pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ross Dependency

The Ross Dependency is an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea.
The Dependency includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf. Ross Island, Balleny Islands and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice-covered Roosevelt Island.
The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand) and McMurdo Station (USA) are the only permanently occupied human settlements in the area - apart from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the very edge of the territory. The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field, and depending on conditions and time of year, two ice runways. This allows wheeled and ski equipped aircraft to come and go, year round.
Jurisdiction
The British government took possession of the territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand. Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, to which New Zealand is a signatory, no nation may make efforts to enforce sovereignty or territorial claims over the Antarctic continent proper. If one accepts the claim, the Ross Dependency comprises the bulk of the territory of New Zealand, far larger than the North Island and the South Island combined. However, the actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean. It is the smallest of the claims which were made prior to the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.
The Governor-General of New Zealand is also the Governor of Ross Dependency. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency.
In the late 1980s, the British non-governmental exploratory vessel Southern Quest sank in the Ross Sea, United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station.
References
Other websites
Government of the Ross Dependency -- official description
Antarctica New Zealand -- Crown entity charged with administering, developing and managing Ross Dependency
50 years of Scott Base
History - From University of Canterbury
http://www.south-pole.com/homepage.html
Stamps of Ross Dependency
map of Ross Dependency (central part)
Commonwealth dependent states
Antarctic territorial claims
Geography of New Zealand
1962

1962 (MCMLXII) was .
Events
March 16 - Walter Cronkite becomes lead anchor on the CBS Evening News.
June 11-12 - Three prisoners escape from Alcatraz.
August 6 - Jamaica becomes separate from the United Kingdom.
August 16 - The Beatles fire drummer Pete Best and replace him with Ringo Starr.
October 16 - The Cuban Missile Crisis begins.
Johnny Carson becomes host of The Tonight Show.
Births
January 7 - Abigail Johnson, American businesswoman
January 17 - Jim Carrey, Canadian actor and comedian
February 6 - Axl Rose, American singer (Guns N' Roses)
February 7 - Eddie Izzard, British actor and comedian
February 10 - Cliff Burton, American bassist and songwriter (d. 1986)
February 11 - Sheryl Crow, American singer
February 22 - Steve Irwin, Australian animal expert and television personality (The Crocodile Hunter) (d. 2006)
February 27 - Adam Baldwin, American actor
March 2 - Jon Bon Jovi, American singer, songwriter, and actor
March 4 - Lolo Ferrari, French actress (d. 2000)
March 7 - Taylor Dayne, American singer
March 21 - Rosie O'Donnell, American comedian, actress and talk show host
March 25 - Marcia Cross, American actress
April 23 - Hillel Slovak, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (d. 1988)
May 17 - Alan Johnston, British journalist
May 18 - Nanne Gronvall, Swedish singer
June 3 - Susannah Constantine, English television presenter
June 8 - Nick Rhodes, English keyboardist (Duran Duran)
June 10 - Maxi Priest, English singer
June 11 - Jack Irons, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
June 19 - Paula Abdul, dancer and singer; American Idol judge
July 3 - Tom Cruise, American actor
July 31 - Wesley Snipes, American actor
August 20 - James Marsters, American actor
August 30 - Alexander Litvinenko, British citizen and ex-KGB (d. 2006)
September 17 - Baz Luhrmann, Australian movie director
October 2 - Jeff Bennett, American actor
October 16 - Flea, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
October 17 - Mike Judge, American animator and producer
October 19 - Evander Holyfield, American boxer
November 1 - Anthony Kiedis, American singer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
November 11 - Demi Moore, American actress
November 19 - Jodie Foster, American actress and director
December 9 - Felicity Huffman, American actress
December 22
Andres Cantor, Argentine/American sportscaster
Ralph Fiennes, English actor
Deaths
January
February
March
April
April 10 - Stuart Sutcliffe, English musician (The Beatles) (b. 1940)
May
June
July
July 11 - Polly Adler, Russian writer (b. 1900)
August
August 5 - Marilyn Monroe, American actress (b. 1926)
August 9 - Hermann Hesse, German writer (b. 1877)
September
October
November
November 7- Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1884)
November 18 - Niels Bohr, Danish physicist (b. 1885)
December
Dusty Springfield

Dusty Springfield (16 April 1939 - 2 March 1999) was an English singer. Her real name was Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette O'Brien. Her musical career lasted from the late 1950s to the 1990s. She recorded over 200 songs during this time. She became one of the most successful female singers in Britain. She made soul music. Between 1963 and 1989, she had six top 20 singles on the United States Billboard Hot 100 chart and 16 on the United Kingdom Singles Chart. She is a member of both the US Rock and Roll and UK Music Halls of Fame. She is famous as a pop icon of the Swinging Sixties.
Springfield was born in London. She learned to sing at home. She liked American jazz music, and wanted to sound like that. In 1958, she joined her first professional group, The Lana Sisters. Two years later, she formed a singing trio, The Springfields. Her solo career began in 1963. Her first successful song was "I Only Want to Be with You". Other successful songs followed: "Wishin' and Hopin'" (1964), "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" (1964), "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" (1966), and "Son of a Preacher Man" (1968).
Later, she worked in Memphis, Tennessee on a soul album with Atlantic Records. The album was called Dusty in Memphis. It was released in 1969. It has been ranked among the greatest albums of all time by the magazine Rolling Stone, and in polls by VH1 artists, New Musical Express readers, and Channel 4 viewers. The album was also awarded a spot in the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Springfield was openly bisexual.
In March 1999 Springfield was going to go to Buckingham Palace to be given her award of Officer, Order of the British Empire. Springfield was given the award early in January 1999 in hospital.
Springfield died of breast cancer on 3 March 1999. Her name was added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame two weeks later, on 16 March.
References
Other websites
1939 births
1999 deaths
Bisexual people
British soul musicians
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from breast cancer
English LGBT people
English pop musicians
British blue-eyed soul singers
English blue-eyed soul singers
LGBT singers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Singers from London
Fierville-les-Parcs

Fierville-les-Parcs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Sharon Chatman

Sharon Chatman (born December 15, 1947) is an American former college basketball coach, a lawyer, and a judge.
1974 births
Living people
Sportspeople from California
Sportswomen
Judges
Sportspeople from Texas
Lawyers from Texas
Lawyers from California
William Floyd

William Floyd (December 17, 1734-August 4, 1821), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.
In honor
There are several places and institutions named after William Floyd, they include:
the William Floyd School District in present-day Brookhaven Town, which includes William Floyd Elementary, William Floyd Middle School and William Floyd High School.
William Floyd Parkway in the Town of Brookhaven.
The town of Floyd in Oneida County. General Floyd moved into the present day hamlet of Westernville, Oneida County before his death. His final resting place in the Westernville cemetery is marked with a simple stone plaque.
the General William Floyd Elementary School in the Holland Patent School District, Onieda County.
Among his descendants are cinematographer Floyd Crosby and rock singer David Crosby. A second cousin twice removed was Abraham Lincoln.
References
1734 births
1821 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from New York (state)
Saint-Aubin-la-Plaine

Saint-Aubin-la-Plaine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Communes in Vendee
Tehran province

Tehran Province (Persian: stn thrn;) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It has an area of 18,909 square kilometers. It can be found to the north of the center plateau in Iran. As of June 2005, this province contains 13 townships, 43 municipalities, and 1,358 villages.
Counties and municipalities
Counties
Municipalities
Absard, Andishe, Baghershahr, Baghestan, Boumehen, Chahardangeh, Damavand, Eshtehard, Eslamshahr, Ferdowsieh, Firouzkouh, Garmdarreh, Gharchak, Ghods, Golestan, Shahriar, Hashtgerd, Hashtgerd New City, Javadabad, Hassan Abad, Kahrizak, Kamalshahr, Karaj, Kilan, Lavasan, Mahdasht, Malard, Meshkindasht, Mohammadshahr, Nasimshahr, Nazarbad, Owshan Fasham Meygoun, Pakdasht, Pardis, Pishva, Robat Karim, Roudehen, Sabasharh, Safadasht, Shahedshahr, Shahriar, Sharifabad, Tehran, Vahidieh, Varamin,
Other websites
Official website of Tehran Governorship
Provinces of Iran
D. Cheetham

D. Cheetham was a British foil fencer from London. She was a fencer in the early 20th-century, in the era women's fencing was becoming an established sport. She was a fencer at the Bertand's School of Arms of Felix Bertrand.
Career
Cheetham participated in both international competitions against the Dutch during the 1911 England-Holland women's fencing competitions.
Cheetham also competed in 1913 at the international 1913 Alfred Hutton Memorial Challenge Cup without losing one match in the elimination round and only one match during the semi-finals. During the finals she lost two matches and won the third place prize. She had showed she had made "considerable" progress, and due to this progress she soon became the best fencer of the Bertand's School of Arms.
Fencing style
Cheetham has been described as a small but very fast fencer. In other reports her fencing style is described as lively and tight.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
British fencers
Sportswomen
19th-century births
20th-century deaths
Julien (given name)

Julien has been a popular name for centuries and is of French origin. It is commonly given to boys and has become widespread globally. Its rich history and profound meaning make it an excellent choice for parents seeking a unique and meaningful name for their child. The name Julien is derived from the Latin name Julius, which means "youthful" or "downy-bearded." It gained popularity due to Julius Caesar, a renowned Roman general and statesman. During the Middle Ages, the name gained prominence in France, and it has remained in use ever since. This name was ranked #618 on the US Popular Names in 2021.
The given name Julien may refer to:
Julien Alvard (1916-1974), a French art critic
People
Julien Vrebos, Belgian film director (1947-2022)
Julien Faubert, French association football player
Julien Escude, French association football player
Related pages
Pierre-Julien (given name)
Julien-Joseph (given name)
References
Given names
Chris Geere

Christopher William Geere (born 18 March 1981) is an English actor. He has performed in many movies and television programs. These include You're The Worst, Waterloo Road, After Earth, Casualty and The Bill.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
Other websites
1981 births
Living people
British television actors
Actors from Cambridgeshire
People from Cambridge
Don Edmunds

Don Edmunds (September 23, 1930 - August 12, 2020) was an American racecar driver and car builder. He was born in Santa Ana, California. He had his first start at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1957. He won the 1957 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year. He founded Autoresearch, Inc. in Anaheim, California.
Edmunds died on August 12, 2020 at the age of 89.
References
1930 births
2020 deaths
American racecar drivers
Businesspeople from California
Sportspeople from California
People from Santa Ana, California
The Luzhin Defence

The Luzhin Defence is a 2000 British French romantic drama movie directed by Marleen Gorris and starring John Turturro, Emily Watson, Geraldine James, Stuart Wilson, Christopher Thompson, Fabio Sartor. The screenplay was based on the 1930 novel The Defense by Vladimir Nabokov.
Other websites
2000 romantic drama movies
British romantic drama movies
French romance movies
French drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Marleen Gorris
Defender of the Faith

Defender of the Faith (Latin: Fidei Defensor) is a title belonging to the leader of the Church of England. It was originally conferred upon King Henry VIII of England by Pope Leo X on 11 October 1521 as a reward for the king having written a pamphlet in defense of the sacraments against Martin Luther (Declaration of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther). King James V of Scotland received a similar title from Pope Paul III.
When Henry broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul III took the title away. It was returned to the king by Parliament in 1544. The abbreviation Fid. Def. or the letters F.D. have appeared on British coinage from the time of George I. Defender of the Faith is a title still carried by British monarchs.
References
Titles
British royalty
Protestant Reformation
Allison Feaster

Allison Sharlene Feaster-Strong (born February 11, 1976) is a retired American professional basketball player. Feaster-Strong played in the Women's National Basketball Association from 1998 through 2008, for the Los Angeles Sparks, Charlotte Sting, and Indiana Fever.
She played professionally in Europe from 1998 through 2016 for teams in Portugal, France, Spain, and Italy. She retired from professional basketball in August 2016. She was born in Chester, South Carolina.
References
Other websites
WNBA Player Profile
TopOfTheCircle.com profile (Archived 2009-10-25)
FEB (Spanish Basketball Federation) player profile
1976 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Sportspeople from South Carolina
People from Chester, South Carolina
American basketball players
Women's basketball players
Moorland, Iowa

Moorland is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Loudon, New Hampshire

Loudon is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, 5,317 people live here, and is the home of New Hampshire Motor Speedway.
Other websites
Towns in New Hampshire
1773 establishments
Pöytyä

Poytya is a municipality in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 8,600 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Aura, Eura, Loimaa, Marttila, Mynamaki, Nousiainen, Oripaa, Rusko, Sakyla, Tarvasjoki and Turku.
Most people in Poytya speak Finnish.
Other websites
Poytya website
Municipalities of Southwest Finland
Romani people in Canada

The Romani people in Canada are citizens of Canada who are of Romani descent. According to the 2011 Census there were 5,255 Canadians who claimed Romani (Gypsy) ancestry.
References
Ethnic groups in Canada
Niederbipp

Niederbipp is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the Swiss canton of Bern. On 1 January 2020, the former municipality of Wolfisberg merged into Niederbipp.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Bern
Sugarloaf Cable Car

The Sugarloaf Cable Car; ) is a cableway in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It moves between Praia Vermelha and the inselberg Sugarloaf Mountain. It stops at Morro da Urca (at ) on its way up and down. It reaches the summit of the mountain.
The cableway was envisioned by the engineer Augusto Ferreira Ramos in 1908. He sought support from well-known figures of Rio de Janeiro's high society to promote its construction. It was opened in 1912
References
Other websites
1912 establishments in Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
Fashion

Fashion is the form of clothing, accessories, and furniture. It includes the way we wear clothes in a particular time and place. Fashion is also one way we can make ourselves look more attractive.
It is related to culture, but also to weather and to the history of the country we live in. For example, we have warm clothes in the Swedish fashion and we have thin clothes in the African fashion.
Fashion includes clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle, and body posture.
The history of modern fashion design is generally understood to date from 1858 when the English-born Charles Frederick Worth opened the first authentic haute couture house in Paris.
Related pages
Fashion design
Haute couture
References
Dutch Empire

The Dutch Empire owned several territories that were in control by the Dutch Republic (also known as the United Provinces). The Dutch had created colonial empires. These were similar to Portugal and Spain. The Dutch Empire used their skills in shipping and trade with other empires. However, they were trying to be independent from Spain. With the British, the Dutch first built up colonies. The colonies were based on state capitalist corporate colonialism. This was done by the Dutch East and West India companies. The Dutch explored and went on voyages. Some of these were led by Willem Barents, Henry Hudson and Abel Tasman. These men found new places for Europeans.
The Dutch naval power were getting bigger. The Netherlands became the dominated global commerce during the second half of the 17th century. This was called the Dutch Golden Age. The Netherlands lost many colonials and its global power to the British. This happened when the metropole fell to French armies during the Revolutionary Wars. The rest of the Dutch Empire (such as the Dutch East Indies) were in control of the Dutch until the decline of European imperialism following World War II.
Today, the Netherlands are part of a federacy called the Kingdom of the Netherlands. These countries, the Netherlands, Aruba, Curacao, and Sint Maarten are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Other websites
De VOCsite
Dutch and Portuguese Colonial History
VOC Kenniscentrum
20th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Manila International Airport

Manila International Airport (shortly known as MIA) and commonly known named by Ninoy Aquino International Airport, is an international airport for Manila and its surrounding metropolitan area. It is located along the border between the cities of Pasay and Paranaque, about south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati.
Terminals
Terminal 1 - All International
Terminal 2 - International & Domestic
Terminal 3 - Domestic & International
Terminal 4 - Domestic
References
Airports in Asia
Transport in the Philippines
Jürgen Kühl

Jurgen Kuhl was a sprinter from Germany. Kuhl competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born on 30 November 1934 and died on 3 August 2020.
References
Other websites
1934 births
2020 deaths
German sprinters
German Olympians
Agenda, Wisconsin

Agenda is a town in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 513 people living in Agenda as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 89.5 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.
References
Towns in Wisconsin
Comédie-Française

The Comedie-Francaise or Theatre-Francais is one of the few state theatres in France. It is the only state theatre to have its own company of actors. The company's primary venue is the Salle Richelieu. The theatre is part of the Palais-Royal complex at 2 rue de Richelieu on the Place Andre-Malraux in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.
The theatre has also been known as the Theatre de la Republique and La maison de Moliere (English: House of Moliere). It inherited the latter name from the troupe of the best-known playwright associated with the Comedie-Francaise, Moliere. He was considered the patron of French actors. He died seven years before "La maison de Moliere" was rechristened the "Comedie-Francaise," and the company continued to be known popularly by the former name long after the official change of name.
The Comedie-Francaise today has a repertoire of 3,000 works and three theatre locations in Paris (salle Richelieu; theatre du Vieux-Colombier; Studio-Theatre)
References
Theatres in Paris
The Big Trail

The Big Trail is a 1930 American romantic western movie directed by Raoul Walsh and starring John Wayne, Marguerite Churchill, Tyrone Power, Sr., El Brendel, Tully Marshall, Frederick Burton, Ian Keith. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1930 movies
1930s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by Raoul Walsh
20th Century Fox movies
Movies set in Missouri
Ryosuke Amo

is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||20||0||0||0||20||0
|-
|2007||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Sony Sendai||rowspan="3"|Football League||12||0||3||0||15||0
|-
|2009||18||2||2||0||20||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||
52||2||5||0||57||2
52||2||5||0||57||2
|}
References
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokushima Prefecture
White House Office of the Curator

The White House Office of the Curator is charged with the conservation and study of the collection of fine art, furniture and decorative objects used to furnish both the public and private rooms of the White House.
The office began in 1961 during the administration of President John F. Kennedy while First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy oversaw the restoration of the White House. The office is located in the ground floor of the White House Executive Residence.
The most recent White House curator is Lydia Tederick, appointed in 2017.
References
1961 establishments in the United States
Nathan Hale

Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755 - September 22, 1776) was a soldier in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He volunteered for a spying mission in New York City, but was captured by the British and executed. He is probably best remembered for possibly saying before being hanged: "I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country." Hale has long been considered an American hero. In 1985, he was officially designated the state hero of Connecticut.
References
Executed American people
People executed by hanging
Military people from Connecticut
1755 births
1776 deaths
List of districts of Manipur

Manipur, a state of India, has sixteen administrative districts.
Administration
A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a district magistrate or a deputy commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officials belonging to different wings of the administrative services of the state.
A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues.
On 9 December 2016, the government created 7 new districts, bringing the total number of districts to 16.
Divisions and Districts
Inner Manipur Division: (Imphal) - Districts of Bishnupur, Imphal West, Imphal East, Thoubal, and Kakching
North Manipur Division: (Ukhrul) - Districts of Tamenglong, Kangpokpi, Senapati, Ukhrul, and Kamjong
South Manipur Division: (Churachandpur) - Districts of Jiribam, Noney, Pherzawl, Churachandpur, Chandel, and Tengnoupal
Districts
The sixteen districts of Manipur state are:
References
Manipur
Isola, Alpes-Maritimes

Isola, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.
Communes in Alpes-Maritimes
Zil Çalınca

Zil Calinca (), is a Turkish television series. Zil Calinca broadcast on the television channel Disney Channel Turkey.
Characters
Metehan (Turhan Cihan Simsek): Handsome. Girls love Metehan. He can play guitar. He likes rock music.
Merve (Elif Ceren Balikci): Metehan's sister. She is energetic and talkative. She is friends with Acar.
Ada (Merve Hazer): Hardworking. She is President of the school. She loves Korcan
Duygu (Miray Daner): The most beautiful girl. Daughter of a wealthy family, she wants to be an actress.
Korcan (Emir Calikkocaoglu): Successful student. Korcan's mother and father are university teachers. He loves his mom and dad very much. He helps his friends with homework. He loves Duygu.
Asli (Aylin Uskaya): Athletic. She loves soccer. She has short black hair.
Acar (Lorin Merhart): Genius. His friends call him "glasses" because he can not see without them.
Tanil (Berkay Mercan) : Loves physics and chemistry. He is the New Einstein
Nisan (Yagmur Yilmaz) : Loves nature. Her favorite topics are the melting of glaciers, extinction of animals, organic food, the difference between vegetarians and vegans.
Sarp (Firat Can Aydin) : Playful student who wears funny hats, colorful scarves, and strange-looking sports shoes. He likes Nisan.
2012 television series debuts
Turkish television series
2010s establishments in Turkey
Numa, Iowa

Numa is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Pat Green

Pat Green is an American country musician active since 1995. He was born in San Antonio, Texas and raised in Waco, Texas. Fifteen of his singles have charted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts.
Discography
Studio albums
Dancehall Dreamer (1995)
George's Bar (1997)
Carry On (2000)
Three Days (2001)
Wave on Wave (2003)
Lucky Ones (2004)
Cannonball (2006)
What I'm For (2009)
Songs We Wish We'd Written II (2012)
References
1972 births
Living people
Country musicians from Texas
Musicians from San Antonio, Texas
Singers from San Antonio, Texas
People from Waco, Texas
Cabrières-d'Aigues

Cabrieres-d'Aigues is a commune of 819 people (2006). It is in the Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in south France.
Communes in Vaucluse
Sail

A sail is a large piece of cloth on the top of some boats. The wind goes around the sail and makes the boat move through the water. The piece that the sail is attached to is called a mast. Some boats have many sails, and some have only one. Usually, small boats have only one sail, and bigger boats have more. Boats with sails are called sailing boats. There are many different names for different kinds of sailing boats with different kinds of sails.
Before people made boats with engines that used coal or oil, sailing boats were an important way to travel across oceans. Now they are not so important for transport, but they are still used for recreation and competition.
Sail types
Modern sails can be classified into three main categories:
A mainsail is a sail located behind the main mast of a sailing vessel.
A headsail also known as the jib sail, is any sail set forward of the main mast.
A spinnaker or downwind sail (also termed Kite). Special-purpose sails are often a variation of the three main categories.
A staysail is a fore-and-aft rigged sail whose luff can be attached to a forestay running from a mast to the bowsprit.
High-performance yachts, in particular some catamarans such as the International C-Class Catamaran, have used or use rigid wing sails, which are said to perform better than traditional soft sails. In particular, a rigid wing sail was used by Stars and Stripes, the defender which won the 1988 America's Cup, and by USA-17, the challenger which won the 2010 America's Cup.
Most modern yachts, including bermuda rig, ketch and yawl boats, have a sail "inventory" which usually includes more than one of these types of sails. Although the mainsail is "permanently" hoisted while sailing, headsails and spinnakers can be changed depending on the particular weather conditions to allow better handling and speed.
References
Other websites
The quest for the perfect sailshape
The Headsail: YouTube
The Mainsail; YouTube
Basic English 850 words
Boats
Little Braxted

Little Braxted is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 128 people living in Little Braxted. Little Braxted has a pub called The Greenman.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
The Secret of the Iron Door

The Secret of the Iron Door () is a 1970 Soviet movie directed by Mikhail Yuzovsky. It stars Evaldas Mikaliunas, Andrei Kharybin, and Dmitri Yuzovsky.
Actors
Evaldas Mikaliunas as Tolik (boy)
Andrei Kharybin as Mishka (boy)
Dmitri Yuzovsky as Mitka (boy)
Sergei Yevsyunin as Wizard (boy)
Alisa Freindlich as Tolik's mother
Oleg Tabakov as Tolik's father
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1970 adventure movies
1970s science fiction movies
Russian adventure movies
Russian science fiction movies
Movies directed by Mikhail Yuzovsky
Afonsinho (footballer, born 1914)

Afonso Guimaraes da Silva, best known as Afonsinho (born in Rio de Janeiro, March 8, 1914 - February 19, 1997), is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
References
1914 births
1997 deaths
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Generative art

Generative art is the combination of computer technology with art. It uses an autonomous system that can independently determine the features of artwork that would otherwise require the work of the artist himself. On the one hand, it can be argued that the system only reproduces the generative artistic intent of the creator, and on the other hand, that the system takes on the role of the creator.
History
Georg Nies, one of the pioneers of the movement, in February 1965 presented a number of his works to the public in Stuttgart, which were described by critics as "computer graphics". A few years later, Nees wrote a dissertation titled "Procedural Computer Graphics". "Procedural art" and similar terms began to be used in those years by other computer artists, including Manfred Mohr. The term "procedural art" in the sense of "dynamic systems of artworks capable of generating multiple artistic events" was first proposed at the "Procedural Art" conference in Milan in 1998.
The term has also been used to describe geometric abstract art in which simple elements are repeated, transformed, or modified to create more complex shapes. Thus, it can be argued that in the late 1960s, the Argentine artists Eduardo McIntyre and Miguel Angel Vidal also practiced procedural art. In 1972, Paul Neagu, a native of Romania, created a creative association called the Generative Art Group in the UK. In 1972, Neagu gave a lecture on "forms of generative art" at Queen's University at the Belfast Festival.
In 1970, the Department of Procedural Systems was created at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. According to Sonya Landy Sheridan, the main focus of his staff was on artistic practices using then new technologies for capturing, printing and transmitting images, as well as exploring the aspect of time in image transformation.
In the mid-1990s, Brian Eno was also involved in the popularization of procedural music and procedural systems, which were closely associated with experimental music.
References
Art
Bolliger & Mabillard

Bolliger & Mabillard, commonly known as B&M, is a roller coaster company based in Monthey, Switzerland. After installing its first coaster in 1990, they have now installed more than 100 rollercoasters across the globe.
Other websites
1980s establishments in Switzerland
1988 establishments in Europe
Companies of Switzerland
Roller coasters
Dummer, New Hampshire

Dummer is a town in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States.
Towns in New Hampshire
National Insurance

National Insurance was the beginning of the welfare state in the United Kingdom. It was started by the National Insurance Act 1911. The idea of insurance was attractive to Lloyd George because it kept individual responsibility. In Britain there were flat rate contributions and flat rate benefits. In Europe both contributions and benefits were generally relative to the workers normal pay. It has changed a great deal since then.
in 1912 the workers who paid their National Insurance could visit a General practitioner and get medicine they were prescribed without paying. But this did not include their families.
People are given a National Insurance number, often called a NINo, when they are 16. They must have this to get work. Workers make regular payments calculated as a fraction of their pay. The payments are collected and recorded by HM Revenue and Customs. Until 1973 people had a card for each year with stamps to show they had paid. After that it was joined to the system for collecting income tax. They can then get benefits when they cannot work.
Contributions
People over retirement age do not pay.
There are four sort of contributions (payments).
Class 1 contributions are paid by employers and their workers. Nothing is paid by people who earn less than PS123 a week. Between PS123 and PS242 a week workers get a credit but dont pay. Between PS242 and PS967 a week workers pay 12%. Over PS175 a week employers pay 13.8% (including for people over retirement age).
Class 2 contributions are PS3 a week paid by self-employed people.
Class 3 contributions are voluntary, People pay to improve their contribution record, usually to protect their pension.
Class 4 contributions are paid by self-employed people as a portion of their profits.
People who cannot work for some reason may get NI credits, usually when claiming benefits.
Benefits
The benefits with a contribution condition:
Bereavement benefit
Employment and Support Allowance
Jobseeker's Allowance
Statutory Sick Pay
UK State Pension
References
Taxation
Social security in the United Kingdom
Silver bromide

Silver bromide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgBr. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains bromide ions.
Properties
It is a light yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It darkens when light shines on it. The darkening is because it turns into silver metal and bromine gas. It reacts with ammonia to dissolve.
Preparation
It is made by reacting a bromide such as potassium bromide or sodium bromide with silver nitrate.
Uses
It is used in photographic film. Many science studies are on this. Scientists are figuring out how it changes color when light shines on it.
Related pages
Silver chloride
Silver fluoride
Silver iodide
Silver compounds
Bromine compounds
Headband

A headband (also known as a headwrap) is an accessory. It is made to fit over or around the head, usually to hold hair away from the face or sweat out of the eyes.
It may be made of many different materials, like plastic or elastic fabric. They come in many shapes and sizes and are used for both practical and fashion reasons.
Related pages
Alice band
Headgear
8-1-1

8-1-1 is a telephone number in the United States and Canada. In the United States, 8-1-1 is the number to call to find underground power cables, gas pipes, and other utilities. This lets people avoid them while they are digging. Underground cables and pipes can be damaged by digging tools. A damaged gas pipe can leak, which is very bad.
In Canada, 8-1-1 is the number to call for health questions that are not emergencies.
8-1-1 used to be a direct line to the business office of the telephone company giving service on the line. Once a person has called, they could do different things, such as pay their phone bill, talk to Customer Service, or get another phone line. In 2007, it was put together with 6-1-1.
Telephone numbers in Canada
Telephone numbers in the United States
N11 codes
Marina Silva

Maria Osmarina Marina Silva Vaz de Lima (born 8 February 1958) is a Brazilian politician. She was a presidential candidate in the 2018 Brazilian elections. She is a member of the Sustainability Party (REDE). She is known both for her pro-environmental views and her conservative social views. In the 2022 election, she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. In 2023, she became the Minister of the Environment. She held this role from 2003 to 2008.
Political career
Silva was a member of the Worker's Party (PT) until 2009. She was a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003. She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party (PV).
In April 2014, Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 Presidential Election, naming Marina Silva as his Vice Presidential candidate. After Campos's death in a plane crash on August, she was selected to run as the Socialist Party's candidate for the Presidency.
Honors
In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the London Olympic Games.
References
Other websites
1958 births
Living people
Brazilian politicians
Brazilian environmentalists
1963 Arab Cup

The 1963 Arab Cup was the 1st Arab Cup tournament which took place in Lebanon. Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria and Tunisia participated in the tournament.
Group stage
Other websites
Details in RSSSF
FIFA Arab Cup
Grums Municipality

Grums Municipality () is a municipality in Varmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Grums.
References
Other websites
Grums Municipality
Municipalities of Varmland County
National Hockey Association

The National Hockey Association (NHA), officially the National Hockey Association of Canada Limited, was a professional ice hockey league with teams in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. It is directly related to today's National Hockey League.
1909 establishments in Canada
1918 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
Defunct ice hockey leagues
Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Fukuoka J. Anclas

is a Japanese women's football team which plays in Nadeshiko League.
Club name
Fukuoka Jogakuin FC : 1986 - 1999
Fukuoka Jogakuin FC Anclas : 2000 - 2005
Fukuoka J. Anclas : 2006 - Present
Results
Other websites
1986 establishments in Japan
Japanese football clubs
Fukuoka Prefecture
Sumy Oblast

Sumy Oblast () is an oblast (province) of northeastern Ukraine. The administrative centre is Sumy. The population of Sumy Oblast was 1,124,000 in 2014.
Most of population has got Ukrainian origin, about 4% speaks East Ukrainian language.
References
Oblasts of Ukraine
Maresquel-Ecquemicourt

Maresquel-Ecquemicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Chemnitz

Chemnitz is a city in Germany. It is in the state of Saxony. In 2006, about 245,000 people lived there.
During the partition of Germany Chemnitz was in East Germany. From 1953 to 1990 Chemnitz was called Karl-Marx-Stadt. The name was in reference to the social reformer Karl Marx. Now the city has its old name. This name is from the river that flows through it.
The first mention of the city was in 1143. The city had an important role in the Industrial Revolution. In about 1883, the city population passed 100.000 inhabitants.
Geography
Chemnitz is north of the Ore Mountains in the western part of the Bundesland Saxony. It is the 3rd biggest city in Saxony with about 245.000 inhabitants. The area is about 220 km2. There is a river that is also called Chemnitz.
The average temperature is 8 degC and the amount of rain and snow every year (annual precipitation) is 700 mm.
Sights
The Karl-Marx-Monument has been an attraction of the city since 1971. The 7,10 meter high statue was created by the Russian artist Lev Kerbel. The inhabitants of Chemnitz call it "Nischel", which means head in the dialect of the area.
The Roter Turm (the red tower)is one of Chemnitz's oldest sites; it was built in the 12th or 13th century and was once part of the city wall.
The town hall of Chemnitz consists of two buildings. The old town hall was built in the 15th century. The new townhall, on the other hand, was built at the beginning of the 20th century and was designed by Richard Mobius. The new town hall was erected next to the old one.
One of the new attractions of the city is das Tietz. The former department store was constructed in 1912/1913. Today the Museum for Natural History, the public library, an adult education centre, a gallery and the Petrified Forest are here.
Railway
Chemnitz had an ICE connection for a short time, until 2006. Chemnitz is part of the railway line Dresden - Chemnitz - Hof - Nuremberg which is called 'Franken - Sachsen - Magistrale'. Today an InterRegioExpress services Dresden, Nuremberg and Leipzig. There are regional train (RegionalBahn) connections to the Ore Mountains and to Elsterwerda.
Main roads
Here are listed on the most important roads of the metropolitan:
A 4 : Highway, Frankfurt - Giessen - Erfurt - Chemnitz - Dresden - Gorlitz - Wroclaw - Krakow
A 72: Highway, Hof - Zwickau - Chemnitz - Geithain ( - Leipzig)
B 95: federal highway, Annaberg-Buchholz - Chemnitz - Borna - Leipzig
B 107: federal highway, Pritzwalk - Dessau - Grimma - Chemnitz
B 169: federal highway, Neuensalz - Chemnitz - Riesa - Elsterwerda - Cottbus
B 173: federal highway, Bad Staffelstein - Hof - Chemnitz - Dresden
B 174: federal highway, Marienberg (Ore mountains) - Chemnitz
Public transport
Chemnitz has got a big tram and a big bus network. There are 6 tram lines and 25 (+1 at fair days) bus lines. These networks belong to CVAG, the transport companies of Chemnitz.
References
Other websites
Optare Solo

The Optare Solo is a low-floor single decker bus made by Optare in 1998. There are 2 generations and it has different lengths.
Optare Solo (1998-2012)
The Optare Solo is a low-floor single decker bus made by Optare. It was launched in 1998 and it has different widths and lengths. In 2007 the Solo was replaced by the Solo SR
Slimline
A narrow version called the "Slimline" was launched in 2004
SE
A short version called the "SE" was launched in 2006
SE
An Electric version called the "EV" was launched in 2009
Optare Solo SR (2007-Present)
The Optare Solo SR is a low-floor single decker bus made by Optare. It was launched in 2007 and it replaced the first generation Optare Solo
Hybrid
A diesel-electric hybrid Solo was also launched.
Gallery
Buses
Lars Göran Petrov

Lars-Goran Petrov (17 February 1972 - 7 March 2021), often abbreviated as L-G Petrov, was a Swedish singer. He was best known for his work with the band Entombed.
He also played drums in Morbid, which featured Mayhem vocalist Per Yngve "Dead" Ohlin in its original line up.
In August 2020, Petrov was diagnosed with bile duct cancer. He died from the disease on 7 March 2021, aged 49.
References
1972 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
Swedish singers
Swedish drummers
Heavy metal musicians
Heavy metal singers
Gwen Margolis

Gwen Margolis (October 4, 1934 - June 8, 2020) was an American Democratic politician. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Margolis was a member of the Florida Senate from 1980 to 1992, 2002 to 2008, and 2010 to 2016. She was Senate President for the 1990 to 1992 term. She was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1974 to 1980.
Margolis died on June 8, 2020 in Miami, Florida of natural causes at the age of 85.
References
1934 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Philadelphia
Politicians from Miami
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Mayet

Mayet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
Oberlunkhofen

Oberlunkhofen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Aargau
Dwarf (mythology)

A dwarf is a humanlike creature from Norse and Germanic mythologies. They have been used in many fairy tales, fantasy, fiction and role-playing games. Pop culture depicts the Dwarves as being short, however original mythology does not, and they were described interchangeably with elves in some stories.
In some stories, dwarfs are mean, living under bridges, and having a bad reputation for stealing treasure. One example is the Norwegian Troll. It is an ugly and foolish creature who tells lies. It causes problems everywhere it goes. That is how the Internet troll got its name. In Robert Louis Stevenson's story, "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," Edward Hyde is described as "a dwarf."
On the other hand, J. R. R. Tolkien's hobbits and the munchkins in The Wizard of Oz are likeable, honest, good and smart.
Related pages
Dvergr
Goblin
References
Other websites
Pictures from the "25cm dwarf", discovered in Iran.
Orange Alternative Website
Dwarves and Pygmies of ancient Egypt
Mythology
A Jungle Book of Regulations

Nie ma rozy bez ognia (title in , in reference to two mixed up proverbs - There is no rose without thorns, and There is no smoke without the fire) is a 1974 Polish comedy movie directed by Stanislaw Bareja. It stars Jerzy Dobrowolski, Jacek Fedorowicz, Stanislaw Tym, Stanislawa Celinska, Wieslaw Golas, Wojciech Siemion. The movie has been released for the English speaking world with subtitles, under the title: A Jungle Book of Regulations.
Other websites
1974 comedy movies
Polish movies
Movies directed by Stanislaw Bareja
The Pokémon Company

The Pokemon Company is a Japanese company founded in 1998 by the same makers of the Pokemon franchise. The Pokemon Company's headquarters is in Tokyo, Japan at the Pokemon Center. It is home to Pokemon toys, games, and other stuff that belongs to the Pokemon franchise. The Pokemon Center is also a mall where people buy goodies and gifts from the Pokemon franchise.
Pikachu is the mascot of The Pokemon Company.
The Pokemon Company also has trading card game booster packs and comics. Some examples of things manufactured by The Pokemon Company include figures, costumes and handheld video games.
The Pokemon Company has 4 sister companies, each of which is located in different countries in the world.
Pokemon
Anime companies
Video game companies of Japan
Mercury(II) sulfate

Mercury(II) sulfate, also known as mercuric sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgSO4. It has mercury and sulfate ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.
Properties
Mercury(II) sulfate is a colorless solid. It reacts with hot water to make sulfuric acid and a mercury oxysulfate that does not dissolve. It is an oxidizing agent.
Preparation
Mercury(II) sulfate is made by dissolving a small amount of mercury metal in concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with sulfuric acid.
Uses
Mercury(II) sulfate is used as a catalyst in making acetaldehyde. Some byproducts of this reaction that have mercury in them are thought to have poisoned many people in Japan (Minamata disease).
Related pages
Mercury(I) sulfate
Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury compounds
Sulfur compounds
1943 Ashford by-election

The 1943 Ashford by-election happened on 10 February 1943. The by-election happened because the current MP, Patrick Spens was made Chief Justice of India. Conservative candidate Edward Percy Smith won the election. Percy Smith won with 69.7% of the vote.
References
1943 in Europe
Kent
Elections in the United Kingdom
1940s in the United Kingdom
Abdallah Lamrani

Abdallah Lamrani (1946 - 14 April 2019) was a Moroccan footballer. He played as a defender.
Lamrani played for the Morocco at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He played for the club FAR Rabat. He was also a sergeant of the Moroccan Army. He died in 2019, at the age of 72 or 73.
References
Other websites
1946 births
2019 deaths
1970 FIFA World Cup players
African military people
Moroccan footballers
Prestonsburg, Kentucky

Prestonsburg is a city in the United States. It is the county seat of Floyd County in the state of Kentucky. The city is in the Eastern part of Kentucky. Prestonburg is on the bank of the Big Sandy River. The area was fist settled in 1797 by Colonel John Preston, Solomon Stratton, Matthias Harman, and Andrew Hood. It is named after Colonel Preston. In 2010, 3,255 people lived in the city.
Sources
Cities in Kentucky
County seats in Kentucky