pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Well-posed problem

In mathematics, a problem is called well-posed, if all of the following conditions are met:
There is a solution to the problem
The solution of the problem is unique
The solution continuously depends on the input parameters
If at least one of the conditions is not met, the problem is called ill-posed. Jacques Hadamard (1865-1963), a French mathematician, first studied these problems. He believed that mathematical models of physical phenomena should have the properties listed above.
Examples of well-posed problems include the Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation, and the heat equation with specified initial conditions. These might be regarded as 'natural' problems, because they model there are physical processes.
Problems that are not well-posed in the sense of Hadamard are termed ill-posed. Inverse problems are often ill-posed. For example, the inverse heat equation, deducing a previous distribution of temperature from final data, is not well-posed in that the solution is highly sensitive to changes in the final data.
Continuum models must often be discretized in order to obtain a numerical solution. While solutions may be continuous with respect to the initial conditions, they may suffer from numerical instability when solved with finite precision, or with errors in the data. Even if a problem is well-posed, it may still be ill-conditioned, meaning that a small error in the initial data can result in much larger errors in the answers. Problems in nonlinear complex systems (so-called chaotic systems) provide well-known examples of instability. An ill-conditioned problem is indicated by a large condition number.
If the problem is well-posed, then it stands a good chance of solution on a computer using a stable algorithm. If it is not well-posed, it needs to be re-formulated for numerical treatment. Typically this involves including additional assumptions, such as smoothness of solution. This process is known as regularization. Tikhonov regularization is one of the most commonly used for regularization of linear ill-posed problems.
References
Mathematics
Oklahoma City

Oklahoma City is the capital city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and the largest city in the state. As of 2006, the population of the city was about 537,734. In 1995, 168 people were killed by a truck bomb. Oklahoma City has an NBA team called the Oklahoma City Thunder. It is the county seat of Oklahoma County. The city has a large Native American population.
Images
References
County seats in Oklahoma
State capitals in the United States
Kent Osborne

Kent Osborne (born August 30, 1969) is an American screenwriter, actor, and television and movie producer. He served as a storyboard writer for SpongeBob SquarePants, Camp Lazlo, Phineas and Ferb, The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack, Adventure Time and Regular Show. He has received multiple Emmy Award nominations and has won twice for Adventure Time (in 2015 and 2017).
He is currently the head writer for Cartoon Network's upcoming series Summer Camp Island, set to premiere in 2018.
He has also starred in several movies, including Hannah Takes the Stairs, Nights and Weekends, All the Light in the Sky and Uncle Kent (in the title role).
References
Other websites
Emmy Award winners
1969 births
Living people
Adventure Time
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television writers
American television producers
American television directors
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
Writers from Vermont
Actors from Vermont
Barges, Côte-d'Or

Barges is a commune in the Cote-d'Or department.
Communes in Cote-d'Or
A-League Men

A-League Men, known before the 2021-22 season as the A-League, is a soccer league which is the top division in Australia and New Zealand. It was established in 2004 as a replacement to the National Soccer League and started in August 2005. Unlike professional soccer leagues in most of the rest of the world, A-League Men has what is called a "franchise" system--the same teams play in the league each year, unless a team drops out of the league on its own, or the league decides to add one or more new teams. This system is normal for pro sports leagues in Australia, as well as in the United States and Canada.
Since the beginning of the league in 2005, fourteen teams have competed in the league with Western United becoming the last club to join the league in the 2019-20 season. From those fourteen teams, six have taken the title while seven have taken the minor premiership. The current champion is Melbourne City FC, who defeated Sydney FC in the 2021 Grand Final.
The word "Men" was added to the league name after the 2020-21 season when the country's men's, women's, and youth leagues were brought under the "A-League" brand.
History
Before A-League Men was founded, the top division of Australian soccer was the National Soccer League which ran between 1977 and 2004.
2021-22 clubs
Adelaide United
Brisbane Roar
Central Coast Mariners
Macarthur FC
Melbourne City
Melbourne Victory
Newcastle Jets
Perth Glory
Sydney FC
Wellington Phoenix
Western Sydney Wanderers
Western United
Former clubs
Gold Coast United (2009-2012)
New Zealand Knights (2005-2007)
North Queensland Fury (2009-2011)
Champions and premiers
A-League Men, like other professional leagues in Australia, crowns its champion at the end of a knockout playoff series involving top teams on the regular-season table. The final match is called the Grand Final, a term used in several other Australian sports. The team that finishes on top of the regular-season table is called the "Premiers". Media sometimes incorrectly call the Premiers the "minor premiers", a term used in other football codes in the country.
References
Football leagues
Football in Australia
Football in New Zealand
Sports organisations of Australia
2005 establishments
2000s establishments in New Zealand
2000s establishments in Australia
Vestas

Vestas Wind Systems A/S is a Danish maker of wind turbines. It was founded in 1945. As of 2013, it is the biggest wind turbine maker in the world.
History
The company was founded in 1898.
In 2007, Vestas started a first Danish whistleblower program.
In 2013, Vestas in cooperation with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries creating MHI-Vestas, including the 7-9 MW Vestas V164, the most powerful turbine on Earth.
In 2016, the company took 7th place in the Clean200 list.
References
Wind energy
1945 establishments in Europe
Companies of Denmark
Mundilfari

Mundilfari (Mundilfari) (Old Norse, possibly "the one moving according to particular times") is in Norse mythology a father of Sol (Sun) and Mani (Moon). One moon is named after him.
Norse mythology
Nematomorpha

The Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) are a phylum of parasitic cycloneuralian animals. They look similar to nematode worms and live in similar environments, which is why their names are similar. They are sometimes called Gordiacea.
They range in size from long and in extreme cases may be up to 2 meters long. They are in diameter. Horsehair worms can be discovered in damp areas such as watering troughs, streams, puddles, and cisterns.
About 326 species are known and an estimate suggests that there may be about 2000 species worldwide.
Fossilized worms have been reported from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber 100-110 million years ago.
Life cycle
The adult worms are free living and, in North America, are usually found only in the summer months in or near shallow water.
The larvae are parasitic on arthropods: beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers and crickets. These are their final hosts, but since they do not live in water, the nematomorph life cycle has an extra stage.
A day or two after they come out of their hosts, the adult worms mate in the water, and then around mid-August or Mid-October, they lay their eggs in the water. It takes about a month for the larvae to develop inside the egg. Once the larvae hatch, they somehow get into gastropods (like snails and slugs), insects, or earthworms, which live in moist habitats. There they build a cyst, and grow. The animal they grow inside is called an interim (temporary) host, because a final host is still needed.
Next, developing nematomorph worms can be found in their final hosts (beetles, etc.). It is not clear how they get there, but probably the final host eats the interim host with the larvae inside them. After they appear in the final host, the nematomorphs begin to eat it from the inside.
The nematomorph may control the host, leading it towards water and even causing it to jump into the water. Then it breaks out of the beetle in or near the water and finds a knot of other worms. There it can mate.
References
Minor phyla
Invertebrates
Ljunga

Ljunga is a locality in Norrkoping Municipality in Ostergotland County in Sweden. In 2010, 688 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Vastra Gotaland County
Milan Rapaić

Milan Rapaic (born 16 August 1973) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="5"|Hajduk Split||rowspan="5"|Prva HNL||2||0
|-
|1992/93||17||4
|-
|1993/94||25||8
|-
|1994/95||15||2
|-
|1995/96||25||6
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Perugia||Serie A||31||4
|-
|1997/98||Serie B||28||5
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Serie A||34||9
|-
|1999/00||28||2
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Fenerbahce||First League||29||11
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Super Lig||16||3
|-
|2002/03||6||1
|-
|2002/03||Hajduk Split||Prva HNL||11||3
|-
|2003/04||Ancona||Serie A||14||4
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Standard Liege||rowspan="3"|First Division||20||4
|-
|2005/06||18||7
|-
|2006/07||22||3
|-
|2007/08||Trogir||Druga HNL||1||0
96||23
135||24
51||15
60||14
342||76
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||2||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||6||1
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||10||2
|-
|2004||6||1
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||49||5
|}
References
1973 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Mansour Ojjeh

Mansour Akram Ojjeh (25 September 1952 - 6 June 2021) () was a French Saudi Arabian-born businessman. He owned part of TAG. Ojjeh was the CEO of TAG, which owns 14.32% of the McLaren Group. He also owned 10% of the upmarket jewellers Asprey and Garrard.
In late 2013, Ojjeh had a double lung transplant after suffering with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Ojjeh died on 6 June 2021, at the age of 68.
References
1952 births
2021 deaths
Saudi Arabian businesspeople
French businesspeople
Organ transplant recipients
Deaths from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Olomouc Region

Olomouc Region is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic. The capital city is Olomouc.
The Jeseniky mountains are in the north of the region. The Morava river flows through the region.
Administrative divisions
The Olomouc Region is divided into 5 districts:
Places of interest
Bouzov Castle
Hanakian region with its folkways, folklore shows and festivals that are organised in Namest, Prostejov, Kojetin, etc.
Helfstyn castle
Jansky vrch chateau
References
Umayya ibn Abd Shams

Umayya ibn Abd Shams is the man, the clan of Banu Umayyad is named after. Umayya was the adopted son of Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf and the father of Harb ibn Umayya and Abu al-'As.
References
Family of Muhammad
Year of death missing
510s births
Chappaqua, New York

Chappaqua (, ) is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of New Castle, in northern Westchester County, New York. It is on of land on the east bank of the Hudson River. It is about north of New York City.
Bill and Hillary Clinton live here. Since the 2010 census, 1,436 people live here.
References
Hamlets in New York (state)
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Narciso Parigi

Narciso Parigi (29 November 1927 - 25 January 2020) was an Italian actor and singer. He was born in Campi Bisenzio, Italy. He participated in the Festival di Napoli in 1963 with Nunzio Gallo. He sang the song Annamaria. He appeared in Italian television programs such as Ci vediamo in TV and Mezzogiorno in famiglia.
Parigi died on 25 January 2020 in Florence, Italy at the age of 92.
References
1927 births
2020 deaths
Italian singers
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Tachelhit language

Tachelhit is a Berber language (Tachelhit: Taclhit - - tshlHyt) spoken by the Shilha people. There are 7,823,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Morocco, where there are more than 7,000,000 speakers.
Notes
Berber languages
Languages of Morocco
Woodbine, Iowa

Woodbine is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Joanne Dru

Joan Letitia LaCock (later Joanne Dru; January 31, 1922 - September 10, 1996) was an American television, stage and movie actress. She played Anne Stanton in All the King's Men in 1949. She also played Patricia Nash Dean in The Pride of St. Louis in 1952.
Dru was born in Logan, West Virginia. She died in Los Angeles, California resulting from respiratory failure and lymphedema. She was 74.
References
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
1922 births
1996 deaths
Brampton Bryan Castle

Brampton Bryan Castle is a castle in the small village of Brampton Bryan in north-western Herefordshire, England, 50m south of the River Teme. The castle guarded an important road from Ludlow along the Teme Valley to Knighton and on into Central Wales.
The castle is listed in the Domesday Book (1086). In 1295 it was described as a "tower with curtilage". The castle was almost entirely destroyed during the Civil War. The ruins that are still standing include an outer gate house, parts of the inner gatehouse, part of the south wall of the kitchen, and the great hall.
When Bryan de Brampton died in 1294, his son-in-law, Robert Harley, inherited the castle. For almost 700 years since the castle has remained in the Harley family. During the Civil War, the castle was defended by Lady Brilliana Harley, the wife of Robert Harley. Harley was a puritan and a Member of Parliament.
Castles in England
Rip Torn

Elmore Rual "Rip" Torn (February 6, 1931 - July 9, 2019) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who was known for his role as Chief Zed in Men in Black and in Men in Black II. He won an Emmy Award in 1996 for his role as Artie on the television series The Larry Sanders Show.
Torn was born on February 6, 1931 in Temple, Texas. He studied at Texas A&M University. Torn was married to Ann Wedgeworth from 1955 until they divorced in 1961. Then he was married to Geraldine Page from 1963 until her death in 1987. He married Amy Wright in 1989. He had six children.
Torn died on July 9, 2019 at his home in Lakeville, Connecticut from Alzheimer's disease-related problems at the age of 88.
References
Other websites
1931 births
2019 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Texas
Emmy Award winning actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Tax rate

In a tax system, the tax rate is the ratio (usually expressed as a percentage) at which a business or person is taxed. There are several methods used to present a tax rate: statutory, average, marginal, and effective. These rates can also be presented using different definitions applied to a tax base: inclusive and exclusive.
Types
A statutory tax rate is the legally given rate. An income tax could have multiple rates for different income levels, where a sales tax may have a flat rate.
An average tax rate is the ratio of the total amount of taxes paid to the total tax base given in a percentage.
A marginal tax rate is the tax rate on income set at a higher rate for incomes above a designated higher bracket.
References
Economic policy
Taxation
Derby, Kansas

Derby is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is the biggest suburb of Wichita. In 2010, 22,158 people lived there.
Geography
Derby is at (37.552407, -97.261492). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water.
Climate
Derby has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Koppen Climate Classification system says that Derby has a humid subtropical climate. It is abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
People
Derby is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2010 census
The 2010 census said that there were 22,158 people, 8,300 households, and 6,226 families living in Derby.
References
Other websites
Derby Chamber of Commerce
Cities in Sedgwick County, Kansas
Marketing

Marketing is activity that connects producers with customers. It may be B2B (business to business) marketing or B2C (business to consumer). It may include market research and advertising.
The term marketing, what is commonly known as attracting customers, incorporates knowledge gained by studying the management of exchange relationships and is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers' needs and wants.
Definitions
Exchange value and building strong relationship with customer.
Marketing-" To create, grow, develop, maintain, defend, and own markets".
An approach to business that seeks to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customers needs.
Al Ries and Jack Trout defined marketing as simply "war" between competitors.
At a macro level, marketing is the process of raising the standard of living, by identifying the existing problems and unsatisfied needs of people and then satisfying that need with a product/service that delivers value to the customer.
References
Marketing
Wild type

Wild type is a term in genetics for the most common type in a natural population. It is applied to alleles of a gene, or the genotypes or phenotypes of a species.
The term is used in genetics to contrast normal alleles with mutant alleles.
With Drosophila melanogaster, wild type usually means the standard version of the famous laboratory population used in the T.H. Morgan laboratory, and since used around the world. This was, of course, only a small sample of the natural populations.
Actually, we propbably know more about Drosophila pseudoobscura in the wild than Drosophila melanogaster, because of a huge series of studies done by Theodosius Dobzhansky and his colleagues after World War II.
References
Classical genetics
A Tale of the Forest Giant

A Tale of the Forest Giant () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Alexander Zguridi. It stars Oleg Zhakov, Lyudmila Skopina, and Lev Sverdlin.
Actors
Oleg Zhakov as Nikandr Petrovich Dudin
Lyudmila Skopina as Varvara Mikhailovna Dudina
Lev Sverdlin as Vladimir Vasilyevich
Vladimir Dorofeyev as Uncle Yasha
Vera Kondakova as Nadya
Viktor Kulakov as Nazarka
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1954 movies
Soviet drama movies
Garegin Njdeh

Garegin Njdeh (, real name: Garegin Ter-Harutiunian, 1 January 1886 - late 1955) was an Armenian statesman, military, and political thinker. He was a native of Nakhchivan.
Death
Njdeh fled Armenia after the triumph of Bolsheviks, and was involved in patriotic activities in Iran, Bulgaria and the United States. A controversial person, he was expelled from Dashnak party. Njdeh was very much against communism. He worked with Nazi Germans during the World War II. He was arrested in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1944 and sent to Moscow, then to Yerevan. He spent the rest of his life in prison in the Russian city of Vladimir, where he dide in 1955.
Armenian politicians
1886 births
1955 deaths
Hiroshi Ohashi

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He managed for Japan women's national team.
Biography
Ohashi was born in Iga on October 27, 1959. After graduating from Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, he became coach for youth team at Japan Football Association. In 2004, he became manager for Singaporean new club, Albirex Niigata Singapore. November 2004, he became manager for Japan women's national team. He managed for 2008 Summer Olympics qualification and Japan qualified for 2008 Summer Olympics. He also managed for 2007 World Cup.
References
Other websites
1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Mie Prefecture
Japanese football managers
Japan women's national football team managers
Sumida, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. The population was 256,274 in 2015.
On 15 March 1947, the ward of Sumida was formed by combining the wards of Honjo and Mukojima.
References
Other websites
Wards of Tokyo
1947 establishments in Japan
ESPN Integration

ESPN Integration is an agreement between ESPN and Electronic Arts to put various ESPN features in their games. The first game to feature ESPN Integration was MVP 06 NCAA Baseball. The features that have so far appeared include a streaming ticker at the bottom of the screen with real up to date sports scores, just as it appears on the ESPN channel. This ticker does not just crawl during menus and load screens but also in actual gameplay. Another feature is the ability to listen to sports updates from ESPN Radio, and a third feature is being able to read the top 40 sports stories from ESPN.com.
Other vwebsites
Interview about ESPN Integration on IGN
Video games
Stephen Dorff

Stephen Hartley Dorff Jr. (born July 29, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for playing Roland West in the third season of HBO's True Detective.
He also starred as PK in The Power of One, Stuart Sutcliffe in Backbeat, Johnny Marco in Sofia Coppola's Somewhere. He also starred in Cecil B. DeMented, The Motel Life, S.F.W., Space Truckers, and Blade.
References
1973 births
Living people
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Atlanta
Wreck-It Ralph

Wreck-It Ralph is an 2012 American 3D computer animated comedy movie based on the story of destiny Wreck-It-Ralph. It was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.
The movie tells the story of Wreck-It Ralph. He is an arcade game villain. He does not want to be a villain anymore. He wants to become a hero. Wreck-It Ralph released to the world on October 29, 2012. It was the 51st movie and released in the United States on November 2, 2012.
A sequel called Ralph Breaks the Internet was released on November 21, 2018.
Voice cast
John C. Reilly as Wreck-It Ralph, the villain of Fix-It Felix, Jr.
Sarah Silverman as Vanellope von Schweetz, a racer/glitch in Sugar Rush
Jack McBrayer as Fix-It Felix, Jr., the hero of Fix-It Felix Jr.
Jane Lynch as Sergeant Calhoun, the lead character of Hero's Duty
Alan Tudyk as King Candy, the fake ruler of Sugar Rush/Turbo, the former star racer of TurboTime and a revenge seeker for the arcade.
Mindy Kaling as Taffyta Muttonfudge, a racer in Sugar Rush
Joe Lo Truglio as Markowski, the drunk soldier from Hero's Duty
Dennis Haysbert as General Hologram, a general in Hero's Duty
Jamie Elman as Rancis Fluggerbutter
Stefanie Scott as Moppet Girl, a young arcade enthusiast
Adam Carolla as Wynnchel, Sugar Rush security
Horatio Sanz as Duncan, Sugar Rush security
Raymond Persi as Gene, a Nicelander who lives in the game Fix-It Felix, Jr.
Edie McClurg as Mary, a Nicelander who lives in the game Fix-It Felix, Jr.
Rachael Harris as Deanna, a Nicelander who lives in the game Fix-It Felix, Jr.
Ed O'Neill as Mr. Litwak, owner of Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade
Skrillex as DJ
Kyle Hebert as Ryu from Street Fighter
Reuben Langdon as Ken Masters from Street Fighter
Gerald C. Rivers as M. Bison from Street Fighter
Roger Craig Smith as Sonic from Sonic the Hedgehog
Maurice LaMarche as the bartender from Tapper
Jamie Sparer Roberts as Yuni Verse from Dance Dance Revolution
Soundtrack
The film's score was composed by Henry Jackman.
Track listing
Release dates
References
Other websites
Wreck-It Ralph at Walt Disney Animation Studios
2012 action movies
2010s American adventure movies
2012 animated movies
2012 comedy movies
2012 fantasy movies
2012 science fiction movies
American animated movies
American action comedy movies
American family movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
American science fiction movies
2010s computer-animated movies
Disney animated movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies about revenge
Bagnotar

Bagnotar is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Bagnator is on Abbottabad-Nathia Gali Road, 16 Kilometres away from Abbottabad city.
Location
The Union Council Bagnotar is in central part of Abbottabad District in south-east of Abbottabad city - capital city of the district. Bagnotar is next to following union councils, to the north by Sarbhana, to the east and to the south by Namli Maira, and to the west by Bagh.
Subdivisions
Union Council Bagnotar is divided into three subdivisions:
Village Council Bagnotar
Chairman Sardar Muhammad Dilnawaz.
Village Council Bandi Maira
Chairman Muhammad Jamil Abbasi.
Village Council Chahan
Chairman Malik Iqbal Awan.
District Council Member: Sardar Saeed Anwar.
Tehsil Council Member: Sardar Shuja Ahmed.
updated by Muhammad Sajjad Jadoon Bagnotar.
Schools in Bagnotar
Village Council Bagnotar
Government Boys Higher Secondary School Bagnotar
Government Girls High School Bagnotar
Government Primary School Bagnotar
Government Primary School Khurri Banda Bagnotar
Government Primary School Gulaga Bagnotar
Government Primary School Seri, Bagnotar
Government Primary School Gaiya Bagnotar
Village Council Bandi Maira
Government Primary School Riyan Tareeda
Village Council Chahan
Government Primary School Chahan, Bandi Maira
Vegetation
The vegetation in Bagnotar is naturally grown. Both coniferous and deciduous species are present on a large area of the whole union council. The notable species are Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Taxus baccata, Diospyrus lotus, Salix tetrasperma, Quercus dilatata, Morus elba, Aesculus indica.
References
Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Intel Core i9 12900K

Intel Core i9 12900K is a 12th generation Intel Core processors. It has 16 cores and 24 threads. It is based on big.LITTLE design. The 8 cores are performance-focused, running at 3.2 GHz. The other 8 cores are efficiency-focused, running at 2.4 GHz. It also has 30 MB cache.
Intel Core processors
Manuela d'Ávila

Manuela Pinto Vieira d'Avila (born 18 August 1981) is a Brazilian journalist and politician. She is a member of the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) since 2001. She was federal deputy from Rio Grande do Sul between 2007 and 2015 and leader of her party in the Chamber of Deputies in 2013.
During the Communist Party congress in November 2017, Manuela was launched as pre-candidate for President of Brazil in the 2018 election. She withdrew from the race an supported Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. On 11 September 2018, D'Avila became the running mate of Fernando Haddad, who replaced Lula as candidate. They lost the election on 28 October 2018.
References
1981 births
Living people
Brazilian politicians
Communists
People from Porto Alegre
Macadamia nut

The macadamia nut is the fruit of a tree that first came from the east coast of Australia. There is
more than one kind of Macadamia tree. Only two kinds are grown for food.
The tree is an evergreen (stays green all year long). It grows up to high. It has groups of small white flowers. It grows best in subtropical (wet and always warm) climates. It needs well-drained soil (water can flow away easily) and of rain a year.
The nutmeat (the soft part inside the shell that can be eaten) is mostly a creamy white color. Sometimes it looks a bit yellow. It has a flavor that many people like. Macadamias are eaten roasted (cooked) by themselves. They are used in cookies, cakes, pastries, and candies. People use them like almonds and cashews as part of cooked meals. This is an Oriental style of cooking.
The first commercial orchard was started in Australia in the late 1880s. Commercial production started in Hawaii during the 1920s. Production later spread to California, Mexico, and other places with warm climate.
Macadamias are poisonous to dogs. A dog usually needs 24 to 48 hours to recover fully after eating macadamias.The plant is in the Proteaceae family of flowering plants.
References
Edible nuts and seeds
Audacity

Audacity is a digital audio editor (a computer program used to change sounds) and recording program. Audacity is cross-platform and can be used with Windows, OS X, Linux, and BSD. It is free software. Audacity was first released on May 28, 2000.
Features
multi-track mixing
import and export of WAV, AIFF, MP3
References
Other websites
Audacity homepage
Audacity Wiki
Editing audio in Linux:Audacity
Useful information, FAQ and articles about Audacity Audacity
Audio technology
Music software
Free software
Dennis Quaid

Dennis William Quaid (born April 9, 1954 in Houston, Texas) is an American actor.
Movies
Crazy Mama (1975)
I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977)
September 30, 1955 (1977)
Are You in the House Alone?, (1978)
Our Winning Season (1978)
The Seniors (1978)
Breaking Away (1979)
The Long Riders (1980)
Gorp (1980)
All Night Long (1981)
Caveman (1981)
The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (1981)
Stripes (1981)
Tough Enough (1983)
Jaws 3-D (1983)
The Right Stuff (1983)
Dreamscape (1984)
Enemy Mine (985)
The Big Easy (1987)
Innerspace (1987)
Supsect (1987)
D.O.A. (1988)
Everybody's All-American (1988)
Great Balls of Fire! (1989)
Come See the Paradise (1990)
Postcards from the Edge (1990)
Wilder Napalm (1993)
Undercover Blues (1993)
Flesh and Bone (1993)
A Century of Cinema (1994) (documentary)
Wyatt Earp (1994)
Something to Talk About (1995)
Dragonheart (1996)
Gang Related (1997)
Switchback (1997)
Savior (1998)
The Parent Trap (1998)
Playing by Heart (1998)
Any Given Sunday (1999)
Frequency (2000)
Traffic (2000)
Dinner With Friends (2000)
The Rookie (2002)
Far from Heaven (2002)
Cold Creek Manor (2003)
The Alamo (2004)
The Day After Tomorrow (2004)
In Good Company (2004)
Flight of the Phoenix (2004)
Yours, Mine and Ours (2005)
American Dreamz (2006)
Vantage Point (2007)
Smart People (2007)
The Horsemen (2007)
Battle of Terra (2008) (voice)
Shame on You (2008)
Vantage Point (2008)
The Express (2009)
Pandorum (2009)
G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009)
Legion (2009)
Horsemen (2009)
Soul Surfer (2011)
Footloose (2011)
Beneath the Darkness (2011)
The Words (2012)
Reagan (2021)
Other websites
D.Q. and the sharks Dennis Quaid's Band
1954 births
Living people
Actors from Houston
American movie actors
Lowca

Lowca is a village and civil parish in Copeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 773 people living in Lowca.
References
Villages in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Copeland
Thomas Howard

Thomas Arquis Howard (July 14, 1983 - November 18, 2013) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft and played for them until 2010. He later played for the Cincinnati Bengals (2011-12) and Atlanta Falcons (2013). He played college football for the University of Texas at El Paso. He was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas.
Howard was one of two people killed in a high speed car accident on November 18, 2013 in Oakland, California. He was 30 years old.
References
Other websites
1983 births
2013 deaths
African American players of American football
American football linebackers
American philanthropists
Atlanta Falcons players
Businesspeople from Texas
Cincinnati Bengals players
Oakland Raiders players
Road accident deaths in California
Sportspeople from Texas
People from Lubbock, Texas
Austroasiatic languages

The Austroasiatic languages are a family of languages. They are spoken in Southeast Asia. There are 157 languages, with about 117 million speakers. The biggest group of speakers speak Khmer language or Vietnamese. These are also official languages in the territories where these are spoken.
Languages of Asia
Austro-Asiatic languages
Leers

Leers is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France.
Communes in Nord
Sierpc

Sierpc is a city in Poland in the Masovian Voivodeship. About 18,872 people live there. The area is 18,6 km2.
The football club there is called Kasztelan Sierpc.
Other websites
Official town webpage
Map via mapa.szukacz.pl
Open air museum in Sierpc - photo
Cities in Poland
1850s

Events
Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process
Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time
First transatlantic telegraph cable laid
First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis
Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution by natural selection
Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump.
Discovery of Neandertal fossils in Neanderthal, Germany
Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington
Crimean War (1854-1856) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea.
The Indian Mutiny: revolt against the East India Company's British rule in India
Dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British.
156 are killed in Paris in a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon III, Emperor of France
Moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania.
Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party.
World leaders
Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
King Frederick William IV (Germany)
Pope Pius IX
Queen Maria II (Portugal)
King Peter V (Portugal)
Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
Queen Isabella II (Spain)
Queen Victoria, (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Lord John Russell (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom)
President Millard Fillmore (United States)
President Franklin Pierce (United States)
President James Buchanan (United States)
Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Charlie Gallagher (footballer, born 1940)

Charles Gallagher (3 November 1940 - 11 July 2021) was a Scottish-Irish footballer. He played as an inside forward. He played mainly for Celtic and Dumbarton. He played for the Republic of Ireland, making two appearances for the team in 1967.
Gallagher died on 11 July 2021, aged 80.
References
1940 births
2021 deaths
Footballers from Glasgow
Irish footballers
Even Worse

Even Worse is the Fifth album by Weird Al, released in 1988, which helped to revitalize his career after the failure of "Polka Party".
The album was a success.
1988 albums
"Weird Al" Yankovic
Winnie Mandela (movie)

Winnie Mandela is a 2011 British-American drama-biographical movie. It is based on Anne Marie du Preez Bezrob's biography Winnie Mandela: A Life. The movie is directed by Darrell Roodt. It stars Jennifer Hudson, Terrence Howard, Wendy Crewson, and Elias Koteas. Image Entertainment released the movie in theaters on September 6, 2013.
References
2010s biographical movies
2011 drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
South African movies
Movies about Apartheid
Movies directed by Darrell Roodt
Movies about Nelson Mandela
Mary Kay Letourneau

Mary Katherine Schmitz (formerly Letourneau; January 30, 1962 - July 6, 2020) was an American schoolteacher. She pleaded guilty in 1997 to two counts of felony second-degree rape of a child. The victim was Vili Fualaau, who was 12 or 13 at the time and had been her sixth-grade student. She was born in Tustin, California.
While awaiting sentencing, she gave birth to Fualaau's child. With the state seeking a six-and-a-half year prison sentence, she reached a plea agreement calling for six months in jail, with three months suspended, and no contact with Fualaau for life among other terms.
Shortly after spending three months in jail, the police caught Letourneau in a car with Fualaau. She was later given a prison sentence for the maximum allowed by law of seven-and-a-half years. Eight months after returning to prison, she gave birth to Fualaau's second child, another daughter. She was imprisoned from 1998 to 2004.
Letourneau and Fualaau began a 14-year marriage in May 2005. They divorced in 2019.
Letourneau died of colon cancer on July 6, 2020 at the age of 58.
References
1962 births
2020 deaths
Educators from California
American rapists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Criminals from California
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Bugny

Bugny is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Millie Bailey

Vivian Mildred Bailey ( Corbett; February 3, 1918 - May 1, 2022) was an American World War II veteran, civil servant, and volunteer. She was a fundraiser for education, health, and military service personnel. Bailey was one of the first African American officers in the Women's Army Corps. She was a commander of the Women's Colored Detachment. Bailey was a division director in the Social Security Administration.
Bailey turned 100 in February 2018. She died in Ellicott City, Maryland, on May 1, 2022, at the age of 104.
References
1918 births
2022 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
American centenarians
Military people from Washington, D.C.
The Old Tobacco Shop

The Old Tobacco Shop: A True Account of What Befell a Little Boy in Search of Adventure is a book for children by William Bowen. It is a fantasy story. It was published by Macmillan in 1921. Reginald Birch drew the pictures. It was made a Newbery Medal Honor Book in 1922.
Story
Freddie is five years old. He makes friends with Mr Toby Littleback, who owns a tobacco shop. Mr Toby lives with his Aunt Amanda. He also has a wooden statue named Mr Punch. The statue stands in front of Mr Toby's shop. One day, Freddie smokes some magic tobacco, which makes all the people in the tobacco shop go away on a magical adventure. At the end of the adventure, Freddie wakes up and finds that the story was all a dream. The magic tobacco made him fall asleep and dream about adventures.
References
Newbery Honor books
Fantasy books
Children's books
1921 books
Kassaman

Kassaman or Qassaman (, ; "We Pledge") is the national anthem of Algeria. Mufdi Zakariah wrote the lyrics in 1956. He did this while in jail by the French. The composer of the music is Mohamed Fawzi, from Egypt. He wrote the lyrics on the walls of a French prison with his blood.
Lyrics
References
1956 works
African anthems
National symbols of Algeria
Second Ladies and Gentleman of Florida

The second lady of Florida or second gentleman of Florida is the informal title held the wife or husband of the lieutenant governor of Florida, during the lieutenant governor's term in office.
Adrian Nunez is the current Second Gentleman of Florida, in role since January 2019, as the husband of Lieutenant Governor Jeanette Nunez.
Second Spouses of the United States
People from Florida
Bufo pseudoraddei

Bufo pseudoraddei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, and rural gardens.
Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
Frogs of Asia
Sillanwali Tehsil

Sillanwali Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 16 Union Councils of Pakistan.
Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)
Cabrils

Cabrils is a municipality of 7,432 people (2020). It is in the province of Barcelona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.
Municipalities in Catalonia
Montserrat

Montserrat is a Caribbean island and a British Overseas Territory. Its governor is Deborah Barnes-Jones. Officially, the capital is Plymouth, but the government has moved to Brades after Chances Peak erupted, destroying Plymouth in 1995.
Before the island was called Montserrat, Kalinago and Taino people had lived in the region for a long time. They knew it as Alliouagana.
Montserrat was colonised mostly by Irish Catholics. They brought many black slaves to the island and forced them to work on sugar plantations. The work the slaves made many plantations grow wealthy. When slavery was made illegal in the 1830s, the British Empire paid all the slave owners.
References
Caribbean Community
1740s

The 1740s was a decade that began on 1 January 1740 and ended on 31 December 1749.
Events
The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
World leaders
Louis XV of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
Afsharid dynasty of Persia
Nadir Shah, 1736-1747
Adil Shah, 1747-1748
Ebrahim Afshar, 1748
Shah Rukh, 1748-1750
George II of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760)
Philip V of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746)
Ferdinand VI of Spain (king from 1746 to 1759)
Pope Benedict XIV
Births
Marquis de Sade, French writer
Pope Pius VII
Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States
Deaths
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the Medicis
Alexander Pope, English writer
Jonathan Swift, Irish writer
Yoshihiro Saisho

Yoshihiro Saisho (born 20 November 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|V-Varen Nagasaki||rowspan="4"|Regional Leagues||||||||||||
|-
|2006||16||8||1||0||17||8
|-
|2007||9||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|2008||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||Football League||0||0||0||0||0||0
25||8||1||0||26||8
25||8||1||0||26||8
|}
References
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Kagoshima Prefecture
Sidi Bel Abbès Province

Sidi Bel Abbes is one of the provinces of Algeria. The name is from the city of Sidi Bel Abbes. It is in the northwestern part of the country.
Divisions
The province has 15 districts and 52 communes or municipalities.
Districts
Ain El Berd
Ben Badis
Marhoum
Merine
Mostefa Ben Brahim
Moulay Slissen
Ras El Ma
Sfisef
Sidi Ali Benyoub
Sidi Ali Boussidi
Sidi Bel Abbes
Sidi Lahcene
Telagh
Tenira
Tessala
References
Provinces of Algeria
Haast tokoeka

The Haast tokoeka or Haast kiwi (Apteryx australis Haast) is a subspecies of southern brown kiwi. It is one of the rarest kiwi in New Zealand. This bird does not fly. It runs on the ground.
Appearance
This bird has red-brown feathers that look like fur. It has small wings and does not fly. It has no tail. It has a long bill, or beak.
Habitat and food
The Haast tokoeka lives high in the mountains on the west side of New Zealand's South Island. About half of the place where these kiwi live is in the Haast Kiwi Sanctuary. This place is protected by the government of New Zealand.
The adult Haast tokoeka live in pairs. They will fight other adult kiwis over good places to look for food. They mostly hide during the day and look for food at night.
Status
Not everyone agrees that the Haast tokoeka is a separate subspecies from the Fiordland tokoeka.
Threats
There are about 400 Haast tokoeka alive. Like other kiwis, the Haast tokoeka are threatened by habitat loss from when human beings change the places they live into farms and other things. They are also threatened by invasive species, which are animals brought to New Zealand by humans, for example, dogs, cats, and stoats.
In the Haast Kiwi Sanctuary, human beings put traps to catch stoats. Stoats are animals like weasels. They were brought to New Zealand by humans, and they eat kiwi chicks.
Breeding
The kiwis make a nest in a hollow log, crack in a rock or space dug out of the ground. The egg is large and pale green in color. The male and female kiwi both sit on the egg.
References
Kiwis
Territorial waters

Territorial waters, or a territorial sea is a belt of coastal waters that go at most from the edge of a coastal state. The territorial sea is land of the state. Ships are let to sail on it. Ownership also extends to the airspace over and seabed below.
The term "territorial waters" is also sometimes used to mean any area of water a state has jurisdiction. This includes internal waters, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and potentially the continental shelf.
Contiguous zone
The contiguous zone is a band of water that goes from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to from the baseline.
Law of the sea
Battle of Beaver Dams

The Battle of Beaver Dams, which occurred on June 24, 1813, was a crucial battle during the War of 1812. Following their defeat at Stoney Creek, the Americans sent a force under Lieutenant-Colonel Charles G. Boerstler from Fort George to destroy a British advanced post at Beaver Dams.
Battles
1813
War of 1812
Kentrosaurus

Kentrosaurus was a stegosaurian, whose intelligence was low among the dinosaurs. Kentrosaurus fossils have been found in Tendaguru in Tanzania, Africa.
Life
Plant eater.
Very small head with a tiny brain and toothless beak.
A double row of flat, bony plates halfway along its back, from its neck to the midsection.
A double row of spikes along its back, from its midsection to the tip of its tail, and a pair of shoulder spikes.
Walked on four legs, but the back legs were longer than its front legs.
Description
Kentrosaurus was an herbivorous ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur, belonging to the group Thyreophora and the Stegosauria (four-legged, bulky-bodied dinosaurs with a double row of plates and or spikes, which included Stegosaurus, Tuojiangosaurus and others).
Other websites
Dinosaurs of Africa
Jurassic dinosaurs
Stegosaurs
O. Chandrashekar

O. Chandrasekhar Menon (10 July 1936 - 24 August 2021) was an Indian professional footballer. He played as a defender. He represented India at the 1960 Summer Olympics (Rome), the 1962 Asian Games (Gold medal),1964 AFC Asian Cup (Silver medal), Merdeka Tournament (Silver Medal - 1959 & 1964) and 1964 Summer Olympics (Tokyo Qualifiers). He was born in Irinjalakuda, British Raj.
Chandrashekar died on 24 August 2021 in Kolkata, India at the age of 85.
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
Indian footballers
Indian Olympians
Villaines-la-Gonais

Villaines-la-Gonais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
David Stoddart, Baron Stoddart of Swindon

David Leonard Stoddart, Baron Stoddart of Swindon (4 May 1926 - 14 November 2020) was a British politician. He was Member of Parliament for Swindon from 1970 to 1983. He was a life peer in the House of Lords from 1983 to his death in 2020. He was a Labour peer from 1983 to 2002, when he was expelled from the Labour Party.
Stoddart died on 14 November 2020 at the age of 90.
References
1926 births
2020 deaths
UK MPs 1970-1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974-1979
UK MPs 1979-1983
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Dodge Durango

The Dodge Durango is a full-sized SUV that was built by Chrysler's Dodge brand from 1998 to 2008. The Durango was discontinued in 2009 but returned in 2012 to share a platform with the Jeep Grand Cherokee. The Durango had two generations, the first generation was a mid-sized SUV and was produced from 1998 to 2003 and the second generation which is a full-sized SUV and was produced from 2003-2008.
Dodge automobiles
Green vehicles
Sport utility vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)

Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) is the debut studio album by American hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan released on November 9, 1993 by Loud Records. It was entirely produced by the group leader RZA.
The album has been considered to be one of the greatest hip-hop album in history and Wu-Tang Clan's best work.
Track list
"Bring Da Ruckus" - 4:10
"Shame On A Nigga" - 2:57
"Clan In Da Front" - 4:33
"Wu-Tang: 7th Chamber" - 6:05
"Can It Be All So Simple" - 6:53
"Da Mystery of Chessboxin'" - 4:47
"Wu-Tang Clan Ain't Nuthing Ta F' Wit" - 3:36
"C.R.E.A.M." - 4:12
"Method Man" - 5:51
"Protect Ya Neck" - 4:52
"Tearz" - 4:17
"Wu-Tang: 7th Chamber - Part II" - 5:08
"Method Man (Skun Mix)" - 3:12
"Conclusion" - 1:00
References
1993 albums
Hip hop albums