pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hyundai Grandeur

The Hyundai Grandeur is an automobile made by Hyundai Motor Company. It was first sold in 1986. In North America the automobile was called Hyundai XG (third generation) and Hyundai Azera (fourth generation).
First generation (1986-1992)
The first Grandeur of 1986 was developed together with Mitsubishi(Mitsubishi Debonair).
Second generation (1992-1998)
The New Grandeur was developed together with Mitsubishi (Mitsubishi Debonair). Mitsubishi provided the powertrain and Hyundai took care of the exterior and interior design. Production of the car began in September 1992 and ended in 1998.
Third generation (1998-2005)
The Grandeur XG, this time developed by Hyundai alone, used the same platform and engines as the Kia Amanti. In North America and Europe, it was called the Hyundai XG. Originally powered by a 3.0 L 6-cylinder engine, the XG300 was renamed to XG350 in 2002, to reflect the increase in engine size to 3.5 litres of displacement.
Fourth generation (2006-present)
Sold as the Hyundai Azera in North America, the Grandeur TG is a full-size sedan introduced for the 2006 model year. It shares many of its components with the mid-size Sonata.
Being a step up from the Sonata, the Azera is the most luxurious model sold by Hyundai outside of Korea. Pricing for the base model starts at starts at US$24,995. The 2006 Hyundai Azera has a 3.8 L 6-cylinder engine, automatic gearbox, cruise control, automatic air-conditioning, power front seats, anti-lock brakes (ABS), electronic brake-force distribution (EBD), electronic stability control (ESC), and several airbags. The better equipped Limited trim level adds 17-inch alloy wheels, heated front seats, leather seat-upholstery, and a power sunshade for the rear window, and costs US$27,495.
Awards
The Hyundai Azera was named "Best New Family Car (over CAN$35,000)" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards.
Other websites
Official US Site
AutoGuideWiki.com - Hyundai Azera
RoadTests.com - Hyundai Azera
Grandeur
Front wheel drive vehicles
Sedans
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
University of Plymouth

The University of Plymouth is a public research university mainly in Plymouth, England. The university has campuses and colleges in many areas of South West England.
It had nearly 19,000 students in the 2020-2021 academic year. It was started in 1862 with the name Plymouth School of Navigation.
References
Organisations based in Plymouth, Devon
Universities in England
1862 establishments in the United Kingdom
Carloman II

Carloman II of France (c. 866 - 12 December 884), king of Western Francia, was the youngest son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde. He and his brother Louis III of France shared the kingship when their father died in 879. Carloman became sole king in 882 when his brother died.
Carloman had problems with Viking raiders during his reign. He died while hunting on December 12, 884.
866 births
884 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Séamus Hegarty

Seamus Hegarty, D.D. (26 January 1940 - 20 September 2019) was an Irish Roman Catholic prelate. He was Bishop of Raphoe from 1982 to 1994, then as Bishop of Derry from 1994 to 2011. Hegarty was born in Kilcar, County Donegal, Ireland.
In November 2011, Hegarty was diagnosed with a "neurodegenerative disease" which forced him to resign from his job. The Holy See announced on 23 November 2011 that his resignation had been accepted.
Hegarty died on 20 September 2019 in Letterkenny, County Donegal, Ireland at the age of 79.
References
1940 births
2019 deaths
Irish Roman Catholic bishops
People from County Donegal
Eldridge, Alabama

Eldridge is a town in the U.S. state of Alabama.
References
Towns in Alabama
Néris-les-Bains

Neris-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Oliver Bierhoff

Oliver Bierhoff (born 1 May 1968) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|Bayer Uerdingen||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||19||3
|-
|1987/88||12||1
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="2"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||24||6
|-
|1989/90||10||0
|-
|1989/90||Borussia Monchengladbach||Bundesliga||8||0
|-
|1990/91||Austria Salzburg||Bundesliga||32||23
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="4"|Ascoli||Serie A||17||2
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Serie B||35||20
|-
|1993/94||32||17
|-
|1994/95||33||9
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Udinese||rowspan="3"|Serie A||31||17
|-
|1996/97||23||13
|-
|1997/98||32||27
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|Milan||rowspan="3"|Serie A||34||20
|-
|1999/00||30||12
|-
|2000/01||27||6
|-
|2001/02||Monaco||Division 1||18||5
|-
|2002/03||ChievoVerona||Serie A||26||7
73||10
32||23
320||150
18||5
443||188
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1996||11||6
|-
|1997||8||7
|-
|1998||17||8
|-
|1999||8||6
|-
|2000||8||3
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||11||6
|-
!Total||70||37
|}
References
1968 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Karlsruhe
Sportspeople from Baden-Wurttemberg
Norman Stansfield

Norman Stansfield (also known as Stansfield) is a fictional character and the main villain of Luc Besson's 1994 movie Leon: The Professional. He is played by Gary Oldman.
He is a corrupt and mentally unstable Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent. He has been named as one of cinema's greatest villains. In honor of its influence, Noah Walden of MSN Movies described the Stansfield character as "the role that launched a thousand villains".
References
Other websites
Fictional murderers
North Laurel, Maryland

North Laurel is a census-designated place (CDP) in Howard County, Maryland, United States. The published population was 4,474 at the 2010 census. North Laurel is near the City of Laurel.
References
Census-designated places in Maryland
Mariano Rivera

Mariano Rivera (born November 29, 1969 in Panama City, Panama) is a baseball player. He has played with the New York Yankees for many seasons. He is a "closer", a type of pitcher who pitches in the ninth inning. Rivera is thought to be one of the best relief pitchers ever, and will probably be in the Baseball Hall of Fame. Rivera throws a very fast "cutter" pitches that are good at striking out batters. Rivera has more saves in the World Series than any other pitcher. He also has more saves all-time then anybody, a record he set in 2011. Mariano Rivera wears #42, and is the only player in Major League baseball to do so. Rivera was born in Panama and played his first baseball there.
References
Awards Won
Rolaids Relief Man of the Year, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2009
DHL Delivery Man of the Year, 2005, 2006, 2009
2004 American League Championship Series MVP
World Series Champion, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2009
1969 births
American Christians
American League All-Stars
Living people
New York Yankees players
Saint-Gérand-de-Vaux

Saint-Gerand-de-Vaux is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Stacyville, Iowa

Stacyville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Paul Sturrock

Paul Sturrock is a former football player. He has played for Dundee United and Scotland national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="15"|Dundee United||Division One||12||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0||13||6
|-
|1975-76||rowspan="14"|Premier Division||17||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1||27||5
|-
|1976-77||36||15||1||1||5||1||colspan="2"|-||42||17
|-
|1977-78||33||3||4||1||8||3||2||1||47||8
|-
|1978-79||33||6||1||0||2||1||2||0||38||7
|-
|1979-80||33||4||2||1||9||6||4||0||48||11
|-
|1980-81||35||13||7||1||11||9||4||0||57||23
|-
|1981-82||31||15||5||2||11||6||7||1||54||24
|-
|1982-83||28||8||1||0||9||7||7||1||45||16
|-
|1983-84||17||4||3||2||2||0||5||0||27||6
|-
|1984-85||30||14||6||2||6||2||6||2||48||20
|-
|1985-86||31||8||5||2||5||0||5||3||46||13
|-
|1986-87||30||6||6||0||3||0||11||0||50||6
|-
|1987-88||9||3||colspan="2"|-||3||2||3||2||15||7
|-
|1988-89||9||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||1
384||109||48||12||79||38||60||11||571||170
384||109||48||12||79||38||60||11||571||170
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1981||4||1
|-
|1982||6||1
|-
|1983||3||0
|-
|1984||2||1
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||4||0
|-
|1987||1||0
|-
!Total||20||3
|}
References
1956 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Aberdeenshire
Country Joe McDonald

Joseph Allen "Country Joe" McDonald (born January 1, 1942) is an American musician, singer and political activist. He was the lead singer of the 1960s psychedelic rock group Country Joe and the Fish. He is known for his role during the Free Speech Movement in Berkeley, California and for his songs during the Counterculture of the 1960s.
References
1942 births
Living people
American political activists
American rock guitarists
American bluegrass musicians
American country singers
American country guitarists
American folk singers
American folk musicians
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Geo/Chevrolet Prizm

The Geo Prizm was a small car sold by Chevrolet from 1990 to 1997. Replacing the Chevrolet Nova, it was based on a Toyota Corolla Sprinter with the Geo name on it. The Prizm was produced alongside the Corolla and the Tacoma pickup truck at New United Motor Manufacturing in Fremont, California which was jointly owned by General Motors and Toyota from 1985-2010. From 1989-1992 it was sold as a subcompact sedan and hatchback, but in 1992 it was redesigned and sold solely as a compact sedan (this was due to Toyota Corolla and Sprinter being redesigned). The Prizm and the Corolla shared the same parts and engines. It is the only Geo model not sold in Canada under Pontiac. In 1998, the name of the car was changed to Chevrolet Prizm. Due to the discontinued Toyota Sprinter and a loss in sales General Motors replaced the Prizm with the Pontiac Vibe and the Chevrolet Cobalt.
sedans
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Chevrolet automobiles
Lesbian bar

The lesbian bar (also called a dyke bar or women's bar) is a bar for lesbians. The lesbian bar has a history different from gay bars.
Lesbian bars existed before queer community centers, health care centers and coffee shops. For a long time, lesbian bars were places of community and validation.
Women were historically barred from public spaces having alcoholic drinks. The women's saloon presence rose in the 1920s. Mona's 440 Club was the first lesbian bar in the United States. In the 1950s, bars began opening for working class lesbians, Caucasian or African American. Because of not enough economic capital and segregation, house parties were popular with the black lesbians.
Lesbian and gay identification and bar culture increased with the migration and passing through of people in big cities during and after World War II. In the 1970s, lesbian feminism began. Bars became important community activist spaces.
References
Places where alcohol is served
LGBT
Paruzzaro

Paruzzaro is a comune in the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Le Bû-sur-Rouvres

Le Bu-sur-Rouvres is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Berba language

Berba, also known as Biali, Bieri, Bjeri, Bjerbe or Bialaba, is a language of Benin.
References
Languages of Benin
Niger-Congo languages
Frances Hesselbein

Frances Hesselbein (November 1, 1915 - December 11, 2022) was an American businesswoman. She served as the CEO of the Girl Scouts of the USA from 1976 to 1990. In 1998, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her work with the Girl Scouts of the USA.
Hesselbein was born in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. She turned 100 in 2015. She died at her home in Easton, Pennsylvania, on December 11, 2022, at the age of 107.
References
Other websites
Frances Hesselbein Leadership Institute
1915 births
2022 deaths
American centenarians
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
People from Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Terry Van Ginderen

Esther Van Ginderen-Verbeeck, also known as Aunt Terry (8 September 1931 - 30 January 2018) was a Flemish television presenter and businesswoman. She was born in Hoboken, Antwerp. From 1989, when she founded VTM she worked for this channel, again for children's programs.
Van Ginderen died of pneumonia on 30 January 2018 in Bonheiden, Antwerp at the age of 86.
References
1931 births
2018 deaths
Belgian businesspeople
Belgian television presenters
Juan Gelman

Juan Gelman (3 May 1930 - 14 January 2014) was an Argentine poet of Jewish descent. He published more than twenty books of poetry. He began publishing in 1956. He won the Cervantes Prize in 2007.
Gelman died on 14 January 2014 in Mexico City from heart failure. He was aged 83.
References
Other websites
Todo sobre la poesia de Juan Gelman
La bitacora de Gelman
Poemas de Juan Gelman
Obras de Juan Gelman, Solo Literatura
Speciale di EL MUNDO su Juan Gelman
1930 births
2014 deaths
Argentine Jews
Argentine poets
Deaths from heart failure
Jewish writers
Writers from Buenos Aires
Karl Goldmark

Karl Goldmark (born in Keszthely, Hungary, 18 May 1830; died in Vienna 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian composer. His music was largely forgotten for a long time after his death, but is now starting to be played much more.
Life and career
Goldmark came from a large Jewish family. He was one of 20 children. His father was a chazan to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely. He learned to play the violin and was sent to Vienna to study music. After the Revolution of 1848 the Conservatory had to close down and so he had to teach himself how to compose. He earned money by playing the violin in theatre orchestras and by teaching music. For a short time one of his pupils was Jean Sibelius.
Wagner's music was an influence on his compositional style. However, he could not form a proper friendship with Wagner because of Wagner's antisemitism.
Goldmark composed six operas, including Die Konigin von Saba ("The Queen of Sheba"). It was very popular during his lifetime and continued to be performed by the Vienna State Opera until 1938. His Violin Concerto No. 1 was also very popular indeed, then it lay forgotten for many years. It is very Romantic and sounds very Hungarian.
Other works include a symphony called Landliche Hochzeit (Rustic Wedding) and several other orchestral works, some chamber music and choral music.
1830 births
1915 deaths
Hungarian composers
Romantic composers
Dord

Dord is a ghost word, a word that never used, but accidentally added to a dictionary. In 1934, the New International Merriam-Webster Dictionary printed the word, dord, defining it as 'density'. Philip Babcock Gove was an editor at Merriam-Webster and became editor-in-chief of Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Gove wrote a letter to the journal American Speech fifteen years after the error was caught. He explained why "dord" was printed in the second edition of the New International Dictionary. It got through when a slip was sent saying D or d. Because the letters were typed with spaces between, it looked like it said "dord".
In 1939, five years after the dictionary was published, an editor found out that dord was not a word. The word was not fully removed from the dictionary until 1947. Dord is the only known ghost word in the Merriam-Webster's Dictionary's history.
Words
Lumino

Lumino is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Ticino
Lodi, Wisconsin

Lodi is a city in Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,050 at the 2010 census. Lodi is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area.
References
Cities in Wisconsin
Columbia County, Wisconsin
Mother of George

Mother of George is a 2013 Nigerian American drama movie directed by Andrew Dosunmu and starring Isaach de Bankole, Danai Gurira, Bukky Ajayi, Tony Okungbowa, Yaya Alafia.
Other websites
2013 drama movies
Nigerian movies
American drama movies
Movies set in the United States
Movies set in Nigeria
Chilmark, Massachusetts

Chilmark is a town in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Pont-Aven

Pont-Aven is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Finistere
John Coates (producer)

John Coates (7 November 1927 - 16 September 2012) was an English movie producer who is best known for producing the animated movie The Snowman.
Coates was born in 1927 in England. Coates died on 16 September 2012 in his home in Kent, England from cancer, aged 84.
References
Other websites
1927 births
2012 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
English movie producers
Karachi District

Karachi District () Largest city and chief port of Pakistan, lying on the Arabian Sea, northwest of the Indus River Delta; population (1998 est) 9,269,300; 4 million live in makeshift settlements. It is the capital of Sindh province, and Pakistan's leading centre for commerce, finance, industry, and transport. Its port handles most of the international trade of the country, as well as of the neighbouring landlocked state of Afghanistan. It is also served by a major international airport. Industries include shipbuilding, engineering, chemicals, plastics and textiles, including the manufacture of cotton and jute. It was the capital of Pakistan 1947-59, when it was replaced by Islamabad.
Towns of Karachi
Malir Town
Shah Faisal Town
Landhi Town
Korangi Town
Muhammad Bin Qasim Town
Gadap Town
Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town
Jamshed Town
Gulberg Town
Liaquatabad Town
North Nazimabad Town
New Karachi Town
Orangi Town
Baldia Town
SITE town
Lyari Town
Saddar Town
Keamari Town
Districts of Sindh
en:Karachi District
Monte Águila

Monte Aguila is a city of the Republic of Chile with 6,090 inhabitants (2002 census).
Gallery
References
Cities in Chile
Articles containing non-English-language text
Communes of Chile
Jim J. Bullock

James Jackson Bullock (born February 9, 1955) is an American actor and comedian. He later became a semi-regular on ALF (from 1989 to 1990) as Neal Tanner. He guest-hosted a special episode of Super Sloppy Double Dare in 1989. Bullock was the voice of Queer Duck in the animated series of cartoons.
References
1955 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television presenters
People from Casper, Wyoming
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
Gay men
Actors from Wyoming
Comedians from Wyoming
John Moriarty (conductor)

John Moriarty (September 30, 1930 - January 5, 2022) was an American conductor and stage director. He worked on productions at opera companies throughout the United States. He was born in Fall River, Massachusetts. He was piano soloist with the Boston Pops, the Boston Civic Symphony, and the Radio Eireann Orchestra of Dublin.
Moriarty died on January 5, 2022 at his home in Fall River at the age of 91.
References
1930 births
2022 deaths
American conductors
American pianists
Musicians from Boston
Writers from Boston
Astrid Gjertsen

Astrid Gjertsen (14 September 1928 - 17 June 2020) was a Danish-born Norwegian politician. She was born in Horsens, Denmark.
She was a member of the Norwegian Parliament from 1969 to 1989. Gjertsen was a member of the Conservative Party. From 1981 to 1986, she was the Minister of Consumer Affairs and Administration under the Kare Willoch cabinet, but resigned and was later convicted for tax fraud.
Gjertsen died on 17 June 2020 in Baerum, Norway at the age of 91.
References
1928 births
2020 deaths
Norwegian politicians
Danish politicians
Fraudsters
Norwegian criminals
Golden Gate (Jerusalem)

The Golden Gate (, ; Arabic: ) is one of the gates of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is in the western side of the walls and the main gate that was connected the Temple Mount to outside the old city. According to the Jewish tradition, the Messiah will come through this gate to the Temple. In the 16th century, the gate was blocked by the Ottoman Sultan and a Muslim cemetery was created to insure that Messiah will never come through this gate. According to the Christian tradition, Jesus came into this gate to Jerusalem.
The Hebrew name for the gate translates to the "Gate of Mercy". In ancient times the gate was known as the "Beautiful Gate".
Other websites
Golden Gate at the Temple Mount website
References
Temple Mount
Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls
Atomic clock

An atomic clock is a clock that works with atoms, as opposed to most other clocks which are mechanical. The frequency comes from the crossing radiation of electrons. Atomic clocks are currently the most exact clocks of the world. They are also called primary clocks.
Most clocks know the time because they count how many times something moves back and forth. Atomic clocks count how many times an atom wiggles back and forth.
Worldwide, there are over 260 atomic clocks at over 60 different places. All data is collected at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris, France. The International Atomic Time is calculated there.
The basics were developed by Isidor Isaac Rabi. He was an American physicist at Columbia University. He got the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944.
References
Clocks
Abril

Abril is a name of Spanish origin that is commonly given to baby girls. It is derived from the Latin word "Aprilis," meaning "to open," and is associated with the spring season, symbolizing new beginnings and growth.
People
Abril Conesa (born 2000), Spanish synchronized swimmer
Abril Mendez, Venezuelan actress
Abril Rodriguez (born 1986), Mexican beauty contestant
Abril Schreiber (born 1990), Venezuelan actress
References
Names
Jan Myrdal

Jan Myrdal (19 July 1927 - 30 October 2020) was a Swedish author. He was born in Stockholm.
Career
His best known works were Report from a Chinese Village (1963), Confessions of a Disloyal European (1968), Angkor: An Essay on Art and Imperialism (1970), Albania Defiant (1970), Carpets from China, Xinjiang & Tibet (1979), India Waits (1980), Return to a Chinese Village (1984), Childhood (1991), Twelve Going on Thirteen (2010) and Red Star Over India: As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising (2014).
Many of his works were about 19th Century French caricature, Afghanistan, Balzac, wartime propaganda posters, the Indian Naxalites, wine, Meccano, sex, death, and Strindberg.
Politics
Myrdal was a Marxist and supported Leninism and Maoism and other forms of third worldist and anti-Soviet Communism, including Hoxhaism (see Albania Defiant). He supported anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist causes.
Death
Myrdal died on 30 October 2020 in Varberg, Sweden from sepsis-related problems at the age of 93.
References
1927 births
2020 deaths
Communists
Swedish movie directors
Political activists
Writers from Stockholm
Swedish activists
Low-carbohydrate diet

A Low-carbohydrate diet is a type of diet that focuses on lowering the amount of carbohydrates eaten. There are many variations of this diet which all focus on lowering carbohydrates and might have different advantages and disadvantages.
Overview
Macronutrient ratios
The National Lipid Association and Lifestyle Task force define low-carbohydrate diets as those containing less than 25% of calories from carbohydrates. They define very low carbohydrate diets as those containing less than 10% carbohydrates. A 2016 review of low-carbohydrate diets referred to diets with 50 grams of carbohydrate per day (less than 10% of total calories) as "very low" and diets with 40% of calories from carbohydrates as "mild" low-carbohydrate diets.
Foods
There is evidence that the quality is also important too, and that high-fiber slow-digesting foods are healthful while ultra-processed and sugary foods are less so. People choosing diet for health conditions should have the diet focused on their own needs.
Most vegetables are low- or moderate-carbohydrate foods. Some vegetables, such as potatoes, carrots, maize (corn) and rice are high in starch. Most low-carbohydrate diet plans encourage to eat vegetables such as broccoli, spinach, kale, lettuce, cucumbers, cauliflower, peppers and most green-leafy vegetables.
History
First appearences
In 1797, John Rollo reported on the results of treating two diabetic Army officers with a low-carbohydrate diet and medications. A very low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet was the standard treatment for diabetes throughout the nineteenth century.
In 1863, William Banting, a formerly obese English undertaker and coffin maker, published "Letter on Corpulence Addressed to the Public". He described a diet for weight control giving up bread, butter, milk, sugar, beer, and potatoes. His booklet was widely read, so much so that some people used the term "Banting" for the activity now called "dieting."
In the early 1900s Frederick Madison Allen made a highly restrictive short term diet which was described by Walter R. Steiner at the 1916 annual convention of the Connecticut State Medical Society as The Starvation Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. This diet was often administered in a hospital in order to better ensure following and safety.
References
Diets
Cradle of civilization

A cradle of civilization is a place where civilization emerged. There was no single "cradle", but several civilizations that developed independently. The Fertile Crescent (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia), Ancient India, and Ancient China were the first. Whether there was influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is not known.
Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica emerged independently and later than those in Eurasia. They were mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico, in the north-central coastal region of Peru.
Civilization involves the use of writing, building cities, a class-based society, agriculture, animal husbandry, public buildings, metallurgy, and monumental architecture. The term cradle of civilization has been applied to a variety of cultures and areas, in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic and Fertile Crescent, Ancient India and Ancient China. It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia, the Levant and Iranian plateau, and used to refer to culture predecessors--such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western civilization.
References
Ancient history
Babatunde Osotimehin

Babatunde Osotimehin (6 February 1949 - 4 June 2017) was a Nigerian public servant and United Nations official.
Osotimehun was appointed on 19 November 2010 as the new Executive Director of UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, for a four-year term. He was reappointed to this position on 21 August 2014.
He assumed the position on 1 January 2011 and became the organisation's fourth Executive Director. He held the rank of Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations. Before, he was Nigeria's Minister of Health. He left this office in March 2010 when Acting President Goodluck Jonathan dissolved his cabinet.
References
1949 births
2017 deaths
Nigerian politicians
United Nations officials
People from Ogun State
Denny Crum

Denzel Edwin "Denny" Crum (March 2, 1937-May 9, 2023) was an American men's college basketball coach at the University of Louisville (U of L) in Kentucky from 1971 to 2001 with a 675-295 record.
Crum guided the Cardinals to two NCAA championships (1980, 1986) and six Final Fours. Honored in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame since 1994, Crum is one of the major figures in the history of sports in Kentucky and in college basketball in general.
Crum was born in San Fernando, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he played basketball under legendary coach John Wooden. After retiring from U of L, he continued to live in Louisville until his death.
References
Other websites
1937 births
2023 deaths
Sportspeople from California
Sportspeople from Kentucky
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Pleß

Pless is a municipality in Unterallgau in Bavaria, Germany. The town has a municipal association with Boos, Bavaria.
References
Unterallgau
William Eustis

William Eustis (June 21, 1753 - February 6, 1825) Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He served as United States Secretary of War from March 7, 1809 to January 13, 1813. He was appointed United States Ambassador to Holland by President James Madison, serving from 1814 to 1818.
1753 births
1825 deaths
United States Secretaries of War
Governors of Massachusetts
Richland, Iowa

Richland is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Carel Struycken

Carel Struycken (born 30 July, 1948) is a Dutch film, television and stage actor. He is known for playing The Giant in the television series Twin Peaks (1990-1991, 2017), the occasional guest role as Mr. Homn in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987-1992), and the household butler Lurch in the three 1990s Addams Family films. He also appeared in the films Gerald's Game (2017) and Doctor Sleep (2019).
Other websites
1948 births
Living people
Ninja Sentai Kakuranger

Ninja Sentai Kakuranger is a Japanese television series. It is the 18th series in Toei's Super Sentai series. Its footage was used in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and in Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers.
Plot
Five descendants of great ninjas become the Kakuranger to fight the reinvigorated Youkai with the aid of the Sanshinshou.
Characters
Kakuranger / Ninja Ranger
Cast
/Red Saruder (voice)/Battle Saruder (voice):
/White Kark (voice)/Battle Kark (voice):
/Blue Logan (voice)/Battle Logan (voice):
/Yellow Kumard (voice)/Battle Kumard (voice):
/Black Gammer (voice)/Battle Gammer (voice):
:
: Akira Sakamoto
:
:
Junior:
:
:
, :
:
Songs
Opening theme
"Secret Kakuranger"
Lyrics: Hanadaiko Fuyumori
Composition: Takashi Tsushimi
Arrangement: Kenji Yamamoto
Artist: Tu Chee Chen
Ending theme
"Ninja Skyscraper Kids"
Lyrics: Hanadaiko Fuyumori
Composition: Takashi Tsushimi
Arrangement: Kenji Yamamoto
Artist: Tu Chee Chen
Super Sentai series
1994 television series debuts
1995 television series endings
Edexcel

Edexcel is a UK examination board. It is one of England, Wales and Northern Ireland's five main examination boards. Edexcel is owned by the private-sector Pearson PLC. The company offers many qualifications including A levels and GCSEs. Edexcel's name is from the words education and excellence.
Education in the United Kingdom
Companies of England
Vadivelu filmography

Vadivelu is an Indian film actor, comedian and playback singer. Since the 1990s, he has acted mainly as a comedian in Tamil films and is renowned for his slapstick comedies. Vadivelu has won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian five times for his works in Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996), Vetri Kodi Kattu (2000), Thavasi (2001), Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi (2006) and Kathavarayan (2008). He has also won the Filmfare Award for Best Comedian - Tamil two times for his work in Chandramukhi (2005) and Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei (2006) and was nominated once in the Best Supporting Actor - Tamil category for Aadhavan (2009). He also won the Vijay Award for Best Comedian for his work in Marudhamalai (2007) and was nominated three times in the Best Comedian category for his work in Aadhavan (2009), Nagaram (2010) and Kaavalan (2011). He has acted as a hero in four films to-date: Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei (2006), Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan (2008), Tenaliraman (2014) and Eli (2015).(2023)(film)[maamannan]
Films
References
Other websites
Indian filmographies
Kronoberg County

Kronoberg County () is a county in southern Sweden, with the seat located in Vaxjo. It was established in 1687.
Municipalities
Alvesta
Lessebo
Ljungby
Markaryd
Tingsryd
Uppvidinge
Vaxjo
Almhult
References
Other websites
1687 establishments
Kronoberg County
1680s establishments in Sweden
Holy Grail

The Holy Grail is an artifact from Christians beliefs. According to a story, it is the cup or plate used by Jesus at the Last Supper. It was later used to catch his blood when he had to die on the cross.
According to the story, it has special powers. Many stories of the Arthurian Legend are about the Holy Grail. The first to write about it was Chretien de Troyes. The legend may combine Christian lore with a Celtic myth of a cauldron which has special powers.
The connection of Joseph of Arimathea with the Grail legend dates from Robert de Boron's Joseph d'Arimathie. In the story, Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus Christ, and sends it with his followers to Great Britain; building upon this theme, later writers told how Joseph used the Grail to catch Christ's blood while burying him and that in Britain he founded a line of guardians to keep it safe.
A cup that could have been the Holy Grail can be seen in Valencia Cathedral.
The term "Holy Grail" is often used as a metaphor for something very important or special.
References
Containers
Christian religious objects
Christian symbols
Pontiac Solstice

The Pontiac Solstice was one of the last models created by Pontiac, a former marque of General Motors. Depending on the trim, the Solstice was either a Coupe or a Roadster. Production ended following the 2008 financial crisis and closing of Pontiac.
Pontiac automobiles
Loveless (album)

Loveless is the second studio album by Irish band My Bloody Valentine. It was released on November 4, 1991. Most critics said it is the best shoegaze album of all time. In 1999, Pitchfork said Loveless was the best album of the 1990s. My Bloody Valentine made a concert tour in Europe after the album was released.
Track listing
References
Bibliography
1991 albums
Rock albums
Alex Oliveira

Alexandro Marques de Oliveira (born 17 June 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics
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|2005||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||8||2||0||0||8||2
8||2||0||0||8||2
8||2||0||0||8||2
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1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Cube Life: Island Survival

Cube Life: Island Survival is an indie video game. It was developed and published by Cypronia. It was released for Wii U (2015), Steam, Android and iOS (2018) and Nintendo Switch (2020).
Plot
In the game, players control Barry. He stranded on a deserted island after a shipwreck. Barry has to survive. To do so, he has to eat food to satisfy his hunger and thirst. There are many bosses which he has to kill on the game map.
Other websites
Official wiki
Official forum
2015 video games
Android (operating system) games
iOS games
Wii U games
Windows games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
Xbox One games
Brigantes

The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe (people), that used to live in the North of Roman Britain; between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They occupied what was later Northumbria. To the north was the territory of the Votadini, which straddled the present day border between England and Scotland.
Nearby tribes
The tribes that used to live next to the Brigantes were the Carvetti, the Parisii, the Cornovii, and the Corieltauvi.
Related tribes
There was a Brigantes tribe who used to live in the South of Ireland as well. They may both be related to the Brigantii of the eastern Alps.
Other websites
Brigantes Nation
Brigantes at Roman-Britain.co.uk
Brigantes at Romans in Britain
References
History of the United Kingdom
Celtic peoples
Crysis

Crysis is a sci-fi first-person shooter video game series made by German developer Crytek.
Video game series
Shotgun Sports

Shotgun Sports is a competitive shooting sport involving shotguns. Shotgun Sports include several different events, each with different rules. The general goal of a shotgun event is to break a clay target, but the targets are thrown in different manners depending on the game.
Sporting Clays
In sporting clays, a shooter will walk through a course generally consisting of ten stations. Each station will have two targets that are thrown as a true pair or as a report pair(one thrown on pull command and one thrown on gun fire). Sporting clay courses are generally scored out of a 100.
Trap
Trap is another clay target event. A game of trap is scored out of 25, and a full trap event generally consists of 4 trap games, or 100 targets. In this event, a team of 5 shooters lines up behind a trap house. Inside the trap house is a pivoting arm that throws a clay out at a random direction when 'pull' is called. To vary the difficulty of this game, shooters can stand farther back from the house.
Skeet
In the skeet shooting event, a shooter moves around a field in a semi circle. Skeet, like Trap, is also a 25 target game, with skeet events generally consisting of four games. There are 8 stations on the field. On one end of a field is a high house, and on the other end of the field, there is a low house. On station 1, 2, 6, and 7 a high single, low single, and double are shot. On stations 3, 4, and 5 a high single and low single are shot. Station 8 is in between the high and low house. At this station, the shooter faces the high house, shoots a high single, then turns and faces the low house to shoot a low single. This totals 24 targets. The last target, to make 25, comes from what is referred to as the option. The option is a target that is shot after the first target that is missed. If the shooter misses the high bird on station 1, the high bird is shot again. If the shooter makes it all the way around the field without missing a bird, a second low single is shot on station 8, totaling a perfect 25.
Related pages
Gun
Other websites
Summer Olympic sports
Norrköpings BTK

Norrkopings BTK was a table tennis club in the town of Norrkoping in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national women's team championship during the season of 1997-1998.
References
Norrkoping
Table tennis clubs in Sweden
Hideaki Ōmura

is a Japanese politician. He is the current Governor of Aichi Prefecture since 15 February 2011. His father is Korean.
References
1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Aichi Prefecture
Governors of Japanese prefectures
Transport in Hong Kong

Hong Kong has a complex transport network. It includes both public and private transport. Over 90% of the daily use is on public transport. That is the highest rate in the world.
The Octopus card is an electronic money system. It became available in September 1997. Passengers can use it in every station of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system. The card can be used to pay for public transport, parking meters, convenience stores, supermarkets, fast-food restaurants and most vending machines.
Related pages
MTR
Octopus card
References
Other websites
Wang L H, "In Search of a Sustainable Transport Development Strategy for Hong Kong"
Hong Kong Highways Department
Hong Kong Transport Department
Vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong
E & E Bus
Transport Statistics - Census and Statistics Department
Bring Me to Life

"Bring Me to Life" is the first single from Evanescence's multi-platinum first album "Fallen". At the 2004 Grammy Awards the song won the award for Best Hard Rock Performance.
Track listing
The single for "Bring Me to Life" was released shortly before Evanescence's debut album Fallen. These are two of the most widely available versions of the single; other, mainly localized, versions have also been released worldwide.
CD Single (First pressing; Australia only) (Released 22 April 2003)
"Bring Me to Life" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) -- 3:56
"Bring Me to Life" (Bliss mix) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) -- 3:59
"Farther Away" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) -- 3:58
"Missing" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) -- 4:15
CD Single (Subsequent pressings) (Released 20 May 2003)
"Bring Me to Life" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) -- 3:56
"Bring Me to Life" (Bliss mix) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) -- 3:59
"Farther Away" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) -- 3:58
"Bring Me to Life" (Music video) -- 4:14
References
2003 songs
Daredevil (movie series)
Grammy Award winning songs
Music memes
Evanescence songs
Fazil Iskander

Fazil Abdulovich Iskander (Russian: Fazil' Abdulovich Iskander; Abkhazian: Fazil' Abdul-ip'a Iskander; 6 March 1929 - 31 July 2016) was a Soviet and Russian writer and poet in the former Soviet Union. He wrote about life in the Caucasus.
He wrote various stories, most famously "Zashita Chika", which features a crafty and likable young boy named "Chik." His most popular books are the picaresque novel Sandro of Chegem and its sequel The Gospel According to Chegem.
reference
1929 births
2016 deaths
Russian poets
Soviet writers
Open Market

The phrase "open market" describes an economic system like free trade. It can also mean banks trading assets.
Economic Theory
In economics, a market is open if the government doesn't have very many rules for the market, if a lot of competition is possible, if there aren't many tariffs, and if there aren't traditions that make it harder to do trade.An open market also means one where no one has a monopoly and where there isn't any protectionism.
In Banking
In banking, open market operations means when a bank decides to but or sell government bonds.
Economic systems
Lil Durk

Lil Durk (born October 19, 1992) is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter from Chicago. His real name is Durk Derrick Banks. Durk's debut album, Remember My Name was released in 2015. In 2020 he released the single "The Bigger Picture", which peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the highest-charting song as a lead artist of his career. In the same year, Durk released the studio album "The Voice", which peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 chart. He released his mixtapes through his own record label OTF (Only the Family).
As a teenager, he was jailed briefly on charges of possessing weapons.
Durk's cousin McArthur Swindle was murdered in 2014. In 2015, his manager was also murdered. Durk had a brother known as D Thang. His close friend was King Von.
1992 births
Living people
Rappers from Illinois
Singers from Chicago
Don Poile

Donald Bruce Poile (born June 1, 1932 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 66 games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings. In addition to his time in the NHL, Poile had a successful minor league career with the Edmonton Flyers of the Western Hockey League. His brother Bud Poile is in the Hall of Famer.
Other websites
References
1932 births
Detroit Red Wings players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Ervin Drake

Ervin Maurice Druckman (April 3, 1919 - January 15, 2015), better known as Ervin Drake, was an American songwriter. His works include such American Songbook standards as "I Believe" and "It Was a Very Good Year".
He wrote in many styles and his work has been recorded by musicians from all over the world in many styles. In 1983, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
On January 15, 2015, Drake died at his home in Great Neck, New York due to complications from bladder cancer. He was 95.
References
Other websites
Interview with Ervin Drake
1919 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
American songwriters
Writers from New York City
V. K. Sasikala

Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala (born 18 August 1954), is an Indian businesswoman and politician. She served as the general secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, a Dravidian party She was a close friend of J. Jayalalithaa, the late Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, who headed the AIADMK from 1989 until her death in 2016 and wife of M. Natarajan, the late writer and politician.After Jayalalithaa's death, the party's general council elected her as the secretary general of AIADMK. She was removed from the post on 20 August 2017.
Sasikala was backbone for J Jayalalithaa. On 14 February 2017, a two-bench Supreme Court jury pronounced her guilty and ordered her immediate arrest in a disproportionate-assets case, effectively ending her chief ministerial ambitions. She was released in January 2021, and announced that till Tamilnadu General Election 2021 she will be calm for the good for the AIADMK party, but she joined the BJP in 2022.
Notes
References
1954 births
Living people
Tamil Nadu politicians
John Lysak

John Lysak (August 16, 1914 - January 8, 2020) was an American canoeist. He competed in the Olympic Games in 1936 in Berlin. He was born in Bound Brook, New Jersey.
Lysak competed in the 1936 Olympics in Men's Folding Kayak Doubles, 10 kilometres, finishing seventh. After a stint in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, Lysak worked as a painting contractor until the age of 62.
He was the San Francisco Bay Area's oldest living Olympian.
References
1914 births
2020 deaths
American Olympians
American adoptees
American military personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Sportspeople from New York (state)
People from Yonkers, New York
American centenarians
Military people from New Jersey
United States Marine Corps personnel
Kayakers
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey

The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey is a 2012 epic fantasy and adventure movie. It is the first part of the Hobbit trilogy.
The movie took in over $1 billion overall. The film was followed in 2013 by The Desolation of Smaug and in 2014 by The Battle of the Five Armies.
Plot
Bilbo Baggins gets a request from Gandalf to go on a journey. Later that night, a group of dwarves visited Bilbo's house.
Cast
Ian McKellen as Gandalf
Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
Richard Armitage as Thorin
Ken Stott as Balin
Graham McTavish as Dwalin
William Kircher as Bifur/Tom Troll
James Nesbit as Bofur
Stephen Hunter as Bombur
Dean O'Gorman as Fili
Aidan Turner as Kili
John Callen as Oin
Peter Hambleton as Gloin/William Troll
Jed Brophy as Nori
Mark Hadlow as Dori/Bert Troll
Adam Brown as Ori
Ian Holm as Old Bilbo
Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
Hugo Weaving as Elrond
Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
Christopher Lee as Saruman
Andy Serkis as Gollum
Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
Barry Humphries as Great Goblin
Jeffrey Thomas as Thror
Mike Mizrahi as Thrain
Lee Pace as Thranduil
Manu Bennett as Azog
Conan Stevens as Bolg
John Rawls as Yazneg
Stephen Ure as Fimbul/Grinnah
Bret McKenzie as Lindir
Kiran Shah as Goblin Scribe
Benedict Cumberbatch as Necromancer
Jarred Blakiston as Musical Elf
Andrew Fitzsimons as Elf
Brendan Casey as Thranduil's Lieutenant
Cameron Jones as Thranduil's Lieutenant
Other websites
2012 fantasy movies
2012 action movies
The Hobbit (movie series)
New Zealand movies
American fantasy movies
American action movies
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
New Line Cinema movies
Prequel movies
Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro
Bethany Beach, Delaware

Bethany Beach is a town in Sussex County, Delaware, United States.
Towns in Sussex County, Delaware
Need for Speed: Most Wanted

Need For Speed Most Wanted is the 11th installment in the Need for Speed series. It is available for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, GameBoy Advance, Nintendo DS and the GameCube. The game was first released on November 15, 2005.
Another version called Need For Speed: Most Wanted: 5-1-0 was released for the PlayStation Portable. The game consists of the player racing to make their way up the Blacklist until they finally challenge the top racer, Razor. There are 15 blacklists (levels) you have to complete 1 - 15 blacklists to complete the game.
2005 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Need for Speed games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
Pontoon Beach, Illinois

Pontoon Beach is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Villages in Illinois
Sigma bond

A sigma bond (s bond) is a type of chemical bond. It is the strongest one of the covalent type. In a sigma bond, the atomic orbitals from two atoms which are nearby go one on top of each other. This is different from a pi bond where they touch sideways. This is why a sigma bond is stronger. Sigma bonds can involve s, p, d or f orbitals. They must however be of the right symmetry to be able to form the bond.
Since the s bond is strong, the bonding orbital is low in energy. This also means that the antibonding orbital s* is high in energy.
References
Springer, Oklahoma

Springer is a town of Oklahoma in the United States.
Towns in Oklahoma
Christina O

Christina O is a private motor yacht that once belonged to billionaire Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis. At 99.13 metres long, she was the 45th largest yacht in the world as of 2018.
References
Ships