pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Joseph L. Galloway

Joseph Lee Galloway (November 13, 1941 - August 18, 2021) was an American newspaper correspondent and columnist. He worked as a special consultant for the Vietnam War 50th anniversary Commemoration project run out of the Office of the Secretary of Defense and has also served as consultant to Ken Burns' production of a documentary history of the Vietnam War.
He was also the former Military Affairs consultant for the Knight-Ridder chain of newspapers and was a columnist with McClatchy Newspapers.
Galloway died on August 18, 2021 in Concord, North Carolina at the age of 79.
References
1941 births
2021 deaths
American columnists
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
American war correspondents
Writers from Texas
Military people from Texas
General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party is the office of the highest-ranking member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). That person is also typically (or usually) the supreme leader of Laos.
Laotian politicians
1914 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1914 Atlantic hurricane season was the shortest and least active hurricane season on record. This season had only one storm with two other possible storms. This season was also one of two to not have a hurricane with the other being 1907.
Tropical Storm One
This system form as a tropical wave just to the east of Florida on September 13. It became a Tropical Depression on the 14th, the storm made landfall in Georgia with 70mph winds. It moved westward and dissipated over Texas on the 19th.
1914
1914
20th century in Georgia (U.S. state)
1910s in Texas
Cumberland, Kentucky

Cumberland is a city in Harlan County, Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
Harlan County, Kentucky
Aalborg

Aalborg is a city in Denmark. About 143,000 people live there (2021), which makes it the fourth largest city in Denmark.
Aalborg was founded around 700 A.D. and was heard about for the first time in the year 1040.
It was a proper city in 1342 and became the seat of a Lutheran bishop in 1554.
Aalborg is in Northern Jutland, near the Limfjord.
Cities in Denmark
700s establishments
North Jutland Region
Homeless shelter

A homeless shelter is a place for homeless people to take refuge. Shelters provide safety and protection from exposure to the weather. These shelters also provide food, warmth, and the basic needs for any person.
Homelessness
Jack Thomas Brinkley

Jack Thomas Brinkley (December 22, 1930 - January 23, 2019) was an American politician, educator and lawyer.
Brinkley's political career began as a one term in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1965-1966 and eight consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives beginning in 1967 and ending in 1983 when he chose not to run for re-election.
Brinkley died on January 23, 2019 in Columbus, Georgia from a heart attack at the age of 88.
References
Other websites
1930 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
United States representatives from Georgia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Wellton, Arizona

Wellton is a town in Yuma County, Arizona, United States.
Towns in Arizona
Canadian, Texas

Canadian is a city in Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi

Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi (1 February 1962 - 6 September 2021) was a South African politician. She was born in Makhosini, South Africa. In 2011, she was elected Leader of the National Freedom Party. From 2014 until 2019, she was a member of the National Assembly.
In November 2014, kaMagwaza-Msibi was hospitalized in critical condition after having a stroke. She died on 6 September 2021 at a hospital in Durban, South Africa from COVID-19 at the age of 59.
References
South African mayors
2021 deaths
1962 births
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa
Royal Blood

Royal Blood are an English rock music group. The group was made in Worthing in 2011. The members of the band are Mike Kerr and Ben Thatcher. Kerr sings and plays the bass guitar. Thatcher plays the drums. The band has made three albums: Royal Blood (2014), How Did We Get So Dark? (2017), and Typhoons (2021).
The band was made in 2011. It was made when Kerr met Matt Swan. Swan was the band's first drummer. At this time, the band had Joe Dennis playing the guitar. Dennis left the band in 2012. Because of this, Kerr started playing the bass guitar in many different ways. He used different effect pedals to make his bass guitar sound similar to an electric guitar. The band played music in Australia, but Kerr went back to Worthing. Ben Thatcher replaced Swan. Thatcher and Kerr continued making music.
References
Musical groups established in 2011
English rock bands
Musical duos
Binomial nomenclature

In biology, binomial nomenclature is how species are named. The name of a species is made of two parts: one indicating the genus and one indicating the species. Binomial nomenclature means "two-part name" or "system of two-part names".
History
The person who popularized this system for use was Swedish botanist and physician Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). He gave a two-part name to every species he knew. This kind of naming had been used before Linnaeus by some naturalists, but after Linnaeus, it was accepted as a good method.
Value of binomial nomenclature
The value of the binomial nomenclature comes from several things. It saves words because it replaces long descriptions, it is used everywhere, and the names are unique and stable. The system ended the use of local common names, which was the source of much confusion. When science was done by just a few European countries their common names for species were well-known. But as it happened, the common names in all countries was rather different. The same name might be used for more than one species, and several species given the same name. In the Linnaeus system, everyone uses the same name for the same species. Linnaeus chose Latin names: first, because it avoided competitive nationalism; second, because most educated people in his day learned Latin.
The system has been a great success, but it does have some problems. It is not always clear what is a species and what is not. Although many species are quite clear, some are put into one species by some biologists, and into several species by others. Linnaeus himself noticed that species were not always distinct.Today we know something about why this is so. In practice, international committees make decisions about naming species in difficult cases.
Main points
Widespread: worldwide use instead of different local names.
Clarity: avoids the same term used for different species. Example: "robin" used for different birds in America compared to Europe.
Uniqueness: One name for a species.
Stability: the rules favour stability.
Simplicity: said to be easier to remember than the previous system.
Where names come from
The components of a name may come from any source whatsoever. Often they are Latin words, but come originally from Greek. This is gradually changing, and names may now come from a Latinized version of a place, a person, a name from a local language, etc.
Related pages
Biological classification
Taxonomy
References
Other websites
The Language of Horticulture
Taxonomy
130s

The 130s was the decade that started on January 1, 130 and ended on December 31, 139.
Events
130 - The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.
131 - The Temple of Baalshamin is built in Palmyra.
132 - Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer.
136 - Pope Hyginus succeeds Pope Telesphorus as the ninth pope.
138 February 25 - Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, if Pius adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
139 - Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar.
Important people
Hadrian, Roman Emperor
References
Streaming media

Streaming media is multimedia where the user receives the media constantly using a platform over the Internet. Some examples are Netflix and Amazon Prime Video for movies and television series; and Spotify and Apple Music for music and other audio.
References
Media
Internet
Prayagraj

Prayagraj (), is a city in Uttar Pradesh state of India. It is located where three Ganges and Yamuna and Saraswati rivers join. This city is a holy city for Hindus. It is best known for Kumbha Mela. This fair occurs every 12th year in Prayagraj. The city was named Allahabad by the Mughal emperor Akbar.
Previously Prayagraj known as Allahabad. The name has changed in Yogi Government Uttar Pradesh in 2018.
Administration
A civic body called Prayagraj Nagar nigam adminiters the whole city,City comprises 1 police zone and 3 circles of district. And yes its administration is very strict
Roadways
As a main city, various roads connecting the other places.
G.T road passes through the city.
Railways
There are 7 main stations in the city. Prayagraj junction is the headquarter of North Central Railway Zone. Daily thousands of trains go to the different routes.
Proposed Rapid transit
In city ,Many lines are proposed for better connections a light rail metro is proposed.
Approved lines
Two lines will be priority line.
Line 1 Prayagraj airport - Andawa
Line 2 Shantipuram-State university.
Proposed lines
Line 3 High court - MNIT
Line 4 Nawabganj - Shantipuram
Line 5 Iradatganj- Naini
Line 6 Khusrubag-Johnsenganj
Line 7 Transportnagar- Highcourt
Airways
Thirthraj Prayag International airport: There is one domestic/Military airport in Prayagraj Airport that holds various routes. There been has a proposal to develop as airport into international airport.
Waterways(riverine)
River Port (near naini) in karchana a starting point of N.W 1 city connects to the Haldia.
References
Allahabad district
Cities in Uttar Pradesh
Böhen

Bohen is a municipality in Unterallgau in Bavaria, Germany. The town has a municipal association with Ottobeuren.
References
Unterallgau
ZFS

The ZFS is a computer file system.
FS stands for file system.
The letter Z was chosen, because it is the last letter in the English alphabet.
This is supposed to mean ZFS was the last, "ultimate" file system ever made.
Development
Originally ZFS has been developed by Sun Microsystems for Solaris.
Later, ZFS has been ported to other versions of Unix, including Linux and FreeBSD.
Design
Traditional file systems focus on managing data and ensuring integrity.
Additional features like RAID had to be added externally, outside of the file system's realm.
This potentially led to difficulties and increased complexity of systems.
The ZFS takes a different approach.
It integrates many useful features into its ecosystem.
This ensures all subsystems work together without problems and increases performance.
Some features include
disk encryption
RAID
logical volume management
snapshots
data deduplication
delegating file system administration rights
Furthermore, during development of ZFS there was a continuing trend to disks having larger capacities.
In designing of ZFS it was taken account of that fact.
The ZFS can handle (in comparison to traditional file systems) very large files, a large number of files, large number of disks, disks having large capacities, and so on.
Application
FreeBSD and Solaris use ZFS as the standard main file system.
Ubuntu's kernel includes ZFS, but it is not the default choice.
Computer file formats
Sun Microsystems
Oracle Corporation
Rama II

Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Thai: phraphuththelishlaanphaalay, 24 February 1767 - 21 July 1824), personal name Chim (Thai: chim), also styled as Rama II, was the second monarch of Siam under the Chakri dynasty, ruling from 1809 to 1824
References
1767 births
1824 deaths
Monarchs of Thailand
Pierre and Marie Curie University

The Universite Pierre-et-Marie-Curie was a French university created on January 1, 1971. It disappeared on January 1, 2018 in favor of Sorbonne Universite following the publication in the Official Journal of the decree creating the new university on April 21, 2017.
Famous former students
Gerard Ferey, a French chemist
Taraneh Javanbakht, an Iranian-Canadian scientist, philosopher, writer, artist, translator and activist
Wendelin Werner, a German-born French mathematician
References
Other websites
Sorbonne Universite, official web site
1971 establishments in France
Universities in Paris
Jungle cat

The jungle cat (Felis chaus) is a successful and widespread wild cat. It ranges from Egypt in the west to China in the east, and it is common in India.
The jungle cat is the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus Felis. It is 20 to 37 inches in body length (50 to 97 cm), with a 8 to 12 inch tail (20 to 31 cm).
True to Bergmann's rule, the felid is largest at the northern limits of its range and becomes smaller-bodied closer to the tropics.
They live in savannas, tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands, but, despite the name, are not found in rainforests. Although they are adaptable animals, being found even in dry steppe, they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide.
Distribution
The jungle cat lives in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, central and Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and in southern China. The jungle cat lives in places with lots of water and thick vegetation, such as swamps, wetlands, littoral and riparian areas, grasslands and shrub. It commonly lives in agricultural lands, such as fields of bean and sugarcane, in its range. It has often been seen near humans. It can even live in places with little vegetation. It is rare in places with lots of snow. Historical records show that it lives in altitudes of 2,310 m (7,580 ft) in the Himalayas. It does not like to live in rainforests and woodlands.
In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Egirdir. In Palestine, it was recorded in the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem.
In Iran, it lives in a lot of habitat. It lives from plains and agriculture lands to mountains at altitudes of 45 to 4,178 m (148 to 13,707 ft) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran. In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.
In India, it is the most common small wild cat. In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at altitudes of 3,000-3,300 m (9,800-10,800 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.
A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.
Feeding
The jungle cat is mostly a carnivore. It likes to eat small mammals like gerbils, hares and rodents. It also hunts birds, fish, frogs, insects and small snakes. Its prey usually weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). Sometimes, it eats mammals as large as young gazelles. The jungle cat is a partial omnivore. It eats fruits, especially in winter.
The jungle cat hunts by stalking its prey. It then chases its prey. The jungle cats ears helps the jungle cat to know where its prey is. It uses different ways to catch prey. Like the caracal, the jungle cat can jump high into the air to catch birds. It is a great climber. The jungle cat can run up to 32 km/h (20 mph). It is a good swimmer. It can swim up to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in water. It can jump into water to catch fish.
References
Felines
Mammals of Asia
Richland, Washington

Richland is a city in the state of Washington.
Cities in Washington (state)
Benton County, Washington
Aether

Aether was the God of light in Greek mythology. He was the son of Erebus and Nyx. Aether is one of the primordial deities, the first-born elementals.
Damascius says that Aether, Erebus and Chaos were siblings, and the offspring of Chronos (Father Time). According to Epiphanius, the world began as a cosmic egg, encircled by Time and Inevitability (most likely Chronos and Ananke) in serpent fashion. Together they constricted the egg, squeezing its matter with great force, until the world divided into two hemispheres. After that, the atoms sorted themselves out. The lighter and finer ones floated above and became the Bright Air (Aether and/or Ouranos) and the rarefied Wind (Chaos), while the heavier and dirtier atoms sank and became the Earth (Gaia) and the Ocean (Pontos and/or Oceanus). See also Plato's Myth of Er.
References
Greek gods and goddesses
Bois-Grenier

Bois-Grenier is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,739 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Ski pole

Ski poles are carried by skiers to help them not falling over. They are called "ski sticks" in the United Kingdom. In France, they are called "batons".
Description
Ski poles in alpine skiing are shorter than ski poles in Nordic skiing. Longer ski poles are used in cross country and free style skiing.
They are made from metal or composite material.
History
Ski poles have been used for a long time. People first used one ski pole when skiing. The first ski poles could also be used as a weapon. A flat circle was put near the bottom of the ski pole in the 17th century. This made it so the ski pole would not go all the way down to the ground. People started to use two ski poles by the start of World War I.
A steel ski pole was first made in 1937. It was invented by Otto Lang. Before this, some people used bamboo for ski poles. More and more people started using metal ski poles after World War II.
Lots of changes were made to ski poles from 1950 to 1975.
References
Skiing equipment
Tösens

Tosens is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Mihnea Motoc

Mihnea Motoc (born 11 November 1966, in Bucharest) is the Deputy Head, European political Strategy Centre, European Commission. He was the Ministry of National Defense of Romania from 2015-2017.
Career
Motoc has been a Romanian diplomat since 1990. Since then most of the time he spent in post around the world. In 2003, he joined the United Nations as a permanent representative of Romania. In 2008 he went to Brussels to be a permanent representative of Romania to the European Union.
In 2013 he has been awarded the "Nicolae Titulescu" prize at "Gala Premiilor Marii Loji Nationale din Romania" for his diplomatic activity.
Personal life
He is married to Constitutional Court of Romania judge Iulia Motoc and they have one child.
References
Sources
Romanian representation to the EU site
Other websites
Romanian representation to the EU site
1966 births
People from Bucharest
Romanian diplomats
Living people
Constipation

Constipation is when it is very hard to pass stool (defecate): that is, get rid of digested food waste (feces). Constipation can be caused by many things. One is eating or drinking too much dairy products that use cow milk. To solve this problem many people use a laxative or eat defecation-inducing foods such as plums. Another possible cause could be an obstruction somewhere along the digestive tract (the path that food travels inside the body). A person suffers from constipation if he or she passes stool three times in a week or more seldom. People suffering from constipation may defecate only once or twice in a week, and their stool is very solid and tough. Normally people defecate daily.
When a person is constipated their lower stomach and intestinal area will be blocked. People can usually conquer constipation by eating natural laxatives such a fruits, fruit juice and dietary supplements. Liquid will help get rid of constipation. Constipation can occur by eating hard food such as cheese or meat.
A good way on preventing constipation is to eat foods which contain fiber such as whole grain
Papaya and guava is very rich in fiber and potassium should be consume after meal everydayGet rid of constipation .
The seven types of stool are:
Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)
Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy, and passing it feels very painful, "like childbirth"
Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface
Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft
Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily)
Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid
Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the "ideal stools", especially the latter, as they are the easiest to defecate, and 5-7 tending towards diarrhoea.
Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Thomas Johnson (murderer)

Thomas Johnson ( March 1898 - 23 January 1939) was an Australian murder born in Tasmania in 1898, he was executed by hanging on 23 January 1939 at HM Prison Pentridge.
References
1898 births
1939 deaths
R'coon Dawg

R'coon Dawg is a 1951 American animated short film. It was produced by Walt Disney and directed by Charles August Nichols. It was the 123rd short in the Mickey Mouse film series to be released, and the only one produced that year.
Even though this cartoon belongs to the Mickey Mouse series, and Mickey Mouse is shown in hunting gear, Pluto is the main character.
Plot
Mickey and Pluto are hunting a raccoon, who is quite clever and intends to make fun of his pursuers.
Voice cast
Pluto: Pinto Colvig
Mickey Mouse: Jimmy MacDonald
Home media
The short was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Living Color, Volume Two: 1939-Today.
References
Other websites
R'Coon Dawg on YouTube
1951 movies
Disney animated movies
1950s English-language movies
Lucile Randon

Lucile Randon (11 February 1904 - 17 January 2023) or Sister Andre, was a French supercentenarian and Roman Catholic nun. She was the world's oldest living person from 19 April 2022, after Kane Tanaka's death, and until her death on 17 January 2023. She was also the oldest person to ever receive the title of the world's oldest living person (118 years and 67 days).
Biography
Randon was born in Ales, on 11 February 1904. She worked as a governess in many families, and became a religious sister at age 41. She worked in a hospital in Vichy for 31 years, then moved to a nursing home in Haute-Savoie for 30 years, and finally to Toulon in 2009. Randon is known by her religious name Soeur Andree. She used a wheelchair.
Randon had three brothers, and a twin sister who died as an infant. On her birthday she said: "115 years is enough, I hope the good lord takes me this year."
At age 116, Randon caught and recovered from COVID-19. She was the oldest known survivor of the virus.
Randon died in her sleep from natural causes at her nursing home in Toulon on 17 January 2023. She was 118 years and 340 days. At the time of her death, she was the oldest living person in the world. she is also the first person ever to die at 118 years old.
Longevity milestones
19 October 2017 - Honorine Rondello died. Lucile Randon become the oldest living person in France.
18 Jun 2019 - Maria Giuseppa Robucci of Italy died. Lucile Randon become the oldest living person in Europe.
11 February 2021 - Lucile Randon became the 10th verified person in history to reach age 117, and the 2nd French person to do so.
5 October 2021 - Francisca Celsa dos Santos of Brazil died. Lucile Randon became the last verified surviving person born in 1904.
11 February 2022 - Lucile Randon became the 4th verified person in history to reach age 118, and the first to do so since Kane Tanaka, who celebrated her 118th birthday on 2 January 2021.
19 April 2022 - Kane Tanaka died. Lucile Randon, aged 118 years and 67 days, become the world's oldest living person.
13 December 2022 - Juliette Bilde died. Lucile Randon, aged 118 years and 305 days, became the last surviving French person born in the 1900s decade.
17 January 2023 - Lucile Randon died in less than a month before her 119th birthday. At the time of her death, she was the fourth-oldest authenticated person ever, behind Jeanne Calment, Kane Tanaka, and Sarah Knauss.
References
1904 births
2023 deaths
French Roman Catholics
Supercentenarians
Nuns
Fábio Aurélio

Fabio Aurelio (born 24 September 1979) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Liverpool.
Club career statistics
|-
|1997||rowspan="4"|Sao Paulo||rowspan="4"|Serie A||15||1
|-
|1998||11||1
|-
|1999||25||1
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Valencia||rowspan="6"|La Liga||7||0
|-
|2001/02||15||1
|-
|2002/03||26||8
|-
|2003/04||2||0
|-
|2004/05||21||0
|-
|2005/06||24||2
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="6"|Liverpool||rowspan="6"|Premier League||17||0
|-
|2007/08||16||1
|-
|2008/09||24||2
|-
|2009/10||14||0
|-
|2010/11||14||0
|-
|2011/12||2||0
55||3
95||11
87||3
237||17
|}
References
h
1979 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Ruffle (software)

Ruffle is an open source program that runs Flash content. It is written in Rust. The emulator can be ran on Windows, macOS, Linux or major web browsers.
Background
Adobe Flash was very popular to use for many types of media, such as videos, games and interactive applications, in the 2000s and early 2010s.
HTML5, a version of HTML which does these things better, slowly made Flash less popular. From 2015, Adobe has openly said HTML5 is better because it is a full open standard. Flash continued to become less popular. In 2017, Adobe said they plan to retire Flash by 2020.
It is often not recommended to create Flash content now, but being able to run old SWF files has been a major digital preservation worry.
Google Labs closed Swiffy, which could convert Flash content to HTML5, in 2016.
History
In 2016, Mike Welsh started the project, which was named Fluster.
Ruffle is open source. Its source code is available on GitHub.
Websites using Ruffle
Some websites have said they will use Ruffle instead of Flash as early as 2019. For example:
August 2019 - Newgrounds
June 2020 - Coolmath Games
November 2020 - Homestar Runner
November 2020 - Internet Archive
December 2020 - Armor Games
February 2021 - Fur Affinity, a furry fandom art website
Support
Ruffle can run older Flash content, which uses ActionScript 1.0 or ActionScript 2.0. ActionScript 3.0 support will come.
Related pages
Haxe
Mozilla Shumway
Lightspark
HTML5
References
Other websites
on GitHub
Ruffle Desktop Client on GitHub
Ruffle Web Client on GitHub
Free software
Andrés Aguilar

Andres Felipe Aguilar Gimpel is an archer from Chile. He was born on 7 December 1996 in Santiago. Aguilar competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
1996 births
Living people
Chilean archers
Chilean Olympians
Sportspeople from Santiago
The Rest of the Robots

The Rest of the Robots (1964) is a collection of eight short stories and two full-length novels by Isaac Asimov. The stories are all part of the Robot series, and follow on from `I, Robot'. The novels were not included in some published versions.
The stories are as follows:
Robot AL-76 Goes Astray (1941).
Robot AL-76, known as Al, is manufactured to do mining work on the Moon, but ends up in a rural part of Earth. It can't find the tool it is meant to use, so builds a better one out of junk it finds in a workshop.
Victory Unintentional (1942)
Intelligent life has been discovered on the planet Jupiter. Humans cannot land on the planet because of the powerful gravity and lack of air. They send a spaceship containing three very powerful ZZ series robots. They land on Jupiter, but the inhabitants, known as Jovians, try to attack and kill them. But when the Jovians eventually discover that the robots are too powerful to be destroyed, they decide instead to make peace with humans.
First Law (1956)
A robot engineer tells a story about Emma Two, a EM series robot, that abandoned him to die in a storm on the asteroid Titan.
Let's Get Together (1957)
An American secret service agent claims that the Soviet Union has developed humanoid robots (they cannot be distinguished from humans), and that they are being infiltrated into the USA. The head of robotics realises just in time that the agent is himself a robot and destroys him.
Satisfaction Guaranteed (1951)
Robot TN-3, Tony, is introduced into the house of Claire Belmont as an experiment, by her husband, a robot engineer with US Robots. Tony realises that Claire has very low self-esteem and tries to help, even offering to become her lover and making sure that the neighbours know it.
Risk (1955)
Humans have set up an experimental base on an asteroid to build the first spaceship to travel through hyperspace (faster than light). The ship is piloted by a robot, but the experiment fails. An engineer goes on board and discovers that the fault lies with the robot, not the ship.
Lenny (1958)
An LNE robot, known as Lenny, is built, but with a fault. It's brain is childlike and it can't speak. Susan Calvin experiments with it and eventually teaches it to speak a few words.
Galley Slave (1957)
Robot EZ-27, known as Easy, is placed in a university to carry out a variety of jobs, including proof-reading. A professor of sociology, Simon Ninheimer, claims that the robot changed the text of a book by himself that it was checking. He takes US Robots to court. Susan Calvin is able to prove that Ninheimer set up the text changes deliberately, so that he could ruin the reputation of the Company and the robots they make.
The Caves of Steel (1953)
The Naked Sun (1956)
Reception
Algis Budrys praised the collection as "a fine book of entertainment," but faulted Asimov's extensive annotations, saying they "[suck] the juice out of some very vivacious writing indeed, and [embalm] one of science fiction's most ebullient personalities."
References
Science fiction books
1964 books
Isaac Asimov
Third Estate

Many states in the Middle Ages of Europe had a system of three classes (estates) - the first estate, the second estate and the third estate. The first and second estates paid low taxes and enjoyed the facilities provided to them. In France in the 18th century the third estate paid 60% taxes, food was not provided to them and they were mostly peasants or farmers so they could not get much money.
After the money in treasury was spent, the king called a meeting of the three estates. He asked the estates to pay more taxes. The first and second estates walked out, and the king let them. The third estate however, was asked to do the heavy lifting again, and pay more tax. They didn't accept and took a pledge called the tennis court pledge and protested against the king. They got thrown in jail, but the rest of the third estate bailed them out.
This act of bravery led to the execution of the last ruler of the Bourbon Dynasty and the end of monarchy.
French Revolution
History of Portugal
Social groups
Azerbaijan Carpet Museum

Azerbaijan Carpet Museum (formerly called the State Museum of Azerbaijan Carpet and Applied Art) displays Azerbaijani carpets and rugs. The display shows various weaving techniques and materials from various periods. It is named after Latif Karimov and has the largest collection of Azerbaijani carpets in the world.
It moved to a brand new building on the Baku's seafront park during 2014 from its former location on Neftchiler Avenue.
History
The museum was established in 1967 and was first located in the Juma Mosque in the Old City. The mosque was built in the 15th century and then renovated in the 19th century. Its first exhibition was held in 1972. In 1992, after the collapse of the USSR, the museum was moved to the second floor of what is now the Baku Museum Center, a building that had originally been the Lenin museum. The collection was named in honour of the carpet designer Latif Karimov.
Plans to move the collection to a new building have been in preparation since 2010 when Azerbaijani carpets were proclaimed "a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage" by UNESCO.
The new building was due to open in late 2012 and was visited by President Ilham Aliyev in September 2013, but as of March 2014 the new building had not yet officially opened its doors to the public. In April 2014 the museum was renamed Azerbaijan Carpet Museum dropping its much longer official title.
Collection
The collection of the museum includes over 10,000 items of ceramics, metal works of the 14th century, jewellery from the Bronze Age, carpets and carpet items from the 17th-20th centuries, national garments and embroidery, and applied art works (decorative arts and design) of the Modern Age.
The museum organizes public lectures, study courses on carpets and applied arts.
It has a book store selling books on Azerbaijani crafts and carpet art.
The museum also holds a permanent collection from the Shusha Museum of History, from the city of Shusha, looted after occupation by Armenian troops in 1992. Part of the exhibited items of the Shusha museum were saved when the director of the museum moved out 600 carpets before the occupation. They are now displayed at the museum in an exhibition titled "Burned Culture".
International exhibitions
The museum does research and public servie work. Every year, state and international exhibitions are organized and catalogues on carpets are printed by the museum. The museum has also held exhibitions in more than 30 countries including France, Germany, England, Japan, the Netherlands. In 1998, the museum participated in a UNESCO-organized exhibition in Paris dedicated to Fuzuli and in 1999 dedicated to the 1,300th anniversary of the Book of Dede Korkut and displayed carpets, folk applied art items, including copper jugs, mugs, buckets and saddle-bags.
Related pages
Azerbaijani carpet
References
Other websites
Museums in Baku
Art museums
National museums in Asia
Buildings and structures in Baku
1967 establishments in Asia
Textile arts
20th-century establishments in Azerbaijan
Watertown, South Dakota

Watertown is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Codington County, and 21,482 people lived there at the 2010 census. Watertown became a city in 1885.
References
Other websites
City of Watertown website
County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1885 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Dakota Territory
Great Lake Swimmers

Great Lake Swimmers is a Canadian folk rock and Indie band originally from Wainfleet, Ontario and now based in Toronto, Ontario. They released their self-titled debut album on January 28, 2003 and it was re-released on April 5, 2005. Great Lake Swimmers has five members in the band; the current band members are Tony Dekker, Erik Arnesen, Greg Millson, Miranda Mulholland and Bret Higgins. The band was named Favourite Folk/Roots Artist/Group in 2010 by the Canadian Indie Awards.
Discography
Albums
Great Lake Swimmers (2003)
Bodies and Minds (2005)
Ongiara (2007)
Lost Channels (2009)
New Wild Everywhere (2012)
EPs
Hands in Dirty Ground (2006)
Live at the Church of the Redeemer (2007)
The Legion Sessions (2009)
References
Other websites
Official website
2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 2003
2010s music groups
Canadian musical groups
Indie bands
Folk music groups
Electoral district of Light

Light is an electoral district of South Australia. It was created in 1857, abolished in 1902 and recreated in 1938.
Light is in Adelaide.
Election results
References
Light
Park City, Utah

Park City is a city in Utah in the United States. It was settled by Mormons in the 1840s and 1850s. There was a lot of mining there in the 1860s. Today, it is a ski resort. Park City has 8,396 people, as of 2020. It is at an elevation of 7,000 feet. It is where the Sundance Film Festival takes place. Some of the events of the 2002 Winter Olympics were held in or near Park City.
References
Ski areas and resorts in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
Bernardston, Massachusetts

Bernardston is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Nasrid

The Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri () was the last Arab and Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty came to power after the defeat of the Almohad dynasty in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three different emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Muhammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Muhammad XII of Granada surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace built under their rule.
List of Nasrid Sultans of Granada
Muhammed I ibn Nasr (1238-1272)
Muhammed II al-Faqih (1273-1302)
Muhammed III (1302-1309)
Nasr (1309-1314)
Ismail I (1314-1325)
Muhammed IV (1325-1333)
Yusuf I (1333-1354)
Muhammed V (1354-1359, 1362-1391)
Ismail II (1359-1360)
Muhammed VI (1360-1362)
Yusuf II (1391-1392)
Muhammed VII (1392-1408)
Yusuf III (1408-1417)
Muhammed VIII (1417-1419, 1427-1429)
Muhammed IX (1419-1427, 1430-1431, 1432-1445, 1448-1453)
Yusuf IV (1431-1432)
Yusuf V (1445-1446, 1462)
Muhammed X (1446-1448)
Muhammed XI (1453-1454)
Said (1454-1464)
Abu l-Hasan Ali, known as Muley Hacen (1464-1482, 1483-1485)
Abu 'abd Allah Muhammed XII, known as Boabdil (1482-1483, 1486-1492)
Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammed XIII, known as El Zagal (1485-1486)
Genealogical chart
Related pages
Al-Andalus
Alhambra
References
William Montgomery Watt: A History of Islamic Spain, Edinburgh University Press, 1965
Other websites
Genealogy of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
Genealogy of the muslim dynasties in Spain
History of Islam
History of Spain
Royal dynasties
Bee County, Texas

Bee County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 31,047 people lived there. The county seat is Beeville.
References
Texas counties
Patricia Medina

Patricia Medina (19 July 1919 - 28 April 2012) was an English actress. She began acting as a teen in the late 1930s. Medina later moved to Hollywood. She acted in period melodramas, such as The Black Knight. Her more memorable movies were Stranger at My Door and Mr. Arkadin. She was very prolific in the early 1950s, though her career faded toward the end of the decade. However, around 1968, she returned and starred in the lesbian themed movie The Killing of Sister George.
Medina was born in Liverpool, England. She was married to Joseph Cotten from 1960 until his death in 1994. Medina died at age ninety-two due to natural causes in Los Angeles.
English television actors
English movie actors
1919 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Liverpool
Jozef Adamec

Jozef Adamec (26 February 1942 - 24 December 2018) was a Slovak football forward and manager.
He played mostly for Spartak Trnava (1959-61, 1963-64, 1966-76). He was member of Dukla Prague (1961-63), he spent one year with Slovan Bratislava (1964-65) and at the end of career played for lower-division Austrian club Slovan Wien (1977-80).
References
Other websites
Osobnosti.sk
1942 births
2018 deaths
Slovak footballers
Slovak football managers
Philip Henrik Hansteen

Philip Henrik Hansteen (1817 - ?) was a Norwegian judge.
Hansteen was born in Moss, and graduated there as a cand.jur. (Candidate of Law) in 1840. From 1840 to 1842 he was a deputy judge at the Moss District Court in Moss. He was a judge in what was Norway's last trail that ended in pillory, making one embarrassed in public. He later worked as a "district stipendiary magistrate" of the Sor-Osterdal District Court from 1854 to 1869. He later worked at the Solor District Court from 1869 to 1879. In 1879 he became a Supreme Court Assessor for the rest of his life.
References
1817 births
Norwegian politicians
Year of death unknown
Roland Matthes

Roland Matthes (17 November 1950 - 20 December 2019) was a German swimmer. He won four European championships and three world championships. He won Olympic gold medals at the 1968 and 1972 and at the World Aquatics Championships in 1973 and 1975.
Matthes died on 20 December 2019 of a heart attack, aged 69.
References
Other websites
1950 births
2019 deaths
German swimmers
East German Olympic gold medalists
East German Olympic silver medalists
East German Olympic bronze medalists
First inauguration of George W. Bush

The first inauguration of George W. Bush as the 43rd president of the United States happened on January 20, 2001. This was the beginning of the first term of George W. Bush as president and Dick Cheney as vice president.
Chief Justice William Rehnquist administered the oath of office at 12:01 p.m. An estimated 300,000 people attended the swearing-in ceremony.
References
George W. Bush
2001 in the United States
Bush, George W.
Erlenbach im Simmental

Erlenbach im Simmental is a municipality of the administrative district Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Bern
Bloodhound

The Bloodhound is a large breed of dog famous for its tracking ability by scent. It stands 23-27 inches (58-69 cm) tall and weighs 80-110 pounds (36-50 kg). It has a long nose, large ears with wrinkles on its face. Its fur is short and its coat is usually a brown and black color. Bloodhounds are known to be a gentle and affectionate breed. This breed lives an average of six years and nine months. Bloodhounds are often used by police because of their tracking ability.
References
Dog breeds
Njál's saga

Njals saga or "The Story of Burnt Njall") is a thirteenth-century Icelandic saga which describes events between 960 and 1020. It's theme is Christianity - with the Althing one man one night ponder decision for Iceland's Constitutional Conversion to the New Christian Creed in 1000 AD - and also with the natural "Christian", Old Njal, a good and decent owner who has bad pagan Chlidren, innocent and accepting dying a protomartyr's death for goodness in his perpretrated burning wood-house.
The principal characters are the friends Njall Thorgeirsson, a lawyer and a sage, and Gunnar Hamundarson, a formidable warrior. Gunnar's wife starts a feud. This leads to the death of many characters over several decades. The central event is the killing of Njal by fire.
The saga deals with blood feuds in the Icelandic peoples. It shows how honor could lead to minor events spiralling into destructive and prolonged bloodshed. There are insults where a character's manhood is called into question. Another characteristic of the narrative is the presence of omens and prophetic dreams. This might reflect a fatalistic outlook on the part of the author.
A key feature of the writing is the valedictory, which is a farewell statement. Just before death, the character speaks his last.
The work is anonymous, and there is speculation about the author's identity. The major events of the saga are probably historical. The material was shaped by the author, drawing on oral tradition, according to his artistic needs. Njals saga is the longest and most highly developed of the sagas of the Icelanders. It is often considered the peak of the saga tradition.
References
Icelandic sagas
13th-century works
Proportions

In mathematics, the word "proportions" means two ratios put into an equation. Some examples of proportions are:
=
=
= , where x = 75.
In algebra, proportions can be used to solve many common problems about changing numbers. As an example, for the increase in a $40 purchase of gasoline (petrol), if the price rose 35 cents, from $3.50 to $3.85, then the proportion would be:
=
The solution is simply:
x = $40/3.50 x 3.85 = $44.00, or $4 more when $0.35 higher.
Many other common calculations can be solved by using proportions to show the relationships between the numbers.
In statistics, a proportion is a number which measures the extent to which a specific characteristic is in a sample or a population. It can be thought of as a percentage. To represent a sample proportion, the letters can be used. To represent a population proportion, the letter can be used.
Proportionality constant
A proportionality constant is a number that is used to convert a measurement in one system to the equivalent measurement in another system. For instance, people who are familiar with the traditional system of units used in the United States (pounds, feet, inches, etc.) may need to find out the metric equivalent for these measures in grams and meters. To make these calculations, they would need some proportionality constants.
One way to write a formula showing how to use a proportionality constant K is:
KX = Y
For example, people may know that they have 100 eggs and want to know how many dozen eggs they have. The proportionality constant K is then 1 dozen/ 12 eggs.
100 eggs x (1 dozen / 12 eggs) = 8 dozen eggs + 4 eggs
In general, given two functions and , if there is a constant such that , then we say that " is directly proportional to ". In symbols, this can be written as .
Examples of proportionality constants
The Planck constant puts the energy of a photon of a given frequency into a commonly used unit of energy, the joule.
Related pages
Proportionality
References
Mathematics
Algebra
Kaunertal

Kaunertal is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Adib Boroumand

Adib Boroumand (or Adib Borumand) (; 11 June 1924 - 13 March 2017) was an Iranian poet, politician, and lawyer. He was the head of the leadership council and chairman of central council of the National Front of Iran. He is known as the national poet of Iran.
He was born on 11 June 1924 in Gaz, Borkhar County, Isfahan, Persia (present-day Iran). He received a B.A. in Judicial Law from the University of Tehran, and since then he had been lived in Tehran.
Boroumand died on 13 March 2017 in Tehran at the age of 92.
References
1924 births
2017 deaths
Politicians from Isfahan
Iranian poets
Iranian lawyers
Writers from Isfahan
From Hell (movie)

From Hell is a 2001 American Czech period horror thriller movie directed by The Hughes Brothers and was based on the graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell. It stars Johnny Depp, Heather Graham, Ian Holm, Ian Richardson, Robbie Coltrane, Jason Flemyng, Annabelle Apsion, Lesley Sharp, Susan Lynch, Paul Rhys, Ian McNeice, David Schofield, Bruce Byron and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
2001 horror movies
2001 thriller movies
2000s horror thriller movies
2000s serial killer movies
American horror thriller movies
American serial killer movies
Czech movies
Movies set in the 1880s
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Albert Hughes
Movies directed by Allen Hughes
Movies set in London
20th Century Fox movies
Kotaro Suzumura

was a Japanese economist and professor emeritus of Hitotsubashi University. He graduated from Hitotsubashi University in 1966.
His research interests were in social choice theory and welfare economics. He was also a Fellow of the Econometric Society. He was born in Tokoname, Aichi, Japan.
References
1944 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Japanese scientists
Japanese economists
Radcliffe, Iowa

Radcliffe is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Randolph, Vermont

Randolph is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 4,669 at the 2020 census.
References
Towns in Vermont
Psion Organiser

Psion Organiser was the brand name of two pocket computers developed by the British company Psion in the 1980s. The Organiser I (launched in 1984) and Organiser II (launched in 1986) had a hard plastic sliding cover protecting a 6x6 keypad unlike a computer keyboard, with letters arranged alphabetically.
They competed with the Filofax and can be considered the first personal digital assistant. They had an electronic diary and searchable address database in a small, portable device.
The Organiser I had an 8-bit Hitachi 6301-family processor, running at 0.9 MHz, with 4 KB of read-only memory and 2 KB of static RAM and a one-row monochrome liquid crystal display screen. It weighed 225 grams.
The Organiser II had its own Organiser Programming Language. It was used by Marks & Spencer, by surveyors who used it with electronic theodolites and by the British government to do social security calculations.
References
Personal digital assistants
Hudson, South Dakota

Hudson is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Lincoln County, and 296 people lived there at the 2010 census. People first started to live in Hudson in 1868.
References
Towns in South Dakota
1868 establishments in the United States
[[Category:1860s establishments in Dakota Territory]