pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Open city

In war, when enemy forces are close to capturing a city, the government or military forces in control of a city will sometimes declare it an open city, meaning they will not defend against or resist the attacking armies. The attacking armies will be expected to not to bomb or attack the city. This approach aims to prevent historic landmarks from being destroyed and civilians from being killed.
No resistance
An open city is not defended and not fortified. It is open to occupation by opposing forces with no resistance by the defenders. Under International law an open city may not be bombed or subject to artillery attack.
Attacking forces do not always respect cities that call themselves an "open city." Defensive forces may use it as a political tactic as well. In some cases, the declaration of a city to be "open" is made by a side which is close to defeat. In other cases, the city could be defended but the defenders do not want the city to be destroyed.
World War II open cities
Several cities were declared open during World War II:
Brussels in 1940 by the Belgians
Oslo in 1940 by the Norwegians
Paris in 1940, from which the French Government fled after it became apparent that they could not defend it
Belgrade in April 1941 by the Yugoslavs, whose status as an open city was not respected by the Wehrmacht
Penang in December 1941, after the British Armies in Malaya retreated to Singapore
Manila in 1941, which the United States military abandoned during the Japanese invasion.
Rome on 14 August 1943, which the defending Italian forces declared unilaterally to be an "open city" following the cessation of Allied bombing. This applied when under attack by the Germans; subsequently Allied forces entered Rome in June 1944 and retreating German forces also declared Florence and Chieti "open cities" on 24 March 1944.
Athens on 11 October 1944 by retreating German Forces
Related pages
Laws of war
Geneva Conventions
References
Other websites
Manila: How Open Was This Open City?, History Net
War
Ilyushin Il-96

Ilyushin Il-96 (Russian: Il'iushin Il-96) is a Soviet 4-engine wide body airliner developed from Ilyushin Il-86.
Soviet & Russian aircraft
Constance Adams

Constance Adams (16 July, 1964 - 25 June, 2018) was an American space architect. He worked in the space program. In the late 1990s she was employed by Lockheed Martin Space Operations, to support the NASA's Mars exploration research efforts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Among other projects, Adams was involved in developing the Lockheed-Martin design of an inflatable module for the International Space Station.
Adams died of colorectal cancer in Houston on June 25, 2018, aged 53.
References
Writers from Houston
American architects
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Cancer deaths in Texas
1960s births
2018 deaths
North Adams, Massachusetts

North Adams is a city in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its population was 13,708 as of the 2010 census.
References
Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Cities in Massachusetts
Exclamation mark

An exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark. It is used to show strong emotion at the end of a sentence or after an interjection.
Putting a space before an exclamation mark is incorrect.
In coding, "!" sometimes means not. In mathematics, the use of an exclamation mark can be used for the factorial function (for example, ).
Related pages
Ampersand
Interjection
Punctuation
Question mark
Quotation mark
References
Punctuation
Pitfall!

Pitfall! is a 1982 platforming video game made by Activision for Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, Intellivision and the Sega SG-1000. The game was a best seller for the Atari 2600, with over 4 million copies sold.
In this game, the player has to move a character who is known as Harry through a maze-like jungle where he has to attempt to recover 32 treasures in a 20-minute time period. The player has to avoid many hazards including pits, quicksand, rolling logs, fire, rattlesnakes, scorpions, and crocodiles.
Atari 2600 games
Commodore 64 games
MSX games
SG-1000 games
1982 video games
Activision video games
Pitfall series
Dima Bilan

Dima Bilan (; born Viktor Belan on December 24, 1981) is a popular Russian singer. Bilan was in the 2006 Eurovision contest. He sang the song "Never Let You Go." He finished in second place. In the 2008 contest, he came back with song "Believe" and he won with 272 points.
In February 2007 Bilan started to record his first international album in English in Los Angeles, Miami and in Philadelphia in collaboration with producer Jim Beanz and Ryan Tedder. One of the new tracks will be a duet with one of Timbaland's most successful artists, Nelly Furtado.
Albums
2003 - Ya nochnoi huligan (Ia nochnoi khuligan) (I'm a Night Hooligan)
2004 - Na beregu neba (Na beregu neba) (At The Sky's Shore)
2006 - Vremya-reka (Vremia-reka) (Time-River)
2008 - Protiv Pravil (Protiv pravil) (Against the Rules)
2009 - Believe
2011 - Mechtatel (Mechtatel') (Dreamer)
1981 births
Living people
Russian singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Amrillo Inoyatov

Amrillo Inoyatov (uzb: Inoyatov Amrillo ru: Inoiatov Amrillo Shodievich born 1979 in Bukhara, Uzbekistan) is a Minister at Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, National counterpart of WHO (World Health Organisation) and former Deputy Advisor to the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on youth, science, education, healthcare, culture and sports
Career
2008-2009 - Head of the Department of Surgical Dentistry of the Bukhara State Medical Institute
2010-2012 - Head of the Department of Surgical Dentistry of the Bukhara State Medical Institute
2017- Rector of the Bukhara State Medical Institute
2020- National Counterpart of WHO (World Health Organisation)
2020 - Chairman of editorial Board of World Medicine magazine
2020 - July-November - Deputy Advisor to the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on youth, science, education, healthcare, culture and sports
2020 November - December 2022 - First Deputy Minister of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan
since 30 December 2022 - Minister of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Education
In 2001 he graduated from the Bukhara State Medical Institute.
Scientific literature
Inoyatov is the Chairman of the editorial board of the journal "World Medicine Journal" since 2020
The condition of immune system of infants with congenital cleft lip and palate (March 2012)
The level of mediators of immune response in infants with congenital cleft lip and palate. Medical and Health Science Journal (2012)
Comparative Assessment of Structural and Functional Changes in Periodontal Tissues during Prosthetics with Metal-Ceramic and Zirconium Dentures (2020)
References
1979 births
Living people
CS1 Uzbek (Cyrillic script)-language sources (uz-cyrl)
Uzbekistani politicians
Moscow on the Hudson

Moscow on the Hudson is a 1984 American romantic comedy drama movie directed by Paul Mazursky and starring Robin Williams, Maria Conchita Alonso, Cleavant Derricks, Alejandro Rey, Yakov Smirnoff. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Other websites
1984 comedy-drama movies
1984 romantic comedy movies
1984 romantic drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies directed by Paul Mazursky
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in Moscow
Movies set in Munich
Movies set in New York City
Monarch

A monarch is the ruler of a country which is a monarchy. Monarchs usually get their power by inheritance from one of their parents. When a monarch dies, a child or the nearest relative takes over. A male monarch is usually called a king or emperor. A female monarch is usually called a queen or empress.
Monarchs were very common in history until the 20th century. Most European countries had monarchs in past centuries, but most no longer have them. Some countries that still have monarchs have other leaders with the actual power. Most monarchies are hereditary monarchies. Some countries, however, elect their monarch, instead of using inheritance, like the Holy Roman Empire and Malaysia. Some republics, such as the Dutch Republic or North Korea, had or have a hereditary ruler but do not call him a "monarch".
Monarchs can also have monarchs of lower honour below them. For example, an empire could include several kingdoms, and a kingdom could have several duchies or principalities. Nations would rarely include all titles and usually go from duchy to kingdom instead of duchy to principality to kingdom. "Prince" and " princess" are words that mean "ruler of a principality" and/or "son of a king/queen." Some languages have separate words for them.
Monarchs by rank
Related pages
Coronation
Divine right of kings
References
Other websites
Silly Love Songs

"Silly Love Songs" is a 1976 song by the band Wings. It was taken from their album Wings at the Speed of Sound and went to number 1 in the United States, Ireland and Canada, number 2 in the United Kingdom, number 66 in Japan, number 11 in the Netherlands, number 20 in Australia, number 9 in Norway and number 8 in New Zealand. It has been covered by Shirley Bassey, Johnny Logan and Ardijah where it topped the single charts in New Zealand.
References
1976 songs
Paul McCartney songs
Shirley Bassey songs
Johnny Logan (singer) songs
Funk songs
Disco songs
East Asian cultural sphere

The East Asian cultural sphere, Sinosphere, or Chinese sphere of influence, is a region in Asia that has many influences from Chinese culture. These including the use of Chinese characters, clothing, art, food, inventions, social structures, government structures, religious ideas, and many other influences. The area is made of the Greater China region (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), Japan, Korea, Singapore, and sometimes Mongolia and Vietnam (depending on who you ask). Since China had a very large trade network, it was able to easily share its goods and ideas across Eurasia, and especially its neighboring countries in East Asia.
At one point, all the countries wrote only using Chinese characters, but nowadays, only Chinese and Japanese speakers write using Chinese characters in everyday life. All the other countries either created a new writing system (Korea and Mongolia), or replaced Chinese characters with a different, already existing writing system (Mongolia, again, and Vietnam). Nonetheless, the languages of each country still have many Chinese loanwords.
East Asia
Chinese culture
Japanese culture
Korean culture
Vietnamese culture
Singaporean culture
Cultural geography
Another 48 Hrs.

Another 48 Hrs. is a 1990 American action comedy movie directed by Walter Hill and is the sequel to the 1982 movie 48 Hrs.. It stars Eddie Murphy, Nick Nolte, Brion James, Kevin Tighe, Ed O'Ross and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1990 action movies
1990 comedy movies
1990s buddy movies
1990s sequel movies
American action comedy movies
American sequel movies
Buddy cop movies
Buddy action movies
American buddy comedy movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Walter Hill
Movies about drugs
Movies set in San Francisco
Saint-Mard, Aisne

Saint-Mard, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Requeil

Requeil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
References
Communes in Sarthe
Suarce

Suarce is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Territoire de Belfort department in northeast France.
References
Communes in Territoire de Belfort
Jean-Marie Lehn

Jean-Marie Lehn (born September 30, 1939) is a French chemist. He received the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Donald James Cram and Charles J. Pedersen. He specializes in organic chemistry.
He was born in Rosheim, France.
Related pages
List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
References
1939 births
Living people
French chemists
French Nobel Prize winners
People from Grand Est
Graham County, North Carolina

Graham County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 8,861 people lived there. Its county seat is Robbinsville.
References
19th-century establishments in North Carolina
1872 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Barou-en-Auge

Barou-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Huey (rapper)

Lawrence Franks Jr. (September 12, 1987 - June 26, 2020) better known by his stage name Huey, was an American rapper. He was originally signed to Jive Records. Franks was best known for his first single, "Pop, Lock & Drop It" (2006). His first album, Notebook Paper, was released a year later in 2007. He also released his second album, Redemption, in 2010.
Huey was born in Kinloch, Missouri.
Huey died after being shot in front of his home on June 25, 2020 in Kinloch at age 32.
References
Other websites
1987 births
2020 deaths
Deaths by firearm in the United States
Murdered musicians
21st-century American musicians
Rappers from Missouri
Musicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Circle, Alaska

Circle is a city in Alaska, United States. Circle is the end of the Pan-American Highway.
The town started in 1893 because gold was found in Birch Creek. Circle was named by miners who believed the town was on the Arctic Circle. The Arctic Circle is actually about north.
Each February, the town has a checkpoint for the long-distance Yukon Quest sled dog race.
References
Cities in Alaska
1893 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Alaska
Borne, Ardèche

Borne is a town and commune of the Ardeche departement, in the southern part of France.
Related pages
Communes of the Ardeche department
Communes in Ardeche
Troy, Kansas

Troy is a city in Doniphan County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Doniphan County. In 2010, 1,010 people lived there.
History
Troy was platted in 1855. It was named after the ancient city of Troy. The first house in Troy was built in 1856, and the first store opened in 1857. Troy was incorporated as a city in 1860. The first post office in Troy was created in March 1857.
Geography
Troy is at (39.788099, -95.090840). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water.
People
Troy is part of the St. Joseph, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 1,010 people, 421 households, and 275 families living in Troy.
Famous people
Chloe Gartner, American novelist.
Charles "Buffalo" Jones, American frontiersman, farmer, rancher, hunter, and conservationist who cofounded Garden City, Kansas.
Charles Evans Whittaker, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1957 to 1962
References
Other websites
City
City of Troy
Troy - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
USD 429, local school district
Photos
Tall Oak Indian Monument, KansasPhotoTour.com
Troy - Kansas Historical Marker, Kansas Heritage.org
Maps
Troy City Map, KDOT
Cities in Kansas
County seats in Kansas
Doniphan County, Kansas
Linda Kazienko

Linda Kazienko is a retired archer from Canada. Kazienko competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. She was born on 29 May 1955.
References
Other websites
1955 births
Living people
Canadian archers
Canadian Olympians
Sportspeople from Ontario
Mount Overill

Mount Overill is a volcanic mount in the southwestern part of British Columbia in Canada.
Mountains of Canada
Jared Carter

Jared Carter (born January 10, 1939) is an American poet.
Background
Carter studied at Yale University. After military service and travel abroad, he made his home in Indianapolis, where he has lived since 1969.
Work
Carter writes in free verse and in traditional forms. Much of his early work is set in Mississinewa County, an imaginary place that includes the actual Mississinewa River. In recent years, as Carter began to publish his poems on the web, his poetry has ranged farther.
His first collection, Work, for the Night Is Coming, won the Walt Whitman Award. His second, After the Rain, received the Poets' Prize. His poems have appeared in literary journals in the U.S. and in the Twentieth-Century American Poetry, Contemporary American Poetry, and Writing Poems.
References
1939 births
Living people
American poets
Writers from Indianapolis
Yale University alumni
Gerald Carr

Gerald Paul "Jerry" Carr (August 22, 1932 - August 26, 2020) (Col, USMC, Ret.) was an American mechanical and aeronautical engineer, United States Marine Corps officer, naval aviator, and NASA astronaut.
He was Commander of Skylab 4, the third and final crewed visit to the Skylab Orbital Workshop, from November 16, 1973, to February 8, 1974.
Carr was born in Denver, Colorado. He studied at the University of Southern California and at Princeton University.
Carr died in Albany, New York on August 26, 2020, four days after his 88th birthday.
References
1932 births
2020 deaths
Engineers from Colorado
American astronauts
Scientists from Denver
American mechanical engineers
Phasmahyla exilis

The mottled leaf frog (Phasmahyla exilis) is a frog that lives in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Austis

Austis (Austis) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 820 people lived there. Its area is 50.81 km2. It is 737 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Crease (cricket)

In cricket, the creases are lines on the field that separate different areas of the field from each other. There are two popping creases (which are the main creases), return creases, and two bowling creases.
Popping creases
The two popping creases extend across the field, and are 58 feet (about 20 meters) away from each other in the center of the field. They are the edges of the area between the two batsmen's grounds.
Return creases
The return creases define which parts of the field the bowler may bowl legal deliveries from; a no-ball is called when the bowler's back foot touches or goes over a return crease before he has released the ball.
References
Cricket
Sports words
Warm

Warm is the opposite of cool.
When objects get warm, more energy is stored in them. When an object is heated, its molecules move faster. Heat always goes from a warmer object to a colder object; it never goes in the opposite way. A person usually feels good when they are warm, but they do not like to be too warm, because this may become uncomfortable.
Basic English 850 words
Thermodynamics
Manning, North Dakota

Manning is the county seat of Dunn County, North Dakota, United States.
Census-designated places in North Dakota
County seats in North Dakota
Google Meet

Google Meet is a video chat software. most people say its weird because it kicks people out. That might be because of internet.
This meeting tool is made by the company Google which is raising more than $1,000,000. The CEO, Sundar Pichai is known as CEO of Google.
Google
Video chat
Global Biodiversity Information Facility

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an organization that provides information about living things. It was started in 2001. Governments pay for the GBIF to work, and GBIF gives the information to whoever wants it. GBIF is the largest data platform for living things in the world, and it is the one that scientists use the most.
References
2001 establishments in Europe
Biological databases
Organizations based in Canada
Grimsby

Grimsby (or Great Grimsby) is a seaport on the Humber Estuary in Lincolnshire, England.
9th-century establishments in Europe
Towns in Lincolnshire
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
Moorenweis

Moorenweis is a municipality in Furstenfeldbruck in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Furstenfeldbruck (district)
Samtskhe-Javakheti

Samtskhe-Javakheti is a region in Georgia. The capital city is Akhaltsikhe. It has the historical provinces of Meskheti, Javakheti and Tori.
The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the South Caucasus natural gas pipeline, and the Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway pass through the region.
The major tourist attractions are the cave monasteries of Vardzia, Vanis Kvabebi, Rabati Castle and Khertvisi fortress.
Divisions
The region has six municipalities:
Regions of Georgia (country)
Self-driving car

A driverless car (also called autonomous car or self-driving car, i.e. self-operating) is a vehicle that can perform certain tasks on its own, without the help of a human driver. The car uses sensors to analyze its environment, and doesn't need a human's help for certain tasks. These tasks commoly include parking the car, driving while keeping the same lane on a highway or driving at a predefined speed. In public places, certain buses have been programmed to travel a given route. As of 2021, self-driving cars have been used in controlled envirnoments more and more. An example of this might be buses that transfer passengers between airport terminals.
Technology
Typical sensors used by a self-driving vehicle include lidar, digital cameras, GPS and IMU.
High-definition maps can be used to accurately locate a self-driving car in a place, and to give information about parts of a road not seen by the car.
Ethical issues
Even though it is technically possible to build cars that do certain things on their own, the question whether it should be done is different. Ethical questions include:
Is a machine able to judge a situation correctly? - Can it make a difference between a stroller with a child, and a stroller with a doll?
Is it acceptable to judge a situation by the expected death toll? (This has been formalized as the trolley problem.)
If it is acceptable to judge such a situation by the expected death toll, what are meaningful criteria? - should the age of those killed be taken into account?
Legal issues
Even though these vehicles can already do a lot on their own, the laws of most countries still require that a driver is present. In many cases, self-driving buses also need a special permit from the government.
If a motor vehicle produces an accident, there always is the question of who is responsible, to determine what damages need to be paid. This also applies to self-driving cars: A self-driving car is like a robot: Software is used for the driving. This software relies on a number of sensors to take decisions. Determining what went wrong in the case of an accident can be very difficult. This includes the question of who is legally responsible.
References
Automobiles
Automotive technologies
Robots
Fiat Tempra

The Fiat Tempra is a car made by Fiat. It replaced the Fiat Regata in 1990, and were replaced by the Fiat Marea in 1996.
Engines
1.4 56 kW (76 hp)
1.4 i.e. 51 kW (69 hp)
1.6 62 kW (84 hp)
1.6 i.e. 55 kW (75 hp), 57 kW (78 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
1.8 i.e. 66 kW (90 hp), 76 kW (103 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
2.0 i.e. 83 kW (113 hp)
1.9 D 48 kW (65 hp)
1.9 TD 66 kW (90 hp)
Tempra
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
Buddha Institute of Technology

Buddha Institute of Technology also known as a BIT College or only BIT Engineering College (A Unit of BIT Group of institutions) is a private engineering college in Gaya Bihar, India. BIT engineering college is an Indian institute of higher education. It was started in the year 2008 by the philanthropist and industrialist Er. Awdhesh Kumar.
Related pages
Education in India
References
Other websites
official Website for Polyechnic or Diploma Engineering
official Website for B.Tech Engineering
BCECE Board website
Aryabhatta Knowledge University website
DST, Bihar website
Bihar
Education in India
2008 establishments in India
Étienne de Gerlache

Etienne Constantin, Baron de Gerlache (26 December 178510 February 1871) was a Belgian politician. He was born in Luxembourg, and died in Paris. Gerlache studied law. When Napoleon was emperor, Gerlache was part of the Supreme Court in Paris. When Belgium and the Netherlands joined, he was part of a court in Liege. During this time, he wrote several articles about law subjects. In 1826, he became a member of the States General of the Netherlands. During that time he became known for his eloquence as the leader of the Catholic opposition. In 1831, he became the first Prime Minister of Belgium. Because he was a catholic, and all the other members of the government were liberals, this led to many conflicts. In the end, he resigned his post as Prime Minister. In 1832, he was elected head of the Supreme Court of Belgium. In church matters, he was an ultramontanist.
References
1785 births
1871 deaths
Ambassadors
Belgian Christian democrats
Belgian historians
Belgian judges
Belgian lawyers
Belgian nobility
Belgian Roman Catholics
Chief justices
Government ministers of Belgium
People from Liege
People from Luxembourg (Belgium)
Prime Ministers of Belgium
Austenite

Austenite is iron but in a metallic form. It is one of the allotropes of iron, which means its physical form is different from iron, but its chemical form is the same. It is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843-1902).
Austenitization
Austenitization means to heat iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a high temperature. At that temperature, the crystal structure of the metal changes from ferrite to austenite, which can dissolve more carbon.
For some irons, iron-based metals, and steels, the presence of carbides may occur during this austenitization step. The term commonly used for this is two-phase austenitization.
References
Other websites
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram
Iron
Bischofsgrün

Bischofsgrun is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany.
Bischofsgrun is within the Fichtelgebirge mountain range between the range's two largest mountains; Schneeberg (1051 m) and the Ochsenkopf (1024 m).
Partner towns
Krasno, Czech Republic
References
Bayreuth (district)
KMBC-TV

KMBC-TV (channel 9) is a television station in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is affiliated with ABC. It is owned by Hearst Television alongside CW affiliate KCWE.
Television stations
Cass Sunstein

Cass Robert Sunstein (born September 21, 1954) is an American legal scholar and politician. He studies of constitutional law, administrative law, environmental law, and law and behavioral economics.
He wrote The World According to Star Wars (2016) and Nudge (2008). He was the Administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2012.
In 2008, he married Samantha Power.
References
1954 births
Living people
Politicians from Massachusetts
American political writers
Writers from Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
University of Chicago faculty
Politicians from Chicago
How to Play Baseball

How to Play Baseball is a cartoon produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures in September 1942, featuring Goofy. The short was produced at the request of Samuel Goldwyn and first shown to accompany the 1942 feature film The Pride of the Yankees.
References
House of Representatives of New Zealand

The House of Representatives of New Zealand is the only chamber of the New Zealand legislature. The House and the Queen of New Zealand form the Parliament of New Zealand. There are 120 people who are elected to the House, who are called Members of Parliament.
New Zealand follows the Westminster system of government. It is governed by a cabinet and Prime Minister, who are from the party which has a majority in the House of Representatives.
Usually, there are no more than three years between elections in New Zealand. The last elections were in 2011. The next elections are scheduled for 20 September 2014.
Government of New Zealand
Organizations based in New Zealand
In Evil Hour

In Evil Hour is a novel written by Colombian Nobel Prize-winning author Gabriel Garcia Marquez. It was published in 1972. It was published in English in 1979. Marquez lived in Paris at the time and was about to title this book This Town of Shit or This Shitty Town.
References
1972 books
Books by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
89

Year 89 (LXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Fulvus and Atratinus (or, less frequently, year 842 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 89 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
80s
List of universities in Azerbaijan

This is a list of universities in Azerbaijan.
Public
Private
See also
List of universities in Baku
Education in Azerbaijan
Education in the Soviet Union (historical)
Further reading
Azerbaijan university, college and institute directory at www.university-directory.eu
References
Azerbaijan
Colleges and universities in Azerbaijan
Buildings and structures in Azerbaijan
Lake Balboa, Los Angeles

Lake Balboa, Los Angeles is a neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.
Other websites
Lake Balboa Neighborhood Council
Comments about living in Lake Balboa
Lake Balboa crime map and statistics
Neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Neuwied

Neuwied is a German town in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is on the north/west side of the Rhine River, about northwest from Koblenz. About 70,000 people live there.
Geography
The 86.5 square kilometres of area are divided in the districts of:
Altwied
Block
Engers
Feldkirchen
Gladbach
Heimbach-Weis
Irlich
Niederbieber
Oberbieber
Rodenbach
Segendorf
Torney
Infrastructure
Neuwied is connected to the German network of Bundesstrassen (national routes) (here: B9, B42 and B256). The Autobahnen (motorways) A3, A48 and A61 are quickly reachable from Neuwied. Using the Koblenz main station, all rhine railways and the Intercity network of Germany are available.
Industry
There is a lot of industry in Neuwied, for example the production of building materials, metals and big-sized machines.
References
Other websites
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Courroux

Courroux is a municipality in the district of Delemont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
It is three kilometers southeast of the city of Delemont. It is the third largest municipality in the canton of Jura by area.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Jura
Reference Daily Intake

The Reference Daily Intake (often shortened to RDI) is a system for labeling food. It is mostly used in the United States and Canada. It gives the quantity of a nutrient that most healthy people will need in a day. The value given usually satisfied the needs for well over 90% of the healthy adults. At the start, it was developed for the United States. Other countries have started
The RDI is used to determine the Daily Value (DV) of foods. In the United States and Canada, this information can be found on food labels (as % DV). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and by Health Canada require that this information is present. The labels "high", "rich in", or "excellent source of" may be used for a food if it contains 20% or more of the RDI. The labels "good source", "contains", or "provides" may be used on a food if it contains between 10% and 20% of the RDI.
The system of labeling was first introduced in 1968, and has been adapted since then.
References
Vitamins
Nutrition
A Fool's Revenge

A Fool's Revenge is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Owen Moore, Charles Inslee, and Marion Leonard.
Actors
Owen Moore as The Duke
Charles Inslee as The Fool
Marion Leonard as The Daughter
References
Other websites
American movies
1909 movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Tube worm

A tube worm is a worm-like sessile invertebrate which anchors its tail to an underwater surface. It creates a mineral tube around its body, and can withdraw the body into it.
Tube worms are found in these groups:
The phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
The class Polychaetea (bristle worms)
The order Canalipalpata (bristle-footed annelids or fan-head worms)
The family Siboglinidae (beard worms)
The genus Lamellibrachia
The species Riftia pachyptila (giant tube worm)
The family Serpulidae
The family Sabellidae (feather duster worms)
The phylum Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
The order Microconchida (extinct tubeworms)
Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

Oldham Athletic Football Club is a football that plays in Football League One. The club plays its games at Boundary Park in Oldham, England.
The club has never won any major trophies through their history, though have made several appearances in the late rounds of the FA Cup and Football League Cup.
Oldham are the first team to play in the premier league,championship,league one and league two and the national league.
There's been a game for Oldham that got abandoned.
Oldham have been going for 128 years.
History
The club was created as Pine Villa Football Club in 1895, but changed to the current name in 1899. Almost immediately, Oldham became a professional team before joining the Football League in 1907. After struggling between the First World War and the Second World War, they became more stable in 1969--when legendary manager Jimmy Frizzell took over. Under Frizzell, the club won 200 of their 544 competitive games and were promoted to higher levels twice.
After leaving in the summer of 1982, Joe Royle took over as the club's manager during which time Oldham again had a successful period. Under Royle, the club won 225 games of 608--a slightly higher winning percentage than under Frizzell. In the early 1990s, under Royle, Oldham reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup and the final of the Football League Cup, losing every time. However, in the 1990-91 season, the club won the Football League Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in over 70 years. In the 1992-93 season, Oldham was a group of 24 teams that were the founding members of the Premier League--England's top division of football. After Royle's departure to Everton F.C., Oldham struggled and were relegated twice in four seasons.
In the early 2000s, Oldham Athletic almost went bankrupt. Businessman Chris Moore decided to purchase the club, promising to return to the Premier League within five years. However, later that season, he left the club, which also left behind much debt and a weak team. However, another businessman purchased the club in 2004, saving them from liquidation. In the 2006-07, under current manager John Sheridan, Oldham almost were promoted to the Football Championship, but lost in the semi-final of the play-offs.
Name
1895-1899 Pine Villa F.C.
1899-present Oldham Athletic A.F.C.
League position
Former position
Oldham, Greater Manchester
1895 establishments in England
Football clubs in Greater Manchester
Camelot (musical)

Camelot is a musical. Alan Jay Lerner wrote the book and lyrics. Frederick Loewe wrote the music. The musical is based on T. H. White's novel, The Once and Future King. It tells the story of King Arthur and his knights in Camelot.
The original 1960 production was directed by Moss Hart. It ran on Broadway for 873 performances. It starred Julie Andrews, Robert Goulet, and Richard Burton.
The original production was followed by several revivals and foreign shows. In 1967, a movie version starring Richard Harris, Franco Nero, and Vanessa Redgrave was released. The original cast album was America's top-selling LP for 60 weeks. The musical has become associated with John F. Kennedy's Presidential Administration.
Broadway musicals
1960s musicals
Musicals based on books
1960 works
Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne

Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Communes in Ain
Cabeza de negro

The cabeza de negro, sincuya, or soncoya (Annona purpurea) is a species of plant in the genus Annona. The name "cabeza de negro" is also applied to the similar species Annona diversifolia. It is often used for fruit and medicine. It is deciduous, and has hairy leaves and large, scented flowers. It can grow up to 6 to 10 metres (20 to 33 feet). It can take 3 years for it to have fruit.
References
Annona
Big lie

The big lie () is a lie of the truth, used as a propaganda technique. The German expression was created by Adolf Hitler, when he wrote his 1925 book Mein Kampf, to describe the use of a lie so big that no one would believe it.
In the 21st century, the term has been applied to attempts to overturn the result of the 2020 U.S. presidential election by Donald Trump and his supporters, specifically the false claim that the election was stolen.
References
2020 United States presidential election
Rhetoric
Electoral district of Mount Ommaney

Mount Ommaney is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1992.
Election results
References
Mount Ormandy
Hidemi Kotani

Hidemi Kotani (born 7 May 1963) is a Japanese football manager.
References
1963 births
Living people
Footballers from Okayama Prefecture
Japanese football managers
Rawreth

Rawreth is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1003 people living in Rawreth.
References
GENUKI
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Yuri Averbakh

Yuri Lvovich Averbakh (; 8 February 1922 - 7 May 2022) was a Russian chess player and author. He was the oldest living chess grandmaster at the time of his death. He was chairman of the USSR Chess Federation from 1973 to 1978.
Averbakh was born in Kaluga. His father was a German Jew and his mother was Russian. Averbakh turned 100 in February 2022. He died four months later on 7 May 2022 in Moscow, Russia.
References
Other websites
Chessgames.com
1922 births
2022 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Russian chess players
Russian writers
Soviet writers
Soviet chess players
Uzan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Uzan, Pyrenees-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
References
Uzan, Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Voice over Internet Protocol

Voice over Internet protocol (or VoIP) is a term used for a number of protocols that are used to carry voice data over packet switched networks. Before, telephony used a dedicated line that was only for calls. This was known as PSTN (or "public switched telephony network"). Using VoIP will reduce costs, as the "dedicated line" for telephony (and fax) is no longer needed.
There are a number of technical problems that must be solved first, though:
Carrying voice data needs service guarantees (mostly in the form of "throughput", and "response time"). Not having this will result in a loss of signal (or in "hiccups")
Most telephony networks provide the possibility to operate a phone, even when the power is lost in the area. This is done so that emergency calls can still be made. VOIP usually does not provide this possibility.
The LAN is now used both for voice and data, and becomes a single point of failure. If there are problems with the LAN, this can also affect VOIP calls.
The encoding schemes used for voice calls are not good choices for fax or other uses of the telephony network.
The vast majority of VoIP systems rely on two main protocols:
SIP :- SIP, or also known as session initiation protocol, has become the standard for multimedia sessions on the internet. The Engineering Task Force thinks of this protocol as the standard for audio, video and even instant messaging solutions. This task force is simply a large, international community, composed of anyone involved in the networking evolution online. SIP is modular, meaning that it can be changed around in whatever way needed. Depending on the type of data your business is wishing to transmit, your SIP deployment will need to be designed specifically for this. With that being said, VoIP and IM communications will need to work around these aspects, and be designed for one total approach.
H.323 :- This protocol has become the international standard for all communication over packet-switched networks. This includes LAN, WAN and even the general internet networks we all connect to. H.323 is considered an umbrella that includes all types of standards, which is what the internet is based on. H.323 focuses on voice, video, and data communications, designed specifically to operate over IP networks. At this point, this protocol has become the world market leader for voice and voice communications over IP networks. H.323 was developed by the international telecommunications union, which is the organization responsible for building the public telephone network.
References
Telephone
Internet protocols
Solar eclipse of June 10, 2021

An annular solar eclipse occurred on June 10, 2021. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, covering the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like a ring. An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.
This eclipse is notable for the fact that the path of annularity passed over the North Pole, the only such eclipse in the 21st century.
While the eclipse is visible primarily in northern Canada, in Greenland and in north of Russian Far East, in the northeastern United States and Canada, the sun was partially eclipsed at sunrise, which will be between 5 and 6 A.M. (EDT)
References
Eclipses
June 2021 events
Gianluca Pessotto

Gianluca Pessotto (born 11 August 1970) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|Varese||Serie C2||30||1
|-
|1990/91||Serie C1||34||0
|-
|1991/92||Massese||Serie C1||22||1
|-
|1992/93||Bologna||Serie B||21||1
|-
|1993/94||Hellas Verona||Serie B||34||3
|-
|1994/95||Torino||Serie A||32||1
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="11"|Juventus||rowspan="11"|Serie A||28||0
|-
|1996/97||20||0
|-
|1997/98||21||0
|-
|1998/99||19||1
|-
|1999/00||30||1
|-
|2000/01||32||0
|-
|2001/02||29||0
|-
|2002/03||17||0
|-
|2003/04||18||0
|-
|2004/05||19||0
|-
|2005/06||10||0
416||9
416||9
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||22||0
|}
References
1970 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Parody mass

A parody mass is a musical setting of the mass that uses melodies from other musical works. This kind of mass was popular in the 16th century. "Parody" in this sense does not mean "parody" in the modern meaning of the word. It is not about poking fun at something. A parody mass is one that borrows musical material. The music might be borrowed from a chanson or motet, usually one by another composer. At that time there was nothing shameful about using other composer's tunes. Today it would be called plagiarism (stealing other people's ideas).
The parody mass was very popular during the Renaissance: Palestrina wrote about 50 parody masses. Some examples of early parody masses include the Missa Malheur me bat, Missa Mater Patris, and Missa Fortuna desperata by Josquin Desprez. By the middle of the 16th century, a large number of masses composed used the parody technique.
Masses (music)
Chatham, New Hampshire

Chatham is a town in Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2020 census, 341 people lived there.
Other websites
Towns in New Hampshire
1760s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Madam Secretary

Madam Secretary is an American political drama television series created by Barbara Hall on CBS from September 21, 2014 to December 8, 2019.
CBS network shows
2010s American television series
English-language television programs
American political drama television series
Lincoln, Missouri

Lincoln is a city of Benton County in the state of Missouri, United States. 1,190 people lived there in the 2010 census.
A post office called Lincoln was founded in 1866. The city was named after Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States.
References
Other websites
City of Lincoln official website
Historic maps of Lincoln in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri
Cities in Missouri
Patriot Games

Patriot Games is a 1992 American action thriller movie. Harrison Ford plays retired CIA analyst Jack Ryan. Anne Archer plays his wife Cathy Ryan. Thora Birch plays his daughter Sally Ryan. Sean Bean plays the IRA terrorist who wants to avenge his brother's death by Jack Ryan during a failed assassination attempt, and kill Ryan and his family. This movie was released on June 5, 1992. It was a financial success at the box office. It got very good reviews. Its sequel is the 1994 movie Clear and Present Danger.
References
Other websites
1992 thriller movies
1992 action movies
1990s sequel movies
1990s spy movies
American action thriller movies
American sequel movies
American spy movies
English-language movies
Movies about murderers
Movies about revenge
Movies about assassinations
Movies about terrorism
Movies set in London
Movies set in Maryland
Movies set in Virginia
Movies directed by Phillip Noyce
Neil Taylor (footballer)

Neil John Taylor (born 7 February 1989 in St Asaph, Clwyd, Wales) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a defender. He currently plays for the Premier League club Swansea City and the Wales national football team. He has also played for Manchester City and Wrexham. He is mother is from India, and he is one of the few British Asians in professional football. He was included in Wale's squad for the UEFA Euro 2016.
Other websites
Neil Taylor profile at Swansea City A.F.C.
References
1989 births
Welsh footballers
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid () (555 - 619) was the first wife of Muhammad, an Islamic prophet. Her nickname was Khadijah al-Kubra. She was known by the special names Thahira and Ummu Hinth. She was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad and Fatimah bint Za'idah. Khadijah is widely known as the first person to convert to Islam. Khadijah is known as Umm-al-mu'minin which means "the Mother of the Believers".
Children
Khadijah had six children with Muhammad.
Qasim ibn Muhammad, died in 605 CE, before his second birthday
Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad, died in childhood in 615 CE
Zainab bint Muhammad, married to her maternal cousin Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee
Ruqayyah bint Muhammad, married to Uthman ibn Affan
Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad, also married to Uthman ibn Affan after Ruqayyah's death
Fatimah, married to 'Ali bin Abi Talib
555 births
619 deaths
Wives of Muhammad
M73 motorway

The M73 is a motorway in Scotland. It links the M74 with the M80. It is about long. It goes past eastern Glasgow.
Junctions
References
Motorways in Scotland
Limerick, Maine

Limerick is a town in York County, Maine, United States.
Towns in Maine
Cold seep

A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich liquids leak out of the Earth's crust, often in the form of a brine pool. Cold seeps form a biome supporting several native species.
Cold seeps change the shape of the ocean floor over time, where reactions between methane and seawater create carbonate rock formations and reefs. These reactions may change when bacteria are present.
Types
Cold seeps at different depths have different names. Other kinds of cold seeps are:
oil/gas seeps
gas seeps: methane seeps
gas hydrate seeps
brine seeps are forming brine pools
pockmarks
mud volcanos
Formation and ecological succession
Cold seeps occur over cracks in the seafloor caused by the movement of the Earth's crust. Oil and methane "seep" out of those cracks, get dissolved by tiny bits of rock, and emerge over an area several hundred meters wide.
Methane () is the main part of what we commonly refer to as natural gas. But in addition to being an important energy source for humans, methane also forms the basis of a cold seep ecosystem.
Biological oceanography
Biomes