pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alex Gallacher

Alexander McEachian Gallacher (1 January 1954 - 29 August 2021) was a Scottish-born Australian politician. He was a Senator for South Australia from 2011 until his death in 2021. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Gallacher was born in New Cumnock, Scotland.
Gallacher was diagnosed with lung cancer in January 2020. He died on 29 August 2021 from the disease, aged 67.
References
Other websites
Parliamentary Profile: Australian Parliament website
Parliamentary Profile: Labor website
Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Alex Gallacher on TheyVoteForYou.org.au
1954 births
2021 deaths
Australian Labor Party politicians
Members of the Australian Senate
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Lincoln County, Nevada

Lincoln County is a county in the state of Nevada in the United States. In 2020, 4,499 people lived there. The county seat is Pioche.
References
Nevada counties
Kirchberg, Saxony

Kirchberg is a town in the rural district of Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is located around 10 km south of Zwickau.
References
Other websites
Zwickau Rural District
Tato Cifuentes

Hector Raul "Tato" Cifuentes Lira (14 October 1925 - 30 July 2017) was a Chilean-born Argentine actor, singer and ventriloquist. He was born in Santiago, Chile. During his career, he performed in Uruguay and Argentina.
His career began in the early 1950s. He was known for his movie roles Cuidado con las imitaciones (1948), Imitaciones peligrosas (1949) and Tiempo de crear (1962). His best known singles were "El mambo de la chocolata", "Los Tatines", and "El relojito".
Cinfuentes suffered from male breast cancer in 2008, which he had to undergo chemotherapy.
Cifuentes died on 30 July 2017 of cardiopulmonary arrest complicated by pneumonia after falling at his home in Buenos Aires, Argentina at the age of 91.
References
Other websites
1925 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Deaths from pneumonia
Accidental deaths from falls
Infectious disease deaths in Argentina
Chilean movie actors
Chilean television actors
Singers from Santiago
Argentine movie actors
Argentine television actors
Singers from Buenos Aires
Argentine comedians
Radio actors
Voice actors
Actors from Santiago
Actors from Buenos Aires
Nanaia Mahuta

Nanaia Cybele Mahuta (born 21 August 1970) is a New Zealand politician. She is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hauraki-Waikato. She became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in November 2020. She is also the Minister of Local Government and was Minister for Maori Development from 2017 to 2020.
References
1970 births
Living people
Politicians from Auckland
Galaxy Nexus

The Galaxy Nexus is a smartphone made by Google and Samsung, using the Android operating system. The phone started being sold on November 17, 2011.
Unlocking and rooting
The Galaxy Nexus is designed to be a developer-friendly phone. It is very easy to unlock and root. To unlock the bootloader, boot the phone into fastboot mode by holding down both volume keys while powering the phone on, and connect the phone to a computer with the Android SDK installed and run the command "fastboot oem unlock". This is in contrast to most other mobile phones which are designed to be difficult to unlock. This phone uses NFC, which allows it to communicate wirelessly with other Android devices.
Related pages
Google Nexus
References
Other websites
Official Galaxy Nexus page
Galaxy Nexus at Samsung
Engadget coverage
Nexus mobile phones
Android smartphones
Mobile phones released in 2011
Fleury, Pas-de-Calais

Fleury, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Choctaw, Oklahoma

Choctaw is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States. It is the oldest chartered town in Oklahoma Territory. The city is located about 10 miles (16.1 km) east of Oklahoma City. It is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. In 2020, 12,182 people lived there.
Choctaw became a community in 1890. It became a town in 1893 when a territorial governor was appointed for Oklahoma. It celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1993. In 1950, Choctaw was in an agricultural area. It had a population of 355 in that year. The town has no cultural or historical ties to the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
Before Choctaw was chartered, the area was known for a trading post and a camping spot near a spring.
A community formed on the east of land John S. Muzzy claimed in the 1889 land run. It received a postal designation in early 1890.
The town incorporated in April 1904. When Oklahoma became a state in 1907, 230 people lived there. The town had four churches, a school, a bank, a newspaper and telephone service. The population grew very little during the Great Depression.
References
Cities in Oklahoma
Philo of Byzantium

Philo of Byzantium (, about 280 BC to about 220 BC). He was also known as Philo Mechanicus. He was a Greek engineer, physicist and writer on mechanics. Although from Byzantium, he lived most of his life in Alexandria, Egypt.
Philo was the author of a large work, Mechanike syntaxis (Compendium of Mechanics).
References
280s BC births
Ancient Greeks
Domagnano

Domagnano is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 3,319 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.62 km2.
It is next to the San Marino municipalities Faetano, Borgo Maggiore, Serravalle and the Italian municipality Coriano.
Municipalities of San Marino
Clive, Iowa

Clive is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Huamantla

Huamantla () is a small city in Huamantla Municipality in the eastern half of the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.
Other websites
Photo gallery of sawdust art in the streets of Huamantla (El Universal)
Cities in Mexico
Tlaxcala
Stagecoach

A stagecoach is a type of horse drawn coach for passengers and goods. They were one of the first forms of organized public transport and originated in the 1600s in Great Britain. Before railways were invented in the first part of the nineteenth century they were the fastest way to travel long distances. Stage coaches were operated across Europe and North America.
The coach would travel between stops called stages at which passengers could obtain food and drink and the horses that pulled the coach would be changed for fresh ones. Regularly changing horses meant the coach could travel much faster than other vehicles. They were mostly of light weight construction which also allowed them to go faster. Their speed meant they were used to carry mail and often called a mail coach.
The name is sometimes shortened to simply a "stage".
Public transport
Animal-powered vehicles
Carter County, Oklahoma

Carter County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 45,621 people lived there. Its county seat is Ardmore.
Geography
The county has a total area of 834 square miles.
Oklahoma counties
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Shailesh Vara

Shailesh Lakhman Vara (born 4 September 1960) is a Ugandan-British politician. He was the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from July 2022 to September 2022. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) for North West Cambridgeshire since the 2005 general election.
References
Other websites
Official website
Conservative Party - Shailesh Vara
Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Shailesh Vara MP
The Times : Election 2005
Guardian - Class of 2005
Telegraph - Vara Interview
1960 births
Living people
UK MPs 2005-2010
UK MPs 2010-2015
UK MPs 2015-2017
UK MPs 2017-2019
UK MPs 2019-present
Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland
Ugandan politicians
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Cambridgeshire
Polk County, Oregon

Polk County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, 87,433 people lived there. The county seat is Dallas. It is in the Willamette Valley.
References
Oregon counties
Supergame

The Supergame () is an annual soccer event. It is played at Nya Ullevi in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The first game was played in 2012. It is usually played as a game between two top club teams in July-August. It is mostly an exhibition game. It is however given much attention as its played between major clubs. Draws are followed up by penelaty shootouts.
Games
8 August 2012 - FC Barcelona-Manchester United FC 0-0, FC Barcelona winning on penalty shootout
27 July 2013 - Real Madrid CF-Paris Saint-Germain FC 1-0
2014 - Cancelled
References
2012 establishments in Sweden
Football in Sweden
Sport in Gothenburg
Privalov's Millions

Privalov's Millions () is a 1972 Soviet drama movie directed by Yaropolk Lapshin. It stars Leonid Kulagin, Lyudmila Chursina, and Vladislav Strzhelchik.
Actors
Leonid Kulagin as Sergey Privalov
Lyudmila Chursina as Zosya Lyakhovskaya (Privalova)
Vladislav Strzhelchik as Alexander Polovodov
Lyudmila Khityaeva as Antonida Polovodova
Andrei Fajt as Ignatii L'vovich Lyakhovsky
Lyubov Sokolova as Maria Bakhareva
Aleksandr Demyanenko as Viktor Bakharev
Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev as Ivan Yakovlevich
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1972 movies
Soviet drama movies
Guinea national football team

Guinea national football team is the national football team of Guinea.
References
African national football teams
Guinea
Dik-dik

A dik-dik is a small antelope in the genus Madoqua that lives in the bushlands of eastern and southern Africa.
Dik-diks stand about 30-40 cm (12-16 in) at the shoulder, are 50-70 cm (20-28 in) long, weigh 3-6 kg (7-16 lb) and can live for up to 10 years.
Dik-diks are named after the alarm calls of the females. In addition to the females' alarm call, both males and females make a shrill, whistling sound. These calls may alert other animals to predators. The dik-dik is a favourite prey of the cheetah.
There are four species:
Gunther's dik-dik Madoqua guentheri
Kirk's dik-dik Madoqua kirkii
Silver dik-dik Madoqua piacentinii
Salt's dik-dik Madoqua saltiana
References
Bovids
Mammals of Africa
Georgi Atanasov (politician)

Georgi Ivanov Atanasov (Bulgarian: Georgi Ivanov Atanasov) (25 July 1933 - 31 March 2022) was a Bulgarian politician and military official. He was a leading member of the Bulgarian Communist Party. He was Prime Minister from 1986 to 1990. Atanasov supported the move to oust Todor Zhivkov as Chairman of the State Council.
Atanasov died on 31 March 2022 in Sofia, Bulgaria at the age of 88.
References
1933 births
2022 deaths
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Alfa Romeo 135

The Alfa Romeo 135 is an Italian piston aircraft engine made Alfa Romeo. designed in 1934-1935 and got it's first test in 1938.
Variants
136 R.C.25
135 R.C.32
135 R.C.34
135 R.C.45
136 R.C.65
136 R.C.100
Users
Cant Z.1018
Savoia-Marchetti SM.87
Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 (Central engine)
Savoia-Marchetti SM.90
Cant Z 1014
Focke-Wulf Fw 200
CRDA CANT Z.1018
References
Aircraft engines
Khaqani Shirvani

Afzal ad- Din Badil Ibrahim ibn Ali Nadjar Khaqani Shirvani (1120-1190) () or Khaghani Shirvani was a Persian poet. His most famous poem is The Arch of Madain(). He wrote the poem book Tohfat-ul Iraqein (in Persian: tHfh l`rqyn meaning A Gift from the Two Iraqs) in his journey to Mesopotamia. The Shirvanshah ordered his officers to imprison him. Khaghani was in prison for nearly five years. In prison, he wrote the poems called Habsiyye (, meaning The Prison Book). After he was freed, he moved to Tabriz. Khaghani died in Tabriz.
1120 births
1190 deaths
Persian poets
Harburg, Bavaria

Harburg is a city in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Wolfgang Kilian. The city is part of the scenic route called "Romantische Strasse" (Romantic Road). It also has one of the most impressive medieval castles in Germany, which was first mentioned in 1150. There is also a rare Jewish cemetery.
References
Donau-Ries
2008–09 Premier League

In the 2008-09 Premier League, the winners Manchester United, went 22 hours of football without giving up a league goal. They demoted Newcastle, Middlesborough and West Brom in descending order. The Premier League's top scorer in the 2008-09 season was Nicolas Anelka. He only scored 19 goals. It was the second lowest amount ever. Liverpool only lost two matches in the Premier League that season. If it wasn't for the Red Devil's total of 90 points, Liverpool might have won. Liverpool had a total of 86 points. It has since been matched by Tottenham and beaten by Manchester City twice. This was the first season that the Abu Dhabi United Group had bought Manchester City and so arrived Vincent Kompany, Pablo Zabaleta and Robinho.
English football clubs
2008 in sports
2009 in sports
Colleton County, South Carolina

Colleton County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 38,892 people lived there. Its county seat is Walterboro. The county is named after Sir John Colleton, 1st Baronet, one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina and was created in 1800.
References
1800 establishments in South Carolina
South Carolina counties
Nanase Kiryu

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Kiryu was born in Kanagawa Prefecture on October 31, 1989. From 2007, she played for Nippon TV Beleza in Nadeshiko League. During her career with the team, she scored 25 goals in her 94 appearances. In February 2014, she signed with Sky Blue FC in the National Women's Soccer League, where she played for one season before returning to Nippon TV Beleza. In January 2016, Kiryu signed with Chinese Division 2 club Guangdong Haiyin, in the Chinese city of Guangzhou. In 2017, she returned to Japan and joined Okayama Yunogo Belle.
On January 13, 2010, Kiryu debuted for the Japan national team against Denmark. She was a member of Japan for 2014 Asian Cup and Japan won the championship. She played 16 games and scored 3 goals for Japan until 2014.
Statistics
References
Other websites
1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan women's international footballers
Nadeshiko League players
Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza players
Okayama Yunogo Belle players
2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup players
Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games
AFC Women's Asian Cup-winning players
Asian Games medalists in football
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Harold Macmillan

Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 - 29 December 1986), was a Conservative statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.
Macmillan served in the Grenadier Guards during the First World War. After the war he joined his family publishing company, then entered Parliament at the 1924 general election. After losing his seat in 1929, he regained it in 1931.
During World War II, Churchill made Macmillan Minister Resident in the Mediterranean. This made him the go-between for Churchill and the British forces in North Africa and the Middle East. The Mediterranean was a major theatre of war, and Macmillan's work made his name as a serious politician.
Macmillan became Foreign Secretary and then Chancellor of the Exchequer under Churchill's successor Sir Anthony Eden. When Eden resigned in 1957 after the Suez Crisis, Macmillan succeeded him as Prime Minister and Leader of the Conservative Party.
Macmillan presided over a country becoming more affluent (rich), with low unemployment and high (but uneven) economic growth. In his Bedford speech of July 1957 he told the nation they had 'never had it so good'.
References
1894 births
1986 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British military personnel of World War I
Chancellors of the Exchequer
English Anglicans
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Members of the House of Lords
Order of Merit
People educated at Eton College
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1931-1935
UK MPs 1935-1945
UK MPs 1945-1950
UK MPs 1950-1951
UK MPs 1951-1955
UK MPs 1955-1959
UK MPs 1959-1964
United Kingdom Earls
Brown sugar

Brown sugar is a type of table sugar. It is made by mixing white sugar with molasses, a sugar byproduct. Brown sugar can either be light or dark depending on how much molasses is in it. Brown sugar can harden after a while out of the package.
References
Sweeteners
Carbohydrates
Calabarzon

Calabarzon is an administrative region in the Philippines. It is also known as Southern Tagalog Mainland or Region IV-A. It is on Luzon island. The capital is Calamba.
The region has five provinces: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon. There is also one independent city: Lucena.
References
Regions of the Philippines
Economy of India

The economy of India is the sixth largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of US$3.94 trillion. If considered PPP (purchasing power parity (how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is the third largest (worth US$12.51 trillion). Measured by population it was 125th in the world in 2022.
India's economy includes agriculture, handicrafts, industries, and a lot of services. The service sector is the main source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian people earn their living directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, due to its many well-educated people who can speak English, India became a pioneer in information technology.
For most of India's independent history, it had strict government controls in many areas such as telecommunications (communication over long distances), banking and foreign direct investment. In 1967 70% of the people earned less than 150 rupees a month. Since the early 1990s, India has slowly opened up its markets by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. This was started by Manmohan Singh under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao. From then, the Indian Economy grew at a rapid pace.
The Indian rupee (Rs) is the money in India. In 1947 an American dollar was worth about 3 rupees. In 2022 it was worth about 75 rupees.
The social and economic problems India faces are the increasing population, poverty, lack of infrastructure (buildings, roads, etc.) and growing unemployment.
References
Frank Spellman

Frank Isaac Spellman (September 17, 1922 - January 12, 2017) was an American weightlifter. He set several Olympic records and earned a gold medal in 1948. Spellman has been elected to the United States Weightlifting Hall of Fame, the Helms Athletic Foundation Hall of Fame and the Porterville Quarterback Hall of Fame. He was born in Malvern, Pennsylvania.
In addition to being inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in its class of 2003 / 2004, Spellman was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1983.
Spellman died on January 12, 2017 at the age of 94.
References
1922 births
2017 deaths
American weightlifters
Jewish American sportspeople
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Janata Dal (United)

Janata Dal (United) (JD(U)) is a centre-left Indian political party with political presence mainly in Bihar and Jharkhand. The Janata Dal (United) was formed with the merger of the Sharad Yadav faction of the Janata Dal, the Lokshakti Party and the Samta Party on 30 October 2003. Janata Dal (United)'s party mentor and patron is the veteran socialist leader George Fernandes. JD(U) is currently a part of BJP led National Democratic Alliance (NDA).
References
Political parties in India
Tarboro, North Carolina

Tarboro is a town in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the Rocky Mount Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, 11,415 people lived in the town. It is the county seat of Edgecombe County.
References
Towns in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
2014–15 FC Augsburg season

The 2014-15 FC Augsburg season was the 108th season in the football club's history and fourth consecutive season in the top flight of German football, the Bundesliga. It was the sixth season for FC Augsburg in the SGL arena.
Having finished fifth in Bundesliga, FC Augsburg also qualified for the UEFA Europa League for the first time in the club's history. They will enter at the group stage.
First team squad
As of 1 September 2014
Out on loan
Transfers
In
Out
Competitions
Bundesliga
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
DFB-Pokal
References
FC Augsburg seasons
2014 in association football
2015 in association football
Columbian mammoth

The Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), or Imperial mammoth, was a species of mammoth which lived late in the Pleistocene period. Its remains have been found in Canada, the United States, Nicaragua and Mexico.
The Columbian mammoth went extinct at the end of the ice ages about 11,000 years ago. It shared the fate of many other large mammals, whose extinction is attributed to hunting and climate change.
DNA studies show that the Columbian mammoth was a hybrid between woolly mammoths and another lineage descended from steppe mammoths. This hybridization happened more than 420,000 years ago.
These mammoths did not live in the Arctic regions of Canada, where the woolly mammoth lived. The ranges of the two species may have overlapped, and genetic evidence suggests that they interbred. Several sites have the skeletons of more than one Columbian mammoths. Maybe they died in incidents such as a drought, or perhaps these places were natural traps where individuals tended to die.
References
Extinct elephants
Megafauna
Robert (footballer, born 1971)

Robert da Silva Almeida (born 3 April 1971) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1988||Fluminense||Serie A||7||0
|-
|1989||rowspan="3"|Bragantino||Serie B||0||0
|-
|1990||rowspan="2"|Serie A||2||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Guarani||rowspan="2"|Serie A||0||0
|-
|1993||15||0
|-
|1994||Rio Branco||||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||2
|-
|1996||19||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Gremio||rowspan="2"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||Atletico Mineiro||Serie A||20||4
|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Serie A||23||5
|-
|2001||21||5
|-
|2002||12||2
|-
|2003||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||17||5
|-
|2003||Corinthians Paulista||Serie A||18||1
172||19
17||5
189||24
International career statistics
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
References
Other websites
1971 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Salvador, Bahia
Chilean recluse spider

The Chilean recluse spider, Loxosceles laeta, is a highly venomous spider of the family Sicariidae. It usually hides in cracks and corners that are difficult to access, hence its name. It is considered the most dangerous of the spiders of the genus Loxosceles, since its bite frequently produces severe systemic reactions and even death. The Sicarius spider is related to this spider and is therefore also considered dangerous.
Distribution and Habitat
Loxosceles laeta is native to South America. It is very common in Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Brazil.
It has been introduced to North America and several Central American countries, but does not naturally thrive in these countries. In the United States, the species became established in the Los Angeles area. Infestations have also been reported in Florida, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Vancouver, Canada.
Behavior
The violinist spider is mainly nocturnal, its activity being increased on hot summer nights and with the moon. It is scary and quite fast. Although it is active throughout the year, its vitality decreases with the arrival of cold. That is why its favorite places during the day are the dark corners, from which it comes out to hunt. This species of spider hides in dusty and unclean places, for example, under gas tanks, behind pictures, cornices, bookcases or in closets, especially with clothes.
One way to detect their presence is thanks to the existence of exoskeletons, left by the spider behind paintings, cornices, etc. A single individual can leave three moults before reaching its adult size.
Another way is through its spider web, which has a messy and irregular design, and is generally located in right-angle profiles (corners), where it weaves a short, hammock-shaped horizontal web. White and cottony, it is not very effective for aerial hunting of insects.
Bite effect
Within the genus Loxosceles, this spider is the one with the largest distribution in South America and is the most dangerous. The anaphylactic picture produced by the toxin of the bite is called loxoscelism.
Poison Action
The venom of Loxosceles laeta is potentially fatal depending on the inoculum-mass ratio of the individual. Its action is essentially proteolytic and necrotic (dissolves tissues causing cell death). It contains powerful proteolytic enzymes that destroy everything that has protein, and can be 15 times more toxic than a cobra and 10 times more powerful than sulfuric acid burn. In addition, its venom has a high power of penetration in the liver and bile ducts. Its main toxic component is sphingomyelinase D, which interacts with cell membranes, triggering an immune reaction within the first 24-48 hours after the bite.
References
Araneomorphae
Blackheath, London

Blackheath is a heathland area of South East London. Formerly in Kent, it is now shared between the London Boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich. Blackheath has one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London.
History
The name is recorded in 1166 as Blachehedfeld and means the "dark coloured heathland". It is formed from the Old English 'blaec' and 'haeth' and refers to the open space that was the meeting place of the ancient hundred of Blackheath. The name was later used for the Victorian suburb that developed in the 19th century and was extended to the areas known as Blackheath Park and Blackheath Vale.
Origins
The Roman road that later became known as Watling Street crosses the northern edge of Blackheath (almost in line with the A2).
Blackheath was a rallying point for Wat Tyler's Peasants' Revolt of 1381, and for Jack Cade's Kentish rebellion in 1450. Wat Tyler is remembered by Wat Tyler Road on the heath. After pitching camp on Blackheath, Cornish rebels were defeated in the Battle of Deptford Bridge (sometimes called the Battle of Blackheath), just to the west, on 17 June 1497.
With Watling Street carrying stagecoaches across the heath, on the way to north Kent and the Channel ports, it was also a common place for highwaymen to rob travelers during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Blackheath Park
The sizeable estate of Blackheath Park was created on lands of Wricklemarsh Manor, and built over in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has fine examples of substantial Georgian and Victorian houses - most notably Michael Searles' crescent of semi-detached terrace houses linked by colonnades, The Paragon (c 1793-1807).
The Pagoda is a good example of a beautiful property in Blackheath, built in 1760 by Sir William Chambers. It was later leased to the Prince Regent, who later became King George IV, and used as a summer home by his wife Caroline, Princess of Wales.
Sports
In 1608, according to tradition, Blackheath was the place where golf was introduced to England - the Royal Blackheath Golf Club. The club was one of the first golf associations established (1766) outside Scotland. Since 1923 it has been in nearby Eltham. Blackheath also gave its name to the first hockey club, established during the mid 19th century.
The Blackheath Rugby Club was founded in 1858, the oldest rugby club in England. The Blackheath club organised the world's first rugby international (between England and Scotland in Edinburgh on 27 March 1871), and hosted the first international between England and Wales ten years later. Blackheath Rugby Club was one of the 12 founding members of the Football Association in 1863.
References
Areas of London
Royal Borough of Greenwich
London Borough of Lewisham
Gyula, Hungary

Gyula is a town in Bekes county in the south-eastern part of Hungary.
Twin Towns - Sister Cities
Gyula is twinned with:
Other websites
Official site
The National Selfgovernance of The Romanians living in Hungary Center
Cities in Hungary
Mabel Normand

Mabel Normand (November 9, 1892 - February 23, 1930) was an American silent movie actress, screenwriter, director, producer, and comedian. She was a popular star and collaborator of Mack Sennett in his Keystone Studios. She appeared in 12 successful movies with Charlie Chaplin and 17 with Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle.
References
Other websites
1892 births
1930 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
Infectious disease deaths in California
American silent movie actors
Actors from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Ivan's Childhood

Ivan's Childhood (), sometimes released as My Name Is Ivan is a 1962 Russian World War II drama movie directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and is based on the 1957 short story Ivan by Vladimir Bogomolov. It stars Nikolai Burlyaev, Valentin Zubkov, Evgeny Zharikov, Nikolai Grinko and was distributed by Mosfilm.
Other websites
1962 drama movies
1962 war movies
World War II movies
Russian drama movies
Movies directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
Interstate 516

Interstate 516 (I-516), also known as the W.F. Lynes Parkway, is a auxiliary Interstate Highway in Savannah, Georgia. It starts at Georgia State Route 21 (SR 21) in Garden City, and ends at the same road (SR 21) in Savannah. It meets with I-16 also in Savannah.
References
Interstate Highways
André Mba Obame

Andre Mba Obame (15 June 1957 - 12 April 2015) was a Gabonese politician. After serving as an adviser to President Omar Bongo in the 1980s, he was a minister in the government of Gabon from 1990 to 1991 and again from 1997 to 2009.
Obame died in Yaounde, Cameroon, on 12 April 2015 from a long-illness, aged 57.
References
1957 births
2015 deaths
Gabonese politicians
Coopersale Halt railway station

Coopersale Halt is the current terminus of the Epping Ongar Railway in the hamlet of Coopersale in Epping, Essex, England. It is located between Epping and North Weald.
Related pages
Central Line
Epping Ongar Railway
Ongar tube station
Blake Hall tube station
North Weald tube station
Epping tube station
Closed London Underground stations
Other websites
Epping Ongar Railway's Official Website
Epping-Ongar Line (part 1)
Epping-Ongar Line (part 2)
Railway stations in England
Epping Ongar Railway
Epping Forest
Leandro Morgalla

Leandro Morgalla (born 13 September 2004) is a German professional footballer. He plays as a defender for FC Liefering on loan from FC Red Bull Salzburg.
Club career
He joined 1860 Munich's academy from SpVgg Unterhaching at the age of 10.He made his senior debut on 11 August 2021in the Toto Cup game at SV Birkenfeld. He played the full distance in central defense, as he did in the second round game at BSC Saas Bayreuth a week later. On 21 August 2021, he was in the squad for the first time in a third division game. Three more nominations for the matchday squad followed. In the 2022/23 season he made 31 matches for the team.
On 23 June 2023 Morgalla signed for RB Salzburg on a five-year deal. He was loaned to FC Liefering.
International career
Morgalla played for the German U18 and U19 team.
References
2004 births
Living people
German footballers
Association football defenders
Players of FC Liefering
Cherie Blair

Cherie Blair CBE (nee Booth; born 23 September 1954) is a British barrister. She is the wife of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair. She was born at Fairfield General Hospital in Bury, Lancashire, and grew up in Waterloo, Lancashire. She is a daughter of actor Antony Booth.
She gained a first class degree from the London School of Economics.
She qualified as a barrister in 1976, and took silk in 1995. In 1999 she became a Recorder in the County Court and Crown Court.
Blair specialises in Human Rights law. She is a Catholic.
References
Other websites
Brief biog on her Chamber's website
1954 births
Living people
Spouses of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British lawyers
English Roman Catholics
People from Bury
BBC 100 Women
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English historians
British King's Counsel
Informal economy

The informal economy is that part of economy which is not reported in official statistics such as the gross domestic product of a country. The informal economy is not taxed, and includes the black market. In developing countries over 70% of the people work in this form of economy. They are self-employed, because it is difficult to find an employer to hire them. People working in this form of economy have no social benefits or social security, which are usually only given by the state to those who have made tax contributions.
Usually, most people working in this form of economy are women; they work in the most erratic and corrupt segments of the job market.
Sixty percent of female workers in developing countries are employed by the informal sector. There are two main reasons why this is the case: First, the kind of employment that is available caters mostly to women. Secondly, most women either work from home, because they also have to take care of children, or they work as street vendors; both of these kinds of work are classified in the informal sector.
What is more, most people at the top positions of the sector are men, and most people in the bottom positions are women.
For example, very few women are employers who hire others and more women are likely to be involved in smaller scale operations. Labor markets, household decisions, and states all propagate this gender inequality. The gender gap in terms of wage is even higher in the informal sector than the formal sector.
References
Labor
Economic markets
Feminism
Chess endgame

The endgame in chess (or end game or ending) is the part of the game when there are few pieces left on the board. Alternatively, endgames begin when the middlegame is over, and kings are relatively safe.
Features of endgame play
There are three main strategic differences between earlier parts of the game and endgame:
the
Pawns: during the endgame, pawns become more special. In the endgame, one thing players try to do is to promote a pawn by advancing it to the eighth rank.
Kings: may become strong pieces in the endgame. The king may be brought towards the center of the board. There it can support its own pawns, attack the opponent's pawns, and oppose the opponent's king.
Draws: in the endgame, a game may be drawn because there are too few pieces on the board to allow a player to win. This is one of the main reasons for games to be drawn.
All endgame positions can be put into two camps. On the one hand are positions which may be won by force. On the other hand are positions which are drawn, or which should be drawn. The ones that are drawn for certain may be legally drawn (mate could not happen) or drawn by chess experience (no sane defence could lose). All endgames in master chess revolve around the borderline between winning and drawing. Generally, once a 'textbook' drawn position is reached the players will agree a draw; otherwise they play on.
Endgames can be studied according to the type of pieces that remain on board. For example, king and pawn endgames have only kings and pawns on one or both sides and the task of the stronger side is to promote one of the pawns. Other endings are studied according to the pieces on board other than kings, e.g. rook and pawn versus rook endgame.
Basic checkmates
Basic checkmates are positions in which one side has only a king and the other side has one or two pieces, enough to checkmate the opponent's king. They are usually learned at the beginner stage. Examples are mate with K+Q v K; K+R v K; K+2B v K; K+B&N v K (this one is quite difficult).
Technical endgames
Positions for which the result is certain, given best play, are technical positions. The best example is the analysis by computer chess engine of all possible positions with six pieces or fewer. This is called proof by exhaustion or exhaustive proof. It is logically the same as proving a mathematical theorem by proving the complete set of individual cases covered by the theorem.
Endgame tablebases
After the chess engine has analysed the positions, the results are put into an endgame tablebase for easy retrieval by users. Working with a database to discover previously unknown facts is called 'data mining'.
A number of interesting and surprising facts have indeed emerged. For example, For all three- to five-piece endgames and pawnless six-piece endgames, a complete list of mutual zugzwangs has been tabulated and published.
Another case is the longest sequence of moves to reach a definite result, called 'Depth to conversion'. In May 2006, Bourzutschky and Konoval discovered a KQN vs KRBN position with an astonishing DTC of 517 moves.
References
Chess
Sushmita Sen

Sushmita Sen (born 19 November 1975) is an Indian actress and model who was crowned Femina Miss India in 1994 and won Miss Universe 1994 at the age of 18. Sen is the first Indian to win the competition and has since primarily worked in Hindi films.
Sen won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the comedy film Biwi No.1 (1999), and was also nominated in the category for her roles in Sirf Tum (1999) and Filhaal... (2002). Her commercially successful films include Aankhen (2002), Main Hoon Na (2004), and Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? (2005).
Early life
Sen was born into a Bengali Baidya Brahmin family in Hyderabad to Shubeer Sen, a former Indian Air Force Wing Commander, and Subhra Sen, a jewelry designer and owner of a Dubai-based store. She has two siblings, a sister named Neelam and a brother named Rajeev.
She attended Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute in New Delhi and St. Ann's High School in Secunderabad, but did not pursue any further higher education.
Personal life
Sen adopted a baby girl, Renee, in 2000 and a second girl, Alisah, in 2010. Sen has Addison's disease and requires lifelong steroid drugs to manage the illness.
Other websites
Sushmita Sen at IMDb
Sushmita Sen at Bollywood Hungama
Sushmita Sen on Twitter
References
1975 births
Living people
Indian actors
Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?

Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader? is a television game show based on asking grade-school level questions to adults. The format started with the United States version, which first aired on FOX in February 2007. The show was created by Mark Burnett, the same person behind the hit show Survivor. The show has since been made in many other countries; some use the same title, and some use different titles.
In Australia, the show is on the Ten Network. The top prize is AU$500,000.
A syndicated version of the show aired in the United States from September 2009 to March 2011. Contestants answer eight questions (ten in Season 1), and can answer a 5th grade bonus question for ten times the amount they earned from those questions. Unlike other versions of the show, the game does not end after a wrong answer. Instead, the contestant loses their earnings up to that point.
References
2007 television series debuts
Fox television series
First run syndicated television programs
Television game shows
Key (cryptography)

In cryptography, a key (or cryptographic key) is a piece of information that allows control over the encryption or decryption process.
There are two basic types of cryptographic algorithms.
Symmetric algorithm: If there is just one key for encrypting and decrypting, the algorithm is called symmetric.
Asymmetric algorithm: If there are two different keys, each of which can be used only to encrypt data or only to decrypt it, the algorithm is called asymmetric. If an algorithm is asymmetric, one person publishes a key and accepts messages encrypted with that key. Anyone can encrypt a message, but only the person who owns the other key can decrypt it. This is how online stores, banks, etc., work.
Key sizes
For symmetric algorithms, a minimum key size of 128 bits is recommended. For applications that need extreme security, such as top secret documents, 256 bits is recommended. Many older ciphers used 40, 56, or 64-bit keys--these have all been cracked by brute force attack because the key was too short.
Asymmetric (public key) algorithms need much longer keys to be secure. For RSA, at least 2048 bits is recommended. The largest publicly-known key that has been cracked was a 768-bit key.
Related pages
Key exchange
Cryptography
Roy Sievers

Roy Edward Sievers (November 18, 1926 - April 3, 2017) was an American professional baseball player.
Sievers was signed by the St. Louis Browns as a free agent in 1947. Sievers debuted in the major leagues on April 21, 1949. He played in Major League Baseball as a first baseman/left fielder. From through , Sievers played for the St. Louis Browns (1949-53), the original Washington Senators (1954-59), Chicago White Sox (1960-61), Philadelphia Phillies (1962-64), and finally the new Senators (1964-65). He batted and threw right-handed.
Sievers won the American League Rookie of the Year and TSN Rookie of the Year awards in 1949, batting .306 with 16 home runs and 75 RBI.
Sievers was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He died in Spanish Lake, Missouri on April 3, 2017, aged 90.
References
Other websites
profile and chronology Baseball Library
1926 births
2017 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Missouri
Baltimore Orioles players
Minnesota Twins players
Chicago White Sox players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Sportspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
Jackie Cain

Jacqueline Ruth "Jackie" Cain (May 22, 1928 - September 15, 2014) was an American jazz vocalist. She known for being one half of the Jackie and Roy duo with her husband Roy Kral for over fifty years. The group was active from 1946 until Kral's death in 2002. The released a around 35 albums between 1949 and 1999. The group was described as "the most famous vocal duo in jazz history" by Douglas Martin of The New York Times.
Cain was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She married Kral in 1949. They had two daughters: Niki, who died in a car accident in 1973, and Dana.
Cain died from stroke-related problems on September 15, 2014 in Montclair, New Jersey. She was 86.
References
Other websites
1928 births
2014 deaths
American jazz musicians
Deaths from stroke
Singers from Milwaukee
Musicians from Milwaukee
Al Jalab (Sanaa)

Al Jalab () is a village in Al Haymah Ad Dakhiliyah District. It is in the Sanaa Governorate. In 2004 census the population was 1033 people.
Other websites
Central Statistics Agency of the Republic of Yemen
National Information Center in Yemen
References
Settlements in Yemen
Shawn Marion

Shawn Dwayne Marion (born May 7, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player who played 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Marion finished his career as a four-time NBA All-Star and a one-time NBA champion, helping the Dallas Mavericks win their maiden title in 2011. Nicknamed "The Matrix" by former NBA player Kenny Smith during the preseason of his rookie year, he was widely regarded as one of the most versatile players in the league because of his athleticism and ability to play and defend many positions. He was also known for his unorthodox shooting form.
References
1978 births
African-American basketball players
American Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Dallas Mavericks players
Miami Heat players
Phoenix Suns players
Toronto Raptors players
Sportspeople from Illinois
People from Waukegan, Illinois
Living people
American basketball players
Segre (river)

The Segre ( or ; ) is a river tributary to the Ebro (Ebre in Catalan). The basin is located across three countries: France, Andorra and Spain.
Rivers of Spain
Geography of Andorra
Rivers of Occitanie
Rivers of Pyrenees-Orientales
Kotka

Kotka (literally eagle) is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland.
It is part of the Kymenlaakso region in southern Finland. The centre of Kotka is located at Kotkansaari island.
The most famous sport team from Kotka is KTP (Kotkan Tyovaen Palloilijat). The KTP-team plays football and basketball.
Gallery
Sister cities
Sources
Other websites
City of Kotka - Official website
Map of Kotka
Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Kymenlaakso
1879 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in Finland
South Andaman district

South Andaman district is one of the 3 districts of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Port Blair town, the capital of the Union Territory is the district headquarters. The area covered by this district is 2980 km2.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census South Andaman district has a population of 237,586, roughly equal to the nation of Vanuatu. This gives it a ranking of 584th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.97%. South Andaman has a sex ratio of 874 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 88.49%.
Four Andamanese indigenous peoples, namely, Onges, Jarawas, Great Andamanese and Sentinalese live in this district.
References
Other websites
South Andaman district official website
Districts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international treaty, that was signed on 9 May 1993 and entered into force on 21 March 1994. It wants to slow the speed at which the climate of the earth changes. It also wants to avert the risk of a climate change that is harmful to mankind. 154 countries signed the treaty in 1992 in New York. Today, 197 countries are member of the treaty. These countries meet once a year to agree on politics against global warming.
Other Page
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Kyoto Protocol
Treaties and Conventions
History of the United Nations
1990s treaties
1994 works
Guillaucourt

Guillaucourt is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France.
Communes in Somme
Pitigliano

Pitigliano is a comune in the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region of Tuscany.
Towns in Tuscany
Whiffs

Whiffs is a 1975 American crime comedy movie directed by Ted Post and starring Elliott Gould, Eddie Albert, Harry Guardino, Godfrey Cambridge, Jennifer O'Neill. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1976.
Other websites
1975 comedy movies
1975 crime movies
American criminal comedy movies
Movies directed by Ted Post
Viola d'amore

The viola d'amore is a string instrument which was popular in the 17th and 18th century. It is a kind of viola. The name is Italian and means "viola of love". It can have 6 or 7 strings. It is held under the chin and bowed like a violin. Sometimes it is used today to play music from the 17th and 18th centuries. Occasionally some modern composers have also written music for it.
Structure and sound
The viola d'amore is about the same size as a modern viola. However, the shape is more like the shape of a viol. Like viols, it has a flat back, a wide rib (the sides), sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the peg box. It does not have any frets (markings on the fingerboard) like a viol or a guitar. The sound-holes are often in the shape of a flaming sword.
The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings which are played with the bow, just as with a violin. In addition, it has the same number of sympathetic strings. These are strings which vibrate when the other strings are played, making the sound richer and sweeter.
The notes it can play
The viola d'amore was often tuned to whatever notes were best for the piece it was to going to play. This is a kind of scordatura (changing the way the strings are tuned). Towards the end of the 18th century the usual tuning became: A, d, a, d', f#', a', d'' (see music example. Notice the example uses the "viola clef")
Use
The viola d'amore became very popular during the 17th century. However, after a time it became less popular because the instruments of the viol family were not used much while the instruments of the violin family took over. The viola d'amore was too quiet and sweet to play with the modern violin family. However, in the 20th century some composers have written for the instrument again, e.g. Paul Hindemith.
The viola d'amore can regularly be heard today in groups who play Baroque music on period instruments. It can be heard, for example in Bach's St John Passion.
References
Grove Music Online (subscription)
String instruments
Early musical instruments