pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spingarn Medal

The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for outstanding achievement by an African American. The award was created in 1914 by Joel Elias Spingarn, chairman of the Board of Directors of the NAACP. It was first awarded to biologist Ernest E. Just in 1915. The gold medal is valued at $100, and Spingarn left $20,000 in his will for the NAACP to continue giving it indefinitely.
List of award winners
References
General references
1915 establishments in the United States
American awards
Close-mid central unrounded vowel

The close-mid central unrounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Vowels
Polaris (star)

Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris) is the Pole Star or North Star.
It is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is almost straight above Earth's North Pole. Because of this, when it is seen from Earth, it looks like it always stays in the same place in the sky. For centuries, sailors in the northern hemisphere used Polaris to help them figure out where they were on the ocean and what way they were moving.
Polaris is part of a triple star system. It has a very close dwarf binary, and a larger star, Polaris B, which orbits 2,400 AU away.
The main star, Polaris A, is a giant with 4.5 times the mass of the Sun and a diameter of 45 million kilometers. It is a classic Cepheid variable, the closest to us in the whole Milky Way. Polaris B can be seen even with a modest telescope. It was found by William Herschel in 1780 using one of the most powerful telescopes of the time: his own reflecting telescope. The nearby dwarf star, Ab, was predicted in 1929, but only seen quite recently. The dwarf orbits as close to A as Uranus is to our sun.
Even though Polaris is the North Star today, this has not always been the case. The place in the sky that the Earth's north pole points at changes slowly over time. This movement is called stellar precession. In 3000 BC, a faint star called Thuban in the constellation of Draco was the North Star. Polaris did not become the North Star until about AD 500. It will get closer to straight above the Earth's north pole until sometime in 2102. Then it will move away again. It will be the closest star to the pole until about AD 3000.
Surprisingly, considering its relative nearness, its distance is not yet known for certain. Many recent papers calculate the distance to Polaris at about 434 light-years (133 parsecs). However, some suggest it may be as much as 30% closer. If correct, this would be especially notable because Polaris is the closest Cepheid variable to Earth. Its physical parameters are critical to the whole astronomical distance scale.
There is no star in the southern hemisphere which plays a similar role to Polaris. The star at the celestial south pole, Sigma Octantis, is much dimmer, so it is basically useless.
References
Northern pole stars
Variable stars
Binary stars
Supergiants
Superman's Dead

"Superman's Dead" is a 1996 alternative rock/post-grunge song by the Canadian alternative rock band Our Lady Peace. It is the first single from their second studio album Clumsy, which was released in 1997. The song was written by Raine Maida and Mike Turner.
The song is about how much TV that children watch and also the content of it. The song looks at the dark expectations that are garnered from media images.
The song is one of the most popular songs from Our Lady Peace and is also a definitive example of Our Lady Peace's staple sound with the main thing being Raine Maida's voice.
Our Lady Peace songs
1996 songs
Ted Lilly

Ted Lilly (born 4 January 1976, in Torrance, California) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for the Montreal Expos, New York Yankees, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays, Chicago Cubs, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He retired after the 2013 season.
1976 births
Living people
Chicago Cubs players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Montreal Expos players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Toronto Blue Jays players
American League All-Stars
National League All-Stars
Sportspeople from Torrance, California
Cats (2019 movie)

Cats is a 2019 musical fantasy movie based on the stage musical of the same name by Andrew Lloyd Webber.
The movie is directed by Tom Hooper--in his second feature musical following Les Miserables (2012)--from a screenplay by Lee Hall and Hooper. It stars James Corden, Judi Dench, Jason Derulo, Idris Elba, Jennifer Hudson, Ian McKellen, Taylor Swift, Rebel Wilson, and Francesca Hayward.
Cats was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 20 December 2019, by Universal Pictures. The movie had very bad reviews from critics, with many calling it one of the worst movies of 2019.
The movie also became a box-office bomb, making $74 million on a budget as high as $100 million.
References
2019 fantasy movies
2010s American musical movies
2010s American fantasy movies
British musical movies
British fantasy movies
Canadian fantasy movies
Australian fantasy movies
Movies about cats
Movies directed by Tom Hooper
Arrondissement of Bellac

The arrondissement of Bellac is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bellac.
History
When the Haute-Vienne department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Bellac was part of that original department.
Geography
The arrondissement of Bellac is the most northern arrondissement of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the northwest and north by the Vienne department, to the east by the Creuse department, to the south by the arrondissement of Limoges, to the southwest by the arrondissement of Rochechouart and to the west by the Charente department.
The arrondissement of Bellac is the second arrondissement of the department, after the arrondissement of Limoges, in area, , and population (39,744 inhabitants). It has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
In the arrondissement of Bellac, the canton of Bellac and the canton of Chateauponsac have all their communes. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:
Communes
The arrondissement of Bellac has 62 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Arnac-la-Poste (87003)
Azat-le-Ris (87006)
Balledent (87007)
La Bazeuge (87008)
Bellac (87011)
Berneuil (87012)
Bessines-sur-Gartempe (87014)
Blanzac (87017)
Blond (87018)
Breuilaufa (87022)
Le Buis (87023)
Bussiere-Poitevine (87028)
Chamboret (87033)
Chateauponsac (87041)
Cieux (87045)
Compreignac (87047)
La Croix-sur-Gartempe (87052)
Cromac (87053)
Darnac (87055)
Dinsac (87056)
Dompierre-les-Eglises (87057)
Le Dorat (87059)
Droux (87061)
Folles (87067)
Fromental (87068)
Gajoubert (87069)
Les Grands-Chezeaux (87074)
Jouac (87080)
Lussac-les-Eglises (87087)
Magnac-Laval (87089)
Mailhac-sur-Benaize (87090)
Montrol-Senard (87100)
Mortemart (87101)
Nantiat (87103)
Nouic (87108)
Oradour-Saint-Genest (87109)
Peyrat-de-Bellac (87116)
Rancon (87121)
Razes (87122)
Roussac (87128)
Saint-Amand-Magnazeix (87133)
Saint-Barbant (87136)
Saint-Bonnet-de-Bellac (87139)
Saint-Georges-les-Landes (87145)
Saint-Hilaire-la-Treille (87149)
Saint-Junien-les-Combes (87155)
Saint-Leger-Magnazeix (87160)
Saint-Martial-sur-Isop (87163)
Saint-Martin-le-Mault (87165)
Saint-Ouen-sur-Gartempe (87172)
Saint-Pardoux (87173)
Saint-Sornin-la-Marche (87179)
Saint-Sornin-Leulac (87180)
Saint-Sulpice-les-Feuilles (87182)
Saint-Symphorien-sur-Couze (87184)
Tersannes (87195)
Thiat (87196)
Thouron (87197)
Val-d'Issoire (87097)
Vaulry (87198)
Verneuil-Moustiers (87200)
Villefavard (87206)
The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:
Related pages
Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
List of arrondissements of France
References
Bellac
David Toms

David Wayne Toms (born January 4, 1967) is an American golfer. He plays on the PGA Tour. He lives in Shreveport, Louisiana. He has 12 PGA Tour wins, including a major championship, the 2001 PGA Championship.
Professional wins (16)
PGA Tour wins (12)
Nationwide Tour wins (2)
1995 NIKE Greater Greenville Classic, NIKE Wichita Open
Other wins (2)
1999 Hassan II Golf Trophy
2009 CVS Caremark Charity Classic (with Nick Price)
Living people
1967 births
American golfers
Sportspeople from Louisiana
Josef Albers

Josef Albers (March 19, 1888 - March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and educator. His work in Europe and the United States was highly influential and far-reaching. His ideas formed the basis of many art education programs in the 20th century.
Life
Albers was born in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany. He studied art in Berlin, Essen, and Munich, before enrolling as a student at the prestigious Weimar Bauhaus in 1920. He began teaching in the preliminary course of the Department of Design in 1922, and was promoted to Professor in 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau. His work at this time included designing furniture and working with glass.
With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933, Albers emigrated to the United States. In 1950 Albers was appointed head of the Department of Design at Yale University. In 1963 he published Interaction of color which presented his theory that colors were governed by an internal and deceptive logic. A key idea, which he proved by examples, was that our perception of color is not constant. It is influenced by the juxtaposition (placing together) of one color with another. This interested artists interested in optical illusions (Op art).
Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist. Most famous of all are the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series Homage to the Square. In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with flat colored squares arranged inside each other. This was a union of geometric abstraction with experiments in color.
References
Other websites
Joseph & Anni Albers Foundation
1888 births
1976 deaths
American painters
German painters
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
Lorna Gray

Lorna Gray (July 26, 1917 - April 30, 2017) was an American movie actress. She was known for her comic roles, and later in villain roles. She was best known for her roles in Columbia Pictures comedy shorts and Republic Pictures serials. She played Gail Richards in the 1944 serial Captain America. Gray is also known for appearing with The Three Stooges on multiple shows. She has been known as Adrian Booth since 1945. She retired in 1951.
Gray was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She was married to actor David Brian from 1949 until his death in 1993. Gray died on April 30, 2017 at her home in Sherman Oaks, California from natural causes, aged 99.
References
Other websites
1917 births
2017 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Grand Rapids, Michigan
William Lyon (general)

William Lyon (March 9, 1923 - May 22, 2020) was a major general of the United States Air Force. He was Commander of the United States Air Force Reserve Command. As chief of Air Force Reserve, Lyon was the principal adviser on Reserve matters to the Air Force Chief of Staff. He was born in Los Angeles, California.
Lyon died on May 22, 2020 in Coto de Caza, California at the age of 97.
References
1923 births
2020 deaths
American generals
People from Los Angeles
Military people from California
Richard Dennis

Richard Dennis (born 1826, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, because of his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.
Born in 1826 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, Dennis was living in Boston when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a boatswain's mate on the USS Brooklyn. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he operated the ship's torpedo catcher (an early naval minesweeping device). He helped fire the bow chase gun during heavy fire. Because of this action, he was given the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.
Dennis's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On board the U.S.S. Brooklyn during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern, Dennis displayed outstanding skill and courage in operating the torpedo catcher and in assisting in working the bow chasers throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.
References
1826 births
Year of death unknown
Military people from Massachusetts
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Thomm

Thomm is a village near Trier (at the Moselle River) in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.
Thomm is famous for an old Celtic stone, called Hinkelstein near the village and a big Celtic grave.
In further times there was a slate minor industry near Thomm.
Thomm is also famous for its cider, an apple-wine.
The FIA European Hill Climb Championship came to Thomm until 2011 and the FIA World Rally Championship until 2015.
Other websites
Gemeinde Thomm bei Trier an der Mosel - Willkommen - Welcome - Bienvenue - Welkom
Villages in Rhineland-Palatinate
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Trier-Saarburg
Beware of Pity

Beware of Pity is a 1946 British romantic drama movie directed by Maurice Elvey and was based on the 1939 novel of the same name by Stefan Zweig. It stars Lilli Palmer, Albert Lieven, Cedric Hardwicke, Gladys Cooper, Ernest Thesiger, Linden Travers.
Other websites
1946 romantic drama movies
British romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Maurice Elvey
Huntington County, Indiana

Huntington County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 37,124 people lived there. The county seat and only city is Huntington.
References
1830s establishments in Indiana
1832 establishments in the United States
Indiana counties
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (also known as Second Bosphorus Bridge) is a bridge between Asia and Europe in Istanbul, Turkey. The bridge carries 8 lanes of E80 (European Route) that spans across the Bosporus strait. It is 1,510 m long.
Buildings and structures in Istanbul
Steel bridges
Transport in Turkey
Shatha Abdul Razzak Abbousi

Shatha Abdul Razzak Abbousi (Arabic: shdh~ `bd lrzq `bwsy ) is an Iraqi politician. She is a representative in the Iraqi Council of Representatives. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Life
Abbousi was born in Baghdad on September 9, 1964. She went to primary and secondary school in Mosel. In 2005 she received a bachelor's degree from the University of Baghdad. She became a member of the Iraqi Parliament in 2006.
References
1964 births
Living people
Iraqi human rights activists
Iraqi politicians
People from Baghdad
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Revelation

A Revelation is a source of information that is given to some people and meant to share with others from a government, influential people or a supernatural deity. In monotheistic literature, a revelation is given by God to a prophet or someone God wants to make a prophet and it is supposed to be told to others. In this page, I will explain John's Revelation from God that is also the last book in the Bible also coincdidently called Revelation.
In Catholicism and other Christian denominations, John is also called Saint John and was Jesus Christ's 3rd/4th called disciple. John wrote a Gospel called The Gospel according to John. He also wrote 1st, 2nd and 3rd John. The most famous verse in the Bible was written by him in John 3:16 during Christ's conversation with the pharisee Nicodemus. John wrote the Book of Revelation and I will explain it now.
In the beginning of Revelation, it is important to know that John was currently in exile in the island of Patmos, an island in the Aegean Sea and part of Greece's territory now, because he refused to look at Emperor Domitian as Lord and God. John explains this and he also says he saw the Heavens, so we can suggest that he was writing what he saw while having his revelation or vision --whichever you choose to call it.
I'm not going to explain every little detail, just an overview. Jesus tells him to send a message to 7 churches in Asia Minor, that is Turkey. These are Ephesus, Symrna, Pergammum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea. He explains He knows the suffering and He is watching over them.
A few chapters in and we see Apocalyptic literature. This was very common in the writing of Jews and Christians during the great persecution of Early Christians in the Roman Empire before Emperor Constantine made Christianity the state religion. You see a lot of beasts and creatures and then the greatly feared Antichrist.
I think now I should explain the 2 witnesses and the Antichrist. The 2 witnesses will be 2 prophets who God will raise from the dead and they will preach for three and a half years when the Antichrist will come and kill them both. Then because they have been slaughtered people from all around the world will drink and exchange gifts out of merriness and joyfulness because those 2 witnesses have died and nobody can shine the light of their sins. For three and a half days, they will not be allowed to be given their final dignity and put into graves. Then after 3 and a half days, God will raise them up from the dead and everyone will be shocked (imaginable) also will be ascending into Heaven.
The Antichrist is prominent in Revelation and is spoken a lot about. Christian and Jewish elders believe it will be an influential government that will trick everyone. But for everyone else its probably this tall, well-built man who will slaughter the Jews just when he has gained their trust.
That's all I have now and I will come back soon with Revelation PART 2 soon. Have a great day! and I hoped you enjoyed reading this
Theology
Can't Stop This Thing We Started

"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" is a song by Bryan Adams. The song was the second single from Adams' 1991 album Waking Up the Neighbours, a successor of the single "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You".
The song
The song is a rock song unlike "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You". It reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind Prince's "Cream". This track received two nominations at the Grammy Awards of 1992 for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance, Solo. It did not win either award.
Track listing
"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" (4:29)
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" [Full length version] (6:38)
Chart performance
References
1991 songs
Bryan Adams songs
Richard Hooker (author)

Hiester Richard Hornberger Jr. (February 1, 1924 - November 4, 1997) was an American writer and surgeon. He wrote under the pseudonym Richard Hooker.
Hornberger's best-known work was his novel MASH (1968), based on his dramatic and comedic experiences as a wartime army surgeon doctor during the Korean War (1950-1953). It was used as the source for an award-winning movie movie - M*A*S*H (1970) and the long running television series (1972-1983) of the same name.
Hooker was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He studied at Bowdoin College and at Cornell University. Hooker died on November 4, 1997 in Waterville, Maine from leukemia, aged 73.
References
1924 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
20th-century American novelists
American military personnel of the Korean War
American physicians
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from Maine
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Military people from New Jersey
Arnulf I, Count of Flanders

Arnulf of Flanders (-964), called the Great, was a French nobleman and the third count of Flanders. He ruled from 918 until his death. He ruled an expanded County of Flanders, an area that is now northwestern Belgium and southwestern Netherlands.
Career
Arnulf, born , was the son of count Baldwin II, Count of Flanders and AElfthryth of Wessex. She was a daughter of Alfred the Great. Through his mother he was a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England. Through his father he was a descendant of Charlemagne. Arnulf was named after Saint Arnulf of Metz, a progenitor of the Carolingian dynasty.
At the death of their father in 918 Arnulf became Count of Flanders. His brother Adelolf succeeded to the County of Boulogne. When Adeloft died in 933 Arnulf took control of Boulogne and Ternois. His nephews were still young so it was probably as their guardian. Later he gave the countship of Boulogne to his nephew, Arnulf II.
Arnulf I greatly expanded Flemish rule to the south. He took over all or part of Artois, Ponthieu, Amiens, and Ostrevent. Arnulf exploited the conflicts between Charles the Simple and Robert I of France, and later those between Louis IV and his barons. In his southern expansion Arnulf had conflict with the Normans. They were trying to secure their northern frontier. This led to the 942 murder of the Duke of Normandy, William Longsword, at the hands of Arnulf's men. The Vikings became less of a threat during the later years of Arnulf's life. He worked on reforming his county government.
Arnulf's son, Baldwin III died in 962 leaving Arnold a crisis of succession. Baldwin's son Arnulf II 'the Young' was still a child and his succession was disputed. Arnulf offered the king, Lothair of France, Artois, Ponthieu, and Ostrevant in exchange for the king's protection of Arnulf II. His grandson inherited a weakened county of Flanders when he came of age. Arnold died on 27 March 964.
Family
The name of Arnulf's first wife is unknown but he had at least one daughter by her:
Name unknown; married Isaac of Cambrai. Their son Arnulf succeeded his father as Count of Cambrai.
In 934 he married Adele of Vermandois, daughter of Herbert II of Vermandois. Their children were:
Hildegarde, born c. 934, died 990; she married Dirk II, Count of Holland. It is uncertain whether she is his daughter by his first or second wife.
Liutgard (935-962) married Wichmann IV, Count of Hamaland.
Egbert, died 953.
Baldwin III, Count of Flanders (c. 940 - 962), married Mathilde of Saxony (+ 1008). His son Arnulf II succeeded his grandfather, Arnulf I.
Elftrude; married Siegfried, Count of Guines.
Notes
References
890s births
964 deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Washington County, New York

Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, 61,302 people lived there. The county seat is Fort Edward. This county is part of New York's 21st congressional district.
References
New York (state) counties
Audrey Rose

Audrey Rose is a 1977 American psychological horror drama movie directed by Robert Wise and based on the 1975 novel of the same name by Frank De Felitta. It stars Anthony Hopkins, Marsha Mason, Norman Lloyd, Susan Swift and was distributed by United Artists.
Other websites
1977 drama movies
1977 horror movies
American horror movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Robert Wise
Alofi

Alofi is the capital city of the island nation of Niue in the Pacific Ocean.
In 2014, 1,000 people lived there.
National capitals in Oceania
Niue
Popular culture

Popular culture is culture which interests the general masses of people. It is influenced and spread by mass media. People experience or learn popular culture by hearing popular music on the radio, watching television, playing video games, or reading popular books and magazines. Popular culture may affect all kinds of knowledge or thought, including art, religion, or language.
Popular culture does not follow any one system of ideas, customs, philosophy, religion, or morality. Some of its forms include grammar, language, or pictures that are not accepted under a society's customs. For this reason a society or government may not approve of popular culture. If a government thinks that any form of it may harm people or cause society to change in a bad way, the government may ban it. This practice is known as censorship. In some countries popular culture is protected under freedom of speech or other rights.
American popular culture
The United States is an industrialized country (see industrialization) in which citizens use mass media. Its government protects language and cultures under freedom of speech. The U.S. has had periods of popular culture since the 20th century. For instance, after World War II a group of children known as Baby boomers experienced a sudden expansion of popular culture.
Related pages
Folklore
References
Rozalia Asfandiyarovna Sultangareeva

Rozalia Asfandiyarovna Sultangareeva () performer of folk songs, Bashkir folklorist, Doctor of Philology, Honored Worker of Culture of the Bashkir ASSR (1989).
Biography
She was born March 28, 1955 in the village Novosepyashevo, Alsheevsky district, Bashkir ASSR.
In 1978 she graduated from the philological faculty of the Bashkir State Pedagogical Institute. In 1988, she wrote her PhD thesis. In 2002, she wrote her doctoral thesis on the topic: "Family and everyday ritual folklore of the Bashkir people."
Since 1991 she has worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the USC RAS. She collected Bashkir folklore.
Together with A. Suleymanov, she prepared for publication the 1st volume of the "Bashkir Folk Art" ("Bashk'ort khalyk' izhady", 1995).
She is the Chief Researcher of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
She is the author of about 500 scientific researchs on folklore choreography.
She raised the oral Bashkir folklore to the modern stage.
Research area
Rites, choreography, games, epic poems, religious folklore; stories, traditional culture, mythology.
Rozalia Sultangareeva performs oral Bashkir folklore. She composes improvisations in the folklore style about the members of the Bashkir culture, about the past of Bashkortostan.
Awards and titles
Honored Worker of Culture of the Bashkortostan
Diploma winner at the 12th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow (1985),
Laureate of the International akyns and sesens competition in Alma-Ata (1996),
Laureate of the All-Russian competition of folk song performers in Smolensk (1991),
Laureate of the republican competition of folk song performers for the prize. G. Almukhametova (1984)
Literary Prize after Akmullah (1991)
Laureate of the International competition of akyns, jyrchy and dastanchi. (Alma-Ata, 1997)
Laureate of the All-Russian competition "Voices of Russia" (Smolensk, 1991)
Cavalier of the Order of Salavat Yulaev (2005)
Honorary Diploma of the Republic of Bashkortostan (2016)
Sources
(ru)
SULTANGAREYEVA Rozaliya Asfandiyarovna.Folklore of Bashkortostan peoples: encyclopedia // Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, GAUN Resp. Bashkortostan "Bashk. encycle."; [Scientific-ed. board: F. A. Nadrshina (chief editor), S. I. Apsatarova, L. A. Afanaseva, V. Ya. Babenko, F. G. Galieva, M. Kh. Idelbaev, I. E. Karpukhin, T. G. Minniyakhmetova, I. G. Petrov, R. R. Sadikov, U. G. Saitov (Ed.), R. A. Sultangareeva, I. K. Fazlutdinov, G. R. Khusainova; Per. in English. lang.: OOO "Center for Intercultural Cooperation"]. - Ufa: [Bashk. Encycl.], 2020. -- 664 p.: ill. -- Parallel text. Russian, English - ISBN 978-5-88185-474-4 (in translation). (en)
Other web
UfaGuide encyclopedia (ru)
Website of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan (ru)
1955 birthsBashkir writers
Researchers and collectors of Bashkir folklore
Urial

The urial (Ovis orientalis vignei), also known as the arkars or shapo, is a subspecies of wild sheep (Ovis orientalis). It has reddish-brown long fur that fades during winter. Males have a black ruff stretching from the neck to the chest and large horns. It is found in western central Asia. The other subspecies group of O. orientalis is the Mouflon (Ovis orientalis orientalis group). The two groups have often been considered separate species. Urial is endangered specie.
References
Mammals of Asia
Caprids
Richard Kuthan

Richard "Rigo" Kuthan (3 July 1891 - 10 February 1958) was an Austrian international footballer. He played for SK Rapid Wien as forward.
Career
At the age of 15 he came to Rapid Wien. In the 1911/12 season he was captain of the team which won the first titel for Rapid. From 1911 till 1925 he was the captain. In 246 matches for Rapid he scored 167 goals. He still is the 3rd in the scorer ranking of Rapid. Together with Josef Uridil he was a feared striker.
With Rapid he gained 8 Austrian Championsships and 2 Cups. 2 times he reached the final of the Mitropa-Cup. 1915/16 and 1921/22 he was topscorer of the league.
International career
He played 24 matches and scored 15 goals for the Austria national football team. His debut was on 22 December 1912 versus Italy in Genua where he also scored his first goal for Austria. His last match was on 6 May 1928 versus Yugoslavia.
Honours
8 x Austrian Champion: 1912, 1913, 1916, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1929
2 x Austrian Cup: 1919, 1920
2 x Mitropacup-Finale: 1927, 1928
1 x Top scorer: 1922
24 matches and 15 goals for the Austria national football team (1912 -1928)
References
1891 births
1958 deaths
Association football forwards
Austrian footballers
SK Rapid Wien players
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga top scorers
Blind spot (vision)

A blind spot is a part of the visual field our brains get no information from. It is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc of the retina. Since there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, a part of the field of vision is not perceived. The brain fills in with surrounding detail with information from the other eye, so the blind spot is not normally perceived.
Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are superficially similar, do not. In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.
The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France. At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.
Blind spot test
Not seeing the blind spot
As to why the blind spot is normally not seen, there are two theories. One, less favoured, is that it is simply ignored by the brain. The other is that they are 'filled in' by the brain with information from surrounding areas. Perception theorists have generally favoured this second hypothesis. The filling-in works with quite complex and unusual visual patterns, suggesting an active brain process works to mimic patterns surrounding the blind spot.
Vertebrate eye and cephalopod eye
These natural blind spots are present only in the eyes of vertebrates. Cephalopods have their optic nerves attached to the back of the retina, so they are not a problem. The vertebrate eye is illogical because light must go through and past the nerve fibres before getting to the retina.
This comes about because vertebrate eyes are outgrowths from the brain; they grow outward from the embryological tissue which forms the brain.
References
Experiments
Vision
Govindapala

Govindapala is believed to be the successor of Madanapala. He is also considered to be the last ruler of the Pala Empire.
References
Pala Empire
Nebraska Cornhuskers football

The Nebraska Cornhuskers are the athletic football team of The University of Nebraska and they play in the Big 12 Conference. They will play in the Big Ten Conference at the beginning of the 2011-2012 season. The current head coach of Cornhuskers is Bo Pelini and he is in his 3rd year with them. The Cornhuskers play at Memorial Stadium, Lincoln which seats about 81,067. The Cornhuskers have won 24 bowl games. The Cornhuskers have two retired jersey numbers #60 for Tom Novak and #64 for Bob Brown.
Other websites
Nebraska Cornhuskers athletics site
College football
Phippsburg, Maine

Phippsburg is a town in Sagadahoc County, Maine, United States.
Towns in Maine
Almena, Kansas

Almena is a city in Norton County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 408 people lived there.
History
Almena was a shipping point at the junction of two railroads. It was named by Margaret Brown Coleman. She named it after Almena, Wisconsin, her hometown.
The first post office in Almena was created in June 1872.
Geography
Almena is at (39.891535, -99.708865). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.
People
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 408 people, 180 households, and 102 families living in Almena.
Education
Almena is part of USD 212 Northern Valley Schools. The Northern Valley High School mascot is Huskies.
References
Other websites
City
Almena - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
USD 212, local school district
Maps
Almena City Map, KDOT
Cities in Kansas
Norton County, Kansas
Angelina Tan

Angelina "Helen" de Luna Tan (born Angelina Beredo de Luna; 1 October 1971) is a Filipina physician and politician. She served as a three-time congresswoman of Quezon's 4th district from 2013-2022 when she was elected as Quezon's new governor, becoming the first woman to hold the office.
Personal life
Helen is married to Ronnel Tan and have 2 children, including Keith Michael Tan, who is also a politician that was elected and will succeed her as a congressman in Quezon's fourth congressional district.
Political career
Tan ran in Quezon's 4th congressional district from 2013-2016 under United Nationalist Alliance and won. She was re-elected in 2016-2019, then 2019-2022 under Nationalist People's Coalition. During this time, Tan became a chairwoman of the Philippine House Committee on Health. As she was term limited, Tan ran for the 2022 Quezon local elections where she won by a majority over her opponent Danilo Suarez, becoming the first woman to hold the office.
References
1971 births
Living people
Filipino politicians
Chittagong University Museum

Chittagong University Museum is the only academic museum in Bangladesh. It is located on the University of Chittagong campus in Hathazari Upazila of Chittagong District. The aim of providing assistance to students and researchers in education and research activities on human history, art and culture; collection, preservation, and display of artefacts of archaeology, history and ancient art; and creating opportunities for basic research on these subjects. It is the only art museum in Chittagong and is considered the only museum among public universities in the country.
The current collection of the museum is around a hundred, which includes prehistoric and archaeological sculptures, folk art, various collections of Islamic and contemporary art and modern art of Bangladesh. There are wood fossils; various artefacts excavated from the archaeological sites of Mainamati, Mahasthan and Paharpur; ancient and medieval coins, inscriptions, manuscripts, sculptures, terracotta, weapons and firearms, clothing, metal artefacts, porcelain and other minor folk artefacts. A fish fossil of the tertiary period obtained from the Nasirabad hills of the Chittagong metropolis is considered the oldest specimen of this museum. Historical documents of Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra; the archives of this museum have notable liberation war posters, pamphlets, newspaper clippings, various publications and administrative documents collected from different countries including Bangladesh.
The museum was established in 1973 at the initiative of Chittagong University authorities to provide facilities for research materials as an educational museum. The museum is also managed to stimulate public interest and to encourage appreciation of the history, archaeology and art heritage of Bangladesh.
Reference
Copa del Rey

The Copa del Rey is an annual football competition in Spain. The competition was founded in 1903, which makes it the oldest Spanish football competition.
Top goalscorers
Bold indicates an active player.
References
Football competitions in Europe
1903 establishments in Spain
Football in Spain
Augusta Emerita

Augusta Emerita, also called Emerita Augusta, was an ancient Roman colonia (settlement) founded in 25 BC in present day Merida, Spain. The city was founded by Roman Emperor Augustus and was the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania.
Related pages
List of Roman sites in Spain
Biblioteca Nacional de Espana
References
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Donald Pellmann

Donald Pellmann (August 12, 1915 - October 11, 2020) was an American centenarian multi world-record-setting masters athlete. He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Pellmann held the current M90 world record (for men aged 90 or above) in the long jump, high jump, discus throw, and indoor pole vault.
He participated in the 100 metres, triple jump, shot put, and javelin throw.
Pellmann died on October 11, 2020 in Santa Clara, California from problems caused by a broken hip at the age of 105.
References
1915 births
2020 deaths
American centenarians
Javelin throwers
Discus throwers
American shot putters
American high jumpers
Long jumpers
American sprinters
Sportspeople from Milwaukee
Pole vaulters
Nutri-Score

The Nutri-Score is a rating system that shows how healthy a piece of food is. In 2017, the French government selected it over several other, similar systems. The idea is to put the label on the front of products, so that consumers can easily compare. It is based on the calculation of a nutrient profiling system derived from the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSA score). It has also been recommended by Belgian, Spanish, German and Dutch authorities as well as the European Commission and the World Health Organization. It was created by Sante Publique France, the French public health agency, based on the work of Serge Hercberg from Sorbonne Paris North University.
Nutri-Score was also chosen because it is the most efficient label that tells about the nutritional quality of foods.
Calculation
A Nutri-Score for a particular food item is given in one of five classification letters: 'A' is the best, and 'E' the worst score. The calculation of the score involves seven different parameters of nutrient information per 100g of food which are usually available on food packagings.
High content of fruits and vegetables, fibers, protein and healthy oils (rapeseed, walnut and olive oils, rule added in 2019) promote a better score, while high content of energy, sugar, saturated fatty acids, and sodium promote a worse score. In addition to the general calculation rules applied to most types of food, there are special rules for cheese, for "added fats" (fats that are meant as ingredients, such as vegetable oils or butter), and for beverages.
Adoption
EU laws do not allow countries to impose their own food labelling system, therefore they can only give recommendations.
The Nutri-Score has been officially recommended by health authorities in France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Spain and Switzerland.
In Portugal, Slovenia and Austria, some food companies such as Nestle, Auchan or Danone announced that they would use the Nutri-Score although it was not officially recommended by the authorities.
Opposition to Nutri-Score is coming from a coalition of countries including Italy, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, and Romania. The Italian government has proposed a competing food label system. Southern EU countries say Nutri-score puts the traditional Mediterranean diet at a disadvantage.
The score is also used by Open Food Facts to allow people to compare the nutritional value of products.
References
Other websites
Development of a new front-of-pack nutrition label in France: the five-colour Nutri-Score, article in the WHO's Public Health Panorama (vol. 3, issue 4) which describes the Nutri-Score in detail
Official website at Sante Publique France
Food and drink
Pages with unreviewed translations
Church of England

The Church of England is the leading Christian church in England. It is the church established by law: its formal head is the English monarch (Charles III). It is the mother church of the Anglican Communion. Its headquarters are at Church House, Westminster, in London.
The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed:
Catholic because it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as in the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed and Athanasian Creed.
Reformed because it has been shaped by the doctrinal ideas of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, in particular by the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer.
There are other Protestant churches in England which are not part of the Anglican Communion.
History
The Church of England became independent under King Henry VIII in 1534. Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, but asked the Pope to annul the marriage (say that it was a mistake and that Henry and Catherine were never really married). He wanted to annul the marriage because he wanted a male heir to his throne and Catherine could not produce one. When the annulment was refused, Henry VIII used his position as King to break the Church away from the Roman Catholic Church. This established the independence of the Church of England, sometimes called the Anglican (English) Church. Methodism broke away from the church in the 18th century. The Oxford Movement brought some Catholic beliefs and practices back into the church in the 19th century.
Under his son, King Edward VI, more Protestant forms of worship were adopted. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer started more changes. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer (1549 and 1552). These were based on the older liturgy but influenced by Protestant principles.
Related pages
Archbishop of Canterbury
Thomas Cranmer
Reformation
House of Lords
Supreme Governor of the Church of England
Other websites
CofE website
Anglicanism
Religion in England
Lee Kernaghan

Lee Raymond Kernaghan (born 15 April 1964) is an Australian country music singer, songwriter and guitarist.
Kernaghan was born in Corryong, Victoria. He grew up in the Riverina, New South Wales. His father, Ray, and sister Tania, are also country music singers. He has two sons.
Kernaghan's first studio album, The Outback Club, was released in 1992. This album won the ARIA Music Award for Best Country Album. His second studio album, Three Chain Road (1993), also won him the Best Country Album. The song "Leave Him in the Longyard" from Three Chain Road, had Slim Dusty perform on it. He has won 37 awards at the Country Music Awards. In 2004, he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM).
Kernaghan was named Australian of the Year in 2008. This was for his support of rural and regional Australia. His "Pass the Hat Around" tours have raised more than a million dollars for rural areas that struggled because of drought.
Discography
Family Tradition (1985)
The Lee Kernaghan Collection (1986)
The Outback Club (1992)
Three Chain Road (1993)
1959 (1995)
Hat Town (1998)
The Christmas Album (1998)
Rules of the Road (2000)
Electric Rodeo (2002)
The Big Ones: Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (2004)
The New Bush (2006)
Spirit of the Bush (2007)
Planet Country (2009)
Ultimate Hits (2011)
Beautiful Noise (2012)
Driving Home for Christmas (2014)
Spirit of the Anzacs (2015)
The 25th Anniversary Album (2017)
Backroad Nation (2019)
References
Other websites
1964 births
Living people
Australian country musicians
Australian guitarists
Australian singer-songwriters
Order of Australia
Musicians from Victoria (Australia)
Singers from New South Wales
Brian Poole

Brian Poole was born in London on the 2nd of November 1941. He is the former singer for The Tremeloes.
References
Abitain

Abitain is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Abitain
Ilium (book)

Ilium is a science fiction book that was written by Dan Simmons. It is the first part of the Ilium/Olympos cycle, and is about the re-creation of the events in the Iliad on Mars.
In July 2004, Ilium got the Locus Award for best science fiction novel of 2003. It was later nominated for the 2004 Hugo Award for best book.
References
2003 books
Ilium/Olympos
Science fiction books
Soultz-les-Bains

Soultz-les-Bains is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Rakkety Tam

Rakkety Tam is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2004. It is the seventeenth book in the Redwall series, and it was also translated into French.
Plot
When the wolverine Gulo the Savage and his army of vermin sweep across the land, it's up to the squirrel Rakkety Tam MacBurl and his friend Wild Doogy Plumm with one hundred hares from Salamandastron to stop the wicked wolverine and protect Redwall Abbey and the land of Mossflower.
Redwall
2004 books
Fantasy books
Hedda (movie)

Hedda is a 1975 British drama movie directed by Trevor Nunn and was adapted by Henrik Ibsen's play Hedda Gabler. It stars Glenda Jackson in her Oscar nominated performance, Peter Eyre, Timothy West, Patrick Stewart and Pam St. Clement.
Other websites
1975 drama movies
British drama movies
Movies based on plays
Greyhound Lines

Greyhound Lines (commonly called Greyhound) is a company in the United States that runs bus services between cities. It was founded in 1914. Its parent company is on the London Stock Exchange. The buses use air brakes and hold over 200 gallons of diesel.
American transport companies
1914 establishments in the United States
Bus transport in the United States
Companies based in Dallas
Thorne Bay, Alaska

Thorne Bay is a city in Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 471.
References
Cities in Alaska
Cyril and Methodius

Saints Cyril and Methodius were brothers and 9th century Christian missionaries. They Christianized the Slavic peoples of the Danube. They influenced the culture and religion of all Slavic peoples. They received the title "Apostles to the Slavs".
Secular lives
The brothers were both born in Thessalonica. Methodios was born and died in 885. Cyril was born and died (under his adopted name Constantine) in 869. Cyril was educated at the university at Constantinople under Photios I of Constantinople. He later taught there when he replaced Photios. Methodios became governor of the province of Opsikion at about the same time.
Missionaries
In 861 the Byzantine Emperor Michael III sent the two brothers to convert the Khazars to Christianity. They continued their religious conversion of the Tatars along the Black Sea for two years. Afterwards the Emperor Michael sent them to Moravia as missionaries. They taught in the Slavic languages and translated the Scriptures into Slavonic. Cyril invented an alphabet called the Glagolitic alphabet. This became the basis for the Cyrillic alphabet. Old Church Slavonic was written in Cyrillic and Glagolitic.
References
Christian saints
Slavic languages
Cyrillic script
People from Constantinople
810s births
820s births
860s deaths
880s deaths
Curchy

Curchy is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Horst Seehofer

Horst Lorenz Seehofer (born 4 July 1949 in Ingolstadt) is a German conservative politician (CSU). He was the Federal Minister for Health and Social Security from 1992 to 1998 and the Federal Minister of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection from 2005 to 2008. In October 2008 he became chairman of the CSU and Minister-President of Bavaria. In 2011/12 he served as President of the Bundesrat.
References
1949 births
Living people
Members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Ministers-President of Bavaria
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria
Almenar de Soria

Almenar de Soria is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Soria