pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Plastic

A plastic is a material that can change its shape easily. Many things are made of plastics, usually because making them to the right shape is easy. There are many types of plastic. Some can be shaped only when they are freshly made; then they become hard. Others are thermoplastic and can be softened by heating them. These plastics can be used for 3D printing, because the plastic will become soft enough to form into different shapes, and then become hard again when they cool down.
Most plastics are man-made; they do not occur in nature. The process of making plastics is usually quite complicated. Most of the materials that are called plastic are polymers. Polymers are long chains of atoms bonded to each other. In most plastics, the long chain is a chain of carbon atoms with other atoms attached to them. The different atoms and the shape and length of the chains change how the plastic looks and works.
People experimented with plastics based on natural polymers for a very long time. Alexander Parkes, an English inventor (1813-1890), created an early form of plastic in 1855. It was hard but flexible and transparent. He called it "Parkesine" but now it is called "Celluloid."
Old plastics are usually thrown away and put in landfills. Some plastics release toxic fumes when heated. Some plastics are recycled so they won't become waste. Some plastics have other materials added to them, like glass, because they make the plastic stronger and stiffer.
Plastics are mostly petrochemicals, made from natural gas or from petroleum, a type of oil. Chemical engineers refine the petroleum which goes through a heating process. It develops ethylene and propylene, which are the chemical building blocks for many plastics. These chemicals are then combined with other chemicals to produce a polymer.
Today, some of these plastics are also being made without oil. Instead, other sources like plants and bacteria are used to make the plastic. These plastics are called bioplastics. They are useful because they can be eaten by other bacteria instead of throwing them away.
Well-known plastics, and their use
Polyamide (usually called nylon) Women's stockings, gears, car parts, toothbrush bristles
Polycarbonate - bulletproof glass, compact discs, DVDs.
Polyethylene - tubes, bottles, shopping bags, milk jugs, body armor (made with polyethylene with especially long chains)
Polyethylene terephtalate (called PET when used for bottles, and polyester when used for clothes or other materials)
Polypropylene - food containers, chairs
Polystyrene - CD cases, plastic cups, plastic forks and knives
Polyurethane - rubber, foam, shiny coatings on wood and tile
Polyvinyl chloride (called PVC, usually) - pipes (chemicals can make PVC softer for toys and cushions)
Polylactic acid (PLA) - 3D printing
References
Polymers
Polymer chemistry
Bethlehem

Bethlehem is a Palestinian city on the West Bank. It is most famous as the place where Jesus was born. (See Gospel of Matthew chapter 2.) It is five miles from Jerusalem in Israel.
Ancient Israel and Judah
New Testament
Old Testament
Abby Huntsman

Abigail Haight Huntsman (born May 1, 1986) is an American television personality. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is currently a co-host of ABC's The View.
Huntsman was a reporter for Fox News Channel and co-host of Fox & Friends. She was a host on MSNBC. She is a daughter of former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman Jr..
References
Other websites
Fox News profile
1986 births
Living people
American television personalities
American television news anchors
American political commentators
Fox News people
American LGBT rights activists
People from Philadelphia
People from Salt Lake City, Utah
Tha Dogg Pound

Tha Dogg Pound is an American gangsta rap duo. The group was founded in 1992. They were originally signed to the record label Death Row. They made their first appearance on the Dr. Dre album The Chronic. They were also on Snoop Dogg's album Doggystyle.
Their first album, Dogg Food came out in 1995.
During 1993-94, the group assisted MC Hammer on his The Funky Headhunter album along with Suge Knight.
References
Rap music groups
1992 establishments in the United States
Hubersdorf

Hubersdorf is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Britney Spears conservatorship dispute

The American pop singer Britney Spears was put in conservatorship in February 2008. The conservator was her father. Spears' conservatorship was from two 5150 psychiatric hospital admissions one month earlier that same year. She wanted the restrictions removed because she wasn't allowed to have further kids. She couldn't even marry or remove her pregnancy stopping device.
Spears later testified that she was subjected to seven days per week constant stage work by her father and several others. The conservatorship rules forbade when she went off schedule. Britney had to also take lithium (normally given to those diagnosed with bipolar disorders). She compared the seven days per week schedule toward sex trafficking.
The conservatorship was a short restriction at the start for Spears. It was later made permanent by her father and others. Spears spent three months shy of fourteen years in probate conservatorship limits (one for her finances, another for her own wellness and her health). Los Angeles County's Judge Brenda Penny dissolved the Spears conservatorship limits on November 12, 2021.
The Free Britney movement, an American social group that fought for Spears' conservatorship phase out, were celebrating after it really took place. Several celebrities were also happy the restrictions ended. They include Cher, Paris Hilton, Lady Gaga, Mia Farrow, Missy Elliott and Cyndi Lauper. Others supporting the restrictions' end were Spears' mother, her lawyer and Free Britney movements' members and Spears' fans. Many of these people said Spears had been objectified when the conservatorship was effective.
References
Controversies in the United States
Britney Spears
2008 establishments in the United States
2021 disestablishments in the United States
United States Secretary of Commerce

The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry; the Department states its mission to be "to foster, promote, and develop the foreign and domestic commerce." Until 1913 there was one Secretary of Commerce and Labor, uniting this department with the Department of Labor, which is now headed by a separate Secretary of Labor.
List of Secretaries of Commerce
Parties
(1)
(20)
(18)
Status
Source: Department of Commerce: Secretaries
References
1913 establishments in the United States
Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir

Watan hamara Kashmir is the official state anthem of Azad Kashmir. It was written in the mid-1960s by Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri.
Urdu Lyrics (Transliteration)
Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir... Azad Kashmir
Baghon aur Baharon Wala
Daryano aur Kuhsaron Wala
Asman hay jis ka Parcham
Parcham Chand Sitaron Wala
Jannat key nazaron Wala
Jammu aur Kashmir Hamara
Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir... Azad Kashmir
Kohistano kee Abadi
Pahan chuki Taj-i-Azadi
Izzat kee parwanay Jagay
Azadi kee Shama' Jaladi
Jag Uthi hay Saree Wadee
Zaamin hay Allah Hamara
Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir... Azad Kashmir
Pakistan key Sath Kharay Hain
Izzat, hurmat, Hukm-e-Quran
Jan bhee qurban. Mal bhee qurban
Mal sey Piyara... Jan sey Piyara
Azad Kashmir... Azad Kashmir
Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir... Azad Kashmir
Other websites
Azad Kashmir
Pakistani anthems
1960s songs
Berolle

Berolle is a municipality of the district Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Vaud
List of vice presidents of the United States by time in office

This is a list of vice presidents of the United States by time in office.
Vice presidents by time in office
Related pages
Acting president of the United States
United States presidential line of succession
Notes
References
Vice Presidents of the United States
Addlestone

Addlestone is a large village in Runnymede, Surrey. It is situated between Weybridge and Chertsey. It has a railway station that has direct links to London within 1.5 hours. Addlestone is famous for a thousand year oak tree named The Crouch Oak. There is a legend that Queen Elizabeth I stopped to picnic under it.
References
Villages in Surrey
Haibach, Lower Bavaria

Haibach is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
References
Straubing-Bogen
Albertus Perk

Albertus Perk was a fencer from Netherlands. Perk competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born on 16 September 1887 and died on 14 May 1919.
References
Other websites
1887 births
1919 deaths
Dutch fencers
Dutch Olympians
Sportspeople from North Holland
Ollomont

Ollomont is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Valle d'Aosta
Bolikhamxai province

Bolikhamsai (also Borikhamxay, Lao: bMlikhMaaais) is a province of Laos.
References
Books
Geography of Laos
Botlikh language

Botlikh is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 210 people speak Botlikh.
caucasian languages
Nina Andreyeva

Nina Aleksandrovna Andreyeva (, 12 October 1938 - 24 July 2020) was a Russian chemist, teacher, author, political activist, and social critic. She criticized General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his closest supporters for not being true communists.
Andreyeva died in St. Petersburg, Russia on 24 July 2020 at the age of 81.
Works
References
Other websites
Full text of I Cannot Waive Principles (archived) as published in Sovetskaia Rossiia on March 13, 1988
All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks official site
1938 births
2020 deaths
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
Russian chemists
Russian communists
Critics
Menhit

Menhit or Mehyt was an ancient Egyptian goddess. In the Early Dynastic period Egyptians drew and carved her to look like a lioness lying down with three bent poles coming out of her back. She is shown on many early dynastic sealings and ivory artifacts, usually next to a picture of an Upper Egyptian shrine. People worshiped her in Hierakonpolis and Thinis.
References
Egyptian gods and goddesses
Moravian-Silesian Region

The Moravian-Silesian Region is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic. The capital city is Ostrava.
Administrative division
The Moravian-Silesian Region is divided into 6 districts, in which are 300 municipalities:
References
2001 establishments in Europe
Daniel L. Kastner

Daniel L. Kastner (born 1951) is an American physician and researcher. His works focuses on autoinflammatory disorders. He is scientific director of the National Human Genome Research Institute. He was awarded the 2021 Crafoord Prize for Polyarthritis for his work on autoinflammatory diseases. Kastner was born in Lockport, New York.
References
1951 births
Living people
American physicians
Medical researchers
Scientists from New York City
Le Clat

Le Clat is a commune of 21 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Communes in Aude
François Villeroy de Galhau

Francois Villeroy de Galhau (born 24 February 1959) is a French civil servant and banker. He is the Governor of the Bank of France since 2015.
References
1959 births
Living people
French economists
French bankers
People from Strasbourg
Kate Cary

Kate Cary (born 4 November 1967 in England) is an author. She works with Cherith Baldry and Victoria Holmes on the Warriors book series under the pen name Erin Hunter. She has also written books on her own, such as Bloodline and Reckoning.
Cary owns three cats. She also has a son, and she lives in England. She has lived in Scotland before.
References
Other websites
Warriors website
Kate Cary's blog
1967 births
Living people
English writers
Prunus virginiana

Chokecherries (Prunus virginiana), also known as the bitter-berry, Virginia bird cherry, and western chokecherry, are shrubs or small trees that are native to The United States, Canada, and some parts of Mexico. They grow to be around 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in).
Description
Chokecherry classifies as a suckering shrub or a tree. They grow quite tall, around 1 - 6 meters.
Their leaves are oval with coarse, sharp edges. The flowers grow about 38.1-76.2 cm (15-30 in) long in late spring (well after chokecherry leaves appear).
The fruits are about 1 cm (3/8 in) across. They range in color from bright red to black. They have a very astringent taste, both somewhat sour and somewhat bitter. The fruits are sweetest when they are very ripe "berries" (actually drupes). These are dark in color.
Characteristics
Chokecherries are very high in antioxidants, sharing this trait with chokeberries. This does contribute to confusion between the two. The wild chokeberry is often considered a weed, since it hosts the tent caterpillar. This caterpillar eats tree leaves, robbing trees of energy and heightening the chance that they die. Often people enjoy the cultivars of the plant, such as "Canada Red" and "Schubert". Both have purple leaves when mature and "Goertz", another cultivar, has a palatable taste in it's fruit. The chokecherry is closely related to the well-known black cherry of eastern North America. The name chokecherry is also used for the related Manchurian cherry, or Amur chokeberry.
Food use
For many Native American tribes, chokecherries are very important and are part of pemmican, an Indian staple food. The bark of the root is used to ward off or treat colds, fevers and stomach maladies by Indians. It's also used in a ceremonial smoking mix known as kinnikinnick. The chokecherry fruit can be eaten when fully ripe, but if not, the fruit contains a toxin. It can also be used to make jam or syrup, with the use of sugar. The Plains Indians pound up the whole fruit in a mortar, from which they make cakes.
The stone of the fruit is poisonous. Chokecherry is toxic to most animals with segmented stomachs, especially after the leaves have wilted. This action produces cyanide, which is very toxic to most living things. It also makes the plant sweet, making farmer's lives harder by keeping their cows away from it. However, birds and game animals eat the berries when they're ripe. It's also used to craft wine in the Western United States.
Ecology
The plant hosts many types of moths and butterflies.
References
Plums
Trees
Air France Flight 358

On August 2, 2005, Air France Flight 358 was an Airbus A340 that overran the runway at Toronto Pearson International Airport, due to the pilots deploying the thrust reversers too slowly. Despite 12 people substantiating injuries, all 309 people on board the plane survived.
Passengers
Aftermath
Following the accident many flights departing from and arriving at Pearson were cancelled, and many other flights to Toronto Pearson were diverted to other Canadian airports such as Ottawa, London, Hamilton and Winnipeg. Many of the large aircraft were diverted to Montreal, as well as Syracuse, New York, and Buffalo, New York. Flights from Vancouver had to turn around. Around 540 flights were cancelled.
Other websites
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 2000s
Ontario
2000s disasters in Canada
2005 in Canada
Air France accidents and incidents
Lolita Davidovich

Lolita Davidovich (born 15 July 1961) is a Canadian actress. She has had many notable movie roles. She played Blaze Starr in the 1989 movie Blaze. She was in the 1991 movie JFK. She also acted in the television series The L Word. Davidovich was born near London, Ontario.
Other websites
Canadian movie actors
1961 births
Living people
Tim Flannery

Professor Tim Flannery (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist and global warming activist. Flannery was Australian of the Year in 2007 and previously was a professor at Macquarie University. He left Macquarie University in mid-2013. Flannery is also the chairman of the Copenhagen Climate Council, an international climate change awareness group.He also has a wife/spouse named Alexandra Szalay who is also a scientist and Italian
Related pages
The Weather Makers
References
1956 births
Living people
Australian biologists
Australian activists
Australian educators
Paleontologists
Scientists from South Australia
Scientists from Victoria (Australia)
People from Adelaide
People from Melbourne
Australian of the Year Award winners
Gusher, Utah

Gusher is an unincorporated community in Uintah County, Utah, United States. The community is on U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 191. The community is east of Ballard.
References
Settlements in Utah
San Diego Wild Animal Park

The San Diego Wild Animal Park is a zoo in the San Pasqual Valley area of San Diego, California. Different kinds of wild animals including species from the continents of Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia are kept in the Park.
The park is 1800 acres (7 km2) and is visited by two million people each year.
Buildings and structures in San Diego, California
Zoos in the United States
1972 establishments in California
Taílson (footballer, born 1975)

Jose Ilson dos Santos (born 28 November 1975) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1999||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||14||3||1||0||0||0||15||3
14||3||1||0||0||0||15||3
14||3||1||0||0||0||15||3
|}
References
1975 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Circuito de Jerez

Circuito de Jerez is a Spanish race track near Jerez de la Frontiera. It opened on December 8, 1985, and started holding motorcycling events and the Spanish Grand Prix in Formula One. The race was held in Jerez until 1990, since the circuit was in a remote (rural) area, and the Spanish Grand Prix was moved to Circuit de Catalunya in 1991.
However, in 1994, when the Autodromo Juan y Oscar Galvez was not finished for it's grand prix, known as the Argentine Grand Prix, Jerez hosted the European Grand Prix that year. As well, a chicane was added in Turn 11 to slow down the cars and to avoid possibly fatal (deadly) accidents, such as the one suffered by Roland Ratzenberger at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. The European Grand Prix returned in 1997, this time being the final race of the season, and the championship was going to be decided between Michael Schumacher and Jacques Villeneuve. However, during the podium celebrations, Jerez's Mayor Pedro Pacheco disrupted the podium celebrations by presenting a trophy that was supposed to be presented by a dignitary from Daimler-Benz, which was related to Mercedes, an engine supplier who won the race. This incident resulted on the track being temporarily banned from hosting a Grand Prix. It has never hosted another Grand Prix, but still holds winter testing during the pre-season, and still remains very popular.
As of 2010, the circuit still holds the Spanish Motorcycle Grand Prix, and has done so since 1990.
Formula One circuits
1985 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Spain
Langquaid

Langquaid is a municipality in Kelheim in Bavaria in Germany.
Ortsteile
Villages associated to the administration (Ortsteil) of Langquaid are
Adlhausen
Hellring
Leitenhausen
Niederleierndorf
Oberleierndorf
Paring
Unterschneidhart
Mitterschneidhart
Oberschneidhart
References
Markt Langquaid - Ortsteile
Other websites
Official homepage of Markt Langquaid
Kelheim (district)
Mohammad Reza Rahimi

Mohammad Reza Rahimi (, born on 11 January 1949) is an Iranian politician who was first vice president from 13 September 2009 until 3 August 2013.
On 15 February 2015, Rahimi was convicted of corruption and was sent to jail at Evin Prison.
References
1949 births
Living people
Vice presidents of Iran
Riedbach

Riedbach is a municipality in Hassberge in Bavaria in Germany. It is 20 km northeast of Schweinfurt and 8 km north of Hassfurt.
The municipality was created in 1978. It surrounds the villages of Humprechtshausen, Kleinmunster, Kleinsteinach, Kreuzthal and Mechenried, and its name comes from the Riedbach creek that flows through Humprechtshausen, Kleinsteinach and Mechenried.
The population of Riedbach is about 1600 people. Its mayor is Birgit Bayer.
Villages
Humprechtshausen (521 Inhabitants)
Mechenried (461 Inhabitants)
Kleinsteinach (441 Inhabitants)
Kleinmunster (259 Inhabitants)
Kreuzthal (104 Inhabitants)
Neighboring municipalities
Riedbach is surrounded by the municipalities (beginning north, clockwise) of Aidhausen, Hofheim in Unterfranken, Konigsberg in Bayern, Hassfurt and Schonungen.
Population
1910: 1.725 Residents
1972: 1.902 Residents
2005: 1.717 Residents
2010: 1.625 Residents
References
Other websites
Gemeinde Riedbach The Municipality Riedbach (in German)
Wikimedia Commons of Riedbach Collection of Images of Riedbach
Familieneinladungen.de GmbH A company in Riedbach (in German)
Riedbach (Statistics) Official statistics of Riedbach by the Bavarian State (in German)
Hassberge (district)
John W. Cahn

John Werner Cahn (January 9, 1928 - March 14, 2016) was an American scientist and recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science.
He was a professor in the department of Materials Science at MIT from 1964 to 1978. Since 1977, he has held a position at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards, NBS).Cahn has applied the basic laws of thermodynamics to describe and predict a wide range of physical phenomena.
References
1928 births
2016 deaths
Writers from Michigan
Scientists from Michigan
Arnold Sommerfeld

Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 in Konigsberg, East Prussia - April 26, 1951 in Munich) was a German mathematician and theoretical physicist.
Education
Sommerfeld was the son of a practical physician. After finishing school in 1886, he started studying mathematics at the University of Konigsberg. In 1891 he wrote his doctorate thesis about arbitrary functions in mathematical physics. Afterwards he had to serve in the army.
Then he went to Gottingen. He became assistant at the institute for mineralogy, but was still interested in mathematical physics.
Works
In 1894 he became the assistant of Felix Klein. The year after he wrote his habilitation about the mathematical theory of optical diffraction and became docent for mathematics in Gottingen.
In 1897 Sommerfeld married. In the same year he became ordinary professor for mathematics at the mining college of Clausthal. Three years later he got a professorship at the Technical University of Aachen.
In 1906 he became professor for theoretical physics in Munich, were he stood for his lifetime. While he was professor in Munich, he travelled twice around the world - in 1922/23 he was guest professor in Wisconsin and travelled afterwards through India, China and Japan, in 1928/29 he made a journey through the US as a university teacher.
He started taking out a pension in 1935, but he still worked until 1940. There was a lot of trouble choosing the person who should follow him. Sommerfeld wanted to have Werner Heisenberg to follow him, but in the time of the Nazi regime the job could only go to a person who taught the so-called German Physics, which included a kind of mysticism. Sommerfeld tried to prevent that.
Sommerfeld died in 1951 in a traffic accident.
Works
Theorie des Kreisels. 4 volumes (with Felix Klein), Leipzig 1897-1910
Atombau und Spektrallinien. Braunschweig 1919
Vorlesungen uber theoretische Physik
Vol. 1: Mechanik. Leipzig 1943
Vol. 2: Mechanik der deformierbaren Medien. Leipzig 1945
Vol. 3: Elektrodynamik. Wiesbaden 1948
Vol. 4: Optik. Wiesbaden 1950
Vol. 5: Thermodynamik und Statistik. Wiesbaden 1952
Vol. 6: Partielle Differentialgleichungen der Physik. Leipzig 1945
Other websites
http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/
http://www.chemie.uni-bremen.de/stohrer/biograph/sommer.htm
http://www.wissenschaftsforschung.de/JB98_135-152.pdf
1868 births
1951 deaths
German academics
German mathematicians
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
Road accident deaths
German theoretical physicists
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, KG (10 November 1565 - 25 February 1601) was an English nobleman and a favourite of Elizabeth I. He was politically ambitious, and a committed general. He was placed under house arrest following a poor campaign in Ireland during the Nine Years' War in 1599. In 1601 he led an abortive coup d'etat against the government and was executed for treason. His story has been told in art and literature. Two well known examples are the opera Roberto Devereux by Gaetano Donizetti and the movie The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex starring Bette Davis and Errol Flynn.
Robert Devereux was one of Elizabeth I's suitors, meaning he wanted to marry her.
1565 births
1601 deaths
English Earls
Knights of the Garter
People executed by decapitation
Earls and countesses
Executed English people
Calonne-Ricouart

Calonne-Ricouart is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
L'Aube nouvelle

"L'Aube Nouvelle" is the national anthem of Benin. In English, the name is "The Dawn of a New Day". It was written and composed by Gilbert Jean Dagnon. It was adopted when the Republic of Dahomey became independent from France in 1960.
When Dahomey became Benin in 1975, the anthem was kept, with small changes to the words to fit the new name of the country.
Lyrics
French original
In local languages
References
1960 works
National symbols of Benin
African anthems
Europe Racing

Europe Racing (the PlayStation version is known as Europe Racer) is a Racing game, developed by Davilex and published by Koch Media, which was released in Europe in 2001. In the game someone has chosen you to race in the 'Europe Racer', the 'Most Challenging Motor Vehicle competition known to man', and it's then up to you to take part in the races in 15 tracks throughout Europe.
Gameplay
The game takes you across about ten different countries including Stockholm, Paris and Athens. Such landmarks include Red Square and the Eiffel tower. Teams from Europe, Russia, Japan and the USA compete in this illegal street race, always trying to hide from the police.
Description
Manufacturer's description:
Spectacular racing through Europe's major cities!
The worlds top racers are revving their engines, tuning their vehicles and getting ready to burn some rubber. The most prestigious illegal European road race organisation is hosting a cannonball run through the major cities of Europe. Various different racing clubs from Europe, Russia, Japan and the United States will take part.
These nations will all be competing to win this major event and to lay claim to the racing title of Europe. This will be the ultimate heart stopping, action packed race and you have been invited to compete. To represent your country and to bring that title home. All you have to do is finish first..and avoid the police who will be hot on your tail all the way..
Features:
Third or first person perspectives.
3D graphics
Cartoon graphics
Racing theme.
PlayStation games
2001 video games
Racing video games
Andrew Neil

Andrew Ferguson Neil (born 21 May 1949) is a Scottish conservative journalist and broadcaster. He is the chairman of the television news channel GB News, which started in 2021. He used to work for the BBC.
References
1949 births
Living people
Scottish television presenters
Scottish journalists
Political commentators
Conservative Party (UK) people
Writers from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Manager (association football)

In football (soccer), a manager, or coach sometimes, is a person who control the team's strategies and move (from one place to another).
References
Football managers
Coaches
Football (soccer) terminology
Büttenhardt

Buttenhardt is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Journey to the Center of the Earth

Journey to the Center of the Earth (), also known as A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey into the Interior of the Earth, is a science fiction book by Jules Verne. It was first published in French in 1864, then reissued in 1867 in an expanded version. The book is about Professor Otto Lidenbrock, an eccentric German scientist who believes there are volcanic tubes that reach to the very center of the earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their Icelandic guide Hans rappel into an inactive volcano in Iceland. They then deal with many dangers, including cave-ins, tornadoes, an underground ocean, and living prehistoric creatures from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The three explorers are eventually sent back to the surface by an active volcano located in southern Italy.
Subterranean fiction existed before Verne. However his book was different because of its well-researched Victorian science and its innovation to the science fiction subgenre of time travel. Verne's innovation was the concept of a prehistoric area still existing in the present-day world. The book was made into a movie in 1959. It inspired many other books, including J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit.
References
1860s books
1864
French novels
Science fiction books
Books by Jules Verne
Edna Thomas

Edna Thomas (November 1, 1885 - July 22, 1974) was an American stage actress. She is most famous for her acting in the Federal Theater Project's theater in Harlem, New York, United States. That theater group was part of the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression. She played Lady Macbeth in a very popular production of the play MacBeth. Thomas also appeared in the 1951 movie A Streetcar Named Desire.
References
1885 births
1974 deaths
American stage actors
Actors from Virginia
Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide is a drug used in the treatment of lymphoma, some types of leukemia, and some solid cancers, as well as for some forms of Nephritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.
Drugs
Cancer treatment
Organochlorides
Organonitrogen compounds
Phosphates
World War One (TV series)

World War One is an American documentary series that was shown on CBS in the 1964/65 season to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the World War I. It was narrated by Robert Ryan.
Other websites
1960s television series
1964 television series debuts
1965 television series endings
Documentary television series
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Gary Weis

Gary Weis is a movie and television director. He was the second creator of short films for Saturday Night Live.
Selected filmography
Jimi Hendrix (1973)
Saturday Night Live (1975-1977) (TV)
The Beach Boys: It's OK (1976) (TV)
Diary of a Young Comic (1977) (TV)
The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash (1978) (TV)
Steve Martin: A Wild and Crazy Guy (1978) (TV)
80 Blocks From Tiffany's (1979)
Wholly Moses! (1980)
Young Lust (1984)
Action Family (1986) (TV)
C.C.P.D. (1992) (TV)
L.A. Law (1993) (TV)
Videos
The Bangles - Walk Like an Egyptian/Walking Down Your Street
George Harrison - Got My Mind Set On You
Paul Simon - Call Me Al
References
Other websites
American movie directors
American television directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Minden-Lübbecke

Minden-Lubbecke is a district in north-eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The modern district was formed in 1973 when the two districts of Minden and Lubbecke joined to become one district.
Coat of arms
Towns and municipalities
References
Other websites
Official Website (German)
Kharameh

Kharameh (, also Romanized as Kherameh, Karameh and Kharameh) is a city and capital of Kharameh County, Fars Province, Iran.
References
Cities in Iran
Fars Province
Synaptic Package Manager

Synaptic is a computer program which is a GTK+ graphical user interface front-end to the Advanced Packaging Tool for the Debian package management system. Synaptic is usually used on systems based on deb packages but can also be used on systems based on RPM packages. It can be used to install, remove and upgrade software packages and to add repositories.
Linux
Software
Brozolo

Brozolo is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Settlements in Piedmont
Bromide, Oklahoma

Bromide is a city in Oklahoma in the United States.
Cities in Oklahoma
British Rail Class 220

The Class 220 Voyager is a class of diesel-electric high-speed multiple-unit trains built by Bombardier Transportation for the British train operating company Virgin Trains, but are now operated by CrossCountry. They are air-conditioned throughout, with powered doors and a top speed of . They were introduced to replace the thirty-year-old High Speed Train and Class 47 fleets. The trains were built between 2000 and 2001 and the first train entered service on 5 June 2001.
References
220
Bombardier multiple units
Beckenham

Beckenham is a suburb of London, in the London Borough of Bromley. It is south of central London.
There are also places with the same name in Perth, Western Australia and Christchurch, New Zealand.
Towns in London
London Borough of Bromley
Esme & Roy

Esme & Roy is an Canadian animated children's television series created by Dustin Ferrer and Amy Steinberg. The series is produced by Canada-based animation studio Nelvana and Sesame Street creator Sesame Workshop, in association with Corus Entertainment.
The show follows a little girl named Esme and her best friend, a monster named Roy, who take care of all kinds of creatures when their regular guardians need aid. Esme & Roy was broadcast simultaneously on HBO in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada on August 18, 2018.
On May 6, 2019, it was announced that it was renewed for a second season. It was also announced Summer 2019 that season one would premiere on PBS Kids Family Night on August 30 or August 31, 2019 depending on the local station, with regular airtime on Saturday and Sunday mornings on the 24/7 PBS Kids Channel only thereafter. In September 2019, it was announced new episodes of the show would be moving from HBO to HBO Max starting with the second season. The second season will also begin airing at an unknown date on PBS Kids.
References
2010s television series
2018 television series debuts
American television series
Animated television series
Canadian television series
English-language television programs
Jiří Navrátil

Jiri Navratil (10 September 1923 - 16 January 2017) was a Czech scout leader and anti-communist activist. He served as the President of Junak, the Czech Scout and Guide association.
Early life
Navratil was born in Germany. In 1937. he became a Scout in Prague.
Prison years
He was arrested and held several months by the Gestapo during World War II. In 1949, he tried to oppose the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia with other Scouts. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison, and was released in 1960.
Career
During the Prague Spring in 1968, Navratil was one of the refounders of Junak, the Czech Scout movement. The movement was suppressed again in 1970. Following the Velvet Revolution in 1989, he became one of the main Leaders of the third restoration of Junak.
He was one of the important people of the 1999 10th European Conference of Guiding and Scouting in Prague, in which President Vaclav Havel gave the opening speech.
Awards
In 2002, Navratil was awarded the 292nd Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting.
Death
Navratil died on 16 January 2017 in Prague at the age of 93.
References
1923 births
2017 deaths
Czechoslovak anti-communists
People from Prague
Scouting
The Sweatbox

The Sweatbox is a 2002 American documentary movie designed to show behind-the-scenes footage of Kingdom of the Sun (the original version of The Emperor's New Groove). It showed transformation from Kingdom of the Sun to The Emperor's New Groove, including the director, musician Sting (whose wife created the documentary), artists and voice cast being dismayed by the new direction. The major theme is creative-executive conflicts.
Appearances
Mark Dindal
Sting
Roger Allers
Andreas Deja
David Spade
Patrick Warburton
Eartha Kitt
John Goodman
Thomas Schumacher
Roy E. Disney
David Hartley
Randy Fullmer
David Reynolds
Peter Schneider
Don Hahn
Joe Ranft
John Musker
Ron Clements
Gary Trousdale
Kirk Wise
Dale Baer
Tony Bancroft
Tom Jones
Owen Wilson
Marc Shaiman
Bruce W. Smith
John Debney
Other websites
Sweatbox Documentary Unedited Version
2002 movies
The Emperor's New Groove
American documentary movies
Anne, Princess Royal

Anne, Princess Royal, (born Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; 15 August 1950), is a member of the British royal family. She is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She is the only sister of King Charles III. Anne is 16th in the line of succession to the British throne. She has been Princess Royal since 1987.
Anne was born at Clarence House in London. She married Captain Mark Phillips in 1973, and had two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips. They separated in 1989 and later divorced. The Princess married Commander Timothy Laurence RN in 1993.
Ian Ball tried to kidnap (take) the Princess in 1974, but was stopped by her bodyguard and the public. Ball was not sent to prison, but to a mental hospital. Anne is 16th in line to the throne of the United Kingdom, after the two younger brothers, six nieces and nephews, two grand-nephews, and one grand-niece. She is often called the hardest-working member of the British Royal Family.
15 August 1950-6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise of Edinburgh
15 November 1973-13 June 1987: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, Mrs Mark Phillips
13 June 1987-present Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal
Issue
References
House of Windsor
Princesses Royal
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Thistle
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Fellows of the Royal Society
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Elizabeth II
20th-century British people
Hunawihr

Hunawihr is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Lee Unkrich

Lee Unkrich (born August 8, 1967) is an American director, editor, and screenwriter. He was the director of Toy Story 3 (2010). He also helped direct other Pixar movies. These include Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc. and Finding Nemo. Unkrich was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
Filmography
Feature Films
Television
Prison Stories: Women on the Inside (1991) (TV) (production assistant)
Silk Stalkings (1991) (TV Series) (assistant editor, editor, director)
Renegade (1993) (TV series) (assistant editor)
Betrayed by Love (1994) (TV) (assistant editor)
Separated by Murder (1995) (TV) (editor)
Short Films and Television Specials
References
Other websites
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Movie directors from Ohio
Pixar
Writers from Cleveland
1967 births
Living people
Luo Yiwei

Luo Yiwei (born 18 January 1990) is a Singapoean track cyclist. She competed at the 2017 South-East Asian Games, 2018 Commonwealth Games, and 2021 UCI Track Cycling Championships.
References
1990 births
Cyclists
Sámi languages

The Sami languages are a branch of Uralic languages spoken by the Sami people. They are spoken in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. They are related to the Finnish, the Estonian, and the Hungarian language.
"The Sami languages ... are sometimes considered dialects of one language", says Encyclopaedia Britannica; those who speak one Sami language, [mostly] do not understand other Sami languages; "[t]he Sami languages share many features (or things,) with the Baltic-Finnic languages (Finnish, Estonian, Karelian, etc.)," but "they cannot be closely related to any of these"... "[T]heir grammars are similar to that of Finnish, although their syntax has been influenced by the Scandinavian languages."
Among the Sami languages are
East Sami language
Western Sami languages
Southwestern
Southern Sami (600)
Asele dialect
Jamtland dialect
Ume Sami (20)
Northwestern
Northwestern proper
Pite Sami (20)
Lule Sami (1,000-2,000)
Northern Sami (20,000)
Torne Sami
Finnmark Sami
Sea Sami
Eastern Sami languages
Mainland
Inari Sami (300)
Kemi Sami (extinct)
Skolt Sami (420)
Akkala Sami (extinct)
Kainuu Sami (extinct)
Peninsular
Kildin Sami (500)
Ter Sami (2-10)
Related pages
Sami literature
References
Uralic languages
Languages of Norway
Finnish culture
Swedish culture
Russia
Clay Shirky

Clay Shirky (born 1964) is an American writer and consultant.
Shirky was the first Professor of New Media at Hunter College. He earned a Bachelors of Arts degree from Yale University in 1986.
Writing
The Internet by E-Mail (1994) -
Voices from the Net (1995) -
P2P Networking Overview (2001) -
Planning for Web Services: Obstacles and Opportunities (2003) -
Selected Articles in The Best Software Writing I, Joel Spolsky ed. (2005) -
"A Group is its Own Worst Enemy" by Clay Shirky
References
Challand-Saint-Victor

Challand-Saint-Victor is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Valle d'Aosta
Pisces (constellation)

Pisces is a constellation located on the celestial equator.
Deep-sky objects
Messier 74
NGC 488
NGC 520
Element: Water
Color: Mauve, Lilac, Purple, Violet, Sea green
Quality: Mutable
Day: Thursday
Ruler: Neptune, Jupiter
Greatest Compatibility: Virgo, Taurus
Lucky Numbers: 3, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24
Dates: February 19 - March 20Element: Water
Color: Mauve, Lilac, Purple, Violet, Sea green
Quality: Mutable
Day: Thursday
Ruler: Neptune, Jupiter
Greatest Compatibility: Virgo, Taurus
Lucky Numbers: 3, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24
Dates: February 19 - March 20
Constellations
Factorial

The factorial of a whole number , written as or , is found by multiplying by all the whole numbers less than it. For example, the factorial of 4 is 24, because . Hence one can write . For some technical reasons, is equal to .
Factorials can be used to find out how many possible ways there are to arrange objects.
For example, if there are 3 letters (A, B, and C), they can be arranged as ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA. That is be 6 choices because A can be put in 3 different places, B has 2 choices left after A is placed, and C has only one choice left after A and B are placed. In other words, choices.
The factorial function is a good example of recursion (doing things over and over), as can be written as , which can be written as and finally as . Because of this, can also be defined as , with
The factorial function grows very fast. There are ways to arrange 10 items.
Applications
The earliest uses of the factorial function involve counting permutations: there are different ways of arranging distinct objects into a sequence. Factorials appear more broadly in many formulas in combinatorics, to account for different orderings of objects. For instance the binomial coefficients count the combinations (subsets of from a set with and can be computed from factorials using the formula
Related sequences and functions
Several other integer sequences are similar to or related to the factorials:
Alternating factorial
The alternating factorial is the absolute value of the alternating sum of the first factorials, These have mainly been studied in connection with their primality; only finitely many of them can be prime, but a complete list of primes of this form is not known.
Notes
Factorials are not defined for negative numbers. However, the related gamma function () is defined over the real and complex numbers (except for negative integers).
Related pages
Exclamation mark
Permutation
References
Other websites
Calculation of Factorial (0<=N<=40000)
Recursion
Mathematics
Combinatorics
Integer sequences
Camp Lazlo: Leaky Lake Games

Camp Lazlo: Leaky Lake Games is a video game released for Game Boy Advance. It was released on November 6, 2006, as a tie-in to the show. The game is published by Crave Entertainment and developed by Collision Studios.
Gameplay
The player plays as the three main characters (Lazlo, Clam and Raj) to compete in a series of game challenges and earn merit badges in the Leaky Lake Games event. That will allow them to compete against the Squirrel Scouts in a final tournament. In the game, the player meets characters, such as Scoutmaster Lumpus, Slinkman, Edward, and many others to receive hints and directions in achieving goals in the game.
They trigger some of the mini-games, which are all timed. The game received generally mixed reviews.
Other websites
https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/gba/932904-camp-lazlo-leaky-lake-games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Cartoon Network series
2006 video games
Action video games
Video games based on television shows
Chrysler Building

The Chrysler Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 1,046 feet (319 m) tall and has 77 floors. It was built in 1931 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.
The Chrysler Building was the tallest building in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Bank of the Manhattan Company Building, now called The Trump Building. The Empire State Building became the tallest one year later. The Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world.
The Chrysler Building was also the tallest structure in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest structure in the world was Eiffel Tower. The Empire State Building became the tallest within a year later.
Photos
Related pages
List of tallest buildings in the world
List of tallest buildings in New York City
Other websites
Emporis.com - Chrysler Building
SkycraperPage.com - Chrysler Building
Skyscrapers in New York City
Art Deco buildings
1931 establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Ben Idrissa Dermé

Ben Idrissa Derme (21 January 1982 - 11 September 2016) was a Burkinabe football player.
Career
He was born in Abra, Derme played club football in Burkina Faso, Moldova, and France for Etoile Filante, Sheriff Tiraspol, US Ouagadougou, USC Corte, CA Bastia, EF Bastia and AJ Biguglia.
He earned three caps for the Burkina Faso national team between 2006 and 2010.
Death
Derme died on 11 September 2016 following a heart attack during a 2016-17 Coupe de France match, aged 34.
References
1982 births
2016 deaths
Burkinabe footballers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Lerum Municipality

Lerum Municipality () is a municipality in Vastra Gotaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lerum.
References
Other websites
Lerum Municipality
Municipalities of Vastra Gotaland County
Meeting at Hendaye

The Meeting of Hendaye, or Interview of Hendaye, is a meeting between Francisco Franco and Adolf Hitler on 23 October 1940 at the railway station in Hendaye, France. The meeting was also attended by Ramon Serrano Suner of Francoist Spain and Joachim von Ribbentrop of Nazi Germany.
References
World War II
Wittinsburg

Wittinsburg is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Carmen Vázquez

Carmen Vazquez (January 14, 1949 - January 27, 2021) was a Puerto Rican activist and writer.
Born in Puerto Rico, she was raised in New York City.
Vazquez co-founded The Women's Building, became the Executive Director of the National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights and then the Coordinator of Lesbian and Gay Health Services for the San Francisco Department of Public Health.
She was also the co-founder and co-chair of Somos Hermanas.
Vazquez died on January 27, 2021 of COVID-19 in New York City, aged 71.
References
1949 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City
Puerto Rican writers
American LGBT rights activists
Writers from New York City
Puerto Rican activists
Territet

Territet is a village in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is part of the municipality of Montreux. It is between Montreux and Veytaux, on the Lake Geneva shore.
Other websites
Villages in Vaud
Municipalities of Vaud
Rösti

Rosti () or roschti is a Swiss potato dish. It was originally a common breakfast eaten by farmers in the canton of Bern, but is now eaten all over Switzerland. Many Swiss people consider rosti a national dish. Today it is more commonly served to accompany other dishes, rather than for breakfast. It is sometimes considered unhealthy because of the amount of butter or oil used.
Potatoes
Swiss food
Fried foods
Canton of Bern