pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paul Koslo

Paul Koslo (June 27, 1944 - January 9, 2019) was a German-Canadian actor. He was born in Germany, but raised in Canada. Koslo was known for his roles as Luke in Rooster Cogburn, Dutch in the The Omega Man, as Charlie in Vanishing Point and as Langley in The Stone Killer.
Koslo died on January 9, 2019 from pancreatic cancer at the age of 74.
References
Other websites
1944 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
German movie actors
German television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Cleveland Torso Murderer

The Cleveland Torso Murderer (also known as the Mad Butcher of Kingsbury Run) was an unidentified serial killer. It was active in Cleveland, Ohio, USA in the 1930s. The killings were defined by the cut-off pieces of twelve known victims and the disposal of their remains in the poor neighborhood of Kingsbury Run.
The official number of murders caused by the Cleveland Torso Murderer is thirteen, although recent research has shown there could have been as many as twenty. The twelve known victims were killed between 1935 and 1938.
Most victims had their heads cut off, and sometimes other limbs were cut off as well. In some cases, the men were castrated too.
Most of the victims were homeless or sex workers.
References
1935 in the United States
20th century in Cleveland
American serial killers
Unidentified serial killers
Zeihen

Zeihen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Aargau
Audre Lorde

Audre Lorde (February 18, 1934 - November 17, 1992) was an American writer, feminist, womanist, and civil rights activist. She was born in New York City.
Lorde was born almost blind and was tongue tied. At the age of four, Lorde learned how to read and talk. Lorde went to Catholic grammar schools. She went to Hunter College and Columbia University. She would say that "lesbian" and "black" didn't really define her. She didn't like being put in those categories. She was a lesbian. She was famous for her strong poems about racism and love.
Lorde died on November 17, 1992 in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands from liver cancer, aged 58.
References
Other websites
Profile and poems at the Poetry Foundation
Profile and poems written and audio at Academy of American Poets
"Voices From the Gaps: Audre Lorde". Profile. University of Minnesota
Profile at Modern American Poetry
1934 births
1992 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
American feminists
American novelists
American poets
LGBT people from New York City
Lesbian feminists
LGBT African Americans
LGBT writers
American human rights activists
American civil rights activists
Writers from New York City
Joanna Lee

Joanna Lee (April 7, 1931 - October 24, 2003) was an American actress, writer and movie director. She played in Ed Wood's Plan 9 from Outer Space.
American movie actors
Movie directors from New Jersey
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
Deaths from bone cancer
1931 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Newark, New Jersey
Peter Hansen

Peter Franklin Hansen (December 5, 1921 - April 9, 2017) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as lawyer Lee Baldwin on the soap opera General Hospital playing the role from 1965 to 1976, 1977 to 1986, briefly in 1990, and again from 1992 to 2004.
Hansen won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1979.
In 1997, he began playing the character on the sister show Port Charles until his retirement in 2004.
Hansen died on April 9, 2017 at his home in Santa Clarita, California from natural causes at the age of 95.
References
Other websites
Emmy Award winning actors
1921 births
2017 deaths
Disease-related deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Oakland, California
Timanfaya National Park

Timanfaya National Park () is a Spanish national park in the southwestern part of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. It covers parts of the municipalities Tinajo and Yaiza. The area is . The parkland is entirely made up of volcanic soil.
Timanfaya National Park is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Volcanic activity
The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736.
References
Other websites
Parque Nacional de Timanfaya
1974 establishments
1970s establishments in Spain
Cacau

Claudemir Jeronimo Barreto (born 27 March 1981), known as Cacau (, ), is a German former football player of Brazilian descent. He plays for VfB Stuttgart and Germany national team.
Club career statistics
International career statistics
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|2009||4||0
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|2010||4||3
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!Total||8||3
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References
1981 births
Living people
German footballers
Brazilian footballers
Cornufer mimicus

The Numundo wrinkled ground frog (Cornufer mimicus) is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea on New Britain island.
References
Frogs of Oceania
Le Gast

Le Gast is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.
Population
References
Former communes in Calvados
Clay

Clay is a fine-grained silicate mineral made when rocks break down. Wet clay is soft and can be shaped to make pottery, bricks and other things. When it is shaped and then fired in a kiln to make it hard, it becomes pottery.
Clay often contains some water because the water molecules stick to the tiny grains. There may also be some organic materials in the clay.
There are 35 recognized clay mineral species on Earth, they make muds stick together ('cohesive'), or able to flow ('plastic'). The thixotropy of clay sometimes causes landslides.
Quartz, feldspars, iron oxides, and carbonates can weather to sizes of a typical clay mineral. The formation of clay is well understood. It can come from soil, volcanic ash, and glaciation. Ancient mudrocks are another source, because they weather and disintegrate easily.
Clay is by far the smallest particles recognized in mudrocks. A clay particle is about 1/1000th the width of a sand grain. This means a clay particle will travel 1000 times further at constant water velocity, thus requiring quieter conditions for settlement. Where the grains are more than a few millimeters wide, the material is called silt, not clay.
References
Sedimentary rocks
Howard Storm (author)

Howard Storm (born October 26, 1946) is an American Christian minister, writer, and painter. He is a former professor and chairman of the art department at Northern Kentucky University.
In 2000, he authored My Descent Into Death, which talks about his near-death experience. Storm's near-death experience has been talked about in literature on near-death studies.
Storm has retold his story on NBC's Today Show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, 48 Hours, Discovery Channel and Coast to Coast AM.
References
Other websites
Howard Storm's NDE story published on the NDE website
Howard Storm at Google Video
Excerpt from My Descent into Death on USA Today, February 21, 2005.
Howard Storm on Youtube
Howard Storm Official Website
1946 births
Living people
American Christians
American painters
Writers from Massachusetts
Elle Armit

Elle Armit (born 20 August 1991 in Townsville) is an Australian water polo player. She was part of the Australian team at the 2018 FINA Women's Water Polo World League and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
She graduated from St Margaret Mary's College.
References
Other websites
elle-armit swimswam
'Think. Act. Play' with Elle Armit - YouTube
1991 births
Living people
Australian water polo players
Territories of the United States

Territories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions supervised by the United States government. The U.S. currently has fourteen territories in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Two other territories (Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank) are claimed by the United States but ruled by Colombia -- if these two territories are counted, the total number of U.S. territories is sixteen.
References
United States-related lists
Camdenton, Missouri

Camdenton is a city in of Camden County, Missouri, United States. Its population was 3,718 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Camden County.
References
Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam

Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam were an American pop, freestyle and urban contemporary band. The group was one of the first to come from New York City in the 1980s. The members of the group were vocalist Lisa Lisa (real name was Lisa Velez), bassist/guitarist Alex "Spanador" Moseley and keyboardist/drummer Mike Hughes.
Their song "I Wonder if I Take You Home" was a freestyle chart topper on the United States' Billboard Hot Dance Club Play in June 1985 for one week. Onn the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs, the song hit #6. The single went gold in the United States under the RIAA.
The song was followed by another club hit, "Can You Feel the Beat", hit #6 on the United States' Billboard Dance chart in late 1985. The group's third single, "All Cried Out", also went gold. It hit #3 on the R&B charts. It hit #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during summer 1986. "All Cried Out" was covered by the by R&B girl group Allure in the late 1990s.
Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam's second studio album, Spanish Fly, was a strong success in 1987. It had two hit singles, "Head to Toe" and "Lost in Emotion". The earlier hit #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, Dance Club and Black singles charts. The latter hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and Black singles charts.
The group's last two albums, Straight to the Sky (1989) and Straight Outta Hell's Kitchen (August 1991), didn't do as good as their earlier albums. However, the 1991 song, "Let the Beat Hit 'Em", hit #1 on the R&B and Dance Club charts.
The group split up in 1991.
References
1980s establishments in New York (state)
1984 establishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
1991 disestablishments in the United States
American R&B bands
American pop music groups
Musical groups from New York City
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
Paul Berg

Paul Berg (June 30, 1926 - February 15, 2023) was an American biochemist (a person who studies chemistry in living things). He was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. The award recognized their contributions to basic research on nucleic acids.
Early life
Berg was born in New York City. He received his undergraduate education at Penn State University, where he majored in biochemistry. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952.
Career
After 1959 Berg worked at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. There he taught biochemistry from 1959 until 2000. He served as director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine from 1985 until 2000. He is now professor emeritus at Stanford University.
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Berg was given with the National Medal of Science in 1983 and the National Library of Medicine Medal in 1986.
Berg was famous for his pioneering work involving recombinant DNA, the process of inserting DNA from another species into a molecule, leading to the development of modern genetic engineering. After developing the technique, Berg used it for his studies of viral genomes.
Death
Berg died on February 15, 2023 at his home in Stanford, California at the age of 96.
References
1926 births
2023 deaths
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
American molecular biologists
Stanford University faculty
Liminka

Liminka () is a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of 31 January 2019, it had 10,149 people living there. The neighbouring municipalities are Kempele, Lumijoki, Muhos, Oulunsalo, Siikajoki, Siikalatva, Tyrnava and Vaala.
Liminka was founded in 1477.
Other websites
Municipality of Liminka - Official website
Establishments in Finland
1470s establishments in Europe
1477 establishments
Municipalities of North Ostrobothnia
Ghemme

Ghemme is a comune in the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in Italy. It is on the river Sesia about northeast of Turin and about northwest of Novara.
It is the birthplace of architect Alessandro Antonelli. The main sight is the castle (Castello-ricetto), which was built in the 11th to 15th centuries.
Ghemme is known for its wine of the same name.
References
Other websites
Official website
Settlements in Piedmont
Aruba national football team

Aruba national football team is the national football team of Aruba.
References
Caribbean national football teams
Aruba
Boana atlantica

Boana atlantica is a frog that lives in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Norm Breyfogle

Norman Keith Breyfogle (February 27, 1960 - September 24, 2018) was an American artist. He was best known for his comic book art on DC Comics' Batman franchise from 1987 to 1995. During this time, he co-created the villains Ventriloquist and Ratcatcher.
He co-created with writers Gerard Jones and Len Strazewski the Malibu Comics Ultraverse flagship hero Prime, and both wrote and drew the Malibu-published series featuring his original character Metaphysique.
Breyfogle died on September 24, 2018 in Houghton, Michigan from complications of a stroke, aged 58.
References
1960 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American comics artists
People from Iowa City, Iowa
Hammerscale (archaeology)

Hammerscale is what is left behind after you forge iron like it was done in ancient times. It is the metal version of sawdust. Hammerscale is very useful in archaeology.
Description
Physical Appearance
Hammerscale looks like either flakes or spheres. The flakes can be very different in size and shape. The spheres are hollow, and often the same size. Hammerscale is black, light gray, or blue.
Chemical Composition
Hammerscale was probably made from magnetite. However, later steps in the iron working process have given hammerscale that is more and more pure.
In archaeology
Hammerscale is used to tell what some iron was used for, how it was used, and who made it.
Iron
Offen, Bergen

Offen is a village administered by the Lower Saxon town of Bergen in the northern part of Celle on the Luneburg Heath in North Germany.
Geography
Offen is about south of Bergen on the B 3 federal road. Offen is also responsible for the neighbouring villages of Bollersen and Katensen.
Footnotes and references
Literature
Anneliese Degener: Offen, mein Heimatdorf, Skript 1951/52
Other websites
Information about Offen
Villages in Lower Saxony
Bergen, Lower Saxony
Celle (district)
Loan shark

A loan shark is a person that sells loans with very high interest rates. People go to loan sharks for many reasons. It is often because no one else will lend them money. Loan sharks tend to ask for something beforehand, like someone's passport. Loan sharks are often illegal.
Loan sharks are called 'loan sharks' because they are like sharks; aggressive, angry, and greedy. They can do many illegal things to just get repayment, like kidnapping or even killing.
Economics
Organized crime
Maiko

A Maiko is a beginner Geisha. They are usually around 15 to 20 years old. The training to become a Maiko is usually around 10 months long.
Related pages
Geisha
References
Entertainment in Japan
Japanese people by occupation
Bone Wars

The Bone Wars was a period of fossil finding and discovery in the U.S.A during the late 19th century. Most of the action took place in Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming.
There was a heated rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope (of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia) and Othniel Charles Marsh (of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale). They used bribery, theft, and destruction of bones. Each scientist attacked the other in scientific publications, seeking to ruin his credibility and have his funding cut off.
Their search for fossils led them west to rich "bone beds" in the western United States. From 1877 to 1892, both paleontologists used their wealth and influence. They paid for their own expeditions, and the services and dinosaur bones from fossil hunters. By the end of the Bone Wars, both men had exhausted their funds in this way.
Cope and Marsh were financially and socially ruined by their attempts to disgrace each other. Their contributions to paleontology were massive and provided plenty of material for later work: both scientists left behind many unopened boxes of fossils after their deaths. 142 new species of dinosaurs were discovered and described by them, though today only 32 of their names are valid.
The products of the Bone Wars increased our knowledge of prehistoric life, and sparked the public's interest in dinosaurs. This led to more fossil excavation in North America in the decades that followed. Several historical books and fictional adaptations have been published about this period of intense fossil-hunting activity.
Between them, they discovered some of the most famous fossil sites in North America, such as the Morrison Formation at Como Bluff, Wyoming. The Morrison Formation extends into 13 states, and is still being searched wherever it outcrops onto the surface.
References
American paleontologists
Dinosaurs of North America
Toco toucan

The toco toucan (Ramphastos toco), also known as the toucan or common toucan, is the largest and probably the best known species in the toucan family. It is found in semi-open habitats throughout a large part of central and eastern South America. It is a common attraction in zoos.
Birds of South America
Piciformes
Parliament of Catalonia

The Parliament of Catalonia (, ; ; ) is the unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Catalonia. It is made-up of 135 deputies (diputats/deputats/diputados), who are elected every four years. The Parliament building is located in Ciutadella Park, Barcelona.
The most recent parliamentary elections were held on 21 December 2017. October 1st independence referendum results, the Parliament of Catalonia declared independence from Spain on 27 October 2017 with a vote of 70-10. In response, Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dissolved the Parliament and called for a snap regional election.
References
Catalonia
Government of Spain
Unicameral legislatures
Bourbon Restoration in France

The Bourbon Restoration was the return of the House of Bourbon to France after the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte. It began in 1814 after Napoleon was defeated and exiled to Elba island off the coast of Italy. Louis XVIII of France, the younger brother of Louis XVI of France, was named king in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna.
After being removed by Napoleon during the Hundred Days, Louis XVIII was returned to power in 1815 and died in 1824. Louis XVIII was succeeded by his younger brother Charles X of France who ruled until he was removed in 1830 by the July Revolution.
House of Bourbon
1810s in France
1814 establishments
1830 disestablishments
1810s establishments in France
Disestablishments in France
19th-century disestablishments in Europe
Tom Kaulitz

Tom Kaulitz (born September 1, 1989) Tom Kaulitz is Tokio Hotel's guitarist and songwriter.
He is ten minutes older than his identical twin brother Bill Kaulitz. He is from Magdeburg in Germany. He moved from there to his studio flat in Hamburg with his brother, Bill. They have relocated to Berlin. He has a unique style from his brother, but yet they are still alike. He owns a ton of hats (more than 50+) and is custom made. His favorite guitar is Gibson. He is married to model Heidi Klum.Him and his brother Bill Kaulitz attended Kurfurst-Joachim-Friedrich-Gymnasium Wolmirstedt highschool.
Tokio Hotel quickly rose to fame in 2005, with their debut album, Schrei. The album scored three number one singles and Tokio Hotel soon became one of the most successful German acts of their generation. Tom Kaulitz was 15 at the time. After finding an international audience for their music, the teen quartet eventually went platinum in multiple foreign countries. Apart from guitar Kaulitz also plays the piano and percussion instruments. He sings backup vocals for Tokio Hotel when it is required.
Guitarists
German musicians
1989 births
Living people
Alveolar lateral ejective fricative

The alveolar lateral ejective fricative is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Consonants
Heather Langenkamp

Heather Langenkamp (born July 17, 1962 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Nancy Thompson in the A Nightmare on Elm Street movies.
Other websites
1962 births
Living people
A Nightmare on Elm Street
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Vernon Chatman

Vernon Chatman (born October 31, 1972) is an Emmy Award winning American television producer, writer, voice actor, comedian and musician. He is best known as the voice of "Towelie" on the cartoon series South Park.
American screenwriters
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
American musicians
Emmy Award winners
Actors from New York City
American television actors
Writers from New York City
1972 births
Living people
Metre

A metre (US spelling, meter) is the basic unit of length in the SI measurement system. The symbol for the metre is m. The first meaning (in the French Revolution) was one ten-millionth of the distance between the Earth's equator and the North Pole along the Paris meridian. The metre is now defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.
In the imperial system of measurement, one yard is 0.9144 metres (after international agreement in 1959), so a metre is very near to 39.37 inches: about 3.281 feet, or 1.0936 yards.
Units multiples
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Ym (yotametre) = 1 m
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Zm (zetametre) = 1 m
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 Em (exametre) = 1 m
0.000 000 000 000 001 Pm (petametre) = 1 m
0.000 000 000 001 Tm (terametre) = 1 m
0.000 000 001 Gm (gigametre) = 1 m
0.000 001 Mm (megametre) = 1 m
0.001 km (kilometre) = 1 m
0.01 hm (hectometre) = 1 m
0.1 dam(decametre) = 1 m
1 m (metre)
10 dm (decimetres) = 1 m
100 cm (centimetres) = 1 m
1000 mm (millimetres) = 1 m
1 000 000 mm (micrometres) = 1 m
1 000 000 000 nm (nanometres) = 1 m
1 000 000 000 000 pm (picometres) = 1 m
1 000 000 000 000 000 fm (fermi or femtometres) = 1 m
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 am (attometres) = 1 m
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 zm (zeptometres) = 1 m
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ym (yoctometres) = 1 m
Related pages
Metre Convention
References
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLjFezysfbVZFZ_jeLB0iHg
SI units
Units of length
Danny Welbeck

Daniel (Danny) Nii Tackie Mensah Welbeck (born 26 November 1990) is an English international footballer who plays for Manchester United. He is of Ghanaian descent. Welbeck debuted for Manchester United in a league match against Sunderland.
Role:Attaquant
1990 births
Living people
English footballers
Arsenal F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Premier League players
Manilkara

Manilkara, previously known as Sapota, are plants in the family of :Sapotaceae. They are commonly known as Manilkara trees. An important species is Manilkara Chicle, a tree used to make chewing gum. Manilkara zapota is known as the common Sapodilla. Leaves form distinct rosettes at the ends of branches and short lateral shoots, obovate, leathery, glossy green above, paler below. Flowers are greenish-yellow, in small clusters under the new leaves.
References
Sapotaceae
Hurricane Easy (1950)

Hurricane Easy was a powerful Atlantic hurricane in September 1950. It struck Cuba, Florida and then turned inland, eventually dying over Arkansas. The peak winds of Hurricane Easy were 125 mph, at which time this storm was at Category 3 level. The cyclone struck near Cedar Key, Florida on September 5 and well north of Tampa again the following day. No direct deaths came from the storm, although two indirect deaths did take place.
1950 in the United States
1950s in Cuba
20th century in Florida
Disasters in the 1950s
Hurricanes in the United States
1950s in weather
Hurricane Anna (1961)

Hurricane Anna hit Central America and the Windward Islands in July 1961. Anna was the first tropical cyclone and first hurricane of the 1961 hurricane season. Anna developed on July 20 from an easterly wave in the Intertropical Convergence Zone over the Windward Islands.
Anna
DXAQ-TV

DXAQ-TV, channel 43, is a religious television station owned by Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI). Its studios are located at the Kingdom of Jesus Christ compound, Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway, Sasa, Davao City and transmitter are located at Shrine Hills, Matina, Davao City. DXAQ-TV now broadcasts on 24 hours daily, 365 days a year non stop operation.
Other websites
SMNI.com
Filipino television stations
2003 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in the Philippines
Dennis Kamakahi

The Rev. Dennis David Kahekilimamaoikalanikeha Kamakahi (March 31, 1953 - April 28, 2014) was an American slack key guitarist, recording artist, music composer, and Christian minister. He has won multiple Grammy Awards. In 2009 was inducted into the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame. Kamakahi was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Kamakahi died in Honolulu, Hawaii from lung cancer, aged 61.
References
Other websites
Grammy Award winners
1953 births
2014 deaths
American guitarists
American composers
Musicians from Hawaii
People from Honolulu
Ramón Castro Ruz

Ramon Eusebio Castro Ruz (October 14, 1924 - February 23, 2016) was a Cuban politician. He was the older brother of Fidel and Raul Castro. He was a key figure of the Cuban Revolution. Castro was born in Biran, Oriente Province. After the revolution, Castro left his family farm as it became legal property of the state. He continued to dedicate himself to the study of agriculture.
Castro died on February 23, 2016 in Havana. He was aged 91.
References
Other websites
Braga, Michael. The other Castro brother in the Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 15, 2004
1924 births
2016 deaths
Cuban politicians
Fidel Castro
Ngāruawāhia

Ngaruawahia () is a town in the Waikato region of the North Island, New Zealand. It is located 20 kilometers north-west of Hamilton and has five schools in the town. It is the home of the Maori King and cricketing great Martin Donnelly.
References
Towns in New Zealand
Waikato District
Taylor Dayne

Taylor Dayne (born as Leslie Wunderman on March 7, 1962) is an American singer. She is best known for her song, "Tell it to my heart".
1962 births
Living people
Singers from New York (state)
Ajax the Great

Ajax the Great or Aias () son of Telamon, was a hero from the Trojan War. He was a cousin of Achilles. Ajax died by suicide. This happened after Achilles died and Ajax was in a contest with Odysseus to see who would receive Achilles's armour. Ajax lost the contest.
Related pages
Ajax the Lesser
References
People in Greek mythology
Antiphon (music)

In Christian liturgy, an antiphon is the name of a short section, between the cleric, and usually the crowd. These sections are either spoken (the priest asks something, and the crowd gives a predefined answer, also spoken), or they are sung. When they are sung, the often use simple melodies. Antiphons are very old: In the 4th century they were used in what is called Ambrosian chant today. In liturgy, antiphons are not used on their own: the priest or person of the clergy says or chants these, while performing a ritual. In many pieces of church music, the choir (who replaces the crowd) starts singing as a response to an antiphon.
In more modern forms of church music (such as Gospels, but also traditional African music), there's a tradition of call and response. A lead singer calls something, and the choir responds.
References
Musical forms
Christian worship and liturgy
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War

The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War was fought between England and the Dutch Republic. The English carried out a mass slaughter of Dutch.
1780s in Europe
History of the Netherlands
Wars involving England
Wars involving the Netherlands
Wars involving the United Kingdom
18th-century conflicts
Lucie Mühlsteinová

Lucie Muhlsteinova (born 15 October 1984) is a Czech volleyball player.
She played at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, 2011 Women's European Volleyball League, 2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2013 FIVB World Grand Prix, and 2015-16 CEV Women's Champions League.
She played for MKS Dabrowa Gornicza, KPS Chemik Police, and LKS Commercecon Lodz.
References
1984 births
Living people
Czech volleyball players
Gilbertville, Ontario

Gilbertville is a hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that is in between Delhi and the historical hamlet of Pine Grove. There is a small grocery store, a tractor shop, a car repair shop, and farmland to the south. In addition to all this, Gilbertville is also the site of a former army base and was founded by the Gilbert family in the 19th century as a place to rest horses when travelling to and from the towns of Simcoe and Delhi.
Settlements in Ontario
en:Norfolk County, Ontario
Coffee Crisp

Coffee Crisp is a chocolate bar made by Nestle. It is made of coffee flavored candy in between vanilla wafers and covered with milk chocolate.
It was first made by Rowntree's in Canada in 1932. The Canadian Rowntree's factory was bought by Nestle in 1988.
References
Other websites
Official website
Candy
Duke of Edinburgh

The Duke of Edinburgh, after the city of Edinburgh, is a substantive title. It has been created three times for members of the British royal family since 1726. The current holder is Prince Edward.
United Kingdom Dukes
A Message From Earth

A Message from Earth is a high-powered digital radio signal that was sent from Earth towards Gliese 581 c. Gliese 581 c is a large terrestrial extrasolar planet, and the signal was sent due to the possibility of the planet containing lifeforms. The signal was sent on 9 October 2008. It contains 501 messages that were selected through a competition on the social networking site Bebo.
The message was sent using the RT-70 radar telescope of Ukraine's National Space Agency. The signal will reach the planet Gliese 581 c in early 2029.
References
Extraterrestrial life
Signalling
Tropical Storm Doria

Tropical Storm Doria of August 1971 was the most expensive tropical cyclone of that year's Atlantic hurricane season. The storm developed on August 20, 1971 in the east-central Atlantic, near the Leeward Islands.
Doria moved just north of the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Later, the storm started heading up the East Coast of the United States. First, it struck North Carolina as a tropical storm. It struck near Morehead City having winds of 65 miles per hour.
In North Carolina, Doria dumped five inches of rain. There was localized flooding and minor wind damage.
In Virginia, the storm's rain bands caused an F1 tornado near Portsmouth, Norfolk and Chesapeake. Damage from the tornado was near $250,000. Twelve homes were damaged.
Doria later struck the Mid-Atlantic states, New York City and west-central New England.
Total damage from Doria was $147.6 million. Seven people were killed by the storm.
References
Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Hurricanes in New England
1971 in the United States
Hurricanes in Virginia
Hurricanes in New York (state)
1970s in weather
Dick Advocaat

Dick Advocaat (born 27 September 1947) is a Dutch football coach and former player. He coaches the Belgian football team. In his career as a football player he played at Den Haag, Roda, VVV Venlo, Chicago Sting, Sparta Rotterdam, Berchem Sport, Utrecht. Advocaat started coacing at a small club called DSVP. Later, he coached the Dutch football team and others.
References
1947 births
Living people
Dutch football managers
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from The Hague
Eredivisie managers
AZ Alkmaar managers
Borussia Monchengladbach managers
Netherlands at UEFA Euro 2004
Russia at UEFA Euro 2012
The Namibian

The Namibian is the largest daily newspaper in Namibia. It is published in English and a section in Oshiwambo on Fridays.
References
Newspapers in Africa
Organizations based in Namibia
Heimersdorf

Heimersdorf is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Opole

Opole is the biggest city in Opole Voivodeship in the southwest part of Poland. The German name of the city is Oppeln, and the Czech name is Opoli. The Oder River goes through the city. It has about 128,000 people living in it and is 149 km2 in area. The mayor of the city is Arkadiusz Wisniewski.
History
Opole is over 1000 years old. It was originally a Slavic town. In 990 it became a Polish city. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Oppeln for a long time. After the Second World War the city once again became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Opole ever since.
Famous people from Opole
Jerzy Buzek (born 1940), academic and politician, President of the European Parliament, former Prime Minister of Poland
Bernhard Kempa
Miroslav Klose
Twin towns
Belgorod (Russia)
Bruntal (Czech Republic)
Carrara (Italy)
Grasse (France)
Ingolstadt (Germany)
Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine
Kuopio (Finland)
Alytus (Lithuania)
Mulheim (Germany)
Potsdam (Germany)
Roanoke County (United States)
Szekesfehervar (Hungary)
Cities in Poland
Nicktoons (German TV channel)

Nicktoons is a German Free-to-Air television channel. It is owned By Paramount Networks EMEAA.
Television channels in Europe
Ogbia language

Ogbia is a language of Nigeria.
Languages of Nigeria
Niger-Congo languages
Jordi Alba

Jordi Alba Ramos (born 21 March 1989) is a Spanish football player. He plays as a left back for Barcelona and the Spain national team.
References
1989 births
Spanish footballers
Association football defenders
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Catalonia
Living people
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Spain at UEFA Euro 2012
Spain at UEFA Euro 2016
Spain at UEFA Euro 2020
Amr Diab

Amr Abdul-Basset Abdul-Azeez Diab ( , born 11 October 1961) is an Egyptian singer-songwriter.
Discography
Official Albums
1983: Ya Tareeq (y Tryq - O Road)
1985: Ghanny Men Albak (GnWy mn qlbk - Sing From Your Heart)
1986: Hala Hala (hl hl - Welcome, Welcome)
1987: Khalseen (khlSyn - We're Even)
1988: Mayyal (myWl - In Love)
1989: Shawaana (shwqn - Missing You)
1990: Matkhafeesh (mtkhfysh - Don't Worry)
1991: Habiby (Hbyby - My Love)
1992: Ayamna ('ymn - Our Days)
1992: Ice Cream Fi Gleam ('ys krym fy jlym - Ice Cream In Gleam)
1993: Ya Omrena (y `mrn - Our Life)
1994: W Ylomoony (w ylwmwny - And They Blame Me)
1994: Zekrayat (dhkryt - Memories)
1995: Ragaeen (rj`yn - We'll Be Back)
1996: Nour El-Ain (nwr l`yn - Light Of The Eye)
1998: Awedoony (`wWdwny - They Got Me Used To)
1999: Amarein (qmryn - Two Moons)
2000: Tamally Maak (tmly m`k - Always With You)
2001: Aktar Wahed ('ktr wHd - The Most One)
2003: Allem Alby (`lm qlby - Teach My Heart)
2004: Leily Nahary (lyly nhry - My Night, My Day)
2005: Kammel Kalamak (kmWl klmk - Keep Talking)
2007: El Leila De (llyl dy - This Night)
2009: Wayah (wyWh - With Her)
2010: Aslaha Btefre' (Slh btfrq - Because She Makes A Difference)
2011: Banadeek Ta'ala (bndyk t`l~ - I'm calling you come )
2013: El Leila (llyl@ - Tonight)
2014: Shoft El Ayaam (Seen The Days)
Unofficial Albums
1984* Forsan Asia ( Asia Knights - frsn asy )
1986 Menin Ageeb Nas (Where Can I Get People - mnyn 'jyb ns ) - ( Yanabee' El Nahr TV Series - mslsl ynby` lnhr )
1986* Ya Helwa ( Sweetie - y Hlw@ )
1987 Assef ( Sorry - asf ) - ( Assef la yogad hal akhar TV Series - mslsl asf l ywjd Hl akhr )
1999 The best of Amr diab ( 'Hl~ m Gn~ `mrw dyb )
2002 Rewind
2004 Amr Diab Greatest Hits (1986-1995)
2005 Amr Diab Greatest Hits (1996-2003)
2005 Mateftekrish ( Don't Even Think - mtftkrysh )
Notes
References
Other websites
Official Website
Official Online Store
Official Online Radio
1961 births
Living people
Egyptian singers
Coast Miwok

The Coast Miwok were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California.
Native Americans
Sonoma County, California
STAR voting

STAR voting is a way of electing candidates that elects one of the two candidates with the most points in a score voting election; between the two, the candidate who is scored higher than the other candidate by more voters is elected.
In 2018, voters in Lane County, Oregon chose not to use STAR voting in their future elections.
References
Voting systems
Ananda Marga

Ananda Marga (Path of Bliss) is a spiritual philosophy and set of practices to incorporate into one's life, as one sees fit. Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha (Society for the Propagation of the Path of Bliss) is a society and organization based on it. It was founded in Bihar, India in 1955 by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (1921-1990). His spiritual name is Shrii Shrii Anandamurti. The movement defines its mission as service to all and individual self-realization. Each human being can express their spiritual, mental and physical potentialities through development in those spheres, and a disciplined way of life helps in this regard. As a religion Ananda Marga is usually classified within the new religious movements as originating in the Hindu traditions. It's 16 points are practices one can adopt. Tantra and Yoga is a important part.
The 16 Points
Point 1 - After urination, wash the urinary organ with water
Point 2 - Males should keep the foreskin clean (Foreskin#Autocircumcision)
Point 3 - Do not cut the hair of the glandular joints of the body
Point 4 - Males should always use supporting underwear
Point 5 - Do Half Bath as prescribed
Point 6 - Bathe according to the prescribed system
Point 7 - Take only sentient/lucid food - which is that involving photosynthesis
Point 8 - Observe fast as prescribed
Point 9 - Do Meditation regularly
Point 10 - Observe uncompromising strictness and faith regarding the sanctity of the Ista (spiritual goal)
Point 11 - Observe uncompromising strictness and faith regarding the sanctity of the Ideology (social wellbeing)
Point 12 - Observe uncompromising strictness and faith regarding the sanctity of the Supreme Command
Point 13 - Observe uncompromising strictness and faith regarding the sanctity of the Conduct Rules
Point 14 - Always remember the contents of your oaths
Point 15 - Regular participation in the weekly collective meditation at the local centre of spiritual awakening
Point 16 - Observe Conduct Rules, Seminar, Duty, Kiirtana (C.S.D.K.)
References
Meditation
Indian culture
Somis, California

Somis is an unincorporated community in Ventura County, California. It was created in 1892 by Thomas Bard.
Somis is in the Las Posas Valley on the south bank of Fox Barranca, just west of Arroyo Las Posas. As of 2020, the total population was 1,429.
References
Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in Ventura County, California
Common Cause

Common Cause is a watchdog group based in Washington, D.C., with chapters in 35 states. It was founded in 1970 by John W. Gardner, a Republican, who was the former Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in the administration of President Lyndon Johnson. It is an advocacy group for minorities and the working poor in urban areas. The group was known for its efforts to bring about an end to the Vietnam War and lower the voting age from 21 to 18.
References
1970 establishments in the United States
Political organizations based in Washington, D.C.
I2P

I2P (means Invisible Internet Project, though it is not commonly referred to by this name anymore) is a mixed-license free and open source project building an anonymous network (or, more accurately, a pseudonymous overlay network).
The network is a simple layer that applications can use to anonymously and securely send messages to each other. Possible uses include anonymous surfing, chatting, blogging and file transfers.
References
Messaging
Judea (Roman province)

Judea was a small third-class province in the Roman Empire. It occupied the same area as modern Israel and Palestine. For centuries Judea had been under the rule of the Seleucid Empire. As that empire broke down, Rome gradually took control of the eastern parts of the Mediterranean. By 64 BC, after nearly two centuries of independent rule, those struggling for the Judean crown asked Emperor Pompey the Great to decide. Pompey stepped in and made Judea a client state. It briefly became a procuratorship between 41 and 44 AD under King Herod Agrippa. After his death it was returned to a province again. It was the scene of several wars called the Jewish-Roman wars. In 70 AD it was the scene of the Great Jewish Revolt resulting in the institution of the Fiscus Judaicus. After Bar Kokhba's revolt (132-135), the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina. The name Jerusalem was changed to Aelia Capitolina.
References
Provinces
British Rail Class D1/3

British Rail Class D1/3 (formerly DY1) was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Ruston & Hornsby.
D1/3
B locomotives
Ruston & Hornsby locomotives
Afroclanis

Afroclanis is a genus of moths. It is in the family of Sphingidae. The genus was created by Robert Herbert Carcasson in 1968.
Species
Afroclanis calcareus (Rothschild & Jordan 1907)
Afroclanis neavi (Hampson 1910)
References
Smerinthini
Waimakariri (New Zealand electorate)

Waimakariri is an electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was created in 1996.
Election results
References
New Zealand electorates
San Miguel River (Ecuador)

San Miguel River is a river in Ecuador and Peru. It forms an international border between the two countries.
References
Army Corps of Engineers (1998). ''Water Resources Assessment of Ecuador
St. John, Ronald Bruce (1994). The Boundary Between Ecuador and Peru (Boundary and Territory Briefing). International Boundaries Research Unit.
Rivers of Ecuador
Rivers of Peru
Serial comma

The serial comma or Oxford comma is a comma used directly after the second-to-last item in a list of three or more items. For example, a list of three people may be shown as "Alice, Bob, and Charlie" (with the comma) or "Alice, Bob and Charlie" (without the comma).
Some style guides prefer using the comma, while others advise against it. It may sometimes be useful to add the comma to avoid confusion. For example, a sentence such as "Please bring Marcus, a musician and a skater to the dinner event today" may confuse anyone reading that sentence. Without the Oxford comma, they might think that Marcus is a musician and a skater, so they would need to bring Marcus instead of three people to that dinner event today.
When following a style guide that opposes the comma, one can rearrange the terms to avoid confusion. For example, saying "a musician, a skater and Marcus" does not change the intended meaning, but it avoids the confusion.
Punctuation
Lloret de Mar

Lloret de Mar is a Mediterranean coastal town in Catalonia, Spain. It is south of Girona and northeast of Barcelona. In 2021, 38,402 people lived here. It is the second largest town in the Selva comarca in Catalonia.
References
Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Catalonia
Saint-Antoine-sur-l'Isle

Saint-Antoine-sur-l'Isle is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Edison, New Jersey

Edison, New Jersey is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. It is in the New York City metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, Edison had a total population of 99,967.
Townships in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
Murud-Janjira (princely state)

Murad-Janjira is a princely state off the western coast of India. In the year 1736, Siddis of Murud-Janjira set out to recapture Raigarh from the ravaging forces of Baji Rao, on 19 April 1736.
Indian princely states
Marland, Oklahoma

Marland is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Towns in Oklahoma
Minorities Research Group

The Minorities Research Group (MRG) (est. 1963) was the first organisation to openly advocate the interests of lesbians in the United Kingdom. After the legalisation of male homosexuality in the UK with the implementation of the Sexual Offences Act 1967 other more political organisations had appeared, such as the Campaign for Homosexual Equality which focuses on equal rights for all homosexuals. These superseded the objectives of Minorities Research Group and helped bring about its demise and evolution.
References
LGBT organisations in the United Kingdom
1963 establishments in the United Kingdom
Stygimoloch

Stygimoloch was a plant-eating dinosaur that had bony spikes and knobs on its skull. This bipedal dinosaur lived during the late Cretaceous period, about 68 million to 65 million years ago.
Like other pachycephalosaurids, Pachycephalosaurus was a bipedal herbivore with an extremely thick skull roof. It had long hindlimbs and small forelimbs. Pachycephalosaurs probably head-butted as a defense and in rivalry.
22% of all domes examined had lesions suggesting osteomyelitis. This is an infection of the bone resulting from trauma. So pachycephalosaurid domes were probably used in intra-species combat.
Stygimoloch fossils were first discovered in North America, in Montana and Wisconsin. The first was discovered in Hell Creek, Montana and was named in 1983 by Peter M. Galton, a British paleontologist and Hans-Dieter Sues, a German paleontologist.
References
Pachycephalosauria
The Girl Strike Leader

The Girl Strike Leader is a 1910 American silent drama movie. It stars Anna Rosemond, Frank H. Crane, and Violet Heming.
References
American movies
1910 movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group A

This page shows the results for Group A of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualification. Germany qualified, and the Turkey went to the playoffs, which in the end they did not qualify. Germany did not lose a single game, with a record of 10 wins. The top scorer of the group was Miroslav Klose (Germany) with 9 goals.
Green means that the team automatically qualifies.
Blue means the team is going to the playoffs.
UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
Fine Wind, Clear Morning

Fine Wind, Clear Morning (also known as South Wind, Clear Sky and Red Fuji) is a woodblock print made by Hokusai.
The art work was printed somewhere between 1830 and 1832 which was during the Edo period. It is the second print in the series, Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. It shows that in early autumn when the wind is southerly and when the sky is clear, the rising sun can turn Mount Fuji red.
References
Other websites
Fine Wind, Clear Morning on the Indianapolis Museum of Art website
Fine Wind, Clear Morning on the British Museum website
1830s works
Litoria pallidofemora

Litoria pallidofemora is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. Scientists disagree about whether this frog is really in the genus Nyctimystes or the genus Litoria.
This frog has green coloring on the inside of its mouth. Scientists say it is related to the northern New Guinea tree frog, Litoria graminea.
References
Frogs of Oceania
Dolo, Côtes-d'Armor

Dolo () is a former commune. It is in Brittany in the Cotes-d'Armor department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Jugon-les-Lacs-Commune-Nouvelle.
References
Former communes in Cotes-d'Armor
Fouchy

Fouchy is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Inflow

An inflow is a river that leads to a lake or some other body of water. The inflow gives the lake a supply of water. If lakes have no way of getting water added to them, they will eventually dry up through evaporation.
Some lakes are big enough that they can stay full through rain instead of inflows. An example of such a lake is the Great Salt Lake in Utah.
Rivers
Waterways
Alexandrina Chezan

Alexandrina Chezan is a volleyball player from Romania. Chezan competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics. She was born on 29 April 1939.
References
Other websites
1939 births
Living people
Romanian volleyball players
Romanian Olympians
Sportspeople from Bucharest