pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Quentin Burdick

Quentin Northrup Burdick (June 19, 1908 - September 8, 1992) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party. He represented North Dakota in the U.S. House of Representatives (1959-1960) and the U.S. Senate (1960-1992).
At the time of his death, he was the third longest-serving senator (after Strom Thurmond and Robert Byrd) among current members of the Senate.
Burdick died of heart failure at a Fargo, North Dakota hospital at the age of 84.
References
Other websites
Quentin Burdick Papers at The University of North Dakota
1908 births
1992 deaths
United States senators from North Dakota
United States representatives from North Dakota
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in North Dakota
People from Fargo, North Dakota
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from North Dakota
Taxali Gate

The Taxali Gate is one of the 12 gates of the old medieval walled city of Lahore, now in Pakistan. It dates from Mughal times.
History
The Royal Mint (where coins were made) of the Mughal Empire or Taxal, was here. The gate was named for that.
Present
Today, there is no mint here. There is a very famous shoe market, Sheikhupurian Bazaar. People can go there and try Desi (local) foods like Siri Paya and many types of sweets.
The world-famous Heera Mandi red light area is also in this area. This was made famous in Rudyard Kipling's novel, Kim (published 1901).
References
Mughal architecture
Buildings and structures in Lahore
Homeland Solidarity Party

The Homeland Solidarity Party ( or STAR) one Sabahans political party. The party was founded on 1 July 2016 by his President Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. Jeffrey G. Kitingan. He is Tan Sri Joseph Pairin Kitingan younger brother, whom the former chief minister of Sabah and ex-president in United Sabah Party (PBS). STAR Party was one of three founding parties of the United Sabah Alliance (USA) together with SAPP, PHRS party founded in 2016 and United Alliance of Sabah (UAOS) founded in 2018, the other being the Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP) and United Sabah Party (PBS).
Other websites
Political parties in Asia
Organizations based in Malaysia
Politics of Malaysia
Catalonia

Catalonia (; : ) is a Spanish autonomous community. It is south of the eastern Pyrenees, and has a northern border with France.
Catalonia is made up of four provinces: Barcelona, Tarragona, Girona () and Lleida (). It has a population of over seven million people. Catalonia has three official languages: Catalan, Spanish and Occitan. The last is spoken in a small region of northern Catalonia that borders France and is known in Occitan as Val d'Aran.
The capital of Catalonia is Barcelona, on the Mediterranean Coast. Between Costa del Garraf and Costa del Maresme, Barcelona very popular in summer for tourists, foreign or national.
The Catalan people have autonomy within Spain and so they have their own local government and their own police and some control over their own community. In September 2005, the Catalan Parliament decided to call Catalonia a 'nation' in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which was approved in 2006. According to the Spanish Constitution, Spain is a group of historical nationalities and regions, but that declaration has no judicial status since it only appears in the preamble to the constitution.
On 27 October 2017, Catalonia declared independence from Spain after a vote in Parliament, but that was not recognised by the international community. The Spanish Senate voted in favour of direct rule. It removed the Catalan government and called a snap regional election. The Spanish Supreme Court imprisoned seven former ministers of the Catalan government on charges of rebellion and misuse of public funds. Several others--including then-President Carles Puigdemont--fled to other European countries.
Catalonia is one of Southern Europe's most prosperous regions. Industrialization, especially in the textile industry, began earlier and took place faster than in other Spanish territories. The region is also greener than Southern Spain as it gets more rain, and it has different kinds of crops grown. Catalonia, especially the northern part, is much less hot than the rest of Spain.
References
Notes
Yom HaShoah

Yom HaShoah (, "Holocaust Day") is the official day for remembering the Holocaust in Israel. It is also widely observed by Jews in other countries. Its date on the Jewish calendar is 27 Nisan. (This date usually falls in April or May.) This date was chosen because it was the start of the Warsaw ghetto uprising.
Jewish festivals and holidays
Israeli culture
The Holocaust
Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)

The Nazi German Occupation of Czechoslovakia started on the 15th of March 1939 when German troops entered the region of Bohemia and Moravia, having already had the Sudetenland thanks to the Munich Agreement. The region of Bohemia and Moravia was annexed into the German reich and a puppet government was established under rule of Konstantin von Neurath, who was later replaced by Reinhard Heydrich in 1939 as he was seen too soft on the Czechs. The Czech Government in exile sent two paratroopers to assassinate the Reichsprotektor, Reinhard Heydrich . The operation was code named Operation Anthropoid. The assassins were equipped with a Sten gun and a Impact grenade. The two paratroopers were Jozef Gabcik and Jan Kubis they planned on assassinating him when he was in his car on a road where the car had to slow down. When they reached the road, Jozef Gabcik, equipped with the Sten gun, opened fire, but the Sten gun jammed, so Kubis threw his grenade which seriously wounded the Reichsprotektor. it is said that Heinrich refused help of a Jewish doctor. He died a few days later. The occupation ended when the Soviet troops entered Prague and liberated the rest of the Republic until 1945 when the Soviet Union invaded it and turned Czechoslovakia into a Communist State in 1948 .
1940s in Europe
Nazi Germany
Grant County, New Mexico

Grant County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,185. Its county seat is Silver City.
The county was founded in 1868 and named for Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States.
References
New Mexico counties
Christmas 2011 Nigeria attacks

On 25 December, 2011, there were a number of attacks on Christmas Day during church services in northern Nigeria. There were bombings and shootings at churches in Madalla (near the capital, Abuja), Jos, Gadaka and Damaturu. At least 39 people were killed. The attacks were claimed by the Islamist group Boko Haram.
References
2011 in Africa
2010s explosions in Africa
2010s in Nigeria
Attacks on buildings and structures in Africa
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2010s
Attacks on churches
Mass shootings in Nigeria
December events
Islamic terrorist incidents in Africa
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2010s
Mass murder in Africa
Mass murder in the 2010s
2010s mass shootings in Africa
Murder in 2011
Suicide bombings in Africa
Suicide car and truck bombings
Terrorist incidents in Africa in the 2010s
Arcadia, Florida

Arcadia is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of DeSoto County
References
Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
1886 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Florida
Joseph Bagobiri

Joseph Danlami Bagobiri (8 November 1957 - 27 February 2018) was a Nigerian Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1983, Bagobiri served as bishop of Kafanchan from 1995 until his death in 2018.
Bagobiri died on 27 February 2018 at the age of 61.
References
1957 births
2018 deaths
Nigerian Roman Catholic bishops
Road surface

A road surface, or pavement (American English), is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended for vehicle or foot traffic that is used primarily as a road surface. "Pavement" in British English generally refers to a sidewalk or walkway.
In the past, permeable gravel surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used. Those surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Permeable paving methods are now beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways.
History
In 1984 Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of Little House on the Prairie, while traveling in a wagon with her parents, wrote about the first time she saw pavement:
The first paved roads were created by the Carthaginians about 600 BC. The ancient Romeand destroyed Carthage but may have borrowed the idea of paved roads. They went on to build over of roads throughout their empire.
Thomas Telford (1757-1834) was a Scottish civil engineer. He is noted for building flat roads that required fewer horses to pull the wagons. His roads were well designed and supported heavy loads. John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836), was a Scottish engineer and road-builder. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface that drained quickly. His roads were more durable and less muddy than soil-based roads.
Asphalt
By 1870, in the United States roads were being built using asphalt spread with rakes and made compact by steam rollers. In 1894, Clifford Richardson, an American engineer, determined that roads paved with asphalt did not contain enough coarse gravel. He produced a specification for the most durable pavement of the time.
By 1907, 1907 natural asphalt was being used less than petroleum-based asphalt for roads. Automobiles became more popular and more roads were needed. This created new methods of producing asphalt. World War II created a need for better and stronger pavement on which to land heavy aircraft.
Concrete
The ancient Romans were the earliest large-scale users of concrete. But after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, concrete was only used rarely. Concrete as a building material was redeveloped in the mid-18th century. One of the most significant uses of concrete pavement came about in the 1950s with the start of the Interstate Highway System in the US. There are about 45,000 miles of interstate highway in the US. About 60 percent is concrete.
References
Road transport
Villars, Vaucluse

Villars, Vaucluse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Communes in Vaucluse
Vespoidea

Vespoidea is a superfamily of the insect order Hymenoptera in class of insects. The members of this group are wasps and ants.
Families
Bradynobaenidae
Formicidae - ants
Mutillidae - velvet ants
Pompilidae - spider wasps
Rhopalosomatidae - rhopalosomatid wasps
Sapygidae - sapygid wasps
Scoliidae - scoliid wasps
Sierolomorphidae - sierolomorphid wasps
Tiphiidae - tiphiid wasps
Vespidae - paper wasps, hornets, potter wasps, yellow jackets, and relatives
References
Hymenoptera
Mahabad

Mahabad and Piranshahr (, ); (Old name: sblkh: Sablakh, which may be of Mongolian origin) is a city in Iran. It is in the north-west of the country, in the region of Iranian Kurdistan and the province of West Azarbaijan. The city is south of Lake Urmia in a narrow valley 1,300 metres above sea level. There are about 162.434 people who live in the city. Mahabad is connected by road with Tabriz 300 km north, Urmia 150 km north and Arbil, in Iraqi Kurdistan.
The city is one center and symbol of the Kurdish nationalism. The reason is because in 1945 it was the capital of the newly founded people's Republic of Mahabad. The republic was conquered by Iranian forces on 16 December 1946. The president was Qazi Muhammad. The majority of the population is Kurdish. During the revolution in Iran, on 3 September 1979 the city was bombed and occupied by Iranian forces. After the death of Shivan Qaderi, a student and opposition activist in July 9 2005, the Kurdish population protested against the Iranian government.
Mahabad has also a branch of Islamic Azad University.
The region of Mukrian consists of Piranshahr and Mahabad.
Cities in Iran
Kurdistan
Lasclaveries

Lasclaveries is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Lasclaveries
Paula Danziger

Paula Danziger (August 18, 1944 - July 8, 2004) was an American author of children's and young adult literature.
Personal life
Danziger was born in Washington, D.C. to Samuel and Carolyn Danziger. Though she struggled in school as a child, she attended Montclair State University in New Jersey and earned a degree in 1967. She was a middle school teacher in New Jersey from 1967-1978 while studying for a Master's degree. Her studies were interrupted when she was in a car crash, where a drunk driver hit her car, and she slammed her head against the front window which caused her to have brain damage. In 1978 she left teaching to write full-time.
Although readers loved her books because of the humor, some critics called them superficial and generic. Others praised her work for tackling real-life issues.
Danziger died in 2004 after complications from a heart attack. She was 59.
Awards
Some of the awards Danziger's work received:
California Young Reader Medal
Parents' Choice Award
Children's Choice award
Publications
The Cat Ate My Gymsuit. Delacorte, 1974.
The Pistachio Prescription. Delacorte, 1978.
Can You Sue Your Parents for Malpractice?. Delacorte, 1979.
There's a Bat in Bunk Five. Delacorte, 1980.
The Divorce Express. Delacorte, 1982.
It's an Aardvark-Eat-Turtle World. Delacorte, 1985.
This Place Has No Atmosphere. Delacorte, 1986.
Remember Me to Harold Square. Delacorte, 1987.
Everyone Else's Parents Said Yes. Delacorte, 1989.
Make Like a Tree and Leave. Delacorte, 1990.
Earth to Matthew. Delacorte, 1991.
Not for a Billion Gazillion Dollars. Delacorte, 1992.
Amber Brown is Not a Crayon, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's, 1994.
Thames Doesn't Rhyme with James. Putnam's, 1994.
You Can't Eat Your Chicken Pox, Amber Brown, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's, 1995.
Amber Brown Goes Fourth, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's Sons, 1995.
Amber Brown Wants Extra Credit, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
Forever Amber Brown, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam, 1996.
Amber Brown Sees Red, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam, 1997.
With Ann M. Martin, P.S. Longer Letter Later. Scholastic, 1998.
With Ann M. Martin, Snail Mail No More. 2000.
Amber Brown is Feeling Blue, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's, 1998.
Contributed with other various authors to It's Super to Be Six and It's Terrific to be Ten, published by Scholastic.
References
"Paula Danziger." St. James Guide to Young Adult Writers. Gale, 1999. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
Cech, John. "Martin, Ann M." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
Danziger, Paula. "Paula Danziger Interview Transcript." Scholastic Teachers. Scholastic, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
1944 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Washington, D.C.
American children's writers
Newark, Delaware

Newark is a city of Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. The city has the University of Delaware. Newark had 30,601 people in 2020.
References
Ronnie Claire Edwards

Ronnie Claire Edwards (February 9, 1933 - June 14, 2016) was an American actress. She was best known for playing Corabeth Walton Godsey on the TV show The Waltons.
Edwards was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on February 9, 1933.
She also appeared the in Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Thine Own Self" and the 1999 remake of Inherit The Wind.
Edwards died in her sleep on June 14, 2016 at her home in Dallas, Texas, aged 83.
References
Other websites
Ronnie Claire Edwards, The Knife Thrower's Assistant: Memoirs of a Human Target, Hawk Publishing Group, (October 2000),
"Q&A with Ronnie Claire Edwards", by Thomas Korosec, D Magazine, July 22, 2009.
"Swiss Ave. Church, Now Actor's Home and Artists Residence, Almost a City Landmark ", by Robert Wilonsky, Unfair Park blog, Dallas Observer, January 25, 2010.
1933 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Oklahoma
Tamara Garfield

Tamara Garfield American actress, comedian, director and screenwriter.
She is a recurring voice actor on Adult Swim's Robot Chicken. Garfield is the voice of the lead female dog "Callie" in the feature movie Rescue Dogs.
Other websites
1984 births
Living people
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Actors from Phoenix, Arizona
Comedians from Arizona
American screenwriters
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
American television directors
American television writers
Yaoi

Yaoi (yaoi) is a term for fiction that shows homosexual male relationships but is usually created by men and women (can be called Fujoshi/Fudanshi too). Most yaoi fans are male and female.
Yaoi can also show a girls relationship. This is called "yuri". It is mostly created by men. Some yaoi are real but most of are the yaoi's imagination. One example of yaoi anime is Sekaiichi hatsukoi, a good example of a great yaoi manga is "Obnoxious Hero-kun".
Yaoi
Anime and manga genres
Trachycephalus lepidus

Trachycephalus lepidus is a frog that lives in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Tampa, Kansas

Tampa is a city in Marion County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 112 people lived there.
History
In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Herington through Tampa to Pratt.
The Golden Belt Town Company filed the plat for Tampa in 1887. The city name is said to have been suggested by a railroad engineer who rode one of the first trains through Tampa. Tampa was incorporated as a city in 1908.
A post office was created in Tampa on April 17, 1888.
Geography
Tampa is at (38.548493, -97.154893). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.
People
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 112 people, 48 households, and 27 families living in Tampa.
Economy
The Tampa State Bank and Tampa Cafe are in Tampa.
Education
Tampa is part of Unified School District 397.
Media
Hillsboro Free Press, free newspaper for greater Marion County area.
The Herington Times, newspaper from Herington.
The Salina Journal, regional newspaper from Salina.
References
More reading
A History of Tampa, Kansas, and Its Environs, 1887-1987; Tampa Centennial Committee; 1986.
Other websites
City
Tampa - Official, archive of former website
Tampa - Directory of Public Officials, League of Kansas Municipalities
Schools
USD 397, Centre school district for Lincolnville, Lost Springs, Pilsen, Tampa, Ramona, Antelope, Burdick, nearby rural areas of Marion / Morris / Dickinson / Chase Counties
USD 397 School District Boundary Map, KDOT
Historical
1968 photo of Tampa Rock Island Depot
Marion County cemetery list, archive of KsGenWeb
Marion County history bibliography, Marion County school bibliography, Kansas Historical Society
Maps
Tampa City Map, KDOT
Topo Map of Tampa / Durham / Ramona / Dillon / Elmo area, USGS
Marion County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
1887 establishments in Kansas
Cities in Marion County, Kansas
Crisis

A crisis is a situation which is difficult, unexpected, or an emergency. It is often an important "turning point", where a decision must be taken, affecting many people. Very often, this decision must be taken in relatively little time. The word is related to the Greek krisis (krisis). Examples include the sudden threat of war, or the occurrence of a natural disaster.
According to Steven Fink, a crisis manager, crises may:
be difficult to control
the focus of mass media, or government attention
interfere with regular business
Crises occur in different fields. People may develop post-traumatic stress disorder, because they cannot deal with a crisis situation. Many countries and associations offer help lines, which can help people deal with a crisis situation.
Other page
Existential crisis
Security
Events
Luciano Ricceri

Luciano Ricceri (26 April 1940 - 1 February 2020) was an Italian production designer and costume designer. He was the winner of the David di Donatello for Best Sets and Decorations for the 1991 movie Captain Fracassa's Journey and the 2001 movie Unfair Competition. He was born in Rome.
Ricceri died in Orte on 1 February 2020, at the age of 79.
References
Other websites
1940 births
2020 deaths
Italian costume designers
People from Rome
Set designers
Salvador Sobral

Salvador Vilar Braamcamp Sobral (born 28 December 1989) is a Portuguese singer and activist. He won the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest for Portugal with the song "Amar pelos dois", written by his sister Luisa Sobral. He gave Portugal its first ever win in the contest since the country's debut in 1964, ending the longest winless run by a country in Eurovision history (53 years).
Under the current voting system, the highest scoring winner is him winning the contest in Kiev, Ukraine, with 758 points, with both the maximum points from the jury and the public vote being attributed to him.
References
Other websites
1989 births
Living people
Portuguese singers
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Portuguese activists
Pianists
People from Lisbon
Les Lazarowitz

Leslie "Les" Lazarowitz (October 2, 1941 - January 6, 2017) was an American sound engineer. He was active between 1971 and 1999. He was nominated for two Academy Awards in the Best Sound category. He was best known for movies including Taxi Driver (1976), Raging Bull (1980), Tootsie (1982), Carlito's Way (1993) and Groundhog Day (1993).
Lazarowitz died from cancer on January 6, 2017 in Florida. He was 75.
References
Other websites
1941 births
2017 deaths
American audio engineers
Polzeath

Polzeath (pronounced pol'zeth) is a small seaside resort in the parish of St Minver in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is about six miles (10 km) north of Wadebridge on the Atlantic coast.
Polzeath is known for its sandy beach and is popular with holiday-makers and surfers. Polzeath beach is described on the RNLI website as : ... a wide, flat beach with some shelter from winds, it sees good quality surf and is quite often extremely crowded.
The main street through the village runs along the seafront and then rises up steep hills at both ends of the seafront; towards the neighbouring village of Trebetherick to the southwest and towards New Polzeath to the northeast.
References
Villages in Cornwall
Best Of (Vanilla Ninja album)

Best Of is a best-of album by the Estonian girl band Vanilla Ninja. The album was released in December 2005, and consisted of thirteen songs from their Traces of Sadness and Blue Tattoo albums.
Track listing
"Tough Enough" - 3:22
"Don't Go Too Fast" - 3:11
"When the Indians Cry" - 3:31
"Blue Tattoo" - 4:08
"Cool Vibes" - 4:05
"My Puzzle Of Dreams" - 3:22
"Never Gotta Know" - 3:15
"Traces of Sadness" - 3:21
"Liar" - 3:36
"Don't You Realize" - 3:49
"I Know" - 3:17
"Corner Of My Mind" - 3:37
"Destroyed By You" - 3:51
"Tough Enough" (Extended Version) - 6:24
"Blue Tattoo" (Extended Version) - 9:20
"Megamix" (Extended Version) - 6:29
Chart positions
Switzerland - #70
2005 albums
Vanilla Ninja albums
Neiva T-25 Universal

The Neiva T-25 Universal is a Brazilian training military aircraft. It is a single-engine, twin-seat aircraft. Its first flight was in 1966, and 189 examples were built. It was flown in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay.
Brazilian military aircraft
Williamsville, Missouri

Williamsville is a city in Wayne County, Missouri.
Cities in Missouri
Virtual assistant

A virtual assistant (VA) is a software agent that can perform various tasks or services for users based on their input, including commands or questions. These assistants often use chatbot technology to simulate human conversation, allowing users to interact with them through online chat or voice. Virtual assistants can interpret user speech and respond using synthesized voices.
Users can ask virtual assistants questions, control smart home devices, manage tasks like email and calendars, and perform other basic functions through verbal commands. Popular virtual assistants for consumers include Amazon's Alexa, Apple's Siri, Microsoft's Cortana, and Google Assistant. Many companies also use virtual assistant technology to enhance customer service or support.
The advancement of artificial intelligence, particularly in chatbot technology like ChatGPT, has expanded the capabilities and interest in virtual assistant products and services.
References
Artificial intelligence
L'Écho

L'Echo is a newspaper published in Bruxelles. It is published in French, and was foused on business, at first. It is mainly circulated in Bruxellles and in Wallonia. It has a circulation of about 270.000.
Belgian newspapers
Pearsall, Texas

Pearsall is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
The Public Enemy

The Public Enemy is a 1931 American crime drama movie directed by William A. Wellman and stars James Cagney, Edward Woods, Jean Harlow, Donald Cook, Joan Blondell, Mae Clarke. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1931.
Other websites
1931 drama movies
1930s American crime drama movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by William A. Wellman
Movies set in Chicago
Baltistan Peak

Baltistan Peak is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is also known as K6. Baintha Brakk is part of the Masherbrum subrange. It is the 89th highest mountain in the world.
References
Mountains of Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Karakoram
Táchira

Tachira () is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is San Cristobal.
States of Venezuela
Edmund Gunter

Edmund Gunter (1581 - 10 December 1626) was an English clergyman, mathematician, geometer and astronomer of Welsh descent.
He is best remembered for his practical inventions for measurement. These include the Gunter's chain, Gunter's quadrant, and the Gunter's scale. In 1620, he invented the first successful analogue device which he developed to calculate logarithmic tangents. These inventions are related to the main practical maths interests of England at that time. These were maritime navigation, land surveying and accounting.
Gunter was taught mathematics by Henry Briggs. He became a Gresham Professor of Astronomy, from 1619 until his death. Gunter invented the terms cosine and cotangent,
Gunter's scale
Gunter's scale (called by seamen "the Gunter") is a large plane scale, usually 2 ft. long by about 1 1/2 in. broad, and engraved with various lines of numbers. By means of this scale questions in navigation, trigonometry etc. are solved with the aid of a pair of compasses.
The slide rule was invented around 1620-1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. In 1620 Gunter developed his calculating device with a single logarithmic scale. With additional measuring tools it could be used to multiply and divide. In c. 1622, William Oughtred of Cambridge combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a device that is the modern slide rule.
Gunter's chain
Gunter's chain was in common use in surveying up to modern times. It is 22 yards long and is divided into 100 links. Its usefulness comes from its decimal division, and the fact that 10 square chains make an acre. It folds up in sections, and is carried by the surveyor.
Gunter's quadrant
His quadrant of 1623 was used for tell the time, find the length of day, when the sun had risen and set, the date, and the meridian. It used scales and curves of the quadrant and related tables. Gunter's quadrant was fairly simple, and was widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries.
This instrument is used to find the hour of the day, the sun's azimuth, and other common problems of the globe, and also to take the altitude of an object in degrees. These things are needed by ships on long voyages, and on long overland excursions.
Controversies
Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students. Also like Newton, he became involved in a controversy over priority (who invented what and when). This involved his one-time student Richard Delamain. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.
References
1581 births
1626 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
British geometers
Geneva, Illinois

Geneva is a city in Illinois in the United States. It is on the Fox River between St. Charles, Illinois to the north and Batavia, Illinois to the south.
References
Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago
InstaShop

InstaShop (Arabic: nstshwb) is an E-commerce technology company founded in the United Arab Emirates in 2015 currently operating in 9 countries. On August 27, 2020, Delivery Hero announced that acquired 100% of InstaShop for $360 million.
History
InstaShop was founded in 2015 in Dubai, by John Tsioris and Ioanna Angelidaki as an online grocery delivery service. Twelve months later, the company was nominated by Forbes Middle East as one of "The most promising UAE startups" of the year, having partnered with more than 50 supermarkets and having more than 60,000 users, reason why Souq.com (now Amazon) quickly decided to invest on the project.
In the following years the company expanded outside the UAE, starting its operations in Qatar and Bahrain in 2017, to then enter in Egypt and Lebanon in 2018. Also in 2018, Forbes Middle East awarded InstaShop as one of the top 100 startups.
In 2019 InstaShop has gone from being a Grocery Delivery App to delivering multiple types of products, reaching more than 500,000 users during the COVID-19 pandemic.
On August 2020 InstaShop was acquired by the German holding Delivery Hero based on a valuation of USD 360 million.
After the expansions in Oman, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia occurred in 2021, the app - which is currently active in 9 countries - has also gradually expanded its offer (originally focused on grocery), adding other categories such as pharmacies, restaurants, fitness nutrition, electronics, perfumes, stationery, home & living, and cosmetics.
References
2015 establishments in Asia
882

Births
February 8 - Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, leader of Egypt, started the Ikhshidid dynasty (d. 946)
Deaths
January 20 - King Louis the Younger of Saxony
August 5 - King Louis III of France of Western Francia.
December 16 - Pope John VIII
John McEnroe

John McEnroe (born February 16, 1959) is an American retired tennis player. He became a professional in 1978. From 1986 to 1994, he was married to actress Tatum O'Neal.
He grew up in Douglaston, Queens, New York City. He is thought of as one of the best tennis players of all time. He was once ranked number 1 in the world. He won three times at Wimbledon and four times at the U.S. Open. He is remembered for getting angry at the umpire very easily and his rivalries with players such Bjorn Borg. He is probably also famous for his "You cannot be serious!" rant directed to an umpire in 1981 at Wimbledon.
References
1959 births
American game show hosts
American tennis players
American television talk show hosts
French Open champions
Living people
People from Wiesbaden
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
R. D. Pradhan

Ram D. Pradhan (27 June 1928 - 31 July 2020) was an Indian politician. He was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He was Union Home Secretary and Governor of Arunachal Pradesh during the Rajiv Gandhi government. He was in service of the government of India for 36 years.
Pradhan died on 31 July 2020, aged 92.
References
1928 births
2020 deaths
Governors of Arunachal Pradesh
Hausen im Wiesental

Hausen im Wiesental is a municipality in Lorrach in Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany.
References
Other websites
Official website
Lorrach (district)
Cornufer browni

Cornufer browni is a frog. People have seen it in the mountains near Weitin Valley and on New Ireland Island in Papua New Guinea. People have seen it between 100 and 200 meters above sea level and between 1100 and 1300 meters above sea level.
The adult male frog is 23.4 mm long and the adult female frog is 26.7 mm long. It has large disks on its toes for climbing. The skin of the frog's back is the color of bronze or gray-brown with light marks. Sometimes the frog has a line down the middle of his back or black marks on its back. The sides of the frog has some red color. The frog's face is dark brown or black in color with some brown-white marks. There is black color on the legs and rear end. The belly is yellow-gray or gray-black in color with silver marks. The iris of the eye is bronze to gold in color.
These frogs live in primary forest and secondary forest where the branches of the trees look like a roof. The frog hides in dead leaves on the ground during the day and moves at night.
The frogs move the most after it rains.
References
Frogs of Oceania
Mega Man (1987 video game)

Mega Man is also known as in Japan. It is a video game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It is the first game in the original Mega Man series. It was released in Japan on December 17, 1987. It was released in North America on December 1987 and Europe on May 1990.
Plot
Two scientists, Dr. Light and Dr. Wily, create humanoid robots; Wily goes rogue and reprograms most of the robots for world domination. It's up to Mega Man, a robot created by Dr. Light, to stop Dr. Wily and his army of Robot Masters.
Gameplay
The game opens with a boss select screen, giving you the option to choose which of the Robot Masters you wish to take down first. Once you have selected a Robot Master you are teleported by Dr. Light to an approximation of the Robot Master's location. From there you must find your way to the Robot Master, along the way overcoming many traps, pitfalls and other obstacles. Once you defeat a Robot Master you gain its power, which can be used on other Robot Masters and follows a Rock, paper, scissors type effectiveness, where a rock attack would work better on a robot with scissors than one made of paper.
References
Other websites
Mega Man at MobyGames
1987 video games
Mega Man games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games
Video games developed in Japan
Capcom games
Zague (footballer, born 1934)

Jose Alves, nicknamed Zague (August 10, 1934 - January 19, 2021) was a Brazilian footballer. He played for Corinthians in his home country, and Club America in Mexico.
Alves died on January 19, 2021 at the age of 86.
References
Other websites
Club America player profile
1934 births
2021 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Voiced postalveolar affricate

The voiced post-alveolar affricate is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English, usually written as j or dge, as in judge.
Consonants
Chris Froome

Christopher Froome (born 20 May 1985) is a British road racing cyclist. He was born in Nairobi, Kenya, into a British family. He moved to South Africa when he was 14. He lives in Monaco. He rides for Team Ineos. He won a bronze medal at the 2007 All-Africa Games in Algiers, competing for Kenya. He won a bronze medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, competing for Great Britain. He came second in both the 2011 Vuelta a Espana and the 2012 Tour de France. He won the Tour de France in 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017.
References
1985 births
Living people
British cyclists
British Olympic bronze medalists
People from Nairobi
Tour de France winners
Serhiy Zakarlyuka

Serhiy Volodymyrovych Zakarlyuka (17 August 1976 - 6 October 2014) was a Ukrainian footballer and football manager.
Zakarlyuka has played for a number of clubs in Ukraine and played for the Ukraine national team on 9 occasions between 2002 and 2004.
On 6 October 2014, Zakarlyuka was killed in the traffic accident just outside of Poltava.
References
Other websites
Information and foto by Serhiy Zakarlyuka at arsenal-kiev.com.ua
1976 births
2014 deaths
Road accident deaths
Ukrainian footballers
Sablières

Sablieres is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
Communes in Ardeche
Coshocton, Ohio

Coshocton is a city in Ohio, United States. It is the county seat of Coshocton County.
Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
The Delinquents (1957 movie)

The Delinquents is a 1957 American drama movie directed by first time director Robert Altman and starring Tom Laughlin, Peter Miller, Richard Bakalyan, Rosemary Howard. It was distributed by United Artists.
Other websites
1957 drama movies
1950s American drama movies
Movies directed by Robert Altman
Kennelbach

Kennelbach is a municipality in the district of Bregenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.
As of 2016, it is the operational headquarters of the sporting goods manufacturer Head, along with Amsterdam, the corporate headquarters.
Twin cities
Scurelle, Italy
References
Other websites
Official website of Kennelbach
Settlements in Vorarlberg
Jonathan Pryce

Sir Jonathan Pryce, CBE (born John Price on 1 June 1947) is a Welsh movie, television, stage and voice actor. He has appeared in many movie, television programs, and plays during his 42 year career.
Pryce is mostly known for his roles as Elliot Carver in Tomorrow Never Dies, Sam Lowry in Brazil, King James I/VI of England in The New World, Juan Peron in Evita, Govenor Weatherby Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean Movie Series, U.S. President in both G.I. Joe the Rise of Cobra, and in G.I. Joe Retaliation. In 2019, he played Pope Francis in the Netflix movie The Two Popes, a role which earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Pryce was born in Holywell, Flintshire, Wales on 1 June 1947. He studied at the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. He was raised in London, England. Pryce is currently married to Kate Fahy since 1974.
References
Other websites
1947 births
Living people
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh voice actors
Welsh stage actors
Actors from London
Actors who played Bond villains
Tony Award winning actors
Knights Bachelor
Pervez Musharraf

Syed Pervez Musharraf () (11 August 1943 - 5 February 2023) was a Pakistani politician and Four-star general of the Pakistan Army. He was a military dictator and the tenth President of Pakistan from 20 June 2001 to 18 August 2008, when he resigned to avoid impeachment. Previously, he was Chief Executive of Pakistan as well as former Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. He took over power in Pakistan in 1999, by removing the elected government of Nawaz Sharif.
He has charged with multiple murders in April 2013 and was given bail in October 2013. Then he was arrested again. In 2019, Musharraf was sentenced to death in absentia over his treason charges.
Syed Pervez Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 in Delhi, British India (present-day India) during the British Raj. Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul. He studied mathematics at Forman Christian College in Lahore and was also educated at the Royal College of Defence Studies in the United Kingdom. Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961. He was Commissioned to the Pakistan Army in 1964. He played an active role in the Afghan Civil War. Musharraf saw action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as a second Lieutenant. By the 1980s, he was commanding an artillery brigade. In the 1990s, Musharraf was promoted to major general and assigned an infantry division. He later commanded the Special Services Group. Soon after, he served as Deputy military secretary and Director General of Military Operations.
Musharraf rose to national prominence when he was promoted to a Four-star general by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998. This made Musharraf the head of the armed forces. He led the Kargil infiltration that almost brought India and Pakistan to a full-fledged war in 1999.
On 5 February 2023, Musharraf died due to amyloidosis. He was 79. He had been hospitalised a year prior due to the disease. His body is set to be returned to Pakistan from Dubai on 6 February.
References
1943 births
2023 deaths
Politicians from Karachi
Pakistani generals
People from Delhi
Pakistani Muslims
Presidents of Pakistan
Flag of Sri Lanka

The Flag of Sri Lanka, also called the Lion Flag, consists of gold lion passant, holding a sword in its right fore paw, in front of a crimson background with four golden bo leaves in each corner. Around the background is a yellow border, and to its left are two vertical stripes of equal size in saffron and green, with the saffron stripe closest to the lion.
It became the flag in 1950 following the recommendations of a committee appointed by the 1st Prime Minister of Sri Lanka D.S. Senanayake.
Sri Lanka
Lions
Katie Douglas (actress)

Kathryn Emily Douglas (born October 19, 1998) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her roles as Abby in Ginny & Georgia (2021-present) and Jackie in Pretty Hard Cases (2021-2023).
Biography
Douglas was born on October 19, 1998 in Burlington, Ontario and grew up going to a public school. She completed her schooling at Nelson High School and completed her graduation.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
Other websites
Living people
1998 births
Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
People from Ontario
Actors from Ontario
Amphibian Man (movie)

Amphibian Man () is a 1962 Soviet science fiction movie directed by Vladimir Chebotaryov and Gennadi Kazansky. It stars Vladimir Korenev, Anastasiya Vertinskaya, and Mikhail Kozakov.
Actors
Vladimir Korenev as Ichthyander
Anastasiya Vertinskaya as Guttiere
Mikhail Kozakov as Pedro Zurita
Anatoli Smiranin as Old Baltazar
References
Other websites
1962 movies
1960s science fiction movies
Soviet science fiction movies
Movies directed by Vladimir Chebotaryov
Movies directed by Gennadi Kazansky
Worm charming

Worm charming, worm grunting, and worm fiddling are methods of attracting earthworms out from the ground. It is usually done to collect bait for fishing, but it can also be a sport. Most worm charming methods involve vibrating the soil, which encourages the worms to the surface. One method involves twirling a steel pole in the ground, which moves the dirt, making the worms in the area go to the top of the ground.
The worm grunting capital of the world is Albuquerque, New Mexico. Every year on June 21, thousands of fishermen show up for the annual worm grunting festival.
The activity is usually performed to collect bait for fishing.
References
Sports involving animals
Fishing
Galavisión

Galavision is a United States-based, Spanish-language pay television network owned by Univision Communications, Inc. The network is unrelated to the Galavision (Mexico) earlier Mexican channel of the same name, though both broadcast Televisa produced programming.
Television networks
1979 establishments in the United States
Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up!

Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! is an 2022 American animated western comedy-adventure direct-to-video movie directed by Darrell Van Citters. It was released on January 25th, 2022 as the 16th film's installment of the Tom and Jerry Movie trilogy and the second reboot film of the series.
Plot
The Wild, Wild West just got wilder with Tom and Jerry on the ranch! This time, the rivals team up to help a cowgirl and her brother save their homestead from a greedy land-grabber, and they're going to need some help! Jerry's three precocious nephews are all ready for action, and Tom is rounding up a posse of prairie dogs. But can a ragtag band of varmints defeat a deceitful desperado determined to deceive a damsel in distress? No matter what happens with Tom and Jerry in the saddle, it'll be a rootin' tootin' good time!
Voice cast
Richard Danhakl/Eric Bauza and Mara Wilson as Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse
George Ackles as The Marshal
Sean Burgos as Bumpy
Trevor Devall as Duke
Chris Edgerly as August Critchley
Georgie Kidder as Scruffy
Justin Michael as Bentley
Kaitlyn Robrock as Betty
Isaac Robinson Smith as Zeb
Kath Soucie as Tuffy Mouse
Stephen Stanton as Virgil
Fred Tatasciore as Clem
Kari Wahlgren as Duffy, Jane
2022 animated movies
2022 comedy movies
2020s Western (genre) movies
2020s English-language movies
American animated movies
American comedy movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies based on TV series
Tom and Jerry movies
2020s sequel movies
Penetration power

Penetration power is how deep a weapon can pierce through or shoot through a surface.
For guns, rifle bullets can usually penetrate, or shoot through, deeper than pistol bullets or shotgun shells because they are narrower and faster. This is why most bullet-proof vests can stop pistol bullets and shotgun shells, but not rifle bullets.
Ballistics
Ammunition
Re'em Ha'Cohen

Rabbi Re'em Ha'Cohen (, born in March 10, 1957) is an Israeli Rabbi. Ha'Cohen is the rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Otniel (together with Rabbi Binyamin Kalmanzon). He is a well-known religious zionist. He is also the community rabbi of the town Otniel, which is in South Mount Hebron, in the occupied Palestinian territories.
Ha'Cohen grew up in Jerusalem. He is married to Noa and a father of 9 children.
Ha'Cohen holds that smoking is forbidden by the Jewish religion. He also believes that Jewish law says people should be organ donors.
Works
Badai Ha-aron
Heelem veGilui
Kol Damamah and LaRahok ve Karov
Benai Neviim
Reeh ve Yirah
Derekh Shaar Elion
References
1957 births
Living people
Israeli rabbis
James Haggarty

James Timothy "Jim" Haggarty (April 14, 1914 in Port Arthur, Ontario - March 8, 1998) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics.
In 1936 he was a member of the Canadian ice hockey team, which won the silver medal. He later played 5 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.
Other websites
James Haggarty's profile at Hockey Reference.com
James Haggarty's profile at Hockey Reference.com
James Haggarty's profile at Sports Reference.com
1914 births
1998 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Jonathan Penrose

Jonathan Penrose OBE (7 October 1933 - 30 November 2021) was an English chess player. FIDE made him a grandmaster in 1993.
He competed in Chess Olympiads between 1952 and 1962, and at the Olympiads of 1968 and 1970. His scores included +9-1=7 in 1962 (Varna), and +10-0=5 in 1968 (Lugano). On both occasions he won an individual silver medal on first board. In 1968, his score was bettered only by the World Champion, Tigran Petrosian.
Penrose won the British Chess Championship ten times between 1958 and 1969. This is a record.
Penrose was awarded the OBE in 1971. He died on 30 November 2021, at the age of 88.
References
1933 births
2021 deaths
British chess players
Chess grandmasters
Sportspeople from Essex
Alagoas

Alagoas is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is Maceio, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy. Other important cities in Alagoas are Arapiraca, Palmeira dos Indios, Penedo, Marechal Deodoro, and Maragogi. The state has a total of 101 cities.
Alagoas' coastline has several beaches with coconut trees. Many of the beaches have calm water, because they are sheltered by the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs. The state was named after some lagoons along the ocean coast.
References
Other websites
Government of the State of Alagoas
Pure, White and Deadly

Pure, White and Deadly is a 1972 book by John Yudkin, a British nutritionist and former Chair of Nutrition at Queen Elizabeth College, London. The book is mainly about speaking out against sugars and its harmful effects, such as obesity and heart disease. The book and other research done by Yudkin has been mocked by the sugar industry despite the proof from other studies.
References
Nutrition
Manchester (village), New York

Manchester is a village located within the Town of Manchester in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 1,709 at the 2010 census. The village was named after Manchester in England.
References
Villages in New York (state)
Laxå

Laxa is an urban area in the county of Orebro in Sweden. It is the seat of Laxa Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Orebro County