pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)

The Ministry of the Economy and Finance (, pronounced ), informally referred to as Bercy, is one of the most important ministries in the Government of France.
List
Other websites
Composition of Government
Common site of the two ministries
French taxation site
Le Chaudron infernal

Le Chaudron infernal is a French silent trick movie made in 1903. It was directed by Georges Melies. In Britain it was released as The Infernal Cauldron and in the United States as The Infernal Caldron and the Phantasmal Vapors. It was released by Melies's Star Film Company and is numbered 499-500 in its catalogues.
Plot
In a Renaissance chamber decorated with devilish faces and a warped coat of arms, a gleeful Satan throws three human victims into a cauldron, which spews out flames. The victims rise from the cauldron as nebulous ghosts, and then turn into fireballs. The fireballs multiply and pursue Satan around the chamber. Finally Satan himself leaps into the infernal cauldron, which gives off a final burst of flame.
Versions
The movies Melies did before 1903 were often pirated by American producers. This is especially true for his popular movie A Trip to the Moon. To fight against this product piracy, Melies opened an American branch of his Star Film Company. He began producing two negatives of each movie he made: one for home markets, and one for foreign release. To produce the two separate negatives, Melies built a special camera that used two lenses and two reels of film.
In the 2000s, researchers at the French film company Lobster Films noticed that Melies's two-lens system was a fully functional, stereo film camera. 3D versions of Melie' movies could e made by combining the domestic and foreign prints of the film. Serge Bromberg, the founder of Lobster Films, presented 3D versions of The Infernal Cauldron and another 1903 Melies film, The Oracle of Delphi, at a January 2010 presentation at the Cinematheque Francaise. According to the film critic Kristin Thompson, "the effect of 3D was delightful ... the films as synchronized by Lobster looked exactly as if Melies had designed them for 3D." Bromberg screened both films again--as well as the 1906 Melies film The Mysterious Retort, similarly prepared for 3D--at a September 2011 presentation at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
References
Other websites
1903 movies
French horror movies
French silent movies
Valerie Mahaffey

Valerie Mahaffey (June 16, 1953) is an American actress who acts mostly for television programs. She acted in the sitcom Desperate Housewives. She has had some movies during her career. She was raised near Austin, Texas.
American television actors
Actors from Texas
1953 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Sidensjö

Sidensjo is a locality in Ornskoldsvik Municipality in Vasternorrland County in Sweden. In 2010, 399 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Vasternorrland County
John Kennedy Sr. (footballer)

John Kennedy Sr. (29 December 1928 - 25 June 2020) was an Australian rules footballer. He played for the Hawthorn Football Club, and coached Hawthorn and the North Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He was born in Camberwell, Victoria.
Kennedy Sr. died on 25 June 2020 at the age of 91.
References
1928 births
2020 deaths
Australian rules footballers
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Space-time tradeoff

In computer science, a space-time or time-memory tradeoff is a way of solving a problem or calculation in less time by using more storage space (or memory), or by solving a problem in very little space by spending a long time. Most computers have a large amount of space, but not infinite space. Also, most people are willing to wait a little while for a big calculation, but not forever. So if your problem is taking a long time but not much memory, a space-time tradeoff would let you use more memory and solve the problem more quickly. Or, if it could be solved very quickly but requires more memory than you have, you can try to spend more time solving the problem in the limited memory.
The most common condition is an algorithm using a lookup table. This means that the answers for some question for every possible value can be written down. One way of solving this problem is to write down the entire lookup table, which will let you find answers very quickly, but will use a lot of space. Another way is to calculate the answers without writing down anything, which uses very little space, but might take a long time.
A space-time tradeoff can be used with the problem of data storage. If data is stored uncompressed, it takes more space but less time than if the data were stored compressed (since compressing the data decreases the amount of space it takes, but it takes time to run the compression algorithm).
Larger code size can be used to increase program speed when using loop unwinding. This technique makes the program code longer for each iteration of a loop, but saves the computation time needed for jumping back to the beginning of the loop at the end of each iteration.
In the field of cryptography, using space-time tradeoff, the attacker is decreasing the exponential time required for a brute force attack. Rainbow tables use partially precomputed values in the hash space of a cryptographic hash function to crack passwords in minutes instead of weeks. Decreasing the size of the rainbow table increases the time required to iterate over the hash space. The meet-in-the-middle attack attack uses a space-time tradeoff to find the cryptographic key in only encryptions (and space) compared to the expected encryptions (but only space) of the normal attack.
Dynamic programming is another example where the time of solving problems can be decreased by using more memory.
Other websites
Philippe Oechslin: Making a Faster Cryptanalytic Time-Memory Trade-Off.
Once Upon a Time-Memory Tradeoff.
Computer science
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is a Catholic university based in the city of Santiago de Chile. It was founded in 1888 through a decree issued by the Santiago Archbishop. This university was one of the first Chilean universities teaching strong entrepreneurship starting with two subjects: law and mathematics.
Other websites
Official Website
Colleges and universities in Chile
Santiago de Chile
1888 establishments
19th-century establishments in Chile
Franklin County, Missouri

Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 104,682. The county seat is Union. The county was founded in 1818 and is named after Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.
References
1818 establishments in Missouri Territory
Missouri counties
Lewis, Vermont

Lewis is a town in Essex County, Vermont, United States.
Towns in Vermont
Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

Johann Ludwig "Lutz" Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (22 August 1887 - 4 March 1977) was a German politician.
Early life
Johann Ludwig von Krosigk was born in Rathmannsdorf, in the Kingdom of Saxony. His father was from a noble family in Anhalt, his mother was a daughter of one of the Counts ("Graf") von Schwerin. He studied law and politics in Halle, in Lausanne and, as a Rhodes Scholar, at the University of Oxford.
He became a Lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, and he won the Iron Cross. In 1918, Krosigk married Baroness Ehrengard von Plettenberg. They had four sons and five daughters.
Nazi years
Pre-World War II
Schwerin von Krosigkut was a conservative, but not a member of any political party when was appointed Minister of Finance by Franz von Papen in 1932. President Paul von Hindenburg asked him to stay in office under Kurt von Schleicher. Hitler kept him as finance minister throughout the period of Nazi Party rule, even though several members of his family took part in attempts to kill Hitler.
World War II
On 1 May 1945, Schwerin von Krosigk was asked to be the Chancellor (Reichskanzler) of the Acting Government by new President (Reichsprasident) Karl Donitz.
On 7 May 1945, Donitz allowed the German Army to surrender at Rheims before General Eisenhower.
Winston Churchill recognised the Flensburg Government de facto because he said the surrender was allowed by "Grand Admiral Donitz the designated Head of State". The government was dissolved when its members were captured by British forces on 23 May 1945, at Flensburg.
Schwerin von Krosigk was tried at Ministries Trial at Nuremberg along with other leading members of the Nazi Government. Schwerin von Krosigk was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment but was released during an amnesty in 1951.
After World War II
In later years Schwerin von Krosigk wrote several books about economics policy and two versions of his memoirs.
He was one of the first to talk about an "Iron Curtain" coming down across Europe, in a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945, a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels, and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous.
Schwerin von Krosigk died in 1977 in the town of Essen, Germany, aged 89.
Works
Es geschah in Deutschland, 1951
Die grosse Zeit des Feuers - Der Weg der deutschen Industrie, 3 volumes, 1959
Alles auf Wagnis - der Kaufmann gestern, heute und morgen, 1963
Personliche Erinnerungen, memoirs, 3 volumes, 1974
Staatsbankrott (Studie uber die deutsche Finanzpolitik von 1920 bis 1945), 1975
Memoiren (short version of Personliche Erinnerungen), 1977
References
Other websites
Biography (Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin)
1887 births
1977 deaths
Chancellors of Nazi Germany
German military personnel of World War I
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Politicians from Saxony
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Rhodes scholars
Galt, California

Galt is a city in Sacramento County, California, United States.
Cities in California
Settlements in Sacramento County, California
Pentti Siimes

Pentti Kalevi Siimes (10 September 1929 - 27 October 2016) was a Finnish actor. He appeared in 86 movies and television shows between 1946 and 2008. He was born in Helsinki, Finland.
Siimes starred in the movie Miriam, which was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival. He was known for his role as PFC. Maatta in the 1955 movie The Unknown Soldier.
Siimes died on 27 October 2016 in Helsinki, Finland at the age of 87.
References
Other websites
1929 births
2016 deaths
Finnish movie actors
Actors from Helsinki
Häggeby och Vreta

Haggeby och Vreta is a locality in Habo Municipality in Uppsala County in Sweden. In 2010, 224 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Uppsala County
Kubja Vishnuvardhana

Kubja Vishnuvardhana was the brother of Chalukya king Pulikeshin II. Vishnuvardhana ruled the Vengi territories in the eastern Andhra Pradesh as the viceroy under Pulakeshin II. Later he declared it as an independent country. Thus started the Eastern Chalukya dynasty (c. 624).The Eastern Chalukyas ruled the Vengi kingdom for nearly five centuries.
Reign
Vishnuvardhana ruled over a kingdom extending from Nellore to Visakhapatnam. He got the title of Vishamasiddhi (conqueror of difficulties). Vishnuvardhana participated in the wars between his brother Pulikesin II and the Pallava Narasimhavarma I. He possibly lost his life in thebattle in 641.His son Jayasimha I succeeded him as the king.
References
Eastern Chalukyas
641 deaths
Intellectual dark web

The Intellectual Dark Web is a nickname for a group of people on the Internet.
They use YouTube and podcasts to criticize political correctness and what they call "the regressive left" meaning extremes in left-wing politics. Critics of the Intellectual Dark Web say it just supports right-wing politics and think it encourages extremism about right-wing politics. The Intellectual Dark Web says that this is wrong. Sam Harris used to say he was in the Intellectual Dark Web but then said he no longer supported it because it supports Donald Trump. BreadTube is very critical of the Intellectual Dark Web.
Internet
Capsid

A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It is made of several protein subunits. The observable 3-dimensional subunits are called 'capsomeres'. The capsid encloses the nucleic acid of the virus.
Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures. The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape is cylindrical. The capsid faces may consist of one or more proteins. For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting of three proteins called VP1-3.
Viral envelopes
Most viruses (e.g. influenza and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protein capsids. This means the capsid is coated with a lipid membrane.
The envelope is got by the capsid from an intracellular membrane in the virus' host; such as the inner nuclear membrane, the golgi membrane, or the cell's outer membrane.
The envelope may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane This allows the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.
References
Viruses
Proteins
Hayabusa2

is an asteroid sample-return mission owned by the Japanese state space agency JAXA. It replaced the Hayabusa mission, which returned asteroid samples for the first time in June 2010.
Hayabusa2 was launched on 3 December 2014 and rendezvoused in space with near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu on 27 June 2018. It surveyed the asteroid for a year and a half and took samples. It left the asteroid in November 2019 and returned the samples to Earth on 5 December 2020.
References
Japanese space program
Spacecrafts launched in 2010s
Charrat

Charrat is a municipality in the district Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Valais
Interstate 39

Interstate 39 is an Interstate Highway in the United States. It goes from Normal, Illinois north to Rothschild, Wisconsin. The route is long.
References
39
The Idol (2015 movie)

The Idol is a 2015 Palestinian British Qatari Dutch Egyptian United Arab Emirates drama movie directed by Hany Abu-Assad and starring Tawfeek Barhom, Nadine Labaki, Ashraf Barhom, Saber Shreim.
Other websites
2015 drama movies
Palestinian movies
2010s British drama movies
Qatari movies
Dutch drama movies
Egyptian movies
United Arab Emirates movies
Movies directed by Hany Abu-Assad
Apollo 13

Apollo 13 was the seventh mission of NASA's Project Apollo. It was the third lunar-lander mission with a crew. Jim Lovell commanded Apollo 13. The other astronauts were Jack Swigert and Fred Haise.
The craft launched successfully toward the Moon, but two days after launch a faulty oxygen tank exploded. It damaged the Service Module. It lost oxygen and electrical power. There was a very large chance that the astronauts would die before they could return to Earth. They were very short on oxygen. Oxygen is not just used to breathe; on the Apollo spacecraft it was used in a device called a Fuel cell to generate electricity. So they saved their remaining air by turning off almost all their electrical equipment, for example heaters. It became very cold in the spacecraft.
The astronauts also had to move into the Apollo Lunar Module to survive and use it as lifeboat.
When they approached the Earth they were not sure that their parachutes, needed to slow the Command Module down, would work. The parachutes were thrown out by small explosive charges that were fired by batteries. The cold could have made the batteries fail, so the parachutes would not work and the Command Module would hit the ocean so fast that all aboard would be killed.
The flight
Apollo launched on April 11, 1970 at 19:13 UTC from Cape Canaveral and went into temporary low Earth orbit. Two hours later they fired the rocket motor again to go towards the Moon. They wanted to land at Fra Mauro. Despite the hardships, the crew made it back to Earth. Though the crew did not land on the Moon, the flight became very well known.
Some people thought it was a failure because they did not land on the Moon. However, others thought it was possibly the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations' (NASA's) greatest accomplishment in returning three men in a very damaged spacecraft back to Earth safely.
Coming up to re-entry, it was thought that the electrical equipment would short circuit because the water in the astronauts' breath had turned back into a liquid all over the computers. However, the electronics were fine.
Books were written about the event, for example one by Jim Lovell, the commander of the mission. A movie was also made about it, directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks.
Related pages
Apollo program
NASA
References
Other websites
Apollo program
1970s in spaceflight
1970 in the United States
Ricardo Rocha (footballer, born 1962)

Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha (born 11 September 1962) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1982||Santo Amaro||||0||0
|-
|1983||rowspan="3"|Santa Cruz||Serie B||0||0
|-
|1984||rowspan="2"|Serie A||12||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1985||rowspan="4"|Guarani||rowspan="4"|Serie A||25||1
|-
|1986||32||0
|-
|1987||6||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1988-89||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||10||1
|-
|1989||rowspan="3"|Sao Paulo||rowspan="3"|Serie A||16||0
|-
|1990||9||0
|-
|1991||18||0
|-
|1991-92||rowspan="2"|Real Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||36||0
|-
|1992-93||31||0
|-
|1993||Santos||Serie A||15||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Serie A||16||1
|-
|1995||16||1
|-
|1996||Fluminense||Serie A||5||0
|-
|1996-97||rowspan="2"|Newell's Old Boys||rowspan="2"|Primera Division||25||3
|-
|1997-98||11||2
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Serie A||15||0
|-
|1999||1||0
186||3
10||1
67||0
36||5
299||9
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1987||9||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||4||0
|-
|1990||3||0
|-
|1991||9||0
|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||8||0
|-
|1994||3||0
|-
|1995||1||0
|-
!Total||38||0
|}
References
1962 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Sportspeople from Recife
Derby North (UK Parliament constituency)

Derby North () is a constituency of the Parliament of the United Kingdom made up of a part of Derby. It has been represented in the House of Commons by Conservative politician Amanda Solloway since 2019. It was first created in 1950. It has been called a marginal seat since 2001.
Boundaries
1950-1955: The County Borough of Derby wards of Abbey, Babington, Becket, Bridge, Derwent, Friar Gate, King's Mead, and Rowditch.
1955-1974: The County Borough of Derby wards of Abbey, Babington, Becket, Bridge, Derwent, Friar Gate, King's Mead, and Rowditch, and the parish of Chaddesden in the Rural District of Shardlow.
1974-1983: The County Borough of Derby wards of Abbey, Allestree, Breadsall, Chaddesden, Darley, Derwent, Friar Gate, Mickleover, and Spondon.
1983-2010: The City of Derby wards of Abbey, Allestree, Breadsall, Chaddesden, Darley, Derwent, Mackworth, and Spondon.
2010-present: The City of Derby wards of Abbey, Chaddesden, Darley, Derwent, Littleover, Mackworth, and Mickleover.
Members of Parliament
Elections
Elections in the 2010s
Boundary changes occurred in 2010, so percentage changes are based on notional results
Elections in the 2000s
Elections in the 1990s
Elections in the 1980s
Elections in the 1970s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1950s
References
Westminster Parliamentary constituencies in England
Derby
Tieton, Washington

Tieton () is a city in Yakima County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,191 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Washington (state)
Yakima County, Washington
Lugano

Lugano (Latin language: Luganum) is a city of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Since 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the city. In 2008, they were followed by Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese. In 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla were incorporated into the city.
References
Other websites
Official website
Lugano Tourism
Lugano Monte Bre
Olivier de Termes

Olivier de Termes was a famous knight from Termes, Aude, France. He was born in 1200 and died on August, 12, 1274.
References
Other websites
1200 births
1274 deaths
Terry Gerin

Terrance "Terry" Gerin (born October 7, 1975) is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Federation, Extreme Championship Wrestling, and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring names Rhino and Rhyno. He currently works for Ring of Honor. His finishing move is called the Gore (spear).
Other websites
WWE profile
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Michigan
1975 births
Living people
Mörrum

Morrum is a locality in Karlshamn Municipality in Blekinge County in Sweden. In 2010, 3,695 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Blekinge County
2010 Dutch general election

The 2010 Dutch general election to elect the members of the House of Representatives was held on 9 June 2010.
The conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy won the most seats. Mark Rutte became the prime minister shortly after the election. The Christian Democratic Appeal lost the most seats in this election, while the Party for Freedom won the most.
Results
Related pages
2012 Dutch general election
First Rutte cabinet
References
Other websites
NSD: European Election Database - Netherlands publishes regional level election data; allows for comparisons of election results, 1994-2010
(nl) Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2010, Parlement.com
2010 elections
2010s elections in the Netherlands
June 2010 events
Burleson County, Texas

Burleson County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 17,642 people lived there. The county seat is Caldwell. The county is named for Edward Burleson, a general of the Texas Revolution.
References
Other websites
Burleson County official website
Texas counties
Ilmarinen

Ilmarinen is an important person in Finnish mythology. He is a very good smith who made the sky. He also made the Sampo, a magical machine that makes salt, gold and food. He tried to create a new moon and a sun, but failed. Ilmarinen married one of Louhi's daughters.
Finnish mythology
Small shelly fossils

Small shelly fossils (SSF), or small shelly fauna, are tiny fossils, many only a few millimetres long. They have a record from the latest stages of the Ediacaran to the early Cambrian period. Almost all are from earlier rocks than more familiar fossils such as trilobites. Most SSFs were preserved by being covered quickly with phosphate. This method of preservation is mainly limited to the later Ediacaran and early Cambrian periods, so the animals that made them may have arisen earlier and continued after this time.
Some of the fossils represent the entire skeletons of small organisms, including the mysterious Cloudina and some snail-like molluscs. However, the bulk of the fossils are fragments or parts of larger organisms, including sponges, molluscs, slug-like halkieriids, brachiopods, echinoderms, and onychophoran-like organisms that may have been close to the ancestors of arthropods.
One of the early explanations for the appearance of the SSFs - and the evolution of mineralized skeletons - is a sudden increase in the ocean's concentration of calcium. However, many SSFs are made of other minerals, such as silica. The first SSFs appear around the same time as organisms first started burrowing to avoid predation, so it is likely that they represent early steps in an evolutionary arms race between predators and increasingly well-defended prey. Nevertheless, it is still true that the animals used minerals that were most easily accessible.
The small size and (usually) broken nature of SSFs makes them difficult to identify and classify. However, they provide evidence for how the main groups of marine invertebrates evolved, and for the pace and pattern of evolution in the Cambrian explosion. They include the earliest known representatives of some modern phyla, and they have the great advantage of presenting a nearly continuous record of early Cambrian organisms whose bodies include hard parts.
Fossils
Ediacaran
Cambrian
Kew, Victoria

Kew is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Australia, 5 km east from Melbourne's Central Business District. In 2016, there were 24,605 people living here.
References
Victoria, Australia
Suburbs of Melbourne
Scott Walker 2016 presidential campaign

The 2016 presidential campaign of Scott Walker, the 45th Governor of Wisconsin, was announced at an event in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 13, 2015. The scheduling of an announcement event was made public on July 2, two weeks after the formation of a "testing the waters" fundraising committee.
Background
Two weeks before his announcement, he formed a "testing the waters" fundraising committee to see if running for President is a good idea.
Announcement
On July 2nd, Walker started a countdown by posting a slice of his presidential campaign logo on Instagram, with eight more pieces to come in the days ahead. He also tweeted an image of himself waving next to an American flag with the message "It begins."
On July 10, then-Governor Walker's official Twitter account tweeted a premature presidential announcement, which is being investigated by Twitter.
Suspension
On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign after low polling numbers.
References
Walker
Vicente García Salmeron

Vicente Garcia Salmeron (born January 9, 1970 in Granada) is a skier from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is a type B1 skier. He raced at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in para-alpine skiing. He was the second skier to finish in the super giant race.
References
Spanish skiers
Living people
1962 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Madrid
1994 Winter Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B1
Hainan Airlines

Hainan Airlines is an airline from the People's Republic of China. The airline started in October 1989. It is the 4th biggest airline in China.
Gallery
References
1989 establishments in Asia
Airlines of the People's Republic of China
Nicholasville, Kentucky

Nicholasville is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
County seats in Kentucky
Hamza River

The Hamza River (Portuguese: Rio Hamza) is a recent discovery. Under the ground in the Amazon area is a huge slowly moving waterway. This slowly flowing aquifer in Brazil is about long. It is nearly below ground level. Its discovery was announced in 2011. The Hamza "river" and the Amazon River are a twin-river system flowing at different levels of the Earth's crust.
Description
The Hamza and the Amazon are the two main drainage systems for the Amazon Basin. The reported flow rate of the Hamza, at about per second, is 3% of the Amazon's. It runs west to east, some below the Earth's surface, and follows roughly the path of the Amazon River. The Hamza empties in the Atlantic Ocean, deep under the surface. Its own water has a high salt content.
It flows from the Andean foothills to the Atlantic coast in a nearly west-to-east direction like the Amazon River. Seismic data and temperature variation with depth measured in 241 inactive oil wells helped find the aquifer.
Except for the flow direction, the Amazon and the Hamza have very different characteristics. The most obvious ones are their width and flow speed. While the Amazon is to wide, the Hamza is to in width. But the flow speed is in the Amazon and less than speed in the Hamza.
Geology
Several geological factors have played a vital role in the formation and existence of these subterranean water bodies. Water has worn away calcium carbonate rocks far under the ground. Water drops to great depths. East-west trending faults and the karst topography may have some role in supplying water to the "river".
The 153 km-long underground river in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, and the 8.2 km-long Cabayugan River in the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in the Philippines have come into being thanks to the karst topography. Water in these places has dissolved the carbonate rock to form extensive underground river systems.
References
Rivers of Brazil
Druk

The Druk (or Dzongkha: 'brug-) is a dragon that appears on the flag and coat of arms of Bhutan. It is an important national symbol that represents the country's identity and mythology.
In Bhutanese culture, the Druk is often associated with thunder and lightning, and is considered to be a powerful and benevolent creature. According to legend, the Druk was the emblem of the founder of Bhutan, the Tibetan saint and ruler, Ngawang Namgyal.
The Druk on the Bhutanese flag is depicted holding jewels that represent the wealth and prosperity of the country. Its white color represents purity and loyalty, while the snarling mouth symbolizes the strength and courage of the Bhutanese people. The overall design of the flag, which features a yellow and orange background, is said to represent the colors of Buddhism and the country's position between India and China.
Overall, the Druk is an important symbol of Bhutanese identity and cultural heritage, and is deeply ingrained in the country's history and mythology.
National symbols of Bhutan
Dragons
Volvo C30

Volvo C30 is a car produced by Volvo since 2006. It was officially unveiled at the 2006 Paris Motor Show. It went on sale in mid-2006 in Europe as a 2006 model. Then it went on sale in Canada in March 2007 as a 2007 model, before finally going on sale in the United States in October 2007 as a 2008 model.
References
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
C30
Renault zoe
Beit She'an

Beit She'an ( ), also known as Beisan ( ), and historically known as Scythopolis (Skuthopolis in Ancient Greek) is a city in the Northern District of Israel. It is known for its location near the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley.
References
Cities in Israel
Northern District (Israel)
Shafiqa Quraishi

Shafiqa Quraishi is an Afghan activist for women's rights. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Life
Shafiqa Quraishi graduated from the police academy in Kabul in 1982. In 2002, she started to rise inside the police department, after the fall of the Taliban.
Quraishi did not work from 1996 until 2001. Because of the Taliban in Afghanistan, women could not work.
Work
In 2010, Quraishi became a police colonel and the director of Gender, Human and Child Rights in the Ministry of the Interior of Afghanistan.
In 2011, Quraishi became Afghanistan's most senior policewoman.
Quraishi started a group on the Afghan National Gender Recruitment Strategy. The goal of the group is to get 5,000 women to work in the Ministry of the Interior.
She also worked to help women with child care, health care, maternity care, security, and skills training. Quraishi got promotions for women in the Afghan National Police who were unfairly passed over for years.
Awards
In 2010, Quraishi won the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.
References
Other websites
2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
20th-century births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Afghan human rights activists
Police officers
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Ballum

Ballum is a village on the western half of the island of Ameland and the smallest of the total of four villages on the island. It is on an island in the north of the Netherlands.
It also holds Ameland airport in the northwest of Ballum.
The village has a population of 350.
People from Ballum
Eelke Bakker, oldest living man in the Benelux. Died 2020, aged 109.
Settlements in Friesland
The Journal News

The Journal News is an American newspaper in New York State serving the New York counties of Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam, better known as the Lower Hudson Valley. It is owned by Gannett.
References
Newspapers in the United States
Newspapers in New York City
Munevera Zulfikarpašić

Munevera Zulfikarpasic, born Gavrankapetanovic (19181999), was a distinguished Bosnian and Sarajevan master of pharmacy. She was born in Ljubuski and died in Sarajevo.
She was:
the first academically educated Bosniak woman with the degree of Master of Pharmacy
among the first Bosnian-Herzegovinian pharmacists certified for the preparation of galenic preparations, and
the first Bosniak woman with active participation in international scientific and expert conferences in the field of pharmacy.
Munevera Zulfikarpasic finished elementary and high schools in Sarajevo and graduated from the Faculty of Pharmacy at University of Zagreb, 1942. The Pharmacy Exam passed in 1948, when she was promoted to "Pharmacy Health at the Level of master of pharmacy".
Related pages
Pharmacy
References
People from Sarajevo
1918 births
1999 deaths
Pharmacists
Supergroup

A supergroup is a musical group whose members are successful as solo artists or as members of other successful groups. The term became popular in the late 1960s for when members of already successful rock groups to recorded albums together, after which they normally disband. Charity supergroups, in which prominent musicians perform or record together in support of a particular cause, have been common since the 1980s. The term is most common in rock and pop music, but it has occasionally been applied to other musical genres. For example, opera superstars The Three Tenors (Jose Carreras, Placido Domingo, and Luciano Pavarotti) have been called a supergroup.
A supergroup sometimes forms as a side project for a single recording project or similar purposes, with no intention that the group will remain together afterwards. In other instances, the group may become the primary focus of the members' career.
Criticism
In 1974, a Time magazine article titled "Return of a Supergroup" said that the supergroup was a "potent but short-lived rock phenomenon" which was an "amalgam formed by the talented malcontents of other bands." The article acknowledged that groups such as Cream and Blind Faith "played enormous arenas and made megabucks, and sometimes megamusic", with the performances "fueled by dueling egos." However, while this "musical infighting built up the excitement ... it also made breakups inevitable."
History
Rolling Stone editor Jann Wenner credited British rock band Cream, which came together in 1966, as the first supergroup. Eric Clapton, formerly of rock band The Yardbirds and blues rock band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers; Jack Bruce, formerly of jazz/rhythm and blues band the Graham Bond Organisation (GBO) and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers; and Ginger Baker, formerly of the GBO, formed the band in 1966, recorded four albums, and disbanded in 1968. Guitarist Clapton and drummer Baker went on to form Blind Faith, another blues rock supergroup which recruited former the Spencer Davis Group and Traffic singer, keyboardist, and guitarist Steve Winwood and Family bassist Ric Grech. The group recorded one studio album before disbanding less than a year after formation. Also in 1968 Jack Bruce joined the Tony Williams Lifetime, composed of bassist and vocalist Bruce, and three famous Miles Davis alumni: drummer Tony Williams, guitarist John McLaughlin, and keyboardist Khalid Yasin (ne Larry Young).
The term may have come from the 1968 album Super Session with Al Kooper, Mike Bloomfield, and Stephen Stills. The coalition of Crosby, Stills & Nash (later Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) in 1969 is another early example, given the success of their prior bands (The Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, and The Hollies respectively).
References
Musical groups
Oona Chaplin

Oona Castilla Chaplin (born 4 June 1986) is a Spanish-British actress. Her best known roles are Talisa Maegyr in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones, The Crimson Field and the series Taboo.
She is the daughter of actress Geraldine Chaplin, the granddaughter of the English filmmaker and actor Charlie Chaplin, and the great-granddaughter of the American playwright Eugene O'Neill.
References
1986 births
Living people
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
Spanish voice actors
Spanish stage actors
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
British voice actors
Actors from Madrid
Actors from London
Actors who played in James Bond movies
1986 FIFA World Cup

The 1986 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1986. 24 national teams took part. Argentina won the trophy after beating Germany in the final. Diego Maradona was the best player of the tournament.
Participants
Africa
Algeria (ALG) * Squad
Morocco (MAR) * Squad
Asia
Iraq (IRQ) * Squad
Korea Republic (KOR) * Squad
Europe
Belgium (BEL) * Squad
Bulgaria (BUL) * Squad
Denmark (DEN) * Squad
England (ENG) * Squad
France (FRA) * Squad
West Germany (FRG) * Squad
Hungary (HUN) * Squad
Italy (ITA) * Squad
Northern Ireland (NIR) * Squad
Poland (POL) * Squad
Portugal (POR) * Squad
Scotland (SCO) * Squad
Soviet Union (URS) * Squad
Spain (ESP) * Squad
North and Central America
Canada (CAN) * Squad
Mexico (MEX) * Squad
South America
Argentina (ARG) * Squad
Brazil (BRA) * Squad
Paraguay (PAR) * Squad
Uruguay (URU) * Squad
Results
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Ranking of third-place teams
Starting with the 1994 World Cup, teams were awarded three points for a win rather than two, to encourage more offensive tactics. Had those rules been in place, Hungary would have finished ahead of Bulgaria for the 15th seed, and Uruguay would have been eliminated. The top four teams qualified for the knockout stage.
Knockout stage
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
3rd place
Final
References
FIFA
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FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA World Cup
1980s in Mexico
Football in Mexico
Communes of the Orne department

The following is a list of the 505 communes of the Orne departement, in France.
Legend for tables:
(CUA) Communaute urbaine of Alencon, created in 1996, also partly in the Sarthe departement.
(CAF) Communaute d'agglomeration of Pays de Flers, created in 2000.
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Orne
Dreuil-lès-Amiens

Dreuil-les-Amiens is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Life of the Party (movie)

Life of the Party is a 2018 American comedy movie directed by Ben Falcone and written by Falcone and Melissa McCarthy. It is the third movie directed by Falcone and co-written by the pair, following Tammy (2014) and The Boss (2016).
The movie, starring McCarthy, Molly Gordon, Gillian Jacobs, Maya Rudolph, Julie Bowen, Matt Walsh, Debby Ryan, Adria Arjona, Jessie Ennis, Stephen Root, and Jacki Weaver.
It is about a newly divorced mother who returns to college to complete her degree, and ends up bonding with her daughter's friends.
It is produced by On the Day Productions and New Line Cinema. The movie was released on May 11, 2018, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It has made $49 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics.
References
2018 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by Ben Falcone
Movies set in 2018
Casio

is an electronics company whose headquarters are in Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, cameras, musical instruments and watches. It was founded in 1946, and in 1957 released the first electric compact calculator.
Gallery
References
Other websites
www.casio.com
Electronics companies of Japan
1957 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Japan
Poekilopleuron

Poekilopleuron (meaning "varied ribs") is a megalosauroid dinosaur. The genus has been used under many different spelling variants, although only one, Poekilopleuron, is valid. The type species is P. bucklandii (see also Megalosaurus), named after William Buckland, and many junior synonyms of it have also been erected. Few material is currently known, as the holotype was destroyed in World War II, although many casts of the material still exist.
Discovery and naming
Poekilopleuron is a genus of theropod with a long and complex history. The genus was first named and described by Jacques-Amand Eudes-Deslongchamps in a report published in 1836, based on holotype material that is now destroyed. In 1837, Eudes-Deslongchamps published a more detailed account of this discovery in a monograph which was also inserted next year in volume 6 of the "Memoires de la Societe Linneenne Normandie".
The holotype, which was housed in Musee de la Faculte des Sciences de Caen and destroyed during World War II, included gastralia, phalanges, a left forelimb, caudal vertebrae, chevrons, ribs and a hindlimb. Of all the material, few is still preserved, although the gastralia, phalanges and forelimb were casted.
In the same 1836 publication, Eudes-Deslongchamps also named the type species of Poekilopleuron, P. bucklandii. Eudes-Deslongchapms noted similarities with some material of Megalosaurus bucklandii and Poekilopleuron, and chose the species name bucklandii for Poekilopleuron, so that it the two genera were synonymized, only the genus name would be suppressed. The generic name is derived from Greek poikilos, poikilos, "varied", and pleuron, pleuron, "rib", a reference to the three types of rib present. The specific name, honouring William Buckland, was deliberately identical to that of Megalosaurus bucklandii.
References
Tetanurans
Theropods
London and North Eastern Railway

The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It existed from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948, when it was divided into the new British Railways' Eastern Region, North Eastern Region and partially the Scottish Region.
Other websites
LNER Encyclopedia
1923 establishments in the United Kingdom
1948 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
City Thameslink railway station

City Thameslink is a National Rail station in the City of London. The southern entrance is on Ludgate Hill near Ludgate Circus. The northern entrance is on Holborn Viaduct. Both of the station's platforms are underground. The station is on the Thameslink route.
History
The station opened on 22 May 1990, however it was called St Paul's Thameslink until 1991. Many changes have occurred on the lines near the station since. The station was improved in 2010, and is ready for trains of up to 12 cars.
Services
All services are run by Thameslink.
References
Stanley Williams

Stanley "Tookie" Williams III (December 29, 1953 - December 13, 2005) was an American murderer and co-founder of a street gang, the Crips. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1959, he moved to Los Angeles, California, where in 1970 he stole a car, for which he was convicted and sent to juvenile hall. He and Raymond Washington (1953-1979) founded street gang the Crips in 1971 in Los Angeles. Williams shot four people dead in Los Angeles in 1979 during robberies he committed. The events were caught on film by surveillance cameras. Later that year he was convicted of four counts of first degree murder and two counts of robbery. He was sentenced to death and was executed by lethal injection at San Quentin State Prison, California.
References
1953 births
2005 deaths
African-American people
American murderers
American robbers
American thieves
Executed American people
People executed by lethal injection
People from Los Angeles
People from New Orleans
The Moises Padilla Story

The Moises Padilla Story is a 1961 Filipino biographical drama movie directed by Gerardo de Leon and starring Leopoldo Salcedo, Joseph Estrada, Lilia Dizon, Max Alvarado, Rosa Aguirre, Robert Arevalo.
Other websites
1961 drama movies
1960s biographical movies
Filipino movies
Church's Texas Chicken

Church's Texas Chicken is a restaurant franchise that specializes primarily in fried chicken, but also sells french fries, mashed potatoes and biscuits. It was founded in San Antonio on April 17, 1952. Its headquarters are in Sandy Springs, Georgia. Church's is the 4th largest fried chicken franchise in the United States, the largest being Kentucky Fried Chicken.
Co-franchising
By the mid-to late-1990s, Church's Chicken and hamburger chain White Castle announced their co-franchise, in which both companies would sell their own separate products while operating in some shared restaurant spaces with some shared personnel. In Canada, Church's Chicken items were once available in Harvey's restaurants, but the co-venture was discontinued.
Related pages
List of fast-food chicken restaurants
References
Other websites
1952 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Texas
American fast food restaurants
San Antonio, Texas
Frank McLaughlin (artist)

Frank McLaughlin (March 18, 1935 - March 4, 2020) was an American comics artist. He co-created the comic book character Judomaster, drew the comic strip Gil Thorp, and helped create such strips as Brenda Starr, Reporter and The Heart of Juliet Jones. He also wrote and illustrated books about cartooning and comic art. He was born in Stratford, Connecticut.
McLaughlin died on March 4, 2020 at a hospital in Milford, Connecticut at the age of 84.
References
Other websites
Frank McLaughlin at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
Frank McLaughlin at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
1935 births
2020 deaths
American comics artists
American cartoonists
Writers from Connecticut
Edgefield, Louisiana

Edgefield is a village in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is a rural suburb of Coushatta. it is the least populous municipality in Red River Parish.
References
Villages in Red River Parish, Louisiana
New Durham, New Hampshire

New Durham is a town in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States.
Towns in New Hampshire
Mathematics Genealogy Project

The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a web-based database for the academic information of mathematicians. It contains information on many mathematical scientists who contributed to research-level mathematics (Mathematics higher than graduate level). The project entry includes PhD course graduation year, PhD thesis title, alma mater, doctoral advisor, and doctoral students.
References
Mathematics
Databases
Biofuel

Biofuel is fuel from recently lifeless or living biological material. It is different to fossil fuels from long dead biological material. Biofuel can be in forms of solid, liquid or gas.
Biofuels are usually used to power cars, heat homes and for cooking. Biofuel companies are mainly from Europe, Asia and the Americas. Technologies developed at the Los Alamos National Lab even allows pollution to be converted into renewable biofuel. Agrofuels are biofuels that are produced from specific plants, rather than from waste processes such as landfill or recycled material.
There are two common ways to convert plants into gas and liquid fuels. One is to grow crops that are high in sugar (e.g. Sugar cane) or starch (e.g. corn), and then use yeast to ferment ethyl alcohol (ethanol). The second is to grow plants that contain high amounts of vegetable oil, such as palm oil, soybean and algae. When these oils are heated, their viscosity is reduced, and they can be burned directly in a diesel engine, or chemically processed to produce fuels such as biodiesel. For thousands of years, Wood and its by-products have been converted into biofuels such as charcoal, wood gas, methanol or ethanol fuel. It is also possible to make cellulosic ethanol from non-edible plant parts, but this can be expensive.
Solid biomass is also used. Firewood has been used for thousands of years. Many materials such as wood and grasses can be dried and pelletised and burnt, and this can be used to produce power.
References
Other websites
Biofuel -Citizendium