pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Schwerer Gustav

Schwerer Gustav (English: Heavy Gustaf, or Great Gustaf) and Dora were the names of two huge World War II German 80 cm K (E) railway siege guns.
The two guns were developed in the late 1930s by Krupp, the famous German arms manufacturer. Their purpose was to destroy heavy fortifications, especially in the French Maginot Line. The guns weighed nearly 1,350 tonnes, and could fire shells weighing seven tonnes to a range of .
Although they were intended for World War II, they were not ready for action when the Wehrmacht outflanked the Maginot line by sweeping through the low country (Belgium) to start the Battle of France. However, they were ready in Autumn 1941, after the Wehrmacht invaded the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). Gustav was used at the siege of Sevastopol in the summer of 1942. By the end of the siege on 4 July the city of Sevastopol lay in ruins, and 30,000 tons of artillery ammunition had been fired. Gustav had fired 48 rounds and worn out its original barrel, which had already fired around 250 rounds during testing and development. The gun was fitted with the spare barrel and the original was sent back to Krupp's factory in Essen for relining.
Both Gustav and Dora were moved to Leningrad, and may have been intended for Warsaw. Gustav was eventually captured by US troops and cut up, whilst Dora was destroyed near the end of the war to avoid capture by the Red Army.
The Schwerer Gustav was the largest calibre rifled weapon in the history of artillery to see actual combat. It fired the heaviest shells of any artillery piece. A few other huge guns were never fired in anger: the French Monster Mortar (36 French inches; 975mm), the British Mallet's Mortar (36 inch; 914 mm) and the American Little David mortar (36 inch; 910 mm).
Notes
Artillery
Nazi Germany
World War II
Nieuwpoort, South Holland

Nieuwpoort is a very small city in the Netherlands, located in the Alblasserwaard and within this region in the municipality of Molenlanden. The settlement lies on the south bank of the Lek, which is a continuation of the Rhine river. About 1,400 people were living there in 2020.
Nieuwpoort was also a municipality. It formed with Groot-Ammers, Langerak, and Streefkerk the municipality of Liesveld in 1986.
Nieuwpoort received city rights in 1283.
References
Plaatsengids.nl
Molenlanden
Settlements in South Holland
Former municipalities of South Holland
20th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Livonian War

The Livonian War (1558-1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
At the end of the war Russia lost all of its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland-Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa, with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while keeping the Duchy of Estonia.
History of Estonia
History of Latvia
History of Lithuania
Wars involving Russia
16th century in Europe
16th-century conflicts
Al Wasl SC

Al Wasl Sports Club () is a sports club in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates. It is best known for its football team.
Sports clubs
Sport in Dubai
Organizations based in the United Arab Emirates
Julia Serano

Julia Serano (born 1967) is a transsexual American writer, biologist, musician, poet, and activist. She lives in Oakland, California. In 2007 her first full-length book Whipping Girl|Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity was published by Seal Press. In October 2013 Excluded: Making Feminist and Queer Movements More Inclusive was published. Her essays have also been published on websites and in magazines and books about feminism.
Serano did a PhD in biochemistry and molecular biophysics at Columbia University. Serano worked at UC Berkeley as a researcher for seventeen years.
She was a member of the indie rock band Bitesize.
Personal life
Serano is a feminist. She is bisexual.
For years she was a crossdresser. She wore clothes made for women but still called herself a man. In 1998 Serano moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. There she met her wife Dani. Around this time Serano started identifying as bigender and transgender. In 2001 she started identifying as a trans woman. She calls herself a "femme tomboy".
Writing
In 2002 made a chapbook called Either/Or. In 2004 she made a chapbook called Draw Blood.
In 2005 Serano made a chapbook called On the Outside Looking In: A Trans Woman's Perspective on Feminism and the Exclusion of Trans Women from Lesbian and Women-only Spaces.
Serano's first book Whipping Girl talks about transmisogyny. Transmisogyny is a word that Serano uses to talk about a kind of misogyny (woman-hating) that is experienced by trans women. Whipping Girl has updated versions of three of the four essays in On the Outside Looking In.
In her second book Excluded, Serano wrote about how feminist and queer movements have left out transgender women, feminine people, bisexuals, sex workers, and others.
In both of her books Serano talks about how gender is not a performance.
References
Living people
American feminists
American LGBT people
American LGBT rights activists
American political activists
Bisexual people
LGBT feminists
LGBT musicians
LGBT writers
Transgender people
Len Dawson

Leonard Ray Dawson (June 20, 1935 - August 24, 2022) was an American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) and American Football League (AFL) for 19 seasons. Dawson was born in Alliance, Ohio. His career began in 1957 and he retired from playing in 1975. He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Cleveland Browns and Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs. He was honored into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987.
On August 12, 2022, it was announced that Dawson was in hospice care. He died twelve days later on August 24, aged 87.
References
1935 births
2022 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Cleveland Browns players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Sportspeople from Ohio
American sports commentators
Hercules Ayala

Ruben Cruz (July 14, 1950 - January 22, 2020) was a Puerto Rican professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Hercules Ayala. He competed in Canadian and international wrestling promotions including the eastern Canadian Grand Prix Wrestling, the Calgary-based Stampede Wrestling, New Japan Pro Wrestling in Japan and World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico.
References
1950 births
2020 deaths
Puerto Rican professional wrestlers
People from Bayamon, Puerto Rico
Anne-Élisabeth Blateau

Anne Elizabeth Blateau (born July 28, 1976 in Paris) is a French actress and playwright.
Life
She studied at Sciences Po Paris.
Her work appeared at the 2008 Saint-Maur Short Film Festival, 2009 Cannes film festival
Filmography
2011: Rendez-vous avec un ange of Yves Thomas and Sophie de Daruvar : a boutique patron
2014: Pret a tout of Nicolas Cuche : la babysitter
2019: Jusqu'ici tout va bien of Mohamed Hamidi: Sidonie
References
1976 births
Living people
French actors
Ray Perkins

Walter Ray Perkins (6 November 1941 - 9 December 2020) was an American football coach and player. He played as a wide receiver for the University of Alabama and Baltimore Colts. He later worked as a football coach for 28 years, including as the head coach for the New York Giants, the University of Alabama, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Arkansas State University. Perkins was born in Petal, Mississippi.
Perkins died on 9 December 2020 in Northport, Alabama from heart disease at the age of 79.
References
1941 births
2020 deaths
American football wide receivers
Baltimore Colts players
American football coaches
Sportspeople from Mississippi
Sportspeople from Alabama
River Tay

River Tay is a river in Scotland. It starts in Loch Tay, and opens up into the North Sea at the Firth of Tay. It discharges more water than the Thames and the Severn put together.
It is the longest river in Scotland and the sixth longest in the United Kingdom. It starts in the Scottish Highlands, and moves east until it goes through Perth. Its mouth is wide, and is called the Firth of Tay on the east coast. Dundee is on the north bank of the Firth.
The Tay's very wide mouth is spanned by a long rail bridge, the replacement for the one which fell in the Tay Bridge disaster. The Tay Road Bridge was opened in 1966.
References
Rivers of Scotland
Compromising Positions

Compromising Positions is a 1985 American mystery comedy movie directed by Frank Perry and was based on the 1978 novel by Susan Isaacs. It stars Susan Sarandon, Raul Julia, Mary Beth Hurt, Joe Mantegna, Edward Herrmann, Judith Ivey, Deborah Rush, Josh Mostel and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1985 comedy movies
1985 mystery movies
American comedy movies
American mystery movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Frank Perry
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in New York (state)
Ishmael

Ishmael (, `Isma'il) was the first son of Abraham and Hagar, an Egyptian servant. He and his mother had settled in the valley and was the meeting of Jurhum, nomads of Yemen and descendants of Joktan who had also spotted the water source and incorporate. He is the father of the North Arabs (Adnanites).
It was derived from Abraham, descendant of Arpachshad, son of Shem, son of Noah, grandson of Methuselah and coming from line of Seth, son of Adam and Eve, first human.
References
Old Testament people
Jürgen Prochnow

Jurgen Prochnow ( ; born 10 June 1941) is a German-American actor. His best-known roles are: the U-Boat captain in Das Boot (1981), Duke Leto Atreides in Dune (1984), the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in Air Force One (1997), and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in Beverly Hills Cop II (1987).
References
Other websites
1941 births
Living people
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
German stage actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Berlin
Cave-dwelling frog

The cave-dwelling frog or cave frog (Litoria cavernicola) is a frog from northwestern Australia.
The cave-dwelling frog lives in caves and between large rocks in sandstone canyons in the Kimberly region. It is green to reddish-brown in color.
The frogs lay their eggs in shallow pools of water, but scientists do not know what the tadpoles are like.
References
Frogs of Australia
Recreativo de Huelva

Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football club. The club was starting in 1889. It is the oldest football team in Spain.
The Club
Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football team formed on December 23 1889. This makes it the oldest football team in Spain, formed by Dr McKay and overseas British workers at the Rio Tinto mines. Originally named Huelva Recreation Club. Due to its long-standing existence (it is the oldest surviving team of Spanish professional soccer), the team is often referred to as El Decano ("the dean") of the Spanish football fraternity.
Commonly known as Recre, they play in white with blue vertical stripes and white shorts. Their home ground is the Nuevo Colombino stadium that seats 19,860.
After three seasons in Segunda Division (Spanish second division), Recre achieved promotion to top flight after beating Numancia Soria on June 4, 2006, mathematically securing promotion with two matches left to be played. El Decano is again among the elite of Spanish football for the 2006/07 season.
Name
1889-? Huelva Recreation Club
?-present R.C. Recreativo de Huelva
Honours
Champions of Andalucia from 1903 to 1914.
Reached Primera Division for 1978-79 (under coach Eusebio Rios), 2002-2003 (under coach Lucas Alcaraz) and 2005-2006 (under coach Marcelino Garcia Toral).
Defeated finalists in Copa del Rey in 2003.
League position
Former position
Foreigners 2006/07
Only three non-EU nationals can be on the pitch at anytime. Those with European ancestry can claim a passport from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim a Spanish passport by playing in Spain for 3 years.
and Europe Bertrand Laquait
and Europe Florent Sinama-Pongolle
and Europe Beto
and Europe Laurentiu Rosu
and Europe Ikechukwu Uche
Famous players
Antonio Valencia
Santi Cazorla
Mariano Pernia
Gaston Casas
Joaozinho
Franz Platko
Yago Alonso
Nelson Zelaya
Manuel Almunia
Luis Aragones
Curro Torres
Oscar Arpon
Raul Molina
Xisco Munoz
Alex Pereira
Famous Coaches
Eusebio Rios
Victor Esparrago
Joaquin Caparros
Lucas Alcaraz
Marcelino Garcia Toral
Other websites
Recreativo de Huelva Official Website
1889 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Spain
Spanish football clubs
Peter Michael Goetz

Peter Michael Goetz (born December 10, 1941) is an American actor. He was born in Buffalo, New York. Goetz is known for his roles in Wolfen, Prince of the City, The World According to Garp, Jumpin' Jack Flash, King Kong Lives, Father of the Bride, Dad, Glory, My Girl, The Empty Mirror and Father of the Bride Part II.
References
Other websites
1941 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Practical Magic

Practical Magic is a romantic comedy drama movie. It was released October 1998. The story is based on a novel from the 1990s. It is about sisters who are witches. After the death of their parents, they are raised by aunts who are also witches. Sandra Bullock and Nicole Kidman play the sisters. Stockard Channing and Dianne Wiest play the aunts.
Practical Magic received very bad reviews. Against a budget of $75 million, the movie took in only $68 million.
1998 romantic comedy movies
1998 comedy-drama movies
1998 romantic drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Livingston County, New York

Livingston County is in New York State. About 62,000 people live there, and it is part of the Rochester metropolitan area.
References
Other websites
Tourism in Livingston
New York (state) counties
Great horned owl

The Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) is the largest owl in North America. It is sometimes called the hoot owl.
This widespread bird of prey lives in mountains, grasslands, conifer forests, deserts, chapparals, and many other habitats in North and South America. Its call is a far-carrying hoot.
Description
This owl is 18 to 25 inches (46-64 cm) long and has a wing span of 52 to 55 inches (1.3-1.4 m); its weight averages about 3 pounds (1.5 kg).
The feathers of the horned owl are gray to brown to buff to black. There is a patch of white feathers on the brown chest (called a "gular"). The eyes are yellow with round black pupils.
Diet
The great horned owl hunts and eats mammals (like rabbits, woodchucks, mice, rats, and squirrels), birds (ducks, quail, and geese), and fish.
The owl is at the top of the food web; it has no major predators. It sometimes eats its prey whole and later regurgitates the bones, fur, and feathers in pellets.
References
Birds of North America
Strigiformes
Birds of South America
WordGirl

WordGirl is an American children's flash animated superhero television series produced by the Soup2Nuts animation unit of Scholastic Entertainment for PBS Kids. The series began as a series of shorts entitled The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl that premiered on PBS Kids and PBS Kids Go! on November 10, 2006, usually shown at the end of Maya & Miguel the segment was then spun off into a new thirty-minute episodic series that premiered on September 3, 2007 on most PBS member stations. The series of shorts consisted of thirty episodes, with 130 episodes in the full half-hour series.
WordGirl creator Dorothea Gillim felt that most children's animation "underestimated [children's] sense of humor" and hoped to create a more intellectual show for young audiences.
By June 2014, many PBS stations had stopped airing WordGirl, opting to air more popular series throughout the summer. However, new episodes continued to air on select stations, with streaming options on the PBS Kids website and video app. The series ended with the two-part episode was rhyme and reason.
Children's television series
2000s television series
What's the Frequency, Kenneth?

"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" is a 1994 song by alternative rock band R.E.M. and is the leading single from their ninth studio album Monster. It went to number 1 in Iceland, number 2 in Canada, number 4 in New Zealand, number 6 in Finland, number 8 in Ireland, number 9 in Norway and the United Kingdom, number 19 in Belgium, number 21 in Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom, number 22 in Switzerland and number 24 in Australia.
Track listings
All songs were written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.
US CD and cassette single
"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" - 3:59
"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" (instrumental version) - 3:59
UK 7-inch and cassette single
"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" - 3:59
"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" (K version) - 3:59
UK, European, Australian, and Japanese CD single
"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" - 3:59
"Monty's Got a Raw Deal" (live) - 4:22
"Everybody Hurts" (live) - 5:41
"Man on the Moon" (live) - 5:24
The live recordings of "Monty Got a Raw Deal", "Everybody Hurts" and "Man on the Moon" were recorded at the 40 Watt Club, Athens, Georgia on November 19, 1992. The performance--a benefit for Greenpeace--was recorded in a solar-powered mobile studio.
References
Rock songs
1994 songs
R.E.M. songs
Labyrinthodont

Labyrinthodont is a term which was used for fossil amphibia. Although it is no longer a formal term in taxonomy, it is still useful as an evolutionary grade, a kind of catch-all term. Labyrinth mean a maze and dont means tooth.
Labyrinthodonts are often called Temnospondyls.
The Labyrinthodontia is not a clade, because it is not monophyletic. It has been replaced in the classification by more correct terms.
The labyrithodonts were some of the dominant animals from the Devonian to the Lower Triassic (about 390 to 210 million years ago). The group is an evolutionary grade (a polyphyletic or paraphyletic group) of species which look rather similar.
The name describes the pattern of infolding of the dentine and enamel of the teeth, which often fossilise. They are also have a heavily armoured skull roof (so they also have an even older name "Stegocephalia"), and complex vertebrae.
Characteristics
The labyrinthodonts flourished for more than 200 million years. Although there was much variation, these traits make their fossils distinct and easy to recognise:
Strongly folded tooth surface, so that a cross section resembles a classical labyrinth (or maze).
Massive skull roof, with openings only for the nostrils, eyes and a parietal 'third eye'. The skull was rather flat with thick dermal armour, accounting for the older term for the group: Stegocephalia. The amniotes (Sauropsids and Synapsids) developed deeper skulls.
Otic notch behind each eye at the back edge of the skull. In the primitive waterbound forms it may have formed an open spiracle, and may possibly have held an ear-drum in some advanced forms.
Complex vertebrae made of 4 pieces.
What the term included
+Ichthyostegalia : term no longer used; see 'Fishapods', below.
+Temnospondyli (possible ancestors of modern amphibians)
+Lepospondyli (possible ancestors of modern amphibians)
+Reptiliomorpha (ancestors of reptiles): now referred to the Amniote stem-group or the Sauropsida.
Specifically excluded
Lissamphibians: modern amphibia
Amniotes: The terrestrial cleidoic egg-laying animals, the Sauropsida and Synapsida.
Fishapods
Early tetropods are now classified as lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). This is because we now know they were aquatic when the limbs first evolved (see Tetrapod).
The informal term fishapods is often used for this group of Devonian animals.
A more formal term, used by Clack, is "stem-group tetrapods".
References
Fossils
Amphibians
El Hiwar El Tounsi

El Hiwar El Tounsi (Arabic: qn@ lHwr ltwnsy , translation: The Tunisian Dialogue) is a television channel from Tunisia. It is available in Tunisia.
Launched in May 2003, the channel broadcasts initially two hours a week, on Sunday on the frequency of Arcoiris, on the Hot Bird satellite and, from 2004, on Eutelsat W3A.
In 2006, the channel broadcasts one hour of broadcast daily on the same frequencies. Its social and political broadcasts open the antenna to Tunisian opponents, which is the chain continued harassment by the regime of President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali.
In 2014 the founder sold the channel to a group of investors headed by Asma Fehri.
References
Television channels in Africa
Tunisian culture
German Academic Exchange Service

The German Academic Exchange Service (, or DAAD) is an organisation in Germany. It is the largest German support organisation in the field of international academic co-operation. It was founded on 1 January 1925. It closed in 1945, but was refounded in 1950.
The DAAD headquarters are in Bonn. There are 15 international regional branch offices. They provide information and advice on study and research opportunities and available grants. The German Academic Exchange Service is mainly funded by the Foreign Office of Germany and the European Union. In 2012, the DAAD received 407.4 million Euro.
Regional branch offices
DAAD London (established in 1952)
DAAD Cairo (1960)
DAAD New Delhi (1960)
DAAD Paris (1963)
DAAD New York (1971)
DAAD Rio de Janeiro (1972)
DAAD Moscow (1973)
DAAD Nairobi (1973)
DAAD Tokyo (1978)
DAAD Jakarta (1990)
DAAD Beijing (1994)
DAAD Warsaw (1997)
DAAD Mexico City (2001)
DAAD Hanoi (2003)
DAAD Brussels (2007)
References
Other websites
DAAD Homepage
DAAD London
DAAD New York (North America)
1925 establishments in Europe
German language
Non-profit organizations of Europe
Education in Germany
1920s establishments in Germany
Eristicophis

Eristicophis is a monotypic genus made for the venomous viper species "E. macmahonii". It is found in the desert areas near the borders of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. There are currently no subspecies recognized. The E. macmahonii is also known as the "McMahon's Viper", the "Asian Sand Viper", the "Leaf-nosed Viper", and the "Whiskered Viper".
Description
The McMahon's Viper is a small species of snake, growing up to less than one meter. Males are smaller than females; males can grow up to the length of 22-40 cm, and females can grow up to the length of 28-72 cm. They are reddish-brown or yellowish brown in color.
Where they live
The McMahon's Viper is found in the desert regions of Balochistan, near the borders of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
Behavior
The McMahon's Viper is said to be nocturnal, but some say it is crepuscular, meaning it is active during the early morning or late evening. It is able to sidewind on loose sand, and sometimes climbs into bushes. It is a aggressive snake, hissing very loudly when disturbed or annoyed, and sometimes it raising its head of the ground and starts striking aggressively. It is able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion. When it sinks into the sand it leaves its eyes and snout sticking out of the sand.
Feeding
The McMahon's Viper eats small lizards, small rodents like mice, and sometimes birds.
Reproduction
The McMahon's Viper is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs. It lays around a dozen eggs at a time, and these eggs take around 6-8 weeks to hatch. When the eggs hatch the young are about 6 inches (15 cm) long.
Venom
Not much is known about the McMahon's Viper venom, but some say it is similar to the venom of the Echis.
Vipers
Snakes of Asia
Stanley Perlman

Stanley Marc Perlman is an American microbiologist and coronavirus researcher. He is professor of microbiology and immunology, professor of pediatrics, and the Mark Stinski Chair in Virology in the Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa. He also has a grandson named Nikko Perlman who currently attends the public middle school called Lab Middle School. Stanley has been working on Corona for 38 years. Stanley's daughter in law and son (Nikko's parents) run a Natto business, which is a Japanese delicacy. The business has a 5 star review and is called "NYture Natto".
American microbiologists
Abzac, Gironde

Abzac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Baldwin, Maine

Baldwin is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,525 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, Maine, metropolitan statistical area.
References
Towns in Maine
Du Wei

Du Wei (born 9 February 1982) is a Chinese football player. He plays for Hangzhou Greentown and China PR national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="4"|Shanghai Shenhua||rowspan="2"|Jia-A League||24||0
|-
|2003||23||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Super League||14||1
|-
|2005||17||1
|-
|2005/06||Celtic||Premier League||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="4"|Shanghai Shenhua||rowspan="4"|Super League||19||2
|-
|2007||15||1
|-
|2008||27||3
|-
|2009||20||3
|-
|2010||Hangzhou Greentown||Super League||||
159||15
0||0
159||15
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||3||1
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
|2009||15||2
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||42||3
|}
References
1982 births
Living people
Chinese footballers
Lemonade

Lemonade is a drink made with water, lemons or lemon juice, and sugar.
There are two main types: cloudy, and clear, each known simply as "lemonade" in their home countries. Cloudy lemonade, generally found in North America and India, is a traditionally homemade drink made with lemon juice, water, and sweetened with cane sugar or honey. Clear lemonade is a lemon, or lemon-lime flavored, carbonated soft drink. This type is common in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.
To make 8 cups of lemonade, mix the juice of 8 freshly squeezed lemons with 1/2 a cup of sugar and 5 cups of water and serve over ice cubes. A diced (cut up) lemon or lime can also be added to mixture. The sugar is sometimes replaced by maple syrup.
Pink lemonade can be made by adding some grenadine or another red juice, or using pink lemons. Some pink lemonades are lightly carbonated, including French brand Lorina lemonade.
In the United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland, and New Zealand, the term 'lemonade' refers to a clear, carbonated, sweet lemon-flavored soft drink. In India it is commonly referred to as 'Nimbu paani' meaning "lemon water" or 'Shikanji'. It is sold by street vendors, especially in North India.
Lemonade stands are a small shops made by kids especially in the U.S. Children sell it to adults to learn the basics of business and to earn some money.
References
Soft drinks
Middlesbrough

Middlesbrough is a large town in North Yorkshire in northeast England. About 135,000 people live there. It is in the traditional North Riding of Yorkshire.
Middlesbrough was formerly administered as part of the county borough of Teesside, later the county of Cleveland, and it is now in the unitary authority of the Borough of Middlesbrough. St Mary's Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Middlesbrough.
The name is often spelt incorrectly as 'Middlesborough' but 'Middlesbrough' is correct. The town is abbreviated to Boro by locals.
Sports
It has a Championship football club: Middlesbrough F.C..
Towns in North Yorkshire
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
Snell's law

Snell's Law of Refraction is the scientific law of the refraction of light or other waves. In optics, Snell's law is about the speed of light in different media. The law states that when light passes through different materials (for example from air to glass) the ratio of sines of the incidence (incoming) angle and the refraction (outgoing) angle does not change:
With each as the angle measured from the normal of the boundary, as the velocity of light in the respective medium (SI units are meters per second, or m/s). is the refractive index of the medium.
The index of refraction of a vacuum is 1 and the velocity of light in a vacuum is . When a wave passes the material where the index of refraction is n, the velocity of the wave becomes .
Snell's law can be proved by Fermat's principle. Fermat's principle states that light travels along the path which takes the least time.
History
The idea has a long history. The problem had the attention of Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemy, Ibn Sahl, and Huygens. Ibn Sahl actually discovered the law of refraction. In Traite de la Lumiere, 1678, Huygens showed how Snell's law of sines could be explained by, or derived from, the wave nature of light.
References
Optics
Troubadour (K'naan album)

Troubadour is the third studio album released by K'naan. The features some guest artists like Chubb Rock, Damian Marley, Adam Levine, Kirk Hammett, Mos Def, and Chali 2na. Singles include Bang Bang featuring Adam Levine, ABC's featuring Chubb Rock, Dreamer, If Rap Gets Jealous which features Metallica member Kirk Hammett, Wavin' Flag, and Take a Minute.
Track Listing
"T.I.A."
"ABC's" (featuring Chubb Rock)
"Dreamer"
"I Came Prepared" (featuring Damian Marley)
"Bang Bang" (featuring Adam Levine of Maroon 5)
"If Rap Gets Jealous" (featuring Kirk Hammett of Metallica)
"Wavin' Flag"
"Somalia"
"America" (featuring Mos Def and Chali 2na)
"Fatima"
"Fire in Freetown"
"Take a Minute"
"15 Minutes Away"
"People Like Me"
"Does It Matter?"
"Biscuit"
"Take a Minute" [Extended Cut]
Other Songs
Somalia
Take a Minute
Wavin' Flag
Does It Matter ?
Guest Artists/Groups
Chubb Rock
Damian Marley
Adam Levine
Kirk Hammett
Mos Def
Chali 2na!''
2009 albums
Premier League Golden Glove

The Premier League Golden Glove is an association football award. It is given to the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets in a Premier League season. In association football, a clean sheet is given to a team's defence or goalkeeper if they prevent their opponents from scoring any goals during a match. For sponsorship reasons, it has been referred to as the Barclays Golden Glove since it was created for the 2004-05 season until the 2015-16 season. Since the 2017-18 season, it is known as the Cadbury Golden Glove.
In 2005, the first Premier League Golden Glove was awarded to Petr Cech of Chelsea. Cech's 24 clean sheets in a single season remains the current record. Since 2005, Cech and Joe Hart have won the award the most amout of times, with 4 each. Pepe Reina was the first goalkeeper to win the award back-to-back, winning it in 3 consecutive seasons between 2005 and 2008. Joe Hart later repeated the achievement with Manchester City between 2010 and 2013.
During the 2008-09 season, Edwin van der Sar surpassed Cech's previous record of 10 consecutive clean sheets by reaching 14. During his streak, Van der Sar went 1,311 minutes without conceding a goal. In the process, he broke both Cech's Premier League record (1,025 minutes), Steve Death's Football League record (1,103 minutes) and also the all-time league record in Britain (1,155 minutes) for most consecutive scoreless minutes.
Winners
Awards won by nationality
Awards won by club
References
Premier League
Sports trophies and awards
Circuit of the Americas

The Circuit of the Americas is a motor racing circuit in Austin, Texas. Hermann Tilke designed the circuit in the middle of 2010. Construction was started in early 2011. It is planned to open in 2012. The circuit will run counter-clockwise.
The circuit will host the United States Grand Prix. Starting in 2013, it will host MotoGP races for 10 years. It will also host a round of V8 Supercars, an Australia-based touring car racing series, starting in 2013.
References
Formula One circuits
Sports in Texas
Austin, Texas
Theodore Bikel

Theodore Meir Bikel (May 2, 1924 - July 21, 2015) was an Austrian-American actor, singer, and musician. He was nominated for an Academy Award as Sheriff Max Muller in The Defiant Ones in 1958.
Early life
Bikel was born in Vienna, Austria on May 2, 1924. He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. He moved to the United States in 1954. He became a U.S. citizen in 1961.
Personal life
Bikel was married to Ofra Ichilov from 1942 until they divorced in 1943. Then he was married to Rita Weinberg Call from 1967 until they divorced in 2008. He was married to Tamara Brooks from 2008 until her death in 2012. He had two children with Call.
Bikel died on July 21, 2015, at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles of natural causes, aged 91.
References
Other websites
Theodore Bikel Official website
Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
Theodore Bikel at the Internet Accuracy Project
1924 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Vienna
American folk musicians
American movie actors
American folk singers
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Austrian movie actors
Austrian singers
Austrian stage actors
Austrian television actors
Austrian voice actors
Folk singers
Musicians from Vienna
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Hulagu Khan

Hulagu Khan, also known as Hulagu, Hulegu or Hulegu (Khulegu, Khulegu; Chagatai/ - Halaku; Arabic:hwlkw; c. 1217 - 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia.
Son of Tolui and the Kerait princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan, and the brother of Arik Boke, Mongke and Kublai Khan. He was also the step-father of Absh Khatun. Hulagu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia. Under his leadership, the Mongols destroyed the two greatest centers of Islamic power, Baghdad in the year 1258, and Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluks in Cairo.
The Polos
Niccolo and Maffeo Polo reportedly travelled to the realm of Hulagu and stayed in the city of Bukhara, in modern day Uzbekistan, where the family lived and traded for three years from 1261 to 1264.
Notes
References
Boyle, J.A., (Editor). The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods . Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition (January 1, 1968). . Perhaps the best overview of the history of the il-khanate. Covers politics, economics, religion, culture and the arts and sciences. Also has a section on the Isma'ilis, Hulagu's nemesis.
Encyclopedia Iranica has scholar-reviewed articles on a wide range of Persian subjects, including Hulagu.
Morgan, David. The Mongols. Blackwell Publishers; Reprint edition, April 1990. . Best for an overview of the wider context of medieval Mongol history and culture.
Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts on File, Inc. .
Other websites
A long article about Hulagu's conquest of Baghdad, written by Ian Frazier, appeared in the April 25, 2005 issue of The New Yorker.
An Osama bin Laden tape in which Osama bin Laden compares Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Colin Powell to Hulagu and his attack on Baghdad. Dated November 12, 2002.
1217 births
1265 deaths
Mongol emperors
Walheim, Haut-Rhin

Walheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Huddersfield

Huddersfield is a large town in the Metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England. It was famous for its cloth industry, and where Rugby League football started.
Huddersfield was the birthplace for the Labour Party prime minister, Harold Wilson. It is also known for its football team, who were the first team to win the Football League first division title three years in a row (1924-26).
Huddersfield had 162,949 residents at the 2011 census. It sits close to the Pennines, south-west of Leeds, west of Wakefield, north-west of Sheffield and north-east of Manchester.
The River Holme discharges into the River Colne. They were tapped for steam turbines and textile treatment in the large weaving sheds.
References
Osasco

Osasco is a Brazilian city in the state of Sao Paulo. Its population in 2016 was 696,382 inhabitants. Its area is 65 km2.
Other websites
Official site of Osasco
Cities in Sao Paulo (state)
Sportswear

Sportswear is clothing, including footwear, worn for playing sports or to exercise.
Sportswear includes shorts, tracksuits, T-shirts, polo shirts and trainers. It also includes some underwear, such as the jockstrap. Sportswear is also often worn as casual fashion clothing.
Sports athletes wear a combination of different items of clothing such as sport shoes, pants and shirts. Some athletes wear personal armour such as helmets or American football body armour.
sports clothing
List of main rivers of Wales

This is a list of the main rivers of Wales.
In Wales, flowing into the Liverpool Bay
From Hoylake to Garth Pier, Bangor, Gwynedd
Dee catchment
River Dee, Wales (Afon Dyfrdwy)
Clwyd catchment
River Clwyd (Afon Clwyd)
Conwy catchment
River Conwy (Afon Conwy)
Aber catchment
Afon Aber
Ogwen catchment
Afon Ogwen
Cegin catchment
River Cegin (Afon Cegin)
Adda catchment
River Adda (Afon Adda)
Isle of Anglesey
Anticlockwise from Menai Bridge / Porthaethwy
Crigyll catchment
Afon Crigyll
Ffraw catchment
Afon Ffraw
Cefni catchment
Afon Cefni (River Cefni)
Braint (i) catchment
Afon Braint (River Braint, Dwyran)
Braint (ii) catchment
Afon Braint (LlanfairPG)
Note "Afon Menai", known as the "Menai Strait" in English, is not technically a river, despite its Welsh name..
In Wales, flowing into the Irish Sea
From Bangor Pier to St. Govan's Head
Seiont catchment
Afon Seiont (River Seiont) (known as Afon Rhythallt above Pont-Rhythallt)
Gwyrfai catchment
Afon Gwyrfai
Soch catchment
Afon Soch
Rhyd-hir catchment etc
Afon Rhyd-hir
Afon Erch
Afon Wen
Dwyfor catchment
Afon Dwyfor
Glaslyn catchment
Afon Glaslyn
Artro catchment
Afon Artro
Ysgethin catchment
Afon Ysgethin
Mawddach catchment
Afon Mawddach
Dysynni catchment
Afon Dysynni (R)
Dyfi catchment
Afon Dyfi (River Dovey)
Clarach catchment
Afon Clarach (formed at the confluence of Afon Stewi and Nant Silo)
Rheidol catchment
River Rheidol (Afon Rheidol)
Ystwyth catchment
River Ystwyth (Afon Ystwyth)
Wyre catchment
Afon Wyre
Cledan catchment
Afon Cledan
Arth catchment
River Arth
Aeron catchment
Afon Aeron
Teifi catchment
River Teifi (Afon Teifi)
Nyfer catchment etc
Afon Nyfer
Cleddau catchment
Daugleddau (estuary is Daugleddyf or Milford Haven downstream)
In Wales, flowing into the Bristol Channel
From St. Govan's Head to M48 Bridge
Taf catchment
Afon Taf
Tywi catchment
River Tywi (Afon Tywi)
Gwendraeth catchment
River Gwendraeth
Lliedi catchment
River Lliedi (Afon Lliedi)
Loughor catchment
River Loughor (Afon Llwchwr)
Clyne catchment
Clyne River
Tawe catchment
River Tawe
Neath catchment
River Neath
Afan catchment
River Afan
Kenfig catchment
River Kenfig (Afon Cynffig)
Ogmore catchment
River Ogmore (Afon Ogwr)
Col-huw catchment
Afon Col-huw
Thaw catchment
River Thaw
Cadoxton catchment
Cadoxton River
Taff catchment
River Taff (Afon Taf)
Rhymney catchment
Rhymney River (Afon Rhymni)
Usk catchment
River Usk (Afon Wysg)
Wye catchment
River Wye (Afon Gwy)
Severn catchment
With the exception of a small part of the Rea Brook, all tributaries of the Severn downstream of the confluence of the Severn and the Vyrnwy are wholly in England. For details see List of rivers of England.
River Severn (Afon Hafren), Bristol Channel (Mor Hafren)
References
Wales
Rivers
Cheetham Hill

Cheetham Hill is a part of Manchester. In 2011, it had a population of 22,562.
Districts of Manchester
Raymond, Maine

Raymond is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States.
Towns in Maine
Students' union

A student's union is a college or university level union advocating for student members.
Organizations by type
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (transl. All India Anna Dravidian Progressive Federation; abbr. AIADMK) is an Indian political party. The party has a large amount of influence in the state of Tamil Nadu and union territory of Puducherry. It is a Dravidian party. The party was founded by former chief minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran. Edappadi K. Palaniswami is the current General Secretary of the Party.
Elections
The party has won a seven-time majority in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. It is the most successful political outfit in the state's history. It is currently the main opposition party in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. It is also a part of the India-ruling National Democratic Alliance.
Location
The headquarters of the party is called Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai. It is located at Avvai Shanmugam Salai, Royapettah, Chennai. The building was givento the party in 1986 by the wife of Ramachandran, V. N. Janaki Ramachandran. She was a former chief minister of Tamil Nadu and the second president of the party.
History
M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) founded the party at Madurai on 17 October 1972. It was created as a seperate faction of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. This was done after M. Karunanidhi forcted Ramachandran to leave the party for asking for accounts as party treasurer. From 9 February 1989 to 5 December 2016, AIADMK was led by former chief minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa. She was the general secretary of the party. Jayalathaa was known as the "Mother of AIADMK" . She was very well liked by the people of Tamil until her death in 2016.
Puducherry
Political parties in Tamil Nadu
Rui Duarte de Barros

Rui Duarte de Barros is a Guinea-Bissauan politician. He was acting Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from May 2012 to July 2014.
References
Living people
Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau
1960 births
Black Palestinians

Black Palestinians are black people who live in or have family from Palestine. They are also called Afro-Palestinians because many have ancestors from Africa. In history, many black people were forced to go to Palestine as slaves by the Ottoman Empire. Some of them were also enslaved by Palestinian Bedouins. There are also Black Palestinians who came as immigrants from Africa. Today, they still face discrimination because of their race as well as occupation by Israel. One neighborhood in Gaza with many Black Palestinians is known by an insulting name for slaves. A minority of African Palestinians which number around 350-450 reside in an African enclave (Hai al-Afaarika) around the Bab al-Majlis, the northern gate, contiguous to the Haram al-Sharif, in the Muslim Quarter of Jerusalem, which also contains several micro-communities composed of Indians, Domari Gypsies, Afghans, and Moroccans.
More websites
Black, Proud and Palestinian - interview with Reem Mohamed Amer
References
Ethnic groups in Asia
Shibuya

is a special ward of Tokyo, Japan. It is a very important area for commerce and business. It also has the two busiest railway stations in the world, Shinjuku Station and Shibuya Station. As of 2020, it has an population of about 231,043, and a population density of 15,290.7 people per km2 (39,603/sq mi). The total area is 15.11 km2 (5.83 sq mi).
Shibuya is famous for its scramble crossing, which is called Shibuya Crossing.
Related pages
Shinjuku
References
Other websites
Cities in Japan
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
Wards of Tokyo
Alice Nahon

Alice Nahon (16 August 1896, Antwerp - 21 May 1933, Antwerp) was a Belgian poet.
Her father was born in the Netherlands in a French family. Her mother came from Putte nearby Mechelen.
As a young woman she suffered from chronic bronchitis, but this was wrongly diagnosed as tuberculosis. This is the reason she spent many years in hospitals.
She studied and graduated in agriculture. Alice also began studying to be a nurse. At the same time she studied literature. She was also librarian in Mechelen. At the end of her life she lived in the medieval castle Cantecroy in Mortsel, a suburb of Antwerp.
She is especially remembered for her poem Avondliedeke (English: Little Evening Song). This poem is a classic on ethical and mystic evening meditation.
Works
Vondelingskens (1920)
Op zachte vooikens (1921)
Schaduw (1928)
Maart-April (1936)
1896 births
1833 deaths
Belgian poets
Disease-related deaths in Belgium
Writers from Antwerp
List of ruling political parties by country

This article is a list of ruling political parties by country.
A
B
C
D
E
F
ruling
Exene Cervenka

Exene Cervenka (born Christene Lee Cervenka; February 1, 1956) is an American singer, artist, and poet. She is best known for her work as a singer in the California punk rock band X.
References
1956 births
Living people
Singers from Chicago
artists from Chicago
American poets
Abdul Waheed Chowdhury

Major Abdul Waheed Chowdhury (Major A W Chowdhury) was World War ll Veteran British Indian Army Officer after indipenence of Pakistan he served under Pakistan Army .He contributed to the formation of Pakistan Army and he was instrumental in the establishment of East Bengal Regiment . He was the Officer Commanding/Acting Commandant of the newly raised East Bengal Regiment's training establishment known as East Bengal Regiment Center. He raised and commanded the 1st East Bengal Regiment (Senior Tiger's) and lifted it to the the 1st Battalion of the East Bengal Regiment .He is well known as "Senior Tiger".
Early Life
Abdul Waheed Chowdhury (1914 to 1965 ) was born on 1 February 1914 in the village of Dariyapur in the former British Indian district of Sylhet , Subdivision Habiganj to a prominent Muslim family. His father was Khan Saheb Abdur Rob Chowdhury, Controller of Examinations, Dhaka University .
Education
Abdul Waheed Chowdhury passed matriculation from Nobokumar Institute Dhaka and passed higher secondary from Dhaka College and later graduated from Dhaka University and in 1938 did his master's degree in economics . He was good at sports, he was university blue in sports. He was a student of Dr. Mohammad Shahidullah and he was a friend and classmate of National Professor Abdur Razzak .
Work
Military Life
Establishment of East Bengal Regiment
Death
Source
References
John Walton (actor)

John Walton (1953 - 17 July 2014) was an Australian actor. He mostly appeared in miniseries and in soap operas.
Walton was born in Sydney, New South Wales.
He was best known for his role as Doctor Craig Rothwell in the television soap opera The Young Doctors during 1976 and 1977.
He also appeared in the miniseries Bodyline. Walton took the part of Sir Charles Kingsford Smith in the Australian mini-series A Thousand Skies.
Walton died after a long illness in Sydney, aged 62.
References
Other websites
1953 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Strawberry and Chocolate

Strawberry and Chocolate () is a 1993 Cuban Mexican comedy drama movie directed by Tomas Gutierrez Alea and Juan Carlos Tabio and is based on the 1990 short story The Wolf, The Forest and the New Man by Senel Paz. It stars Jorge Perugorria, Vladimir Cruz, Mirta Ibarra, Francisco Gattorno and was distributed by Miramax Films. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1995.
Other websites
1993 comedy-drama movies
1990s LGBT movies
Movies based on short stories
Cuban movies
Mexican comedy movies
Mexican drama movies
Mexican LGBT movies
Movies directed by Juan Carlos Tabio
Movies directed by Tomas Gutierrez Alea
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in Cuba
Billy the Kid

Henry McCarty (185914 July 1881) was also known as William H. Bonney, and known popularly as Billy the Kid. He was an American gunman who took part in the Lincoln County War.
Legends say that Billy the kid killed 21 men, but history tells us that he murdered at least four men. The first murder was in . Bonney was born in 1859.
Before he started using the alias "William Bonney", McCarty's first arrest was for stealing food in late . Within five months he was arrested for stealing clothing and firearms. Two days later, he escaped from jail and fled from New Mexico Territory into the neighboring Arizona Territory, making him an outlaw and a federal fugitive. After murdering a blacksmith during an argument in , Bonney became a wanted man in Arizona Territory. He returned to New Mexico and joined a group of cattle rustlers. He became a well-known figure in the region when he joined the Regulators and took part in the Lincoln County War. In April of 1878, the Regulators killed three men, including Lincoln County Sheriff William J. Brady and one of his deputies. Bonney and two other Regulators were later charged with killing all three men.
References
1859 births
1881 deaths
American criminals
Deaths by firearm in the United States