pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Big League Chew

Big League Chew is a brand of bubble gum. It is cut up and packaged in an aluminum foil pouch as a fun imitation of the tobacco-chewing often used by baseball players. It was created by Portland Mavericks left-handed pitcher Rob Nelson and bat boy Todd Field. The Wrigley Company, which makes many other types of chewing gum, bought the idea from Rob Nelson and Jim Bouton.
Big League Chew was first sold in May 1980. Over 800 million pouches of Big League Chew have been sold. It comes in bright colors such as neon green (for their sour apple flavor) and bright purple (grape flavor).
References
1980 establishments in the United States
Candy
Baseball
Agethorst

Agethorst is a municipality in Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Steinburg (district)
Fantastic Science Fiction

Fantastic was an American digest-size fantasy and science fiction magazine. It was published from 1952 to 1980. Ziff Davis started it as a fantasy companion to Amazing Stories. Within a few years sales went down. Howard Browne, the editor, was forced to switch to science fiction not fantasy. Browne lost interest in the magazine. The magazine often published poor-quality fiction in the mid-1950s, under Browne and his successor, Paul W. Fairman. At the end of the 1950s, Cele Goldsmith took over as editor of both Fantastic and Amazing Stories. Goldsmith helped to support the early careers of writers such as Roger Zelazny and Ursula K. Le Guin. In 1965 the magazines were sold to Sol Cohen, who hired Joseph Wrzos as editor and switched to a reprint-only policy. This was financially successful, but brought Cohen into conflict with the newly formed Science Fiction Writers of America. At the end of the 1960s, Ted White became editor and the reprints were stopped.
White worked hard to make the magazine successful, introducing artwork from comics artistsBut, in 1978, Cohen sold out his half of the business to his partner, Arthur Bernhard. White resigned soon after. Elinor Mavor was the next editor, but within two years Bernhard decided to close down Fantastic. He combined it with Amazing Stories, which had always enjoyed a slightly higher circulation.
References
Other websites
Science fiction
American magazines
Albert Reynolds

Albert Reynolds (3 November 1932 - 21 August 2014) was an Irish politician. He was Taoiseach of Ireland two terms in a row. He served from February 1992 to January 1993 and again from January 1993 to December 1994. He was the fifth leader of Fianna Fail during the same period.
In 1995, Reynolds was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.
Reynolds died in Dublin, from complications from Alzheimer's disease, aged 81.
References
1932 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Taoisigh of Ireland
Roman Catholics
Menominee

The Menominee or Menomini or Mamaceqtaw are a federally recognized group of Native American tribes. They live in Wisconsin. Their territory used to be much larger. It was about 10 million acres. They are part of the Northeastern Woodlands. Their large language group is the Algonquian-language. They speak the Menominee language. The five clans include the Bear, the Eagle, the Wolf, the Crane, and the Moose. An important food was wild rice. The Ojibwe people called them "wild rice people" or manoominii. The tribes were usually peaceful. Descent and inheritance were through the father (patrilineal). The tribes had similar cultures to the Chippewa. The tribe had early contact with French colonists. In the 19th century, the Menominee sold much of their land to the United States. This included parts of Michigan and Wisconsin. In Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968), the Supreme Court decided that the Menominee could keep their right to hunting and fishing.
References
Native Americans
Leland Stanford

Amasa Leland Stanford (March 9, 1824June 21, 1893) was an American tycoon, industrialist, politician. He was also the founder of Stanford University along with his wife, Jane Stanford. He came to California with his brothers in 1852 and they were successful in selling tools and mining equipment.
Leland joined with three other Sacramento merchants to form a group who called themselves "The Associates." It was these men--Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington, and, as President, himself. They bonded together as a team to build the first Transcontinental Railway. His role with them drove his politics, and his success in politics for what he was trying to do for Sacramento and California was very much driven by his position as the head of Southern Pacific Railroad.
Stanford was a white supremacist. In 1859, he wrote:I am in favor of free white American citizens. I prefer free white citizens to any other race. I prefer the white man to the negro as an inhabitant to our country.He spent one two-year term as Governor of California after his election in 1861. He later spent eight years as a United States Senator.
References
1824 births
1893 deaths
Governors of California
People from Palo Alto, California
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Gentile Bellini

Gentile Bellini (c. 1429 - February 23, 1507) was an Italian painter. From 1474 he was the official portrait artist for the Doges of Venice.
Related pages
List of Italian painters
1420s births
1507 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Davrey

Davrey is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Davrey
Blandville, Kentucky

Blandville is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
Americana

Americana is about the United States, for example, its culture, geography, history etc.
American culture
Argyle, Manitoba

Argyle is a community in Manitoba, Canada.
The town is about 30 minutes north of Winnipeg. Many farms and gravel companies do well around this area. There is heavy forest and lots of wildlife everywhere.
Settlements in Manitoba
Carbon Cliff, Illinois

Carbon Cliff is a village in Illinois in the United States. There were 2,134 people living in the area according to the 2010 census.
References
Villages in Illinois
Bernd Leno

Bernd Leno (born 4 March 1992) is a German football player. He plays as a goalkeeper for Arsenal and the Germany national team.
References
1992 births
German association football goalkeepers
Arsenal F.C. players
Premier League players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Sportspeople from Baden-Wurttemberg
Living people
Bangor, California

Bangor is a census-designated place (CDP) in Butte County, California, United States.
References
Census-designated places in California
Settlements in Butte County, California
Karl Otto Götz

Karl Otto Gotz (February 22, 1914 - August 19, 2017) was a German artist. He was best known for his many abstract paintings in the Informel, or art without form, style.
Gotz was born in Aachen, Germany and died in Niederbreitbach.
References
1914 births
2017 deaths
German centenarians
German painters
People from Aachen
Freedom, Pennsylvania

Freedom is a borough in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States, located along the Ohio River northwest of Pittsburgh.
References
Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Partido Liberal

The Liberal Party (Portuguese: Partido Liberal, PL) is a political party in Brazil that purveys conservative liberalism. It has been the political party of former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, since 2021.
Political parties of Brazil
Malaussanne

Malaussanne is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Malaussanne
Franz Berwald

Franz Adolf Berwald was a Swedish composer of the 19th Century. He was born in Stockholm on 23 July 1786. He died in Stockholm on 3 April 1868. While he was alive, people generally ignored his composing work, so he had to do other things to gain a living. He worked as an orthopedic surgeon, and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory. Franz adolf berwald came from a family with four generations of musicians.
Today, many people see him as one of the finest Swedish composers of the 19th century.
Swedish composers
Writers from Stockholm
Romantic composers
1786 births
1868 deaths
University of Colorado Boulder

The University of Colorado Boulder (abbreviated "CU") is a public university in Boulder, Colorado. The university has about 30,196 students. It was founded in 1876.
Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Buffaloes. CU, a member of NCAA Division I, has 16 varsity teams--six for men and nine for women, plus a coeducational skiing team. Of these teams, all but skiing compete in the Pac-12 Conference, which CU joined in July 2011 after having been a founding member of the Big 12 Conference in 1996. Colorado will return to the Big 12 in July 2024. Because neither the Pac-12 nor the Big 12 runs a skiing league, that team is a member of the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.
Law school
The Law School at University of Colorado, Boulder, is ranked #40 by U.S. News & World Report. This is for the 2016 rankings and is out of 196 law schools.
References
Other websites
The University of Colorado Boulder
Colorado Buffaloes
Association of American Universities
Pac-12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
1876 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Colorado
Ngangbam

Ngangbam is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
References
Meitei surnames
Ingemar Hedberg

Ingemar Harald Robert Hedberg (8 March 1920 - 19 May 2019) was a Swedish sprint canoeist. He competed in the early 1950s. He won the silver medal in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Hedberg also won three gold medals at the 1950 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Copenhagen.
References
Other websites
1920 births
2019 deaths
Swedish Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Stockholm
Canoeists
Family therapy

Family therapy (also called family counseling, family systems therapy, marriage and family therapy, couple and family therapy) is a branch of psychology that works with families and couples in relationships to help change and development. Schools believe that involving family in problems benefits the victim.
Branches of psychology
Therapy
Phase difference

Phase difference can be defined as the difference between the position of the two waves propagating in the same direction (in a particular time), they don't rise or fall together. At a particular time, they make a difference in amplitude in their motion. For an example, if we consider two pendulum having same time period, now one is starting oscillating after a while another pendulum sets for oscillating then a phase difference is being established in between them.
Wave physics
Mohammad Hassan Ganji

Mohammad Hassan Ganji Ph.D (), (June 11, 1912 - July 19, 2012) was an Iranian meteorologist and academic. He was born in Iran city of Birjand South Khorasan Province.
Education
He completed his studies in Tehran and continued to study geography in England and the United States.
He next began to teach at the University of Tehran and was the first who began to teach modern geography at universities.
Ganji established the Iran Meteorological Organization in 1955 and ran the organization for several years.
. He is considered to be the father of modern geography in Iran.
Career
Ganji established the Iran Meteorological Organization in 1955 and served as the head of Iran's Department General of Meteorology from 1956 to 1968.
Works
He has written over 130 articles in Persian and English and has trained many scholars and masters of geography over the years.
Awards
Winner of the IMO Prize 2001 Professor M.H. Ganji (Iran)
Related pages
Documents on the Persian Gulf's name
References
Mohammad Hassan Ganji in IRNA Persian
Mohammad Hassan Ganji
Ganji
1912 births
2012 deaths
Iranian academics
Meteorologists
Iranian centenarians
Marquette-lez-Lille

Marquette-lez-Lille is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 10,798 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Royal Palace of Turin

The Royal Palace of Turin () is a building in Turin, Italy. It was the centre of the court of the old Duchy of Savoy for almost two hundred years.
Brief history
The palace was the centre of the Savoyard royal court. It was the home of the royal family. It was greatly remodelled by Christine of France during the seventeenth century. The building was worked on by the famous architect Filippo Juvarra. The complex also includes the Palazzo Chiablese the home of the former Duke of Chablais. The Palace was also redecorated by Marie Jeanne of Savoy.
Before the marriage of Maria Antonia of Spain to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia in 1750, the royal apartments were redecorated again.
Before becoming a royal residence, it was the centre of the Viceroys of Savoy that were appointed by Francis I of France after the French captured Savoy in 1536. The building later included the Bishops Palace called the Palazzo San Giovanni.
References
Travel Piedmont & Aosta Valley
reale: the residence of "Savoia" Family in Turin
PALAZZO REALE @ "Torinocultura"
Other websites
Turin
Palaces in Italy
Former royal residences
Vilmos Zsigmond

Vilmos Zsigmond, A.S.C. (June 16, 1930 - January 1, 2016) was a Hungarian-American cinematographer. He was known for his work in Close Encounters of the Third Kind. He won an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award during his career.
Zsigmond was born in Szeged, Hungary. He became an American citizen in 1962. Zsigmond died at his home in Big Sur, California at the age of 85.
References
Other websites
1930 births
2016 deaths
Academy Award winning cinematographers
American cinematographers
BAFTA Award winners
Hungarian people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Carrie Fisher

Carrie Frances Fisher (October 21, 1956 - December 27, 2016) was an American screenwriter, actress and writer. She acted in many movies. Fisher was best known for playing Princess Leia in the Star Wars movies. She was also known for her 1987 novel Postcards from the Edge.
Fisher was born in Beverly Hills, California. She was the daughter of actress Debbie Reynolds and singer Eddie Fisher. Fisher had bipolar disorder. In 2008 her memoir Wishful Drinking was published.
Fisher died on December 27, 2016 at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from complications of cardiac arrest caused by sleep apnea along with other drug uses. at age 60. The next day, her mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage. (Z.A)
References
Other websites
1956 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Actors from Burbank, California
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
American movie actors
American novelists
Actors from Beverly Hills, California
People with bipolar disorder
Screenwriters from California
Paul Simon
Talossan language

Talossan is a constructed language created for the micronation the Kingdom of Talossa. In Talossan the language is called Talossan.
Other websites
Talossan.com
Constructed languages
Kent Acres, Delaware

Kent Acres is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Kent County, Delaware, United States.
Census-designated places in Kent County, Delaware
Hansell, Iowa

Hansell is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Andrea Aguilera (model)

Andrea Victoria Aguilera Paredes (born April 27, 2001) is an Ecuadorian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Supranational 2023 pageant in Nowy Sacz, Poland.
She was previously crowned Miss Grand Ecuador 2021, and represented Ecuador at the Miss Grand International 2021 pageant where she finished first runner-up.
Early life and education
Aguilera was born in Ventanas, Ecuador on April 27, 2001. She was studying medicine at the University of Guayaquil in Guayaquil. In 2022, she entered the Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo in Guayaquil to pursue a bachelor's degree in international business. In the same year, she joined the Ecuadorian reality show Soy el Mejor but left the show early after three judges made derogatory comments about her participation in Miss Grand International. In 2022, Aguilera entered the Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo in Guayaquil to pursue a bachelor's degree in international business.
Pageantry
Miss Grand Ecuador 2021
On May 7, 2021, Aguilera was officially crowned Miss Grand Los Rios 2021. On June 26, 2021, she represented Los Rios at Miss Grand Ecuador 2021 at TC Television in Guayaquil, Ecuador and went on to win the title.
Miss Grand International 2021
On December 4, 2021, Aguilera represented Ecuador at Miss Grand International 2021 and competed against 59 other candidates at the SHOW DC Retail and Entertainment Mega Complex in Bangkok, Thailand and placed as 1st runner-up to Nguyen Thuc Thuy Tien of Vietnam.
Miss Supranational 2023
On July 14, 2023, Aguilera also represented Ecuador at the Miss Supranational 2023 pageant in Nowy Sacz, Poland. In the competition, Aguilera advanced to the top twenty-four, then the top twelve and ultimately the top five, before being announced as the competition's winner and was succeeded by Lalela Mswane of South Africa. Aguilera became the first woman from Ecuador to be crowned Miss Supranational.
References
External links
2001 births
Living people
Models
Beauty pageant winners
Ram Chandra Poudel

Ram Chandra Poudel (Nepali: raam cndr pauddel; born 15 October 1944) is a politician from Nepal who is the third President of Nepal (leader) since March 2023. He used to be a senior leader of the Nepali Congress. Poudel became president on 9 March 2023.
References
Kartavirya Arjuna

Kartavirya Arjuna also known as Sahasrabahu Arjuna) was a legendary Abhira/Yadavking of an ancient Haihayas kingdom with capital at Mahishmati which is on the banks of Narmada River in the current state of Madhya Pradesh. Kartavirya was son of Kritavirya, king of the Haihayas. This is his patronymic, by which he is best known; he is also referred to simply as Arjuna. He is described as having a thousand hands and a great devotee of god Dattatreya. One of the several such accounts states that Kartavirya Arjuna conquered Mahishmati city from Karkotaka Naga, a Naga chief and made it his fortress-capital
References
Indian people
Madhya Pradesh
Tartib al-Musnad

Tartib al-Musnad is the hadith collection used by people who follow the Ibadism sect.
References
Ibadism
Valeyrac

Valeyrac is a commune. It is in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Terence Trent D'Arby

Terence Trent Howard (later Terence Trent D'Arby; born March 15, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter. He became famous with his first studio album, Introducing the Hardline According to Terence Trent D'Arby in 1987.
D'Arby had hit songs including "Dance Little Sister", "Sign Your Name" and the #1 hit "Wishing Well".
D'Arby was born in Manhattan, New York City.
References
1962 births
African-American singers
American singer-songwriters
American contemporary R&B singers
Singers from New York City
Musicians from Manhattan
Living people
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F

The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group F was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: England, Slovakia, Scotland, Slovenia, Lithuania, and Malta. England won the group and qualified for the world cup.
Table
Goalscorers
5 goals
Harry Kane
Adam Nemec
4 goals
Leigh Griffiths
Robert Snodgrass
3 goals
Fiodor Cernych
Josip Ilicic
2 goals
Adam Lallana
Daniel Sturridge
Arvydas Novikovas
Vykintas Slivka
Chris Martin
James McArthur
Marek Hamsik
Robert Mak
Vladimir Weiss
Roman Bezjak
Benjamin Verbic
1 goal
Dele Alli
Ryan Bertrand
Gary Cahill
Jermain Defoe
Eric Dier
Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain
Marcus Rashford
Jamie Vardy
Danny Welbeck
Andrei Agius
Alfred Effiong
Jean Paul Farrugia
Stuart Armstrong
Christophe Berra
Steven Fletcher
Andrew Robertson
Ondrej Duda
Jan Gregus
Juraj Kucka
Stanislav Lobotka
Martin Skrtel
Valter Birsa
Bostjan Cesar
Rene Krhin
Rok Kronaveter
Milivoje Novakovic
1 own goal
Martin Skrtel (against Scotland)
Miha Mevlja (against Slovakia)
Other websites
Qualifiers - Europe: Round 1 , FIFA.com
FIFA World Cup, UEFA.com
Standings - Qualifying round: Group F, UEFA.com
2016 in sports
2017 in sports
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)
Get Hard

Get Hard is an American comedy movie. Alison Brie plays Alissa. Kevin Hart plays Darnell.
Cast
Will Ferrell as James King
Kevin Hart as Darnell Lewis
Alison Brie as Alissa Barrow
Edwina Findley as Rita Lewis
Craig T. Nelson as Martin Barrow
T.I. as Russell
Ariana Neal as Makayla Lewis
Greg Germann as Peter Penny
Paul Ben-Victor as Gayle
Dan Bakkedahl as Leo
Erick Chavarria as Cecelio
Jon Eyez as Big Mike
Nito Larioza as Jaoa
Ron Funches as Jojo
John Mayer as himself
Jimmy Fallon as himself
Production
On December 7, 2012, it was announced that Warner Bros. was in talks to acquire the Get Hard comedy movie script. On September 17, 2013, Etan Cohen was set to direct. On February 24, 2014, Warner Bros. set the release date for 27 March 2015.
Release
The movie was released on 27 March 2015 in the United States.
Reception
It got negative reviews by movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie 29%. Metacritic rates the movie 34 out of 100, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews".
Box office
Get Hard made over $105 million overall.
References
Other websites
2015 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Castilleja

Castilleja, commonly known as Indian paintbrush or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and one species as far west as the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia.
Symbolism
Castilleja linariifolia is the state flower of Wyoming.
Selected species
References
Further reading
Other websites
Native Plant Information Network: Listing of species in the Castilleja genus.
Jepson Manual - taxonomic description of the genus.
Parasitic plants
Lamiales
Germany national volleyball team

The Germany men's national volleyball team is the national team of Germany. It is governed by the DVV (Deutscher Volleyball-Verband). It takes part in international volleyball competitions. Germany won the gold medal in World Championship 1970 under East Germany. It won the bronze medal in the 2014 World Championships.
After German reunification, West Germany (1949-1990) was renamed Germany and they absorbed East Germany (1949-1990) with the records.
Other websites
Official website
FIVB profile
National volleyball teams
Sports organizations of Germany
Soliers

Soliers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Plymouth Colony

Plymouth Colony was an English colony in North America. It existed from 1620 to 1691. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern part of the modern state of Massachusetts.
History
The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth. This settlement served as the capital of the colony. It is today the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Separatists and Anglicans (together, the "Pilgrims") founded the colony. With Jamestown and other settlements in Virginia Colony, it was one of the earliest successful English colonies in North America. It was the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region.
The colony made a treaty with Chief Massasoit. This helped to make the colony a success. The colonists played a role in King Philip's War. The colony merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other territories in 1691. Together they formed the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
Plymouth holds a special role in American history. Many of the Plymouth colonists left England for a place to worship in their own way. The social and legal systems of the colony became tied to their religious beliefs, as well as English custom. Many of the people and events surrounding Plymouth Colony have become part of American folklore. These include Thanksgiving and Plymouth Rock.
Related pages
European colonization of the Americas
British Empire
References
Other websites
Timeline of Plymouth Colony
Colonial America:Plymouth Colony 1620 A short history of Plymouth Colony hosted at U-S-History.com, includes a map of all of the New England colonies.
The Plymouth Colony Archive Project a collection of primary sources documents and secondary source analysis related to Plymouth Colony.
Pilgrim ships from 1602 to 1638 Pilgrim ships searchable by ship name, sailing date and passengers.
1620 establishments
1691 disestablishments
Former colonies in North America
Gavrelle

Gavrelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Socotra

Socotra (Somali: Suqadara, ) is an island east of the Horn of Africa. It lies between the Guardafui Channel and the Indian Ocean. Although Socotra belongs to Yemen, in 2018 it was taken over by the United Arab Emirates.
Geography
To its west it is joined by an archipelago of much smaller islands. It is also named the Islands of San Gustav after the navigator who discovered them, Gustav Peter Galle Daniels. It is located east of the Horn of Africa and south of the Arabian Peninsula.
Climate
Socotra has a borderline tropical, desert climate and semi-desert climate (Koppen climate classification: BWh and BSh), with an average yearly temperature over . With a total of only , the yearly rainfall is light but is fairly spread throughout the year. The total rainfall in the mountains can average as much as per year and can average over per month from October to December, during the northeast monsoon. The southwest monsoon season from June to September brings strong winds and high seas.
Wildlife
The island is very isolated and some 30% of its plant species are found only on Socotra. It has been described as the most alien-looking place on Earth. The island is in length and in width.
Country
Socotra belongs to the Republic of Yemen. From late 2017 to mid-2018, Socotra was occupied by the United Arab Emirates. In 2018, the island was also occupied by Saudi Arabia. The Emiratis and later the Saudis came to Socotra because of the Yemeni Civil War (2015-present). Since 2017, Socotra is no longer under the control of the internationally recognized Yemeni government. The island is under the control of the UAE and under the authority of the sessecionist Southern Transitional Council which is supported by UAE troops.
Related pages
Galapagos Islands, an archipelago of Ecuador which is also famous for its isolated geography and plant and animal species
References
Indian Ocean
Islands of Africa
Geography of Yemen
Noroy-sur-Ourcq

Noroy-sur-Ourcq is a commune. It is in Picardie in the Aisne department in north France.
Communes in Aisne
Emperor Mo of Jin

Emperor Mo of Jin was emperor of China during the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was born in 1202 and died on February 9, 1234. Mo of Jin holds the record for the shortest reign of a monarch in history of China.
References
Other websites
1202 births
1234 deaths
Limoise

Limoise is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
HI

HI or Hi can mean several things:
Hello, an informal greeting in the English language
Hi, a short version of Hello.
Hindi, an Indo-Aryan language
Hydrogen iodide, in chemistry
Hainan, a province of China
Hawaii, a state of the United States
Holiday Inn, a brand of hotels
Democracy in Athens

The Democracy in Ancient Athens was very different from modern democracy. Citizens had the right to help govern but most people were not citizens.
To be classed as a citizen in fifth-century Athens you had to be male, born from two Athenian parents, over eighteen years old, and completed your military service. Women, slaves, metics and children under the age of 20 were not allowed to become citizens.
Citizens could be involved in the running of Athens and could be chosen for important positions. They were also allowed to own land. Citizens were between 10% and 20% of the total population at various times in the 5th and 4th centuries.
The Ecclesia (Assembly of Men)
Ancient Athens had a direct democracy. This meant that each citizen had an equal say and opportunity in the governing of Athens. The citizens of Athens would meet on a hillside (the Pnyx) 30 to 40 times a year to discuss how to run the city better. Usually a few thousand actually came to the meeting.
All citizens could attend the meetings. People would stand on a raised platform called the bema to speak. Speakers wore a garland whilst speaking. Any citizen could speak.
All major decisions concerning the running of Athens were decided here - taxes, war, policy, etc. Any decisions were made by a show of hands.
A black pig would be sacrificed to the gods at the start of the meeting to make sure the meeting went well.
All democratic countries now have an indirect democracy. This means members of parliament are elected to make decisions concerning government. There are now too many people in countries for them to meet on a hillside, and many people are too busy to be able to go many times each year.
The Boule (Council of 500)
Cleisthenes, a democratic reformer, divided Attica into ten tribes in 510 BC. The Boule was made up of 50 male Athenian citizens chosen at random from each of the ten tribes (all over 30 years old). This meant that 500 men were elected, but only 50 served at any one time.
References
Ancient Athens
Democracy
Saint-Aignan, Sarthe

Saint-Aignan is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
Wake Up Dead

"Wake Up Dead" is a song by Megadeth, an American thrash metal band. It was a single from their second album, Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? (1986). It was written by Dave Mustaine. The band plays the song at many of their concerts. It is one of the songs that they play the most. The song went on the UK Singles Chart in 1986.
In 2022, Lamb of God made a cover version of the song with Mustaine. It was released on April 1, 2022.
Track listing
"Wake Up Dead" was released as a single. It was released on 7-inch and 12-inch vinyl records. It was also released on cassette.
7-inch edition
"Wake Up Dead"
"Good Mourning/Black Friday"
12-inch edition
"Wake Up Dead"
"Black Friday (Live)
"Devils Island (Live)
Cassette edition
"Wake Up Dead"
"Black Friday (Live)
"Devils Island (Live)
References
Megadeth songs
1986 songs
Alex Govan

Alexander "Alex" Govan (16 June 1929 - 10 June 2016) was a Scottish professional footballer. He played at outside left. Most of his career, he played with Plymouth Argyle (in two spells) and with Birmingham City during their most successful period in the 1950s. He also had a short spell with Portsmouth.
Govan died at his Plymouth, England home on 10 June 2016 at the age of 86.
References
1929 births
2016 deaths
Footballers from Glasgow
Gwoyeu Romatzyh

Gwoyeu Romatzyh (pinyin: Guoyu luomazi, literally "National Language Romanization"), abbreviated GR, is a romanization of Mandarin Chinese, or a way to write Mandarin using the Roman alphabet, made by Yuen Ren Chao and some other linguists in the late 1920s. It was made as a way to write Mandarin using tonal spelling, or spelling rules that would change the syllable's spelling depending on its tone. For example, the syllable chai would be written as chai if it has the first Mandarin tone (or chai in Pinyin), chair if it has the second tone (chai), chae if it has the third tone (chai), and chay if it had the fourth tone (chai). Y.R. Chao created GR in order to increase literacy in China because China's illiteracy was very high in the early 20th century. He made it that tones could be written without extra tone markers, which can be long and difficult to add when printing.
Even though many other Asian languages use tonal spelling, like Hmong, they all represent tones by using the same letter each time the tone is used. In Hmong, for example, -b is always a high tone, -s is always a low tone, -j is always high-falling tone. In GR, however, each syllable final has its own spelling rules, and many exceptions exist within these rules. For example, first tone words with the final -a as in ba is written with just one vowel like ba, except when the syllable begins with an l-, m-, or n-, which then must be written as lha, mha, and nha in that order. This is only one of its many rules and exceptions.
Unsurprisingly, many people thought GR was too difficult to learn. Nonetheless, it still has many supporters, and they would rather learn using GR than Pinyin. While supporters of GR claim that it helps users of GR remember tones better than people who just use Pinyin, studies have not supported this claim. As a matter of fact, one study showed that after one year, the subjects who learned Chinese using Pinyin could more accurately speak Mandarin with tones than those who learned using GR.
After the Communist Party took over China, it tried to replaced all romanizations of Chinese, including GR, with Pinyin. While GR is not an official romanization in Taiwan, it can be seen in several places, including road signs, people's names, and the names of products, even though Hanyu Pinyin is the official romanization of Taiwan.
Even though almost all romanizations in mainland China today are in Pinyin, there are still some exceptions. For example, the name of the province Shaanxi is written in GR rather than in Pinyin, which would be Shanxi with tone markers, because there is already another province named Shanxi, which is written as Shanxi with tones. If the Pinyin names were to be written without tone markers (which they often are in everyday Pinyin), they should both be spelled Shanxi. Therefore they would be impossible to tell apart using just Pinyin without tones. Therefore, an exception has been made in this case.
Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Pinyin, and GR with English translations.
References
Romanization of Chinese
Red (Pokémon)

is the main protagonist of Pokemon Red and Blue, the first two games in the Nintendo's Pokemon franchise, as well as the Pokemon Green and Yellow sequels.
The protagonist of the main Pokemon's anime adaptation, Ash Ketchum, was based on him.
Appearances
In video-games
Red is the protagonist of the Pokemon Red and Blue video games and their Pokemon FireRed and LeafGreen remakes.
In the game, Red is an 11-year-old boy from Pallet Town. Red began to take an interest in Pokemon, after his best friend Green stopped playing with him. His adventure begins when one day Professor Oak calls Red and Green to his laboratory to receive his initial Pokemon. After receiving the Pokemon from him, Green challenges Red to a battle. Later, Oak's teacher gives Red and Green a Pokedex to fulfill their dream of completing all the Pokemon information.
Red travels all over Kanto, filling the Pokedex with information and defeating Gym leaders. His rival, Green, is always one step ahead of him, and it seems that many times, he tries to impede Red's progress. When Red finally reaches the Indigo Plateau to face the High Command, Red learns that Green has defeated all members of the High Command, being the current champion of the Pokemon League. In the end, Red defeats his rival Green in battle, and becomes the new champion.
Aside from Green, Team Rocket is Red's main enemy, who tries to thwart his malevolent plans. During his tour of Kanto, Red has several clashes with Team Rocket. When Red defeats Giovanni (Team Rocket Leader) the organization disappears. However, several members who are on Inta Island, are unaware of what happened and are defeated by Red. Three years later, Team Rocket focuses its attention on the Johto region.
Anime
Red is the protagonist of the anime miniseries Pokemon Origins, where Red narrates the events of the first Pokemon games (Pokemon Red and Blue/Green) from the beginning of his journey to become Champion of the Kanto Pokemon League.
Other appearances
Red makes his appearance in his original appearance from the third generation of Pokemon video games, in the Wii's video game Super Smash Bros. Brawl.
References
Pokemon characters
Anime characters
Eiichiro Ozaki

Eiichiro Ozaki (born 7 December 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.
Club career statistics
|-
|2003||Albirex Niigata||J. League 2||17||0||0||0||17||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Albirex Niigata Singapore||rowspan="4"|S. League||20||2||1||0||21||2
|-
|2005||3||1||0||0||3||1
|-
|2006||32||14||3||1||35||15
|-
|2007||32||4||1||0||33||4
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Gainare Tottori||rowspan="3"|Football League||20||2||0||0||20||2
|-
|2009||20||1||1||0||21||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||
57||3||1||0||58||3
87||21||5||1||92||22
144||24||6||1||150||25
|}
References
Gainare Tottori
1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
J3 League players
Azul Claro Numazu players
Electoral system

An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are run and how their results are decided. They are used in politics to elect national and local governments. Elections also happen in businesses, and other sorts of organisations. These rules usually govern voting, when elections happen, who can vote, who can be a candidate, how the votes are counted, how votes decide the election, limits on campaign spending, and other things that can affect the result.
There are many different electoral systems. Sometimes different systems are used in different sorts of elections in the same country.
Voters may vote directly for candidates or their votes may elect an electoral college where their representatives may run a further election. Areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives in each. Voters may vote directly for individual candidates or for a list of candidates.
The most common systems are first-past-the-post voting, multiple non-transferable vote, the two-round (runoff) system, party-list proportional representation and ranked or preferential voting as used in single-winner Instant-runoff voting or multi-winner Single transferable voting.
Different voting systems may effect the results, and they may be changed to benefit those in power.
References
Elections
Black Lake (Louisiana)

Black Lake is a reservoir located between Creston and Campti in North Louisiana. Water feeds into Black Lake from Black Lake Bayou, a watershed that extends from north of Gibsland in Bienville Parish and south to Clarence in Natchitoches Parish through the parishes of Claiborne, Webster, Bienville, Red River and Natchitoches. The elevation of the lake is . Louisiana Highway 9 runs across Black Lake. On the west side of Highway 9 the body of water is called Black Lake -- the east is called Clear Lake or Clear Lake Bayou. The Clear Lake side is near another body of water: Saline Lake. Between Clear Lake and Saline Lake is the Alan Chiverly Dam, constructed in 1934. Road 1226 also extends between the lakes.
Residents about Black Lake use the Campti and Clarence ZIP Codes, 71411 and 71414, respectively. They are zoned to Lakeview Junior/Senior High School. There are boat launches and campgrounds for fishing and boating. Bell's Camp, founded in 1936 by the late Albert and Eva Bell, is still operated by their daughter, Joy Bell Wimberly (born 1924). Nearby is a catfish and steak restaurant known as Sea and Sirloin, which opened in 1983.
Landscape
Black Lake is wide in some places such as at the Hwy 9 bridge and tight in other places because of the growth of cypress trees. There are channels cut into the lake that allow clearance for boats. Boats stay in the channels or risk grounding the bottom of the boat on tree stumps. The aquatic vegetation such as moss, seaweed and algae are visible at surface level.
Cities
Geography
The latitude and longitude coordinates for Black Lake are 31.9574, -93.0466 and the altitude is 102 feet (31 m).
References
Geography of Louisiana
Dams in the United States
Ark-La-Tex
Lakes of the United States
Buildings and structures in Louisiana
Shingle beach

A shingle beach (or pebble beach) is a beach made of pebbles, not sand. The stones may be from diameter. These beaches strongly resist erosion by waves.
This beach landform is quite common in Western Europe, because the pebbles come from the lines of flint in the chalk. Chesil Bank is an example. When the chalk erodes, the tough flint stays as pebbles.
Other examples are found in Bahrain, North America and in a number of other places. On the east coast of New Zealand's South Island, there are mixed shingle and sand fans in the braided rivers.
References
Country (movie)

Country is a 1984 American drama movie directed by Richard Pearce. It stars Jessica Lange (in her Oscar nominated role), Sam Shepard, Wilford Brimley, Matt Clark, Sandra Seacat and was distributed by Touchstone Pictures.
Other websites
1984 drama movies
1980s American drama movies
Movies set in Iowa
Movies about agriculture
Movies directed by Richard Pearce
A Weekend in the City

A Weekend in the City is the second studio album by Bloc Party. It was released on 5 February 2007. The album was produced by Jacknife Lee. The album cover is A Project by Rut Blees Luxemburg. This album deals more with original day working life than was on Silent Alarm. The album has themes from the 7 July 2005 London bombings, immigration, drug abuse, and criticism of youth and casual sex. The album has gotten many high reviews by web-critics and fans.
The album came in at #56 in the United Kingdom end of year album chart. It sold about 266,500 copies in 2007. Over 1 million copies of the album have been sold worldwide.
2007 albums
Bloc Party albums
Rock albums
Grainola, Oklahoma

Grainola is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
Towns in Oklahoma
Foreign direct investment

Foreign direct investment is the participation of one country's resources in another country's business. Many times people and technology are transferred between the two countries. Most foreign direct investment happens between the most developed countries; Western Europe, the US, and Japan. A foreign direct investor (someone who makes a foreign direct investment) can be a government body, a company, or an individual. China has much foreign direct investment in it from other countries. India was the second most. The United States is also a leader in foreign direct investment.
Trade
Ali Pasha

Ali Pasha of Tepelena or the "Lion of Yannina", (1741 - January 24, 1822) was a Muslim Albanian ruler (pasha) of the western part of Rumelia, the Ottoman Empire's European territory in modern day northwestern Greece which was also called Pashalik of Janina. His court was in Ioannina, where Lord Byron visit him. In the Novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, pere, Ali Pasha's daughter Haydee is mentioned.
His name in the local languages was: Albanian: Ali Pashe Tepelena, Aromanian: Ali Pashelu, Greek: Ale Pasas Tepelenles Ali Pasas Tepelenlis or Ale Pasas ton Ioanninon Ali Pasas ton Ioanninon (Ali Pasha of Ioannina) and Turkish: Tepedelenli Ali Pasa.
1741 births
1822 deaths
Albanian politicians
Over the River and Through the Wood

"Over the River and Through the Wood" is a Thanksgiving poem by Lydia Maria Child. It appeared in the second volume of her Flowers for Children in 1844. The original title of the poem is, "The New-England Boy's Song About Thanksgiving Day".
Boston College writes: "Starting with the familiar line, "Over the river and through the wood", this poem is easily Child's most famous work. Child never revised the poem herself, but the verses changed over time, especially when they were set to music.
With its bouncing rhythms and high spirits, the poem draws on the writer's childhood memories of visiting her grandfather's house on Thanksgiving. Having gained notoriety for her ideas about race, Child kept her antislavery ideals out of this volume in an effort to avoid controversy and boost sales. Flowers for Children contains only two stories involving race, and they both avoid addressing racial prejudice head on. In this nostalgic poem, Child takes us back to the simple pleasures of a family holiday."
References
19th-century American poems
1840s poems
The Language of the Night

The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction is a collection of essays written by Ursula K. Le Guin. Susan Wood edited the book. It was first published in 1979. A new and different edition was published in 1992. The 24 essays in the book come from many sources, including journals, book introductions, and award-acceptance speeches. Le Guin was well known as a fantasy and science fiction author. But her criticism was not easy to find before this collection. The Language of the Night has [Le Guin]'s most important ideas about writing. It is about topics such as Americans' attitudes towards fantasy fiction, the strengths and weaknesses of science fiction, and how children's literature is special. She also discusses the background of her major works such as A Wizard of Earthsea and The Left Hand of Darkness. However, some critics complained that The Language of the Night has both more important and less important writing. The collection was nominated for a Hugo for Best Related Non-Fiction Book category in 1980. The title comes from Le Guin's description of fantasy literature. She said, "We like to think we live in daylight, but half the world is always dark; and fantasy, like poetry, speaks the language of the night."
References
Essays
1979 books
Books by Ursula K. Le Guin
Volkertshausen

Volkertshausen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany.
References
Other websites
Official website
Konstanz (district)
Kuriokowa

Kuriokowa is a Japanese dish containing chestnuts and rice usually eaten during the fall.
Japanese food
Heckler & Koch PSG-1

The Heckler & Koch PSG-1 is a semi-automatic sniper rifle. It is made by the German gun company Heckler & Koch. PSG-1 is a shortening of the German word Prazisionsschutzengewehr-1, or literally the "precision-shooting rifle". It fires the 7.62x51mm NATO bullet. It is a heavily changed version of the G3 rifle. The Munich massacre during the 1972 Summer Olympics showed the need for West German police and counter-terrorists to have a precision rifle, which West Germany did not have at the time.
The PSG-1 is very accurate and has a large 20-round box magazine. However, its heavy weight, high price, lack of versatility, and its ease of jamming made the rifle not very practical, so it was eventually replaced by other sniper rifles. However, its unique look made it a popular weapon in video games. It appeared in games like the Metal Gear series, the Call of Duty series, the Rainbow Six series, and Resident Evil 5.
References
7.62 mm rifles
Rifles of the Cold War
Vicki Ann Funk

Vicki Ann Funk (November 26, 1947 - October 22, 2019) was an American botanist and researcher. She was a Senior Research Botanist and Curator at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History.
She was known for her work on members of the composite family (Asteraceae) including collecting plants in many parts of the world, as well as her synthetic work on phylogenetics and biogeography.
Funk died on October 22, 2019 at the age of 71.
References
1947 births
2019 deaths
American botanists
People from Owensboro, Kentucky
Naxalbari uprising

The Naxalbari Uprising was a West Bengali peasant revolt in India in 1967. It inspired the creation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Origin
In the 1960s, the Soviet Union and Communist China weren't getting along anymore. So a man by the name of Charu Majumdar decided that it was a good time to lead a revolt that was based on Mao's revolution in China.
History
From 1965 to 1966, Communists got control of Naxalbari, a region in West Bengal. But they didn't appoint peasants to as ministers. So in March 1967, the peasants started a violent uprising. The government sent the police to deal with it so the rebels killed one of them. Then the police shot and killed nine women and one child. Then the revolt got worse. Then the government sent the paramilitary to crush the rebellion and it did. They arrested its leader Jangal Santhal while its other leader Charu Majumdar ran away and the other rebel leaders were all killed.
1967 in Asia