
Aleman died from COVID-19 in Cabimas on 7 July 2020, aged 65.
References
1955 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela
Venezuelan politicians
Mayors
Ferrocement

Ferrocement is both a method and a material used in building or sculpting with cement, sand, water and wire or mesh material. It is often called the thin shell. Thin shell ferrocement offers strength and economy and can be used in many ways including: building homes, creating sculptures, or building boats and ships.
Related pages
Reinforced concrete
Other websites
FerroBoats.com
Ferrocement.com (multi-lingual)
Ferrocement Educational Network
Water Storage book by Art Ludwig, includes Ferrocement Tanks & Excel Water Tank Calculator
Water Tank Design Water Tank Design information
Building materials
Edo-Tokyo Museum

The is a museum of the history of Tokyo during he Edo period. It was established in 1993.
The permanent exhibition includes a replica of the Nihonbashi and scale models of the city.
The museum was designed by Kiyonori Kikutake.
The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum is a branch of the Edo-Tokyo Museum.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Edo-Tokyo Museum website
Museums in Tokyo
1993 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in Japan
Mike Beebe

Mickey Dale Beebe (better known as Mike Beebe; born December 28, 1946) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Arkansas from 2007 to 2015. He was elected in 2006 as governor and re-elected in 2010. He is a member of the Democratic Party of the United States.
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Governors of Arkansas
1946 births
Living people
Rajanpur

Rajanpur (Urdu: rjn puwr), is a capital city of Rajanpur District in Punjab, Pakistan. The district is located west of the Indus River.
References
Settlements in Pakistan
Johnson County, Missouri

Johnson County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat is Warrensburg. In 2020, 54,013 people lived there.
References
1830s establishments in Missouri
1834 establishments in the United States
Missouri counties
Johnson City, Tennessee

Johnson City is a city in Washington, Carter, and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is mostly in Washington County. The population is 71,046, making it the eighth largest city in Tennessee. During the American Civil War before 1869 the name of the town was briefly changed to "Haynesville" in honor of Confederate Senator Landon Carter Haynes.
Johnson City is the principal city of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is also a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, Tennessee-Virginia Combined Statistical Area - commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region. The CSA is the fifth-largest in Tennessee with an estimated 500,530 residents.
Economy
The popular citrus soda Mountain Dew traces its origins to Johnson City. In July 2012, PepsiCo announced a new flavored version of the drink named Mountain Dew Johnson City Gold in honor of the city. The drink was test marketed in the Chicago metropolitan area, Denver, and Charlotte, beginning in late August.
Colleges and universities
East Tennessee State University has around 16,000 students in addition to a K-12 University School, a laboratory school of about 540 students. University School was the first laboratory school in the nation to adopt a year-round academic schedule.
Milligan University is just outside the city limits in Carter County. It has about 1,200 students in undergraduate and graduate programs.
Northeast State Community College has renovated a building in downtown Johnson City for use as a new satellite teaching site.
Tusculum College is on the north side of Johnson City in the Boones Creek area.
References
Johnson City
Tri-Cities, Tennessee
Sullivan County, Tennessee
Washington County, Tennessee
Carter County, Tennessee
Air Namibia

Air Namibia is the flag carrier of Namibia. It is based in Windhoek. It began in 1947 with the name South West Air Transport. The name was changed to Namib Air in 1966. The government of South Africa bought the airline in 1982. The Air Namibia name was introduced in October 1991. In 2009, Air Namibia launched a frequent-flyer program. It is called Reward$. Before 2013, Air Namibia used to borrow planes from other companies. In 2011, Air Namibia bought two new Airbus A319. They were delivered in 2013 and are now owned by the airline.
Gallery
References
1947 establishments
Airlines of Africa
Windhoek
Organizations based in Namibia
2002 World Snooker Championship

The 2002 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament. It took place from 20 April to 6 May 2002 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. It was the final ranking event of the 2001-02 snooker season. This was the 26th year that the World Snooker Championship had been held at the Crucible.
Peter Ebdon won his first world title by beating Stephen Hendry 18-17 in the final.This was Hendry's ninth and last appearance in a World Championship final. There was a total of 65 century breaks made during the tournament. The highest was made by Stevens, who made a 145 in his quarter-final match. Hendry made a total of 16 centuries during the event, a record for any individual tournament. The championships were sponsored by cigarette manufacturer Embassy. A total prize fund of PS1,615,770 was awarded at the event, with the winner receiving PS260,000.
Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:
Winner: PS260,000
Runner-up: PS152,000
Semi-final: PS76,000
Quarter-final: PS38,000
Last 16: PS21,000
Last 32: PS14,500
Last 48: PS11,000
Last 64: PS6,825
Last 80: PS5,500
Last 96: PS4,150
Last 128: PS1,185
Stage one highest break: PS2,250
Stage two highest break: PS20,000
Stage one maximum break: PS5,000
Stage two maximum break: PS147,000
Total: PS1,615,770
Main draw
Shown below are the results for each round. The numbers in brackets beside some of the players are their seeding ranks. Players in bold denote match winners:
Century breaks
There were 68 century breaks at the event. The highest break was 145, made by Matthew Stevens during his quarter-final match against Higgins. Hendry made 16 century breaks during the tournament, the record for most centuries at a ranking event.
145, 135, 113, 105, 105, 105, 101 Matthew Stevens
141, 134, 132, 130, 126, 126, 125, 124, 122, 116, 113, 113, 111, 108, 104, 100 Stephen Hendry
138, 134, 127, 111, 108, 103, 102, 101, 100, 100 Peter Ebdon
136, 124, 116, 112, 109, 107, 105, 101 John Higgins
136, 119 Stephen Lee
135, 101 Dave Harold
134, 109 Stuart Bingham
134, 109, 100 Joe Perry
134 Alan McManus
132, 129, 115, 115, 113, 110, 110, 102 Ronnie O'Sullivan
120, 117, 106, 105 Ken Doherty
109, 106 Anthony Hamilton
107 Drew Henry
102 Michael Judge
101 Paul Hunter
References
World Snooker Championship
May 2002 events
April 2002 events
Pierre, South Dakota

Pierre (pronounced "peer") is the capital city of South Dakota, a state of the United States of America. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 13,646. Pierre is the county seat of Hughes County. Started in 1880 on the Missouri River across from Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the state capital since 1889.
Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. It is a few miles away from Lake Oahe, one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular fishing destination.
Transportation
Two airlines serving Pierre Regional Airport provide non-stop flights to Denver and Minneapolis-St. Paul.
The nearest interstate highway is Interstate 90, about 34 miles south of Pierre via U.S. Highway 83. Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.
Notes
References
Other websites
City of Pierre official website
State capitals in the United States
County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1880 establishments in Dakota Territory
Woolworth Building

The Woolworth Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 241 meters (792 feet) tall and has 57 floors. It was built in 1913 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.
A businessman named Frank Winfield Woolworth wanted the building to be built for his business, F. W. Woolworth Company. It was created by an architect named Cass Gilbert. The building was called the Cathedral of Commerce, which means it was like a church of business.
The Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913 to 1930. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower. The Bank of the Manhattan Company Building (now named The Trump Building) became the tallest twenty-seven years later.
Photo Gallery
Related pages
List of tallest buildings in the world
List of tallest buildings in New York City
References
Other websites
Emporis.com - Woolworth Building
SkycraperPage.com - Woolworth Building
Australianearme.com - Satalogue Woolworths
Skyscrapers in New York City
1913 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Namcha Barwa

Namcha Barwa is a mountain in the Himalayas range, in Tibet. It is the 28th highest mountain in the world. From 1976 to 1992, it was the highest unclimbed mountain on Earth. The first people to reach the top were Kazuo Yamamoto, Hiroshi Aota, Atsushi Yamamoto, Jiabu, Chirenduoji, and Biamba Zaxi, in 1992.
References
Himalayas
Mountains of Tibet
Collar

In clothing, a collar is the part of a shirt, dress, coat or blouse that goes around or frames the neck. A collar may also be a separate or detachable item around the neck.
Basic English 850 words
Clothing
Cushitic languages

The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are mainly spoken in the Horn of Africa and the Nile Valley. Some widely spoken Cushitic languages are Oromo, Somali, Beja, Agaw, Afar, Saho and Sidamo.
References
Exile (Japanese band)

Exile (written as EXILE, , ) is a Japanese boy band. It has 16 members. Atsushi and Takahiro are the singers, the other members are dancers. Nesmith and Shokichi are in both the singers and dancers category.
References
Other websites
EXILE Official Website
EXILE mobile global
EXILE mobile
EX FAMILY -EXILE TRIBE OFFICIAL FAN CLUB-
Musical groups established in 2001
Japanese boy bands
Japanese pop music groups
Blake River Megacaldera Complex

The Blake River Megacaldera Complex is a giant caldera cluster that spans across the Ontario-Quebec border in Canada. It is considered to be a supervolcano because of its great size (3,000 km2) and its numerous dikes and vents. The cluster is about 2700 million year old.
Other websites
Google Map location
Volcanoes of Canada
VEI-8 volcanoes
TACV

TACV is the flag carrier of Cape Verde in Africa. It was founded in 1958. The government of Cape Verde owns 100% of TACV. Sal International Airport is TACV's largest hub. Praia International Airport and Cesaria Evora Airport, both in Cape Verde, are also hubs for the airline. TACV currently goes to several cities across Cape Verde, the United States, Brazil, Africa and Europe.
Gallery
References
1958 establishments in Africa
Airlines of Africa
Cape Verde
Soham

Soham is a town and civil parish in East Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 9,102 people living in Soham.
The town came to international attention in August 2002 following the disappearance of two girls, Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman.
References
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Towns in Cambridgeshire
Austin Butler

Austin Butler (born August 17, 1991) is an American actor. His early roles were as Jake Krandle in the TV series iCarly and as James Garrett in Zoey 101. He became well known in 2022 for playing Elvis Presley in Elvis. The role won him a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award and earned him an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination.
Personal life
Austin Butler was born in Anaheim, California. His parents are Lori and David Butler.
Butler was in a relationship with actress Vanessa Hudgens from 2011 to 2020. He is currently dating model Kaia Gerber since late 2021.
Career
His first acting job was in a supporting role in the TV Series Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. His older sister also plays in that TV series. From 2007 to 2008 he played in the 4th season of Zoey 101 as James Garrett. Other television appearance were Hannah Montana, iCarly, Jonas L.A., Zeke and Luther and Wizards of Waverly Place. In 2009, he was in the TV series Ruby & the Rockits as Jordan Gallagher. This series was unsuccessful and ended after 10 episodes.
Later, he played with Ashley Tisdale in the film Aliens in the Attic and in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure. Since 2011, he has been in the ABC-Family-Series Switched at Birth.
In July 2019, he appeared in the Quentin Tarantino movie Once Upon a Time in Hollywood as a fictional version of Manson Family member Tex Watson. That same month, Butler was cast as Elvis Presley in Elvis, a biographical movie about the singer directed by Baz Luhrmann.
References
Other websites
1991 births
Living people
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Anaheim, California
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
Models from California
Colombia at the Olympics

Colombia was at the Olympic Games in 1932 for the first time.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Colombia is COL.
History
Teams from Colombia have been in all but one Summer Olympic Games since then, missing only the 1952 Games. Colombia was in the Winter Olympic Games in the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Colombian athletes have won a total of eleven Olympic medals in six different sports. Maria Isabel Urrutia won the nation's first gold medal in 2000.
The National Olympic Committee for Colombia was formed in 1936 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.
List of medalists
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Colombia profile at London2012.com
COlombia at Olympic.org
Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
List of U.S. Open Men's Singles champions

The US Open is one of four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. The tournament was first played in 1881 and has been played every year since.
List of champions
Other websites
US Open official website
Lists of sportspeople
Mens Singles champions
Carles Bosch

Carles Bosch Ariso (1945 - ) is a Spanish journalist and movie director. He was born in Barcelona. He co-directed and co-wrote the Academy Award-nominated movie Balseros (2002). In the 1970s, he worked as a journalist for Interviu. He was a war correspondent for Televisio de Catalunya during the Gulf War.
References
1945 births
Spanish journalists
Spanish movie directors
Spanish screenwriters
War correspondents
Writers from Barcelona
Martha Raye

Martha Raye (August 27, 1916 - October 19, 1994) was an American comedian, singer and actress. She began acting in movies and then acted in television series. She had her own show, The Martha Raye Show during the mid 1950s. She also appeared as Carrie on CBS' sitcom Alice.
Raye was born in Montana. She died from pneumonia at age 78 in Los Angeles.
Musicians from Montana
Singers from Montana
American television actors
American movie actors
Comedians from Montana
1916 births
1994 deaths
Actors from Montana
Deaths from pneumonia
Bahawalnagar

Bahawalnagar is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province. It is the capital of Bahawalnagar District. It is located near the India-Pakistan border.
Cities in Pakistan
Spined pygmy shark

The spined pygmy shark (Squaliolus laticaudus) is one of the smallest sharks in the world. It is only seven to eight inches long on average. Spined pygmy sharks are dark gray or black on top. Their bellies glow in the dark. These sharks live very deep in the water (down to 6,500 feet) but they migrate up to about 650 feet at night, to hunt.
Spined pygmy sharks are harmless to humans.
References
Sharks
1859

1859 was a common year.
Events
The Suez Canal begins to be built in Egypt.
January 24 - Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexander John Cuza under the name Romania (see December 1 1918 for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions are still missing at that time).
Deaths
Date unknown - Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish polymath
John Brown
Historical method

The historical method are the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.
Guidelines
Following Garraghan (in: A Guide to Historical Method, 168) puts six questions that should be answered as minimal standard for a sound historical method:
When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?
Where was it produced (localization)?
By whom was it produced (authorship)?
From what pre-existing material was it produced (analysis)?
In what original form was it produced (integrity)?
What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?
References
Gilbert J. Garraghan, A Guide to Historical Method, Fordham University Press: New York (1946). .
Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method, Alfred A. Knopf: New York (1950). .
Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, Cornell University Press: Ithaca (2001). .
C. Behan McCullagh, Justifying Historical Descriptions, Cambridge University Press: New York (1984). .
R. J. Shafer, A Guide to Historical Method, The Dorsey Press: Illinois (1974). .
Related pages
Historiography
Historical linguistics
Scientific method
Other websites
Historical Sources Online by Marc Comtois
Philosophy of History by Paul Newall
The Historian's Sources, online lesson by the Library of Congress
Federal Rules of Evidence in United States law
Dutch Grand Prix

The Dutch Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort, from 1952 to 1985. It was brought back in 2021.
In 1985 the company that ran the circuit (CENAV) went out of business. This marked the end of Circuit Zandvoort. The municipality of Zandvoort took over ownership. Part of the grounds and track were sold in 1987 to Vendorado, a Bungalow park developer.
Winners of the Dutch Grand Prix
Repeat Winners (drivers)
Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.
Repeat winners (constructors)
Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.
Active constructors are in bold.
By year
Broadcasting
United Kingdom
Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.
Formula One Grands Prix
Potassium arsenate

Potassium arsenate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula can be K3AsO4, K2HAsO4, or KH2AsO4. It has potassium and arsenate ions in it.
Properties
Potassium arsenate is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It is carcinogenic and highly toxic.
Preparation and uses
Potassium arsenate is made by reacting amounts of potassium hydroxide with arsenic acid. The amount of potassium hydroxide can be changed to make the different chemical formulas. Potassium arsenate was once used for medicine but is too toxic to be used now.
Related pages
Potassium arsenite
Lead arsenate
Potassium phosphate
Potassium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Esnans

Esnans is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Kingston, New Hampshire

Kingston is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, 6,025 people lived there.
Other websites
New Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau Profile
Towns in New Hampshire
Swedish Transport Agency's law-breaking of security for computer system

Swedish Transport Agency's law-breaking of security for computer system was law-breaking - exposed by media in 2017 - regarding the security of information in a database of the governmental agency, Swedish Transport Agency.
In January 2017 Sweden's Cabinet fired the agency's director, Maria Agren; why she was fired was held secret for the public; instead, the public was told that she did not continue in the job, because of disagreement between Agren and minister of infrastructure, Anna Johansson.
On 27 July 2017 the prime minister announced that two ministers will leave their job: Interior Minister Anders Ygeman and Infrastructure Minister Anna Johansson; this happened because " a no-confidence motion against three of the government's ministers by the opposition Alliance coalition".
History
Chief of the agency, Maria Agren let IBM work on the agency's computer systems in 2015; she did not follow a warning that came from other workers in the Swedish Transport Agency, and she did not follow a warning that came from Swedish Security Service (Sapo).
IBM took over the agency's IT operations, and "IBM used subcontractors abroad, making sensitive information and an entire database of Swedish drivers' licences accessible by foreign technicians who did not have the usual security clearance".
On 6 July 2017 media said that Agren was under police investigation.
Agren was told to pay a fine: 70,000 kronor, after a police investigation "found her guilty of being 'careless with secret information'".
References
Sweden
Arara, Paraíba

Arara is a Brazilian city in the state of Paraiba. Its population in 2007 was 12,920 inhabitants. Its area is 89 km2.
Other websites
Cities in Paraiba
1961 establishments in Brazil
486958 Arrokoth

486958 Arrokoth, provisional designation , is a trans-Neptunian object located in the Kuiper belt. It is a contact binary long, made of two planetesimals and across, nicknamed "Ultima" and "Thule". The New Horizons team use this classical pronunciation, the pseudo-Latin pronunciation , and the hybrid pronunciation . The surface is made of pale red tholins, formed due to the surface being exposed to UV light.
Notes
References
Minor planets
George Coe

George Coe (May 10, 1929 - July 18, 2015) was an American movie, stage and television actor. Coe was one of the original cast member of Saturday Night Live. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in the short movie The Dove.
Coe died on July 18, 2015 in Santa Monica, California after a long illness at the age of 86.
References
Other websites
Profile, snl.jt.org
Filmography, movies2.nytimes.com
1929 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Queens
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Rockstar North

Rockstar North Limited (former DMA Design Limited) is a British video game developer based in Edinburgh, Scotland.
The company was founded as Acme Software in Dundee in 1984. The founders were classmates David Jones, Russell Kay, Steve Hammond, and Mike Dailly. It was renamed DMA Design in 1987. During its early years, the publishing company Psygnosis backed DMA Design, and it focused mainly on making games for the Amiga, Atari ST and Commodore 64 game systems. During this time, DMA created successful shooters such as Menace and Blood Money, but it soon turned to platform games after the release of Lemmings in 1991. Lemmings was an international success and led to several sequels and spin-offs. After developing Unirally for Nintendo, DMA Design was set to become one of their main second-party developers, but this partnership ended after Nintendo's disapproval of Body Harvest.
References
Other websites
Official website
Video game companies of the United Kingdom
1984 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Organisations based in Edinburgh
Monocotyledon

Monocotyledons are a class of flowering plants (angiosperms), whose embryo (seed) store only one cotyledon.
The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank.
You can recognize a monocot by its leaves: they have long parallel veins running down the leaf. In contrast, dicot plant leaves have a complex netted vein pattern on their leaves.
Monocots usually have a fibrous root system.
Clade diagram
Other websites
APG II
Petrosaviales
2020 Summer Paralympics

The , branded as Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, were a major international multi-sport parasports event governed by the International Paralympic Committee. They took place in Tokyo, Japan between 24 August and 5 September 2021.
Notes
References
August 2021 events
September 2021 events
Summer Paralympic Games
2021 in Japan
21st century in Tokyo
Ingush language

Ingush is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 500,000 people speak Ingush. Ingush is closely related to Chechen.
caucasian languages
Khamnung

The Khamnung Leipaak or Leinung is the netherworld or the land under the surface of the human world in Meitei mythology and religion. It is the kingdom ruled by Thongalel, the god of death. It is the place where the souls of the dead people used to go. According to ancient Meitei scriptures, the Khamnung kingdom is described as a generally dark and cool place, whose capital city is the "Khamnung Sawa", which remains isolated from the rest of the areas, as the "Ashi Turel" ("Ashi Tulel") (Styx river) flows encircling the charmed city of Thongalel. Unless permitted by Thongalel, no souls can enter the "Khamnung Sawa". According to His Will, souls of those who died from suicide are strictly prohibited from entry as a mark of punishment.
Meitei folklore
Meitei mythology
Meitei religion
South Tyneside

South Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, North East England.
It is surrounded by the four other boroughs in Tyne and Wear - Gateshead to the west, Sunderland in the south, North Tyneside to the north, and Newcastle upon Tyne to the Northwest.
There were 147,776 people living in the borough in 2021.
The largest town is South Shields. Other large riverside towns are Jarrow and Hebburn. The area was a centre for shipbuilding and repairing, coal mining and exports, and the chemical industries. They all declined in the half of the 20th century and there was a lot of unemployment.
References
Metropolitan boroughs of Tyne and Wear
Teuva

Teuva () is a municipality in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. There were about 5,700 people living there on 31 January 2014. It is next to the municipalities of Karijoki, Kauhajoki, Kristinestad, Kurikka and Narpes. About 99% of the people living there speak Finnish. Teuva was established in 1868.
Villages
Horonkyla, Kauppila, Kirkonkyla, Korvenkyla, Komsi, Luovankyla, Norinkyla, Perala, Riippi and Aysto,
Other websites
Municipality site
Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia
Reductionism

Reductionism is the idea that a system can be totally determined by looking at its parts, and by combining these using rules such as logic. Theories can be reduced to observations, concepts to things, and the laws of nature to the events that cause them.
Other page
Holism (contrary notion)
Philosophy of science
Philosophical movements and positions
Igor Vovkovinskiy

Igor Vovkovinskiy ( (aka Igor Ladan) September 18, 1982 - August 20, 2021) was a Ukrainian-American law student, interviewee and actor. He was best known for being the tallest person living in the United States until his death. He was tall. He was raised in Rochester, Minnesota. Vovkovinskiy was born in Bar, Vinnytsia Oblast.
Vovkovinskiy's height was caused by a tumor pressing on his pituitary gland, causing his body to have released large amounts of growth hormone.
In 2019, Vovkovinskiy was diagnosed with heart disease. He died on August 20, 2021 in Rochester, aged 38.
References
1982 births
2021 deaths
Ukrainian actors
Actors from Minnesota
People from Rochester, Minnesota
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Deaths from heart disease
Maurizio Noci

Maurizio Noci (10 August 1937 - 22 December 2019) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, the Italian Senate and an undersecretary in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests. He was the mayor of Crema from 1975 to 1979. Noci was born in Crema. He was a member of the Italian Socialists.
Noci died on 22 December 2019 in Crema at the age of 82.
References
Other websites
Official Chamber of Deputies page
Official Senate page
1937 births
2019 deaths
Italian mayors
Italian politicians
People from Crema, Lombardy
Harm

Harm is physical or psychological or emotional damage or injury to a person, animal or other legal entity.
It is generally believed that humans, in addition to other sentient animal species, possess an aversion to causing harm to others.
Many religions consider any harm to another person a sin.
Psychology
Injuries
Csiribpuszta

Csiribpuszta was a village, it is now part of Gardony, Hungary. The postal code is 2484.
Geography
Csiribpuszta's altitude is 150 meters.
137 people lived there in 2010.
References
Other websites
Csiribpuszta - Google Maps
Villages in Hungary
Team Trees

Team Trees is a non-profit fundraiser trying to plant 20 million trees by 2020. It was created by the YouTubers MrBeast and Mark Rober, and many other YouTubers have helped too. The donations go to the Arbor Day Foundation, a group that plants one tree for every $1 received. Mark Rober himself has made a self tree planting drone. Recently, they have both also made a separate charity called Team Seas with a similiar goal.
References
Other websites
Official website
Charity events
Steglitz-Zehlendorf

Steglitz-Zehlendorf is a borough of Berlin. It was formed in 2001 when the former boroughs of Steglitz and Zehlendorf were joined together.
Steglitz-Zehlendorf has an area of and has, as of 2003, about 288,300 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Norbert Kopp (CDU).
Landmarks
The Bierpinsel (literally, "Beer Brush"), a 1970s style tower in Steglitz
The Botanical Garden in Berlin
The Library of the Philological Faculty at the Free University of Berlin in Dahlem, by Norman Foster
The Wannsee lake and villa, home to the notorious Wannsee Conference
Lichterfelde West Villen Kolonie - exclusive residential area of 1860 with tree lined and cobbled streets
Other websites
Official Homepage (in German)
Paola Sabbatini

Paola Sabbatini is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships and 2001 World Aquatics Championships.
She was a member of the Italian team at the 2015 FINA World Masters Championship.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Italian water polo players
Italian water polo coaches
Redeemed Christian Church of God

The Redeemed Christian Church of God is an Evangelical church that is mostly active in Africa. The church has a Pentecostal tradition. It was founded in 1952 in Nigeria.
1950s establishments in Nigeria
1952 establishments
Churches in Nigeria
Evangelicalism
Pentecostalism
Nate Diaz

Nathan Donald Diaz (born April 16, 1985) in Stockton, California is an American mixed martial artist, He competes at the Lightweight and Welterweight division of the UFC. Before signing with the UFC, Diaz competed in World Extreme Cagefighting, Strikeforce, and Pancrase. He has been in the UFC since winning The Ultimate Fighter 5.
References
Other websites
Nate Diaz Profile at UFC.com
1985 births
Living people
american mixed martial artists
Madame du Barry's apartment

Madame du Barry's apartment at Versailles was the apartment that belonged to Madame du Barry. It was here that King Louis XV had suppers with Du Barry, warming the coffee himself at the stove. The library sofa was designed by Delafosse. The parrot cage is embellished with porcelain flowers and is indicative of Du Barry's taste. The apartment and bedchamber are on the site of the small gallery. This gallery was decorated with "exotic hunting scenes" by Boucher, Lancret, and others. They are at this time in the Amiens museum.
References
Constans, Claire. 1995. Versailles. Editions Mahe. p. 61
Palace of Versailles
Rieden, Switzerland

Rieden was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Rieden and Ernetschwil joined together to become a municipality called Gommiswald.
References
Other websites
Official website
Former municipalities of St. Gallen
Villages in St. Gallen
Adriano (footballer, born 1984)

Adriano Correia Claro (born 26 October 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sevilla.
Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Coritiba||rowspan="3"|Serie A||23||0||||||||||23||0
|-
|2003||31||0||||||||||31||0
|-
|2004||27||2||||||||||27||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Sevilla||rowspan="6"|La Liga||16||2||0||0||4||1||20||3
|-
|2005/06||32||3||0||0||13||3||45||6
|-
|2006/07||26||2||3||0||11||1||40||3
|-
|2007/08||27||1||0||0||6||0||35||1
|-
|2008/09||29||3||6||1||5||1||40||5
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
81||2||||||||||81||2
130||11||9||1||39||6||178||18
211||13||9||1||39||6||259||20
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||2||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}
References
1984 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Curitiba
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
FC Barcelona players
Disclosure (movie)

Disclosure is a 1994 American drama thriller movie starring Michael Douglas and Demi Moore. It is about sexual harassment, lies and corporate matters. The movie was released in December 1994 and got mixed reviews by critics, though it performed well at the box office.
1994 drama movies
1994 thriller movies
1990s drama thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
English-language movies
Legal movies
Movies set in Seattle
Warner Bros. movies
Molecular machine

A molecular machine, or nanomachine, is any set of molecules which produce mechanical movements (output) in response to specific stimuli (input). The term is common in nanotechnology where a number of complex molecular machines have been proposed which might be a way of making a "molecular assembler". Molecular machines can be divided into two broad categories: synthetic and biological.
The 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Fraser Stoddart and Ben Feringa for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.
Biological nanomachines
The most complex molecular machines are made of proteins, and found in cells. These include 'motor proteins'. Examples are: myosin, (which does muscle contraction), kinesin (which moves molecules from the nucleus along microtubules), and dynein (which produces the beating of motile cilia and flagella). These proteins are far more complex than any molecular machines that have yet been made by mankind.
Probably the most significant biological machine known is the ribosome. Other important examples include motile cilia: "In effect, the [motile cilium] is a nanomachine [of] over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines".
References
Machines
Molecular biology
Cabaret

Cabaret is a form of entertainment having comedy, song, dance, and theatre. Cabarets are mostly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret". Sometimes it is called a "Reviue".
The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafes where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic form of cafe-chantant. It comes from Middle Dutch cabret, through Old North French camberette, from Late Latin camera. It essentially means "small room."
Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel - a bar with tables and women who talk, arouse, and entertain the clients. Traditionally these can also have some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers - the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the place. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the form of place and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article.
Performing arts
Tomorrowland

Tomorrowland is an EDM (electronic dance music) festival in Boom, Belgium. It started in 2005. Since 2012, there has been a spin-off in Atlanta called TomorowWorld.
2005 establishments in Europe
Music festivals
Belgian culture
Antwerp (province)
Zugangserschwerungsgesetz

The Zugangserschwerungsgesetz was a German law which aimed to make the access to child pornography over the internet more difficult. It was in use in 2010 and 2011.
German legislation
Michael the Brave (movie)

Michael the Brave () is a 1971 Romanian French Italian biographical drama movie directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu and starring Amza Pellea, Ion Besoiu, Olga Tudorache, Irina Gardescu, Ilarion Ciobanu, Ioana Bulca, Septimiu Sever. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Other websites
1971 drama movies
1970s biographical movies
Romanian drama movies
French biographical movies
French drama movies
Italian biographical movies
Italian drama movies
Movies directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu
Movies set in Romania
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in the 16th century
Okinawa rail

The Okinawa rail (Gallirallus okinawae) is a species of bird endemic to Okinawa Island in Japan, where it is known as the Yanbaru kuina (Yanbaru rail).
is known to local people such as Agathi,Agacha,(meaning 'hurry'),Yamadhui(meaning 'mountain bird').
Appearance
The face is black with a white spot between the bill and eye and a white line behind the eye, extending back to the side of the neck. The undertail-coverts are dark brown with pale bars.
Its wing length is 15-16 cm. Its eggs are 5 cm long and 3.5 cm wide. It lives in the evergreen broad-leaved forest which is 500m above sea level.
It is about 30 cm long with a wingspan of 50 cm and a weight of around 435 g.
Living areas
It lives in subtropical moist forests and in neighbouring habitats.
Food and water
Many prey which inhabitat in an artificial water field advanced organic pollution. Such as food mainly living in the road and forest adge.
References
The bill and iris are brownish and the legs and feet are yellow-ochre.
It is a noisy bird with a variety of loud calls. It calls most often early and late in the day, usually from the ground but sometimes from trees. Pairs often call together and up to 12 birds have been heard in one area
Relationship with human
Forest logging and agricultural land development - Destruction and division of habitats by forest roads and dam construction, traffic accidents, weakness death due to chicks sliding down to side grooves, predation by artificially introduced dogs and nonneko * fairy mongoose etc. Is decreasing
Okinawa Prefecture
Rallidae
Birds of Japan