pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sodium fluoride

Sodium fluoride is a chemical compound. It is made of sodium and fluoride ions. Its chemical formula is NaF. It tastes bitter and is toxic. It is made by reacting hydrofluoric acid with sodium hydroxide. It is used in toothpaste to prevent tooth decay. It is a white crystalline solid.
Related pages
Sodium chloride
Sodium bromide
Sodium iodide
Sodium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Grenoble Foot 38

Grenoble Foot 38 is a football club which plays in France.
Name
1892-1977 FC Grenoble
1977-1984 FCAS Grenoble
1984-1990 FC Grenoble Dauphine
1990-1992 FC Grenoble Isere
1992-1993 FC Grenoble Jojo Isere
1993-1997 Olympique Grenoble Isere
1997-present Grenoble Foot 38
French football clubs
Grenoble
1892 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in France
Inyo County, California

Inyo County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,016. The county seat is Independence.
Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada. It is southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California.
References
1866 establishments in California
Bruce Wayne (The Dark Knight Trilogy)

Batman is the main hero of The Dark Knight Trilogy and based on the DC Comics character of the same name. He was played by Christian Bale in all three movies and in the video game based on Batman Begins.
Fictional biography
Bruce Wayne was playing a game of finder's keepers with Rachel Dawes until he landed on a bat cave. He was rescued by his father, Thomas Wayne. After attending an opera featuring bats, his parents were killed by Joe Chill. Bruce Wayne left Gotham City and moved to Asia. He started to train as a member of the League of Shadows until he learned of their plans toward Gotham. He returned to Gotham and became Batman. He has encountered Jonathan Crane/The Scarecrow who has been gassing people with fear toxin supplied by the League of Shadows.
Reception
Christian Bale's portrayal has been well-liked and compared to his predecessors Michael Keaton and Kevin Conroy. Some didn't like his raspy voice.
Fictional characters introduced in 2005
Fictional orphans
DC Comics superheroes
The Dark Knight Trilogy characters
Ian Stevenson

Ian Stevenson, M.D., was a Canadian professor of psychiatry. He worked at the University of Virginia, in the area of parapsychology.
Stevenson thought that the idea of reincarnation might help modern medicine better understand aspects of human behavior and development. He traveled a lot over a period of 40 years to investigate 3,000 childhood cases that suggested to him the possibility of past lives.
Stevenson saw reincarnation as the survival of the personality after death, although he never suggested a physical way a personality might survive death.
Stevenson's research was the subject of Jim B. Tucker's Life Before Life (2005).
Reincarnation research
Stevenson found that the best evidence supporting the belief in reincarnation comes from the cases of young children who, typically between the ages of 2 and 5, make statements about a previous life they claim to have had before being born. Their statements are often accompanied by behaviour that is unusual for their family but appropriate for the life that the child claims to remember. There is often a "forgetting of the imaged memories between the ages of 5 and 8; a high incidence of violent death claimed in the claimed previous life; and mention of the mode of death by the subject".
Some 35 per cent of the subjects have birthmarks or birth defects which often correspond to injuries or illness experienced by the deceased person who the subject remembers. Medical documents have confirmed this correspondence in more than forty cases.
Selected books
Ian Stevenson authored or co-authored more than a dozen books. Stevenson died in 2007, and many of these books are mentioned in his obituaries in the British Medical Journal, New York Times, and the Washington Post.
Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, (second revised and enlarged edition), University of Virginia Press, , 1974. (This book includes detailed reports of 20 cases of children, from five different countries, who claimed to remember previous lives).
Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Volume 1: Birthmarks and Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Volume 2: Birth Defects and Other Anomalies. (2 volumes), Praeger Publishers, , 1997.
Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect. Praeger Publishers, , 1997. (A short and non-technical version of Reincarnation and Biology, for the general reader)
Children Who Remember Previous Lives: A Question of Reincarnation, (revised edition) , 2000. (A general non-technical introduction into Reincarnation research).
European Cases of the Reincarnation Type. McFarland & Company, , 2003.
A World in a Grain of Sand: The Clairvoyance of Stefan Ossowiecki, (with Mary Rose Barrington and Zofia Weaver), McFarland Press, , 2005.
References
Other websites
The Division of Perceptual Studies (DOPS) at the University of Virginia
Canadian psychiatrists
People from Quebec
2007 deaths
1918 births
Parapsychologists
University of Virginia faculty
Wilkinson County, Mississippi

Wilkinson County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 9,878 people lived there. Its county seat is Woodville.
References
1800s establishments in Mississippi Territory
1802 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Francisco Sobrino

Francisco Sobrino (1932 - 11 May 2014) was a Spanish sculptor from Guadalajara, Spain. His career began in 1959 when he moved to Paris to have a start in his career. His works can be seen in Tel Aviv, Guadalajara, Chicago, Madrid, New York City, and Paris. Sobrino was born in Guadalajara, Mexico, but was raised in Madrid, Spain.
Sobrino died in Paris, France, aged 82.
References
1932 births
2014 deaths
Spanish sculptors
St Nicolas Church, Nuneaton

St. Nicolas Church is a church in Nuneaton, operated by the Church of England. The building dates back to the first half of the 14th century. It was badly damaged during the Second World War. After the war, it was rebuilt by prisoners of war. Today, it is a Grade I listed building.
References
Anglican churches in England
Listed buildings
Buildings and structures in Warwickshire
14th-century buildings and structures
Leslie Thompkins

Dr. Leslie Thompkins is a fictional Batman character who took care of Bruce Wayne after his parents death. She was good friends with Thomas Wayne (Bruce's dad). She was like a mother figure to Bruce. She is one of the few people to know Batman's secret identity.
She was voiced by Diana Muldaur in Batman: The Animated Series.
Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Muchinga Province

Muchinga Province is a province in northeastern Zambia. The capital is Chinsali. It borders with Tanzania in the north, Malawi in the east, Eastern Province in the south, Central Province in the southwest, Luapula Province in the west, and Northern Province in the northwest.
Provinces of Zambia
Roger Vaughan

Roger William Bede Vaughan (9 January 1834 - 18 August 1883) was an English Benedictine monk of Downside Abbey, He was the second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Australia from 1877 to 1883.
He was born on 9 January 1834 at Courtfield, Ross, Herefordshire, England, second son of the fourteen children. Five of his brothers also became priests. Herbert, the eldest, became a cardinal and archbishop of Westminster, and John, the youngest, auxiliary bishop of Salford. Another brother, Reginald, married Julia Shanahan, sister-in-law of Sir Patrick Jennings. Four of his five sisters became nuns.
Because of his health he was educated at home in a religious atmosphere. In 1850 he was sent to St Gregory's College at Downside near Bath. His mother's death in 1853 made him think of a religious life and on 12 September he joined the Benedictines, becoming Brother Bede. In 1855 at his father's request and expense, he was sent to Rome for further study under the guidance of the Italian scholar and reformer, Angelo Zelli-Jacuzzi. He was ordained priest by Cardinal Patrizi in the basilica of St John Lateran on 9 April 1859.
1834 births
1883 deaths
English Roman Catholics
Monks
Jolanta Fedak

Jolanta Beata Fedak (21 September 1960 - 31 December 2020) was a Polish politician. She was Minister of Labour and Social Policy from 2007 to 2011 during the Donald Tusk cabinet. She was a member of the Polish People's Party. In 2019, Fedak was elected to the Sejm.
Fedak died in Warsaw on 31 December 2020, aged 60.
References
1960 births
2020 deaths
Polish politicians
David Graham

David Graham (born 11 July 1925) is an English character actor and voice artist. Graham is known for his voice work for the series Doctor Who and Thunderbirds during the 1960s. He is also known for appearing as the villain in the one minute Apple Inc. advertisement "1984".
Graham was born in London, he trained as an actor in New York City following service in the Royal Air Force as a radar mechanic, and has since worked mainly in British television.
References
Other websites
1925 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
La Torbiera Zoo

Faunist Park La Torbiera is a biopark and consists of an area open to the public and a protected area for wildlife preservation. It was established in Agrate Conturbia, Piedmont, Italy in 1977 to preserve and study some animal species in danger of extinction.
References
Zoos
Piedmont
1977 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Italy
Organizations based in Italy
Lawrence Lessig 2016 presidential campaign

The 2016 presidential campaign of Lawrence Lessig was officially launched when Lessig, Harvard University professor from Massachusetts, announced his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016 on September 6, 2015. The headquarters of the campaign is in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Background
Lessig decided to form an exploratory committee in preparation for a possible bid for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016. Almost two months into the campaign trail, poor polling numbers and not being qualified to enter the debates, Lessig dropped out on November 2, 2015.
Supporters
Cenk Uygur, internet host, former MSNBC contributor, and progressive political commentator
Kim Dotcom, German-Finnish internet entrepreneur, creator of file hosting services MegaUpload and Mega
Jimmy Wales, internet entrepreneur, Wikipedia founder
References
Other websites
Lessig
Pleiotropism

Pleiotropism is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism.
These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue.
The term may be contrasted with pleiomorphism, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.
Evolutionary implications
Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.
Antagonistic pleiotropy refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:
1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.
2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.
3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.
References
Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology
Korn

Korn (sometimes written as KoIan to fit their logo) is an American Grammy Award-winning nu metal and alternative metal band from Bakersfield, California.
The band was first called 'Creep' and had another singer.
People often say they created the nu metal genre. Along with other bands of the time, they were influences for a wave of nu metal, alternative metal and rap metal bands through the mid 1990s and early 2000s, helping Limp Bizkit (who were discovered by Korn themselves) and Slipknot more than other bands. Despite this, Korn have been quoted for disliking the term and even being called 'metal'. Jonathan Davis has said that Korn's music can not be classified and that it contains many other influences besides simply 'metal'. The official review on the iTunes Store for their first album goes as far as saying that Korn "hate the term".
Their first album was first sold in 1994 and also called KoRn. Since then, Korn has sold over 35 millions records worldwide - including 16,5 millions in the U.S., making them one of the best-selling metal acts of the last twelve years. The band's catalogue consists of seven platinum studio albums in a row, one platinum compilation album, and seven consecutive debuts (including Greatest Hits, Volume 1 compilation album) in top 10 of Billboard Top 200 best selling albums. Korn has been selected for 6 Grammys, and won 2 such awards. 8 of their albums has been awarded as multi-platinum, despite only part of them being on Billboard.
Band members
Current lineup
Jonathan Davis - lead vocals, bagpipes (1993-present)
James "Munky" Shaffer - guitars (1993-present); backing vocals (2005-present)
Brian "Head" Welch - guitars, backing vocals (1993-2005, 2013-present)
Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu - bass (1993-present)
Ray Luzier - drums (2009-present)
Former
David Silveria - drums, percussion (1993-2006)
Timeline
Studio albums
Korn (1994)
Life Is Peachy (1996)
Follow the Leader (1998)
Issues (1999)
Untouchables (2002)
Take a Look in the Mirror (2003)
See You on the Other Side (2005)
Untitled album (2007)
Korn III: Remember Who You Are (2010)
The Path of Totality (2011)
The Paradigm Shift (2013)
The Serenity of Suffering (2016)
The Nothing (2019)
Requiem (2022)
References
American heavy metal bands
Grammy Award winners
Nu metal bands
American hard rock bands
Alternative metal bands
People from Bakersfield, California
Unconditionally

"Unconditionally" is a song by American pop singer-songwriter Katy Perry. It was the second single from her fourth studio album, Prism, and it appears as the fifth track from that album. The song is a pop rock and power pop song. It is about a woman not wanting anything more from her lover than he already gives. She will love him no matter what.
Music video
The video shows Katy Perry dressed as a geisha.
2013 songs
Katy Perry songs
Go There, Don't Know Where

Go There, Don't Know Where () is a 1966 Soviet animated movie directed by Ivan Ivanov-Vano and Vladimir Danilevich.
References
Other websites
1966 movies
1960s animated movies
Soviet animated movies
Movies directed by Ivan Ivanov-Vano
Rikihiro Sugiyama

is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a football player.
Club career statistics
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|2006||rowspan="5"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
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References
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Civic Tower (Lagos)

The Civic Tower, also called Civic Center Towers, Civic Towers, is a 16-floor office building in Lagos. It is near the Civic Centre on Ozumba Mbadiwe Avenue, Victoria Island, Lagos. It was opened in 2015.
On 20, July 2018, the Civic Towers and Civic Centre buildings were lit up in red to mark the 50th anniversary of Special Olympics alongside 225 landmarks across the world.
References
Towers
Lagos
Buildings and structures in Nigeria
2015 establishments in Africa
2010s establishments in Nigeria
Carteret, New Jersey

Carteret is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 22,844, reflecting an increase of 2,135 (+10.3%) from the 20,709 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,684 (+8.9%) from the 19,025 counted in the 1990 Census.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Carteret had a total area of 5.000 square miles (12.950 km2), including 4.418 square miles (11.442 km2) of land and 0.582 square miles (1.509 km2) of water (11.65%).
Education
The Carteret School District serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2021-2022 school year, the district's five schools had an enrollment of 3,882 students and 305.42 classroom teachers. The student/teacher ratio is 12.71.
Government
The government has a town council with 6 members and a mayor. They all are elected.
Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Carteret include:
Jim Babjak (born 1957), Dennis Diken (born 1957) and Mike Mesaros of the pop/rock group The Smithereens are former Carteret residents who met in school there.
Lori Baratta, artist; her portraits of past and present mayors and other famous people from Carteret hang on the walls in City Hall.
Joseph A. Cafasso (born 1956), former Fox News consultant on military and counterterrorism issues who left the network after allegations surfaced that he misrepresented his military record.
Jim Conti of the ska band Streetlight Manifesto.
Thomas Deverin (1921-2010), former mayor of Carteret who served 22 years in the New Jersey General Assembly.
Keith Hughes (1968-2014), basketball player at Syracuse University and Rutgers who was selected by the Houston Rockets in the 1991 NBA Draft, but never played in the NBA.
Chad Kinch (1958-1994), shooting guard who played in the NBA for the Cleveland Cavaliers and Dallas Mavericks.
Jim McGreevey (born 1957), former Governor of New Jersey, grew up in Carteret.
Art McMahon, defensive back for the New England Patriots football team from 1968-1972.
Joe "Ducky" Medwick (1911-1975), left fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s, elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1968, by the Veterans Committee. Ranked #7 on the Sports Illustrated list of The 50 Greatest New Jersey Sports Figures.
Nicholas Minue (d. 1943) United States Army Private who received the Medal of Honor for military service in World War II. An elementary school on Post Boulevard in Carteret is named in his honor.
Paul J. Pluta, Rear Admiral, United States Coast Guard (Ret.)
Joel Weisman (1943-2009), physician who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS.
Laurence S. Weiss (c. 1919 - 2003), business executive and politician wh served in the New Jersey Senate from 1978 to 1992.
Jason Worilds (born 1988), football player selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2010 NFL Draft.
References
Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
1906 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
1922 establishments in the United States
Madison County, Mississippi

Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 95,203 people lived there. Its county seat is Canton. The county is named for James Madison, 4th President of the United States (1809-1817).
References
1820s establishments in Mississippi
1828 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Monroe, Connecticut

Monroe is a town located in eastern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 18,825 at the 2020 census.
References
Towns in Connecticut
Virtu Financial

Virtu Financial is an American company that provides financial services, trading products, and market-making services. It offers a range of solutions in execution, liquidity sourcing, analytics, and broker-neutral platforms. Virtu operates in various markets and exchanges globally, trading in equities, commodities, currencies, options, fixed income, and other securities. The company uses proprietary technology for high-volume trading. It was founded in 2008 by Vincent Viola and Douglas Cifu, and it went public on Nasdaq in 2015. Virtu has made several acquisitions to expand its operations and has offices in multiple locations worldwide. The company has been involved in investigations related to high-frequency trading practices.
References
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Potato blight

Potato blight is the so-called "fungal" disease which destroyed the Irish potatoes in 1845. Because there are other blights of potatoes, this one is sometimes called late blight of potato.
The infestation caused widespread famine. It was caused by an oomycete Phytophthora infestans. The oomycetes or water moulds have many features which are similar to fungi, but they are in a different Kingdom.
Overview
Phytophthora infestans in Ireland caused over one million to starve to death and another two million people emigrated from affected countries. During the 1840s the blight damaged crops in Scotland and Europe also. It was the only important cash crop in Ireland, which explains its greater effect there. Also, most of the Irish crop was one variety, the Irish Lumper.
The first recorded instances of the disease were in the United States, in Philadelphia and New York City in early 1843. It crossed the Atlantic Ocean with a shipment of seed potatoes for Belgian farmers in 1845. All of the potato-growing countries in Europe were affected, but the potato blight hit Ireland the hardest. The lack of genetic variability created a susceptible host population for the organism.
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering for resistant cultivars is developing. A resistance gene effective against most known strains of blight has been found in a wild relative of the potato. It is introduced by genetic engineering into cultivated varieties of potato.
References
Agriculture
Protista
Plant physiology
Potatoes
Diseases and disorders of plants
Sniper (1993 movie)

Sniper is a 1993 American Peruvian Panamanian action movie directed by Luis Llosa and starring Tom Berenger, Billy Zane, Aden Young, J. T. Walsh, Gary Swanson, Hank Garrett, Rex Linn. This is the first movie the Sniper in film series and was distributed by TriStar Pictures.
Other websites
1993 action movies
1990s American action movies
Peruvian movies
Panamanian movies
Movies directed by Luis Llosa
Alveolar ejective fricative

The alveolar ejective fricative is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Consonants
Jim Boyd (musician)

Jim Boyd (1956 - June 22, 2016) was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and member of The Jim Boyd Band on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington. He was born in Lancaster, California.
Boyd has performed in several groups, including XIT, Greywolf and Winterhawk. Boyd sang four songs with lyrics by Sherman Alexie on the soundtrack for the 1998 movie Smoke Signals, and also appeared in Alexie's The Business of Fancydancing.
Boyd died on June 22, 2016 in Colville Indian Reservation, Washington at age 60.
References
Other websites
Thunderwolf Records Official Website
The Native American Music Awards
Seattle Times article on Boyd
1956 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Actors from Washington (state)
American movie actors
American singer-songwriters
Native American musicians
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from Washington (state)
Writers from Los Angeles County, California
Writers from Washington (state)
Cross County, Arkansas

Cross County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,833. The county seat is Wynne. It was founded on November 15, 1862.
References
1860s establishments in Arkansas
1862 establishments in the United States
Arkansas counties
Carbide & Carbon Building

The Carbide & Carbon Building is a Chicago landmark located at 230 N. Michigan Avenue. The building, which was built in 1929, is an example of Art Deco architecture.
It was designed by Burnham Brothers. The architect was Daniel Burnham. The Carbide and Carbon Building was originally home to the regional office of Union Carbide and Carbon Co., which later became Union Carbide Corp. The skyscraper was designated a Chicago Landmark on May 9, 1996.
It was built as a skyscraper office tower. The building has 37 floors and is tall. The top of the building is covered in pure gold. It is also modeled as a champagne bottle to show a resistance against the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.
Other websites
Chicago Landmarks: Carbide and Carbon Building
Carbide & Carbon Building on Emporis
Hard Rock Hotel Chicago
Skyscrapers in Chicago
Landmarks in Chicago
1929 establishments in Illinois
Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award

The Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award is a lifetime honor from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. The SFWA gives up to one award each year to a writer of fantasy or science fiction. It started in 1975 when Robert Heinlein became the first SFWA Grand Master. The name Damon Knight was added in 2002. He started the SFWA and died in 2002.
The award is given each year at the SFWA Nebula Awards banquet, but it is not one of the Nebulas. Only SFWA officers and past presidents suggest Grand Masters, and the final choice must be approved by a majority of that group. The winner is announced in advance.
Grand Masters
There have been 34 SFWA Grand Masters in the 44 years from 1974/1975 to 2017/2018.
1975 Robert A. Heinlein (1907-1988)
1976 Jack Williamson (1908-2006)
1977 Clifford D. Simak (1904-1988)
1978 --
1979 L. Sprague de Camp (1907-2000)
1980 --
1981 Fritz Leiber (1910-1992)
1982 --
1983 --
1984 Andre Norton (1912-2005)
1985 --
1986 Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008)
1987 Isaac Asimov (1920-1992)
1988 Alfred Bester (1913-1987)
1989 Ray Bradbury (1920-2012)
1990 --
1991 Lester del Rey (1915-1993)
1992 --
1993 Frederik Pohl (1919-2013)
1994 --
1995 Damon Knight (1922-2002)
1996 A. E. van Vogt (1912-2000)
1997 Jack Vance (1916-2013)
1998 Poul Anderson (1926-2001)
1999 Hal Clement (1922-2003)
2000 Brian W. Aldiss (1925-2017)
2001 Philip Jose Farmer (1918-2009)
2002 --
2003 Ursula K. Le Guin (1929-2018)
2004 Robert Silverberg (1935-)
2005 Anne McCaffrey (1926-2011)
2006 Harlan Ellison (1934-2018)
2007 James Gunn (1923-)
2008 Michael Moorcock (1939-)
2009 Harry Harrison (1925-2012)
2010 Joe Haldeman (1943-)
2011 --
2012 Connie Willis (1945-)
2013 Gene Wolfe (1931-2019)
2014 Samuel Delany (1942-)
2015 Larry Niven (1938-)
2016 C.J. Cherryh (1942-)
2017 Jane Yolen (1939-)
2018 Peter S. Beagle (1939-)
2019 William Gibson (1948-)
References
Science fiction awards
Rahay

Rahay is a commune. It is in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in west France.
Communes in Sarthe
Yoshiharu Horii

is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player and manager.
References
1953 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japanese football managers
Fuorigrotta

Fuorigrotta "Outside the grotto") is a western suburb of Naples, southern Italy.
Covering an area of 6,2 km2, it is the most populated suburb of the city (76.521 people).
It lies beyond the Posillipo hill and has been joined to the main body of Naples by two traffic tunnels through that hill since the early 20th century.
It is the site of the Stadio San Paolo, home to the Serie A team S.S.C. Napoli. It is also the site of the new Monte Sant'Angelo campus of the University of Naples.
Etymology and History
It owes its name to its position "outside the grotto". Since Roman times, one or more tunnels connected it with the district of Mergellina.
The oldest tunnel is a Roman one, the Crypta Neapolitana, connecting Fuorigrotta with Piedigrotta. In Roman times, it connected Naples to the road that led to Pozzuoli and to area of the Campi Flegrei.
Fuorigrotta has been a rural district until the Fascist era. The urban asset of the area was radically changed by the Fascist government since 1936, first by building the viale Augusto and by locating in the area the Mostra d'Oltremare (one of the most important Italian fair ground) and then by the construction of the Santa Maria Immacolata church.
During this period many streets changed their names into Roman inspired ones: viale Augusto, via Giulio Cesare, via Caio Duilio etc.
After World War II, Fuorigrotta underwent intense urban expansion and became the most densely populated area of the city.
Naples
Sleepy Eye, Minnesota

Sleepy Eye is a city in Brown County, Minnesota, United States.
Cities in Minnesota
5G

5G is the fifth generation network of cellular mobile communications, first launched in March of 2019. 5G uses many new technologies that make it faster than 4G. 5G currently can get between 100 Mbit/s and 2 Gbit/s depending on the frequency that is used. It is eventually meant to replace 4G.
There are three main groups of frequencies used by 5G:
Lowband 5G is a type of 5G that uses low frequencies, just as 4G does. Lowband 5G has long range (meaning you can be far away from a tower or inside a building and still get signal) but slower speeds than other types of 5G. Lowband 5G is only a little bit faster than the LTE (Long Term Evolution) version of 4G. Lowband 5G usually has speeds of around 100 Mbit/s.
Midband 5G is a type of 5G that uses frequencies slightly higher than lowband 5G. It has shorter range than lowband 5G, but you can usually still get service indoors using midband 5G. Midband 5G is much faster than LTE. Midband 5G usually has speeds of 600 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s.
mmWave 5G is a type of 5G that uses frequencies much higher than lowband and midband. It has very short range. With mmWave, you can't get service inside buildings. Most solid objects can block mmWave. mmWave is much faster than any other type of 5G and can reach speeds of up to 2 Gbit/s currently. mmWave is considered the least practical version of 5G since the range is so short and basically anything can block it.
4G phones do not work on 5G. To use 5G, you need a phone that supports it. Most 5G phones have "5G" at the end of the phone's name.
There are concerns from conspiracy theorists that 5G might cause cancer or COVID-19. Scientists have found these theories to not be true.
References
Telecommunications
Mobile phones
Oppy, Pas-de-Calais

Oppy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Avraham Stern

Avraham Stern (December 23, 1907 - February 12, 1942) was a Jewish Zionist guerrilla who started the Lechi.
Early Life
Stern was born in Poland in 1907 but moved to Jerusalem in 1925. In 1929, he joined the Haganah.
Irgun membership
In 1931, Stern left the Haganah to join the Irgun and started to call himself Yair because of Eliezer Ben Yair, who led the Jews at the Siege of Masada. Stern also got weapons for the Irgun and fought against the British.
The Lechi
After Adolf Hitler attacked Poland, the Irgun stopped fighting the British Empire since they thought it was more important to fight the Nazis but Stern thought the war would make it easier to fight the British so he left the Irgun and started the Lechi.
Death
Stern said that the British were so dangerous to the Jews that Zionists should be willing to work with Mussolini to stop them and Stern used kidnapping and assassination to fight the British. The British said they would give money to anyone who could find Stern. Then in 1942, the British found Stern and killed him.
References
1907 births
1942 deaths
Polish Jews
Zionists
Kenji Tochio

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Tochio was born on May 26, 1941. After graduating from Fujieda Higashi High School, he joined Furukawa Electric. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1970. He played 61 games and scored 1 goal in the league.
On May 28, 1961, Tochio debuted for the Japan national team against Malaya. He played 2 games for Japan in 1961.
Statistics
|-
|1961||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
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References
Other websites
1941 births
Living people
Japanese footballers
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Campbell Scott

Campbell Scott (born July 19, 1961) is an American actor, producer and director. His roles include Steve Dunne in Singles, Mark Usher in House of Cards, Joseph Tobin in Damages, Richard Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and Lewis Dodgson in Jurassic World Dominion.
References
1961 births
Living people
Indian rhinoceros

The Indian rhinoceros or the Asian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is a large mammal primarily found in Pakistan, north-eastern India, Nepal and parts of Bhutan. It lives in the tall grasslands and forests in the foothills of the Himalayas.
Rhinoceros was hunted for sport, and is now poached because its horn is used for traditional Chinese medicine (alternative medicine).
Mammals of Asia
Rhinoceroses
Arabian Peninsula

thumb|right | 250px | The Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. It lies east of Ethiopia and northern Somalia; south of Israel, the Palestinian territories, and Jordan; and southwest of Iran. The waters around it are: on the southwest the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba; on the southeast the Arabian Sea; and on the northeast the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf.
It includes the countries of:
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia which covers most of the peninsula
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
The majority of the population of the peninsula live in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Northern Arabia has oil wells. Climate change and the scarcity of water is said to have affected this area.
A prominent feature of the peninsula is desert. In the southwest there are mountain ranges which may get more rain than the rest of the peninsula.
Related pages
History of Arabia
References
Other websites
Arabia British Foreign Office, 1920
Peninsulas of Asia
Arabia
Gondwana
Joan Garriga

Joan Garriga Vilaresau (29 March 1963 - 27 August 2015) was a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He raced professionally from 1984 to 1993. He won three 250cc races during his career and finished runner-up to Sito Pons in the 1988 250cc GP World Championship.
Garriga was born in Barcelona. After retiring, he was convicted of drug trafficking and possession of weapons in 2003. When the case came to trial, he was given a two-year sentence. He also suffered two heart attacks in 2013 but survived.
Garriga was involved in a motorcycle accident on 24 August 2015. He died from his injuries three days later in Barcelona, aged 52.
References
1963 births
2015 deaths
Drug dealers
Road accident deaths in Spain
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Spanish criminals
Spanish motorcycle racers
Devil May Cry 2

Devil May Cry 2 is the second video game in the series of Devil May Cry. It was released on the PlayStation 2 on 2003.
Gameplay
Dante can use a melee weapon or a firearm towards enemies. He can collect blue orbs and purple orbs to upgrade his health and Devil Trigger meters. The game introduces the Bloody Palace gameplay mode, where the player can attack countless waves of enemies and bosses.
Development
Interestingly, the game started development even before the first game was finished. It was even made by an entirely different development team in Capcom from the first game. It is said that Capcom started work on Devil May Cry 2 without the first game's team even knowing about it. On top of all this, Capcom did not hire Hideki Kamiya (the first game's director), but hired a mystery director whose name was never shared outside of Capcom. Said director also had no experience directing before making Devil May Cry 2. Since Capcom was disappointed with the inexperienced team's progress, Capcom fired the game's first director and hired the game's new director, Hideaki Itsuno. Itsuno would be the director the last five to four months before the game's release. Although the game still had worse reviews than in the first game, many people would argue that Itsuno made the game much better than it could have been under the first director. For this reason, Itsuno would be hired again as the director of the game's sequel, Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening. The game also had a lower difficulty as a response to complaints about the first game's difficulty.
Reception
The game had much worse reviews than the first game. People complained about things such as the game being too easy, having poorly designed mechanics, and having worse graphics from the first game. Despite this, the high sales resulted in an acclaimed prequel called Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening.
2003 video games
Devil May Cry
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Video game sequels
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Itihasa

In Sanskrit, Itihasa means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of India. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Modern excavations and archaeological evidences are slowly beginning to find evidences to prove these Indian epics as actual history.
The original meaning of Iithasa had a more precise connotation than the word History. The etymology attested to by Panini's indicates itiha to mean 'thus indeed, in this tradition' .
One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas's Arthashastra. Our investigations lead us to believe that the Mauryan empire for which he was the preceptor began in 1534 BCE. He defines Itihaasa, in the context of the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;
puraannmitivruttmaakhyaayikodaahrnnN dhrmshaastrN cetiitihaasH
Puraana (the chronicles of the ancient), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are known by (comprise the corpus of Itihaasah, ) History
Kautilya's Arthashastra, Book 1, Chapter 5
Thus, History in this definition takes on the meaning more akin to the sense of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to indicate a superset of political science and History as we use them today. We feel vindicated therefore in calling our forthcoming conference a conference on Indian History ( http://www.india-forum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2088), since we seem to ascribe the same broad meaning that Kautilya did 3 millennia ago.
The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance
dhrmaarth kaammokssaannaamupdesh smaanvitN /
puraavRttN kthaayuttruupmitihaasN prcksste / /
"Dharmaartha-kaama-moskshanaam upadesa-samanvitam |
Puraa-vrttam, kathaa-yuttarupam Itihaasah prachakshate ||"
History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation.
Clearly there is an emphasis on the traditions and on the utilitarian aspect of History, embedded in the etymology of Itihaasa. The reason we draw emphasis to the ambiguity in the use of the word History is that, in our usage, while we adhere to the broader usage of the word History, it makes for clarity in usage if the Civilizational aspects are distinguished into distinct categories
References
Hinduism
Hindu texts
Electoral district of Hill

Hill is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 2017.
Election results
References
Hill
William vanden Heuvel

William Jacobus vanden Heuvel (April 14, 1930 - June 15, 2021) was an American attorney, businessman and author, as well as a former diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador to the European office of the United Nations in Geneva (1977-79) and United States Deputy Ambassador to the United Nations (1979-1981) during the Jimmy Carter Administration.
He was the father of Katrina vanden Heuvel, longtime editor of The Nation magazine, and Wendy vanden Heuvel, children from his marriage to author/editor Jean Stein, the well-to-do daughter of Jules C. Stein, founder of MCA.
Vanden Heuvel died on June 15, 2021 in New York City from problems caused by pneumonia, aged 91.
References
Other websites
The Roosevelt Institute.
History News Network, debating FDR and World War II.
FERI , "America, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust," speech (1996).
1930 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Ambassadors of the United States
Lawyers from New York (state)
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Politicians from New York (state)
Writers from New York (state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Rochester, New York
Eden Alene

Eden Alene (born 7 May 2000), professionally known as Eden, is an Israeli singer who will represent Israel at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
References
Israeli singers
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
James von Brunn

James Wenneker von Brunn (July 11, 1920 - January 6, 2010) was an American man who was responsible for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting in Washington, D.C. on June 10, 2009. Security guard Stephen Tyrone Johns was killed in the shooting, and von Brunn was wounded by two security guards who returned fire. Von Brunn was a white supremacist. and Holocaust denier He was born in St. Louis, Missouri.
Von Brunn was named the prime suspect in the shooting, and was charged with first-degree murder and firearms violations. While awaiting trial, von Brunn died on January 6, 2010 in Butner, North Carolina from congestive heart failure caused by sepsis, aged 89.
References
Other websites
"Kill the Best Gentiles!", James von Brunn's book
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum official website
Criminal Complaint U.S. v. von Brunn (June 11, 2009), by FindLaw
Interview with James von Brunn's son on YouTube
1920 births
2010 deaths
American murderers
American people convicted of assault
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from sepsis
Holocaust deniers
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
Karin Keller-Sutter

Karin Keller-Sutter (born 22 December 1963) is a Swiss politician. She has been a Member of the Swiss Federal Council since 2019. She is a member of FDP.The Liberals.
1963 births
Swiss politicians
Living people
Tractor

A tractor is a strong work vehicle used for farming. It usually has a seat for only the driver, and can be used to pull many different tools or trailers.
Most tractors use big wheels, but some use rubber tracks to spread their weight over a large area. This is useful for farmers in places with very soft or muddy ground where a tractor with wheels might get stuck.
References
Land vehicles
Agricultural machinery
Madison Square Garden

The Madison Square Garden (frequently called The Garden or MSG) is an indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The arena is home of the New York Knicks NBA team and the New York Rangers of the NHL. It also is the site of many concerts and special events each year and a few college basketball games are played there There have been four arenas with the name Madison Square Garden at three different sites in Manhattan. The first was an open-air arena built in 1879 at East 26th Street and Madison Avenue, also known as Madison Square. It was torn down and replaced with an indoor arena at the same site in 1890. The third MSG, on Eighth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, opened in 1925. The current Madison Square Garden opened in 1968. It is at 4 Penn Plaza, close to the intersection of 8th Avenue & 33rd Street in Manhattan, New York City. Was named after 4th President of the United States of America.
Seats
The arena has six sections of seats. One of them is not open if hockey is played, because a hockey rink is larger than a basketball court. The other sections used to have different colors. There were red, orange, yellow, brown and blue seats. However, the fans of the New York Rangers only wanted to sit in the blue seats. They did not want to use any of the other sections. They even did not let other fans use the blue seats. For this reason, the MSG does not use these colors today. The most active fans sit in the section 400.
The number of people who can visit the arena changes. If hockey is played and the first section is taken out to make room for the rink, 18,200 people may be there. For basketball, 19,763 people can watch. Up to 20,000 people may watch a concert in the arena.
Important events
The track cycling race known as the "madison" was invented at the second Garden, and named after both the first and second Gardens. Both arenas were important cycling venues in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
In 1962, the U.S. President John F. Kennedy celebrated his 45th birthday in the third MSG. At the party, Marilyn Monroe sang the song Happy Birthday.
In 2007, Elton John celebrated his 60th birthday in the current MSG. It was also his 60th concert in this arena with all tickets sold.
The Big East Conference holds its annual men's basketball tournament at MSG
Concerts
Bob Marley
Led Zeppelin
Frank Sinatra
Elton John
Elvis Presley
Rolling Stones
Madonna
John Lennon
Guns N' Roses
Michael Jackson
Lady Gaga
Justin Bieber
One Direction
Litte Mix
Ariana Grande
Phish
5 Seconds Of Summer
Home teams
New York Rangers (NHL)
New York Knicks (NBA)
New York Liberty (WNBA)
St. John's Red Storm men's basketball (NCAA) - most home games
Other websites
Official Site
Sports buildings in New York City
WrestleMania host
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York Rangers
Geography of Nepal

Nepal measures about along its Himalayan axis by across. With it slightly outranks the state of Arkansas in the United States. Nepal is landlocked by India on three sides and China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north.
Related pages
Nepal
Robert Metcalfe

Robert Melancton Metcalfe (born April 7, 1946) is an American engineer and businessman. He is important in the Internet's creation starting in 1970. He co-invented Ethernet, co-founded 3Com and formulated Metcalfe's law. He has been Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship at The University of Texas at Austin. He is also the Murchison Fellow of Free Enterprise. He was awarded the 2023 Turing Award.
References
1946 births
Living people
Engineers from New York (state)
Educators from New York City
American inventors
Businesspeople from New York City
Turing Award winners
Power spectrum

The power spectrum of a signal is the power or more simply the energy of the signal at each frequency that it contains. It can also be considered as the range or spectra of energy or power of the given signal derived from the signals' range of frequencies. For example, white noise, which contains all frequencies at the same power, has a flat power spectrum. The power spectrum of the sound of the bottom key on a piano would have a high value at the frequency corresponding to its note, and low values elsewhere.
Electronics