pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pennsylvania Station

Pennsylvania Station, or Penn Station, is a name of several railway stations in the United States. The name "Pennsylvania Station" comes from the times when all these stations belonged to the Pennsylvania Railroad and, later, to Penn Central. The stations in New York City, Newark, New Jersey, and Baltimore still have this name. The station in Pittsburgh, although officially known as Union Station, is also called Penn Station by locals. All these stations are currently served by Amtrak.
Railway stations in the United States
Military diving

Military diving is underwater diving done by members of armed forces for military purposes.
Any method of diving may be used. It is the military purpose that makes it military diving.
Military diving for offensive purposes is usually done using rebreathers as they do not make much bubbles which can be seen by the enemy. These divers may be called frogmen or combat divers.
Othe military divers do work to remove obstructions and explosive devices like mines. They are called clearance divers.
Military divers may also do inspections and repair work on the bottoms of ships, and underwater work in support of military engineering operations.
Military
Round of drinks

A round of drinks is a set of alcoholic beverages bought by one person in a group for the whole group. The buyer buys the round of drinks as a single order at the bar. In many places it is common for people to take turns buying rounds.
It is a nearly ubiquitous custom in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. In Australia and New Zealand it is called shouting.
References
Drinks
The Troggs

The Troggs are a band from England, known for their 1966 song Wild Thing. The original members were: Reg Presley (lead vocals), Chris Britton (guitar), Pete Staples (bass) and Ronnie Bond (drums). Ronnie bond died in 1992, and Presley in 2013. The only original member still performing in the band is guitarist Chris Britton.
English musical groups
Golden Camera

The Goldene camera is an annual German film and television award, awarded by the Funke Mediengruppe. The award show is usually held in early February in Hamburg, but has also taken place in Berlin in the past. The gold-plated silver award model was created by Berlin artist Wolfram Beck.
Movie awards
Stanley Brotman

Stanley Seymour Brotman (July 27, 1924 - February 21, 2014) was an American federal judge. He was born in Vineland, New Jersey. He grew up in the nearby village of Brotmanville, which had been established by his grandfather, who was a Russian immigrant. He left Yale University to serve in the United States Army during World War II, from 1942 to 1945. He returned to Yale and received a B.A. in Eastern Studies from Yale University in 1947 and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1951.
On January 27, 1975, He was nominated by President Gerald Ford to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Mitchell H. Cohen. Brotman was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 13, 1975, and received his commission on March 14, 1975. He assumed senior status on April 23, 1990. He retired in September 2013.
Brotman died on February 21, 2014 at a hospital in Stratford, New Jersey. He was aged 89.
References
Other websites
Stanley Seymour Brotman at martindale.com
1924 births
2014 deaths
People from New Jersey
American judges
Military people from New Jersey
Wolof people

Wolof people are an ethnic group in Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania. Of the people in Senegal, 39.7% are Wolof.
References
Ethnic groups in Africa
The Gambia
Mauritania
Senegal
Ronald Reagan Day

Ronald Reagan Day is a state holiday in California, Illinois and Wisconsin. It is celebrated on February 6 each year. The holiday is to remember the life of Ronald Reagan. All state government offices, community colleges, schools, and libraries are closed.
For the 100th anniversary of Reagan's birthday in 2011, governors in 21 states declared February 6 to be Ronald Reagan Day.
References
Presidential birthdays in the United States
California
Wisconsin
Illinois
Things named after Ronald Reagan
February events
Mikhail Fokine

Mikhail Fokine ( - 22 August 1942) was a Russian choreographer and dancer. He was born in St Petersburg, the son of a prosperous middle-class merchant. At the age of nine, he was accepted into the St Petersburg Imperial Ballet School. In 1898, on his 18th birthday, he debuted on the stage of the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Paquita, with the Imperial Russian Ballet. In 1902, he became a teacher with the ballet school.
Fokine hoped to go beyond the older ballet traditions. To him virtuoso ballet techniques were not an end in themselves, but a means of expression. He believed that many of the ballets of his time used costuming and mime which did not reflect the themes of the ballets. Therefore, he tried to strip ballets of their artificial miming and outdated costumes. In addition, as a choreographer, he started a reform that took ballerinas out of their pointe shoes. Also, he experimented with a freer use of the arms and torso. He presented his reformist ideas to the management of the Imperial theatre, but did not get their support. Some of his early works include the ballet Acis and Galatea (1905) and The Dying Swan (1907), which was a solo dance for Anna Pavlova, choreographed to the music of Saint-Saens' Le Cygne.
In 1909, Sergei Diaghilev invited Fokine to become the choreographer of his Ballets Russes in Paris. Fokine broke off the collaboration in 1912, jealous of Diaghilev's close relationship with Vaslav Nijinsky. He moved to Sweden in 1918 and later established his home in New York City, where he founded a ballet school and continued to appear with his wife, Vera Fokina. He became a United States citizen in 1932. Fokine died in New York on 22 August 1942.
Fokine staged more than 70 ballets in Europe and the United States. His best known works were Chopiniana (later revised as Les Sylphides), Le Carnaval and Le Pavillon d'Armide. Among his works for the Ballets Russes were The Firebird, Petrushka, Le Spectre de la Rose and Daphnis et Chloe. Also, for the Ballets Russes, he created a ballet out of Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade. His pieces are still performed by the leading ballet troupes of the world.
References
Beaumont C.W. Michel Fokine and his ballets.
Sunday NY Times, Jack Anderson (dance critic), September 7th, 1980
Other websites
Fokine, Michel, 1880-1942. Papers: Guide. in the Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library
Fokine, Michel (1880 - 1942) at Australia Dancing
The Fokine Estate archive
1880 births
1942 deaths
Russian choreographers
Ballets Russes
Citronelle, Alabama

Citronelle is a city in Alabama in the United States. It is about north of Semmes.
Cities in Alabama
Rachel Hunter

Rachel Hunter (born 8 September 1969) is a fashion model and an actress from New Zealand. She worked in France, Australia, UK (London) and New Zealand. in She currently lives in the United States. She has been in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition many times and has posed for other magazines. Hunter posed Playboy in 2004.
She was married to singer Rod Stewart from 1990 until 2006.
References
New Zealand television actors
Models
1969 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Leith Mullings

Leith Patricia Mullings (April 8, 1945 - December 13, 2020) was a Jamaican-born author, anthropologist and professor. She was president of the American Anthropological Association from 2011 to 2013. She was a Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the City University of New York. Mullings was one of the founding members of the Black Radical Congress.
References
1945 births
2020 deaths
American anthropologists
Jamaican writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Academics from New York City
Scientists from New York City
Piltdown Man

Piltdown Man (Eoanthropus dawsoni) was once thought to be a "missing link" between man and ape. The first Piltdown fragments were discovered in 1912. Thereafter, over 500 scientific essays were written on the Piltdown Man in a 40-year period. The discovery was proven to be a deliberate hoax in 1953.
The fossil remains
Piltdown Man consisted of two human skulls, an orangutan jaw, an elephant molar, a hippopotamus tooth, and a canine tooth from a chimpanzee. Sir Kenneth Oakley has determined the human skulls to be approximately 620 years old. They may have belonged to Ona Indians from Patagonia, as the skulls were unusually thick. Thick skulls are a common trait among Ona Indians. The orangutan jaw is around 500 years old, perhaps from Sarawak. The elephant molar is thought to be from Tunisia. The hippopotamus tooth is thought to have come from Malta or perhaps Sicily. The canine tooth belonged to a Pleistocene Chimpanzee. The Piltdown remains were purposefully scattered around a quarry in Piltdown, England, so that they could be "discovered" later as evidence for evolution and the development of man from ape. The skulls had been treated with acid. All of the fossil remains were stained with an iron sulfate solution. The canine tooth was painted brown and patched with bubble gum. The molars were filed down. The portion of the orangutan jaw that connected the jaw to its skull was carefully broken so as not to show evidence that this jaw did not belong to a human skull.
The perpetrators
The Piltdown Man hoax is thought to have been perpetrated by Charles Dawson, an archaeologist, geologist and fossil collector for the British Museum. However, no one is quite certain who was involved. There are a number of other suspects, including Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, Keeper of the British Museum's Natural History department, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a paleontologist and Jesuit theologian.
References
The Times, November 21, 1953; November 23, 1953
The hoax exposed: The Piltdown Forgery by Joseph Weiner 1954
The case against Smith: The Piltdown Man by Ronald Millar 1972
The Dawson evidence: Unraveling Piltdown by John Evangelist Walsh 1996
Fossils
Hominins
Hoaxes
Garrett, Indiana

Garrett is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States.
Cities in Indiana
Tarapacá Region

The I Tarapaca Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. The present Tarapaca Region was created in 2007 by subdividing the former Tarapaca Region under Law 20.175. It became operational on 8 October 2007.
The port city of Iquique is the capital of the region.
History
Chile's former Tarapaca region was a former Peruvian province, which was occupied by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancon at the close of the War of the Pacific, and then formally annexed in 1929 by the Treaty of Lima.
The region was important economically as a site of intense saltpeter mining, before synthetic nitrate manufacturing became possible.
Geography
The Tarapaca region borders the Arica and Parinacota region to the north, Bolivia's Oruro Department on the east, the Antofagasta region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Population
, there were (estimated) 336,769 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city in the region is Iquique, with 164,396 inhabitants (2002 census).
Administration
In 2007, the former region of Tarapaca was subdivided to create the Arica y Parinacota Region to the north and the present day Tarapaca Region to the south. The Tarapaca region is further subdivided into two provinces: Arica and Parinacota.
Related pages
Regions of Chile
References
Other websites
Territorial division of Chile
Gobierno Regional de Tarapaca Official website
Regions of Chile
Catherine Paysan

Annie Hausen (4 August 1926 - 22 April 2020), known by her pen name Catherine Paysan, was a French writer. She won the Grand prix de litterature de la SGDL for her lifetime's writing. Paysan wrote novels, poems, screenplays and plays. Paysan was born in Aulaines, France.
She published several novels, five autobiographical works, two collections of poetry and two plays. She also adapted several of her works for movies. In 1977, she received the Grand prix de litterature de la SGDL for the whole of her work.
Paysan was named an Officier in the French Legion of Honour in 2011.
Paysan died on 22 April 2020 in Le Mans, France at the age of 93.
References
1926 births
2020 deaths
French poets
French screenwriters
French playwrights
French novels
French educators
Oryol Oblast

Oryol Oblast (, Orlovskaya oblast), also known as Orlovshchina () is a federal subject of Russia. Specifically it is an oblast. Its administrative center (capital city) is the city of Oryol. Population: 714,094 (Estimate 2022) (2010 Census -- 786,935).
Geography
It is in the southwestern part of the Central Federal District, in the Central Russian Upland.
By area, at it is one of the smallest federal subjects. From north to south, it goes for more than , and from west to east--for over .
It borders Kaluga Oblast in the north, Lipetsk Oblast in the east, Kursk Oblast in the south, and Bryansk Oblast in the west.
There are more than two thousand rivers and streams in Oryol Oblast with a total length of .
Administrative divisions
3 cities under the oblast's jurisdiction
24 districts
13 urban-type settlements
223 rural settlements
Economy
The main industries in Oryol Oblast are the food and light industries, engineering and metalworking, and ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. The engineering and metalworking industries make equipment for many industries. These include forklift trucks, construction and agricultural equipment, and machinery for municipal services.
Demographics
Population: 714,094 (est. 2022);
Russians - 96.1%
Ukrainians - 1%
Others - 2.9%
References
Other websites
Overview of Oryol Oblast (Kommersant newspaper)
Central Eurasian Information Resource: Images of Oryol Oblast - University of Washington Digital Collection
States and territories established in 1937
Oblasts of Russia
Whaler

A whaler is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use.
They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called blubber, and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan.
Related pages
Whaling
Boats
Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane

Jean-Francois Ntoutoume Emane (born 6 October 1939) is a Gabonese politician. He was Prime Minister of Gabon from 23 January 1999 to 20 January 2006. He was Mayor of Libreville, the capital, from 2008 to 2014.
References
1939 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Gabon
Mayors
Westheide

Westheide is a municipality in the district Borde, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was created on 1 January 2010 and consists of the former municipalities of Born, Hillersleben and Neuenhofe.
2010 establishments in Germany
Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt
Regina Spektor

Regina Spektor (b. February 18, 1980) is a Russian-American singer-songwriter and pianist. She was born in Moscow, Russia, but moved to The Bronx in New York City as a child.
She has released six studio albums. She released her first album 11:11 in 2001. In 2002 she released her second album Songs. Spektor's third album Soviet Kitsch was her first album to be released on a record label. Three singles were released from the album. In 2009 Spektor released her fourth album Far. What We Saw from the Cheap Seats was released in 2012.
She usually sings in English but has used other languages in her songs including Latin, French, and Russian.
Spektor sings the theme song of Orange is the New Black, "You've Got Time". The song was nominated for the award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 2013 Grammy Awards.
Personal life
Spektor married Jack Dishel in 2011.
She gave birth to a baby boy in 2014.
Other websites
Official website
References
American pianists
American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Russian singers
Russian musicians
1980 births
Living people
Paris, Tennessee

Paris is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It had a population of 25,171 in 2010. It has been called the "World's Biggest Fish Fry". It has a 70-foot replica of the Eiffel Tower.
Cities in Tennessee
County seats in Tennessee
My Gym Partner's A Monkey

My Gym Partner's a Monkey is a show on Cartoon Network. It is about a human boy named Adam Lyon who used to go to a normal human school but the principal says he is an animal because he spelled "Lyon" with an i. He then goes to Charles Darwin Middle School (named after the scientist Charles Darwin) and he makes friends with the animals at the school.
Characters
Adam Lyon is the only human student at Charles Darwin Middle School. He is 12 years old.
Jake Spidermonkey is a monkey that Adam met during gym class, and Adam's closest friend at school. He wears a red T-shirt and a blue baseball cap.
Ingrid Giraffe is the tallest student at Charles Darwin Middle School. She has a "crush" on Adam, which Ingrid tries to keep a secret. Her voice actress is Grey DeLisle.
Lupe Toucan is Ingrid's best friend. She talks with a Mexican accent. Like Ingrid, her voice actress is Grey DeLisle.
Slips Python is an easy-going snake who believes almost anything. He somehow wears a shirt, even though he has no arms.
Virgil "Bull" Sharkowski is the school bully. This shark wears braces on his teeth, and water-filled headphones to help him breathe on land.
Principal Pixiefrog is the principal of Charles Darwin Middle School. He is a short frog.
Coach Gills is the gym teacher at CDMS. She talks with a manly voice.
Ms. Chameleon is the drama teacher.
Windsor Gorilla is one of the smarter students at Charles Darwin. He and Slips are close friends.
2000s animated television series
Cartoon Network series
English-language television programs
2005 television series debuts
2008 television series endings
Rocket Power: Team Rocket Rescue

Rocket Power: Team Rocket Rescue was a video game developed by Darkblack Ltd and published by THQ across multiple platforms. Here the gang's object is to help Raymundo keep Rocket Boards in business by helping with its publicity, thus hopefully staving off Sno-Mart's predatory tactics.
Description
Rocket Power: Team Rocket Rescue is a game designed to represent the Nickelodeon Rocket Power license. In the game, you take control of the popular characters Otto and Reggie Rocket, and their friends "Squid" and "Twister". The main focus of story mode is following their adventure to get the Rocket's father's board business more customers by entering xtreme sports competitions under his sponsorship. The more they win, the more people will want to buy Ray's gear. Story mode tasks include part collecting, snowboard slalom, and high score challenges. Each level is timed and the tasks must be completed before time is up. The is also a free play mode which allows players to learn the levels and moves, and face off against one other friend.
References
https://www.amazon.com/Rocket-Power-Team-Rescue-Playstation/dp/B00005LOYH
https://tcrf.net/Rocket_Power:_Team_Rocket_Rescue
https://www.ebay.com/p/8148
PlayStation games
PlayStation-only games
Nickelodeon
Nicktoons
Mureș County

Mures (, ) is a county (judet) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. The capital of Mures County is Targu Mures.
Geography
Mures County has an area of 6,714 km2.
Population
In 2002, about 582,000 people lived in Mures County.
Divisions
Mures County has 4 municipalities, 7 towns and 91 communes.
Municipalities
Targu Mures (Marosvasarhely)
Sighisoara (Segesvar)
Reghin (Szaszregen)
Tarnaveni (Dicsoszentmarton)
Towns
Iernut (Radnot)
Ludus (Marosludas)
Sovata (Szovata)
Miercurea Nirajului (Nyaradszereda)
Sarmasu (Nagysarmas)
Sangeorgiu de Padure (Erdoszentgyorgy)
Ungheni (Nyaradto)
Communes
References
Other websites
Mures Info
Mures online
Counties of Romania
Transylvania
Bad Kreuznach (district)

Bad Kreuznach is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
The region made by this district and the adjoining Birkenfeld district is known as the Naheland.
Towns and municipalities
References
Districts of Rhineland-Palatinate
Andromeda (TV series)

Andromeda (formally titled Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda) is a Canadian-American science fiction television series. Between 2000 and 2005, 110 episodes were produced. Each episode runs for about 40 minutes. The series is loosely based on a Star Trek related theme. It is based on material by Gene Roddenberry. His widow, Majel Barrett, helped produce it.
As of 2021, Andromeda is one of two TV series (the other is Earth: Final Conflict) based on ideas Roddenberry had as early as the 1960s and 1970s. Roddenberry died in 1991, nine years before the series premiere. The name "Dylan Hunt" was used for the hero of two TV pilots Roddenberry had produced in the mid-1970s, Genesis II, and Planet Earth. Both had a similar setting.
Related pages
A for Andromeda tv series, 2006 film and book.
2000s Canadian television series
Alternanthera philoxeroides

Alternanthera philoxeroides is "alligator weed", an invasive species. It is an aquatic plant species and can be found in waterways.
References
Aquatic plants
Amaranthaceae
Twitch (service)

Twitch is a video live streaming service operated by Twitch Interactive. It is a a subsidiary of Amazon. It was created in June 2011 as a spin-off of the general-interest streaming platform, Justin.tv.
It focuses on video game live streaming, including broadcasts of esports competitions. It also has music broadcasts, creative content, and more recently, "in real life" streams.
References
2011 establishments
Social networking
Amazon (company)
Angas languages

The Angas, Angas-Sura, or Central West Chadic, (A.3 West Chadic) languages are a branch of West Chadic languages. They are spoken in North Nigeria.
Languages
The Angas languages are:
Angas
Ngasic: Ngas (Angas), Beln@ng
Mwaghavulic: Mwaghavul, Mupun (Mapun), Takas (Toos); Cakfem-Mushere
Miship (Chip)
Pan cluster
Chakato; Jorto (spurious)
Jipal, Mernyang (Mirriam), Kwagallak, Kofyar (Doemak), Bwol, Goram, Jibyal
Nteng
Tel (Teel, Montol)
Talic: Tal, Pyapun, Koenoem
Goemaic: Goemai
Yiwom (Ywom, Gerka)
References
West Chadic languages
Languages of Nigeria
LittleBe

LittleBe (stylized as little Be) is a British children's preschool television programming block. It is broadcast by ITVBe. The block was launched on 3 September 2018. The block airs at 9:00am to 12:00pm on weekends and weekdays. This block is aimed at 2-6 year olds.
Programmes
Programmes on the block are aimed toward a pre-school audience and range from acquisitions such as Pingu in the City, to original series such as Sooty.
Current Programming
Athleticus
Bob the Builder
Bobo
Chloe's Closet
Claude
Happy The Hoglet
Lily's Driftwood Bay
Momolu and Friends
Mumfie
Oddbods
Ollie
Percy's Tiger Tales
Pingu in the City
Pip Ahoy!
Poppy Cat
Sooty
The Day Henry Met
The Grimes
The Hive
The Sound Collector
Wildwoods
Upcoming programming
Bob the Builder: Perfect Buildings (2023)
Former Programming
Animanimals
Antiks
Babyriki
Engie Benjy
Florrie's Dragons
George and Paul
Jelly Jamm
Ziggy and the Zoo Tram
References
Other websites
2018 establishments in the United Kingdom
Television networks
Pseudoephedrine

Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a decongestant. The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many over-the-counter drugs either as single-ingredient preparations, or more commonly in combination with antihistamines, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and/or ibuprofen. Sudafed is a trademark for a common brand which contains pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, though Sudafed PE does not. Drugs containing pseudoephedrine are commonly used as a treatment for Rhinitis (an inflammation of the mucous mebranes in the nose)
Unlike antihistamines, which modify the systemic histamine-mediated allergic response, pseudoephedrine only relieves nasal congestion commonly associated with colds or allergies.
The advantage of oral pseudoephedrine over topical nasal preparations, such as oxymetazoline, is that it does not cause rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa); however, it is more likely to cause adverse effects, including high blood pressure.
Some countries started to replace pseudoephedrine by other drugs, such as phenylephrine. The reason for this is that pseudoephedrine can be used to make methamphetamine, which is an illegal drug.
Related pages
List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
Organonitrogen compounds
Drugs
Delphos, Iowa

Delphos is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
St. Clair County, Illinois

St. Clair County is the oldest county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 257,400, making it the ninth-most populous county in Illinois. Its county seat is Belleville. The county was founded in 1790, before the establishment of Illinois as a state.
References
1790s establishments in the Northwest Territory
1790 establishments in the United States
Illinois counties
Barry Ackroyd

Barry Ackroyd (born 12 May 1954) is an English Cinematographer. His notable films include United 93, The Hurt Locker and Capain Phillips. He won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for The Hurt Locker. He has worked with the directors Ken Loach, Paul Greengrass and Kathryn Bigelow. The films that Ackroyd works in are usually very realistic and naturalistic.
Films
References
Other websites
1954 births
Living people
BAFTA Award winning directors
Cinematographers
Global apartheid

Global apartheid is a term used to mean the worldwide control of resources, the economy, and government by an ethnic minority. The term comes from apartheid, a governmental system that ruled South Africa in which the Afrikaners, or "whites", controlled most of the resources and where non-whites were denied access to these resources. Apartheid or 'separate development' was introduced by the National Party after the 1948 election to protect European interests and identity by enforcing separation between the 'races'. The term is often used to describe the gap between whites and nonwhites, and global socioeconomic inequality, the existence of which has been proven by statistics. As in South Africa, there is a hierarchy of group rights in the world:
citizens of the USA, UK and France, with veto powers in the Security Council, NATO and IMF, World Bank and global economic regimes;
OECD and Western Alliance, who have the vote, access to courts and Western solidarity;
other independent states represented on a regional basis and party to human rights conventions
independent states which do not adhere to human rights conventions;
occupied territories and peoples without states;
refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless person.
Although not explicitly classified by race, this hierarchy is banded by colour. Nationality laws of most countries, and the European Union, explicitly enshrine this 'classification'.
European countries control most of the world's technology and weapons, and 20% of the global population, the richest percentage, take in 71.3% of income. Although most people of the world are not white, thereby making whites a minority, this minority often holds power in society. Most Western countries have laws against racial discrimination and active anti-racist movements, however much Western thought, law and action are exclusive, operating through institutional and indirect discrimination rather than overt racism. Their system of exclusion are more sophisticated, this prevents the West from exercising unconditional power in international affairs.
The term apartheid was famously used by Thabo Mbeki, the then-President of South Africa, in a 2002 speech, drawing comparisons the modern-day status of the world's people, economy, and access to natural resources to the apartheid era. Mbeki got the term from the book Unravelling Global Apartheid (1996) by Titus Alexander, initiator of Charter 99, a campaign for global democracy, who was present at the UN Millennium Summit.
References
International politics
Nangarhar Province

Nangarhar ( ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Jalalabad is the capital. There are 1,383,900 people in the province.
Districts
Nangarhar province is divided into 22 districts, these are:
References
Provinces of Afghanistan
M. K. Stalin

Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin better known as M. K. Stalin often referred to by his initials MKS is an Indian politician,present Chief minister of Tamilnadu and President of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. He became the 1st Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from 2009 to 2011.Stalin is the third son of famous Tamil Nadu politician Karunanidhi, and was born to his second wife, Dayalu Ammal. Stalin became the Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration in the Government of Tamil Nadu after the 2006 Assembly elections. On 29 May 2009, Stalin was nominated as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu by Governor Surjit Singh Barnala. Stalin serves as the Treasurer and the Youth Wing President of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. On 3 January 2013, M. Karunanidhi named him as his heir apparent, ending a long time confusion about who would take over the party reins after Karunanidhi's death. He was the Mayor of Chennai from 1996 to 2002.
Reference
Tamil Nadu politicians
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
1953 births
Miyazaki (city)

is the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture in Japan.
Miyazaki is on the east coast of Kyushu.
It has been recognized as a core city since 1998.
History
Miyazaki is the traditional location of the first Imperial capital.
In 1940, the national government built the Hakko Ichiu monument at the legendary site of Emperor Jimmu's palace.
References
Other websitess
http://www.city.miyazaki.miyazaki.jp/gyousei/html/univ/en/index.html ;
Miyazaki Special Attack Base Monument, 1983
Cities in Kyushu
Settlements in Miyazaki Prefecture
Arasalar River

Arasalar River is a branch river of Cauvery which split into 5 different rivers when it enters into Thanjavur district from Tiruchirapalli. At a village named Pullambadi the River Cauvery has been stopped by Lower Anaicut or the Grand Anaicut (Anaicut in Tamil means Dam in English) and from Thiruvaiyaru (the name of the town refers separation of 5 rivers) the Arasalar River separates from River Cauvery. This river enters into the Sea of Bay of Bengal at Karaikal.
References
Rivers of Puducherry
Fort Branch, Indiana

Fort Branch is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States.
Towns in Indiana
Balltown, Iowa

Balltown is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Gatineau Olympiques

The Gatineau Olympiques are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 1969. The team currently plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. They play their home games in Gatineau, Quebec at the Robert Guertin Centre.
The team was first a member of the Central Junior A Hockey League and was known as the Hull Castors and then the Hull Hawks. They renamed themselves the Hull Festivals and then the Hull Olympiques. The city of Hull was merged with the city of Gatineau in 2002 and the team changed their name to the Gatineau Olympiques.
The team has won seven President's Cups and one Memorial Cup in 2007.
References
Other websites
Official website
1969 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
Wikipedia bots

Wikipedia bots are automated computer programs that perform simple, repetitive tasks on Wikipedia. Bots perform their jobs under a different user name than the owner, so that it is easy to tell them apart.
The most popular type of bot is called the Python Wikipedia Robot Framework or "pywikibot" for short.
Related pages
Wikipedia:Bots
bots
Canon (official)

A Canon in a church is an official. He may or may not be a priest. The Chapter of a cathedral is an official group made up of the Dean and Chapter of canons, who meet in a chapterhouse. They run the cathedral, especially the business affairs of the cathedral. They are the body which has legal responsibility for the cathedral, and for electing the (arch)bishop.
Originally, a canon was a cleric who lived in the precinct of the cathedral. The word meant a priest who was under (ruled by) a bishop.
In the Anglican church, some canons are laypersons (not ordained). The title is also given to some senior or retired priests as an honorary title.
References
Christian religious occupations
Hull

A hull can be:
Husk or hull, the outer covering of a fruit or vegetable
Hull (watercraft), the body or frame of a ship
The main body of an armored tank
in economics, the Hull-White model of interest rates
In mathematics:
the affine hull in affine geometry
the convex hull in geometry
Caratheodory's theorem for convex hulls
the holomorphically convex hull in complex analysis
the injective hull of a module
the Skolem hull of mathematical logic
Other places:
Kingston upon Hull (Usually abbreviated to Hull), a city in England named after the River Hull.
Hull, a former city in Quebec, Canada (now part of the city of Gatineau)
Orona, an island in Kiribati was formerly called Hull Island.
Hull, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, USA
Hull, Walker County, Alabama, USA
Hull, Florida, USA
Hull, Georgia, USA
Hull, Illinois, USA
Hull, Iowa, USA
Hull, Massachusetts, USA
Hull, Minnesota, USA
Hull, North Dakota, USA
Hull, Ohio, USA
Hull, Texas, USA
Hull, West Virginia, USA
Hull, Marathon County, Wisconsin, USA
Hull, Portage County, Wisconsin, USA
There are several people named Hull:
Hull, Blair, an American businessman and politician,
Hull, Bobby, a former Canadian ice hockey player
Hull, Brett, a former Canadian ice hockey player, and son of Bobby Hull
Hull, Cordell, United States Secretary of State from 1933 to 1944 under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945
Hull, Isaac, Early United States Naval officer, Captain of the USS Constitution during the battle with HMS Guerriere
Hull, John, a Professor of Derivatives and Risk Management at the University of Toronto
Hull, Merlin, Congressman
Hull, William, an American general during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812.
There is also:
Hull House, Settlement house in Chicago, Illinois
River Hull, for which Kingston upon Hull is named
Hull City A.F.C., an English football (soccer) team
Hull RLFC, rugby league club formed in 1865, based in the West of the City
Hull Kingston Rovers, rugby league club formed in 1882, based in the East of the City
The University of Hull, a university in England
USS Hull, any of four U.S. Navy ships
Mohamed Trabelsi

Mohamed Al-Trabelsi (mHmd lTrblsy; born ) is a former Tunisian male volleyball player and coach. He was a player of CS Sfaxien, where he was named a prominent player in 2005. With the Tunisia men's national volleyball team he became 2003 Men's African Volleyball Championship champion. He competed with the national team among others at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece and the FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship in 2002 and 2006.
After his playing career he became volleyball coach. In 2006 he was the coach of the first team and under-19 team of Kazma volleyball club in Kuwait that competed in the Arab Clubs Championship. Later he was the coach of El Jaish SC that won the silver medal at the 2017 Arab Clubs Championship. He stopped as a coach at the end of 2017 initially stated "for special reasons". It was later mentioned he became the technical leader of the team.
References
1981 births
Living people
Tunisian volleyball players
Hallabro

Hallabro is a locality in Ronneby Municipality in Blekinge County in Sweden. In 2010, 254 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Blekinge County
Obstetrics

Obstetrics is the medical speciality that deals with helping a woman during pregnancy and childbirth. It is part of gynaecology.
Obstetrics and gynecology
Rómulo Bouzas

Romulo Bouzas Rodriguez is a retired rower from Mexico. Rodriguez competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He was born on 28 February 1978.
References
Other websites
1978 births
Living people
Mexican rowers
Mexican Olympians
Sportspeople from Mexico City
Velilla de los Ajos

Velilla de los Ajos is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Soria
Shafi`i

The Syafi'i (Arabic: lshf`y) or Shafi'i is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, third largest by population, and it was founded by Imam Syafi'i.
It is practiced in this Asian and African parts:
South Asia: Maldives, Sri Lanka and most of South Indian states including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh comes with Maharashtra, along with the largest city Mumbai.
Southeast Asia: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Philippines and Thailand.
Western Asia: Eastern part of Turkey, large parts of Hadramawt, and Levant.
Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.
Sunni Islam
Islamic law
Champvallon

Champvallon is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Montholon.
References
Former communes in Yonne
Georges Seurat

Seurat painted for a time with the Impressionist painters, Claude Monet, Renoir, Sisley and Pissarro. His scientific ideas about colour then led him to develop a different painting technique. He painted in tiny dots of colour, with the theory that the viewer's eye would mix them. This technique is called "pointillism".
Seurat and his followers are often referred to as the Neo-Impressionists ("New Impressionists"). His most famous paintings are A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (18841886) in the Chicago Art Institute and Bathers at Asnieres (1884) in the National Gallery, London.
References
Related pages
Impressionism
Post-Impressionists
Expressionism
Pointillism
1859 births
1891 deaths
French painters
Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico

Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico or ICCU (in English Central Institute for the Union Catalogue of Italian Libraries and for Bibliographic Information) is an Italian government agency. It manages the network and online catalog of the Italian National Library Service (Servizio bibliotecario nazionale or SBN). It also manages Internet Culturale, an online collection of digitized documents and pictures held in Italian libraries. The ICCU publishes books and reports on library science in Italy and organizes conferences on library science. ICCU numbers serve as authority controls. As of February 2012, the ICCU had authority controls for the names of over 43,000 people.
The ICCU was officially created in 1975. Its first director was Angela Vinay (1922-1990). The ICCU replaced the Centro nazionale per il catalogo unico (National Single Directory Center). That organization was founded in 1951 to start building a single catalog for all of Italy's libraries.
References
Other websites
of Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico
Official website of Internet Culturale
Example of the ICCU authority control for Giovanni Carnovali
Libraries in Europe
Neil Harvey

Robert Neil Harvey (born 8 October 1928) is an Australian former cricketer. He played for the Australian cricket team between 1948 and 1963. He played in 79 Test matches for his country. He was the vice-captain of the team from 1957 until his retirement. He was a left-handed batsman, a fielder and sometimes an off-spin bowler. Harvey was the youngest member of the 1948 Invincibles of Don Bradman to tour England. This squad is regarded as one of the finest teams in history. He was the senior batsman in the Australian team for much of the 1950s. Harvey has been was named by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack as the finest fielder of his era.
Harvey was born in Fitzroy, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He is one of six cricketing brothers. Neil and brothers Merv, Mick and Ray would go on to play for Victoria. During the 1949-50 tour of South Africa, Harvey met Iris Greenish. The couple later married and had three children.
References
Other websites
Neil Harvey at ESPNcricinfo
1928 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Order of Australia
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Sumitra Mahajan

Sumitra Mahajan (born 12 April 1943) is an Indian politician and 16th Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 5 June 2014 to 19 June 2019. She is a member of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.In 2014 she got elected 8 times and she is currently the longest serving women member. She also served as the Union Minister. Sumitra Mahajan is the second longest serving women speaker after Meira Kumar.
Sumitra Mahajan was born in Chitpavan Brahmin family in Chiplun, Maharashtra on 11 April 1943. She married Jayant Mahajan of Indore. She received MA and LLB after marriage from the Indore University.
Sumitra became the first Indian women to represent the same Lok sabha constituency on the same party eight times in a row.Her record was included in the LIMCA book.
References
1943 births
Living people
Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Politicians from Madhya Pradesh
Obergoms

Obergoms is a municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Obergesteln, Oberwald and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.
References
Other websites
Official Website
2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Valais
Elaine Fantham

Elaine Fantham (25 May 1933 - 11 July 2016) was a British classicist. She was Giger Professor of Latin at Princeton University from 1986 to 1999. She was chair of the Department of Classics at Princeton from 1989 to 1992 and the president of the American Philological Association serving only in 2004.
Fantham was an expert on Latin literature, especially comedy, epic poetry and rhetoric, and Roman religion. She was classics commentator on NPR's Weekend Edition.
References
1933 births
2016 deaths
British educators
Writers from Liverpool
State College, Pennsylvania

State College is a borough in Centre County in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is the largest designated borough in Pennsylvania. In the 2010 census, the borough population was 42,034 with about 105,000 living in the borough plus the surrounding townships often referred to locally as the "Centre Region."
Many of these Centre Region communities also carry a "State College, PA" address although are not part of the borough of State College.
State College is a college town, dominated economically and demographically by the presence of the University Park campus of the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State).
References
Other websites
Borough of State College Government website
Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Freestone County, Texas

Freestone County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 19,435 people lived there. The county seat is Fairfield.
References
Texas counties
Kae Nishina

is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Nishina played for Iga FC Kunoichi and was selected Best Eleven in 1998 season.
On 5 May 1995, Nishina debuted for the Japan national team against Canada. She also played at 1995, 1997 AFC Championship and 1998 Asian Games. She was also a member of Japan for 1995, 1999 World Cup and 1996 Summer Olympics. She played 46 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 2000.
Statistics
References
Other websites
1972 births
Living people
Japanese footballers
Japan women's international footballers
Nadeshiko League players
Iga FC Kunoichi Mie players
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1995 FIFA Women's World Cup players
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup players
1995 AFC Women's Championship players
1997 AFC Women's Championship players
Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in football
Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Curtiss P-36 Hawk

The Curtiss P-36 Hawk is a US single-engine fighter aircraft. It was used in World War II by the Royal Air Force and the French Air Force. Before that, it was used by the US Army Air Corps. Its first flight was in 1935. It was the basis of the P-40 Warhawk.
World War II American aircraft
United States military aircraft
Hawksbill sea turtle

The hawksbill sea turtle or hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is an endangered species of turtle.
It is mostly seen in shallow lagoons and coral reefs where its food is. It is smaller than the Australian flatback turtle: it is usually a little more than two feet long. It usually weighs about 150 pounds. It has the most pointed beak among sea turtles, which is how it gets its name. The hawksbill gets food from inside coral reefs, eating sponges, shrimp, squid, and other invertebrates. The hawksbill pointy beak helps the turtle get food out of the tiny cracks and holes in which it searches.
Though they are sometimes seen in American waters, hawksbill turtles almost always nest in the warmer climates that run along the equator. Because people use the shell to make jewelry and other things, the hawksbill turtle is endangered.
Turtles
Marine reptiles
Critically endangered species
National symbols of Antigua and Barbuda
Software release

When a piece of software is released it has usually gone through different steps in its development. Software that was released, can be purchased, downloaded, or, generally used by customers. Usually these steps are:
First Software development, Pre-alpha: The software is developed, and tested by the people who develop it.
Alpha version: Usually the first version that can be tested by people outside the development team; Most of the functionality of the software is there; features may not be in this version. This version usually has many bugs.
Beta version: This version is released to a number of testers (the public). It is generally usable, as a prototype. It is not quite ready for public release, but is ready for testing. Beta testers find remaining bugs. They learn to use the new features, and can discuss problems and suggest improvements before full release.
Release candidate: This software is ready to be released; usually only very serious bugs stop the release of the product.
Release
Buissard

Buissard is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
Population
Transport
Road
The D15, D15A, D15B and D945 roads pass through the commune.
References
Communes in Hautes-Alpes
Handshake

A handshake is when two people hold hands for a few seconds and move them up and down before letting go. It is often used like a greeting (like saying "Hello, Hi" or "goodbye" when people meet) or to say that two people have agreed on something. Handshakes are also used between romantic partners.
The action is ancient, and occurs (or occurred) in many cultures. There are, however, many slight differences. In some cultures, the handshake is firm, in others it is gentle. In some cultures the senior person leads the handshake. The length of time also varies between cultures. One thing is almost universal: hand shaking is done with bare hands.
Another aspect is: do men shake hands with women? In the past, in many societies, they did not. Today, in western society, handshakes are allowed if the female offers her hand. It is not done between family members, when hugs and kisses are more usual.
Some secret societies have secret handshakes to show they are part of the group.
Related pages
Greeting
References
Non-verbal communication
Messaging
Length of day

The length of the day is how long a day is. On Earth, it is 24 hours long. There are other planets with different types of day.
Length of the day on other planets
This uses Earth time.
Mercury - about 59 days
Venus - 243 days
Earth - 1 day
Mars - about 1 day, 0.6 hours
Jupiter - 9 hours
Saturn - about 10 hours
Uranus - about 13 hours
Neptune - about 15 hours
Increasing day length on Earth
The Earth is constantly losing angular velocity and rotational energy through a process called tidal acceleration, which leads to a slow lengthening of the day. Tidal acceleration is an effect of the tidal forces between an orbiting natural satellite (e.g. the Moon), and the primary planet that it orbits (e.g. Earth).
A century ago, the average day was about 1.7 milliseconds shorter than today. In the late Neoproterozoic about 620 million years ago a day had only about 21.9+-0.4 hours.
Related pages
Sidereal day
Rotation period
References
Days
Earth sciences