pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Surgical mask

A surgical mask, also known as a procedure mask, medical mask or simply a face mask, is a mask. It is intended to be worn by health professionals during surgery and during nursing. Such masks are used to catch the bacteria shed in liquid droplets and aerosols from the wearer's mouth and nose. They are not designed to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne bacteria or virus particles and are less effective than respirators, which provide better protection.
There are different qualities of such mask. Despite their name, not all surgical masks should be used during surgeries. Chinese health officials distinguish between medical (non-surgical) and surgical masks.
Surgical masks are made of a nonwoven fabric created using a melt blowing process. They came into use in the 1960s and largely replaced cloth facemasks in developed countries. A shortage of surgical masks is a central issue of the ongoing 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic.
Surgical masks are popularly worn by the general public all year round in East Asian countries like China, Japan and South Korea to reduce the chance of spreading airborne diseases to others, and to prevent the breathing in of airborne dust particles created by air pollution. Additionally, surgical masks have become a fashion statement, particularly in contemporary East Asian culture bolstered by its popularity in Japanese and Korean pop culture which have a big impact on East Asian youth culture.
References
Related pages
Abenomask
Medical equipment
Tram

A tram (tramcar, trolley, or streetcar) is a passenger vehicle that is like a light train. It carries people to places within a city. Because a single tram can carry many people at the same time, riding on a tram instead of driving a car is a good way to help prevent pollution and stop the roads getting too busy.
The word tram is used mainly outside North America, while within North America these vehicles are called streetcars or trolleys as they run mainly on streets.
More modern and larger trams manufactured since the 1970s, such as the one in the second picture from Warsaw, are called light rail vehicles. These vehicles are bigger because they are very often made of two or more parts, with a bendy section in the middle which works like a human joint. In railway jargon, these types of vehicles are called "articulated". These may sometimes have their own right-of-way instead of traveling on the street and their stops are usually farther apart than the stops of trams so that they can travel faster.
On Market Street in San Francisco, vintage streetcars from the 1910s through the 1940s, called "historic streetcars" (the F Market line), that travel on the street are a popular tourist attraction. Another city whose trams are highly used by tourists is Hong Kong, because here the trams have two floors which is very rare in the world.
The largest tram networks in the world are in: Melbourne, St. Petersburg, Amsterdam, Berlin, Moscow and Vienna.
History
Trams first came into use in the 1890s, when they replaced horsecars--streetcars drawn by horses.
In the 1910s to 1930s, in many metropolitan areas in North America, there were special bigger and longer streetcars that traveled long distances to distant suburbs on what were called interurban lines. These streetcar lines sometimes had "dedicated tracks" with their own right-of-way (land surrounding the tracks) and made fewer local stops.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, in the United States, there was a conspiracy by Standard Oil, General Motors, and Firestone Rubber. They formed a company called National City Lines to buy streetcar systems, tear up the tracks, and replace them with buses in almost all the cities in North America. They did this so they could make bigger profits by selling more oil, buses, cars and rubber tires. Because of this, it was necessary to spend hundreds of millions of dollars of public funds in the 1980s and 1990s to reconstruct the streetcar systems as light rail systems using light rail vehicles. This conspiracy is somewhat referred to in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.
Related pages
Light rail
Rapid transit
Subway
References
Rolling stock
Elaine Mulqueen

Elaine Mulqueen (January 27, 1932 - May 22, 2012) was an American children's television host and personality. She was born in Chicago. Mulqueen's career in television began in 1962, when she appeared in commercials for Coca-Cola on Bozo's Circus.
In 1963, Elaine Mulqueen and her husband began hosting The Mulqueens on WGN-TV. Elaine Mulqueen appeared on stage as a pixie-like character named Pandora. In 1965, the program moved to WBKB-TV (now WLS-TV), and the show was renamed Mulqueen's Kiddie A-Go-Go.
On May 22, 2012, Mulqueen died from cancer of unknown primary origin in Chicago at the age of 80.
References
1932 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Television personalities from Chicago
Models from Chicago
Montgomery, New York

Montgomery is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 22,606 at the 2010 census.
References
Towns in New York (state)
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

The Rhind papyrus in the British Museum is the best example of Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian. He bought the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt. It was found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It was written about 1650 BC.
The papyrus has work and writing on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and fractions. It, and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, are the main sources of knowledge about mathematics in Ancient Egypt. The Rhind papyrus dates to about 1550 BC. The museum bought both the Rhind papyrus and the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll from Rhind. The Rhind papyrus is larger than the Moscow mathematical papyrus, but the Moscow papyrus is older.
The Rhind papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe Ahmose from a now-lost text from the reign of Amenemhat III (12th dynasty). Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is made up of parts that are each 33 cm tall. In total it is over long. It was transliterated and the mathematics was translated in the late 19th century. The mathematical translation is still incomplete in some respects. The document is dated to year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later Year 11 on its verso likely from his successor, Khamudi.
In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmose presents the papyrus as giving "Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries... all secrets". He continues with:
This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre (?). The scribe Ahmose writes this copy.
Several books and articles about the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have been published, and a handful of these stand out. The Rhind Papyrus was published in 1923 by Peet and contains a discussion of the text that followed Griffith's Book I, II and III outline Chase published a compendium in 1927/29 which included photographs of the text. A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute.
Other websites
Allen, Don. April 2001. The Ahmes Papyrus and Summary of Egyptian Mathematics.
British Museum webpage on the Papyrus.
O'Connor and Robertson, 2000. Mathematics in Egyptian Papyri.
Truman State University, Math and Computer Science Division. Mathematics and the Liberal Arts: The Rhind/Ahmes Papyrus.
Williams, Scott W. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora, containing a page on Egyptian Mathematics Papyri.
BBC audio file A History of the World in 100 Objects. (15 mins)
References
Mathematics literature
2nd millennium BC in Egypt
2nd millennium BC works
Trévago

Trevago is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Soria
World Series of Poker

The World Series of Poker (WSOP) is a series of poker tournaments. The tournaments are held each year in Las Vegas, Since 2004, the tournaments have been sponsored by Caesars Entertainment. The WSOP started in 1970. Benny Binion invited seven of the best-known poker players to the Horseshoe Casino for a single tournament/ The winner was chosen by a secret ballot of the seven players.
As of 2020, there are 101 events in the WSOP. Most major poker variants are included. recently, most of the events have been variants of Texas hold 'em. Events take place during one day or over several days during June and July. Starting in 2008, the Main Event final table was not played until November. The 2012 and 2016 Main Event final tables were played in October because of the United States presidential election. As of May 2017, the World Series of Poker has gone back to the Main Event winner in being played in July. A hybrid online format was used in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The World Series of Poker changed back to -person play when it started back on September 30, 2021, in Las Vegas, Nevada.
References
Other websites
Official site
Poker
Robin Warren

John Robin Warren AC (born 11 June 1937 in Adelaide) is an Australian pathologist, Nobel winner and researcher. In 1979, he discovered the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, together with Barry Marshall.
Life and career
He received his MBBS degree from the University of Adelaide, having completed his high school education at St Peter's College, Adelaide. In 1967 he was became a member the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia and became a senior pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital where he spent most of his career. At the University of Western Australia with Barry J. Marshall, Warren proved that the bacterium is the cause of stomach ulcers. Warren helped develop an easy diagnostic test (14C-urea breath-test) for finding H. pylori in ulcer patients. In 2005, Warren and Marshall were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
He married Winifred Theresa Warren and together they had five children. Winifred Warren is a psychiatrist.
An Australian documentary was made in 2006 about Warren and Marshall's road to the Nobel Prize, called "The Winner's Guide to the Nobel Prize". He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.
References
Other websites
Short bio of Dr. J Robin Warren
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
Warren Nobel Prize lecture
Robin Warren's homepage
1937 births
Living people
Australian medical doctors
Australian educators
Australian medical researchers
People from Adelaide
Scientists from South Australia
Australian Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Order of Australia
University of Adelaide alumni
Wilhelm Cuno

Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno (2 July 1876 - 3 January 1933) was a German businessman and politician who was the Chancellor of Germany from 1922 to 1923, for a total of 264 days. His tenure included the episode known as the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops and the period in which inflation in Germany accelerated notably, heading towards hyperinflation. Cuno was also general director of the Hapag shipping company.
References
1876 births
1933 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Hyundai Engineering and Construction

Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. (HDEC) was founded by Chung Ju-young in 1947 as the name of Hyundai Civil Works Company and a major company of the Hyundai Group.
The company completed restoration of Han River Pedestrian Bridge in 1958 and Seoul-Busan Expressway the main artery of Korean economy in 1970.
HECD became the first Korean construction company entered overseas market among through the winning order for Pattani Narathiwat highway project in Thailand in 1965.
The company was separated from the Hyundai Group and under the creditor's management in 2001, as a liquidity crisis. Hyundai Group and Hyundai Motor Group took bid war though eventually Hyundai Group was named the preferred bidder for HDEC in 16th Nov 2010.
The Head Office is in Key-dong, Chongro-ku, Seoul, Korea. The company has overseas branch offices in 14 countries including U.A.E.
The company has owned 7 subsidiary company which are Hyundai Engineering Co., Ltd., Hyundai Equipment & Steel Industries, Hyundai Design, Hyundai Farm, Hyundai CNI, Hyundai Hillstate and Hyundai Education.
The company largely has 5 business fields which are Plant Construction, Power Plant Construction, Civil Works, Building Works and Nuclear Power Plants.
Companies of South Korea
1947 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in South Korea
Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is a rare type of cancer which forms in the gallbladder. It is most common in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, China, Japan and northern India. It is also common in certain ethnic groups e.g. Native Americans, Indians and Hispanics.
If it is diagnosed early enough, it can be cured by removing the gallbladder, part of the liver and lymph nodes. Most often it is found after symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice and vomiting occur, and it has spread to other organs such as the liver.
References
Cancer
Volunteers in Asia

Volunteers in Asia (also known as VIA Programs or VIA) is an American educational non-profit organization. They are based in San Francisco since 1963. They have a close relation with Stanford University.
Programs
For Asian students, VIA provides the following programs:
American Language and Culture (ALC)
Programs about social studies: This includes Social Investment, social interaction and leadership.
Programs about health care
References
Other websites
VIA website
VIA Next Innovators An authorized branch of VIA. It was created by Japanese VIA alumni in 2015.
1963 establishments in California
Non-profit organizations of California
Companies based in San Francisco
Educational organizations based in the United States
Nowhere Man (song)

"Nowhere Man" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was first released on the Parlophone version of the band's 1965 album Rubber Soul. It was released in North America as a single in 1966. It was also later released on the North American album Yesterday and Today. The song was written by John Lennon, but listed as Lennon-McCartney. It was one of the first Beatles songs that were not about romance or love. John Lennon wrote the song about himself.
Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald, the line-up on the Beatles' recording was:
John Lennon - double-tracked vocals, acoustic guitar, lead guitar
Paul McCartney - bass guitar, harmony vocal
George Harrison - lead guitar, harmony vocal
Ringo Starr - drums
References
Sources
The Beatles songs
1965 songs
Magdi Yacoub

Sir Magdi Habib Yacoub ( ) (born 16 November 1935), is an Egyptian-British surgeon and cardiologist. He was a professor of cardiothoracic surgery at Imperial College London.
Yacoub is best known for his early work in repairing heart valves and for helping create the Ross procedure. He performed the UK's first combined heart and lung transplant in 1983.
From 1986 to 2006, he held the position of British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine.
He is the founding editor of the journal Disease Models & Mechanisms. He was born in Bilbeis, El Sharqia, Egypt.
References
1935 births
Living people
Egyptian scientists
Academics of the University of London
British surgeons
Arturo Di Modica

Arturo Di Modica (January 26, 1941 - February 19, 2021) was an Italian-born American sculptor. He was known for his Charging Bull sculpture which he left outside the New York Stock Exchange on December 15, 1989, as his gift to the United States. Di Modica received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in 1999. Di Modica was born in Vittoria, Sicily.
Di Modica died on February 19, 2021 in Vittoria, aged 80. The cause of death was cancer.
References
1941 births
2021 deaths
Cancer deaths in Italy
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Italian sculptors
American sculptors
Artists from New York City
People from Sicily
Redcurrant

A redcurrant (Ribes rubrum) is a type of fruit. It is related to the blackcurrant. They are in the same genus Ribes. They can be found growing in the wild in western Europe (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and northern Italy).
The redcurrant is more tart than the blackcurrant. Redcurrants are used in jams and other cooked foods.
Fruits
Ribes
Voiced velar plosive

The voiced velar stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is <> . The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is <g> . The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "g" in gear and grow.
Feeatures
Examples
Notes
References
Consonants
Water avens

Water avens is a type of flowering plant. These flowers are small. They live in or near water.
Rosaceae
2020 Petrinja earthquake

At 12:20 PM CET (11:20 UTC) on 29 December 2020, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 (6.2 ) hit the Sisak-Moslavina County, Croatia, with an epicenter west-southwest of Petrinja.
Seven people were confirmed dead, while 26 others were injured, with six having serious injuries. Many buildings in Petrinja were destroyed. The mayor of Petrinja Darinko Dumbovic said that half of the town has been destroyed.
References
2020 disasters in Europe
December 2020 events
Earthquakes in Europe
2020 earthquakes
2020s in Croatia
Sisak-Moslavina County
Embassy of Russia, Oslo

The Embassy of Russia in Oslo is the diplomatic mission of Russia to Norway. The embassy is located on Drammensveien (road) in the Skarpsno area of Oslo.
The street intersection that is closest to the embassy, will get the name "Ukraine square" (Ukrainas plass); Authorities of Frogner Borough in Oslo, Norway made that decision on March 8, 2022.
The square outside the embassy was renamed Ukrainas plass (Ukraine Square) by the city on 7 March 2022 in support of Ukraine's freedom, in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
References
Foreign relations of Russia
Oslo
Dark Passion Play

Dark Passion Play is the sixth album by the Finnish symphonic metal group Nightwish.
Track listing
"The Poet and the Pendulum" - 13:54
"Bye Bye Beautiful" - 4:14
"Amaranth" - 3:51
"Cadence of Her Last Breath" - 4:14
"Master Passion Greed" - 6:02
"Eva" - 4:24
"Sahara" - 5:47
"Whoever Brings the Night" - 4:17
"For the Heart I Once Had" - 3:55
"The Islander" - 5:05
"Last of the Wilds" - 5:40
"7 Days to the Wolves" - 7:03
"Meadows of Heaven" - 7:10
Personnel
Anette Olzon - vocals
Tuomas Holopainen - keyboards
Emppu Vuorinen - guitars
Marco Hietala - bass guitar
Jukka Nevalainen - drums
2007 albums
The Round-Up (1966 movie)

The Round-Up (, "Poor young men", i. e. outlaws) is a 1966 Hungarian drama movie directed by Miklos Jancso and starring Janos Gorbe, Zoltan Latinovits, Tibor Molnar, Gabor Agardy, Andras Kozak, Bela Barsi.
Other websites
1966 drama movies
Hungarian movies
Movies directed by Miklos Jancso
Eocene–Oligocene extinction event

The end of the Eocene was the beginning of the Oligocene (33.9 million years ago). It is marked by a large-scale floral and faunal turnover.
Most of the affected organisms were marine or aquatic in nature. They included the last of the ancient cetaceans, the Archaeoceti.
This was a time of major climatic change, especially cooling. At first, it was not linked with any single major impact or any catastrophic volcanic event.
But volcanic activity may have caused the extinction event. Several large meteorite impacts occurred about this time. One such event caused the Chesapeake Bay impact crater , and another at the Popigai crater in central Siberia, scattering debris perhaps as far as Europe. New dating of the Popigai meteor suggests it may be a cause of the mass extinction.
A leading scientific theory on climate cooling at this time predicts a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which slowly declined in the mid to late Eocene and possibly reached some threshold about 34 million years ago. This boundary is closely linked with the Oligocene Oi-1 event, an oxygen isotope change which marks the beginning of ice sheet coverage on Antarctica.
References
Extinction events
Eocene
Tomoya Ichikawa

Tomoya Ichikawa (born 12 December 1976) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Kashima Antlers.
Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}
References
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibaraki Prefecture
Theodor Wolf

Franz Theodor Wolf (February 13, 1841 - June 22, 1924) was a German naturalist who studied the Galapagos Islands during the late nineteenth century. Wolf Island (Wenman Island) is named after him.
Other Websites
1841 births
1924 deaths
Galapagos Islands
German naturalists
Avon-la-Pèze

Avon-la-Peze is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Avon-la-Peze
Mountain-mahogany

Mountain-mahogany is a family of 6 types of shrub. They are found in the United States and Mexico in very dry areas. They usually grow three to six meters tall but can get as tall as 13 meters.
Mountain-mahogany is an extremely important upland forage for New Mexico Mule Deer and to a lesser extent American Elk.
Rosaceae
Shrubs
Doonga Gali

Doonga Gali is a tourist town of the Galyat area of Ayubia. It is in Abbottabad District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is at a height of 2500 meters.
References
Hill Stations in Pakistan
Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Angelo Scuri

Angelo Scuri is a fencer from Italy. Scuri won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was born on 24 December 1959.
References
Other websites
1959 births
Living people
Italian fencers
Italian Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Florence
Phenomena (movie)

Phenomena is a 1985 Italian horror movie directed by Dario Argento. It stars Jennifer Connelly, Daria Nicolodi, Dalila Di Lazzaro, Donald Pleasence and Patrick Bauchau.
Other websites
1985 horror movies
1980s supernatural movies
Italian horror movies
Swiss movies
Supernatural horror movies
Serial killer movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Dario Argento
Monaco at the Olympics

Albania at the Olympics is a history which began in 1920.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Monaco is MON.
History
A team from Monaco was first at the Olympic Games in 1920. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. They were not at the 1932 Games, the 1956 Games, and the 1980 Games. Monaco has also been in every Winter Olympic Games since 1984.
As of 2010, no athlete from Monaco has ever won an Olympic medal. Monaco has the most appearances at the Olympics (25) without winning a medal.
The National Olympic Committee for Monaco was formed in 1907 but not recognized by the International Olympic Committee until 1953.
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Nations at the Olympics
Monaco
1572

Events
January 16 - Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
April 1 - The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zealand, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam), under rebel control.
June 25 - The Sea Beggars capture the city Gorkum. Several Roman Catholic priests are put into a prison.
July 9 - The Sea Beggars hang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests at Brielle.
August 18 - Wedding in Paris of the Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre with Marguerite de France, sister of King Charles, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics.
August 24 - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris. Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny, at the order of King Charles IX. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Conde barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France.
November 9 - Siege of Sancerre Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city held out for nearly eight months without bombard artillery. It was one of the last time slings were used in European history.
December - The Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands, lays siege to Haarlem.
Ending of the Muromachi period in Japan
Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572 in Cassiopeia
Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, conquered by Spanish
Petra Haden

Petra Haden (born October 11, 1971, in New York City) is an American violinist and singer.
Discography
Albums
Imaginaryland (1999)
Bella Neurox (credited as Miss Murgatroid & Petra Haden) (1999)
Petra Haden & Bill Frisell (credited as Petra Haden & Bill Frisell) (2003)
Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out (2005)
Hearts & Daggers (credited as Miss Murgatroid & Petra Haden) (2008)
Ten Years (credited as Petra Haden & Woody Jackson) (2008)
that dog. Albums
That Dog. (1994)
Totally Crushed Out! (1995)
Retreat From The Sun (1997)
Other websites
Petra Haden Official website
Petra Haden on Myspace
Pete Townshend on Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out from The Boston Globe.
1971 births
Living people
Singers from New York City
Musicians from New York City
American violinists
U-boat

A U-boat is a military submarine used by Germany. German submarines were most active in the First Battle of the Atlantic in World War I and the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II. Although they could be very effective as weapons against enemy warships, they were most effective in economic warfare (commerce raiding) and enforcing naval blockades against enemy shipping.
The name is an abbreviation of the German ("undersea boat"). In English, U-boat refers exclusively to the German vessels used during the World Wars. In German, however, the term U-Boat refers to any submarine, including military and civilian ones and modern and foreign ones. Austro-Hungarian Navy submarines were also known as U-boats.
References
Warships
World War I
World War II
Military of Germany
Portamento

In music, portamento is a gradual slide from one note to another. It is very similar to a glissando, but a glissando is deliberately written in the music by the composer and may be a long slide between two or three octaves or more. A portamento is a much shorter slide, usually between two notes which are quite close. Opera singers often used to slide from one note of a tune to another instead of singing each note separately and clearly. The habit of putting in portamento between notes spread to other instruments as well. When listening to recordings of violin playing from the early 20th century we can hear that the players used a lot of portamento.
Over the last half century portamento has gone out of fashion and singers and instrumentalists are taught not to slide from one note to another. However, there are some places, especially in opera, where it can be effective so long as it is not done all the time. It is a matter of taste.
Related pages
Glissando
Musical performance techniques
Musical terminology
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup

1999 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 4th FIFA Confederations Cup tournament. It took place in Mexico from 24 July to 4 August. The host, Mexico won the tournament after defeating Brazil. United States got third place.
Results
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
References
Other websites
RSSSF
FIFA Confederations Cup tournaments
1999 in association football
1990s in Mexico
July 1999 events
August 1999 events
Football in Mexico
Virtual International Authority File

The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is a joint project of several national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC).
History
In 1998, the project was started by the German National Library and the U.S. Library of Congress.
In 2003, VIAF was established.
The file numbers are being added to some Wikipedia articles about people.
Participating libraries
References
Other websites
VIAF website
Websites established in 2003
Databases
Spanish Mathematical Olympiad

The Spanish Mathematical Olympiad is a competition in Spain.
Competition at district level
Navarra
Mathematical Olympiad in Navarra is the district phase of the Spanish Mathematical Olympiad in Navarre.
It has been held continuously since 1992, under the supervision of professor Gustavo Ochoa.
Contests involving several districts
Each year, classified students from Aragon, La Rioja and Navarra compete in a tournament called "Triangular de matematicas", which is held in one of the 3 communities each year, between January and March.
References
Related pages
International Mathematical Olympiad
Spain
Mathematics competitions
Chappes, Allier

Chappes is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Carthage, Illinois

Carthage is a city in Illinois in the United States.
Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
Jackson County, Indiana

Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 42,376 people lived there. The county seat is Brownstown.
References
1810s establishments in Indiana
1816 establishments in Indiana
Indiana counties
Physalis

The Physalis is a genus of plants that is part of the nightshade family. There are between 75 and 90 species. All except one are native to the Americas.
The plants grow small orange fruit encased in a lantern-like husk that comes from the calyx. They are similar to the tomato. Since it has a mild, refreshing acidity similar to the tomato, it can be used in many of the same ways. Many Physalis species are called groundcherries.
References
Solanaceae
Jerry Dempsey

Jerome Richard "Dick, Jerry" Dempsey (April 21, 1933 - January 14, 2015) was an American businessman, educator, and politician.
Dempsey was born in Henderson, Minnesota. Dempsey served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of St. Thomas. Dempsey was also in the banking business. From 1993 until 2006, Dempsey served in the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was a Republican. His brother Terry Dempsey also served in the Minnesota Legislature.
Dempsey died in Hastings, Minnesota where he had lived since 1960.
References
1933 births
2015 deaths
Educators from Minnesota
Businesspeople from Minnesota
Politicians from Minnesota
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Grant Hammond

Sir Robert Grant Hammond (14 May 1944 - 31 May 2019) was a New Zealand jurist and law professor. He was born in Te Awamutu. He was a judge of the High Court of New Zealand from 1992 to 2004, and was a justice of the Court of Appeal from 2004 to 2011. He served as president of the New Zealand Law Commission from 2010 to 2016. From 2010 until his death in 2019, Hammond was a judge of the Supreme Court of Samoa.
Hammond died on 31 May 2019, at the age of 75.
References
1944 births
2019 deaths
New Zealand judges
New Zealand academics
People from North Island
Voiced palatal nasal

The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is <> . The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is <J> . English does not have this sound but Spanish does, where it is represented by "n".
Feeatures
Examples
Notes
References
Consonants
Fabriciano Sigampa

Fabriciano Sigampa (15 September 1936 - 31 March 2021) was an Argentine Roman Catholic archbishop. He was born in Vichigasta, Argentina.
Sigampa was ordained to the priesthood in 1970. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Reconquista, Argentina from 1985 to 1993 and was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rioja, Argentina from 1993 to 2006. He was archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Resistencia, Argentina, from 2006 to 2013.
Sigampa died on 31 March 2021 in La Rioja, Argentina at the age of 84.
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
Argentine Roman Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic archbishops
Oqil Oqilov

Oqil Ghaybulloyevich Oqilov (, Oqil Ghaybulloyevich Oqilov; ; born 2 February 1944) is a Tajikistani politician. He was the Prime Minister of Tajikistan from 20 December 1999 to 23 November 2013. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan.
Other websites
AKILOV, Akil Gaibullayevich International Who's Who, accessed September 3, 2006.
1944 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Tajikistan
Kupferberg

Kupferberg is a municipality in Kulmbach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 9 km northeast of Kulmbach.
References
Kulmbach (district)
Diploglossus

Diploglossus is a genus of lizards in the family Anguidae. It has nineteen described species. They are found in North and South America.
References
Anguids
Reptiles of North America
Reptiles of South America
Mitchell Feigenbaum

Mitchell Jay Feigenbaum (December 19, 1944 - June 30, 2019) was an American mathematical physicist. His studies in chaos theory led to the discovery of the Feigenbaum constants. He became a professor at Rockefeller University in 1986. He was given a MacArthur Fellowship in 1983. In 1986, he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics.
Feigenbaum was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Jewish parents. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York. Feigenbaum died on June 30, 2019 in New York City, at the age of 74.
References
Other websites
1944 births
2019 deaths
Rockefeller University faculty
American physicists
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from Brooklyn
Scientists from Philadelphia
Pomona, New Jersey

Pomona is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Galloway Township, in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 7,124.
References
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Scinax constrictus

Scinax constrictus is a frog. It lives in Brazil and Bolivia.
References
Frogs of South America
Book of Wisdom

The Book of Wisdom (also called Wisdom of Solomon or just Wisdom) is one of the books of the Old Testament. It has been grouped among the Septuagint, or the seven wisdom books of the Bible. It is part of the Catholic and Orthodox Biblical canon, put forward by the Council of Carthage in 397 and confirmed by Catholic leaders at the Council of Trent in 1546. It was written by a Jew in Ancient Egypt in the 1st century BC and talks about wisdom among other themes.
Who wrote the book and when
The book was initially written in the Greek language, but has the style of Hebrew poetry. Tradition says that King Solomon wrote the book, but scholars reject this tradition. The Catholic Encyclopedia says: "It is freely admitted that Solomon is not the writer of the Book of Wisdom, which has been ascribed to him because its author, through a literary fiction, speaks as if he were the Son of David.".
The book has the most classical Greek language of all the books in the Septuagint. It also had much of the Hebrew style that had existed when the book was written. The writer also must have been deeply involved in the philosophical, religious, and ethical writings in Hellenistic Alexandria.
References
Other websites
Wisdom of Solomon - King James version from University of Virginia
The Book of Wisdom - Full text (Douay-Rheims version) from http://St-Takla.org (also available in Arabic)
The Book of Wisdom - Latin Vulgate with Douay-Rheims version side-by-side
The Book of Wisdom - Latin Vulgate
The Book of Wisdom - Septuagint Greek text
Catholic Encyclopedia: Book of Wisdom
Jewish Encyclopedia: WISDOM OF SOLOMON, BOOK OF THE
NT Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha
St. Bonaventure's Commentary on the Book of Wisdom
Naphtali Herz Wessely's commentary on the Wisdom of Solomon
archive.org - mp3-version of 'The Book of Wisdom', chapters 1-10 and chapters 11-19
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="3""| Followed bySirach
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| style="padding:0; text-align:center;"| see Deuterocanon
Old Testament books
1st-century BC books
Griesheim-près-Molsheim

Griesheim-pres-Molsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Petco Park

Petco Park is a baseball park in San Diego, California. It is the home field of the Major League Baseball team called the San Diego Padres. It opened in 2004, replacing the old home of the Padres, Qualcomm Stadium.
References
Green Cathedrals, by Philip J. Lowry
Major League Baseball venues
San Diego Padres
Sports buildings in California
2004 establishments in California
Beaumont-en-Auge

Beaumont-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
References
Communes in Calvados
Trarza

Trarza () is a region in southwest Mauritania. Its capital is Rosso. Mederdra and Boutilimit are other towns there. Trarza has borders near the regions of Inchiri and Adrar to the north and Brakna to the east. It also has borders near the country of Senegal to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Mauritanian capital Nouakchott only has borders near this region.
References
Geography of Mauritania
Little Earthquakes

Little Earthquakes is the first solo album by Tori Amos. Five singles were released from it. The album got good reviews from music critics. It is the only Tori Amos album in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
Singles
"Me and a Gun" was released as the first single from Little Earthquakes. It is a song about when Amos was raped in Los Angeles when she was 21. "Silent All These Years" was released as the second single. It reached 21 in the UK Singles Chart. "China" was released as the third single from the album. The album's fourth single "Winter" was released March 9, 1992 in the United Kingdom. It reached 25 in the UK Singles Chart. "Crucify" was the album's last single. It reached 15 in the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing
1992 albums
Tori Amos albums
Polycythemia vera

Polycythemia vera is an uncommon myeloproliferative neoplasm in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. It may also cause the overproduction of white blood cells and platelets.
References
Cancer
John Gould Veitch

John Gould Veitch (April 1839 - 13 August 1870) was an expert on plants and growing plants, he was also a traveller and one of the first Victorian British plant experts to visit Japan to look for and collect new plants. He was a great-grandson of John Veitch, the founder of the Veitch family plant growing business. He also visited the Philippines, Australia, Fiji, and other Polynesian islands looking for new plants to bring back to Great Britain.
He brought back a number of the glasshouse plants that were in fashion at the time, such as Acalyphas, Cordylines, Codiaeums (Crotons) and Dracaenas, and from Fiji, a palm of a new genus later named after him, Veitchia joannis, in addition to this genus the Veitch family name is honoured by hundreds of other plant names.
In Japan, he met another famous plant collector called Robert Fortune, and their competing collections returned to England on the same ship. For example, each man claimed that they had discovered a species of Chamaecyparis pisifera (a kind of cypress).
He married Jane Hodge soon after his return to England in 1866 and they had two sons, James Herbert Veitch, (1868 - 1907) and John Gould Veitch, Jr. (1869 - 1914)
John Gould Veitch died of tuberculosis at the age of 31.
References
1839 births
1870 deaths
British botanists
Deaths from tuberculosis
Neil Aspinall

Neil Aspinall (13 October 1941 - 23 March 2008) was a British music executive. He was the managing director of Apple Corps, a company started by The Beatles. He had earlier served as the band's road manager.
Aspinall was born in Prestatyn, North Wales and grew up in Liverpool, England. He was an Accountancy student and lived with the Best family, renting a room in their house. Eldest son Pete Best was a drummer who played for the Beatles. Aspinall owned a van, and began driving the band to their shows, and setting up equipment. In time, they began to pay him for this, and he gave up his studies to be their official road manager.
During 1962 the Beatles changed drummers when Ringo Starr joined, and Pete Best was let go. Aspinall offered to quit also, but he was persuaded to keep working for the Beatles. (He kept a connection to the Best family, having a son, Roag, with Mona Best.) Aspinall was joined by another man, Mal Evans, who shared his job duties.
Over time, other people helped with setting up and breaking down the Beatles' instruments and equipment, but Aspinall and Evans still supervised them. They also did other jobs, like shopping for the band, delivering important messages, and dealing with members of the public who wanted to meet the band. Some of their lesser-known jobs were choosing female audience members at Beatles concerts to visit the band backstage, and signing Beatles autographs on photographs. (The demand for autographs was too great for the Beatles themselves to meet practically.)
When the Beatles stopped giving concerts, they put time into forming their own company, which became Apple Corps. Aspinall and Evans were both directors at Apple, and personal assistants to the Beatles. None of the band's inner circle knew how to run a large company, and Apple got into financial trouble. Allen Klein and Lee Eastman (Paul McCartney's father-in-law) took over running Apple, and Evans was fired. Aspinall was also supposed to be fired, but the Beatles themselves insisted he be kept on.
After the Beatles disbanded, Apple's business decreased, Klein and Eastman moved on, and Apple was reorganized. Aspinall alone was able to handle most of Apple's ongoing business, which was mostly licensing Beatles-related products, and future issues of Beatles music. He kept working for the band until shortly before his death.
Aspinall's last tasks for Apple included handling a lawsuit against Apple Inc. over iTunes, and supervising a new recording of the whole Beatles music catalogue. Aspinall died of lung cancer in New York City in 2008.
1941 births
2008 deaths
British businesspeople
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Liverpool
The Beatles
Mini Metro (video game)

Mini Metro is a strategy simulation video game. It is about creating an efficient subway system for a rapidly growing city.
Gameplay
In this game, the player designs a subway station. The object is to get the people to their requested station. The game ends when the station becomes overpopulated. The game is simple at first. Over time, it becomes more complicated and challenging. The point of the game is to run the simulation as long as possible.
Layout
Mini Metro has a very modern layout. The subway cars are simply moving rectangles, the rails are simply lines, and the tunnels are dotted lines.
Stations
Mini Metro's stations each are a different shape.
Common Stations:
"Unique" Stations:
Only one of each Unique station can appear each game.
References
Other websites
Let's Look At: Mini Metro!, YouTube
Simulator video games
Gœrlingen

Goerlingen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Yangtze River

The Yangtze River, or Yangzi (Simple Chinese: Yang Zi Jiang / Traditional Chinese: Yang Zi Jiang ), or Chang Jiang (Simple Chinese: Chang Jiang / Traditional Chinese: Chang Jiang ), is the longest River in China and Asia, as well as the world's third longest river (after the Amazon and the Nile). It is honored as one of the two main cradles of Chinese civilization. (another is Yellow River)
The river is about 3,900 kilometers long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. It goes from the western part of China (Plateau of Tibet) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean. It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China. It helped start the Chinese civilization.
On the river is a big dam called the Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest in the world. It forms a man-made lake that stretches almost upstream.
The Yangtze River is home to many species. The Finless porpoise is endangered and the Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002.
Top tourist attractions for the Yangtze river cruise are Chongqing Dazu Carvings, Three Gorges, lesser Three Gorges, Bai Di City, Fengdu Ghost City and so on.
The Yangtze River is also known as the Yanugzi or Chang Jiange.
Uses
transport
drinking water
cleaning
boundary marking
ingredients for food
Pollution
The Yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted. The Yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles. In 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river.
References
Other websites
Attractions along Yangtze River
Yangtze River Cruise Guide
Rivers of China
Hurricane Hermine

Hurricane Hermine was a tropical cyclone in August and September 2016. It affected states from Florida to New England. The storm hit Florida on September 1, near the Big Bend region. Hermine had winds of 80 miles per hour at landfall. The storm also struck Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina.
Hermine was expected to affect areas from Virginia to Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
At least two deaths were blamed on the storm.
References
2016 in the United States
August 2016 events
Hurricanes in the United States
September 2016 events
2016 Atlantic hurricane season
Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

Plymouth Township is a township with home rule status in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 16,525 at the 2010 census.
References
Townships in Pennsylvania
King Edward VII School

King Edward VII School is a secondary school and language college in Sheffield, England started in 1905. It has a sixth form. This means that students can study there until the age of 18. 50% of sixth form students come from other schools in Sheffield. It is named after King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. In 2013 Ofsted said that the school 'requires improvement'.
References
Schools in England
Organisations based in Sheffield
1905 establishments in England
Nemzeti Bajnokság I

The Nemzeti Bajnoksag (, "National Championship"), also known as NB I, is the top division of football in Hungary. The league is officially named OTP Bank Liga for sponsorship reasons. The league is played between 12 teams. The champion qualifies for the UEFA Champions League first qualifying round, while the 2nd and 3rd place teams, along with the cup winner qualifies for the UEFA Europa Conference League first qualifying round. The bottom 2 teams are relegated to the Nemzeti Bajnoksag II.
Champions
Notes:
+ Dissolved before World War II
++ Team from Oradea, which is now located in Romania
* Includes Raba Vasas ETO Gyor, Gyori Vasas ETO
Top scorers
All time top scorers
As listed at RSSSF in July 2000.
Top scorer in a season
Correct as of 2019-20.
References
Other websites
Hungarian football league
League at UEFA
NB I current season results and table at Soccerway
Hungary league tables overview page at RSSSF
List of current NB 1 clubs at magyarfutball.hu
Hungarian Football Page
League champions and runners-up at Nemzeti sport
Football leagues in Europe
Football in Hungary
20th-century establishments in Hungary
1901 establishments in Europe
Hulluch

Hulluch is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Mariner 1

Mariner 1 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 1 was planned to do a Venus fly-by. However, it was destroyed by the Range Safety Officer 293 seconds after launch. It was destroyed because the rocket moved off course and was a safety risk. Mariner 1 was followed by Mariner 2.
Why it was destroyed
The Atlas-Agena rocket was controlled by a hand-written formula:
Which means "the th smoothed value of the time derivative of a radius R". However, for this mission, an overline (-) was missing in the formula, which looks something like this:
Because the smoothing function was missing, the rocket became sensitive at minor changes. Then, the rocket became out of control and destroyed by the Range Safety Officer. Few years later, Arthur C. Clarke wrote that Mariner 1 was "wrecked by the most expensive hyphen in history".
References
Other websites
Mariner 01
1960s in spaceflight