pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Number line

A number line is a line with integers (simply ordinary numbers, ...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) on it extending forever in both directions. Usually, zero (0) is placed in the middle of the line. The numbers have an equal space from each other. Other numbers in between the numbers on the line represent rational, irrational, and other types of real numbers.
There is another number line, equally valid and useful, that extends vertically through 0 (the origin) at right angles to our traditional number line and uses imaginary numbers (i). These so-called imaginary numbers extend above and below the traditional number line and are used in very real calculations in many areas of science and technology and also extend in both directions forever (into infinity).
Different forms
A number line is usually drawn as a simple horizontal line. Another form is the helical number line. If the line of numbers is wrapped around a cylinder following an upward helical path, it becomes a helical number line.
If the circumference of the cylinder is equal to the length occupied by ten numbers on the number line, it then becomes a decimal helical number line, and the numbers arrange themselves into columns, each number in a particular column having the same number ending.
Related pages
Real number
Complex plane
Mathematics
Numbers
Schönholzerswilen

Schonholzerswilen is a municipality of the district of Munchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official homepage
Municipalities of Thurgau
Mareil-en-France

Mareil-en-France is a commune. It is in Ile-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France.
References
Communes in Val-d'Oise
Cedar Park, Texas

Cedar Park is a major suburb of Austin in the state of Texas, the center of Austin is about to the southeast of Cedar Park. According to the U.S. Census, the city's population as of July 2017 was 75,226.
References
Cities in Texas
La traviata

La traviata is an Italian opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi, libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, after Alexandre Dumas, fils's novel La dame aux camelias, published in 1848. It was first performed at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice, on March 6, 1853. The title "La traviata" means literally The Woman Who Strayed, or perhaps more figuratively, The Fallen One. Although a failure at its premiere, the opera soon established itself and became one of the best-loved and most frequently performed, recorded and filmed of all operas. Notable interpreters of Traviata have included; Maria Callas, Anna Moffo, Renata Scotto, Beverly Sills, amongst many others.
Principal roles and voice types
Violetta - soprano
Alfredo - tenor
Germont - baritone
Sources
The Complete Dictionnary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Vikings Books, 1989.
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
1850s operas
Wodonga, Victoria

Wodonga is a city on the border of New South Wales, Australia. It is next to Albury, New South Wales and is separated by the Murray River.
Cities in Victoria
Kung Fu Panda (franchise)

The Kung Fu Panda franchise from DreamWorks Animation, consists of three movies: Kung Fu Panda (2008), Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011) and Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016). Two Annie Award-winning shorts, Secrets of the Furious Five (2008) and Kung Fu Panda Holiday (2010), were also released. A TV show for Nickelodeon called Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness premiered in the fall of 2011 and ended on June 29th 2016.
Movies
Kung Fu Panda (2008)
Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011)
Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016)
Animation
Media franchises
Kung Fu Panda
Melodifestivalen

Melodifestivalen, translated as the "Melody Festival", is an annual music competition organised by Sveriges Television (SVT) and Sveriges Radio (SR) to determine Sweden's representative song and performer at the Eurovision Song Contest.
History
It has been staged under various formats almost every year since Sweden first participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1958. The first year, no TV or radio broadcasted event was held, but in 1959, the first public competition was held. The competition is the most popular television programme in Sweden, a title it has held since 2000, at times eclipsing even Eurovision itself. In 2007, an estimated four million Swedes--almost 44% of the country's population--watched the final, while the semifinals averaged around 3.1 million viewers.
The winner is chosen by a number of regional juries and a national televote. Until 2001 the competition was normally limited to between eight and twelve songs (in 1981, only five songs), but since the introduction of semifinals in 2002 that number has risen to thirty-two.
The Melodifestival has produced five Eurovision-winning songs and fifteen placings in the top five for Sweden at the Contest. The event is often seen as being dominated by light orchestrated pop songs, known locally as Schlager. music--so much so that it is sometimes referred to as "Schlagerfestivalen" (the "Schlager Festival") or "Schlager-SM" ("Swedish schlager championship") by the Swedish media but other styles of music such as rap, reggae and glam rock have made an appearance since the competition's expansion.
The competition makes a significant impact on music charts in Sweden; twenty-three participants reached the domestic singles chart in 2006 and twenty-one in 2007. There would have been more people taking part, but Agnes Carlsson was disqualified because she discussed her song in an interview with the Aftonblad newspaper.
Format
Created in 1958, Melodifestivalen has been the competition which all but one of the Swedish Eurovision entries had to go through. There are typically four "heats" of around seven entries each. From each heat, the two most voted-for entries go through to the final while the 3rd and 4th placed entries from each heat go to the "Second Chance Round". From this round, four more finalists are chosen.
In 2022, the second-chance round was replaced with a semi-final where the eight winners of the heats were taken down to four finalists. In 2024, the semi-final will be scrapped and a new fifth heat will be added.
Winners
There have been fifty-six winners of Melodifestivalen. The following table shows winners who have also won Eurovision.
Other websites
Music competitions
Swedish music
1958 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Sweden
Rives, Missouri

Rives is a village in Dunklin County, Missouri, United States.
Villages in Missouri
Bischoffsheim

Bischoffsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
References
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Larry David

Larry David (born July 2, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American actor and writer of Jewish descent.
He worked as a writer on Fridays and Saturday Night Live. He co-created the television series Seinfeld. He also created and stars in his own series called Curb Your Enthusiasm. On the series, he appears as a caricature of himself.
References
Other websites
1947 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
Movie producers from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Seinfeld
Writers from Brooklyn
Irv Gotti

Irving Lorenzo (born 26 June 1970), better known by his stage name Irv Gotti, is a prominent hip hop producer and is the head of the successful record label, Murda Inc.. Various popular hip hoppers, such as Ja Rule, Ashanti, Vita, Caddillac Tah, Charli Baltimore, and Bobby Brown are currently part of his label. He has made cameo appearances in Ashanti's "Foolish" and Ja Rule's "Down 4 U" music videos.
Career
He has signed and/or produced such notable acts like Ja Rule, Ashanti, Vita, Caddillac Tah, Black Child, Charli Baltimore, Bobby Brown, The Game, Purple Entertainment, and Lloyd. He has been featured in videos for Ashanti's "Foolish", Lloyd's "Hey Young Girl", Ja Rule's "Down 4 U" and possibly more. He also produced several tracks on DMX's first two albums.
In 2004, The Inc was investigated for allegedly laundering money through the label of New York City drug lord Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff. On January 25, 2005, Lorenzo and his brother Chris turned themselves in, pleading their innocence. They were released on $1 million bail and will not be tried along with McGriff for the charges against them.
On November 16, 2005, US Attorney Sean Haran said in his opening statement in U.S. District Court that Irving Lorenzo and his brother Christopher "used their corporate bank accounts to clean drug money". According to Haran, convicted drug dealer Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff, sent shopping bags filled with cash and boxes of shoes to the brand's Manhattan office in 2000. The company then handled McGriff $280,000 in checks. Authorities alleged that McGriff was allowed to funnel more than $1 million in drug money through Murder Inc. in exchange for serving as the label's protector and enforcer. Prosecutors also claim the Lorenzos knew about an assassination plot against platinum-selling rapper 50 Cent.
On December 2, 2005, Irving Lorenzo and his brother Christopher were acquitted of all money laundering charges. The courtroom erupted in applause and some jurors congratulated them. The brothers could have faced up to 20 years in prison. The defence countered all along that the brothers were victims of coilability by association with Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff.
Gotti co-produced Vanessa Carlton's third album, Heroes and Thieves, with Channel 7, Rick Rubin and Stephan Jenkins, which was released on October 9, 2007.
References
1970 births
American record producers
Living people
African American musicians
Grammy Award winners
Participants in American reality television series
Gotti, Irv
No Way Out of Texas: In Your House

No Way Out was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on February 15, 1998 at the Compaq Center in Houston, Texas. It was the twentieth In Your House event. No Way Out later became the title of annual PPV held by the WWF.
Matches
References
Other websites
Official No Way Out of Texas: In Your House website
1998 in professional wrestling
Sports in Houston
WWE No Way Out
1998 in American television
1990s in Texas
20th century in Houston
February events
Great Basin

The Great Basin is a desert area in the western United States of America, part of the Basin and Range Province. It is very dry and very large, occupying most of the state of Nevada and extending into California, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, and a small part of Wyoming. In all, is about 200,000 square miles (520,000 square kilometers) in size. It is an 'endorheic' basin, which means that there is no outlet to the ocean. The Great Basin runs from the highest land in the Sierras and Rockies in the west, down to lowland deserts in the east.
The Great Basin's longest and largest river is the Bear River of , and the largest single watershed is the Humboldt River drainage of roughly .
Most Great Basin precipitation is snow. The water that neither evaporates nor is taken for human use will sink into groundwater aquifers. Evaporation occurs from geographic sinks.
Lake Tahoe, North America's largest alpine lake, is part of the Great Basin's central Lahontan subregion.
References
Western United States
Drainage basins
Saulxures, Bas-Rhin

Saulxures is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Royapuram railway station

The Royapuram railway station is a train station at Royapuram. It is on the Chennai Beach-Arakkonam section of the Chennai Suburban Railway network in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It is one of the oldest railway station currently functioning in India (the original structures of the two older stations, Bombay and Thane, are no longer operational). It is also the first railway station of South India.
The first train of South India started operating in June 1856 from Royapuram railway station. The station also remained the headquarters of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway till 1922, when the headquarters was shifted to Egmore. Since the original structures of Bombay and Thane stations no longer exist, Royapuram station remains the oldest railway station in the entire subcontinent.
The Royapuram railway station ranks second in India in terms of space availability with 246,000 sq m, next to the Howrah station in Kolkata.
References
Chennai district
Rail transport in India
Warner Robins, Georgia

Warner Robins is a city in central Georgia. It was named for General Augustine Warner Robins of the U.S. Air Force.
Warner Robins was founded in 1942 from the community of Wellston. It was incorporated as a town in 1943. It became a city in 1956.
As of the 2015 Census estimate, 73,490 people lived there.
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Grigol Mgaloblishvili

Grigol Mgaloblishvili (, ; born 7 October 1973) is a Georgian politician and diplomat. He was Prime Minister of Georgia from 1 November 2008 to 6 February 2009.
References
Other websites
1973 births
Prime Ministers of Georgia
Diplomats
Politicians from Tbilisi
Living people
21st-century politicians from Georgia (country)
Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Lesser Poland Voivodeship, or Malopolska Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland. It is , and as of 2006, has 3,267,731 residents. It was created on 1 January 1999. The capital of the province is Krakow.
The province's natural borders are Swietokrzyskie Mountains (Gory Swietokrzyskie) on the north, Jura Krakowsko-Czestochowska (a broad range of hills stretching from Krakow to Czestochowa) on the west, and the Tatra, Pieniny and Beskidy Mountains on the south. The provinces and countries it is bordered by are the Silesian Voivodeship to the west, Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north, Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the east, and the country of Slovakia to the south.
Protected areas
Protected areas in Lesser Poland Voivodeship include six National Parks and 11 Landscape Parks. These are listed below.
Babia Gora National Park (a UNESCO-designated biosphere reserve)
Gorce National Park
Magura National Park (partly in Subcarpathian Voivodeship)
Ojcow National Park
Pieniny National Park
Tatra National Park (part of a UNESCO biosphere reserve shared with Slovakia)
Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park
Ciezkowice-Roznow Landscape Park
Dlubnia Landscape Park
Eagle Nests Landscape Park (partly in Silesian Voivodeship)
Krakow Valleys Landscape Park
Little Beskids Landscape Park (partly in Silesian Voivodeship)
Pasmo Brzanki Landscape Park (partly in Subcarpathian Voivodeship)
Poprad Landscape Park
Rudno Landscape Park
Tenczynek Landscape Park
Wisnicz-Lipnica Landscape Park
References
Other websites
1999 establishments in Poland
Voivodeships of Poland
Perrigny, Yonne

Perrigny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Yonne
La Chavatte

La Chavatte is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Communes in Somme
Schopfloch, Bavaria

Schopfloch is a municipality in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany. It is the home of Lachoudisch, a rare Hebrew-infused German dialect.
References
Ansbach (district)
Anderson, Iowa

Anderson is a census-designated place (CDP) in Iowa in the United States. It is in Fremont County. In 2010, it had 65 people.
Its geographical coordinates are . It has an area of .
Census-designated places in Iowa
The Sunday Woman (movie)

The Sunday Woman () is a 1975 Italian thriller movie directed by Luigi Comencini and based on the novel of the same name. It stars Marcello Mastroianni, Jacqueline Bisset, Jean-Louis Trintignant and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1975 thriller movies
Italian thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Luigi Comencini
20th Century Fox movies
Mitsuo Kamata

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Kamata was born in Ibaraki Prefecture on December 16, 1937. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Furukawa Electric in 1960. He won 1960, 1961 and 1964 Emperor's Cup. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1974. He played 106 games and scored 6 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1967, 1968 and 1969.
On December 25, 1958, when Kamata was a Chuo University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He played at 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. He played in all match at both tournament and Japan won Bronze Medal in 1968. In 2018, this team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. He also played at 1962 Asian Games. He played 44 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1958.
After retirement, Kamata became a manager for Furukawa Electric as Saburo Kawabuchi successor in 1976 and managed until 1978. The club won the champions in 1976 Japan Soccer League, 1976 Emperor's Cup and 1977 JSL Cup. In 1981, he signed with Japanese Regional Leagues club Daikyo Oil (later Cosmo Oil). He led the club to won league champions 4 times and promoted the club to Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1986. He resigned in 1991. In 2007, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
Statistics
|-
|1965||rowspan="10"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="10"|JSL Division 1||14||2
|-
|1966||14||0
|-
|1967||14||1
|-
|1968||13||0
|-
|1969||14||1
|-
|1970||13||1
|-
|1971||14||1
|-
|1972||7||0
|-
|1973||3||0
|-
|1974||0||0
106||6
106||6
|}
|-
|1958||2||0
|-
|1959||10||0
|-
|1960||0||0
|-
|1961||7||1
|-
|1962||7||1
|-
|1963||4||0
|-
|1964||2||0
|-
|1965||3||0
|-
|1966||0||0
|-
|1967||2||0
|-
|1968||3||0
|-
|1969||4||0
|-
!Total||44||2
|}
References
Other websites
Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association
Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1968 Olympics) at Japan Football Association
1937 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibaraki Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Footballers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Håkon Brusveen

Hakon Brusveen (15 July 1927 - 21 April 2021) was a Norwegian cross-country skier. He competed in the individual 15 km and 4 x 10 km relay events at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics and won two medals in 1960: a gold in the 15 km and a silver in the relay; in 1956 he placed fifth and fourth, respectively.
References
1927 births
2021 deaths
Norwegian Olympic gold medalists
Norwegian Olympic silver medalists
Norwegian skiers
Bugatti Type 35

The Type 35 was the most successful of the Bugatti racing models. Its version of the Bugatti arch-shaped radiator that had evolved from the more architectural one of the Bugatti Type 13 Brescia, was to become the one that the marque is most known for though even in the ranks of the various Type 35s there were variations on the theme.
Sports cars
Hawk Nelson Is My Friend

Hawk Nelson is my Friend is an album by Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on April 1, 2008.
The title was taken because they find it funny - some people still think of Hawk Nelson as a person instead of a band. It was also chosen because, Hawk Nelson like to connect with fans, and make friends with them.
Songs
"You Have What I Need" - 2:34
"Friend Like That" - 2:49
"Turn It On" - 3:09
"One Little Miracle" - 2:58
"Let's Dance" - 3:09
"Ancient History" - 3:11
"Somebody Else" - 3:18
"Arms Around Me" - 3:31
"Just Like Me" - 2:39
"Not The Same" - 3:30
"Words We Speak" - 2:54
"I Still Miss You" - 3:51
It also includes a special edition CD/DVD with extra tracks and a paper board game. Also including a video showing how the music video for "Friend Like That" was made. It has four other videos from the band.
Singles
"Friend Like That" was the only single from this album. It was first made available on music programmes such as Itunes. It was announced a while before, and was available on Christmas Eve 2007. However, it was taken early on websites such as YouTube.
2008 albums
Hawk Nelson albums
Clay County, Arkansas

Clay County is a county in Arkansas.
References
Arkansas counties
1873 establishments in Arkansas
Schwanden bei Brienz

Schwanden bei Brienz is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Bern
Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba

Maria del Rosario Fitz-James Stuart y de Silva, (18th) Duchess of Alba de Tormes, Grandee of Spain (28 March 1926 - 20 November 2014) was a Spanish aristocrat. She was the head of the House of Alba. Stuart was the third woman to carry the title in her own right. She was born in Liria Palace, Madrid, Spain.
Stuart died in Palace of the Dukes of Alba, Seville, Spain, aged 88.
Styles
28 March 1926 - 11 January 1935: The Most Excellent Dona Ma del Rosario Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart y Silva
11 January 1935 - 28 January 1947: The Most Excellent The Duchess of Aliaga
28 January 1947 - 18 February 1955: The Most Excellent The Duchess of Montoro
18 February 1955 -20 November 2014: The Most Excellent The Duchess of Alba de Tormes
References
Other websites
House of Hijar
Euskomedia
1926 births
2014 deaths
People from Madrid
Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld

Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (21 October 1921 - 30 March 2015) was a Dutch astronomer. She worked at the Leiden Observatory. She analyzed new asteroids. She is thanked for finding several thousand new asteroid discoveries.
Van Houten-Groeneveld died on 30 March 2015, at the age of 93, in Oegstgeest, Netherlands.
References
1921 births
2015 deaths
Dutch astronomers
Logansport, Indiana

Logansport is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States.
Cities in Indiana
County seats in Indiana
Douglas C-47 Skytrain

The C-47 Skytrain was an American cargo aircraft that could carry up to 3.5 tons. It was the military version of the DC-3. The C-47 was most notably used during World War II by the Allied to move troops, supplies and the wounded.
During the Berlin Airlift in the Cold War C-47 planes carried food and other supplies to West Berlin, as all other methods of transport were blocked.
References
C-47
World War II American aircraft
Laurie Hendren

Laurie Jane Hendren (December 13, 1958 - May 27, 2019) was a Canadian computer scientist. She was a graduate of Queen's University and Cornell University. She is noted for her research in programming languages and compilers. McGill University. In 1990, she began working as an assistant professor at McGill University and became a full professor in 2001. She was awarded a Canada Research Chair in 2011. She was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2012.
Hendren was born in Peterborough, Ontario. She was married and had a daughter. She died of cancer on May 27, 2019 in Montreal, Quebec. She was 60.
References
1958 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Quebec
Canadian computer scientists
Cornell University alumni
Canadian educators
People from Ontario
Square dance

Square dances are sequence dance for four couples in a square. Each couple faces the centre of the square.
Square dances were first written about in 16th-century England, and were also common in France and throughout Europe. They came to North America with the European settlers. Square dances are a type of folk dance.
References
Dance types
Bailleul, Nord

Bailleul () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 15,019 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Brunssum

Brunssum is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 28,103 people lived there.
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Edgar Morin

Edgar Morin (; born Edgar Nahoum on 8 July 1921) is a French philosopher and sociologist. He has been known for his work on complexity and "complex thought," and for his scholarly contributions to such diverse fields as media studies, politics, sociology, visual anthropology, ecology, education, and systems biology.
Morin holds degrees in history, economics, and law. Though less well known in the United States due to the limited of English translations of his over 60 books, Morin is renowned in the French-speaking world, Europe, and Latin America.
Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe
References
Other websites
The Persecution of Edgar Morin by Doug Ireland
An interview and short biography on Unesco's web site
"La realite semi-imaginaire de l'homme", chapitre conclusif du livre "Cinema ou l'homme imaginaire" (1956), reproduit sur le site d'analyse L'oBservatoire (simple appareil).
A lecture in English http://www.wise-qatar.org/edgar-morin
A Spanish language website http://www.edgarmorin.org/
Interview with Edgar Morin http://www.guninetwork.org/resources/guni.talks/edgar-morin
1921 births
Living people
French philosophers
French educators
French communists
French sociologists
French critics
Writers from Paris
Mämmi

Mammi is a traditional Finnish food. It is similar to porridge. Originally, it was eaten only in western Finland. It is served cooled with cream and sugar. Mammi is usually eaten around Easter. It is a dark-brown porridge-like dish with a thick but smooth consistency, made from a combination of rye flour, rye malt, and sugar, and flavored with orange zest and cardamom. It has a similar consistency to porridge or pudding. Mammi is thought to be the equivalent of Jewish unleavened bread as festive food. It is centuries old and is served as a dessert during Easter in Finland.
Other websites
mammi
Finnish food
Desserts
The Bell Ringer's Daughter

The Bell Ringer's Daughter () is a 1906 French silent movie directed by Albert Capellani and stars Gabriel Moreau, Renee Coge, and Ransart.
Actors
Gabriel Moreau as The Lover
Renee Coge as The Bell Ringer's Daughter
Ransart as The Bell Ringer's Granddaughter
References
Other websites
French movies
1906 movies
French silent movies
Washington County, Maryland

Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the county's population was 147,430. Its county seat is Hagerstown.
References
Maryland counties
Mabton, Washington

Mabton is a city in the state of Washington.
Cities in Washington (state)
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation is an 1844 work by Robert Chambers. It was published anonymously in England.
The book openly discussed the transmutation of species in an attractive way.
Vestiges became an international bestseller. Its theme contradicted the natural theology fashionable at the time. Its ideas were reviled by clergymen. The ideas in the book were popular with a wider public. Prince Albert read it aloud to Queen Victoria in 1845. Vestiges caused a shift in popular opinion which - Charles Darwin believed - prepared the public mind for the scientific theories of evolution by natural selection as in his On the Origin of Species in 1859.
For decades there was speculation about the authorship of Vestiges. The 12th edition of 1884, revealed that the author was Robert Chambers, a Scottish journalist. He had written the book in St Andrews between 1841 and 1844 while recovering from illness. Initially, Chambers had proposed the title The Natural History of Creation, but he was persuaded to revise the title in deference to the Scottish geologist James Hutton. Hutton had remarked of the timeless aspect of geology: "no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end".
Publication
The book was published in October 1844 by John Churchill in London. The secret of the authorship was kept from from Churchill.
Difficulties appreciated
"In other words, the fact of extinction -- which can be observed in the fossil layers -- suggests that some designs were flawed... Some other idea must then come with regard to the mode in which the Divine Author proceeded in the organic creation. (p153)
"...how can we suppose that the august Being who brought all these countless worlds into form by the simple establishment of a natural principle flowing from his mind, was to interfere personally and specially on every occasion when a new shell-fish or reptile was to be ushered into existence on one of these worlds? Surely this idea is too ridiculous to be for a moment entertained". (p154)
The general scandal caused by Vestiges meant Darwin was reluctant to publish his own ideas until he had well researched answers to all possible objections.
Reaction
The first edition of 1,750 copies sold out in a few days. The book was translated into five languages, and many editions were published in the U.S.A.
Chambers followed the book with another, this time dealing with all the questions raised by the first book: Chambers, Robert 1845. Explanations: a sequel to Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. London: John Churchill.
References
Books by British authors
Kunduz Province

Kunduz or Qunduz (, ) is one of the provinces of Afghanistan. It is in northern Afghanistan. There are about 820,000 people who live in the Province.
The Kunduz River valley is the main feature of the Kunduz Province.
Districts
Related pages
Kunduz
References
Mark Hurd

Mark Vincent Hurd (January 1, 1957 - October 18, 2019) was an American businessman. He was co-CEO and a member of the board of directors of Oracle Corporation. He was Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and president of Hewlett-Packard, before resigning in 2010.
He was also on the Board of Directors of Globality and was a member of the Technology CEO Council and board of directors of News Corporation until 2010.
In September 2019, Hurd went on medical leave for health reasons. Hurd died on October 18, 2019 at the age of 62.
References
1957 births
2019 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Andrew G. Vajna

Andrew G. Vajna (born Andras Gyorgy Vajna; August 1, 1944 - January 20, 2019) was a Hungarian-American movie producer. He was born in Budapest. Vajna studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was known for his works in Nixon, Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines and Medicine Man.
Vajna died at his home in Budapest following a long illness on January 20, 2019, aged 74.
References
Other websites
1944 births
2019 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie producers
People from Budapest
Svartbyn

Svartbyn is a locality in Overkalix Municipality, in Norrbotten County in Sweden. In 2010, 265 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Norrbotten County
In the Flesh?

In The Flesh? is the opening track of Pink Floyd's rock opera album, The Wall.
Concept
The Wall tells the story of Pink, and alienated rock star. This song introduces Pink. It resembles the opening of a rock concert. Pink sings about how despite how he looks (in the film he appears to be a fascist dictator), he is not exactly what he seems. He says, "if ya wanna find out what's behind these cold eyes / you'll just have to claw your way through this disguise!".
1979 songs
Pink Floyd songs
Carrie Lam

Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor, GBM, GBS (; nee Cheng, born 13 May 1957) is a Hong Kong politician. She was the 4th Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2017 to 2022. She was the Chief Secretary for Administration, from 2012 to 2017, and as Secretary for Development from 2007 to 2012.
References
1957 births
Living people
Chief Executives of Hong Kong
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
Acherontia styx

Acherontia styx is a Sphingid moth found in Asia, one of the three species of Death's-head Hawkmoth, also known as the Bee Robber.
Popular culture
An Acherontia styx pupa found in the soft palate of a murder victim is a vital clue in the thriller novel The Silence of the Lambs; in The Silence of the Lambs movie version, however, while the script still refers to styx, the species used is Acherontia atropos.
Other websites
References
Sphinginae
Horse harness

A horse harness is a piece of equipment that allows a horse to pull a vehicle such as a carriage, wagon or sleigh. Harnesses may also be used to hitch animals to other loads such as a plough. Harnesses can be in leather or in biothane with stainless or chrome. Draft horses can be hitched on a cart: two-wheel buggies, or wagons. Light horses can be hitched on sulky, four-wheel buggies or antic wagons.
Horses
George P. Smith

George Pieczenik Smith (born March 10, 1941) is an American chemist. He is the Curators' Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He is best known for phage displays. It is when a specific protein's genetic code is artificially inserted into a bacterophage's coat protein gene.
In 2018, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside Greg Winter and Frances Arnold.
References
1941 births
Living people
American chemists
Scientists from Connecticut
People from Norwalk, Connecticut
Treaty of Troyes

The Treaty of Troyes (1420) tried to change the inheritance rule for the kings of France, but did not succeed at doing that. This treaty said that Henry V of England and his sons would become kings of France after the death of Charles VI of France. The treaty tried to disinherit the future Charles VII of France. The treaty did not work because Henry V and Charles VI died two months apart and Joan of Arc recaptured land for Charles VII.
Hundred Years' War
Troyes
1420
15th century in France
1420s in Europe
Tommy Cannon

Thomas Derbyshire (born 27 June 1938), known professionally as Tommy Cannon, is an English comedian and singer. He is best known as the straight man of comedy duo Cannon and Ball, along with Bobby Ball, in The Cannon and Ball Show. Cannon was chairman of Rochdale Football Club until 1988.
He was born in Oldham, Lancashire.
Cannon was cast in ITV soap opera Emmerdale as pensioner Derek in 2019.
References
1938 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English comedians
English television personalities
Actors from Lancashire
Singers from Lancashire
Jamie Vincent

Jamie Roy Vincent (18 June 1975 - 18 January 2022) was an English professional footballer. He played as a defender. His career began in 1993 and he retired in 2012. He was known for playing with Bournemouth, Huddersfield Town, Portsmouth, Swindon Town, Walsall and Aldershot Town.
Vincent died from a heart attack in Reading, Berkshire on 18 January 2022, at the age of 46.
References
1975 births
2022 deaths
Footballers from London
People from Reading, Berkshire
Sportspeople from Berkshire
Bernie Morris

Bernard Patrick Morris (August 21, 1890 - May 16, 1963) was an Canadian ice hockey player for the old Seattle Metropolitans of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association. When the Metropolitans became the first U.S.-based team to win the Stanley Cup in 1917, Morris scored 14 of Seattle's goals (in a best-of-five series).
Playing career
Born in Brandon, Manitoba, Morris played for several senior teams in Manitoba and Saskatchewan before joining the Victoria Aristocrats of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1914. He moved over to Seattle the following season, and played eight seasons for Seattle, and was a member of the Stanley Cup champion 1917 team. He played in two other Finals, the ill-fated 1919 series, and the 1923 series. He had an outstanding 1917 series, scoring 14 goals in four games. In 1923, he joined the Calgary Tigers and played a season and a half before joining the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). From 1925 unil 1930, he finished his career with various teams in the minor California Pro League, the Can-Pro and International League.
References
Other websites
1890 births
1963 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey centres
James Burton

James Burton (born August 21, 1939, in Minden, Louisiana) is an American musician. He is most famous as a guitar player and has played with many famous singers including: Ricky Nelson, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, John Denver, Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Costello, Roy Orbison, Joni Mitchell and the Everly Brothers.
In 2001 Burton was elected into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation makes a special "Telecaster" electric guitar which is named after James Burton.
References
American guitarists
Musicians from Louisiana
American rock musicians
Country musicians
1939 births
Living people
Rose Green

Rose Green is a hamlet in Lindsey, Babergh, Suffolk, England.
Rose Green has five listed buildings.
A barn owned by Mr D Nesbitt
Chapel Farmhouse
Chapel of St James
A cottage
White Rose Inn
References
Hamlets in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Soyuz (spacecraft)

Soyuz (, ) is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space programme. It was first used in the 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date.[1][2] All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
History
The first Soyuz flight had no people aboard. It launched on November 28, 1966. The first Soyuz mission with a crew, Soyuz 1, launched on 23 April 1967 but crashed upon return, killing cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Soyuz 3 (October 26, 1968) was the first successful manned mission. Now, the Soyuz is widely considered the world's safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight vehicle. Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry cosmonauts to and from Salyut and later Mir space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station (ISS). At least one Soyuz spacecraft is docked at the ISS at all times for use as an escape craft in the event of an emergency.
Parts
The Soyuz spacecraft has three parts:
A round orbital module, which provides space for the crew;
A small reentry module, which gets the crew back to Earth;
A service module with solar panels, which contains instruments and engines.
Orbital module
The orbital module is also called the Habitation section. It has all the equipment not needed for reentry, such as experiments, cameras and cargo. It also contains a docking collar for docking to space stations. It does not come back to earth.
Reentry module
The reentry module is used for launch and the journey back to earth. Half of it is covered in heat protection tiles. It comes back to earth.
Service module
The service module has solar panels. It contains systems for temperature control, electric power supply, long-range radio communications and radio telemetry. It does not come back to earth.
Related pages
R-7
References
Russia
Aerospace engineering
Satellites
George Balanchine

George Balanchine (Saint Petersburg, January 22, 1904 - New York, April 30, 1983) was a ballet dancer and choreographer. His father was Georgian and his mother Russian.
He was one of the 20th century's most famous choreographers. He developed over 200 ballets, mostly in the United States. He was the co-founder and balletmaster of the New York City Ballet. He was a choreographer known for his musicality. He often with Igor Stravinsky: 39 of his ballets were choreographed to music by Stravinsky.
Career
Balanchine was trained at the Imperial Ballet School in St Petersburg. After the Revolution he joined what is now the Mariinsky Ballet. He escaped when the company toured Germany. He was picked up by Sergei Diaghilev to be a dancer and choreographer for the Ballets Russes.
After Diaghilev's death, Balanchine stayed in Europe until 1933. Then he was taken to New York by a wealthy patron, Lincoln Kirstein. Together they formed the American Ballet School. Later they formed the American Ballet Company. This company became the 'house' dance group of the New York Metropolitan Opera. Later, in 1938, Balanchine moved the company to Hollywood.
In 1948 he moved back to New York. This was to head the New York City Ballet at the New York State Theater. He designed this theater. From 1946 to 1982 he choreographed many dances for this company. Balanchine died in 1983 of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Marriages
In 1922 18 year old Balanchine married 15 year old Tamara Geva. After his divorce from Geva, Balanchine was with Alexandra Danilova from 1926 through 1933. He married and divorced three more times, all to women who were his dancers. There was Vera Zorina (December 1938-1946), Maria Tallchief (1946-1952), and Tanaquil Le Clercq (1952-1969). He did not have any children.
References
1904 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Russian dancers
Ballet dancers
American choreographers
Magna Carta: Tears of Blood

Magna Carta: Tears of Blood known in South Korea as Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata and also in Japan and Europe as only Magna Carta is a role-playing video game, developed by Softmax, and published by Banpresto (Japan), Atlus (North America and Australia), and 505 Games (Europe). It is sequel to Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche. The game later ported to the PlayStation Portable, called Magna Carta Portable, in 2006.
2004 video games
Atlus games
Banpresto games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Role-playing video games
Meilen

Meilen is a city in the Swiss canton of Zurich. It is the capital in the district of Meilen.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Zurich
Cities in Switzerland
Crazy in Love

"Crazy in Love" is an R&B/funk song written by Beyonce Knowles, producer Rich Harrison, rapper Jay-Z, and Eugene Record. Released as the first single from Beyonce's debut album Dangerously in Love in mid 2003 (see 2003 in music), it reached number one in the United States and United Kingdom and the top ten on the majority of charts it entered across the world. The song contains a prominent horn sample from The Chi-Lites' 1970 "Are You My Woman (Tell Me So)", and serves as the song's hook. Its success established Knowles as a leading solo performer following several years as a member of the band Destiny's Child.
Music video
The music video (released in May 2003) was filmed by Jake Nava and does not have a story. The opening scene begins with Knowles wearing a tank top, shorts, and red high-heels. She performs a dance on a riser. The scene shifts to a gold set detailing a mock photo shoot, before moving into a scene with dancers detailing Knowles and dancing against a wall while wearing caps and full length pants. In a controversial sequence, the video then shifts into its next scene, which shows a helpless Beyonce struggling inside a car. She is apparently unaware that there is a trail of gasoline outside of the car, which Jay-Z ignites, causing the car to explode.
Knowles does not appear injured; next, she is dancing to Jay-Z's solo rap in an exotic silk print over a fur coat, and decides to kick a fire hydrant. She continues to dance whilst the water is flying all over the place. The video ends with Knowles and her dancers in front of a giant fan in vibrant dresses in contrast to the more neutral colors of the background.
Formats and track listings
American 12" vinyl single
"Krazy in Luv" (Rockwilder remix) - 4:12
"Krazy in Luv" (Rockwilder remix instrumental) - 4:12
"Krazy in Luv" (Adam 12 So Crazy remix) - 4:30
"Krazy in Luv" (Maurice's Nu Soul remix) - 6:27
"Krazy in Luv" (Juniors World remix) - 8:09
American CD maxi single
"Crazy in Love" (single version) - 4:11
"Summertime" - 3:53
"Krazy in Luv" (Maurice's Nu Soul remix) - 6:27
"Krazy in Luv" (Rockwilder remix) - 4:12
"Crazy in Love" (video)
American CD maxi single
"Crazy in Love" (album version) - 3:55
"Crazy in Love" (no rap version) - 3:46
"Crazy in Love" (single version) - 4:11
British 12" vinyl single
"Crazy in Love" (album version) - 3:55
"Crazy in Love" (instrumental) - 3:55
"Krazy in Luv" (Rockwilder remix) - 4:12
"Krazy In Luv" (Lego's Poontin Muzik dub) - 5:39
European CD single
"Crazy in Love" (single version) - 4:11
"Crazy in Love" (album version) - 4:26
References
Beyonce songs
Jay-Z songs
2003 songs
Debut singles
Funk songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship (; MRECIC), informally referred to as the Chancellery (), is the Argentine government ministry dealing with the foreign relations of Argentina, Argentina's foreign policy, international development, international trade, diaspora and matters dealing with Mercosur and the Catholic Church.
References
Government ministries of Argentina
Carol Burnett

Carol Burnett is an American singer, writer, dancer, actress and comedian. She is notable for her stage and television acting. She began her career in New York. She had her own television program: The Carol Burnett Show (1967-1978 on CBS). Burnett was born in San Antonio, Texas in 1933.
Burnett has won many awards. These include six Emmy Awards, five Golden Globes and a Tony.
References
Other websites
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000993/bio - IMDB
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/carol_burnett.html - Carol Burnett Quotes
1933 births
Living people
Singers from Texas
Writers from Texas
American television actors
American movie actors
Comedians from Texas
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Actors from San Antonio, Texas
Zsa Zsa Gábor

Zsa Zsa Gabor (6 February 1917 - 18 December 2016) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite. Her older sister Magda and younger sister Eva were also actresses and socialites.
In 1936 Gabor won the Miss Hungary competition. She was married nine times. In 1986 she married Frederic Prinz von Anhalt. She had one child, Constance Francesca Hilton.
On 18 December 2016, at 6:00 am, Gabor died at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from cardiopulmonary arrest complicated by coronary artery disease, aged 99. Her ashes were buried at the Westwood Memorial Park Cemetery in Beverly Hills, California on 30 December.
References
Other websites
Zsa Zsa Gabor News
1917 births
2016 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Budapest
American movie actors
American radio actors
American socialites
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from coronary artery disease
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Hungarian movie actors
Mullaitivu District

Mullaitivu District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the town of Mullaitivu.
Mullaitivu District is in the north east of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .
References
Other websites
1978 establishments in Asia
Districts of Sri Lanka
Northern Province, Sri Lanka
1970s establishments in Sri Lanka
Theoxena scissaria

Theoxena scissaria is a species of moth. It is part of the Geometridae family. Guenee used the scientific name in 1868.
References
Theoxena scissaria in id.net
Geometridae