pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cisternino

Cisternino is a comune in the Province of Brindisi in the Italian region of Apulia.
Twin towns
Cisternino is twinned with:
Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
References
Other websites
Official website
Cisternino Tourist Association
Settlements in Apulia
Montivernage

Montivernage is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Technological singularity

The technological singularity or tech singularity is the idea that a machine or computer, or a group of machines and computers, will one day be smarter than humans.
Because it has not happened yet, nobody really knows what the technological singularity will do, or if it will even happen. Nonetheless, the technological singularity has been a subject in many science fiction works, such as The Terminator, The Matrix, and the Borg in Star Trek. In most depictions of the singularity, machines have consciousness and humans are considered to be useless. The futurist (who studies about the future) and inventor Ray Kurzweil believes the Singularity will happen about the year 2045. The major impetus driving toward the singularity, according to Kurzweil, is that according to Moore's Law, computers are doubling in memory capacity every 18 months. According to Kurzweil, by 2029, computers will be as intelligent as human beings (see artificial intelligence).
Possible effects of such a singularity can include
Human extinction or enslavement
Mass unemployment, starvation, etc.
A post-scarcity system
Cybernetic immortality
Mind uploading
Etc.
Related pages
Cybernetics
Emerging technologies
Innovation
References
Other websites
Technological Singularity subreddit
The Technological Singularity and Merging with Machines - BigThink.com
Technology
Canteen (place)

A canteen is a small restaurant. A restaurant found on an Army base or inside an office or factory is often called the canteen. The food in a canteen is usually cheaper than in a restaurant, because the price is subsidized.
Restaurants
Morten P. Meldal

Morten Peter Meldal (born 16 January 1954) is a Danish chemist. He was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is known for developing the CuAAC-click reaction.
References
1954 births
Living people
Danish chemists
Thomas R. Nides

Thomas Richard Nides (born 1961) is an American banker and politician. He was the United States Ambassador to Israel from December 2021 to July 2023 under the Joe Biden administration.
From 2013 to 2021, he was the managing director and vice-chairman of Morgan Stanley. He was the United States Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources from 2011 to 2013 during the Barack Obama administration.
References
1961 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Israel
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from Minnesota
Businesspeople from Minnesota
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Naoto Matsuo

Naoto Matsuo (born 10 September 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.
Club career statistics
|-
|1998||rowspan="4"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||16||0||0||0||2||1||18||1
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||4||0||4||1||2||0||10||1
|-
|2001||25||2||1||0||3||0||29||2
|-
|2002||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||12||0||3||0||3||0||18||0
|-
|2004||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2004||Albirex Niigata||J. League 1||11||1||1||0||2||0||14||1
|-
|2005||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||12||1||0||0||5||0||17||1
|-
|2006||Tokyo||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||20||0||0||0||2||0||22||0
|-
|2008||30||1||0||0||6||0||36||1
|-
|2009||13||1||2||0||5||0||20||1
|-
|2010||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
145||6||11||1||30||1||186||8
145||6||11||1||30||1||186||8
|}
References
1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Wakayama Prefecture
Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins

Sarah Winnemucca (born 1844) was a protester for Native American rights during the 1800s. Winnemucca was part of the Paiute group in Nevada. Winnemucca wrote an autobiography, Life Among the Paiutes: their Wrongs and their Claims. Her autobiography is about her fight to stop the government from treating the Native Americans unfairly. Winnemucca opened two schools for Indian children.
Early Life
Winnemucca was born in 1844 near Humboldt Sink, Nevada. She was the fourth child in her family. Her father was named Chief Winnemucca and her mother was named Tuboitonie. At birth, she was named Thocmetony. This word means shell flower. Then she changed her name to Sarah. During her life, her group was kept on a reservation.
Education
The most education she had was three weeks at a Californian Catholic School.
Achievements
Winnemucca first talked about how the American government took over the Native American land. She became famous by speaking about the government's unfair treatment of the Native American people. Winnemucca also met with Rutherford B. Hayes, an American President. She talked in many cities about how the Paiutes were being treated badly. She wrote an autobiography that was the first autobiography written by a Native American woman. Overall, Winnemucca is known for her support of peace between the American government and the Native Americans. She died on October 16th, 1891.
References
1891 deaths
American activists
Native American people
Craig McCracken

Craig McCracken (born March 31, 1971) is an American animator, writer and creator. He is best known for working on the The Powerpuff Girls series. He has worked for many production television companies, such as Cartoon Network Studios, Disney Television Animation, also Netflix, Warner Bros. Animation, Lionsgate and others.
Works
American animators
American television directors
American television producers
1971 births
The Powerpuff Girls
Cartoon Network
Television writers
Dennis Edwards (footballer)

Dennis Edwards (19 January 1937 - 13 September 2019) was an English professional footballer. He played as an inside forward in the Football League.
He played for Charlton Athletic, for whom he made over 170 appearances. He also played league football for Portsmouth, Brentford and Aldershot. He was a goalscorer in non-league football for Slough Town and Wycombe Wanderers. He capped by England at amateur level.
Edwards died on 13 September 2019 in Denmead, Portsmouth at the age of 82.
References
1937 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Portsmouth
2023 Cricket World Cup

The 2023 ICC Cricket World Cup is scheduled to be hosted by India. India was selected as the host at an International Cricket Council (ICC) meeting in London in June 2013. This will be the 13th Cricket World Cup competition. It will be the fourth time that India will be the host. This will be the first time that India has hosted the tournament on its own. India hosted previous World Cup tournaments in 1987 (with Pakistan), 1996 (with Pakistan and Sri Lanka) and 2011 (with Sri Lanka and Bangladesh).
Qualification
As with the previous edition, the tournament will feature ten teams. The main route for qualification will be the 2020-2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League tournament.
For the World Cup, the top seven sides plus the hosts (India) from the thirteen competitors in the Super League will qualify. The remaining five teams, along with five Associate sides, will play in the 2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier, from which two teams will go through to the final tournament.
References
Other websites
ICC Cricket World cup 2023 Venue
2020s in Bangladesh
2020s in India
Cricket World Cup
Cricket in India
2023 in sports
2023 in Asia
Michael Buffer

Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, "Let's get ready to rumble!". He is also known for creating the announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other emphasis to a fighter's name.
, the catchphrase has generated $400 million in revenue from licensing the trademark.
In 2008, Buffer was treated for throat cancer.
References
Other websites
1944 births
Living people
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
American television presenters
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
WWE people
Actors from Philadelphia
Brilliant, Alabama

Brilliant is a town in Marion County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 845.
References
Towns in Alabama
Yoshiki Maeda

Yoshiki Maeda (born 29 August 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1997||rowspan="5"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|Football League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2000||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2001||7||0||0||0||1||0||8||0
|-
|2002||Alouette Kumamoto||Football League||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
14||0||0||0||2||0||16||0
14||0||0||0||2||0||16||0
|}
References
1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Saga Prefecture
Saint-Pierre-des-Nids

Saint-Pierre-des-Nids is a commune of 1,712 people (1999). It is to be found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Mayenne
Seal (musician)

Henry Olusegun Adeola Samuel (born 19 February 1963), better known as Seal, is a British singer and songwriter. He has sold more than 20 million records worldwide. He is best known for his song "Kiss from a Rose". The worldwide hit was used for the soundtrack of the movie Batman Forever (1995). He has won three Brit Awards, four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award. He has also won two Ivor Novello Awards for the songs "Killer" and "Crazy". He was a coach on The Voice in Australia for the 2012, 2013 and 2017 seasons.
Seal was born in Paddington, London. His mother is Nigerian and his father is Brazilian. He was married to German model Heidi Klum from 2005 to 2015. They have four children.
Seal has scarring on his face caused by a type of lupus called discoid lupus erythematosus.
References
Other websites
1963 births
Living people
Black British musicians
Brit Award winners
British soul musicians
English singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
People from Paddington
Singers from London
Warner Bros. Records artists
Arrondissements of the Eure-et-Loir department

There are 4 arrondissements in the Eure-et-Loir department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Eure-et-Loir are:
History
Since its creation, the Eure-et-Loir department has had few changes:
1790 : creation of the department with six districts: Chartres, Chateaudun, Chateauneuf-en-Thymerais, Dreux, Janville and Nogent-le-Rotrou; the capital was Chartres.
1800 : creation of four arrondissements: Chartres, Chateaudun, Dreux and Nogent-le-Rotrou.
1926 : the arrondissement of Nogent-le-Rotrou was eliminated.
1943 : Nogent-le-Rotrou was made again an arrondissement.
Related pages
List of arrondissements of France
References
Eure-et-Loir
Sid Haig

Sid Haig (born Sidney Eddy Mosesian; July 14, 1939 - September 21, 2019) was an American actor. He was known for starring in two Rob Zombie movies House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects.
Haig was born on July 14, 1939 in Fresno, California. He studied at the Pasadena Playhouse. Haig married Susan L. Oberg in 2007.
In early September 2019, Haig was hospitalized after falling at his home in Los Angeles. While recovering, he suffered from a lung infection. He died on September 21, 2019 from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by COPD and bowel obstruction at the age of 80.
References
Other websites
Interview with Sid Haig at HorrorYearbook.com
Interview with Sid Haig at phillyBurbs.com
Sid Haig in Brotherhood of Blood at FEARnet.com
1939 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from bowel obstruction
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
People from Fresno, California
Actors from Fresno County, California
Poyenberg

Poyenberg is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Steinburg (district)
West African slender-snouted crocodile

The West African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus) is a critically endangered type of African crocodile. It is one of five species of crocodile in Africa.
Distribution
The West African slender-snouted crocodile lives in West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, southern Senegal, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, southern Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo) and extends into Cameroon in Central Africa.
Status
The West African slender-snouted crocodile is classified as critically endangered. It no longer exists in many countries, while its numbers have decreased in others. In its native range, it is very rare. It is on the verge of disappearing. Captive breeding may be important for conservation of this species.
References
Crocodilians of Africa
Cornufer hedigeri

The Solomon Islands giant tree frog or treasury wrinkled ground frog (Cornufer hedigeri) is a frog. It lives on almost all of the Solomon Islands.
Scientists say this is a "large canopy frog." This means it lives in high in the trees.
References
Frogs of Oceania
Hochstett

Hochstett is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
References
Communes in Bas-Rhin
1976 Summer Olympics

The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were held in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games in May 1970, over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles. Moscow would later host the 1980 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles would later host the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Non-participating National Olympic Committees
Twenty-nine countries boycotted the Games due to the refusal of the IOC to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976. The boycott was led by Congolese official Jean-Claude Ganga. Some of the boycotting nations (including Morocco, Cameroon and Egypt) had already participated, however, and withdrew after the first few days. Senegal and Ivory Coast were the only African countries that competed throughout the duration of the Games. Elsewhere, Afghanistan, Albania, Burma, El Salvador, Iraq, Guyana, Sri Lanka and Syria also opted to join the Congolese-led boycott. South Africa had been banned from the Olympics since 1964 due to its apartheid policies. Other countries, such as El Salvador and Zaire, did not participate in Montreal for purely economic reasons. Seychelles did not participate in Montreal beacause their National Olympic Committee was not created and recognized by the IOC. Malta was the only country to boycott both the 1956 and 1976 Games.
Republic of China boycott
An unrelated boycott of the Montreal Games was the main issue between the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The ROC team withdrew from the games when Canada's Liberal government under Pierre Trudeau told it that the name "Republic of China" was not permissible at the Games because Canada had officially recognized the PRC in 1970. Canada attempted a compromise by allowing the ROC the continued use of its national flag and anthem in the Montreal Olympic activities; the ROC refused. In 1979 the IOC established in the Nagoya Resolution that the PRC agreed to participate in IOC activities if the Republic of China was referred to as "Chinese Taipei". Another boycott would occur before the ROC would accept the provisions of the 1979 Resolution although the reason that so many other countries boycotted were not all the same as the ROC.
Other websites
IOC page for the 1976 Summer Olympics
References
LANSA

Lineas Aereas Nacionales S.A (LANSA) was a Peruvian airline based in Lima. It was established in 1963. After its last Lockheed Electra crashed on Christmas Eve 1971, LANSA stopped operations on January 4, 1972.
History
Its base was the Jorge Chavez International Airport. It operated flights inside and outside the country. Within the country it made itinerary flights, beginning its operations with Lockheed 749 Constellation aircrafts.
Accidents
The airline is sadly remembered for the series of accidents that they had. They were caused by bad maintenance/operations of aircrafts.
1966 accident
It had its first accident on April 27, 1966, during a flight from Lima to Cuzco. The ship crashed against Mount Talsula, in Sierra de Yauyos, Lima. 49 occupants were killed. This was due to an error by an American pilot.
1970 accident
Later, on August 9, 1970, another fatal accident occurred. It was a Lockheed L-188A Electra. It took off from the Velasco Astete airport in the city of Cuzco in the afternoon. They caused the failure of engine number 3 -an Allison turboprop- while trying to take off. The captain of the aircraft continued with this operation. But they failed to maintain the speed necessary for the ascent, a fact that was aggravated by retracting the flaps with the consequent loss of lift, causing the aircraft to lean to the left. Finally it hit the ground in the San Jeronimo sector. As a result of this accident, 99 of the 100 occupants on plane and 2 farmers on ground at the time of impact have died.
Disestablishment
In 1972, they stopped operations. Their remaining fleet just had only one Lockheed L-188 Electra. This is because others had already been lost.
References
Airlines of South America
1963 establishments
1972 disestablishments
Cessna T-37 Tweet

The Cessna T-37 Tweet is a military aircraft. It's used exclusively by military. It's a twin-turbojet aircraft. It's used by many countries.
A-37 Dragonfly is an attack aircraft variant.
Similar aircraft
Aero L-29 Delfin.
Fouga CM-170 Magister.
Bibliography
T-37
United States Air Force aircraft
Taruga (frog)

Taruga is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. They live in Sri Lanka.
Scientists used to call Taruga Polypedates. Taruga has three species in it: T. fastigo, T. eques, and T. longinasus. The frogs in Taruga have cone-shaped flesh around their vent.
Name
Taruga in Sanskrit (and early-Sinhala) means "tree climber." These frogs live in trees and do not come to the ground. They even lay their eggs in plants that reach out over water.
All three frogs need shade from tree branches for adults to live, and they need shallow, slow-moving streams or puddles to lay eggs.
The female frog builds a foamy nest on a plant that hangs over water. The eggs develop for a few days, and then the tadpoles fall into water. The young frogs that climb out of the water climb up into the trees life.
Species
There are three species in this genus:
Taruga eques (Gunther, 1858)
Taruga fastigo (Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001)
Taruga longinasus (Ahl, 1927)
References
Meegaskumbura, M. et al.. 2010. .
External links
Taruga, a new tree-frog genus from Sri Lanka
Frogs of Asia
Brigg

Brigg is a small market town in North Lincolnshire, England. In 2001, it was shown that the population of Brigg was 5,076 in 2,213 households.
References
Towns in Lincolnshire
Dia (moon)

Dia (S/2000 J 11) ls the second-outermost prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000.
Dia is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 12,555,000 km in 287 days, at an inclination of 28deg (to Jupiter's equator), and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.248.
The moon is included in the Himalia group. After discovery it was lost for ten years because the orbit was poorly known. Recovery allowed much better precision.
References
Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL
Other websites
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages
Jupiter's moons
Mi Reflejo

Mi Reflejo is the first Spanish-language album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on 2000. There are 11 songs in this album. Six of them are new songs. Five of them are from her first album Christina Aguilera but in Spanish.
This album was nominated Grammy Award as Best Latin Pop Album in 2001. It was the Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album.
Track listing
References
2000 albums
Latin Grammy Award-winning albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Owen submachine gun

The Owen gun was an Australian 9mm submachine gun used in World War II. It was used by Australian soldiers who favoured it in jungle combat. Although used predominantly in the far east, it was considered the best submachine gun of WW2 as it was simple, rugged, had an ergonomic layout and had a compensator to increase accuracy when firing.
Submachine guns
Order of the Garter

The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an English order of chivalry. It was started in 1348, by King Edward III of England. The Order is the highest level of knighthood that can be given by the English monarch. It is the world's oldest national order of knighthood. Membership in the Order is limited to those people who have done many great things for the United Kingdom.
The Order of the Garter is made up of a very small number of people. This group includes the Sovereign (the King or Queen of Britain) and no more than 25 full members. These members are called "Companions". Male companions are called "Knight Companions". Female members are called "Lady Companions". There are also a number of extra members known as "Supernumerary" Knights and Ladies. These members are usually members of the British royal family, and monarchs of other countries.
The monarch alone can grant membership to the order. He or she is known as the Sovereign of the Garter, and the Prince of Wales is known as a Knight Companion of the Garter.
Knights of the Order use the post-nominal letters (KG) and Ladies of the Order (LG). Knights Companion can use the title "Sir" before their first name, and their wives can use the title "Lady" before their surnames. Ladies Companion can use the title "Lady" before their first name, but their husbands cannot use any title.
Current Members
Sovereign: Charles III
Royal Knight: The Prince of Wales KG KT PC
Knights and Ladies Companion:
The Duke of Abercorn KG
The Lord Butler of Brockwell KG GCB CVO PC
Sir John Major KG CH PC
The Lord Luce KG GCVO PC
Sir Thomas Dunne KG KCVO
The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers KG PC
The Lord Stirrup KG GCB
The Baroness Manningham-Buller LG DCB
The Lord King of Lothbury KG GBE
The Lord Shuttleworth KG KCVO
Sir David Brewer KG CMG CVO
Lady Mary Fagan LG DCVO
The Viscount Brookeborough KG
Lady Mary Peters LG CH DBE
The Marquess of Salisbury KG KCVO PC
The Baroness Amos LG CH PC
Sir Tony Blair KG
The Baroness Ashton of Upholland LG GCMG PC
The Lord Patten of Barnes KG CH PC
Royal Knights and Ladies Companion:
The Duke of Kent KG GCMG GCVO
The Princess Royal KG KT GCVO QSO
The Duke of Gloucester KG GCVO
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy KG GCVO
The Duke of York KG GCVO
The Duke of Edinburgh KG GCVO
The Queen LG LT GCVO PC
References
1348 establishments
1340s establishments in England
Mark Lanegan

Mark William Lanegan (November 25, 1964 - February 22, 2022) was an American singer-songwriter, author, and musician. He became known as the lead singer for early grunge band Screaming Trees. He was also known as a member of Queens of the Stone Age and The Gutter Twins. He released eleven solo studio albums. Lanegan was known for his baritone voice.
Lanegan wrote about his alcoholism and heroin addiction during his early years in 2020. He was sober for almost ten years.
In March 2021, Lanegan was hospitalised with COVID-19 and almost died while in multiple comas.
Lanegan died at his home in Killarney, Ireland, on the morning of February 22, 2022, at the age of 57.
References
1964 births
2022 deaths
American singer-songwriters
American rock singers
American rock guitarists
American keyboardists
American folk singers
American folk musicians
American blues singers
American blues musicians
Singers from Seattle
Musicians from Seattle
Writers from Seattle
Louvrechy

Louvrechy is a commune. It is in the Picardie region in the Somme department in the north of France. In 2012, 206 people lived there.
Communes in Somme
Australian giant cuttlefish

The Australian giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama) is the biggest species of cuttlefish.
It grows up to in mantle length length and over pounds in weight. Australian Giant Cuttlefish live in the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It lives in rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand or mud seafloor to a depth of 100 meters. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been seen to eat them.
References
Cephalopods
Louis de Saint-Just

Louis Antoine Leon de Saint-Just (nicknamed the Angel of Death) was an important person in the French revolution and the Reign of Terror. He worked closely with Robespierre.
He was born August 25, 1767, Decize, France and died on July 28, 1794, Paris to the Guillotine. Saint-Just reputedly accepted his death with coolness and pride.
Other websites
People of the French Revolution
1767 births
1794 deaths
Ferques

Ferques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
4Minute

4Minute () is a five-member South Korean K-pop girl group. Its members are Nam Ji-hyun, Heo Ga-yoon, Jeon Ji-yoon, Kim Hyun-ah and Kwon So-hyun. They belong to Cube Entertainment in Korea. Far Eastern Tribe Records in Universal Music Japan is responsible for 4minute's labels in Japan. Their official fan club name is 4Nia. This is a combination of 4Minute and mania.
They debuted through the M.net M! Countdown on June 18, 2009 with their song "Hot Issue". The name 4minute has two meanings. One means that each of its member will attract audiences in 4 minutes and this is why all of their songs are shorter than 4 minutes. The other meaning is that they will do their best for a minute (for every moment).
Kim Hyun-ah already released two singles. She used to be a member of Wonder Girls and Kwon So-hyun was a member of girl group Orange. Nam Ji-hyun is best in dance, Heo Ga-yoon in drama, Jeon Ji-yoon in music and Kim Hyun-ah is best in the Department of Theater and Film.
In December 2010, it released its first Japanese album, Diamond. In 2011, the group released its first Korean full-length album, 4Minutes Left with the title track "Mirror Mirror" and the following years they have promoted 2 more mini albums and 2 chart topping hits "Volume Up" and "What's Your Name"
The group received the Bonsang Award at the 20th Seoul Music Awards, and the Kpop New Artist Award at the 2010 Billboard Japan Music Awards.
The Group disbanded in 2016 after 4 of the 5 members left Cube Entertainment.
Members
Music
Hot Issue (2009)
For Muzik (2009)
Jingle Jingle (Hangul:jinggeul jinggeul) (2009)
gaeinyi cwihyang OST Part.3 (2010)
Hit Your Heart (2010)
'Muzik (Single) (2010)
Superstar (2010)
I My Me Mine (Single) (2010)
jigudaepyo rolringseutajeu OST (2010)
First . Dreams Come True (Standard Ver.) (2010)
Diamond (2011)
Heart To Heart (2011)
4Minutes Left (2011)
FreeStyle (2011)
Volume Up (2012)
Love Tension (Japanese Single) (2012)
Name is 4Minute (2013)
4Minute World (2014)
Crazy (2015)
No. 7 (2016)
References
Other websites
South Korean girl groups
K-pop music groups
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
2010s disestablishments in Asia
Musical groups established in 2009
Disestablishments in South Korea
Graeme McMahon

Graeme McMahon (1940 - 1 July 2014) was an Australian rules football player and executive. He played over 100 games for Prahran Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA). He was later the chairman of Essendon in the Australian Football League (AFL) from 1996 to 2003. He was also the CEO and chairman of Ansett Australia.
McMahon was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and died from pancreatic cancer on 1 July 2014, aged 74.
References
Other websites
Graeme McMahon at Businessweek
1940 births
2014 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Australian rules footballers
Cancer deaths in Australia
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Herrerasaurus

Herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs. All known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in Upper Triassic strata dated to 231.4 million years ago (mya) in northwestern Argentina.
It is a member of the Herrerasauridae, a family of similar genera that were among the earliest dinosaurs.
Description
Herrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head. Its length is estimated at 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 ft), and its hip height at more than 1.1 meters (3.3 ft). It may have weighed around 210-350 kilograms (463-772 lb).
In a large specimen the skull measured 56 centimeters (1.8 ft) in length. Smaller specimens had skulls about 30 centimeters (1 ft) long.
The tail, partially stiffened by overlapping vertebral projections, balanced the body and was also an adaptation for speed.
Palaeoenvironment
The paleoenvironment of the Ischigualasto Formation (where it was found) was a volcanically active floodplain covered by forests with seasonal rainfall. The climate was moist and warm, with seasonal variations. The vegetation was ferns, horsetails, and giant conifers. These plants formed lowland forests along the banks of rivers. Herrerasaurus was the most common of the carnivores of the Ischigualasto Formation.
Herrerasaurus lived in these jungles alongside a smaller dinosaur, the one metre long Eoraptor. Saurosuchus, a huge quadrupedal Archosaur was the biggest land predator at the time. There were also a number of therapsid and reptilian herbivores. The dinosaurs had not yet taken control of the land environments as they did later.
References
Theropods
Triassic dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of South America
Grace Jones

Grace Beverly Jones (born 19 May 1948) is a Jamaican singer, songwriter, supermodel, record producer, and actress. She was born in Spanish Town, Jamaica. She was raised by her grandparents. She released her first album, Portfolio, in 1977. Her music is a mixture of R&B, disco, reggae, electronica and funk. She is also known for her unusual album covers. Her most important movie roles include the 1985 James Bond movie A View to a Kill and the 1986 horror movie Vamp.
2015: I'll Never Write My Memoirs
In 2015, Jones wrote an autobiography called I'll Never Write My Memoirs. In the book, she wrote her opinion on Rihanna, Lady Gaga, Nicki Minaj, Madonna, Miley Cyrus and Beyonce. She wrote that she felt that they were copying her style.
Discography
Portfolio (1977)
Fame (1978)
Muse (1979)
Warm Leatherette (1980)
Nightclubbing (1981)
Living My Life (1982)
Slave to the Rhythm (1985)
Inside Story (1986)
Bulletproof Heart (1989)
Hurricane (2008)
References
Other websites
1948 births
Living people
Actresses who played Bond girls
Actors who played Bond villains
Electronic musicians
Jamaican singers
Jamaican reggae musicians
R&B singers
New wave singers
Producer gas

Producer gas is a fuel produced by passing air and steam through red-hot coke or anthracite or other fuel that contains carbon. Producer gas contains carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, and mostly nitrogen.
Fuel
The King of Fighters (movie)

The King of Fighters or KOF 2010 is an American science fiction-martial arts movie, that is loose adaptaion of SNK Playmore's best selling fighting game franchises. Directed by Gordon Chen, it was starring by Sean Faris as Kyo Kusanagi, Maggie Q as Mai Shiranui, Will Yun Lee as Iori Yagami and Ray Park as Rugal Bernstein.
2010 movies
Kidzania Jakarta

Kidzania Jakarta is an amusement park in Jakarta. It is Southeast Asia's first ever Kidzania theme park, coming from the Mexican amusement park company Kidzania de Mexico S.A. Kidzania Jakarta is the fourth of its kind to open globally. The theme park houses less than 10,000 visitors, although it has a big size. The park is open from 9.00am until 2.00pm for the first session. The second session begins at 3.00pm until 8.00pm.
Big changes
It has 70 pavilions, some are currently under development. The latest change came on June 8, 2009, when it opened its first Research & Development Center. This is related to electronic matters, as children must create new ideas to create a home electronic. It is followed by the opening of the Coffee Factory pavilion, where children can make instant coffee through a number of processes.
Location
Kidzania Jakarta is on a mall in Jakarta, known as the Pacific Place Jakarta, on the city center.
References
Kidzania Retrieved on 2009-07-15
Theme parks in Asia
Buildings and structures in Jakarta
es:Kidzania
ja:kitsuzania
Portuguese Constitution of 1822

The Portuguese Constitution of 1822 () approved on 23 September 1822 was the first Portuguese constitution, it was an attempt to end absolutism (absolute monarchy) and introduce a constitutional monarchy. It was important to the history of democracy in Portugal. It was replaced by the Constitutional Charter of 1826.
The constitution was the result of the Constituent Cortes of 1820, which happened after the Liberal Revolution.
References
History of Portugal
1822 establishments in Europe
Constitutions
Hersal Thomas

Hersal Thomas (September 9, 1906 - June 2, 1926) was an American blues pianist and composer.
He strongly influenced the development of piano blues and boogie woogie. Later pianists like Jimmy Yancey, Albert Ammons and Meade Lux Lewis named him as an important influence in their own career.
Life
Thomas was born in Houston, Texas into a musical family. When young, he had talent for blues piano playing and composition. Besides Hersal, also his older brother George W. was a very good piano player. His sister Sippie Wallace and his niece Hociel Thomas sang.
He started playing piano in New Orleans. Later he went to Chicago, where his sister Sippie lived. In 1924, he started recording piano rolls and 1925 disk records. He worked solo but also as sideman for Hociel Thomas, Sippie Wallace, Lilian Miller and Sodarisa Miller. Shortly before his death he was on tour with Louis Armstrong and King Oliver. His sister Sippie Wallace recorded seven of his titles: "A Jealous Woman Like Me", "A Man for Every Day of the Week", "Dead Drunk Blues", "Have You Ever Been Down?", "I Feel Good", "Shorty George Blues" and "Trouble Everywhere I Roam". His most famous records are "Suitcase Blues" (8958-A Okeh 8227) and "The Five". Albert Ammons and Meade Lux Lewis named this records under the fundamental boogie records.
Thomas died of food poisoning while working at Penny's Pleasure Inn in Detroit, Michigan.
References
American blues musicians
Boogie Woogie pianists
Blues pianists
American jazz pianists
Musicians from Houston
Deaths from food poisoning
1906 births
1926 deaths
Metro Station (band)

Metro Station is an American pop punk band that was formed in 2007. The member consist of Trace Cyrus & Mason Musso. The band is often described as a scene pop band due to the members' sense of fashion and the band's unique blend of various pop styles.
Career
In 2005, Mason and Trace agreed to meet on the set of Hannah Montana, which starred Mason's brother, Mitchel, and Trace's sister, Miley. Sharing musical interests, they decided to form a band. Shortly thereafter, Cyrus recruited Blake Healy from Synthetic Joy and the Bum Out Eternal as a keyboardist, synthesist, and bassist. Cyrus remained the singer and the lead guitarist. Musso became the group's main singer and rhythm guitarist.
The band released its self-titled debut album in September 2007. The singles of the album are "Kelsey", "Control", "Shake It" (which is the most popular and hittest song by the band) & "Seventeen Forever".
In 2010, tension between Cyrus and Musso caused the band to go on hiatus. In 2011, the band returned, however, it was announced that Cyrus was no longer a part of the group and Musso had purchased the rights to the name. An EP entitled Middle of the Night was released in 2013, which was led by the single "Every Time I Touch You". In 2014, Cyrus and a new drummer, Spencer Steffan, came to the band, and a new single entitled "Love & War" was released. In 2015, the band released a second full-length album, titled Savior. After this, the band went on a U.S and European tour, announcing an EP called Bury Me My Love along with a U.S. 10-year anniversary tour. Just before the tour started, the band announced it would be their final tour and that they were breaking up. They reunited once again in 2019 and released the single "I Hate Society" in 2020.
Discography
Studio Albums
Metro Station - September 18, 2007
Saviour - June 30, 2015
Singles
"Kelsey" - August 18, 2007
"Control" - 2007
"Shake It" - April 1, 2008
"Seventeen Forever - December 13, 2008
References
American rock bands by genre
Pop music groups
American pop rock bands
American pop music groups
Musical quartets
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Pedicure

The pedicure is a way to improve the appearance of feet and nails. The word pedicure refers to superficial cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails. Pedicures can help prevent nail disorders and nail problems. They are very popular, especially among women.
Pedicures are not only limited to the nails. Usually, dead skin cells on the bottoms of feet are rubbed off with pumice stones.
People have been pedicuring nails for over four thousand years.
References
Cosmetics
Body art
Akane Saito

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Saito was born in Saitama Prefecture on January 12, 1993. She played for TEPCO Mareeze. However, the club was disbanded for Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. In April 2011, she moved to her local club Urawa Reds. She moved to AC Nagano Parceiro in 2015. In 2019, she moved to her local another club, Chifure AS Elfen Saitama.
In October 2008, Saito was selected the Japan U-17 national team for 2008 U-17 Women's World Cup. In July 2010, she was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2010 U-20 World Cup. In March 2011, she was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Algarve Cup. At this competition, on March 9, she debuted against Sweden.
Statistics
References
Other websites
1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Japan women's international footballers
Nadeshiko League players
TEPCO Mareeze players
Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies players
AC Nagano Parceiro Ladies players
Chifure AS Elfen Saitama players
California newt

The California newt (Taricha torosa) is a species of newts. They are also called the orange bellied newt. They can grow to 8 inches (20 cm) in length. They have toxic skin. Because of this, the only predator of the California newt are garter snakes. California newts lives in California.
Subspecies
Sierra newt
Coastal Range newt
Other websites
San Diego Natural History Museum
California Newt facts
California Newt mating
Caudata Culture
Newts
Animals of North America
Courties

Courties is a commune in the Gers department. It is in southwestern France.
Related pages
Communes of the Gers department
Communes in Gers
Bob Barr

Robert Laurence "Bob" Barr, Jr.
(born November 5, 1948) is the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election. He is a former federal prosecutor
and a former member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Republican from 1995 to 2003.
Barr is known as one of the leaders of the impeachment of President Bill Clinton. Barr joined the Libertarian Party in 2006,
and until May 2008 served on its National Committee.
References
Other websites
Official 2008 Presidential Campaign website
Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues.org
Video interview/discussion with Jane Hamsher on Bloggingheads.tv
1948 births
Living people
American Methodists
Politicians from Iowa
2008 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Georgia
Libertarian Party (United States) politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Södermanland County

Sodermanland County () is a county in central Sweden, with the seat located in Nykoping. It was established in 1634.
Municipalities
Eskilstuna
Flen
Gnesta
Katrineholm
Nykoping
Oxelosund
Strangnas
Trosa
Vingaker
References
Other websites
1634 establishments in Sweden
Sodermanland County
Évosges

Evosges is a commune. It is in the Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes region in the Ain department in east France.
Communes in Ain
Konz

Konz is a city in Germany. It is on the Moselle River.
Museums
Roscheider Hof, Open Air Museum
References
Other websites
Trier-Saarburg
Naviraí

Navirai is a Brazilian city of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. About 51,600 people live there (2015). It has an area of .
The city is served by bus and airport, the latter being prepared to operate.
History
The city of Navirai was founded in April 1952 and emancipated on November 11, 1963.
Cities in Mato Grosso do Sul
1952 establishments
1950s establishments in Brazil
Esterzili

Esterzili (Istersili, Stersili) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 643 people lived there. Its area is 100.74 km2. It is 731 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Köttmannsdorf

Kottmannsdorf () is a municipality of the district of Klagenfurt-Land in the Austrian state of Carinthia.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Carinthia (state)
Goitre

A goitre or goiter (Latin: struma), also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below Adam's apple or larynx). It happens when the thyroid gland gets larger (usually because the body is not getting enough iodine).
Classification
Goitres are classified in different ways (put into different categories):
A diffuse goitre is a goitre that has spread through all of the thyroid. A diffuse goitre can be a "simple goitre" or a "multi nodular goitre."
Toxic goiter is a goitre with hyperthyroidism. These most commonly caused by Graves disease, but they can also be caused by inflammation or a multinodular goitre.
Any other type of goitre is called a non-toxic goitre. These may be caused by lithium, some kinds of autoimmune diseases, or other problems. People with non-toxic goiters have low thyroid levels (hypothyroidism) or normal thyroid levels.
Causes
Some of the causes of goitre include:
Thyroid cancer
Iodine deficiency (not having enough iodine in the body)
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Graves-Basedow disease
Congenital hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism that babies have when they are born, caused by errors in the way the body makes thyroid hormone)
Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland)
Side effects of certain medications
New research says that some people may be more vulnerable to goitre (more likely to have goiters) because they inherited that vulnerability (it was passed down to them from their parents).
Famous goitre sufferers
Within two years of each other, President George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara Bush both were diagnosed with Graves disease and larger-than-normal thyroid glands. President Bush's disease caused hyperthyroidism and cardiac dysrhythmia (irregular heart rate).
References
Other websites
National Health Services, UK
Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency - alternate site at Emory University's School of Public Health
Diseases
Battle of Warsaw 1920

Battle of Warsaw 1920 () is a 2011 Polish historical movie directed by Jerzy Hoffman and starring Daniel Olbrychski, Borys Szyc, Andrzej Strzelecki, Ewa Wisniewska, Olga Kabo, Adam Ferency, Jacek Poniedzialek, Wiktor Zborowski, Wojciech Pszoniak.
Other websites
2011 movies
2010s war movies
Polish movies
Movies directed by Jerzy Hoffman
Shea Stadium

William A. Shea Municipal Stadium, or more commonly Shea Stadium (often referred to in short as Shea), was a major league ballpark that was the home for the New York Mets 1964 to 2008 when the Mets left for their new home Citi Field. Shea was also the home of the New York Yankees while Yankee Stadium was being renovated for the 1974 and 1975 seasons. It was demolished between October 14, 2008 and February 18, 2009.
References
1964 establishments in New York (state)
2009 disestablishments in New York (state)
Former Major League Baseball venues
Former National Football League venues
New York Mets
New York Yankees
Queens (New York City)
Sports buildings in New York City
American Sign Language

American Sign Language (old names: Amslan, Ameslan ) is the most popular sign language for the Deaf in the United States, in the English-speaking parts of Canada, and in parts of Mexico. Although the United Kingdom and the United States share English as a spoken and written language, British Sign Language (BSL) is different from American Sign Language. ASL actually comes from French Sign Language, as Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet went to England for help learning sign language to teach to his deaf neighbors. He could not find anyone willing to teach him the British Sign Language, but did find some French people who were willing to help, he convinced one of them to travel back to the United States with him to set up the first deaf school in the U.S.
ASL is also used (sometimes with other sign languages) in the Philippines, Singapore, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe. Like other sign languages, its grammar is different from any spoken language.
ASL includes fingerspelling. Fingerspelling is a way to show the written letter. ASL uses one hand to show the English alphabet, although there are ways to show alphabets from other languages. Names of people and places can be fingerspelled. Fingerspelling is also used for words that have no sign, or for when people are confused about what a used sign means.
Statistics
Counting the number of ASL speakers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census. ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured. The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP) by Schein and Delk (1974). Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP, Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000. The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing.
Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of statistics. Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use. This accounts for cited estimations which are greater than 500,000. Such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000.
ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth-most-spoken language in the United States. These figures misquote Schein and Delk (1974), who said ASL speakers constituted the third-largest population requiring an interpreter in court.
References
Bibliography
Other websites
ASL browser(See lots of signs in American Sign Language)
ASLPro.com Home
Sign languages
Falköping

Falkoping is a town in the county of Vastra Gotaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Falkoping Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Vastra Gotaland County
List of cities in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has about 26 million people. 5.7 million live in urban areas. The rest live in rural areas or countryside. The following are fourteen cities of Afghanistan in order of population. The estimates are from 2006.
Kabul - 1,925,548
Kandahar - 468,200
Herat - 397,456
Mazar-i-Sharif - 375,181
Kunduz - 230,600
Jalalabad - 205,423
Lashkar Gah - 201,546
Taluqan - 194,471
Puli Khumri - 191,640
Khost - 160,214
Ghazni - 154,618
Sheberghan - 148,329
Sari Pul - 115,463
Farah - 109,409
Ancient names
Ancient names of places or cities in Afghanistan:
Gallery
References
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
city