pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Freedom fighter

A freedom fighter is a person who thinks their native ethnic group is not free, and is working to have freedom for their group. Most often this means that a freedom fighter wants their people to have own nation and independence and/or get rid of oppressors. People who think like this are said to think in a nationalist way
Freedom fighter is a relativistic term - this means a person decides by his or her point of view if he call some persons or groups freedom fighters or not. Freedom fighter is a positive term - this means that he or she calls a person "freedom fighter" only if he or she supports the goals of the freedom fighter. If people do not support his goals, they probably use more negative terms like insurgent, terrorist, rebel or criminal.
Freedom fighters are often called terrorists by their opponents if they hurt civilians. However, not all freedom fighters hurt civilians. Some freedom fighters damage the opposing military. Some freedom fighters damage property - this is called sabotage. There are also freedom fighters who do not use violence at all. For example, the Mahatma Gandhi and the Dalai Lama.
Groups
These are examples of groups who call themselves freedom fighters.
The African National Congress, c.f. Alfred Nzo's Address to the British Trades Union Congress at its Presentation of a Gold Medal to Nelson Mandela , 1988.
Al-Qaeda
Aryan Nations
Babbar Khalsa (Sikh separatists)
CNRT Conselho Nacional de Resistencia Timorense
The Continuity Irish Republican Army
Earth Liberation Front
ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna - Basque nationalist organization
GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka
Hamas
Hezbolla
Hizbul Mujahideen - Kashmiri separatists
The Irish National Liberation Army
The Irish People's Liberation Organisation
The Irish Republican Army
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Separatists)
Mahdi Army a milita force created by and loyal to the Iraqi Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr
The New Peoples' Army
The Real Irish Republican Army
The Scottish National Liberation Army
The Ulster Defence Regiment
The Ulster Freedom Fighters
The Ulster Volunteer Force
Other examples
The Dalai Lama: "We are freedom fighters unique in our peaceful approach to liberation."
Sitting Bull
Nelson Mandela
Mahatma Gandhi
Michael Collins (Irish leader)
Red Cloud
William the Silent
George Washington
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
In public media
*Assassin's Creed is based around a group of freedom fighters.
*The Hunger Games is set in a dystopia that later features freedom fighters.
Human rights
Freedom
Bayonne ham

Bayonne ham () is a type of ham from the French commune of Bayonne. It is made by curing the pork with a special type of salt from the commune of Salies-de-Bearn. It currently has protected designation of origin. The meat can only come from a special breed of pigs from small farms.
References
Ham
French food
Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Ares V

The Ares V was a plan to create a cargo rocket for the cancelled Constellation program. Ares V was planned to launch the Earth Departure Stage and Altair lunar lander for a plan to return to the Moon in 2019. The Ares V was supposed to complement the Ares I, which was being designed as a crew launch vehicle. The Ares designs were selected for their anticipated overall safety, reliability and cost-effectiveness.
The Ares V was planned to be able to carry about to Low Earth orbit (LEO), and to the Moon. Upon completion the Ares V was planned to be the most powerful rocket ever built, lifting more into orbit than even the Saturn V. Ares V, Ares IV, and Ares I are named after Ares, the Greek god, which is the equivalent to the Roman god Mars.
Related pages
NASA
References
NASA
Rockets
Red River Parish, Louisiana

Red River Parish () is a rural parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Its parish seat and most populous municipality is Coushatta. It was created in 1871 by the state government. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,091.
Communities
Town
Coushatta (parish seat and largest municipality)
Villages
Edgefield (smallest municipality)
Hall Summit
Martin
Unincorporated communities
Crichton
East Point
Fairview Alpha
Grand Bayou
Hanna
Harmon
Lake End
References
1871 establishments in Louisiana
Ark-La-Tex
Eike Christian Hirsch

Eike Christian Hirsch (6 April 1937 - 7 August 2022) was a Dutch-born German journalist and author.
Hirsch was born in 1937 in Bilthoven, Netherlands and grew up in Gottingen. He was an editor in sound broadcasting at the NDR and was later a freelance journalist. In the 1980s, he was the host of the talk show 3 nach 9.
Hirsch died on 7 August 2022 in Hannover, Germany at the age of 85.
References
1937 births
2022 deaths
German journalists
Writers from Utrecht (province)
Clock rate

The clock rate is the frequency at which a CPU is running. It is the rate in cycles per second (measured in hertz) or the frequency of the clock in any synchronous circuit. In general, many people think a higher clock speed means a faster processor, but other factors are also come into to picture. You can not compare its performance based on only clock speed. Depend upon the architecture design of the Processor, In some CPUs, a single instruction may be performed in a single clock cycle. For Example, An Intel Core i5 1st generation has a clock speed of 3.2 GHz and the latest Intel Core i5 10th generation has a clock speed of 1.6 GHz. Note: it is important to compare processors from the same brand and generation.
References
Computer hardware
Time
Acanthuridae

Acanthuridae is the family of surgeonfish, tangs, and unicornfish.
The family includes about 86 living species. It is made up of marine fish living in tropical seas, usually around coral reefs. Many of the species are brightly colored and popular for aquaria.
One of the characteristics of this family is that they have spines on the tail (also known as "thorn tail").
Size
Most species of the family are of small size, between 15-40 cm (6-15 in), but the genera Prionorus or Naso can be larger.
References
Acanthuriformes
British Rail Class 53

British Rail gave the name Class 53 to the single Brush Traction-built example train Falcon. Although it worked, the idea of Class 53 was made old by new locomotive technology (like the power from single low-speed diesel engines) and was never made twice.
53
Just Before Dawn (1946 movie)

Just Before Dawn is a 1946 American crime mystery movie directed by William Castle and is the sixth movie in the Crime Doctor series. It stars Warner Baxter, Adele Roberts, Mona Barrie, Charles D. Brown, Robert Barrat, Martin Kosleck and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Other websites
1946 crime movies
1946 mystery movies
1940s American crime movies
American mystery movies
Movies directed by William Castle
Columbia Pictures movies
ESPCI Paris

ESPCI Paris (officially the Ecole superieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris; The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution) is a engineering graduate school in France. It is a constituent school of the University PSL (Northern France).
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
Ingenieur ESPCI Paris (ESPCI Paris Graduate engineer Masters level program)
PhD doctorate studies
Master of Science
Massive Online Open Course.
Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ESPCI Paris.
Research labs
Research activities at ESPCI relate to the following topics:
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Biotechnology
Notable graduate
Marie Curie, first woman to win a Nobel Prize
References
Other websites
Official website
Technical colleges and universities in Paris
1882 establishments in France
La Crosse, Virginia

La Crosse, Virginia is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Towns in Virginia
Arizona Dream

Arizona Dream is a 1993 French-American surrealist indie comedy drama movie co-written and directed by Emir Kusturica. It stars Johnny Depp, Jerry Lewis, Faye Dunaway, Lili Taylor and Vincent Gallo. This movie was filmed in Arizona in 1991.
The movie won the Silver Bear - Special Jury Prize at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.
References
American comedy movies
1990s American drama movies
1993 comedy-drama movies
American independent movies
Warner Bros. movies
French comedy movies
French drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Emir Kusturica
West Point, Nebraska

West Point is a city in and the county seat of Cuming County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 3,500 at the 2020 census.
References
Cities in Nebraska
County seats in Nebraska
George Grove

Sir George Grove (born Clapham in South London, 13 August 1820; died Sydenham on 28 May 1900) was an English engineer and musician.
He wrote books about classical composers and is particularly famous for his big musical dictionary Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians. This dictionary continued to be updated and published after his death. It has now gone through seven editions. The latest edition is available online.
Life
George Grove was born in Clapham in South London. His father sold fish. His mother was into musicals. He learned to be an engineer and was sent out to Jamaica to help to build a lighthouse.
He worked on the building of the Britannia tubular bridge over the Menai Strait. He married the daughter of a clergyman. He became secretary of the Society of Arts and he wrote many articles for a Dictionary of the Bible. He spent seven years doing this. It gave him the idea of doing something similar for music.
Grove went to many concerts. He bought sheet music and studied it. He wrote programme notes for concerts, writing about the music that was being played. He wrote about a lot of music by Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn and Schumann.
Career
He wrote detailed essays about the symphonies of Beethoven and was a good friend of Clara Schumann. He travelled with the composer Arthur Sullivan to Vienna where he met many great musicians including Brahms and discovered some music by Schubert that had been forgotten. He spent several years writing his Dictionary of Music which was published in four volumes.
Grove worked very hard to get enough money to found the Royal College of Music which was opened in 1883 by the Prince of Wales. Grove got many great musicians to come and teach there, including the world-famous singer Jenny Lind who was already retired, and Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and others.
The prime minister William Gladstone gave him a knighthood for what he had done for music. The new students included many who were to become famous.
These include Hamish MacCunn and Charles Wood. He became very fond of the student Edith Oldham and had an emotional attachment to her for the rest of his life. His wife was not interested in his work. He called his students his "children" and persuaded them to have a broad education.
He wanted them to read a lot. He was director of the RCM for eleven years, retiring in 1894, just after the RCM moved into a new building which is situated on the south side of the Royal Albert Hall. The RCM is still there today.
George Grove was a very influential man for English music. Although he was not trained as a musician he became extremely knowledgeable and was an excellent musicologist. The RCM setup a George Grove Memorial Scholarship in his memory.
References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;
Musicologists
1820 births
1900 deaths
Shenzhou 12

Shenzhou 12 is a Chinese spaceflight that launched on 17 June 2021. This makes the seventh crewed Chinese spaceflight and the seventh crewed flight of the Shenzhou program.
The spacecraft carried three members of the People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps (PLAAC) on the first flight to the Tianhe core module. It is the first module of the Chinese space station Tiangong.
References
June 2021 events
Spacecraft
Abelian group

In group theory, an abelian group is a group with operation that is commutative. Because of that, an abelian group is sometimes called a 'commutative group'.
A group in which the group operation is not commutative is called a 'non-abelian group' or 'non-commutative group'.
Definition
An abelian group is a set, A, together with an operation "*". It combines any two elements a and b to form another element denoted . For the group to be abelian, the operation and the elements must follow some requirements. These are known as the abelian group axioms:
Closure For all a, b in A, the result of the operation a * b is also in A.
Associativity For all a, b and c in A, the equation (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) is true.
Identity element There exists an element e in A, such that for all elements a in A, the equation holds.
Inverse element For each a in A, there exists an element b in A such that a * b = b * a = e, where e is the identity element.
Commutativity For all a, b in A, a * b = b * a.
Examples
One example of an abelian group is the set of the integers with the operation of addition. We often write this as , where means the set of all integers. This is an abelian group because is a group, and also for any integers and , the equation is true. For example, , because both sides are equal to .
Group theory
Chen Yu-mei

Chen Yu-mei (; 22 July 1966 - 22 January 2017) was a politician in the Republic of China. She served as Deputy Minister of the Overseas Community Affairs Council of the Executive Yuan from 18 September 2013 to 8 August 2014.
On 8 August 2014, Chen officially resigned to attend to other career plans. She was succeeded by Hsin Shih-chang, a professor from National Taiwan Normal University.
References
1966 births
2017 deaths
Taiwanese politicians
Myrtle, Mississippi

Myrtle is a town in Union County, Mississippi, United States.
Towns in Mississippi
Phosphite

Hydrogen Phosphite is an ion. Its chemical formula is HPO32-. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Chemical compounds containing the phosphite ion are called phosphites. Phosphites are the salts of phosphorous acid. They are poisonous. They are reducing agents. An example would be sodium phosphite.
Related pages
Phosphate
Hypophosphite
Phosphorus
Phosphorus compounds
Ions
Karen Mayne

Karen Mayne (born April 6) is an American politician. She is a member of the Utah Senate from the 5th District since 2008. She became the state senate's minority leader in 2019. Mayne was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Mayne is a member of the Democratic Party.
In January 2022, Mayne was hospitalized after falling at her home and suffered from a head and shoulder injury. She was later diagnosed with cancer.
References
Living people
State legislators of the United States
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
Neukölln

Neukolln is a borough of Berlin. It has an area of and has, as of 2003, about 307,400 inhabitants and one of the highest percentage of foreigners in Berlin.
Its current mayor is Heinz Buschkowsky (SPD).
History
When it was first mentioned in 1360, the village was called Richardsdorf and owned by the Order of St. John
The coat of arms of the borough has a Maltese cross to remember this part of its history.
In 1737, Frederick William I of Prussia let Moravians from Bohemia settle in the area. They built their own church and houses off the village centre along the road to Berlin, which is now called Richardstrasse. The new Bohemian village was granted its own constitution in 1797.
When both parts of the village were reunited in 1874, the population was 8,000 inhabitants. It had nearly doubled, to 15,000 by the next year.
On 1 May 1899 the area, then the largest village of Prussia, became an independent city and got its current name in 1912. Its independence ended in 1920, when it was made part of Greater Berlin . Between 1966 and 1975, the "Gropiusstadt" was built. This city-within-a-city was designed by architect Walter Gropius. Gropius was the last director of the Bauhaus school of arts and architecture, which set up in Berlin when it moved from Dessau. Gropiusstadt has over 60,000 inhabitants.
Individuals associated with Neukolln
Actress Mady Rahl and Lotte Ulbricht, wife of East German leader Walter Ulbricht, were born in Neukolln.
References in popular culture
"Neukoln" (deliberately spelt with one 'l') is an instrumental piece by David Bowie, the ninth track on his 1977 album "Heroes".
The last track of Miss Kittin's first solo album I Com is called "Neukolln 2".
Twin cities
Cologne
Wetzlar
Leonberg
Marino
Bat Yam
Other websites
Official Homepage
WebTV from Berlin, Neukoelln
Sacramento River

The Sacramento River is a river in California in the United States. It flows through the Sacramento Valley in northern California, and is about long. The Sacramento has many tributaries, including the Pit, Feather and American Rivers. Cities along the river include Redding and Sacramento.
Native people have lived in the region for about 12,000 years. The Sacramento River's tributaries were the focus of the California Gold Rush, which brought many settlers to the area in the 1800s. Today, the river is used as a source of irrigation water and to produce hydroelectricity.
Tributaries
Cache Creek
Putah Creek
American River
Feather River
Bear River (Feather River)
Yuba River
Pit River
McCloud River
Related pages
Shasta Dam
Rivers of California
San Francisco Bay Area
Sacramento County, California
Contra Costa County, California
Solano County, California
Siskiyou County, California
Shasta County, California
Tehama County, California
Butte County, California
Glenn County, California
Colusa County, California
Sutter County, California
Yolo County, California
Central Valley of California
Sacramento, California
APK (file format)

Android Package Kit (APK) is the file format that software for Android is distributed in. It is an extension of the ZIP file format. An APK file contains bitcode for Android's Dalvik Virtual machine, resources used by the program (such as images and sounds), and sometimes native executable code, usually for the ARM processor.
Google
Computer file formats
Kiril Dojčinovski

Kiril "Kiro" Dojcinovski (Macedonian: Kipil Kipo Dojchinovcki; 17 October 1943 - 10 August 2022) was a Macedonian footballer. He played for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1968 until 1970, making six appearances.
Dojcinovski died on 10 August 2022 at the age of 78.
References
1943 births
2022 deaths
Yugoslavian footballers
Seki Matsunaga

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Akira Matsunaga and Nobuo Matsunaga also played for Japan national team.
Biography
Matsunaga was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on June 25, 1928. After graduating from Waseda University, he played for Hitachi.
In March 1951, when Matsunaga was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Japan team first game after World War II, 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 9, he debuted against Afghanistan.
On March 4, 2013, Matsunaga died of respiratory failure in Setagaya, Tokyo at the age of 84.
Statistics
|-
|1951||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}
References
Other websites
1928 births
2013 deaths
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Kashiwa Reysol players
Mr. Harrigan's Phone

Mr. Harrigan's Phone is a 2022 American horror movie. The film stars Donald Sutherland, Jaeden Martell, Jaeden Martell, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, Joe Tippett, Cyrus Arnold, and Carl Zohan, written and directed by John Lee Hancock based on the novella of the same name by Stephen King from the collection If It Bleeds. The movie was released on October 5, 2022, by Netflix.
Premise
A boy named Craig befriends the elderly Mr. Harrigan and gives him a cell phone. When Mr. Harrigan passes away, Craig begins to make calls to his old number about those who torment him, only to find that doing so results in Mr. Harrigan's spirit avenging his young friend from beyond the grave.
Cast
Donald Sutherland as Mr. Harrigan
Jaeden Martell as Craig
Colin O'Brien as young Craig
Joe Tippett as Craig's father
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Ms. Hart
Cyrus Arnold as Kenny Yankovich
Thomas Francis Murphy as Pete
Peggy J. Scott as Edna Grogan
Production
On July 10, 2020, it was reported by Deadline Hollywood that Netflix had acquired film rights to "Mr. Harrigan's Phone", to be produced by Blumhouse Productions and Ryan Murphy and with John Lee Hancock writing and directing the film.
On October 1, 2021, it was reported that Donald Sutherland and Jaeden Martell were cast as the leads. Later in October, it was reported that Kirby Howell-Baptiste and Joe Tippett were cast in the film.
On October 8, 2021, it was reported that filming started in Connecticut on October 20, 2021 and wrapped on December 22, 2021.
References
Other websites
Dominic Brunt

Dominic Adam Brunt (born 15 April 1970) is an English actor, director and producer. He is best known for portraying the role of Paddy Kirk in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale, which he has played since 1997.
Other works
He and Emmerdale co-star Mark Charnock, who plays Marlon Dingle, produce the annual Zombie Film Festival at the Leeds Cottage Road cinema.
References
Other websites
1970 births
Living people
English television actors
Actors from Cheshire
Saint-Just-d'Ardèche

Saint-Just-d'Ardeche is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France. Before 1911, it was named as Saint-Just.
Geography
Saint-Just-d'Ardeche is in the south of the Ardeche departement, found on the shore of the Rhone River, between the Drome and the Gard departement.
Communes in Ardeche
Jua Cali

Paul Julius Nunda (born 12 September 1979), better known
by his stage name Jua Cali, is a Kenyan hip hop artist. In
2000, together with record producer Clemo, he founded
Calif Records where he has been ever since. Jua Cali
performs in Swahili and Sheng in a popular Kenyan style of
rapping called genge.
Early life
Jua Cali was born in Eastlands, Nairobi. His parents, Doreen
Onditi and Evans Onditi (deceased) were both
schoolteachers.
Awards
Won
2006 Kisima Music Awards - Boomba Male
2007 Chaguo La Teeniez Awards (CHAT Awards) - Best Male & Celebrity of the Year
2007 Kisima Music Awards - Best Male Artist & Boomba Male.
2007 Pearl of Africa Music Awards (PAM Awards) - Best Male Artist (Kenya)
2008 Chaguo La Teeniez Awards - Favourite Male Artiste & Best Live Stage Performance & Best Collabo Song ("Kwaheri" with Sainapei).
Nominated
2006 Chaguo La Teeniez Awards - nominated in three categories, but won none of them
2007 MTV Europe Music Awards - Best Africa Act
2007 MOBO Awards
2008 Tanzania Music Awards - Best East African Song ("Kwaheri")
2008 MTV Africa Music Awards - Best Male
References
Kenyan musicians
Rappers
1979 births
Living people
Wales, Massachusetts

Wales is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Heart block

Heart block is a type of heart disease. The human heart uses electrical signals to make the heart beat. Electricity travels down pathways in the heart to make each part of the heart beat at the right time.
When a person has a heart block, there is a "block" in one of these electrical pathways. This blocks electricity from travelling normally through the heart. This makes the heart beat more slowly.
In the most serious cases, the heart's electrical pathways are blocked so badly that electricity cannot travel through the heart. This means the heart's electrical signals cannot control how the heart beats, or cannot make the heart beat at all.
Symptoms
Many people with heart block have no symptoms at all.
Other people only have symptoms every once in a while. Sometimes, their heart might skip a beat. This can make the person feel dizzy; faint; or have palpitations (feel their heart pounding).
In the most serious cases of heart block, a person's heart cannot control their heart beats. These cases can be treated with an artificial pacemaker. This is a medical device that is placed into the heart. It sends electrical signals to make the heart beat regularly.
Causes
Some people are born with heart block. This is called a congenital heart block.
More often, people get heart block later in life. Heart block can be caused by:
Other types of heart disease, like a heart attack
Some infections, like diphtheria
Some medicines, like beta-blockers (a type of medicine for high blood pressure)
Having open-heart surgery
Types of heart block
There are three main types of heart block.
First-degree heart block
This is the least serious type of heart block. It usually causes no symptoms.
Second-degree heart block
In second-degree heart block, it takes longer and longer for the heart to send electrical signals from the middle of the heart to the ventricles, which pump blood to the body. Eventually, this leads to a skipped heart beat. This can cause dizziness and fainting.
Third-degree heart block
This is the most serious type of heart block. It is also called a complete heart block. In this type of heart block, no electrical signals reach the heart's ventricles. This means that the electrical signals cannot make the heart pump blood to the body.
Some people with third-degree heart block may have very few symptoms and may not need treatment. However, some people with third-degree heart block have many different symptoms. Third-degree heart block can be a medical emergency. This type of heart block may be treated with a pacemaker.
Diagnosis
Heart block can be diagnosed with an electrocardiogram (also called an ECG or an EKG). This is a painless test. During the test, pads are placed on a person's chest, arms, and legs. They record the heart's electrical activity.
A cardiologist can help diagnose heart block and order other tests if they are needed.
Related pages
Heart
Heart disease
Cardiac arrhythmia
References
Heart disease
Simon Callow

Simon Phillip Hugh Callow CBE (born 15 June 1949) is an English actor and author.
Callow was born in Streatham, London, to Yvonne Mary Guise and Neil Francis Callow.
He attended the London Oratory School.
Callow is one of the most prominent gay actors in Britain.
For a while Callow lived with director Daniel Kramer.
References
Other websites
Simon Callow's - MusicalTalk discussing his role as Captain Hook in Peter Pan at the Richmond Theatre, Christmas 2008.
Simon Callow - Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org, September 2006
Simon Callow on BBC1's This Week
theartsdesk Q&A: Simon Callow (2 October 2010)
1949 births
Living people
Actors from London
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English theatre directors
Gay men
LGBT actors
Noticieros Televisa

Noticieros Televisa is the news division of Grupo Televisa, which produces national and local news for Televisa's TV channels and local stations across Mexico.
It is headed by Leopoldo Gomez, the Vice President of News for Televisa.
History
After the last broadcast of 24 Horas with Jacobo Zabludovsky on January 20, 1998, Televisa restructured its news division. From 1998 to 2000, Jacobo's son Abraham Zabludovsky hosted its 10 p.m. successor, simply titled Las Noticias; Joaquin Lopez-Doriga took over from 2000 to 2016.
Other notable personalities who have hosted Televisa newscasts include Lolita Ayala, Guillermo Ortega, Adela Micha, Carlos Loret de Mola and Victor Trujillo ("Brozo").
Programs
National newscasts
Most of Televisa's national newscasts air on its Las Estrellas network, covering key dayparts. Since 2016, Televisa's flagship 10 p.m. newscast, known as 10 En Punto, has been helmed by Denise Maerker. Its other weekday programs include Despierta (Wake Up), hosted by Danielle Dithurbide, and Al Aire with Paola Rojas in the mornings. The afternoon newscast El Noticiero con Karla Iberia Sanchez was moved from Las Estrellas to Nu9ve in 2018; it is that channel's only regular news program. The move left Las Estrellas without an afternoon newscast for the first time in decades.
FOROtv
In 2010, Televisa launched FOROtv, a channel devoted exclusively to news, analysis and documentary programming. FOROtv airs in Mexico City on XHTV-TDT (channel 4) and as a subchannel of 21 additional Televisa transmitters in large cities.
Regional newscasts
Outside of its national news output, Televisa produces local news at each of its Televisa Regional stations; local newscasts, under such titles as El Noticiero, Las Noticias and Notivisa.
References
Other websites
1998 establishments
News media
Mexican culture
Clothing in ancient Rome

Clothing in Ancient Rome is most commonly known by the toga and stola.
The cloth was made from wool, linen or hemp. Cotton and silk were also used, more rarely. Leather was also used. The kind of clothing showed status.
Types
The toga was an important item and was worn by only Roman citizens, and after the second century BC, only by men. After that, the only females to wear togas were prostitutes. The colors of togas had meaning. A toga could be edged with purple (high rank), or be all dark for mourning. Only emperors could wear entirely purple togas. In other words, clothing reflected status as well as practical needs. A red lined Toga often showed shame and disgrace, often worn when banished or before an execution.
The palla was a mantle or headcloth worn by women with the stola. It draped over the shoulders and round the body.
The Stola was a floor-length dress with long sleeves. It was worn over a tunic. The Stola was a symbol of marriage in ancient Rome times. Girls wore a simple tunic, except when going to an evening event, when ankle-length tunics were worn.
Slaves wore simple woolen tunics. Tunics of cotton could by worn by any class as under-garments.
The paludamentum was a cloak or cape fastened at one shoulder, worn by military commanders. The paludamentum was generally crimson, scarlet, or purple in colour.
Other websites
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome
Metropolitan Division

The National Hockey League's Metropolitan Division was formed in 2013 as part of the Eastern Conference in a league realignment. It followed the Atlantic Division which and some teams also joined from the Southeast Division. Six of its teams had been in the Patrick Division from 1981-93 (one joined in 1982). As of the 2013-14 season, it is the only NHL division without a Canadian team. Five of the division's teams are located in either the New York City area or in Pennsylvania.
Division lineups
2013-Present
Carolina Hurricanes
Columbus Blue Jackets
New Jersey Devils
New York Islanders
New York Rangers
Philadelphia Flyers
Pittsburgh Penguins
Washington Capitals
Changes from the 2012-13 season
The Metropolitan Division is formed due to NHL realignment
The Northeast and Southeast Divisions are dissolved due to NHL realignment
The New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, and Pittsburgh Penguins come from the Atlantic Division
The Carolina Hurricanes and Washington Capitals come from the Southeast Division
The Columbus Blue Jackets come from the Central Division
Division Champions
2014--Pittsburgh Penguins (51-24-7, 109 pts)
2015--New York Rangers (53-22-7, 113 pts)
2016--Washington Capitals (56-18-8, 120 pts)
Season results
Green background denotes qualified for playoffs
Stanley Cup winners produced
2016--Pittsburgh Penguins
2017--Pittsburgh Penguins
2018--Washington Capitals
Presidents' Trophy winners produced
2015--New York Rangers
2016--Washington Capitals
Metropolitan Division titles won by team
Teams in bold are currently in the division.
References
NHL History
National Hockey League divisions
Chicano rap

Chicano rap is a form of hip hop music, Latin hip hop and gangsta rap. It started in the West Coast hip hop scene. It is usually performed by rappers that are of Mexican descent.
Hip hop genres
Latin music
Hulk and Spider-Man

Hulk and Spider-Man (also known as Spider-Man and Hulk, The Incredible Hulk and Spider-Man, Spider-Man and the Incredible Hulk, or simply the Incredible Hulk and the Amazing Spider-Man, the Amazing Spider-Man and the Incredible Hulk, The Hulk and Spider-Man and Spider-Man and the Hulk) is a the fictional two superheroes characters, meet for the first time in debut 1962, from the Marvel Comics, all comics such as The Incredible Hulk, Hulk, Amazing Fantasy and Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko.
Marvel Comics the hero's journey characters including Hulk and Spider-Man, best friends such as She-Hulk, Spider-Girl and many others, and from the clutches of the evil Abomination and the evil Green Goblin, and all supervillains Leader, Venom, Doctor Octopus and others.
Appearances
The appeared together in a number of works, including:
Hulk and Spider-Man, all longest-running franchises (since 1962)
The Amazing Spider-Man and the Incredible Hulk, animated television series in 1982
1962 establishments in the United States
Marvel Comics superheroes
Fictional business executives
Alejandra Espinoza

Alejandra Espinoza Cruz (March 27, 1987) is a Mexican Beauty Queen, Actress and TV Host, in 2007 she would win the Univision's beauty pageant/reality show Nuestra Belleza Latina.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
References
Other websites
Reinas Alejandra Espinoza Retrieved: 30 April 2019.
1987 births
Living people
Mexican television actors
Blaine Higgs

Blaine Higgs (born March 1, 1954) is a Canadian politician. He is the 34th and current Premier of New Brunswick since 2018 and leader of the New Brunswick Progressive Conservative Party since 2016.
Higgs was first elected to the legislature in the 2010 provincial election and was Minister of Finance from 2010 to 2014 in the government of David Alward.
Life and career
Blaine Higgs was born in Woodstock, New Brunswick. He completed graduation from the University of New Brunswick as an engineer. He worked for 33 years for a company named Irving Oil where he rose to the rank of a senior executive. His works include overseeing oil transportation across eastern Canada and New England. He retired from Irving Oil in 2010.
References
1954 births
Living people
Premiers of New Brunswick
Broken Silence

Broken Silence is a 1996 Swiss drama movie directed by Wolfgang Panzer and stars Martin Huber, Ameenah Kaplan, Michael Moriaty. It was distributed by Camera Obscura.
Other websites
1996 drama movies
Swiss drama movies
Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour () is the highest French award.
It was established by Napoleon Bonaparte on 19 May 1802.
The Order is the highest decoration in France and is divided into five degrees: Chevalier (Knight), Officier (Officer), Commandeur (Commander), Grand Officier (Grand Officer) and Grand Croix (Grand Cross).
The order's motto is ('Honour and Country'), and its seat is the Palais de la Legion d'Honneur on the left bank of the River Seine in Paris.
References
1802 establishments
1800s establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in France
Donovan

Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)
Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".
Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to denounce the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine). The liner notes to his 1967 album A Gift From a Flower to a Garden called upon young people to "stop the use of all drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)
After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances. He published an autobiography, The Hurdy Gurdy Man, in 2005.
Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.
Other websites
Official Site
Donovan Unofficial Site
Complete discography
Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
1946 births
Living people
British pop musicians
Scottish singers
Autobiographers
Sponge (tool)

More information about the animals can be found at sponge
A Sponge is a tool that is used for cleaning and washing. The sponge is made of a special material, with many holes. By rubbing the sponge against dirty surfaces, the dirt can be removed.
Today, there are also artificial sponges.
Natural sponges for cleaning
Most natural sponges used for cleaning today come from the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Today Izmir and Tripolis are the main markets where natural sponges are sold.
Other qualities of natural sponges
Antibiotic compounds
Sponges have medicinal potential. This is because of antimicrobial compounds in either the sponge itself or their microbial symbionts.
Dolphin use sponges
Bottlenose dolphins have been seen using live sponges. This was in Shark Bay. Shark bay is in Western Australia. The behaviour has only been observed in the bay. Most likely adult dolphins teach it to their children. The only other marine mammals that use tools are Sea otters.
References
Cleaning tools
473 BC

Year 473 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
Events
By place
China
The State of Wu is added by the State of Yue.
Japan
The Hikawa Shrine is formed in Saitama, Saitama.
Deaths
King Fuchai of Wu, the last king of Wu in Zhou Dynasty China
470s BC
Osage Hills

The Osage Hills is a hilly area in Oklahoma, commonly known as The Osage. The name refers to the broad rolling hills and rolling tallgrass prairie and Cross Timbers in Osage County, Oklahoma.
Other websites
Osage Hills State Park website
Tallgrass Prairie Preserve
Geography of Oklahoma
Buffalo County, Wisconsin

Buffalo County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 13,317 people lived in the county. The county seat is Alma.
References
1854 establishments in Wisconsin
Wisconsin counties
Nationals Park

Nationals Park is the baseball stadium where the Washington Nationals baseball team plays. Before Nationals Park opened in 2008, the Nationals played at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium.
References
Major League Baseball venues
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Sports buildings in the United States
Washington Nationals
Bill Hicks

William 'Bill' Hicks (16 December 1961 - 26 February 1994) was an American stand-up comedian known for his controversial act which made fun of religion and politics amongst other areas. Since then, many other stand-up comedians in the United States and United Kingdom have said they have been very influenced by his work, which is still very popular today.
Hicks was born in Valdosta, Georgia and raised in Houston, Texas. He died of pancreatic cancer in Little Rock, Arkansas.
References
True, Cynthia (2002). American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story. New York, NY: HarperCollins. .
1961 births
1994 deaths
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Comedians from Houston
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Arkansas
Valdosta, Georgia
Retortillo de Soria

Retortillo de Soria is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Soria
Higher education

Higher education is after secondary education. Through attending college a higher degree (or title) can be gained. Generally, people must be 18 years old or over to enter higher education. They also need to have completed primary school and secondary education. Usually some kind of selection is used. Exams can be of state, local or university level. Sometimes no selection exists. Some open universities encourage older adults to apply, whether they were good at school or not.
Preparation
Higher education is either professional or academic. You can study for a diploma or a degree. Graduates can study for a master's or doctorate. Places of higher education were traditionally called universities, but there are other names like institute, teaching training college, academy, conservatory, and polytechnic. (The names depend on the country).
Other functions
Research work is done at this level. Colleges often also reach out to employers and offer cultural or sporting events open to the local community.
Role in society
The importance of higher education in society changes according to the country; for example, in many countries a student goes to university to obtain a diploma for work, but university is also often a time during which the student learns to be independent. Students also learn to mix with people of different origins, and to grow as people. Richer students can study in a place far from their hometown, but kids from poor neighbourhoods may be unable to afford college at all without a scholarship of some kind.
Related pages
Academia
Academic Ranking of World Universities
Postgraduate education
Right to education
References
Other websites
Portal dedicated to the higher education
EU-Student Informations on Erasmus and Practices
Education
References
Sachse, Texas

Sachse is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Collin County, Texas
Cities in Dallas County, Texas
Chevy Chase View, Maryland

Chevy Chase View is a town in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States.
Towns in Montgomery County, Maryland
Exile

Exile means being sent away from the country or area where you live. People are usually exiled for political reasons or sometimes because they have committed a crime. They may have said bad things about the rulers in that country or tried to get into power themselves. People are not exiled in democratic countries, but many famous people in history have been sent into exile.
Exile may mean that someone is sent out of the country, but sometimes they are sent to another part of the country (this is called "internal exile"). Sometimes people have made their own decision to leave their country as a protest against the way it was being ruled. This is called "self-imposed exile".
In the Old Testament the Jews were exiled to Babylon. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome people were often sent into exile. For several centuries Russia (in the 20th century the Soviet Union) sent many people into exile, often to labour camps in Siberia. Thousands of people from Europe including many famous people went to the United States when the Nazis came to power in Germany in the 1930s.
One famous person who was sent into exile was Napoleon Bonaparte who was exiled from France, first to Elba and then to Saint Helena after his defeat against the allied forces.
The cellist Pablo Casals went into self-imposed exile as a protest against the government of Francisco Franco. He said he would not come back until Spain was a democracy. But he never could, because he died two years before Franco.
Related pages
Government-in-exile
Political asylum
Punishments
Griffin

The griffin (also called gryphon, gryphen, griffon, griffen, and gryphin), is a legendary creature. It has the head, front legs, and wings of an eagle. The rest of the body looks like a part of a lion.
In the past griffin was a symbol of strength and dexterity. It often looked after a treasure.
The Griffin is used as the symbol for Brisbane Waters Secondary College on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. following the griffin is the Collegiate phrase "Strength Through Unity"
Legendary creatures
Garth Marenghi's Darkplace

Garth Marenghi's Darkplace is a British horror parody television series. It was created for Channel 4 by Richard Ayoade and Matthew Holness. It first broadcast in 2004. The show focuses on fictional horror author Garth Marenghi (played by Matthew Holness) and his publisher Dean Learner (played by Richard Ayoade), characters who originated in the Garth Marenghi's Fright Knight stage show.
Episodes
This list is ordered by the original air dates on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.
British television series
British comedy television series
2004 television series debuts
2000s British comedy television series
Conor McGregor

Conor Anthony McGregor (born 14 July 1988) is an Irish mixed martial artist and boxer. He started his career in 2008. He is signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He is the former UFC Featherweight Champion and UFC Lightweight Champion. He has fought as a featherweight, lightweight and welterweight.
At UFC 194, he defeated Jose Aldo to win the UFC featherweight championship. In his welterweight debut at UFC 196, he was defeated by Nate Diaz in the second round. In his boxing debut in 2017, he was defeated by Floyd Mayweather Jr. He returned to MMA on 6 October 2018 to regain the UFC lightweight championship from Eddie Alvarez and won via KO. At UFC 229, he was defeated by Khabib Nurmagomedov via submission. The event set the record for the biggest MMA pay-per-view event, with 2.4 million buys in the United States.
McGregor was born in Dublin. His parents are Timmy and Susan McGregor. He started kickboxing in 2008, the same year he started dating his girlfriend Dee Devlin. Their son, Conor Jack McGregor, was born in May 2017.
Reference
Other websites
UFC profile on UFC
1988 births
Living people
Irish boxers
Mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from Dublin
Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a way symmetry breaks in a physical system. The underlying laws do not change, but the system as a whole changes. Symmetry breaking in physics occurs when a system is crossing a critical point. Small fluctuations decide the system's fate, by determining which branch is taken.
Examples
There are several examples of spontaneous symmetry in nature.
A needle on its point is unstable, and will therefore fall over. The direction it falls, however, is random.
When a magnet is heated, above a certain temperature, it loses its magnetic properties. This is because the atoms are moving too fast to be aligned a particular direction.
Uses for spontaneous symmetry breaking
Spontaneous symmetry breaking can create a particle called a Higgs boson. This is a particle which is the force transferring particle (boson) of the Higgs field. The Higgs field gives mass to fundamental particles such as electrons. Also, many scientists believe in the Higgs effect (which is very similar to spontaneous symmetry breaking) to answer questions that are not answered in the standard model of physics. The standard model predicts that certain types of quarks should have a mass of zero, while in reality they have a non-zero mass value. Some scientists believe that spontaneous symmetry breaking is the answer.
Method of spontaneous symmetry breaking
For spontaneous symmetry breaking to happen, you need an environment which is completely symmetrical, and has at least two outcomes that are equally likely. Spontaneous symmetry breaking starts with two particles that are completely equal; their spin is equal, too. Mathematically, spontaneous symmetry breaking can be extremely puzzling, since you start out with two identical things and end up with two non-identical things. However, in practice, it is not so puzzling. If you have two particles moving at each other with equal speed, it would seem impossible for either of them to do anything but be symmetrical. However, if each particle has an equal 50-50 chance to be spinning one way or another, it is possible-in theory and in practice-to have this symmetry broken. It begins with symmetry to start with because the particles have an equal and symmetrical 50-50 chance of spinning one way or another.
Quantum mechanics
Nedjeljko Mihanović

Nedjeljko Mihanovic (; 16 February 1930 - 27 January 2022) was a Croatian politician. He was Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1994 to 1995. He retired in 2000.
He died on 27 January 2022, at the age of 91.
References
1930 births
2022 deaths
Croatian politicians