pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Olivier Jean-Marie

Olivier Jean-Marie (born 25 April 1960) is a French animator and director of animated movies and shows. In 2007, he directed Go West: A Lucky Luke Adventure, an animated feature film of Lucky Luke. In 2010, he created and directed Zig and Sharko, a slapstick comedy, and in 2013, he wrote and directed Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie. Oggy and the cockroaches is one of his most famous movies. In the French comedy Oggy, a tom-cat, tries to catch three cockroaches messing about in his house.
Filmography
Television
References
1960 births
Living people
French movie directors
Khas people

Khas people () are people of Indo-Iranian ethno-linguistic group. They are indigenous native speakers of Nepali language (Khas Kura; translit.Khas speech) which is an Indo-Iranian language. Khas people have been referred as Parbatiya and Pahari or Gorkhali. Khas are most dominant faction in Nepal. They are around 31% of Nepal but nearly two thirds of government officials. The word "Khas" is little used in modern times. Khas peoples call themselves by their group names such as Bahun, Kshetri, Sanyasi/Sannesi, Kami, Damai, etc.
History
Khas people have been described as of Indo-Iraian genes thus unrelated to darker Indic people of India. . Khas people consists of Bahun (Khas Brahmin), Chhetri & Thakuri (Khas Kshatriyas), Sanyasi, Kami, Damai, Gandharbha/Gaine, Badi and Sarki people. Many historians referred dominant Thakuri and Chhetri as Khas Rajputs.
Modern day
Khas people continue Hindu religion with some ancestral deity called Masto gods.
Khas family names
Bahun, Chhetri & Thakuri
Acharya, Adhikari, Arya, Aryal, Bam, Badola, Saun (Saud or Samant), Bagadwal, Baral, Basnet/Basnyat, Barmola, Bhandari, Bhattarai, Bista/Bisht, Bhatta, Bhetwal, Budhathoki, Chand, Chauhan, Chaulagain, Chhetri, Dahal, Dabral, Devkota, Dhakal, Dimri, Dhungel, Dobhal/Doval, Dobriyal, Dulal, Gautam, Gusain, Ghimire, Joshi, Kalauni, Karki, Kattel, Katuwal, Kandari, Kukreti, Khand, Khadka, Khanal, Khatri/K.C., Koirala, Kunwar, Lohani, Oli, Mainali, Negi, Nautiyal, Nouni, Pathak, Panta, Pandey, Hamal, Malla, Mamgain Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Pokharel, Rana, Rawat, Rautela, Raturi, Rijal, Regmi, Rimal, Sitoula, Sapkota, Shah, Sen, Shahi, Silwal, Semwal, Sharma, Singh, Thakur/Thakuri, Thapa, Thapliyal, Upreti, Upadhyay, Wagle, Wasti, Air, Aidi, Kandwal, khadayat, kathayat, pela, bhat, ter, bohra, pali, budal, chaisir, danga, rawal, pujara, mahat, mahra etc.
Sanyasi (Dasnami)
Bharati, Giri, Puri, Yogi, etc.
Khas Dalits
Badi, Bishwakarma/B.K., Damai, Dholi, Gandharbha, Kami, Nagarchi, Pariyar, Ranapaheli, Sarki, Sundas, etc.
References
Citations
Books
Nepalese people
Ethnic groups in India
Himalayas
Ragheb Harb

Ragheb Harb (1952-1984) was one of the Shia resistance leaders in Lebanon against Israel's occupation in Southern Lebanon. He was assassinated by Israelis on 16 February 1984.
He was one of the founders of Hezbollah.
References
1952 births
1984 deaths
Assassinated people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese nationalists
Lebanese terrorists
Muslim terrorists
Cybra

CYBRA Corporation is a software company that provides barcode, RFID, and RTLS systems for businesses. Their flagship product is called MarkMagic and they also offer Edgefinity IoT RFID software.
History
It was founded in 1985 and is based in Yonkers, New York. In 1990, CYBRA released a barcode labeling product called MarkMagic. CYBRA became an IBM Business Partner in June 1988. CYBRA became a public company in December 2006. Along with Key West Technologies LLC, in 2009 CYBRA formed a joint venture with the Waterborne Transportation Institute (WTI) of the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China to create tracking software to improve the handling of maritime shipping containers.
In 2016, CYBRA released Edgefinity IoT RFID software. The software provides applications for asset tracking, lone worker safety monitoring, work in process deployment, and supply chain management. The latest version of MarkMagic is MarkMagic X, which was released in 2020. Their main office is where The Otis Elevator Company developed the first modern safety elevator. CYBRA's company headquarters are in Yonkers, New York.
References
American software companies
Seui

Seui (Seui) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,291 people lived there. Its area is 148.21 km2. It is 820 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Cucq

Cucq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Concurring opinion

In law, a concurring opinion is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision. It may also be used to add comments. When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions. The concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is called the plurality opinion.
Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent (common law) and cannot be cited as such. But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming there is no binding precedent already in effect). The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law in the majority opinion. Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of "test cases" that would allow the development of a new legal rule. In turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. A well-known example of this phenomenon is Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944).
Concurring opinions by region
In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts. Concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion. In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion and a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment
Terminology at the various courts
At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
The term concurring opinion is used at the Supreme Court of the United States.
The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions. Judges very rarely add declarations to the judgment.
The Law Lords of the United Kingdom give each an opinion of their own. No aggregated judgment is provided.
In some jurisdictions (e.g., California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to conc. opn.
Notes
References
Legal terms
Mongol invasions of Japan

in 1274 and in 1281 were major military events in Japanese history. Kublai Khan twice tried to conquer the Japanese islands; and his armies failed both times.
The two failed invasion attempts are important because they were defining events in Japanese history.
The attempts show the limits of Mongol (Yuan Dynasty) ability to expand the Chinese empire.
Timeline
November 19, 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan. Some military forces landed near Fukuoka in Kyushu; however, a storm sank many of the ships. The major part of the invading army is drowned. The invaders retreat to Korea. During the brief fighting, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground. This is called the or the "Bun'ei War".
1281 (Koan 4): There was a second Mongolian attempt to invade Japan. This is called the or the "Koan War".
Consequences
After the destruction of the Mongol invaders, Japan's independence was guaranteed. A power struggle within Japan led to the growth of military governments and less Imperial power.
Related pages
Kamikaze
Kamakura shogunate
References
Other websites
Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information, "Historic spots of Genko (Mongol invasion of Japan)"
Bowdoin, Mongol Invasions of Japan
Wars involving Japan
Wars involving China
Mongol Empire
13th century in Japan
1274
1281
May Pang

May (Fung-Yee) Pang (born October 24, 1950) was a personal assistant to former Beatle John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono. She later became Lennon's companion and lover, when he separated from Ono in the mid-1970s. Pang was born in New York, New York to Chinese parents.
Pang was a secretary at ABKCO, a management company started by Allen Klein, in New York City. ABKCO's clients included three of the Beatles: Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. When Lennon and wife Ono needed an assistant, Pang was sent to England to work for them. She dated musician Peter Ham of Badfinger, and helped Lennon and Ono move to the United States, late in 1971.
During 1973, Lennon and Ono began to have problems in their marriage. Ono trusted Pang, and suggested her as a companion for Lennon, knowing he wanted to see other women. Lennon surprised Ono by taking Pang with him to Los Angeles, where he planned to record an album with Phil Spector. Lennon and Pang lived together for over a year, while he worked on new music, and tried to decide whether to divorce Ono or reconcile with her.
Lennon and Ono decided to reconcile early in 1975, and became the parents of Sean Lennon. Even though Pang had been involved with the marketing of several of Lennon's records, and also records by Harry Nilsson and Ringo Starr, she had a hard time finding a new job. She later found out the reason was because many companies were afraid Lennon would not want to do business with them, if he knew she worked there.
Pang finally found a job with Island Records, and later worked for RKO. She married record producer Tony Visconti (the former husband of singer Mary Hopkin), and they started a family. After Lennon's death in 1980, Pang wrote a memoir, titled Loving John. She also appeared on many talk shows, to discuss her relationship with Lennon.
People from New York City
The Beatles
1950 births
Living people
Valdez, Alaska

Valdez is a city in Alaska. The city is one of the most important ports in Alaska because it lies at the southern end of the Alaska Pipeline, which carries oil from the Prudhoe Bay oil field on the state's Arctic Ocean coast. It is in the of Prince William Sound. It is surrounded by the Chugach Mountains.
Cities in Alaska
Saint-Aubin, Indre

Saint-Aubin is a commune. It is in Centre-Val de Loire in the Indre department in central France.
Communes in Indre
Associação Atlética Ponte Preta

Ponte Preta is a Brazilian soccer club.
Other websites
Ponte Preta official website
Brazilian football clubs
Burton K. Wheeler

Burton Kendall Wheeler (February 27, 1882January 6, 1975) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Democratic Party in Montana. He was a United States Senator from 1923 until 1947. He was Robert M. La Follette's running mate for the 1924 election.
References
1882 births
1975 deaths
Lawyers from Montana
United States senators from Montana
Politicians from Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Massachusetts
Eijsden-Margraten

Eijsden-Margraten is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 25,658 people lived there.
It was created on 1 January 2011 from the former municipalities of Eijsden and Margraten.
2011 establishments in the Netherlands
Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Dadra and Nagar Haveli was a union territory in India. It covers an area of 188 mi2 or 487 km2, it is bigger than Andorra, but smaller than Saint Lucia.
In 2020, it merged with Daman and Diu to make a new union territory, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Dadra and Nagar Haveli is now a district of this territory.
References
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
Orpheum (Vancouver)

The Orpheum is a theatre and music venue. It is located on 884 Granville Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Orpheum is a part of the Vancouver Civic Theatres group of live performance venues along with the Queen Elizabeth Theatre and Vancouver Playhouse. It was opened on November 7, 1927 as a vaudeville house although they had their first show the day before. When it opened in 1927, The Orpheum was the biggest theatre in Canada, had three thousand seats and cost $1.25 million to build. When vaudeville was slowing down from its popularity, the Orpheum found new owners in Famous Players and became mainly a movie house but hosted live events every now and then.
In 1973, Famous Players wanted to turn the place into a multiplex because of economic reasons. There was a "Save the Orpheum" public protest that was launched, which Jack Benny flew in to help with. The Orpheum was then saved.
It is the home of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. The Orpheum was designated a National Historic Site of Canada on November 15, 1979.
References
Other websites
Official website
Theatres
Vancouver
1927 establishments in North America
1920s establishments in Canada
Bruino

Bruino is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Settlements in Piedmont
Tarquinia

Tarquinia is an Italian city in Lazio. Tarquinia is in the Province of Viterbo. About 16,000 people live there. It is known for its ancient Etruscan tombs, which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.
In 1922, it was renamed after the ancient city of Tarquinii (Roman) or Tarchuna (Etruscan).
References
Cities in Lazio
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Genoese dialect

Genoese, locally called , is the Ligurian dialect spoken in Genoa, the capital city of Liguria, in Northern Italy.
Romance languages
Languages of Italy
Genoa
Interscope Records

Interscope Records is an American major record label. It is owned by Universal Music Group.
History
The label was founded by Jimmy Iovine and Ted Field. It was made as a joint venture with Atlantic Records. One of the main features of the company was weak control over the musicians. This allowed them to freely implement their ideas in creativity. Already in 1993, a year after its founding, the label's profits recouped the $20 million invested in its opening. Until May 2014, the CEO of the company was Iovine, after which he was replaced by John Yanick.
In 1992, Interscope acquired the exclusive distribution rights for the releases of hip-hop-specialized label Death Row Records, whose artists included Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and Tupac Shakur. Later, due to the distribution of the gangsta rap albums by the company, the label was embroiled in great conflict with members of the public. As a result, in 1995 Time Warner, owner of Universal Music Group, severed ties with Interscope, selling 50% of the shares to Field and Iovine for $115 million. In 1996, 50% of the shares were bought for $ 200 million by MCA Music Entertainment Group, later known as Universal Music Group.
References
Related pages
List of Interscope Records artists
Other websites
Interview with Mark Williams, A&R at Interscope Records
American record labels
1990 establishments in California
Companies based in Santa Monica, California
Gasterochisma

Gasterochisma is a genus of marine ray-finned fish commonly known as the butterfly kingfishes. It is the type genus of the subfamily Gasterochismatinae. The common name of this genus refers to the butterfly kingfish, the type species of this genus.
Species
Gasterochisma melampus (butterfly kingfish)
Scombriformes
Havelock MRT station

Havelock MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Thomson-East Coast line in the Bukit Merah planning area, Singapore. It is located along Zion Road and it serves the Bukit Ho Swee residential estate, the historic Tiong Bahru estate, as well as Tan Boon Liat Building and Holiday Inn.
References
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Bouldering

Bouldering is a type of rock climbing. Bouldering comes without gear, belayer, and associated distractions. As such, it allows a climber to focus completely on the terrain and their movement. It is climbing heights at which the climber does not usually suffer serious injuries in case of a drop. To protect from injuries there are usually special bouldering mats underneath the climber. It is usually practiced on large natural boulders and in climbing gyms.
Bouldering basics
Boulder routes are called "problems", because this style is like solving climbing-problems. The height of boulder problems is rarely higher than . Otherwise the risk of injuries is too high. Often other climbers, who stand on the ground, spot the climbers to protect them from hitting the ground with the head or the spine.
Equipment
The equipment used by boulderers is not much. They use special climbing shoes, a bouldering mat, some brushes to clean the grips and sports tape.
History
Bouldering was invented in the late 19th century. It has been first documented in France, England and Switzerland. It has been practiced for a long time but in the 1930s and 1940s it was practiced for its own sake in Fontainebleau in France.
Today many rock climbers are specialized boulderers and it is their favourite style of climbing.
References
Rock climbing
Derek Ho

Derek Ho (September 26, 1964 -- July 17, 2020) was an American surfer. He won the World Surf League championship in 1993. Ho was born in Kailua, Hawaii.
On July 17, 2020, Derek Ho suffered a heart attack and died at a Honolulu hospital, aged 55.
References
1964 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Hawaii
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Brecqhou

Brecqhou is one of the Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. It is just west of Sark and has a surface area of about 200 acres (0.81 km2; 0.31 sq mi).
It is outside of the United Kingdom and not part of the European union. Brecqhou has a castle that belongs to the Barclay brothers, owners of London's The Daily Telegraph. The castle is sometimes used for meetings and filing of papers outside of the United Kingdom.
References
Islands of the Channel Islands
Guernsey
Accession

Accession is the attainment or acquisition of a position of rank or power, typically that of monarch or president. Eg."the queen's accession to the throne".
Accession day is a celebration. It is usually the anniversary of when a monarch takes office. The earliest record of accession celebrations are from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
Accession is not the same as coronation or inauguration. Coronation and inauguration are both ceremonies which take place after the accession.
Politics
Nadsat

Nadsat is a slang language. It was invented by Anthony Burgess when he wrote a book called A Clockwork Orange. The book is about a teenager called Alex. Alex speaks Nadsat in the book. Stanley Kubrick turned the book into a film, also called A Clockwork Orange.
The name of the slang language Nadsat comes from Russian. So do many words in the language itself. In Russian, numbers between ten and twenty end with -nadsat. This is like the way the same numbers end with -teen in English. So Nadsat means 'teen'.
Although there is 1950s Russian slang in Nadsat, there are other languages too. However, most words in Nadsat are English or variations of English. One type of English variation used is rhyming slang.
Examples
viddy: to see (from Russian slang)
appy polly logy: apology (rhyming slang)
Slang
Hans Frank

Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 - 16 October 1946) was a German lawyer. He worked for the Nazi party during the 1920s and 1930s. Later he became a high-ranking official in Nazi Germany. He was prosecuted during the Nuremberg trials for his role in the Holocaust. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed on 16 October 1946. Before his execution, Frank repented and returned to the Catholic Church.
1900 births
1946 deaths
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
German lawyers
German Roman Catholics
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People executed by hanging
People from Karlsruhe
Politicians from Baden-Wurttemberg
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
Edmund White

Edmund Valentine White III (born January 13, 1940) is an American novelist, memoirist and essayist. Most of his writings are on the topic same-sex relationships. His books include The Joy of Gay Sex (1977) (written with Charles Silverstein), A Boy's Own Story (1982), The Beautiful Room Is Empty (1988) and The Farewell Symphony (1997).
White was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He is HIV-positive. He married writer Michael Carroll in 2013.
References
Other websites
1940 births
Living people
American autobiographers
American novelists
American playwrights
American essayists
Gay men
LGBT people from Ohio
LGBT writers
People with HIV/AIDS
Writers from Cincinnati
Memoirists
Pelagianism

Pelagianism is a theory named after Pelagius. It is the belief that people are not born with original sin and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without Divine aid. For this reason, Adam's sin was there to set a bad example for those that came after him; other than that it had no consequences. Jesus was there to set a good example (much like Adam's bad example) but also to pay the price for our sins. Pelagius believed that because people choose to sin, they are like criminals who need to be pardoned, not victims of an inherited sinful nature.
Pelagianism was condemned as heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. However, some people believe that Pelagius was simply misunderstood. Today there are no known Pelagians, but there are people who follow Celtic Christianity tradition, which respects Pelagius as a good example of Celtic Christian.
Related pages
Fall of Man
Other websites
Canons From The Council Of Carthage Against Pelagianism, May 1, 418
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pelagius and Pelagianism
Pelagians, Donatists, Monks, Anabaptists and other Perfectionists - a sympathetic look at Pelagianism and similar 'perfectionist' movements
Pelagius Library : Online site dedicated to the study of Pelagius
Pelagianism: The Religion of Natural Man - a critical look at Pelagianism
Ancient Christianity
Will o' the wisp

A will-o'-the-wisp or ignis fatuus (Medieval Latin: "foolish fire") is a ghostly light. It is seen by travellers at night, especially over bogs, swamps or marshes.
Usually will o' the wisp looks like a ball of light or a small flame. UFOs and some ghost lights are different, they are usually in the sky while will o' the wisps are near ground.
It looks like a flickering lamp and is said to go farther back if approached. This draws travellers from the safe paths. This is a folk belief in a lot of English folklore and in much of European folklore. They are often said to be the work of fairies or elemental spirits. Some people think will o' the wisps are souls, spirits or spaceships.
Scientists try to use a natural explanation. Some say they are a gas, like methane, that goes up from the ground and burns. Other people say they are electric things, like ball lightning. One flying ball of light was explained: it was an owl that had a bright stomach. Sometimes animals or fungus make some light - this is called bioluminescence by scientists or foxfire. Sometimes diphosphine (P2H4) is also produced over marshes, which are highly flammable. Therefore, it burns in air and causes a flickering glow.
There are many old and new stories about will o' the wisps around the world. These lights have different names in different cultures and languages. Some of the names are jack-o'-lantern, hinkypunk, hobby lantern in English.
Reported light locations
Europe
Ferbane in Ireland
Hessdalen light in Norway
Martebo lights in Sweden
Paasselka devil in Finland
Virvatuluke in Estonia
North America
Canada
Fireship of Baie des Chaleurs in New Brunswick
St. Louis Light in Saskatchewan
United States
Arbyrd/Senath Light of Missouri
Bragg Road ghost light (Light of Saratoga) of Texas
Brown Mountain Lights of North Carolina
Gurdon light of Arkansas
Hornet ghost light or Spooklight of Missouri-Oklahoma state line
Maco light of North Carolina
Marfa lights of Texas
Oviedo Lights of Florida
The Paulding Light of Michigan's Upper Peninsula
Skinwalker Ranch lights of Utah
Related pages
Omphalotus olearius
References
Folklore
Laurel Clark

Laurel Blair Clark (nee Salton; March 10, 1961 - February 1, 2003) was an American medical doctor, United States Navy Captain, NASA astronaut and Space Shuttle mission specialist.
Clark died along with her six fellow crew members in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
References
1961 births
2003 deaths
Aviation deaths in the United States
American physicians
American astronauts
Scientists from Iowa
Teatro Real

Teatro Real (Royal Theatre) or simply El Real, is a major opera house in Madrid, Spain. It was founded in 1818 and opened on 19 November 1850. It closed in 1925 and reopened in 1966. It has 1,746 seats. Today the Teatro Real opera is one of the great theaters of Europe.
References
Opera houses
Buildings and structures in Madrid
Prescription charge

In the English National Health Service people between age 16 and 60 may have to pay a charge for prescribed medicine. The charge is PS9.35 for each one. People can get a certificate which lasts for 3 months for PS30.25, or one which lasts a year for PS108.10.
In April 2023 a new charge was started for Hormone Replacement Therapy. The new HRT prepayment certificate costs PS19.30 a year.
People dont have to pay if they are:
under 16,
16-18 and in full-time education,
getting some means tested benefits
over 60,
women who are expecting or have had a baby in the previous 12 months. They need a maternity exemption certificate.
People who have a certificate (HC2) from the NHS Low Income Scheme. An HC3 certificate gives some help but not exemption from charges.
People who do not pay when they should can be punished. They may have to pay more than PS100.
Medical exemption
People with these conditions are given a medical exemption certificate. They dont have to pay for any prescriptions,
epilepsy needing continuous therapy
a permanent fistula
diabetes mellitus
hyperthyroidism (also referred to as Graves' Disease, an autoimmune disorder)
myxoedema which occurs in hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism
hypoparathyroidism
diabetes insipidus or hypopituitarism
Addison's disease and other forms of hypoadrenalism
myasthenia gravis
any continuing physical disability which stops them going out alone
undergoing treatment for cancer, including the effects of cancer, or the effects of current or previous cancer treatment.
In 2008 only 12% of patients in England had to pay. The Prescription Charges Coalition campaigns for free prescriptions for everyone with a long term condition. The conditions which get free prescriptions had long-term life-saving medicine in 1968, and it has not been changed since then. The prescription charges rules were called a "dog's dinner" by the Social Market Foundation. The National Pharmacy Association says the charges mean some people dont take their medicine. They end up in hospital which costs more than the cost of a prescription. Healthwatch England asked 2000 people about costs in December 2022. 10% said the increased cost of living meant they did not get their prescription.
History
When the NHS started in 1947 all prescriptions were free. Charges were started in 1952. They stopped in 1965 and were started again in 1968. They were stopped in Wales in 2007, in Northern Ireland in 2010 and in Scotland in 2011.
References
National Health Service
Pharmacy
G. G. Ponnambalam

Ganapathipillai Gangaser Ponnambalam (; 8 November 1901 - 9 February 1977), also known as G. G. Ponnambalam, was a Sri Lankan Tamil politician, during the British colonial period and the war for independence. He founded the first Sri Lankan Tamil political party, the All Ceylon Tamil Congress.
1901 births
Sri Lankan politicians
Tamil activists
Christian Gyan

Christian Atta Gyan (2 November 1978 - 29 December 2021) was a Ghanaian-Dutch professional footballer. He played as a defender. Gyan played for the Ghana national football team 23 times between 1998 until 2002.
Gyan was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer in November 2021. He died from the disease a month later on 29 December 2021 at the age of 43.
References
1978 births
2021 deaths
Ghanaian footballers
Dutch footballers
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Africa (Toto song)

"Africa" is a song recorded by the American rock band Toto in 1981. The song was for their fourth studio album Toto IV, and released as the album's third single on September 30, 1982, through Columbia Records.
The song was written by band members David Paich and Jeff Porcaro. The soft rock song lyrically talks about the themes of love and location.
References
1982 songs
Toto (band) songs
Weezer songs
Soft rock songs
Todor Kavaldzhiev

Todor Kavaldzhiev (; 26 January 1934 - 6 February 2019) was a Bulgarian military official, activist and politician. He was the Vice President of Bulgaria from 1997 until 2002 serving alongside President Petar Stoyanov.
Kavaldzhiev died on 6 February 2019 in Sofia, Bulgaria, aged 85.
References
1934 births
2019 deaths
Bulgarian politicians
Bulgarian generals
Vice presidents
Willie O'Ree

Willie Eldon O'Ree, OC (born October 15, 1935 in Fredericton, New Brunswick) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey right winger that played 45 games in National Hockey League.
He is known for breaking the black color barrier in ice hockey and is referred to by the media as the "Jackie Robinson of ice hockey". He received the Order of Canada on April 7, 2010 and was also honored with the Hockey Legacy Award by the Boston Sports Museum on June 28, 2011.
References
Other websites
1935 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from New Brunswick
Living people
Order of Canada
Alfonso Arau

Alfonso Arau Inchaustegui (born January 11, 1932) is a Mexican actor, screenwriter and director. He was born in Mexico City. His career began in 1954. He was known for his roles as Captain Herrera in Sam Peckinpah's 1969 western, The Wild Bunch, chief bandit El Guapo in Three Amigos! (1986), shady businessman Manuel in the comedy Used Cars (1980), and the smuggler Juan in Romancing the Stone (1984). He directed the movies Zapata: The Dream of a Hero, Like Water for Chocolate and A Walk in the Clouds.
References
Other websites
Santa Fe Film Festival
1932 births
Living people
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
Mexican movie directors
Mexican screenwriters
Actors from Mexico City
Île Saint-Louis

Ile Saint-Louis is connected to the rest of Paris by four bridges to both banks of the river and to the Ile de la Cite by the Pont Saint-Louis.
The island was first known as the Ile Notre-Dame and was used mostly for grazing cattle, fishing, drying laundry, and occasionally for fighting duels. It was originally owned by the chapter of Notre-Dame cathedral.
Paris
The Beyoncé Experience

The Beyonce Experience was a 2007 worldwide concert tour by American singer, songwriter, and actress Beyonce Knowles.
Setlist
"Crazy in love" / "Crazy Interlude"
"Freakum Dress"
"Green Light"
Costume Change
"Baby Boy" / "Murder He Wrote" Interlude
"Beautiful Liar"
"Naughty Girl"
"Me, Myself and I"
Costume Change
"Dangerously In Love / "He Loves Me" Interlude
"Flaws And All"
Costume Change
Destiny's Child Medley: "Independent Women Part I" / "Bootylicious" / "No No No Part 2" / "Bug a Boo" / "Bills, Bills, Bills" / "Cater 2 U" / "Say My Name" / "Jumpin' Jumpin'" / "Soldier" / "Survivor"
"Speechless"
Costume Change
"Ring the Alarm"
"Suga Mama"
"Upgrade U"
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Check On It"
"Deja vu"
Costume Change
"Get Me Bodied"
Costume Change
"Dreamgirls (Opening Act II)"
"Listen"
"Irreplaceable"
In Japan, "Flaws and All" was not performed. "Get Me Bodied" was performed after "Check On It".
In Australia, "Deja Vu" was the last song performed.
During the Europe and Middle East leg of the tour, "Speechless" was not performed.
During her concert in Orlando beyonce fell down a flight of stairs and it was shown on YouTube.
Tour dates
References
Beyonce concert tours
2007 in music
Mauro Mellini

Mauro Mellini (10 February 1927 - 5 July 2020) was an Italian politician and lawyer. Mellini was born in Civitavecchia, Italy. He was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1976 on the Radical Party ticket. Mellini remained in office until 1992.
Mellini died at a Rome hospital on 5 July 2020, aged 93.
References
1927 births
2020 deaths
Italian politicians
Italian lawyers
Sébastien Buemi

Sebastien Olivier Buemi (born October 31, 1988 in Aigle, Vaud) is a Swiss racing driver, who competes for Scuderia Toro Rosso in Formula One.
Racing record
Career summary
Season in progress.
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Season in progress.
References
Career statistics from driverdb.com, retrieved June 2, 2007.
Other websites
Official website
1988 births
Living people
Swiss racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Grandmother and children (Filippini)

The Grandmother and grandchildren (also known as La nonna e i nipotini ) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted 37 x 60.5 centimetres in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted in 1887, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Civic Museums of Art and History of Brescia (inv. n. 1254, 302123487).
Other websites
Lombard countryside (Boccioni)
Umberto Boccioni
Francesco Filippini
Other websites
Figura di bambini, Cultural heritage of the Italian government
Figura di bambini, Beni Culturali Regione Lombardia
Paintings by Francesco Filippini
1880s paintings
Bob Simon

Bob Simon (May 29, 1941 - February 11, 2015) was an American television journalist. He was an award winning CBS News television correspondent. He was known for his appearances in 60 Minutes.
On February 11, 2015, Simon was killed in a car crash. He was a passenger in a livery cab that collided with another car and then crashed into a middle barrier of the West Side Highway in Manhattan. Simon went into cardiac arrest and was taken to St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, where he died.
References
Other websites
1941 births
2015 deaths
American war correspondents
American television news anchors
People from the Bronx
Road accident deaths in New York (state)
Television personalities from New York City
Writers from New York City
Unit circle

In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1. The equation of the unit circle is . The unit circle is centered at the Origin, or coordinates (0,0). It is often used in Trigonometry.
Trigonometric functions in the unit circle
In a unit circle, where is the angle desired, and can be defined as and . Using the function of the unit circle, , another equation for the unit circle is found, . When working with trigonometric functions, it is mainly useful to use angles with measures between 0 and radians, or 0 through 90 degrees. It is possible to have higher angles than that, however. Using the unit circle, two identities can be found: and for any integer .
Geometry
Trigonometry
Mathematical analysis
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam

Sripathi Panditaradhyula Balasubrahmanyam (4 June 1946 - 25 September 2020), also known as S. P. Bala, S. P. B., or Balu, was an Indian musician, playback singer, music director, actor, and movie producer. His works were in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Hindi and Malayalam. He has recorded over 40,000 songs in 16 Indian languages.
He held the Guinness World Record for recording the highest number of songs by a singer with over 40,000 songs. He was born in Nellore, Madras Presidency, British India.
He was honored with the Padma Shri (2001) and Padma Bhushan (2011) from the Government of India.
On 5 August 2020, Balasubrahmanyam tested positive for COVID-19 and was hospitalized in Chennai. A week later, he was in critical condition and put on life-support. He tested negative for COVID-19 on September 7, but still remained on life support. However, on September 24, his condition became critical again and he was put on maximum life support again. He died the following day from the post-COVID complications on 25 September, aged 74.
References
1946 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Indian musicians
Indian singers
Indian movie actors
Indian voice actors
Indian movie producers
Record producers
Indian businesspeople
Bollywood playback singers
Nikola Hajdin

Nikola Hajdin (Serbian Cyrillic Nikola Khajdin); 4 April 1923 - 17 July 2019) was a Serbian construction engineer and professor. He was the president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 2003 to 2015 as a member of the Department of Technical Sciences. He was born in Vrbovsko, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Hajdin died on 17 July 2019 in Belgrade at the age of 96.
References
1923 births
2019 deaths
Serbian academics
Yugoslavian engineers
Scott County, Iowa

Scott County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. Cities in the county include Davenport, Bettendorf and Eldridge. Scott County is part of the Quad Cities area of southeastern Iowa and northwestern Illinois.
Iowa counties
1837 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Akari Kurishima

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Kurishima was born in Chiba Prefecture on September 14, 1994. In 2011, she joined Nadeshiko League club Urawa Reds from their youth team.
In December 2019, Kurishima was selected the Japan national team for EAFF E-1 Championship. At this tournament, on December 11, she debuted against Chinese Taipei.
Statistics
References
Other websites
Japan Football Association
1994 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Japan women's international footballers
Nadeshiko League players
Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies players
June 2011 Christchurch earthquake

The June 2011 Christchurch earthquake was responsible for causing additional damage to an already earthquake-devastated region. The earthquake took place around 1420 New Zealand Standard Time and was centered next to 3.8 miles deep, six miles from Christchurch. It had been preceded by another 5.9 tremor that struck at a slightly deeper 5.5 miles. The earthquake of June 2011 cut down telephone lines and caused numerous outages which left next to 54,000 houses without power. The tremor triggered the death of an elderly man and several injuries.
References
Related pages
2011 Christchurch earthquake (February)
2011 in New Zealand
Earthquakes in New Zealand
2011 earthquakes
June 2011 events
2010s disasters in New Zealand
Frederick Charles Taylor

Frederick Charles Taylor (1907-1961) was reeve (mayor) of York, Ontario in 1961. York is now part of Toronto.
Taylor was elected in the 1960 municipal election as a reformer. He ran against Christopher Alexander Tonks. Tonks had been conflict of interest scandal. Taylor had been trying convincing the government to create a royal commission to look into corruption in land dealings.. He had created a motion at township council in 1956 for an inquiry but it was defeated. His own investigation into the issue found that many building permits that had been issued with the result of illegal tri-plexes (small three-level apartment buildings) being built. As a township councillor, Taylor had opposed many of the land deals that had been criticized by Judge David Sweet's royal commission into alleged corruption in York Township. Taylor was a semi-retired builder. He had been a school trustee for four years and a township councillor for three. Taylor was endorsed for the reeveship by the York Township Citizens' Committee. It was a group that had gotten a |court order to remove Tonks as reeve. The court order was overturned on appeal.
Taylor was born in Toronto. He was educated at Harbord Collegiate Institute. Taylor worked as a salesman and contractor before opening a building company. He was elected to the school board in 1951 and then to York Township Council in 1955. He tried to become a township councillor the year before but lost. He was defeated in 1958 before running against Tonks for the reeveship in 1960. Tayloe defeating him by an almost 3 to 1 margin. After almost a year as reeve, Taylor died of a heart attack on December 15, 1961.
References
1907 births
1961 deaths
Politicians from Toronto
Juan Carlos Tabío

Juan Carlos Tabio (1943 - 18 January 2021) was a Cuban movie director and screenwriter. He was best known for his 1994 movie Strawberry and Chocolate which won awards at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival, and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He also directed the 2000 movie Lista de Espera.
Tabio died on 18 January 2021 at the age of 77.
References
Other websites
Havana Cultura
1943 births
2021 deaths
Cuban screenwriters
Movie directors
Hakeem Olajuwon

Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon (born January 21, 1963 in Lagos, Nigeria; pronounced ah-KEEM ah-LAH-zhoo-wahn), formerly Akeem Olajuwon, is a retired Nigerian-American basketball player. He is considered by some to be the greatest defensive player in basketball history. Hakeem Olajuwon travelled all the way from his home country of Nigeria to play basketball in the United States. He won two National Basketball Association (NBA) championships with the Houston Rockets. During his career, he was nicknamed "The Dream", often extended to "Hakeem the Dream", due to his grace both on and off the court. His best move was called the "Dream Shake". He also called himself "Little Moses" after one of his biggest idols, Moses Malone. He played for the Houston Rockets while Olajuwon played for the University of Houston Cougars men's basketball team.
Other websites
Hakeem Olajuwon's NBA legends profile
References
1963 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American Muslims
American Olympic gold medalists
Houston Rockets players
Sportspeople from Lagos
Toronto Raptors players
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Lethbridge Hurricanes

The Lethbridge Hurricanes are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1987. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Lethbridge, Alberta at the ENMAX Centre. The team was known as the Winnipeg Jets from 1967-73, the Winnipeg Clubs from 1973-76, the Winnipeg Monarchs from 1976-77 and the Calgary Wranglers from 1977-87. They have won 1 Ed Chynoweth Cup in the 1996-97 season.
Other websites
Official website
1987 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Western Hockey League
Ice hockey teams in Alberta
Lethbridge
Sigilmassasaurus

Sigilmassasaurus was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Africa. Its name means ''Sijilmassa lizard", referring to the name of the city near the place where its fossils were found. Its species name "brevicollis" is Latin for "short neck", because the neck bones of the animal are very short.
Discovery
It was found and named by a Canadian paleontologist called Dale Russel in 1996, he found the fossils in Morocco at a fossil site called the Kem Kem Formation. The rocks the skeleton was found in are as old as the Cenomanian, which is the earliest stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, 100 to 94 million years ago.
Paleoecology
Several large predatory dinosaurs weighing more than one tonne are known from the Late cretaceous of North Africa, this made paleontologists wonder how so many of them would have lived together. Sigilmassasaurus existed in the same time and place as other huge meat-eating dinosaurs like Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Deltadromeus, and Bahariasaurus. The situation is a lot like in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America, where there were up to five meat-eating dinosaurs weighing more than a tonne, as well as many smaller ones. The difference between their sizes and what they ate could explain why they could live so close to each other, scientists compared this to how predatory animals live alongside each-other in the African savanna.
References
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Spinosauridae
Northern Territory Government

The Government of the Northern Territory of Australia, also referred to as the Northern Territory Government, is the Australian territorial democratic administrative authority of the Northern Territory formed in 1978.
References
1978 establishments in Australia
Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

The Province of Quebec was a colony in North America. It was created by Great Britain after the Seven Years' War. Great Britain acquired French Canada by the Treaty of Paris (1763). After a long debate France negotiated to keep the small island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean. Guadeloupe was rich in sugar. By Britain's Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada (part of New France) was renamed the Province of Quebec. The province extended from the coast of Labrador on the Atlantic Ocean, southwest through the Saint Lawrence River Valley to the Great Lakes and beyond to the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Portions of its southwest (below the Great Lakes) were later ceded to the United States in a later Treaty of Paris (1783) at the conclusion of the American Revolution.
References
History of Quebec
Former colonies in North America
Harry M. Rosenfeld

Harry M. Rosenfeld (August 12, 1929 - July 16, 2021) was an American newspaper editor who was the editor in charge of local news at The Washington Post during the Watergate scandal. He was born in Berlin.
He oversaw the newspaper's coverage of Watergate and resisted efforts by the paper's national reporters to take over the story. Though Post editor-in-chief Benjamin C. Bradlee gets most of the credit, managing editor Howard Simons and Rosenfeld worked most closely with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein on developing the story.
Rosenfeld died on July 16, 2021, at his home in Slingerlands, New York from COVID-19 related problems, aged 91.
References
Other websites
Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. All the President's Men. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974. ()
Katharine Graham. Personal History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. .
Adrian Havill. Deep Truth: The Lives of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1993.
1929 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
American journalists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from New York City
Reading, Michigan

Reading is a city in Hillsdale County, Michigan, United States.
Cities in Michigan
Étalle

Etalle is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007, 5389 people lived there.
It is at 49deg 40 North, 05deg 36 East.
References
Municipalities of Luxembourg (Belgium)
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.

Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. are an English football team based in the city of Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, England. They began playing in the Premier League in the 2017-18 season.manager. Premium number [west Redondo]
History
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. were formed in 1901.
Players
Current first-team squad
Out on loan
League position
Former position
Other websites
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. official website
References
Premier League clubs
Organisations based in Brighton
1901 establishments in England
Cabrejas del Campo

Cabrejas del Campo is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Soria
Caistor

Caistor is a town and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England. In 2001 there were 2,601 people living in Caistor.
References
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Towns in Lincolnshire
West Lindsey