pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Shikasta (novel)

Shikasta is a 1979 science fiction novel. The full title is Re: Colonised Planet 5, Shikasta. British Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing wrote it as the first book in her five-book Canopus in Argos series. Alfred A. Knopf published it first in the United States in October 1979. Jonathan Cape published the book in the United Kingdom in November 1979. Shikasta is also the name of the fictional planet featured in the novel.
The book has a subtitle, "Personal, psychological, historical documents relating to visit by Johor (George Sherban) Emissary (Grade 9) 87th of the Period of the Last Days". 'The novel is the history of the planet Shikasta under the influence of three galactic empires: Canopus, Sirius, and their shared enemy, Puttiora. The book is a series of reports by Canopean visitors to Shikasta. They record what happens on the planet which is very similar to Earth. The novel shows the Earth's prehistory, how things became worse, the "Century of Destruction" (the 20th-century), and the Apocalypse (World War III).
Shikasta uses stories and images from the Old Testament and is influenced by spiritual and mystical themes in Sufism. Lessing had become interested in this Islamic belief system in the mid-1960s. The book was a major shift of focus in Lessing's writing, from realism to science fiction. Many of her readers were unhappy with the change. Critics gave the book both good and bad reviews. Some were impressed by the way the book showed a wide view of humanity and the universe. One reviewer called it a brave "and disturbing work from one of the world's great living writers". Others reviewers disliked the novel because it was depressing and humanity had no free will. People's lives were controlled by galactic empires.
The story of Shikasta is retold in the third book of the Canopus series, The Sirian Experiments (1980). In that book, the story is told from the point of view of Sirius. Shikasta appears again in the fourth book in the series, The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (1982). The Zones that are briefly mentioned in Shikasta are the subject of the second book in the series, The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980).
References
Science fiction books
1979 books
Nick Salazar

Nick L. Salazar (April 18, 1929 - October 23, 2020) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, representing the 40th District from 1974 to 2019. He was born in San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico.
Salazar died on October 23, 2020 in Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico at the age of 91.
References
Other websites
Representative Nick L. Salazar at the NM House website
Project Vote Smart - Representative Nick L. Salazar (NM) profile
1929 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from New Mexico
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
An Yong-hak

An Yong-Hak (; Hanja An Ying Xue , born 25 October 1978) is a North Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||39||3||2||2||colspan="2"|-||41||5
|-
|2003||29||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|-
|2004||J. League 1||26||3||1||0||4||0||31||3
|-
|2005||Nagoya Grampus Eight||J. League 1||21||0||2||0||0||0||23||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Busan I'Park||rowspan="2"|K-League||17||2||1||0||12||1||30||3
|-
|2007||22||3||3||0||8||1||33||4
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="2"|K-League||4||0||1||0||5||0||10||0
|-
|2009||14||2||3||0||0||0||17||2
|-
|2010||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
115||7||5||2||4||0||124||9
57||7||8||0||25||2||90||9
172||14||13||2||29||2||214||18
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||2||2
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||12||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||22||2
|}
References
1978 births
Living people
North Korean footballers
Topographic prominence

Topographic prominence is a way to measure the independence of a summit. It is often known simply as prominence. Some also call it autonomous height, relative height, shoulder drop (in the United States), or prime factor (in Europe). It is "the elevation difference between the summit and the lowest contour line encircling it and no higher summit".
Two related concepts in topography are col and parent peak. These are used to calculate the prominence. The parent peak is a higher mountain that is often (but not always) nearby. It is chosen using a variety of criteria. The col is the lowest point between two peaks. There may be several cols between a peak and its parent peak, since other peaks may be between the two. The highest of these cols is known as the key col. Prominence is measured as the difference in height between the summit and the key col.
Related pages
List of mountain peaks by prominence
Topography
Topographic isolation
Lists
List of mountain peaks by prominence
List of Ultras of Canada
List of Ultras of Mexico
References
Other websites
peaklist.org, a website about mountain prominence, with lists and maps
Edward Earl's article on Topographic Prominence
Mountain Hierarchy using Prominence Islands
Topography
Pier Gerlofs Donia

Pier Gerlofs Donia, 1480 - 1520. He fought for the independence of Friesland (which is now part of the Netherlands). He was a very big man. Some sources say that his height was 213 cm (almost seven feet). Donia was also known as Grutte Pier, which means "Big Lad Pier", in Frisian language, or Grote Pier, which means the same in Dutch language. He also was a pirate. This great man fought against the people from Holland, Germany, and the Burgundians.
According to legend, Pier forced his prisoners to repeat a special word, which was hard to pronounce for non-Frisians. This way he could distinguish Frisians from Dutch and Low Germans:
Buter, brea en griene tsiis: wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries.
Or, in English translation:
Butter, rye-bread, and young cheese: whoever cannot say that is not a true Frisian.
Those prisoners who could not answer this in proper Frisian had their heads cut off by Donia himself. Pier was also noted for his ability to behead several people with a single blow. This meant he could kill many enemies at the same time during battle, and gave him an excellent advantage over his opponents. His famous fighting skills proved their worth in many battles.
One legend documents the fact that pier was strong enough to bend a coin between his fore finger and thumb.
Despite his many successes, Pier could not defeat the Burgundian/Hapsburg armies. He retired disillusioned in 1519. He died peacefully in bed in the Frisian town of Sneek on October 28 in the year 1520. His last words were spoken to his life-time enemy, the count of Nychlenborch. He was asked by the count were he wanted to go after he died, to which Pier replied "Nea myn Heer ta" ("To my Lord"). He then died. After the Giant of Kimswerd (another nickname) died, Friesland never again earned its freedom. It has remained a province of the Netherlands.
He was the uncle of the warrior Wijerd Jelckama.
References
1480 births
1520 deaths
People from Friesland
Pirates
Karol Machata

Karol Machata (13 January 1928 - 3 May 2016) was a Slovak actor. He appeared in more than 40 movies and television shows between 1951 and 1992. He was added into the Hall of Fame at the 8th OTO Awards in 2007. He was known for his roles in St. Peter's Umbrella (1958) and in A Song About the Gray Pigeon (1961). He was born in Malacky, Czechoslovakia.
Machata died on 3 May 2016 in Bratislava, Slovakia at the age of 88.
References
Other websites
1928 births
2016 deaths
Czechoslovak people
Movie actors
Slovakian actors
Television actors
High Plains Drifter

High Plains Drifter is a 1973 American western movie directed by Clint Eastwood (who also stars) and also starring Verna Bloom, Mariana Hill, Billy Curtis, Mitch Ryan, Jack Ging, Ted Hartley, Anthony James, Robert Donner, Buddy Van Horn. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Other websites
1973 movies
1970s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Günsberg

Gunsberg is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Linda Sembrant

Linda Sembrant (born on 15 May 1987 in Uppsala, Sweden) is a Swedish association football defender who currently plays for Montpellier HSC and the Sweden women's national football team. She has played for Sweden in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Swedish footballers
1987 births
SC Tavriya Simferopol

SC Tavriya Simferopol is a football club which plays in Ukraine.
Ukrainian football clubs
1958 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Ukraine
Thon Maker

Thon Marial Maker (born 25 February 1997) is a South Sudanese-born Australian professional basketball player. He plays as a centre and power forward. He currently plays for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also plays for the Australian national team. He formerly played for the Milwaukee Bucks (2016-2019).
Maker was born in Wau, Sudan (now South Sudan). He grew up in Perth, Western Australia from around age five. He also attended high school in the United States and Canada.
References
Other websites
1997 births
Living people
Australian basketball players
Detroit Pistons players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Sportspeople from Perth, Western Australia
People from Wau, South Sudan
Sonam Gyalchhen Sherpa

Sonam Gyalchhen Sherpa is a politician from Nepal. He also serves in the Rashtriya Sabha and was elected to the Nepalese National Assembly in 2022.
References
Other websites
sdsyhru
Living people
Nepalese politicians
Jaume Vallcorba Plana

Jaume (or Santiago) Vallcorba Plana (21 September 1949 - 23 August 2014) was a Spanish philologist and publisher. He published many studies on aesthetics and literature.
He was born in Tarragona, Spain. He was a professor in Literature at the University of Bordeaux, the University of Lleida, the University of Barcelona and the Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona) but he left university teaching in 2004.
Other websites
El Pais, 14/05/2010 (Interview with Jaume Vallcorba)
1949 births
2014 deaths
Spanish writers
Spanish academics
Edward Hardwicke

Edward Hardwicke (7 August 1932 - 16 May 2011), also spelled Edward Hardwick, was an English actor. He is best known for his role as Doctor Watson in The Return of Sherlock Holmes series.
Early life and career
Hardwicke was born in London, England, to actors Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Helena Pickard. He started his film career in Hollywood at 10. He was in Victor Fleming's film A Guy Named Joe with Spencer Tracy. He went back to England, attended Stowe School, and did his military service in the Royal Air Force. He then joined the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) to learn to be an actor.
The Old Vic and the National Theatre
Hardwicke acted at the Bristol Old Vic, The Oxford Playhouse, and the Nottingham Playhouse. In 1964, he joined the National Theatre. He performed there for seven years. He appeared in William Shakespeare's Othello, Ibsen's The Master Builder. Peter Shaffer's The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Charley's Aunt, Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, Congreve's The Way of the World, Georges Feydeau's A Flea In Her Ear, The Crucible, Luigi Pirandello's The Rules Of The Game, Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Idiot, and George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession. In 1977, Hardwick went back to the National Theatre to perform in Feydeau's The Lady from Maxim's
In 1973, he played at the Bristol Old Vic. He played Dr. Astrov in Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya and Charles Calthrop in the movie The Day of the Jackal. In 1975, he went to the Haymarket Theatre, where he performed in Frederick Lonsdale's On Approval. In 1976 at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, he played Sir Robert Chiltern in Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband.
In 2001, he played Arthur Winslow in The Winslow Boy at the Chichester Festival Theatre. His father had played this role in 1948 in the movie.
TV and Sherlock Holmes
Hardwicke started his television career in the 1970. He played Pat Grant in Colditz. He then played Arthur in the sitcom My Old Man. In 1978, Hardwicke played Bellcourt in the last episode of The Sweeney. David Burke, who played Doctor Watson in The Return of Sherlock Holmes series, asked Hardwicke to take over the role. Hardwicke played this role for eight years, from 1986 to 1994. His portrayal of Watson was calmer than Holmes'. In 1989, Hardwicke played the role of Watson on the West End stage in The Secret of Sherlock Holmes.
Movies
He performed in many movies, including The Day of the Jackal (1973), The Black Windmill (1974), Richard Loncraine's 1995 version of Richard III, The Scarlet Letter (1995), Shadowlands (1993), Elizabeth (1998), Enigma (2001), The Gathering Storm (2002), Love Actually (2003), and Roman Polanski's Oliver Twist (2005).
He also narrated several movies.
Personal life
Hardwicke married Anne Iddon, and they had two daughters, Kate and Emma. Hardwicke and Iddon later divorced. He then married Prim Cotton in 1995.
Hardwicke lived in Chichester. On 16 May 2011, he died of cancer.
References
Other websites
1932 births
2011 deaths
Actors from London
Cancer deaths in England
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Royal Air Force
Rebutia

Rebutia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cactaceae. It is native to Bolivia and Argentina.
Cactaceae
Fraser Valley

The Fraser Valley is a regional district in British Columbia, Canada. It was created in 1995 by combining three regional districts named Fraser-Cheam, Dewdney-Alouette and Central Fraser Valley.
The regional district includes 6 municipalities and 8 electoral areas. The district covers 13,361.74 square kilometres (5,159 square miles).
References
Regional districts in British Columbia
Lars Skytøen

Lars Mauritz Skytoen (13 December 1929 - 11 June 2016) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was Minister of Industry and Craft 1979-1981.
References
1929 births
2016 deaths
Norwegian politicians
Adrienne Posta

Adrienne Posta is the British voice actress. She voices Doris the Duck, Molly the Hippo (Episode 3 only) and the other characters in the US version by Lobster Films for the first and the second seasons of the American show 64 Zoo Lane. Posta is a stage name. She was born in London, as Adrienne Luanne Poster, on March 24, 1949. She participated in a number of movies, and serials shown on TV. She was also active as a singer, and released a number of singles. As a singer, she wasn't very successful.
British actors
Morphology (linguistics)

Morphology is part of linguistics. It looks at the way words are put together using small pieces called morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that has meaning. Different languages have different morphemes and have different rules for how morphemes are combined.
Free and bound morphemes
Words are the smallest pieces of a sentence. Some words only have one morpheme. For example the English words thank, dog, and slow are all words made up of only one morpheme. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is called a free morpheme.
Words can also be made up of more than one morpheme. English speakers know that one can add the plural(more than one) morpheme, -s, to the end of dog, and create the word dogs. The new word combines the meanings of the two morphemes, so the meaning of the new word, dogs is more than one dog. Dog is a free morpheme, but the plural morpheme -s is not. It must attach to a word (no native English speaker would use -s as a stand alone word). Morphemes which must be attached to a word are called bound morphemes. Morphemes attached to the front of a word are called prefixes. Those attached to the end are called suffixes. Some morphemes can attach in the middle of a word and are called infixes. (example?)
Inflectional and derivational morphemes
There are two types of bound morphemes: derivational and inflectional. Inflectional morphemes give a listener or reader information about how the word is used in a sentence. English does not have a lot of inflectional morphemes. An example of an inflectional morpheme in English is the -ed suffix for verbs. This morpheme at the end of a verb lets the speaker know that the action happened in the past. Another example is the -s suffix for nouns to show that there is more than one of the noun.
Derivational morphemes change the part of speech or somehow change the basic meaning of the word they attach to. Most bound morphemes in English are derivational.
Examples
English Word: "unthankful"
Morphemes:
English Word: "songwriter"
Morphemes:
English Word: "modernized"
Morphemes:
Sources
References
Linguistics
Fredericksburg, Virginia

Fredericksburg is a city in Virginia in the United States. It was important in the American Civil War, because of its location on the Rappahannock River, near the capital of the North (Washington, DC) and the South (Richmond, Virginia). In late 1862 the Battle of Fredericksburg was fought there.
References
Other websites
Cities in Virginia
1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1728 establishments
18th-century establishments in Virginia
University of Oxford Botanic Garden

The University of Oxford Botanic Garden is the oldest botanic garden in Great Britain. It is one of the oldest scientific gardens in the world.
The garden was founded in 1621 as a physic garden growing plants for medicines. Today it has over 5,000 plant species on .
It is one of the most diverse but compact collections of plants in the world. It has over 90% of the higher plant families.
References
Botanical gardens in the United Kingdom
University of Oxford
Buildings and structures in Oxford
Mediterranean climate

A Mediterranean climate is a climate that has dry summers that are mild to hot as well as winters that are mild to cool with moderate or high rainfall. It includes the climate of much of the land near the Mediterranean Sea. Outside the Mediterranean, one can find this climate only in rather small areas. It is found in many places that are roughly between latitudes 30deg to 45deg north and south of the equator.
In the Koppen climate classification, it is split between hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa), warm-summer Mediterranean (Csb) and cool-summer Mediterranean (Csc). Examples of Csa are Rome, Lisbon and Adelaide. Examples of Csb are Porto, Cape Town and San Francisco. Csc only occurs at very high altitude.
Location
Besides the Mediterranean Basin, regions which have a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Western United States, down to Los Angeles, the Western Cape in South Africa, central Chile, southern Western Australia and the coastal areas of South Australia.
Other websites
Explanation of Mediterranean Climate
Koppen climate classifications
Nature

The words nature and natural are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. The word comes from the Latin natura meaning "birth". Nature includes many things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts.
There are natural sciences that study different parts of nature, for example the science of ecology is about plants and animals as a whole, while biology studies every type of living thing.
From one point of view, humans are a prime example of nature, and are the most widely studied natural inhabitants of the planet earth. Humans interact with each other in their natural environment on a day-to-day basis. Every part of nature everything from the air outside to the dirt on the ground is interdependent. Medicine studies humans in health and sickness.
From another point of view, humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. People always use natural resources. They cut down trees, mine ores, grow crops and manufacture things from natural material. Fires, cars, and factories make a lot of smoke and harm many places. People who like to leave nature unharmed and those who feel they need to use more of nature often fight about what they should do. In the modern world, with many more people and many big cities, these problems are becoming more serious.
Nature, in the broadest sense, means the physical world as a whole. This is the meaning that physics, the study of nature (etymologically), takes.
A useful definition of natural is
"Happening or operating in accordance with the ordinary course of nature". Oxford Shorter English Dictionary says the word in this sense is first found in 1477.
Related pages
Human nature
Life timeline
Nature timeline
Nature versus nurture
Other websites
References
Bionics
Thomas and the Magic Railroad

Thomas and the Magic Railroad is a 2000 British-American live-action/animated fantasy adventure movie based on Thomas the Tank Engine and Shining Time Station. The Fat Controller is on holiday while Thomas the Tank Engine and his friends were working hard .
Cast
Peter Fonda as Mr. Stone
Alec Baldwin as Mr. Conductor
Mara Wilson as Lily Stone
Edward Glen as the voice of Thomas the Tank Engine
Production
By 2020, a workprint of the movie has been released including narration done by Mara Wilson instead of Alec Baldwin.
Reception
The movie got mixed to negative reviews, including from British reviewers.
2000 animated movies
2000 adventure movies
2000 fantasy movies
American adventure movies
American animated movies
2000s American fantasy movies
British adventure movies
British animated movies
British fantasy movies
Crossover movies
2000s English-language movies
AXXo

aXXo is the Internet alias of an individual or group, who has been allegedly harassed by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) for copyright infringement. He is famous for converting DVD movies into computer files that can be uploaded into the Internet and be downloaded by other people for free.
References
File sharing
Monument, Colorado

The Town of Monument is a statutory town in El Paso County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 5,530 at the 2010 United States Census.
References
Towns in Colorado
Austria (European Parliament constituency)

Austria () is a European Parliament constituency representing the entire country of Austria. It was created in 1996.
Election results
References
European Parliament constituencies
Cavan

Cavan () is the county town of County Cavan in Ireland.
County towns in Ireland
County Cavan
Browndell, Texas

Browndell is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas
Saint-Estève-Janson

Saint-Esteve-Janson is a commune of 342 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhone department in the south of France.
Communes in Bouches-du-Rhone
Wattendorf

Wattendorf is the smallest community in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and a member of the administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Steinfeld.
References
Other websites
Community's website
Bamberg (district)
Horacio Moráles

Horacio Morales (27 June 1943 - 26 February 2021) was an Argentine footballer. He played as a defender. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
Morales died on 26 February 2021 in Larissa, Greece at the age of 60.
References
1943 births
2021 deaths
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine Olympians
Christian Riganò

Christian Rigano (born 25 May 1974) is an Italian football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|Lipari||rowspan="2"|Eccellenza||25||15
|-
|1994/95||24||7
|-
|1995/96||Promozione||||
|-
|1996/97||Eccellenza||24||12
|-
|1997/98||Messina Peloro||Nazionale Dilettanti||29||3
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Igea Virtus Barcellona||rowspan="2"|Nazionale Dilettanti||22||11
|-
|1999/00||28||17
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Taranto||Serie C2||31||14
|-
|2001/02||Serie C1||33||27
|-
|2002/03||Florentia Viola||Serie C2||32||30
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Fiorentina||Serie B||44||23
|-
|2004/05||Serie A||18||4
|-
|2005/06||Empoli||Serie A||33||5
|-
|2006/07||Messina Peloro||Serie A||27||19
|-
|2007/08||Levante||La Liga||12||3
|-
|2007/08||Siena||Serie A||17||1
|-
|2008/09||Ternana||LP Prima Divisione||5||0
|-
|2008/09||Cremonese||LP Prima Divisione||7||1
399||189
12||3
411||192
1974 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Witham

Witham is a town near the A12 road in Essex, England. In 2001 there were 22,470 people living in Witham.
References
Towns in Essex
Princess Vajira

The princess Vajira, also known as Vajirakumari, was empress of Kingdom Magadha, having been the main spouse of the emperor Ajatashatru that reigned in the period 493 BC-461 BC. Mother of the successor of his husband, the emperor Udayibhadra.
Vajira was appointed princess of the Kingdom of Kosala, ancient indian kingdom. Came from a family that descended of Mathavia Videgha and was daughter of the kings Pasenadi and Mallika.
Life
Birth
Vajira Or Vajirakumari was daughter of the main queen of Pasenadi, Mallika. According to the tradition of Pali, his mother was a beautiful daughter of the main manufacturer of garlands of Kosala. When Vajira was born, his father was apparently disappointed when hearing that the baby was a girl, but Buddha ensured him that the women sometimes are wiser than the men.
Marriage
After a war between Ajatashatru and Prasenadi, in a peace treaty Prasenajit married his daughter Vajira to him. Vajira marrieged aged seventeen years old, with Ajatashatru.
References
Indian monarchs
5th-century BC births
Platform

Platform may mean:
A political platform is what a political party promises to do.
A physical platform is a surface, like a board (wood), that is able to hold things.
Platform game, a type of video game where characters jump between platforms
Boxing at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics

Boxing at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 23 to 27 August 2014 at the Nanjing International Expo Center in Nanjing, China. For the first time three female boxing events took place at the Youth Olympics.
Medal table
References
Other websites
2014
Constituencies of Nauru

Nauru has eight constituencies. They each have one or more districts within them. Each one sends a different number of members to the Parliament of Nauru, but most have only two members.
List
References
Varallo Sesia

Varallo Sesia, commonly known as Varallo, is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Piedmont region in Italy. It is in Valsesia.
On 1 January 2018, Sabbia became a part of the comune.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Muntaka Connmassie

Muntaka Connmassie, CON (10 February 1946 - 12 October 2017) was a Nigerian judge. He was born in Kaduna State, Nigeria. He served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria from 2008 through 2016. Before to joining the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 2008, he was a Judge at the Court of Appeal, serving in Port Harcourt, Jos, Abuja, Ilorin, and Benin divisions.
Connmassie died on 12 October 2017 in Abuja, Nigeria at the age of 71.
References
1946 births
2017 deaths
Judges
Nigerian lawyers
People from Kaduna State
Gloria Casarez

Gloria Casarez (December 13, 1971 - October 19, 2014) was an American lesbian leader and activist. Casarez was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In 2008, she was appointed to a public sector position as Director of LGBT Affairs for the City of Philadelphia.
Casarez died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from cancer, aged 43.
References
1971 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
American activists
American civil servants
Politicians from Philadelphia
Ralf Little

Ralf Alastair John Little (born 8 February 1980) is an English actor, writer, and semi-professional footballer. Little is known for acting in comedy shows. He has played Antony Doyle in The Royle Family and Jenny Keogh in the BBC Two first six series of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, as well as known for playing Joseph in an episode of the second season for the BBC series 'Robin Hood'.
1980 births
British movie actors
British television actors
English atheists
English footballers
Living people
Yevgeny Dzhugashvili

Yevgeny Yakovlevich Dzhugashvili (; 10 January 1936 - 22 December 2016) was a Soviet Air Force colonel. He was the grandson Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and gained notice as a defender of his grandfather's reputation. In the 1999 elections of the Russian State Duma, he was one of the candidates of the Stalin Bloc - For the USSR, a league of communist parties. He lived in Georgia, his grandfather's homeland. He also became known for suing a Russian newspaper. He also critizized Vladimir Putin for publishing photographs which show him riding a horse with a naked torso.
References
Russian politicians
1936 births
2016 deaths
SV Grödig

SV Grodig is an Austrian football club from Grodig near Salzburg, Austria . The team plays in the Regionalliga Salzburg, the third highest league in Austrian football.
History
The club was founded in 1948 and played till the 1990s in different classes of the SFV (Salzburger football association). In the 1990s they won 4 championships. 2003 they promoted to the Regionalliga West(3rd division). 2006 Eduard Glieder, a former team player became coach of SV Grodig, they reached the 6th place. The next year Heimo Pfeifenberger, another former team player became coach. 2008 they were promoted to the 1.Division, the second level in Austrian football. The first year was not successful and they were relegated to the Regionalliga. 2009/10 they won the league and were again promoted to the First Division. The season 2010/11 was successful, they reached th 6th place. After this success the president announced, that the aim for the next season is reaching a top position. Therefore, the team was chanced and 6 players left the club. 2012/13 they won the league under coach Adi Hutter and were promoted to the Bundesliga. In the 2015/16 league they were relegated to the Second League, but went straight to the third league because of financial reasons.
Current squad
Coaches
Miroslav Bojceski (20 Aug 2005 - 30 June 2006)
Eduard Glieder (1 July 2006 - 30 June 2007)
Heimo Pfeifenberger (1 July 2007 - 12 Dec 2008)
Miroslav Bojceski (14 Dec 2008 - 30 June 2009)
Michael Brandner (1 July 2009 - 26 March 2010)
Johann Davare (interim) (26 March 2010 - 3 April 2010)
Heimo Pfeifenberger (4 April 2010 - 30 May 2012)
Adi Hutter (1 June 2012 - 31 May 2014)
Michael Baur (1 June 2014-15)
Peter Schottel (17 June 2015 - 16 May 2016)
Andreas Fotschl (1 July 2016 - 31 Dec 2017)
Mario Messner (1 January 2018 - 4 November 2018)
Miroslav Bojceski (3. December 2018 - 30 June 2020)
Heimo Pfeifenberger (1 July 2020 - 31 December 2021)
Thomas Schnoll (1 January 2021 - present)
Honours
Champion Regionalliga West(3)
Champion in different leagues of the Salzburg football association (31)
References
Football clubs of Salzburg
Austrian football clubs
2017 Indian presidential election

The 2017 Indian presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017, and counting was done on 20 July 2017, five days before the incumbent President's term expires. The incumbent is eligible for re-election, as no term limits exist in India.
Initially receiving speculation for a re-election bid, Pranab Mukherjee decided not to run again in 2017 due to health concerns and problems relating to his age.
Kovind secured roughly two-thirds of the votes from the electoral college of elected members of federal, state and union territory legislatures and was elected to a five-year term as President. Kovind's term of office will begin on 25 July 2017.
Candidates
Ram Nath Kovind, the Governor of Bihar, was announced as the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led NDA's candidate for the post of President of India by BJP president Amit Shah on 19 June 2017. Kovind is a leader and a politician from the BJP. Kovind filed his nomination for the election on 23 June 2017.
Meira Kumar, the former Speaker of Lok Sabha, was announced as the Indian National Congress (INC)-lead opposition's candidate for the post of President of India, after a meeting held on the 22 June 2017.
General polling
Results
The president is elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament, the elected members of the Legislative assemblies of the 29 states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry.
Results will be declared on 20 July 2017.
According to polling after voting was closed on 17 July 2017, Ram Nath Kovind was expected to win the presidency with a voting outcome of 99%. Kovind was declared as the winner after the counting of votes held on 20 July 2017. He will be administered oath by the Chief Justice of India Jagdish Singh Khehar, as The 14th President of India on 25th July, 2017 at The Central Hall located in The Parliament House, New Delhi.
References
Other websites
Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA's Presidential nominee: Amit Shah
2017 in India
2017 elections
July 2017 events
2010s elections in Asia
Presidential elections in India
Altena, Netherlands

Altena is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2019, 55,489 people lived there.
It was created on 1 January 2019 from the former municipalities of Aalburg, Werkendam, and Woudrichem.
2019 establishments in the Netherlands
Ruth Duccini

Ruth Duccini (July 23, 1918 - January 16, 2014) was an American actress and writer. She was one of the last two surviving Munchkins from the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz. The other is Jerry Maren. Duccini was the last surviving female from the movie and also the oldest.
Her role in the movie as a Munchkin villager was not credited. Her most recent appearance was when she (along with the other surviving Munchkins from The Wizard of Oz) was presented with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
While Duccini could not remember what she earned filming Oz in 2013. She said that the Munchkin village actors were paid $125 a week during filming.
Duccini made the news again when Baroness Margaret Thatcher died and critics of the former Prime Minister tried to propel "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" on the radio charts to celebrate her passing. Duccini and Maren both called the campaign "terrible" and were saddened by the movement while insisting the song was never to be used in such a way.
Duccini died on January 16, 2014 from natural causes in Las Vegas, Nevada, aged 95.
References
Other websites
The Wizard of Oz' Special Screening Honoring the Munchkins Photo Gallery
1918 births
2014 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Minnesota
Writers from Minnesota
People with dwarfism
Ralph Fiennes

Ralph Fiennes (born 22 December 1962) is an English actor. He has won several awards including the Tony Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for his work in Steven Spielberg's movie Schindler's List, and the Genie Award.
Fiennes is also well-known for portraying Lord Voldemort in four of the eight Harry Potter movies.
Family
His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. His brothers and sisters are Joseph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and Jacob Fiennes. He was born in Ipswich, Suffolk.
References
Other websites
1962 births
Living people
Actors from Suffolk
Actors who played M
BAFTA Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Ipswich
Tony Award winning actors
Lotus Racing

Lotus Racing was a Formula 1 racing team. The team was created by the Malaysian government and Proton. It started racing in 2010 and ended by the end of 2011.
Lotus Racing is not the same as Team Lotus. Lotus is owned by Proton, a company that builds cars. The Malaysian government owns a large part of Proton. Lotus Racing was started by the Malaysian government to promote the Proton company and its Lotus cars. The right to use the name Team Lotus is owned by David Hunt. David Hunt is the brother of James Hunt. James Hunt is the 1976 F1 world champion. The only connection between the two teams is the name Lotus.
The new Lotus race car is painted green and yellow. These colors are the same colors used by the oridgnal Team Lotus.
At the end of 2011, Team Lotus' name was changed to Caterham F1 Team. Caterham F1 Team went bankrupt by the end of 2014.
Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Season in progress.
References
Formula One constructors
Formula One current
Don't Let Me Down (The Beatles song)

"Don't Let Me Down" is a 1969 song by The Beatles and is the A-side to Get Back. It was recorded during the Let It Be sessions. It went to number 35 in the United States.
References
The Beatles songs
Annie Lennox songs
Garbage (band) songs
1969 songs
Soul songs
Paul Baran

Paul Baran (1926-2011) was an American engineer. He was one of the first people to work in developing computer networks. He invented packet switching networks. Later, he started several companies that made important parts of the Internet and other modern digital communication.
Paul Baran was born in Grodno, Poland (which is now in Belarus) on April 29, 1926. His family moved to the United States in 1928. He graduated from Drexel University in 1949 with a degree in electrical engineering. He did technical work on the first commercial computers in the United States. He got a Masters degree in engineering from UCLA. His thesis was on character recognition.
In 1959, Baran joined RAND Corporation. He designed a "survivable" communications system that could keep working across long distances even if hit by nuclear weapons. Baran proved that by dividing communication into short packages, the packages could be easily rerouted when a part of the network was lost. Special computers (called "routers") would steer the packages around the network toward their final destinations. This later became the basic design of the internet.
In 1968, Baran was a founder of the Institute for the Future, and then involved in other networking technologies developed in Silicon Valley. He founded a number of high technology companies.
Baran died in Palo Alto, California at the age of 84 on March 26, 2011, from lung cancer.
Awards and honors
IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1990)
Marconi Prize (1991)
Nippon Electronics Corporation C&C Prize (1996)
Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (2001)
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003)
National Inventors Hall of Fame (2007)
National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2007)
UCLA Engineering Alumnus of the Year (2009)
References
Other websites
A paper in which Baran talks about working at RAND, how he became interested in survivable communications, the evolution of his plan for distributed networks, the objections he received, and the writing and distribution of his eleven-volume work, On Distributed Communications. Baran discusses his work with the group at ARPA who later developed ARPANET.
This describes Paul Baran's development of packet switching and its application to wireless computing.
A copy of Baran's keynote address at the Countdown to Technology 2000 Winter Conference that includes a photo.
1926 births
2011 deaths
American computer scientists
Engineers from California
Maxine Conder

Rear Admiral Maxine Conder (April 20, 1926 - October 18, 2021) was a United States Navy rear admiral. She was Director of the United States Navy Nurse Corps from 1975 to 1979.
Conder died in Layton, Utah on October 18, 2021, at the age of 95.
References
1926 births
2021 deaths
American physicians
Military people from Utah
People from Utah
Bihar train derailment

On June 6, 1981, a train crashed in Bihar, India. It was carrying more than 800 passengers, traveling between Mansi railway station and Saharsa railway station. It derailed and fell into the River Bagmati while it was crossing the bridge over the river.
Casualties
Five days after the accident only 200 out of 800 passengers had been recovered as dead bodies with hundreds more people missing. The missing passengers were thought to have been washed away by the River Bagmati. Total deaths were listed as 500-800. This derailment stands in 4th place in the worst railway accidents by death toll in the world.
Reasons
Many reasons were given for this railway derailment accident. They were:
Brake failure while trying to avoid hitting a water buffalo
Cyclone
Flash floods
Reference
1981 in Asia
1980s in India
Train derailment
Disasters in the 1980s
June 1981 events
Railway accidents in India
Sobig

The Sobig worm (also known as Sobig.F worm or W32.Sobig.F@mm) is a computer worm. It was first found on August 18, 2003. At the worst part of the infection, the Sobig worm made up one in every seventeen emails sent.
How it worked
The Sobig worm is a large emailing worm that sent itself to any email addresses with file extensions like .dbx, .eml, .hlp, .htm, .html, .mht, .wab, and .txt. The worm often used an email that includes "Re:" to seem as if people were being replied to from someone. The user would then open the email and click on the attachment, running the worm and downloading it on to their computer.
History
The worm was first found on August 18, 2003. After the infection had started, the worm tried to connect to the Internet to get to updates from 20 different internet servers on August 20. However, security officials were able to cut off and shut down the servers. The worm had a shut off date set for September 10, 2003.
Damage
At the height of the infection, the Sobig worm made up one in seventeen emails sent over the internet. The Sobig worm created over 1 million copies of itself for the rest of 2003.
References
Computer networking
Computer security
Computer science
Malware
Kansei calendar

was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki).. It was published in 1797.
History
The Kansei-reki system was the work of Takahashi Yoshitoki and Hazama Shigetomi.
Takahashi and Hazama used Western astronomy studies to modify the traditional calendar.
Related pages
Japanese calendar
Sexagenary cycle
Kansei
Jokyo calendar
Horyaku calendar
Tenpo calendar
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
Calendars
Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho

Otelo Nuno Romao Saraiva de Carvalho (August 31, 1936 - July 25, 2021) was a Portuguese military officer. He was the chief strategist of the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon. He unsuccessfully ran for President of Portugal in 1976 and in 1980.
On July 10, 2021, Otelo was hospitalized at Hospital das Forcas Armadas in Lisbon. He died fifteen days later on July 25 from heart failure, aged 84.
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Portuguese politicians
Portuguese military people
Black Eye galaxy

The Black Eye Galaxy (or Sleeping Beauty Galaxy; Messier 64, M64, Evil Eye Galaxy or NGC 4826) was discovered in 1779. It is a fairly close galaxy, just over 24 million light years away.
It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of its bright nucleus. This is why it is called the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy. M64 is well known among amateur astronomers because it can be seen in small telescopes. It is a spiral galaxy in the Coma Berenices constellation.
Galactic collision
The gas in the outer areas of M64 rotates in the opposite direction to the gas and stars in the inner areas. The inner area has a radius of only about 3,000 light-years, while the outer area extends another 40,000 light-years Many new stars are near the edges between the two areas.
Astronomers think the oppositely rotating gas happened when M64 took in a galaxy that collided with it. This happened over a billion years ago. New stars are forming in the shear region. The shear region is where the oppositely rotating gases collide, are pushed together, and get smaller.
The image shows hot, blue young stars that have just been made. There are pink clouds of glowing hydrogen gas that fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light from newly made stars. The small galaxy that collided with M64 has now been almost completely destroyed. Its stars are either in the main galaxy or scattered into intergalactic space. The motion of gas at the outer edge of M64 is a sign of the ancient collision.
Reference
Spiral galaxies
Colorado River

The Colorado River is a river in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is approximately 1,450 miles (2,330 km) long. It drains a part of the dry regions on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains.
The natural course of the river flows into the Gulf of California. The heavy use of the river as an irrigation source for the Imperial Valley has desiccated the lower course of the river in Mexico. Now it no longer always reaches the sea.
On its way the Colorado River runs through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California and Mexico. The Colorado River drains 242,900 sq mi (629,100 km2). Total flows of the river range from 4000 cubic feet per second (570 m3/s) in droughts to 1,000,000 ft3/s (28,000 m3/s) in severe floods. With the construction of massive power dams on the lower course of the river, floods of over 70,000 ft3/s (2000 m3/s) are rare. The mean flow of the total river before diversion is 22,000 ft3/s.
Historically, the flow was much higher before water usage began in the basin.
References
Rivers of Mexico
Rivers of Arizona
Rivers of Colorado
Rivers of Utah
Geography of Nevada
Rivers of California
Imperial County, California
Riverside County, California
San Bernardino County, California
North Chicago, Illinois

North Chicago is a city in Illinois in the United States. It is in Lake County.
North Chicago has the Great Lakes Naval Training Center and the headquarters of Abbott Laboratories.
References
Cities in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago
Ketone

A ketone is an organic compound that has a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom (this is called carbonyl functional group). This carbon atom must also have single bonds to two other carbon atoms.
A ketone can be produced by oxidating a secondary alcohol.
A ketone will show a strong peak between 1690 and 1715cm-1 using infrared spectroscopy.
References
Functional groups
St. Augustine Beach, Florida

St. Augustine Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography
St. Augustine Beach has a total area of 2.2 square miles.
Cities in Florida
Gnosticism

Gnosticism is a group of religious ideas from around the 1st century. "" is the ancient Greek word for "knowledge", but now more closely means "esoteric knowledge". Gnostic ideas were a main part of early Christianity before being persecuted by other Christians. Gnostic ideas are also found in sects of Judaism and Islam, as well as in alchemy and other kinds of esotericism.
The word "Gnostic" was mostly used by people who were against these ideas. For this reason, some researchers have said that Gnosticism is a of many separate religious movements. There are many problems for people who research Gnosticism:
Many Gnostic teachings were esoteric, meaning they were kept secret or hidden
A lot of what is known about Gnostic beliefs came from attacks written by non-Gnostic Christians
Almost all Gnostic writings were destroyed by non-Gnostic Christians who wanted to wipe them out
Beliefs
Gnosticism says that humans are divine souls trapped in the ordinary physical (or material) world. They say that the world was made by an imperfect spirit.
The imperfect spirit is thought to be the same as the God of Abraham. The imperfect spirit may be seen as evil, or sometimes just not perfect but doing the best it can.
The real God who is good, is distant and not easy to know. In order to get free from the material world, a person has to get gnosis. That is the special secret knowledge given only to a few special people.
Some Gnostic groups saw Jesus as sent by the supreme being, to bring gnosis to the Earth.
References
Other websites
Ancient Gnosticism
Religious Tolerance - A survey of Gnosticism
Sacred Wisdom - Gnosticism and Christian Esotericism
Early Christian Writings - primary texts
The Gnostic Society Library
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism
Introduction to Gnosticism
Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism
Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John
Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics
Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism
Contemporary Gnosticism
The Alexandrian Gnostic Church
Apostolic Johannite Church
Ecclesia Gnostica (Gnosis Archive)