pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Super OS

Super OS (formerly: Super Ubuntu) is a free Linux distribution. It is a modified version of Ubuntu made with reconstructor. Its main goal is to provide an 'Out of the Box' experience, containing various enhancements over Ubuntu. It has the goal of remaining compatible with Ubuntu.
Features
Includes an easy way to run executable files and scripts.
Multimedia support: It is prepackaged with support for MP3 files and video-DVDs.
Internet codecs: It includes an additional web browser (Opera), Adobe Flash Player, and more communication software (aMSN and Skype).
Additional software: It also includes, Wine, the GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall, and other software installed by default.
Tools and software
App Runner
App Runner is a script included in Super OS that allows any kind of executable or script to be launched without having to use the command line. App Runner was also subject of an article by Lifehacker, saying "App Runner would come in handy" and "there's plenty of scripts and closed-source apps that this would be useful for".
Live USB
There is also a Windows tool called cd2usb to create Ubuntu and Super OS Live USBs. The program is already included in the DVD of Super OS.
RUNZ Framework
The RUNZ Framework is a tool that allows the use of portable apps and something called SuperDebs (an installer with a .deb file + its dependencies that can be installed offline) in Super OS. It is already included in Super OS 9.04 SP 0.1+
Software repository
In addition to the official Ubuntu repositories, Super OS also includes its own repositories, which include third-party software like Adobe Reader, Skype, Real Player, TrueCrypt, PeaZip, Google Chrome or Ubuntu calendar, but also include tools/software developed by hacktolive, like App Runner and RUNZ.
Reception and adoption
Super OS has been received mainly with positive reviews, with softpedia saying "it is a distribution with super powers [...] [due to] the inclusion of applications, tools and technologies that are missing from a standard Ubuntu". Super OS (still with the name Super Ubuntu at the time), was also Lifehacker's featured download saying "It's basically just a re-compiled version of the official Ubuntu distribution, but with a whole bunch of features included that save you the time of grabbing them yourself".Super OS is also the OS that the Helios project (a non-profit organization to give away computers to children without the money to buy them) pre-loads on most of the computers they give away. , Super OS is in the top 100 of the page hit ranking of DistroWatch,.
Related pages
List of Ubuntu-based distributions
References
Other websites
Official website
Super OS coverage and reviews
Official blog
Super OS at DistroWatch
Super OS Archive
Linux software
Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives
Linux distributions
Live CD
Play-Doh

Play-Doh is a children's modeling compound made of wheat flour, water, salt, boric acid, and mineral oil. It was first made in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S., as a wallpaper cleaner in the 1930s. Children began using it as a modeling compound. It was changed and marketed to schools in the middle 1950s. Play-Doh was used at an educational convention in 1956. Important department stores opened retail accounts. Advertisements on many children's television shows in 1957 brought more sales. Play-Doh has much spinoff merchandise, such as The Fun Factory. In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Play-Doh in its "Century of Toys List".
Origin
The non-toxic, non-staining, reusable modeling compound that came to be known as "Play-Doh" was a stretchy, putty-like substance made by Noah McVicker of Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol Products. It was made at the request of Kroger Grocery, who wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper. Following World War II, with the change from coal-based home heating to natural gas and the resulting decrease in coal soot, and the introduction of washable vinyl-based wallpaper, the market for wallpaper cleaning putty decreased quite a lot.
McVicker's nephew, Joe McVicker, joined Kutol to save the company from bankruptcy. Joe McVicker was the brother-in-law of nursery school teacher Kay Zufall, who had seen a newspaper article about making art projects with the wallpaper cleaning putty. Her students enjoyed it, and she persuaded Noah McVicker and Joe McVicker to manufacture it as a child's toy. Zufall and her husband came up with the name Play-Doh; Joe McVicker and his uncle Noah had wanted to call it "Rainbow Modeling Compound".
Toys
Die Wittenberger Nachtigall

Die Wittenberger Nachtigall () is a 1913 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. It is a silent movie. It starred Rudolf Essek as Luther.
Background
Historical mistakes are the reason that the movie was forbidden for the youth.
Related pages
Martin Luther
Luther film
Literature
Esther Pia Wipfler: Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalitat im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930. In: Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte 98 (2007), S. 167-198; ; Vgl. Abstract auf der Interseite des Institut de l'information scientifique et technique
Die Wittenberger Nachtigall - decision to censore the film
References
Other websites
Filmportal.de Die Wittenberger Nachtigall (1913)
Filmportal.de Der Weg zur Sonne (1920/1921)
Filmportal.de Doktor Martin Luther. Ein Lebensbild furs deutsche Volk (1927)
Collector's Homepage Autographs: Rudolf Essek
Die Wittenberger Nachtigall - decision to censore the film (German)
1913 movies
German silent movies
Movies about Martin Luther
Gollum

Gollum is a Hobbit from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He is a minor antagonist of The Hobbit and a secondary antagonist of The Lord of the Rings.
Fictional biography
Smeagol went fishing with his brother and found the One Ring. He strangled and killed his brother and kept the One Ring to himself. For 500 years, he lived longer but became ugly. He was encountered by fellow Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who took his Ring. Decades later, he has been captured by Sauron's forces and shared Bilbo's location.
Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012)
In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Gollum's motion capture and voice were done by Andy Serkis. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the series, specifically the second Lord of the Rings movie. The screenwriters portrayed him as if he had Dissociative identity disorder.
Other media
Gollum, voiced by Andy Serkis accepted a 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance with him yelling censored swears towards the crew, audience, Serkis and fellow book character Dobby from Harry Potter, whom he described as a "fucking fag". It was written by Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh as a humorous response. The speech itself won a 2004 Hugo Award.
Reception
His distinct voice and his catchphrase "My precious" are well-known for fantasy fans and Gollum is seen as one of the best computer animated characters in a live-action movie.
Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters
Pine Bluff, Arkansas

Pine Bluff is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Evgeni Malkin

Evgeni Vladimirovich Malkin (born July 31, 1986) is a Russian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternative captain. He was selected 2nd overall by the Penguins in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.
He plays on Team Russia in the Olympics.
Malkin won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2009.
Other websites
1986 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Calder Trophy winners
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Russian ice hockey players
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey centres
Le Chant des Wallons

Le Chant des Wallons ("The Song of the Walloons"; ) is the anthem of Wallonia in Belgium. It was written by Theophile Bovy in 1900 in the Walloon language. It (along with the region's flag and coat of arms) became officially recognized on 15 July, 1998.
Lyrics
Most of the time only the first and third verses are sung. Below are the full lyrics, with translations into English and French.
Related pages
De Vlaamse Leeuw
Belgian anthems
Wallonia
Great Braxted

Great Braxted is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 323 people living in Great Braxted.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Boys (1996 movie)

Boys is a 1996 American romantic mystery drama movie directed by Stacy Cochran and was based on the short story Twenty Minutes by James Salter. It stars Winona Ryder, Lukas Haas, John C. Reilly, James LeGros, Skeet Ulrich, Matt Malloy, Chris Cooper, Bill Sage and was distributed by Touchstone Pictures.
Other websites
1996 mystery movies
1996 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
American mystery movies
Movies based on short stories
Movies set in Baltimore
Lindisfarne Gospels

The Lindisfarne Gospels is an Illuminated manuscript book of the gospels. It was made at a monastery off the coast of Northumberland at Lindisfarne, about 700 AD.
The manuscript is now on display in the British Library. It is one of the finest works in the style which is called insular art. This combines Mediterranean, Anglo-Saxon and Celtic elements. At this time, Britain and Ireland shared a style which was different from that of the rest of Europe.
The Lindisfarne Gospels are thought to be by Eadfrith, a monk who became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698 and died in 721. The Gospels are richly illustrated, and were originally in a fine leather binding covered with jewels and metals. During the Viking raids on Lindisfarne, this cover was lost, and a replacement was made in 1852. The text is written in a hand known as 'insular script'.
In the 10th century an Old English translation of the Gospels was written word-for-word between the lines of the Latin text. It was done by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street. This is the oldest translation of the Gospels into English that we have. The Gospels may have been taken from Durham Cathedral during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, ordered by Henry VIII. In the 18th century the book was given to the British Museum. From there it went to the British Library when this was split off from the British Museum.
References
Bibles
Manuscripts
Northumberland
Kit Carson County, Colorado

Kit Carson County is a county in the state of Colorado in the United States. As of the 2020 census, 7,087 people lived there. The county seat is Burlington. It was founded in 1889 and is named after the American frontiersman Kit Carson.
References
1880s establishments in Colorado
1889 establishments in the United States
Colorado counties
Brookmerland

Brookmerland is a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in Aurich, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is southeast of Norden. Its seat is in the village Marienhafe.
The Samtgemeinde Brookmerland has the following municipalities:
Leezdorf
Marienhafe
Osteel
Rechtsupweg
Upgant-Schott
Wirdum
Samtgemeinden in Lower Saxony
Towns and villages in East Frisia
Bicep curl

A number of similar exercises are called "bicep curls". These are designed to use the muscles on the top of the arm.
Most of the time a person is seated or standing and a weight is held in the hand. The elbow is then bent to make the hand come to the shoulder.
The different kinds of bicep curls mostly change the way the wrist is positioned.
Bicep curls can be done using a resistance band or a pair of dumbbells. Stand with your feet hip-width apart, hold the resistance band or dumbbells with your palms facing forward, and then curl your arms up towards your shoulders.
References
Fitness
Kurdistan (state)

Kurdistan (Kurdish: khwrdstn or Kurdistan), is a imaginary state that the Kurdish nationalists want to be established in the Kurdish-dominated regions. Kurdish population is estimated to be between 36.4 and 45.6 million.
The Corduene is ancient name of Kurdistan.
List of presidents
Official status
Kurdistan Region (1992) - It is an autonomous region in Iraq.
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (2013) - It is an autonomous region in Syria.
Flag
The flag of Kurdistan (Kurdish: y'Ly khwrdstn, Alaya Kurdistane) is the flag of Kurds and created by the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan in 1920. It would later, in different variants, be adopted as the national flag of different Kurdish states including Republic of Ararat, Republic of Mahabad and most recently by Kurdistan Region in 1992. Moreover, the Kingdom of Kurdistan used the crescent flag which was also considered a Kurdish flag.
References
Sources
Notes
Addington

Addington is a village in the London Borough of Croydon in south London. Addington is home to many historical sites in Croydon, like Croydon Palace and the Addington Palace. St Mary's Church is also in Addington and is known for the cross commemorating five archbishops in the foreground. Before the tram system was introduced in 2000 connections to the town were very short with only a few buses to Croydon.
New Addington is a town close by to Addington. Once there was only one school in the village and all the children went to it, now that school has been demolished.
References
London Borough of Croydon
Villages in England
Magnetic storage

Magnetic storage is a way of storing data that uses magnets to store binary data. It uses patterns of positive and negative magnetisation to store data using read/write heads, which can view and change the magnetisation. A few examples include hard disk drives, floppy disks, and magnetic stripes.
Computer hardware
Magnetism
Nesselwängle

Nesselwangle is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Medics (TV series)

Medics was a British medical drama series. It was first broadcast on ITV on 14 November 1990. The show ran for five series with a total of 40 episodes. The show came to end on 24 November 1995. It follows the everyday lives and loves, trials and troubles of the doctors, nurses, patients and staff of a large teaching hospital. It is set in the north-west of England near the city of Manchester.
Cast
Medics had many cast members over its five-year history:
This list is by order of first appearance:
Jimmi Harkishin - Dr. Jay Rahman, registrar
Penny Bunton - Dr Jessica Hardman, medical student (1990-93)
Francesca Ryan - Claire Armstrong (1990-94)
Emma Cunningham - Dr. Gail Benson, senior house officer (1992-95)
Tom Baker - Dr. Geoffrey Hoyt, general surgeon (1992-95)
James Gaddas - Dr. Robert Nevin, senior registrar (1992-95)
Sue Johnston - Ruth Parry, administrator (1992-95)
Teddie Thompson - Dr. Alison Makin, house officer (1992-95)
Hugh Quarshie - Dr. Tom Carey, research consultant (1992-94)
Dinah Stabb - Miss Helen Lomax, plastic surgeon (1994-95)
Patricia Kerrigan - Dr. Sarah Kemp, senior registrar (1994-95)
Clarence Smith - Billy Chesire, charge nurse (1994-95)
Nick Dunning - Derek Foster, resources manager (1994-95)
Other websites
British television series
English-language television programs
1990 British television series debuts
1995 British television series endings
Bluey (dog)

Bluey (7 June 1910 - 14 November 1939) was an Australian Cattle Dog. Bluey's owners were Les and Esma Hall from Rochester, Victoria, Australia. Guinness World Records says that Bluey is the oldest known dog. Bluey lived for 29 years and 5 months.
Another dog named Chilla was said to have lived for 32 years. A study was done to see if Australian Cattle Dogs lived longer than other dog breeds. 100 dogs were surveyed. The study showed that Australian Cattle Dogs lived on average for 13.41 years, almost a year longer than other dog breeds. In the end, the study says that Bluey and Chilla should be seen as distinct from other dogs instead of showing longer lives for Australian Cattle Dogs.
Three other dogs named Max, Bella, and Maggie were said by their owners to have lived longer than Bluey. Guinness World Records did not put any of the dogs in their book because the dog owners could not verify that fact.
References
1910 births
1939 deaths
Individual dogs
Ōtoku

was a after Eiho and before Kanji. This period spanned the years from February 1084 through April 1087. The reigning emperor was .
Events of the Otoku Era
1084 (Otoku 1, 9th month): The emperor's principal consort, died; and Shirakawa's grief overwhelmed him.
1084 (Otoku 3, 9th month): Shirakawa announced his intention to abdicate in favor of his son.
3 January 1084 (Otoku 3, 26th day of the 11th month): Shirakawa abdicated, and he took the title Daijo-tenno. The succession (senso) was received by a his son. Soon after, Emperor Horikawa accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui). This was confirmed in ceremonies.
Related pages
Heian period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto

Eliseo Francisco Mendoza Berrueto (13 April 1931 - 17 May 2022) was a Mexican politician and economist. He was the Governor of Coahuila from 1 December 1987 until 30 November 1993. He was born in San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, Mexico. He was the President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1985. Mendoza Berrueto was a Deputy from 1985 until 1987.
Mendoza Berrueto died in Saltillo, Coahuila on 17 May 2022, aged 91.
References
1931 births
2022 deaths
Mexican economists
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Tokyo Tower

Tokyo Tower is a tower in Shiba Park, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Tokyo Tower is 333 m (1093 ft) tall. It the world's highest self-supporting steel tower and the tallest structure in Tokyo.
The highest number of visitors was about 5.2 million a year (1959), about 710 thousand a month (1959.8), about 40 thousand a day (1960.3.30).
The cost for lighting is about 24 thousand yen to 25 thousand yen a day. It seems to be two-tone of red and white, but actually the colors are international orange and white. The color cannot be changed to other colors because the color is decided by the law.
In 2009, the Tokyo Tower was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.
References
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Skyscrapers in Japan
Bud Brown

Clarence J. "Bud" Brown Jr. (June 18, 1927 - January 26, 2022) was an American publisher and politician. He was a Republican United States Representative from the 7th District of Ohio, serving from 1965 to 1983.
Appointed by President Ronald Reagan, he also served as the United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce and Acting Secretary of Commerce, in total from 1983 to 1988.
He was the father of actor Clancy Brown.
Brown died on January 26, 2022 in Urbana, Ohio at the age of 94.
References
Other websites
1927 births
2022 deaths
United States representatives from Ohio
American military personnel of World War II
American military personnel of the Korean War
Politicians from Columbus, Ohio
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Military people from Ohio
Ramon Solsona i Sancho

Ramon Solsona i Sancho (Barcelona, February 7, 1950) is a Catalan writer and journalist. He has a degree in Romance Philology from the University of Barcelona. He is also a high school teacher. Is known for his ironic style. He is a regular contributor to newspapers such as El Punt and La Vanguardia. He currently contributes to the radio program El Mati de Catalunya Radio. He also contributes to Catalunya Radio and RAC 1.
Career
He has also been a poet (satirist) under the pseudonym Lo Gaiter del Besos. His novel Les hores detingudes won three literary awards in the same year. His work has been translated into Spanish and French. For television, he has worked as a writer for the series Agencia de viatges, Estacio d'enllac and El cor de la ciutat. These were broadcast by TV3. He was co-author of the theme song of Futbol Club Barcelona (1998). In 2010 he received the premi Sant Jordi de novel*la for his book L'home de la maleta.
Works
Short stories
1991: Llibreta de vacances
2006: Cementiri de butxaca
Novels
1989: Figures de calidoscopi
1993: Les hores detingudes
1998: DG
1999: No tornarem mai mes
2001: El cor de la ciutat
2004: Linia blava
2011: L'home de la maleta
Poetry
1989: Sac de gemecs
Nonfiction
1995: Ull de bou
1995 Ull de vaca
2005: A paraules em convides
Notes
Other websites
Ramon Solsona at the website of Associacio d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana (AELC).
Writers from Barcelona
Living people
1950 births
Spanish poets
Spanish journalists
Fortuna (mythology)

Fortuna was the goddess of fortune, luck and fate in Roman mythology. Fortuna could bestow good or bad luck onto people. She was sometimes represented veiled and blind. She was a daughter of Jupiter and like him, she could also be bountiful and generous to everybody.
Related pages
Tyche - Greek mythology version of Fortuna
The Wheel of Fortune
Other websites
Roman gods and goddesses
Apron

An apron is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the front of the body. Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers). Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.
The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs. It is also worn as decoration by women.
There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for. Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics. Rubber aprons are used by people who work with dangerous chemicals. Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays). Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives. Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools. Many servants and domestic workers are required to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.
Other websites
Protective clothing
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2012

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is a weekly chart published on Billboard magazine. The Hot 100 ranks the top 100 songs by total CD sales, airplay and digital downloads.
Chart history
Other websites
Current Hot 100 Chart
References
Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Pope Benedict XIII

Pope Benedict XIII (; 2 February 1649 - 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Friar Vincenzo Maria Orsini, O.P., was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 246th Pope from 1724 until his death in 1730. He was the third and last member of the Orsini family to be a pope.
Early life
He was born in Gravina in Puglia near Naples. He was the son of Ferdinando III Orsini, Duke of Gravina.
In 1667, Orsini entered the Dominican Order. As a monk, his name was Vincent Maria.
Cardinal
Pope Clement X raised the monk to the rank of Cardinal of San Sisto on 22 February 1672.
In 1675, he was made Bishop of Manfredonia.
In 1686, he was made Archbishop of Benevento.
Pope
Cardinal Orsini was elected pope on May 28, 1724; and he chose to be called Benedict XIII.
Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
In 1727, he ordered construction of the famous Spanish Steps in Rome.
In 1729, the pope helped bring about the Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, and Spain.
After his death
Benedict was buried in a tomb in Santa Maria sopra Minerva completed by Pietro Bracci and others.
Related pages
List of popes
List of popes from the Orsini family
References
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XIII
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Orsini
Italian popes
1649 births
1730 deaths
Daours

Daours is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Soumitra Chatterjee

Soumitra Chatterjee (19 January 1935 - 15 November 2020) was an Indian actor, playwright, theatre director, painter and poet. He was born in Kolkata, West Bengal. His career began in 1959.
Chatterjee was known for his roles in Abhijan, Charulata, Aranyer Din Ratri, Ashani Sanket, Sonar Kella, Joi Baba Felunath, Ghare Baire, Shakha Proshakha, Ganashatru, Akash Kusum, Jhinder Bandi, Parineeta and in Ganadevata.
On 12 October 2020, Chatterjee tested positive for COVID-19 and was hospitalized in Kolkata. He also had prostate cancer. Chatterjee died from the infection a month later on 15 November, aged 85.
References
1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Indian stage actors
Indian theatre directors
Indian playwrights
Indian painters
Indian poets
Actors from Kolkata
Molly Gloss

Molly Gloss (born November 20, 1944) is an American writer. She writes mostly historical fiction and science fiction.
Life
Gloss grew up in rural Oregon. She began writing seriously when she became a mother. She now lives in Portland, Oregon. She was close friends with fellow science fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin. Gloss has taught writing and literature of the American West at Portland State University, and was visiting professor at Pacific University's MFA in Writing program.
Awards and nominations
1996 Whiting Award
The Jump-Off Creek was a finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction and won both the 1990 Ken Kesey Award for the Novel and 1990 Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award
Wild Life was a finalist for the Oregon Book Award and won the 2000 James Tiptree, Jr. Award for work that explores or expands understanding of gender
The Hearts of Horses was a finalist for the Oregon Book Award
Bibliography
Novels
Anthologies
Notable short fiction
"Personal Silence", 1990 (reprinted in Year's Best Science Fiction 1991)
"Lambing Season", 2002 (nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Short Story and a Nebula Award for Best Short Story)
References
Other websites
mollygloss.com (official site)
Review of The Dazzle of Day by Jo Walton
Guide to the Molly Gloss papers at the University of Oregon.
Profile at The Whiting Foundation
1944 births
Living people
American science fiction writers
Espéchède

Espechede is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Communes in Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Dreyfus Affair

The Dreyfus Affair was one of the biggest scandals in the history of France. It happened at the end of the 19th century. It was about Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army.
In 1894, Dreyfus was accused of being a spy, and accused of crimes against France. People thought he wrote letters to the Germans telling them about secrets of the French army.
His punishment was to be sent to a prison island in South America for the rest of his life.
When he was in prison, people (mostly his brother Mathieu and a high-ranking officer called Picquart) thought he was innocent. They proved that another soldier, Major Esterhazy, was guilty. But the army did not want to admit that it had been wrong. They refused to free him. Finally, the evidence that Dreyfus was innocent became so strong that the government had to demand a new trial. At the new trial, the army again found him guilty. The President of France, who did not want an innocent man to suffer any more, pardoned Dreyfus in 1899.
Dreyfus was released. Seven years later, he was officially declared innocent, and allowed back into the army.
The affair divided France into people who thought Dreyfus really was a spy and people who thought he was innocent. Many of those who thought Dreyfus was a spy hated Jews and believed that he was a criminal because he was a Jew, and that a Jew could not be a good Frenchman; this belief is called anti-Semitism. Others thought that the army could not be questioned. The other side believed that an innocent man should not be imprisoned, and feared that Dreyfus's enemies were also enemies of France.
19th century in France
Judaism in France
French military people
Espionage
Attica (town), New York

Attica is a town in Wyoming County, New York. The population was 7,702 as of 2010. The town is named after a region in Greece.
The Town of Attica is on the north boundary of the county and contains part of a village also named Attica.
References
Towns in New York (state)
Périgny-la-Rose

Perigny-la-Rose is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Communes in Aube
Camponaraya

Camponaraya is a municipality in the province of Leon, Castile and Leon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), 3,411 people lived there.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Leon
Schönthal

Schonthal is a municipality in the district of Cham in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Cham (district)
Doctor of Letters

Doctor of Letters (; D.Litt.; Litt.D.; D. Lit.; or Lit. D.) is an academic degree. It is a higher doctorate which, in some countries, may be considered to be beyond the Ph.D. and equal to the Doctor of Science (Sc.D. or D.Sc.). It is awarded in many countries by universities and learned bodies. It is given in recognition of achievement in the humanities, original contribution to the creative arts or scholarship and other merits. Cambridge University requires a candidate to "give proof of distinction by some original contribution to the advancement of science or of learning." When awarded without an application by the conferee, it is awarded as an honorary degree. A Doctor of Letters is a commonly awarded honorary degree.
References
Academic degrees
Academia
1812 (1912 movie)

1812 () is a 1912 Russian silent drama movie directed by Vasili Goncharov, Kai Hansen and Aleksandr Uralsky. It stars Vasili Goncharov, Aleksandra Goncharova, and Andrey Gromov.
References
Other websites
Russian drama movies
Russian silent movies
1912 drama movies
1910s historical movies
Movies set in the 1810s
Movies directed by Vasili Goncharov
Lead(II) oxide

Lead(II) oxide, also known as plumbous oxide and litharge, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbO. It has lead in the +2 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.
Properties
It is a yellow or red solid. When it is heated with charcoal it makes liquid lead metal. It is a crystalline solid. It is highly toxic since it has lead in it. It reacts with acids to make other lead(II) salts and bases to make plumbites.
Preparation
It can be made by heating lead strongly in air. It can be also made by heating lead carbonate or lead nitrate.
Uses
It is made when lead is taken from its ores. The lead sulfide in galena is changed to lead(II) oxide, which is heated with charcoal to make liquid lead. It is used to make lead glass. It used to be used in lead paint.
Related pages
Lead(II) chloride
Lead(IV) oxide
Lead(II,IV) oxide
Lead compounds
Oxides
Chaux-Neuve

Chaux-Neuve is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
The Big Chill (movie)

The Big Chill is a 1983 American comedy-drama movie. It is about baby boomer friends reuniting after 15 years due to a friend's suicide. This movie stars Tom Berenger, Glenn Close and Mary Kay Place. It was filmed in Beaufort, South Carolina and set in South Carolina.
Other websites
1983 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in South Carolina
Suicide in fiction
Movies directed by Lawrence Kasdan
Columbia Pictures movies
Lambayeque Region

Lambayeque is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Chiclayo.
Regions of Peru
Geology of Australia

The geology of Australia records over 3.8 billion years of the Earth's history. Australia is a continent on the Indo-Australian Plate. It is immensely old, and has rocks of many different types.
Like its close neighbour, New Guinea, Australia was once part of the southern supercontinent of Gondwanaland. Geologically, they are on the same tectonic plate. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level). They combined with lands now under water, sometimes known as Greater Australia. The two huge countries became separated when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the end of the last glacial period. Big as Australia is, it was much bigger in the past. The end of the last ice age saw sea levels rise, and the old connections were broken.
Blocks
The main continental blocks of the Australian continent are;
The Yilgarn Craton, of Archaean age. The Murchinson Province of the craton has the oldest dated meteorite impact crater: 2229 +- 5 mya. (the Yarrabubba crater).
The Pilbara Craton of Archaean to Proterozoic age
The Gawler Craton and Willyama Block, of Archaean to Proterozoic age.
Around them are several Proterozoic volcanic belts and sedimentary basins. The cratons formed the greater Australian landmass in the late Archaean to mesoProterozoic, (~2400 mya to 1,600 mya).
Musgrave Block of granulite gneiss and igneous rocks.
The Arunta Block of amphibolite grade metamorphic rocks and granites.
The Gascoyne Complex, Glengarry Basin, and Bangemall Basin sandwiched between the Yilgarn and Arunta Blocks.
The older, western, two-thirds of the continent is much thicker (over 200 km thick) than the eastern third (about 38 to 59 km thick). The continental crust is mainly made of Archaean, Proterozoic and some Palaeozoic granites and gneisses. A thin veneer of mainly Phanerozoic sedimentary basins cover much of the Australian landmass (these are up to 7 km thick).
Meteorite craters
Many meteorite craters have been found in Australia, but few have yet been confirmed.
Gosses Bluff crater (Tnorala) in southern Northern Territory. Confirmed, 22km diameter, 142.5 mya (Lower Cretaceous).
Shoemaker crater (central Western Australia). Confirmed, 30km+, 1630 mya (Proterozoic).
Wolf Creek crater (Western Australia). Confirmed, 875 m, Pleistocene, ~150 kya.
The Earth Impact Database lists 190 confirmed craters, of which Australia has 27. The largest is the Yarrabubba crater in mid Western Australia. Its estimated age is 2.229 billion years ago. It is one of the oldest known impact structures on Earth.
References
Australia
Geography of Australia
Gulzarilal Nanda

Gulzari Lal Nanda (4 July 1898 - 15 January 1998) was an Indian politician and economist. He was the caretaker Prime Minister of India for two short periods following the deaths of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966.
References
1898 births
1998 deaths
Prime Ministers of India
Indian economists
Akaki Mgeladze

Akaki Mgeladze (1910-1980) (Georgian: akaki mgelaz'e; Russian: Akakii Ivanovich Mgeladze; 1910-1980) was a Soviet politician. He served as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party from 1952 to 1953. Before that he was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Abkhazia from 1943 until 1951. He also led both the Georgian and Abkhazian Komsomol and Gruzneft.
Birth
He was born in the Guria region of Georgia. Mgeladze had grown up in Abkhazia.
Early career
After youth he served with the military on the Transcaucasian Front. Then he was appointed head of the Communist Party of Abkhazia by Joseph Stalin. Under Mgeladze, Georgian was made the language of instruction in Abkhazia. Abkhaz and Russian was replaced at the start of the 1945-46 academic year.
Friendship with Stalin
After the Second World War, Mgeladze became a confidant of Stalin. He declared that Abkhazia would produce lemons for the Soviet Union after Stalin repeatedly showed him lemon trees.[2] Using his influence with Stalin, Mgeladze manoeuvred against head of the Ministry of State Security Lavrentiy Beria. He denounced his corruption and that of Stalin's other confidant Candide Charkviani, who was an ally of Beria. Mgeladze made Stalin to turn against Charkviani and strengthened his distrust of Beria. In March 1952 Mgeladze was appointed First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party by Beria. He replaced Charkviani.
Later life and death
Akaki wrote a memoir of his friendship with Joseph Stalin. He died in 1980.
1910 births
1980 deaths
Soviet politicians
Augustine Mahiga

Augustine Philip Mahiga (28 August 1945 - 1 May 2020) was a Tanzanian CCM politician. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Tanzania from 2015 to 2019. He was the Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 2003 to 2010. He was born in Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika.
Mahiga died on 1 May 2020 in Dodoma, Tanzania from COVID-19, aged 74.
References
Other websites
Biography of Ambassador Mahiga
Interview with Augustine Mahiga - Radio France Internationale
1945 births
2020 deaths
Ambassadors to the United Nations
Tanzanian politicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania
People from Dar es Salaam
Tanzanian diplomats
Tanzanian Roman Catholics
Hamilton, Bermuda

Hamilton is the capital city of Bermuda. The population of Hamilton as of 2006 is 902.
The city is named after Sir Henry Hamilton who was the governor of Hamilton from 1778 to 1794.
References
National capitals in North America
Geography of Bermuda
Tor Erling Staff

Tor Erling Staff (22 February 1933 - 22 July 2018) was a Norwegian lawyer. Staff was born in Oslo. Staff started working for barrister Olaf Trampe Kindt. From 1967, he worked as a barrister in Oslo and at the Supreme Court.
Staff died in Oslo on 22 July 2018 at the age of 85.
References
1933 births
2018 deaths
People from Oslo
LGBT lawyers
University of Oslo alumni
2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election

The 2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was on 20 March 2004, and had the result of Stephen Harper becoming the first leader of the new Conservative Party of Canada. The Conservative Party was made after the combination of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.
Stephen Harper, the previous leader of the Canadian Alliance, was made leader on the only ballot.
References
2004 elections in Canada
Mr. Freeze

Mr. Freeze (Dr. Victor Fries) is a supervillain in comic books published by DC Comics. He first appeared in Batman #121 (February 1959) as the ice criminal Mr. Zero, but he was soon renamed "Mr. Freeze".
Dr. Victor Fries was a cryogenics expert in Gotham City who was caught in a laboratory accident while attempting to cure his terminally ill wife, Nora. The accident drastically lowered his body temperature to sub-zero levels, forcing him to wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive.
IGNs list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Mr. Freeze as #67. The character has been played by George Sanders, Otto Preminger, and Eli Wallach in the Batman television series. He was also played by Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 movie Batman & Robin. He has also been voiced by Michael Ansara in the DC Animated Universe.
References
Batman characters
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in the 1950s
Sarrians

Sarrians is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Communes in Vaucluse
Supernature (Goldfrapp album)

Supernature is the third studio album by English electronic music duo Goldfrapp. It was released on August 17, 2005.
Track listing
Ooh Laa La - 3:24
Lovely 2 C U - 3:25
Ride a White Horse - 4:41
You Never Know - 3:27
Let It Take You - 4:30
Fly Me Away - 4:25
Slide In - 4:17
Koko - 3:23
Satin Chic - 3:28
Time Out from the World - 4:47
Number 1 - 3:25
2005 albums
Goldfrapp albums
David Ruffin

David Ruffin (Davis Eli Ruffin, January 18, 1941 - June 1, 1991) was an American soul singer. He is famous for his work as the lead singer of The Temptations from 1964 to 1968.
Life
As a child, David, along with his other siblings (older brothers Quincy and Jimmy and sister Rita Mae), toured with their father and stepmother as a family gospel group. Not much is known about Ruffin's childhood, except that his father was abusive and his mother died when he was two years old. What is known is that David Ruffin left home at the age of fourteen.
Ruffin spent time in Louisiana on a horse farm, in Memphis (where it was alleged that he was in a talent show with Elvis Presley), and in Arkansas.
In the mid-1950s, Ruffin sang with The Dixie Nightingales. He eventually made his way to Detroit, Michigan, where his older brother Jimmy Ruffin was pursuing a career in music while working at Ford Motor Company. Jimmy landed a contract with Miracle Records, one of several labels owned by Berry Gordy's Tamla (later Motown) Records. David performed in Detroit shows and even lived with Berry Gordy's parents for a brief period.
1941 births
1991 deaths
African American musicians
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Musicians from Mississippi
Musicians from Philadelphia
American R&B musicians
American soul musicians
Lotty Rosenfeld

Carlota Eugenia Rosenfeld Villarreal (20 June 1943 - 24 July 2020), known as Lotty Rosenfeld, was a Chile artist. She was born in Santiago, Chile. She was active during the late 1970s during the time of the Chilean military coup d'etat. She carried out public art interventions in urban areas. She would use traffic signs in order to challenge viewers to rethink notions of public space and political agency. Her work has been seen in many countries throughout Latin America, and Internationally in places such as Europe, Japan, and Australia.
Rosenfeld died on 24 July 2020 in Santiago from lung cancer, aged 77.
References
1943 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Chilean artists
People from Santiago
CeCe Peniston

CeCe Peniston (born September 6, 1969, in Dayton, Ohio) is an American R&B singer and former beauty queen. She was very popular in the early 1990s. Her hit song "Finally" was released in 1991. A lot of other songs followed. Peniston was crowned Miss Black Arizona 1989 and Miss Galaxy 1990.
References
American R&B singers
Singers from Ohio
1969 births
Living people
San Diego Aerospace Museum

San Diego Aerospace Museum is an aircraft and space exploration museum in San Diego, California, USA. It contains many original and copies of old aircraft and spacecraft, including:
A Lockheed A-12 Oxcart
A Ford Trimotor
A Supermarine Spitfire Mk.XVI
A North American P-51 Mustang
The Apollo 9 command module "Gumdrop"
A SPAD VII.c.1
A Nieuport 28
A Curtiss JN4 Jenny
A Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
A North American F-86 Sabre
A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot
A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco
A McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
A Bell AH-1 Cobra
A PBY-5A Catalina
Other websites
San Diego Aerospace Museum website
Museums in California
Aircraft museums
Buildings and structures in San Diego, California
Hey Arnold!

Hey Arnold! is an American animated comedy television series. It was created by Craig Bartlett. The series was first broadcast on Nickelodeon from October 7, 1996, to June 8, 2004. It was about a boy with a football-shaped head named Arnold, his "gang" of friends and their lives in the fictional city of Hillwood. Each episode of Hey Arnold! ran for about 15 minute. In 2002, Nickelodeon made a movie, Hey Arnold! based on the series.
Arnold's best friends in his gang are Gerald, Sid, Stinky, Eugene, Rhonda, Phoebe, Lila, and Curly. Adult Arnold was voiced by Christopher Walberg.
Broadcast
Nickelodeon (United States) CBeebies (United Kingdom) France 5 (France) Playhouse Disney (France Spain Italy and Latin America) EBS (Korea) TVBC (South Korea) TV12 (Singapore) TVO (Canada) TV Azteca (Mexico) VBC (Vietnam)
References
Nickelodeon television series
1990s American animated television series
2000s American animated television series
1996 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
American children's television series
English-language television programs
List of NFL teams that finished a season at 1–15

This is a list of the National Football League teams that finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses. 11 teams finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses.
Teams
Notes
The 1980 Saints and the 2016 Browns started 0-14 before recording their first win. The 2007 Dolphins started 0-13 before recording their first win. The 2000 Chargers started 0-11 before recording their first win. The 2001 Panthers and the 2020 Jaguars won their season opener before losing 15 straight. The 2020 Jaguars was the last instance of an NFL team finishing 1-15, as the NFL expanded to a 17-game season starting in 2021.
References
National Football League seasons
Degree (mathematics)

The degree of a polynomial is the highest exponent that occurs inside that polynomial. It is represented by the symbol .
For example, if we look at the polynomial , then we can see that the degree of this polynomial is , because the highest power in the variable is . It occurs in the term .
The name of the variable is not important. For example, the polynomial has degree , because the highest power of the variable, in this case , is , which occurs in the term .
Related pages
Fundamental theorem of algebra, a theorem which states that a polynomial of degree has complex roots.
References
Algebra
Mathematics
Irina Demick

Irina Demick (16 October 1936 - 8 October 2004), sometimes credited as Irina Demich, was a French actress. She was known for her roles in OSS se dechaine (1963), The Visit (1964), Un monsieur de compagnie (1964) and Up from the Beach (1965).
Other websites
1936 births
2004 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
Oasis LRT Station

Oasis LRT Station (PE6) is an LRT station in Singapore. It is along the Punggol LRT Line.
Timeline
15 June 2007: Station opened
Following Stations
Previous: Kadaloor (PE5)Next: Damai (PE7)
Light Rail Transit (Singapore) stations
Biscotti

Biscotti is an Italian type of almond biscuit. It originated from the Tuscan city of Prato. They are twice-baked, oblong-shaped, dry, crunchy, and may be dipped in a drink, traditionally Vin Santo.
Biscotti is also known as cantucci.
History
Italy
Although commonly used to indicate the biscuits of Prato, biscotti di Prato, in modern Italy and Argentina they are also known widely by the name "cantuccini". These names sound similar to other regional products of Italy. The term cantuccini is most commonly used today in Tuscany, but originally refers to variations or imitations which deviate from the traditional recipe in a few key points such as the use of yeasts, acids (to make them less dry) and flavourings. Rusks are larger, longer biscuits, rustic bread dough enriched with olive oil and anise seeds.
The confusion on the name may have been born from the fact that on the old sign (still present) of "Biscottificio Antonio Mattei," the leading manufacturer of biscuits of Prato, is written just below the name of the shop: "Manufacturers of cantuccini," which at the time were one of the major products of the biscuits. The sign has remained unchanged, and after such a long time people are accustomed to associate the name "cantuccini" with the biscuits typical of Sardinia and Sicily.
Preparation
Biscotti is made with flour, sugar, eggs and almonds or pine nuts. Sometimes they have a layer of glaze, usually chocolate.
References
Cookies
Italian food
Cahill U.S. Marshal

Cahill U.S. Marshal is a 1973 American western movie directed by Andrew V. McLaglen and starring George Kennedy, John Wayne, Gary Grimes, Neville Brand, Marie Windsor, Morgan Paull, Dan Vadis, Jackie Coogan, Harry Carey Jr.. It was distributed by Warner Bros..
Other websites
1970s Western (genre) movies
1976 movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by Andrew V. McLaglen
San Vero Milis

San Vero Milis (Santu 'eru, Santeru) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,504 people lived there. Its area is 72.48 km2. It is 10 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia