pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Battle of Kosovo

The Battle of Kosovo was a battle between Serbian forces and the Ottoman Empire. The result was huge losses on both sides, delaying the Turkish advance into Europe for many years.
The battle was fought on St Vitus' Day, 1389. At the time this was June 15, but is now celebrated on the June 28.
Other websites
Battle of Kosovo as National Narrative by Dr. Seth Ward
The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat by Thomas Emmert
The Kosovo Legacy by Thomas Emmert alternate URL
The events Surrounding the Battle of Kosovo 1389 and its cultural, traditional effect on the Serbian people by Mark Gottfried
The Battle of Kosovo Serbian Epic Poems edited by Charles Simic Alternate URL
References
Kosovo
1389
June events
Odessa, Texas

Odessa is a city in Texas. Odessa had 99,940 people at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Walter Martínez (footballer)

Walter Julian Martinez Ramos (; 28 March 1982 - 11 August 2019) a.k.a. Pery , was a Honduran professional football striker. He last played for Beijing Capital United at Chinese City Football Super League. Martinez started his professional career at Victoria and made his debut on 25 November 2000 against Deportes Savio. He played for Vida in La Ceiba, and Marathon in San Pedro Sula. He was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Martinez died on 11 August 2019 in New York City from a heart attack at the age of 37.
References
1982 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Honduran footballers
Rondefontaine

Rondefontaine is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Red Hook (village), New York

The Village of Red Hook is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.
Villages in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
Trans, Mayenne

Trans is a commune of 238 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Mayenne
LaTeX

LaTeX is a computer program used for making articles, books and math formulas look good. LaTeX is well-suited for expressing mathematical formulas on electronic devices in a more human readable format, by showing them in a way similar to how they would be written by hand.
LaTeX is used for making mathematical formulas for some articles on Wikipedia, in addition to being used within academic circles.
The writer types their article into a plain text document. A plain text document cannot have styled text, like bold or italic. When the writer wants to write styled text, they use special LaTeX commands that start with a backslash (\). For example, the command for bold text is extbf{This text is bold}.
After the writer is finished writing the article, they tell LaTeX to read the document. After LaTeX is done, LaTeX makes a file that can be printed. The command extbf{This text is bold} would print as This text is bold.
LaTeX was first made in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International, who published its first manual in 1986. The current version is LaTeX2e (styled ), which has been active since 1994.
Example
The example below shows the LaTeX input and its corresponding output:
Academic contributions to LaTeX
In order to support mathematical typesetting, the American Mathematical Society (AMS) has made the AMS-LaTeX package. AMS also founded MathJax, a Javascript extension to display mathematical formulas on web browsers, with the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Related pages
Acaric (Developer of Cloud LaTeX)
Beamer (LaTeX-based presentation software)
CTAN (One of the largest LaTeX-related website)
KaTeX (LaTeX for web browsers)
SATySFi (A computer program expected to be an alternative to LaTeX)
References
Further reading
Van Dongen, M. R. (2012). LATEX and Friends. Springer Science & Business Media.
Gratzer, G. (2014). Practical LaTeX. Springer.
Datta, D. (2017). LaTeX in 24 Hours: A Practical Guide for Scientific Writing. Springer.
Programming languages
Mathematical tools
Cross-platform software
Lulu Belle Madison White

Lulu (or Lula) Belle Madison White (August 31, 1900 - July 6, 1957) was a teacher and civil rights activist in Texas during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1939, White was named as the president of the Houston chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) before becoming executive secretary of the branch in 1943. Under her leadership, the Houston chapter of the NAACP more than doubled in size from 1943 to 1948.
References
1900 births
1957 deaths
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
People from Texas
Assis (footballer, born 1952)

Benedito de Assis da Silva (November 11, 1952 - July 6, 2014), commonly known as Assis was a Brazilian footballer. He played for Fluminense. He was working as a manager for Fluminense's youth team until his death in 2014.
Assis died on July 6, 2014 due to multiple organ failure at the age of 61.
References
1952 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Footballers from Sao Paulo
Middle C

Middle C is the musical note C that is in the middle of the piano keyboard. It is not perfectly in the middle of the keyboard, but very nearly. When you compare all the Cs in the piano, it is the one nearest to the middle.
When writing Middle C in music notation, it is below the stave when using the treble clef and just above the stave when using the bass clef. This is shown in the first and last notes of the musical example below. The Middle C sits on a ledger line (an extension of the stave written just for one note).
On the piano the Middle C key is C4.
When starting to learn the piano, most books make their easiest pieces start on Middle C. This is because the right hand can then play tunes using 5 notes (C to G) using white notes only (no sharps or flats). It is also easy to recognize Middle C in notation. It is also a help to find the correct place to sit at the piano (Middle C is opposite the player's "middle" (tummy)). One problem can be that young children learning the piano may think that all pieces start on Middle C. Pieces can start anywhere on the keyboard.
Middle C is the lowest note of the flute. It is a fairly low note for a child or woman to sing, but a fairly high note for a man to sing.
Middle C vibrates at 262Hz.
Musical terminology
Musical notation
Sugar City, Idaho

Sugar City is a city in Idaho in the United States.
Cities in Idaho
Edward J. Walsh

Edward Joseph Walsh (March 5, 1942 - February 14, 2014) was an American journalist. He reported on politics. He made news reports from foreign countries. He worked for The Washington Post and The Oregonian.
Walsh was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the College of St. Thomas.
He died in Portland, Oregon, from lung cancer. He was aged 71.
References
Other websites
Obituary in The Oregonian
Walsh recaps career for The Oregonian (2009)
"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"
1942 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American journalists
American editors
Writers from Chicago
Warri

Warri is a city in Delta State, Nigeria. It is very rich in oil.
Notable people
Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor, former CAN President
Nedum Onuoha, footballer
References
Cities in Nigeria
Delta State
19521 Chaos

19521 Chaos is a Kuiper belt object. Chaos was found in 1998 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey, with Kitt Peak's 4 m telescope. It is big at about 560 km, and bright at H=4.755. It is named after the primeval state of existence in Greek mythology, from which the first gods appeared.
Trivia
A jazz-fusion/progressive-rock band from Connecticut got their name from this minor planet.
References
original MPEC circular 1998-X08 and the revision, 1999-V03
AstDys
Chaos
Nantucket, Massachusetts

Nantucket is an island 30 miles (48.3 km) south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the United States.
Islands of the United States
Towns in Massachusetts
Massachusetts counties
County seats in Massachusetts
1641 establishments
1640s establishments in Massachusetts
FC Lorient

F.C. Lorient is a football club which plays in France.
French football clubs
1926 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in France
Kidane Zekarias Habtemariam

Kidane Zekarias Habtemariam is an Eritrean human trafficker. He was wanted for large-scale human trafficking of people from Africa to Europe. He is described as "one of the world's most notorious and most brutal human traffickers".
Habtemariam smuggled migrants from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan, through Libya to Europe. Victims faced aggravated beatings, kidnappings and rapings. The man is said to have earned as much money as possible of migrants. He operated a warehouse - Bani Walid in Libya. According to the Dutch Public Prosecution Service he led an 'extremely violent criminal organization'.
Habtemariam worked with another human trafficker, Tewelde Goitom.
In 2020 Habtemariam was arrested in Ethiopia. In 2021 he escaped custody. He was later sentenced in absentia to life in prison. The United Arab Emirates tracked him down in a money laundering investigation. He was arrested on 1 January 2023 in Sudan.
References
Eritrean people
Criminals
Living people
Year of birth missing
Government of the Australian Capital Territory

The Government of the Australian Capital Territory, also referred to as the Australian Capital Territory Government or ACT Government, is the executive authority of the Australian Capital Territory.
References
Politics of the Australian Capital Territory
Meenakshi Narain

Meenakshi Narain (May 9, 1964 - January 1, 2023) was an Indian-born American experimental physicist. She took part in the discovery of the top quark in 1995 and the Higgs boson in 2012. She was a professor of physics and chair of the department of physics at Brown University. She also worked at Boston University.
Narain was born in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. She was married to German citizen Ulrich Heintz. She had two children. She died on January 1, 2023, in Providence, Rhode Island. She was 58.
References
Other websites
(video, 13:11 minutes)
1964 births
2023 deaths
Academics from Rhode Island
American physicists
Indian physicists
People from Uttar Pradesh
Academics from Massachusetts
Sally Ann Matthews

Sally Ann Matthews (born 19 September 1970) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Jenny Bradley in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street (1986-1991, 1993, 2015-present). She also appeared as Sandra Briggs in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale (2005-2006).
Other websites
1970 births
Living people
English television actors
Actors from Greater Manchester
People from Oldham
Virginia Leith

Virginia Leith (October 15, 1925 - November 4, 2019) was an American actress. She was known for her leading roles in On the Threshold of Space, Toward the Unknown, Violent Saturday and A Kiss Before Dying.
She dated actor Marlon Brando in 1956. Leith died on November 4, 2019 at the age of 94.
References
Other websites
1925 births
Actors from Cleveland
American movie actors
American television actors
2019 deaths
Malindi

Malindi is a town lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa.
Malindi has a tropical savanna climate (As in the Koppen climate classification). The area shows classic examples of Swahili architecture. Malindi developed as part of Swahili Civilization in the 5th-10th centuries.
The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama met Malindi authorities in 1498 to sign a trade agreement and hire a guide for the voyage to India, when he erected a coral pillar.
During World War II Malindi was one of only two towns in East Africa bombed by the Italians. This happened on 24 October 1940.
After the World War II Malindi began developing into a resort.
Malindi is home to the Malindi Airport and Broglio Space Centre (the previous San Marco Equatorial Range).
Gallery
In popular culture
Novel "MALI D'AFRICA" (by Sara Cardelli) describes the impossible love in Malindi.
Most of the events in the novels "Once in Malindi" and "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" (by Andrei Gusev) take place in Malindi, Watamu, Lamu. The novel describes a few years living in Malindi of Russian writer Andy and his wife Jennifer, who was born in Kenya.
Song "Yasoi Malindi" by Yasoy Kala Kana.
References
Cities in Kenya
Acton, Massachusetts

Acton is a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is 21 miles away from Boston.
Other websites
Official Town Website
Acton Public Schools and Acton-Boxborough Regional School District
Community Profile
Acton Water District Website
Acton Memorial Library
The Discovery Museums
Theatre III
Open Door Theater
Early Acton History
Towns in Massachusetts
Gamma Cygni

Gamma Cygni, also known as Sadr, is a white supergiant star located in the Cygnus constellation. It is over 100 times the size of the Sun.
Supergiants
Federal Aviation Administration

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 created the group under the name "Federal Aviation Agency", and adopted its current name in 1967 when it became a part of the United States Department of Transportation. The FAA is the single most influential government-run aviation agency in the world, with the European Aviation Safety Agency in a close second.
Major functions
The FAA's roles include:
Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
Regulating air navigation facilities' geometric and flight inspection standards
Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology
Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates
Regulating civil aviation to promote transportation safety in the United States, especially through local offices called Flight Standards District Offices
Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft
Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics
Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation
References
Other websites
Records of the Federal Aviation Administration in the National Archives (Record Group 237)
Federal Aviation Administration in the Federal Register
Aviation authorities
United States Department of Transportation
United States government agencies
Henrik Ripa

Henrik Ripa (14 May 1968 - 12 July 2020) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Parliament from 2010 to 2014. Ripa represented the northern constituency of Vastra Gotaland. Between 1998 and 2010 he was chairman of the municipality of Lerum.
Ripa died on 12 July 2020, aged 52.
References
1968 births
2020 deaths
Swedish politicians
Stephanie Morgenstern

Stephanie Morgenstern (born December 10, 1965) is a Canadian actress, filmmaker, and screenwriter for television and film.
She has worked on stage, film, and television in both English and French. Her most widely seen roles have been The Sweet Hereafter, Maelstrom, Julie and Me and Forbidden Love.
Voice cast
Morgenstern is also known by anime fans as the voice of Sailor Venus in the DIC Entertainment English dub of Sailor Moon in the first few seasons as well as the movies. She also voiced the role of Regina of Dino Crisis 1 en Dino Crisis 2 of the famous franchise of Capcom.
Other websites
Official Website
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian television directors
Canadian television writers
Canadian voice actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian screenwriters
1965 births
York University alumni
2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)

The 2016 Labour Party leadership election was called when a challenge to Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party arose following criticism of his approach to the Remain campaign in the referendum on membership of the European Union and questions about his leadership of the party.
The result was announced on 24 September 2016. Jeremy Corbyn won the election with 313,209 votes, increasing his share of the vote from 59.5% to 61.8% compared with the result of the 2015 leadership election, and receiving some 62,000 more votes than in 2015.
Candidates
References
Notes
Labour Party leadership election
August 2016 events
September 2016 events
Jeremy Corbyn
Storey County, Nevada

Storey County is a county in the U.S. state of Nevada. As of the 2020 census, 4,104 people lived there. The county seat is Virginia City.
References
Nevada counties
Nyköpingsbro

Nykopingsbro is a rest area with restaurants. It is located near the E4 motorway southwest of the town Nykoping in Sweden. The facility was opened in October 1986. The facility is built as a covered bridge restaurant.
References
Other websites
1986 establishments in Sweden
Swedish restaurants
White Lion

White Lion is a rock band from New York City. White Lion is a glam metal band. White Lion broke up in 1992 but was brought back by their singer Mike Tramp in 1999 with new members. White Lion made a new album called Return of the Pride in 2008.
White Lion's biggest hits are; "Wait" and "When the Children Cry".
Albums
"Fight to Survive" (1985)
"Pride" (1987)
"Big Game" (1989)
"Mane Attraction" (1991)
"Return of the Pride" (2008)
Singles
"Broken Heart" (1985)
"Wait" (1987)
"Tell Me" (1987)
"When the Children Cry" (1988)
"Little Fighter" (1989)
"Radar Love" (1989)
"Cry for Freedom" (1990)
"Lights and Thunder" (1991)
"Broken Heart" (1991)
"Love Don't Come Easy" (1991)
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from New York City
Cluster bomb

A cluster bomb, or cluster munition, is an explosive device. It explodes in the air or on the ground, and releases many smaller bombs. It is an anti-personnel weapon because it kills or maims people, not armoured vehicles.
They were used a lot during the Vietnam War and have been used in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
They are considered illegal by over 100 countries. These countries have signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions adopted in May 2008.
Related pages
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Explosives
Superga

The Superga is a hill on the south bank of the Po River. It is east of Torino in the northwestern parts of Italy. It is 672 metres above sea level.
Hills of Europe
Geography of Italy
United States Army Air Force

The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. It was the direct precursor to the United States Air Force, established in 1947. At its peak strength in 1944, the USAAF had over 2.4 million men and women in service, nearly 80,000 aircraft and 783 permanent bases, and operated from more than 2,000 airfields worldwide.
History
The Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently, and to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force. Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of the army or navy (such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe), the USAAF remained a part of the United States Army.
United States Air Force
1941 establishments in the United States
1947 disestablishments in the United States
Alessandro Altobelli

Alessandro Altobelli (born 28 November, 1955) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1973-74||Latina||Serie C1||28||7
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="3"|Brescia||rowspan="3"|Serie B||16||2
|-
|1975-76||26||11
|-
|1976-77||34||13
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="11"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="11"|Serie A||28||10
|-
|1978-79||29||11
|-
|1979-80||29||15
|-
|1980-81||29||12
|-
|1981-82||29||9
|-
|1982-83||30||15
|-
|1983-84||28||10
|-
|1984-85||30||17
|-
|1985-86||29||9
|-
|1986-87||28||11
|-
|1987-88||28||9
|-
|1988-89||Juventus||Serie A||20||4
|-
|1989-90||Brescia||Serie B||32||7
473||172
473||172
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1980||6||2
|-
|1981||3||0
|-
|1982||7||2
|-
|1983||4||1
|-
|1984||9||3
|-
|1985||7||3
|-
|1986||10||9
|-
|1987||10||4
|-
|1988||5||1
|-
!Total||61||25
|}
References
1955 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Urville, Aube

Urville is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Communes in Aube
Wild grape

Wild grapes are natural, uncultivated grapes. There are many species. Most are similar to each other, and difficult to tell apart. Fox grape (vitis labrusca), summer grape (vitis aestivalis), and riverbank grape (vitis riparia) are some common species.
Wild grapes have woody vines which can climb over thirty feet tall. They have large, three-lobed leaves with teeth on the edges. They can be found on streambanks, pond edges, roadsides, and in open woods. In woods, the vine is probably very large and has grown up with the tree.
Wild grapes use tendrils (like above-ground roots) to grab onto branches or bark of larger plants. The bark is brownish-gray and very shreddy.
Wild grape flowers are green and small. They bloom from May to July. The fruit, of course, is what grapes are known for. They grow large berries in clusters of up to twenty. Fruits become ripe from August to October. The fruit is very important for wildlife. Each berry contains two to six seeds. When animals eat the fruit, they help spread the vines by defecating seeds in new places.
Many birds nest in wild grape tangles, and many use bark from the vine to build nests.
Gallery
Vines
Vitaceae
Airoux

Airoux is a commune of 126 people (2007). It is in the region Languedoc-Roussillon in the Aude department in the south of France.
References
Communes in Aude
Gabriela (1983 movie)

Gabriela is a 1983 Brazilian erotic comedy movie directed by Bruno Barreto and is based on the 1958 novel Gabriela, Cravo e Canela. It stars Sonia Braga, Marcello Mastroianni, Antonio Cantafora, Paulo Goulart, Flavio Galvao, Joffre Soares, Nelson Xavier, Mauricio do Valle, Nildo Parente and was distributed by Metro-Goldyn-Mayer.
Other websites
1983 comedy movies
1980s erotic movies
Brazilian movies
Movies directed by Bruno Barreto
Movies based on books
MGM movies
Movies set in the 1920s
Caillou (book series)

Caillou is a book series. The book series started in 1989. The TV series that first aired in 1997 is based on the book series.
The author of the books is Christine L'Heureux.
References
1989 books
Children's books
Robert Shapiro (lawyer)

Robert Leslie Shapiro (born September 2, 1942) is an American civil lawyer of Jewish descent. He is a senior partner in the law firm Glaser Weil Fink Jacobs Howard Avchen & Shapiro, LLP, which is based in Los Angeles.
Shapiro was born in Plainfield, New Jersey. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and Loyola Law School.
Shapiro is known for being part of the team which successfully defended O. J. Simpson in 1995 from the charges that he murdered his ex-wife Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman in 1994. Shortly after the O. J. Simpson trial, Shapiro moved his practice away from criminal defense toward the civil litigation arena.
He is also the voice of, and pictured in, the television commercials for the LegalZoom company he co-founded.
References
Other websites
1942 births
Living people
Lawyers from New Jersey
Jewish lawyers
People from Plainfield, New Jersey
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Lawyers from Los Angeles
John C. Portman Jr.

John Calvin Portman Jr. (December 4, 1924 - December 29, 2017) was an American neofuturistic architect and real estate developer. He was born in Walhalla, South Carolina. He was known for popularizing hotels and office buildings with multi-storied interior atria.
Portman also had a large impact on the cityscape of his hometown of Atlanta, with the Peachtree Center, Hyatt, Westin, and Marriott hotels.
Portman died on December 29, 2017 in Atlanta of heart failure, aged 93.
References
Other websites
Portmanusa.com: website of the Portman architectural firm
Portmanholdings.com: website of the Portman real estate development firm
Johnportmanfilm.com: 'John Portman: A Life of Building' -- film about Portman's life and works, aired on PBS stations in June 2013.
1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American architects
Real estate developers
People from South Carolina
Businesspeople from Atlanta
Android Lollipop

Android Lollipop is the fifth major release of Android developed by Google. It became available through official over-the-air (OTA) updates on November 12, 2014.
References
Android (operating system)
Heal's

Heal's ("Heal and Sons Ltd") is a British department store furniture and furnishing store chain with six stores. The stores sell an upmarket range of furniture, lighting, accessories, home and garden-wares.
It was founded in 1810 by John Harris Heal and his son. At first the company made beds.
The work of Sir Ambrose Heal made the company famous. He worked there for 60 years, from 1893 to 1953. Ambrose Heal was one of the group of designers, industrialists and business people who founded the Design and Industries Association in 1915. Their slogan was "Nothing Need Be Ugly".
Other websites
Heals website
References
1810 establishments in Europe
1810s establishments in the United Kingdom
Retail companies of the United Kingdom
Department stores
Peter Walker (cricketer, born 1936)

Peter Michael Walker (17 February 1936 - 5 April 2020) was an English cricketer. He played for England in three Test matches against South Africa in 1960. He also played for Glamorgan. He was born in Clifton, Bristol.
Walker died of a stroke on 5 April 2020. He was 84.
References
Other websites
Peter Walker at CricketArchive
1936 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from stroke
English cricketers
Sportspeople from Bristol
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Constant function

In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose output value is the same for every input value. For example, the function is a constant function because the value of is 4 regardless of the input value (see image).
Basic properties
Formally, a constant function f(x):R-R has the form . Usually we write or just .
The function y=c has 2 variables x and u and 1 constant c. (In this form of the function, we do not see x, but it is there.)
The constant c is a real number. Before working with a linear function, we replace c with an actual number.
The domain or input of y=c is R. So any real number x can be input. However, the output is always the value c.
The range of y=c is also R. However, because the output is always the value of c, the codomain is just c.
Example: The function or just is the specific constant function where the output value is . The domain is all real numbers R. The codomain is just {4}. Namely, y(0)=4, y(-2.7)=4, y(p)=4,.... No matter what value of x is input, the output is "4".
The graph of the constant function is a horizontal line in the plane that passes through the point .
If c0, the constant function y=c is a polynomial in one variable x of degree zero.
The y-intercept of this function is the point (0,c).
This function has no x-intercept. That is, it has no root or zero. It never crosses the x-axis.
If c=0, then we have y=0. This is the zero polynomial or the identically zero function. Every real number x is a root. The graph of y=0 is the x-axis in the plane.
A constant function is an even function so the y-axis is an axis of symmetry for every constant function.
Derivative of a constant function
In the context where it is defined, the derivative of a function measures the rate of change of function (output) values with respect to change in input values. A constant function does not change, so its derivative is 0. This is often written: .
Example: is a constant function. The derivative of y is the identically zero function .
The converse (opposite) is also true. That is, if the derivative of a function is zero everywhere, then the function is a constant function.
Mathematically we write these two statements:
Generalization
A function f : A - B is a constant function if f(a) = f(b) for every a and b in A.
Examples
Real-world example: A store where every item is sold for 1 euro. The domain of this function is items in the store. The codomain is 1 euro.
Example: Let f : A - B where A={X,Y,Z,W} and B={1,2,3} and f(a)=3 for every aA. Then f is a constant function.
Example: z(x,y)=2 is the constant function from A=R2 to B=R where every point (x,y)R2 is mapped to the value z=2. The graph of this constant function is the horizontal plane (parallel to the x0y plane) in 3-dimensional space that passes through the point (0,0,2).
Example: The polar function r(ph)=2.5 is the constant function that maps every angle ph to the radius r=2.5. The graph of this function is the circle of radius 2.5 in the plane.
Other properties
There are other properties of constant functions. See Constant function on English Wikipedia
Related pages
Function
Polynomial
References
Other websites
Functions and mappings
Algebra
Lincoln Almond

Lincoln Carter Almond (June 16, 1936 - January 3, 2023) was an American attorney and politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Almond served as United States Attorney for the District of Rhode Island from 1969 to 1978 and 1981 to 1993 and later the 72nd Governor of Rhode Island, serving from 1995 to 2003.
Almond died on January 3, 2023, at the age of 86.
References
Other websites
University of Rhode Island Biography - Lincoln Almond
Brown University Oral History Project
1936 births
2023 deaths
Lawyers from Rhode Island
Boston University alumni
Governors of Rhode Island
Republican Party (United States) politicians
People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island
2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship

2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship was held in Canada from 17 August to 1 September.
Results
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Knockout stage
References
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup
2002 in association football
2002 in Canada
Soccer in Canada
Peter Soulsby

Sir Peter Alfred Soulsby (born 27 December 1948) is the elected Mayor of Leicester.
1948 births
Living people
British mayors
Captain (sports)

In team sports, a captain is a title given to the member of the team who has to make choices about strategy and teamwork while a game is happening.
This is most important when a game's rules say that the coach of a team cannot tell the players what they should do while a game is being played.
In some sports, team captains may have to talk with game officials about the way the rules are applied.
Sports words
Team sports
Flat Earth Society

The Flat Earth Society (or the International Flat Earth Research Society) is an organization claiming that the Earth is flat (most of us think it is round; a sphere). It was started by Samuel Shenton in 1956. Charles K. Johnson was the leader and made his home the organization's base. The Flat Earth Society is thought to have disbanded (stopped existing) after Johnson's death in 2001, but some websites still use the organization's name.
Some people say NASA proved that the Earth is not flat by taking pictures of the planet from space. Others say the round Earth was proven long before NASA existed. The Society says the pictures are fake, and that NASA is a part of a conspiracy.
Related pages
Flat Earth
Nicolaus Copernicus
Other websites
One of the associations calling itself the original Flat Earth Society
Earth
The Pretender (Foo Fighters song)

"The Pretender" is the first single from the Foo Fighters' 2007 album Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace.
Track listing
2-track CD
"The Pretender"
"If Ever"
Maxi CD
"The Pretender" - 4:31
"Come Alive" (Demo) - 5:31
"If Ever" - 4:15
"Monkey Wrench" (Live from Hyde Park video) - 5:35
7"
"The Pretender"
"Bangin"
Chart positions
References
2007 songs
Foo Fighters songs
Interstate 405 (California)

Interstate 405 (I-405) is an Interstate Highway in the Orange and Los Angeles counties of California. It is a spur route of the Interstate 5. It goes from the I-5 near San Fernando, through the west side of Los Angeles and Long Beach before ending back at the Interstate 5 near Irvine. It is the busiest highway in the United States, mainly because it is the only highway in the west side of Los Angeles that goes from north to south. It also passes important places such as Los Angeles International Airport and the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.
Exits
References
Interstate Highways
Los Angeles County, California
Orange County, California
Roads in California
List of presidents of Cape Verde

The following is a list of presidents of Cape Verde, since the establishment of the office of president in 1975.
List of officeholders
References
Other websites
Official Website
World Statesmen - Cape Verde
Stephan Farffler

Stephan Farffler (1633-1689) was a paraplegic watchmaker who is credited with inventing wheelchairs.
Artisans
German people with disabilities
1633 births
1689 deaths
German inventors
Corbeyrier

Corbeyrier is a municipality in Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Vaud
Stretford

Stretford is a town in Trafford, Greater Manchester, England.
Other websites
Historical documentary on the Borough of Stretford, including footage of the 1933 Charter Day celebrations
History of Stretford
Trafford
Jena Lee

Jena Lee (born 29 July, 1987 in Chile) is a French singer.
She was adopted by a French family at the age of nine months. In 2007, Jena Lee met Sulee B Wax, who was interested in her work. At this point in time Lee wrote the song Some Share. The song was used in an album by Sherifa Luna. Jena Lee wrote six out of the thirteen songs that are on Sherifa Luna's album.
In 2008, Jena Lee won the Urban Music Nation contest by Skyrock. Her first single J'aimerais Tellement was released in April 2009 along with a music video. It was at the top of the French single charts for eleven weeks. It had the highest number of downloads in November 2009.
References
French singers
Chilean singers
1987 births
Living people
Castorimorpha

Castorimorpha is the suborder of rodents containing the beavers, the pocket gophers, and the kangaroo rats.
Rodents
Edward Buchanan

Edward A. Buchanan (born October 19, 1967) is an American politician, attorney, and military veteran. In 2018, he became the Wyoming Secretary of State. Buchanan was a member and past Speaker of the Wyoming House of Representatives.
References
Other websites
Wyoming House page on Buchanan
Project Vote Smart bio
1967 births
American Protestants
Living people
Lawyers from Wyoming
Military people from Florida
Politicians from Wyoming
State legislators of the United States
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Lawyers from Florida
Military people from Wyoming
Junior Mance

Julian Clifford Mance, Jr. (October 10, 1928 - January 17, 2021), known as Junior Mance, was an American jazz pianist and composer. Mance recorded for major labels Capitol (1964-1965) and Atlantic (1966-1970).
He also taught at The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music for 23 years, retiring in 2011.
From 1990 to 2009 Mance was part of a group called "100 Gold Fingers" which toured Japan every other year.
References
1928 births
2021 deaths
American composers
American jazz musicians
American pianists
Musicians from Evanston, Illinois
Integrated pest management

In agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy. This strategy uses many different ways to deal with pests: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties of plants, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort.
It is an ecological approach that can reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides.
Related pages
Biological control
Agriculture
Mind uploading

Mind uploading is the theoretical process of uploading the contents of ones brain, possibly even their consciousness onto a digital substrate such as the cloud. The amount of data and computer memory needed to do this would be immense indeed, on the order of millions of terabytes, no current computers have this sort of data capacity.
Technology
Microtubule

Microtubules are found in biological cells as a part of the cytoskeleton. They are hollow tubes whose walls consist of 13 columns of tubulin molecules. Its main functions are to maintain a cell's shape, cell motility, chromosome movement in cell division, and organelle movement. They look like hollow noodles which transmit signals to our nerves
References
Cell biology
Plant anatomy
Matthew McConaughey

Matthew David McConaughey (born November 4, 1969 in Uvalde, Texas) is an American actor. McConaughey made his big screen debut in the 1993 movie My Boyfriend's Back. He received great acclaim for his role as Mud in the 2012 movie Mud as well as his role in the 2013 movie Dallas Buyer's Club.
In recent years, he has been active in charity work and education.
Filmography
Other websites
Matthew McConaughey's Official Site
Academy Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1969 births
Living people
Hyde, Greater Manchester

Hyde is a town in Tameside, Greater Manchester. 34,003 people lived there in 2011. It used to be in Cheshire.
It grew because of the cotton mills during the Industrial Revolution. There were 40 working mills, but only one is left in 2023. There was a coal mine, known as Hyde Colliery, in the town and in January 1889 an explosion there killed 23 miners.
The Peak Forest Canal goes through Hyde from Ashton-under-Lyne to Woodley, Romiley and Marple. There are six railway stations in the town.
The Moors murderers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley lived on the Hattersley estate in Hyde. Harold Shipman was a doctor in the town and most of the people he killed lived there.
References
Towns in Greater Manchester
Tameside
Imphal East district

Imphal East District () is one of the sixteen districts of Manipur state of India. According to 2011 census, it is the second most populated district in Manipur, after Imphal West.
References
Imphal
Quinara Region

Quinara is a region in central Guinea-Bissau. The regional capital is Fulacunda.
As of the 2009 census, 63,610 people lived there. It has an area of .
Sectors
Buba
Empada
Fulacunda (capital)
Tite
Regions of Guinea-Bissau
Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate is a drug which is similar to amphetamine. Its name is often shortened to MPH but is better known by the brand name of Ritalin or Concerta. MPH stimulates the central nervous system. It does this by increasing dopamine transmission in the brain.
The drug is commonly used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. It is sometimes used together with other drugs to treat depression. In most countries, its use needs to be prescribed by a doctor.
The most common side-effects of taking the drug are nervousness and sleeping problems. About one in ten patients see these problems. Other side-effects include changes of blood pressure, headache, and weight loss. Some cases of Tourette syndrome and psychosis have been reported, amongst others.
Sometimes, the drug has been prescribed to children without proper ADHD diagnosis to increase their academic performance. This use has been criticised by the media. Using methylphenidate in children may be problematic, because it has been linked with slower growth. The media often use the name Ritalin for all drugs containing methylphenidate, and even for other stimulants used to treat ADHD. Ritalin is one drug containing methylphenidate, which is often used in such cases.
This drug can also cause euphoria when it is abused for recreational purposes. Abusing Methylphenidate may lead to psychological addiction and to severe side effects- including, but not limited to: psychosis, cardiac arrest, and death.
References
Drugs used in psychiatry
Esters
Organonitrogen compounds
Harmon Northrop Morse

Harmon Northrop Morse (October 15, 1848 - September 8, 1920) was an American chemist. He is known as the creator of paracetamol, a pain reliever.
1848 births
1920 deaths
American chemists
Scientists from Vermont
Nya Parken

Nya parken is a sports ground in the town of Norrkoping int Sweden. It was opened in 1903 as Norrkopings idrottspark. IFK Norrkoping, IK Sleipner and IF Sylvia play their soccer home games there. Games were also played there during the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 UEFA European Championship
References
Other websites
1903 establishments in Sweden
Stadiums in Sweden
Football stadiums in Sweden
Norrkoping
Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Until April 21, 1960 it was the capital city of Brazil. According to the 2000 Census, the city had 5,473,909 people, and an area of over 1,000 km2. In 2008 Eduardo Paes became Mayor. The city was started in 1565.
Copacabana Beach, Ipanema Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, Pao de Acucar), the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, Cristo Redentor), a harbor on Guanabara Bay, and Tom Jobim Airport are in Rio de Janeiro. It has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.
Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguacu, Queimados and Sao Goncalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.
The city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from Sao Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and Sao Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as Via Dutra). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.
In the city of Rio de Janeiro lies Tijuca National Park, created in 1961. This park contains some 33 km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. The district (in Portuguese, bairro) of Santa Tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in Portuguese, bonde) from central Rio de Janeiro (near Largo da Carioca subway station), crossing over the Arcos da Lapa, an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.
The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 2016.
Sister cities
Warsaw, Poland
References
Other websites
Virtual photo tour through Rio de Janeiro and neighbourhood with www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com
Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro's City Hall. Includes statistical information about the city, about Carnival, and municipal laws.
Rio de Janeiro at Wikivoyage
Capital of Brazil
Former national capitals
Capitals of Brazilian states
1565 establishments
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1560s establishments in South America
Bill Oddie

William Edgar (Bill) Oddie OBE (born 7 July 1941) is a British comedian, actor, writer and television personality.
Oddie was born in Rochdale, Lancashire and grew up in Birmingham. He read English Literature at Pembroke College, Cambridge where he gained an MA. He is most famous for his birdwatching and conservation work. In the 1970s, he was a member of the BBC One television comedy series, The Goodies. Doctors found that his mother, Lilian, had schizophrenia. Oddie says that he does not remember her living at home because she spent a lot of her life in mental hospitals.
Oddie has bipolar disorder.
References
Other websites
Official website
1941 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham
Actors from Lancashire
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Comedians from Lancashire
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
People with bipolar disorder
People from Rochdale
Television personalities from Lancashire
Writers from Birmingham
Writers from Lancashire
Plainfield, Illinois

Plainfield is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago
Ortacesus

Ortacesus (Ortacesus) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 950 people lived there. Its area is 23.63 km2. It is 161 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara

Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (; ) is a 2011 Indian Hindi-language buddy road comedy drama movie directed by Zoya Akhtar and produced by Farhan Akhtar and Ritesh Sidhwani of Excel Entertainment. The movie features an ensemble cast consisting of Hrithik Roshan, Abhay Deol, Farhan Akhtar, Katrina Kaif, and Kalki Koechlin. It was filmed in Spain, India, Egypt, and the United Kingdom on a budget of . The music and score were composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara was worldwide released in 1,800 screens on July 15, 2011. It was a critical and commercial success that grossed and received critical acclaim for its performances, story, music, humour, and direction. After its theatrical run, the movie was nominated for and won several awards, including two National Film Awards.
Cast
Hrithik Roshan as Arjun Saluja
Abhay Deol as Kabir Dewan
Farhan Akhtar as Imran Qureshi
Katrina Kaif as Laila
Kalki Koechlin as Natasha Arora
Ariadna Cabrol as Nuria
Naseeruddin Shah as Salman Habib
Deepti Naval as Rahila Qureshi
Suhel Seth as Mr. Arora
References
Boris Morukov

Boris Vladimirovich Morukov (; 1 October 1950 - 1 January 2015) was a Russian physician and cosmonaut. He was best known for flying aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-106 as a mission specialist. He also trained with the Russian Federal Space Agency as a research-cosmonaut.
Morukov was born in Moscow. In 1973, he got his M.D. from the Russian State Medical University. He was married to Nina and had two children: a son, Ivan, and a daughter, Olga.
Morukov died on 1 January 2015, aged 64.
References
Other websites
Boris Morukov at NASA
1950 births
2015 deaths
Cosmonauts
NASA
Scientists from Moscow
Russian physicians
Central Region, Singapore

The Central Region of Singapore is also known as the south of Singapore. It is a place where most commercial buildings are in. The Istana is also found in this area.
History
When Sir Stamford Raffles first arrived in Singapore in 1819, he signed a treaty with Tengku Abdul Rahman (the local Sultan) and Tengku Hussein (the Temmengong which became Sultan since he was the elder brother). The Sultan and Temmengong were paid money for allowing the British to set up a port in Singapore.
The British were given the southern part of Singapore to develop. Therefore, it was also recognised as the Central Region of Singapore, or also called Central Business District.
Size
The Central Region of Singapore starts from the harbour all the way to Bishan as the north, Queenstown as the west and Marine Parade as the east. In total, it takes up 13,150 hectares of land area.
The Southern Islands are also part of the Central Region of Singapore.
11 planning areas
Bishan
Bukit Merah
Bukit Timah
Geylang
Kallang
Marine Parade
Novena
Queenstown
Southern Islands
Tanglin
Toa Payoh
References
Other websites
Central Region, Singapore
Geography of Singapore
Places in Singapore
Oberdachstetten

Oberdachstetten is a municipality in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany.
Gallery
References
Ansbach (district)
Neil McDermott

Neil McDermott (born 15 December 1980) is an English stage and television actor. He is best known for portraying Ryan Malloy in the BBC television soap opera, EastEnders.
McDermott appeared in the 2008 Doctor Who episode "The Next Doctor", as well as Casualty and Rosemary and Thyme, amongst others, the feature movies Goal! and Blooded, and various stage productions including The Sound of Music in the West End. He trained at the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts.
References
Other websites
1980 births
English stage actors
English television actors
Entertainers from Merseyside
Living people
Wiccan (character)

Wiccan (real name Billy Kaplan) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the reincarnated son of Wanda Maximoff and Vision and the twin brother of Tommy Shepard. He is a member of the Young Avengers and was named after Simon Williams and has a romantic relationship with Hulkling.
Portrayals
An illusory Billy appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Disney+ miniseries WandaVision (2021), played by Baylen Bielitz and Julian Hilliard. Hilliard returned as a human version of Billy from an alternate reality in the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022).
Marvel Comics characters