pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Robert Indiana

Robert Indiana (born as Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 - May 19, 2018) was an American artist. He was known for being a part of the pop art movement. He was born in New Castle, Indiana.
Indiana moved to New York City in 1954 and joined the pop art movement. Indiana's work often has bold, simple, iconic images, especially numbers and short words like "EAT", "HUG", and "LOVE". His sculpture in the lobby of Taipei 101, called 1-0 (2002, aluminum), uses multicolored numbers.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Indiana made a series of Peace Paintings, which were shown in New York in 2004.
Indiana died on May 19, 2018 in Vinalhaven, Maine of respiratory failure at the age of 89.
LOVE
Indiana's best known image is the word love in upper-case letters, arranged in a square with a tilted letter O. This image was first created for a Christmas card for the Museum of Modern Art in 1964. It was put on an eight-cent US Postal Service postage stamp in 1973, the first of their regular series of "love stamps."
Sculptures of the image can be found at many places in the United States:
Sixth Avenue in New York City
E W Fairchild-Martindale Library, Lehigh University Asa Packer Campus
Pratt Institute campus in Brooklyn, New York
Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana
Scottsdale's Civic Center
"LOVE Park" in Philadelphia
New Orleans Museum of Art's sculpture garden
Middlebury College campus, Vermont
University of Pennsylvania campus, Philadelphia
Museum of Art at Brigham Young University, Utah
Ursinus College campus in Collegeville, Pennsylvania
Pool area of the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas
Wichita State University campus in Wichita, Kansas
City Park in New Orleans, Louisiana
Sculptures of the image can also be found at many places outside of the United States:
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan (also displays Indiana's 1-0)
Shinjuku I-LAND Tower in Office district of West Shinjuku in Tokyo, Japan
Orchard Road in Singapore
Plaza del Sagrado Corazon in Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
Outside 1445 West Georgia Street in Vancouver, Canada
Praca do Rossio in Lisbon, Portugal
Hotel XIXe Siecle in Montreal, Canada
An Indiana sculpture showing the Hebrew word for love (ahava) is displayed at The Israel Museum in Jerusalem, Israel.
References
American sculptors
American painters
People from Indiana
Deaths from respiratory failure
1928 births
2018 deaths
Marg Helgenberger

Mary Margaret "Marg" Helgenberger (November 16, 1958) is an American actress. She acts in both television programs and movies. She has won the People's Choice, Emmy and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Helgenberger is best known for her action on the TV series CSI. She was born in Fremont, Nebraska.
References
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Nebraska
1958 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People's Choice Award winners
Porte-du-Ried

Porte-du-Ried is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. It was incorporated on 1 January 2016 by combining two communes, Holtzwihr and Riedwihr.
References
Communes in Haut-Rhin
2016 establishments in France
Elly Jackson

Eleanor Kate "Elly" Jackson is an English singer and songwriter. She is the lead singer of the electropop duo La Roux. She was born on 12 March 1988 in London. She is the younger daughter of actress Trudie Goodwin.
1988 births
Living people
British electronic musicians
English singer-songwriters
Singers from London
Electropop singers
Clarens, Switzerland

Clarens is a village in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is part of the municipality of Montreux.
It was made famous throughout Europe by the immense success of the book La Nouvelle Heloise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Whilst in Clarens, the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky wrote his ballets The Rite of Spring and Pulcinella and in March 1878, Tchaikovsky wrote his Violin Concerto.
Paul Kruger, hero of South African independence from Britain, died here. For this reason, a village in South Africa was given the same name.
The anarchist and geographer Elisee Reclus resided in Clarens.
Writer Vladimir Nabokov is buried there.
The 19th century writer, diplomat and MP David Urquhart of Braelangwell, who introduced the Turkish bath to Britain, is buried here.
Villages in Vaud
Kilab ibn Murrah

Kilab ibn Murrah (Arabic: kilab 'bn muraW@) (born 373 AD), was the ancestor of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Family tree
* indicates that the marriage order is disputed
Note that direct lineage is marked in bold.
Reference
The Half Sisters

The Half Sisters is a Philippine television drama series. It is broadcast by GMA Network.
Cast
Barbie Forteza as Diana Mercado Valdicanas
Thea Tolentino as Ashley Mercado Alcantara
Derrick Monasterio as Sebastian 'Baste' David
Andre Paras as Bradley 'Brad' Castillo
Jean Garcia as Karina 'Rina' Mercado / Alexa Robbins
Jomari Yllana as Benjamin 'Benjie' Valdicanas / Mang Tonyo and Noli de Santos
Ryan Eigenmann as Alfred Alcantara
Eula Valdez as Isabel dela Rhea / Ysabela Zuniga-Valdicanas
References
Other websites
Official website
2014 Philippine television series debuts
Philippine television series
John Galbraith Graham

The Reverend John Galbraith Graham MBE (16 February 1921 - 26 November 2013) was a British crossword maker. He wrote his first crossword for The Guardian in July 1958. From 1970 until he died, he made crosswords for The Guardian under the name "Araucaria". Araucaria is a monkey puzzle tree. In 1984, he made a crossword magazine called 1 Across. He died of oesophagal cancer in 2013. Collections of his crosswords have been published. In 2005 he was made a MBE (Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire).
Early life
Graham went to King's College, Cambridge in 1939. In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force. His job was flying planes. In 1946 he went back to King's College. He studied theology there. Then he went to Ely Theological College. In 1948, the Church of England made him a priest.
References
1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from esophageal cancer
British journalists
British writers
People from Oxford
Danforth, Illinois

Danforth is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Villages in Illinois
Borough of Halton

Halton is a unitary authority district in Cheshire. It was created in 1974 as a district of the county of Cheshire, and became a unitary authority area on 1 April 1998. Since 2014 it has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. The borough has the towns of Runcorn and Widnes.
The population of Halton was 128,478 in 2021.
References
Cheshire
Economic regions of Azerbaijan

Politically, Azerbaijan is divided into these economic regions:
Economic Regions and Autonomous Republic
Related pages
Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan
Administrative division
ISO 3166-2:AZ
Azerbaijan
References
Abel Ferrara

Abel Ferrara (born July 19, 1951) is an American movie maker. In his movies there is provocative and controversial content. His best known movies are Ms. 45 (1981), Cat Chaser (1989), King of New York (1990), Dangerous Game and The Funeral (1996).
Ferrara later directed the movie 'R Xmas (2001). He directed the movie Mary in 2005. That was about religion and Jesus Christ.
Ferrara was born in The Bronx, New York City.
References
Movie directors from New York City
1951 births
Living people
People from the Bronx
A Man for All Seasons

A Man for All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt about the life of Sir Thomas More that was first put on in 1960. It was made into a movie in 1966 that won the Best Picture Academy Award that year. It was also made into a TV movie in 1988.
Best Picture Oscar
Plays based on British history
20th-century plays
Eduardo Lopez Riaza

Eduardo Lopez Riaza (born December 29, 1964 in Pozuelo de Alarcon) is a wheelchair basketball athlete from Spain. He has a physical disability: he is a 1 point wheelchair basketball player. He played wheelchair basketball at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team was third. They beat the United States 66-60 to finish third.
References
Living people
1963 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
Spanish wheelchair basketball players
1 point player
Sportspeople from Madrid
Shut Up and Dance: Mixes

{{Album reviews
|rev1 = AllMusic
|rev1Score =
| rev2 = The Encyclopedia of Popular Music
| rev2Score =
|rev3 = Entertainment Weekly
|rev3Score = B-
|rev4 = The Rolling Stone Album Guide
|rev4Score =
| rev5 = Select
| rev5Score = <ref>{{cite news|last=Harrison|first=Andrew|date=November 1990 |title=Paula Abdul Shut Up And Dance (The Dance Mixes) |work=Select|page=124}}</ref>
}}Shut Up and Dance: Mixes is a remix album by American singer and dancer Paula Abdul. It was released on May 8, 1990 by Virgin Records. It contains dance remixes of the six hit singles from Abdul's debut album Forever Your Girl'', one remixed album track and one medley. The album was another huge success for Abdul, peaking at No. 7 on the Billboard 200.
Track listing
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
1990 albums
Remix albums
Paula Abdul albums
Dance albums
New jack swing albums
R&B albums
Hewitt, Minnesota

Hewitt is a city in Todd County, Minnesota, United States, along the Wing River. The population was 266 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Minnesota
Lethal Skies Team SW: Elite Pilot

Lethal Skies Elite Pilot: Team SW ( in Japan) is an combat flight simulator video game developed by Bit Town Inc. and Asmik Ace Entertainment and alaso published by Sammy Corporation. The gameplay is similiar to Ace Combat franchises, Raiden series, and Airforce Delta series. Released exclusively for PlayStation 2 between 2001 (Japan and North America) and 2002 (Europe).
The game has followed by sequel called Lethal Skies II, and released in 2003.
Other websites
Lethal Skies Elite Pilot: Team SW at GameFAQs
2001 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developed in Japan
Ear piercing

An ear piercing is a hole put through a outer part of the ear. Ear piercing is one of the oldest known types of body changes.
Gallery
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (9 June 1836 - 17 December 1917) was an English medical doctor and sister of Millicent Fawcett. She is known for being the first woman to qualify as a doctor and surgeon in Britain and for starting a medical school for women. She was also the first female mayor in Britain. She had three children She taught herself French to go to the University of Paris.
1836 births
1917 deaths
English physicians
Smail Hamdani

Smail Hamdani (11 March 1930 - 6/7 February 2017) was an Algerian politician. He was Prime Minister of Algeria from 15 December 1998 to 23 December 1999.
Hamdani became a member of the National Liberation Front (FLN). In 1962 when Algeria gained independence, he was named as chief of staff of the provisional government led by Abderrahmane Fares. Under the presidency of Ahmed Ben Bella, Hamdani was appointed ambassador to Belgium.
Hamdani died in his sleep either on the night of 6 February or on morning of 7 February 2017 from a heart attack, aged 86.
References
1930 births
2017 deaths
Ambassadors of Algeria
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Algeria
Viviparity

Vivparous animals have internal fertilisation and the eggs develop inside the mother. The key idea is that the growing embryo gets its nutrition from a placenta in the mother's womb. It is the standard method for all mammals except monotremes.
Ovoviviparity
Those reptiles which do not lay eggs mostly keep soft-shelled eggs inside their bodies. The embryo exists on the material in the egg. They are ovoviviparus, because of the source of nutrition. However, there are some amphibians and a few reptiles which are genuinely viviparous because they get their nutrition direct from the mother.
In plants
Viviparous plants produce seeds that germinate before they detach from the parent. In many mangroves, for instance, the seedling germinates and grows under its own energy while still attached to its parent. Then it drops into the water to transport away.
In some trees, like jackfruit, the seeds can be found already germinated while the fruit goes overripe. This condition is not vivipary because the moist and humid conditions just mimics a wet soil. However, the seeds can germinate under soil too.
References
Developmental biology
Biological reproduction
Rohanixalus marginis

The Malaysian bubble-nest frog, Malaccan bubble-nest tree frog, or marginal whipping frog (Rohanixalus marginis) is a frog. It lives in Perlis State Park in Malaysia and scientists think it might also live in Thailand.
First paper
References
Frogs of Asia
Marinette Pichon

Marinette Pichon (born on 26 November 1975 in Bar-sur-Aube, France) is a retired association football player who played for FCF Juvisy, New Jersey Wildcats, etc. and the France women's national football team. She is currently the top scorer of the French team.
Other websites
Profile at Footofeminin.fr
Profile at WUSA
1975 births
French footballers
LGBT sportspeople
Pearl River, New York

Pearl River is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Orangetown, Rockland County, New York, United States. The population was 15,876 at the 2010 census.
References
Hamlets in New York (state)
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Contay

Contay is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Barbara Acklin

Barbara Acklin (February 28, 1943 - November 27, 1998) was an American soul singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the 1960s and 1970s. She had several hit singles, including "Love Makes a Woman". She was born in Oakland, California and raised in Chicago. Acklin later moved to Omaha, Nebraska. She died there from pneumonia when she was 55.
African American musicians
Singer-songwriters from Chicago
1943 births
1998 deaths
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Oakland, California
Writers from Oakland, California
Westendorf (Allgäu)

Westendorf is a municipality in Ostallgau in Bavaria in Germany.
The municipality of Westendorf, which has the villages of Dosingen and Westendorf, is in the Allgau region, about eleven kilometres east of Kaufbeuren, in the northern part of Ostallgau.
References
Other websites
(PDF; 1,05 MB)
Ostallgau
Brian George

Brian George (born 1 July 1952) is a Canadian actor. He plays the father of Rajesh Koothrappali on The Big Bang Theory. Recently, he voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Killing Joke (2016).
George was born in Jerusalem in 1952, moved to London next year and to Canada in 1966.
Other websites
1952 births
Living people
Actors from Toronto
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Jewish actors
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Jerusalem
Spiracle

Insects have small holes in their bodies that allow them to breathe. These holes are called spiracles. Air comes in the spiracles and goes to invertebrate trachea, or tubes.
These tubes take the oxygen to other parts of the insect body. Because insects have no lungs, air comes in and goes out of the spiracles passively (by itself). Some insects can open and close the spiracles to keep water out.
Some spiders also have spiracles.
Sharks and rays have a spiracle behind each eye. When the shark is not moving, the spiracle helps the shark to breathe.
Insects
Animal anatomy
Brügglen

Brugglen is a former municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Aetigkofen, Aetingen, Bibern, Brugglen, Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, Kuttigkofen, Kyburg-Buchegg, Muhledorf and Tscheppach merged to form the new municipality of Buchegg.
References
Other websites
Former municipalities of Solothurn
Captive Heart

"Captive Heart" is a song by American singer Selena. It was released as a promotional single, however it managed to impact music charts in the United States. It also received mixed to negative reviews from music critics. The song was a electropop song.
Awards and nominations
Charts
Track listing
U.S. Promo Single (1995)
"Captive Heart" - 4:23
U.S. Cassette Single (1995)
"Captive Heart" - 4:23
References
Other websites
Official Selena Website
Selena songs
1995 songs
Nhundiaquara River

Nhundiaquara River is in the Serra do Mar, on the coast of Parana, Brazil.
The historic river was the first natural route linking the coast to the state plateaus. At the start of the settling, it was named Cubatao, being considered the richest gold river, thus contributing significantly to the development of the counties.
Parana State
Spiny mouse

The term spiny mouse refers to any species of rodent within the genus Acomys. They are usually called spiny mice in English. They look like mice of the genus Mus. Spiny mice are small mammals with bare, scaled tails. Their coats have unusually stiff guard hairs that work the same way as the spines of a hedgehog. These stiff hairs are why they are called the spiny mouse.
Even though they look like members of the genus Mus, scientists thhink that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice.
Spiny mice as exotic pets
African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa. They are often kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world, particularly Western nations such as the United States. In the pet trade, they are commonly called Egyptian spiny mice or, more simply, spiny mice. Though these animals are like pet mice and rats, the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate. The spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury.
Housing
Because of their desert origin, spiny mice need warm temperatures and should be kept around 80 degrees Fahrenheit. These animals are very social and should always be housed in groups when possible. As spiny mice are prone to obesity (getting too fat), it is important to provide a big space and a complex environment to encourage exercise. They need constant attention and should NEVER be housed in a cage smaller than 4X4 ft.
Reproduction
Gestation length is between 38 and 42 days. Litters are normally 2 to 3 pups, but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter. Other females within the social group may help in the birthing process and look after the pups. Pups are born with their eyes open and covered in fur. They will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age. Pups are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks. A female can become pregnant at any time in the year and may have up to 12 litters in a year. Spiny mice can live for 4 to 5 years.
Other websites
List of Rodent/Lagomorph Scientific Names - Includes several species of African spiny mouse
References
Rodents
Train station

A train station or railway station (also called a railroad station, rail station, or depot) is a place where passengers of rail transport can get on and off trains and/or goods may be loaded or unloaded.
Early stations were usually built to handle passengers and goods. Today, goods are usually only unloaded at big stations. Stations are next to a railway line, or they are the terminus for a route. Usually there are platforms to let passengers get on and off the train easily and safely. Many stations have things such as shelters, ticket sales and benches.
The busiest railway station in the world is Shinjuku Station in Tokyo, Japan. The largest station is Nagoya Station in Nagoya, Japan. The busiest station in Europe is Clapham Junction in south London in the United Kingdom. At peak times, there is one train every 13 seconds there.
Different types of railway stations
Station facilities
Railway stations usually have either ticket booths, or ticket machines. Ticket sales can also be together with an information desk or a shop. Many stations have a shop or a kiosk.
Bigger stations often have fast-food or restaurants. In some countries these stations also have a bar, or a pub. Other station facilities are: toilets, luggage rooms, lost-and-found (lost property office), timetables, trolleys, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus stops.
References
Railway stations
Zola Skweyiya

Zola Sidney Themba Skweyiya (14 April 1942 - 11 April 2018) was a South African politician. He was born in Simon's Town, South Africa. He worked in the cabinets of Presidents Nelson Mandela and Jacob Zuma.
Skweyiya was Minister of Public Service and Administration from 1994 to 1999 and Minister of Social Development from 1999 to 2009. Skweyiya was re-elected to the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress in 2007.
Skweyiya died at a Pretoria hospital on 11 April 2018 at the age of 75.
References
Other websites
Profile at anc.org.za
1942 births
2018 deaths
Ambassadors
South African politicians
Stephen Sondheim

Steven Joshua Sondheim (March 22, 1930 - November 26, 2021) was an American composer and lyricist.
Personal life
Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City. He grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and later near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. He was openly gay. In 2017, he married Jeffrey Romley.
Sondheim died on November 26, 2021 from heart disease in Roxbury, Connecticut at the age of 91.
Career
Sondheim wrote the words for songs in Gypsy and West Side Story. Of American composers still living, he had won the most awards. He won:
Multiple Grammy Awards
9 Tony Awards (more than any other composer)
A Lifetime Achievement Tony
An Academy Award
A Pulitzer Prize.
Sondheim wrote both the music and the words to his musicals.
Many critics like his work, but some people do not like it. Sweeney Todd is very different from the music of Rodgers and Hammerstein.
Some of Sondheim's musicals
A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum
Follies
A Little Night Music
Sunday in the Park with George
Into The Woods
Sweeney Todd
References
Other websites
1930 births
2021 deaths
American composers
American television writers
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Gay Jews
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American writers
LGBT composers
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT writers
Pulitzer Prize winners
Tony Award winners
Writers from New York City
Writers from Pennsylvania
Micheline Presle

Micheline Presle (born 22 August 1922) is a French actress. She was known for her roles in Devil in the Flesh, Paris Frills, The Legend of Frenchie King, Donkey Sin, and Adventures of Captain Fabian.
Other websites
Micheline Presle at Allocine (French language)
1922 births
Living people
French movie actors
Actors from Paris
Opera buffa

Opera buffa is an Italian term meaning "comic opera". It is mainly used for 18th century Italian comic operas. Opera buffa contrasts with opera seria ("serious opera") in which the story was a tragedy. Opera seria was supposed to be "serious", while opera buffa was an entertaining musical comedy. Like the opera seria, everything was sung, there was no spoken dialogue. This was different from comic opera in other countries. The story in opera buffa is told in recitative and then there were arias for the characters to show their feelings and show off their voices.
Although we use the term "opera buffa" today, in the 18th century they called such operas by other names, e.g. "commedia in musica", "dramma giocosa", "operetta", "burlesca" etc. An opera buffa was usually a full length work: one which would fill a whole evening's entertainment. It was different from an "intermezzo" or "farsa" which was a short musical comedy that was performed during the intervals of a musical tragedy, although the difference between the two is not always obvious. The intermezzo became longer and longer during the 18th century and gradually developed into opera buffa. Pergolesi's La Serva Padrone was an intermezzo which became very famous after Pergolesi's death. It influenced opera buffa.
Opera buffa always included a lot of caricature. The characters showed human weaknesses such as , , and (people who were pretending to be wise and important). They often poked fun at the ruling classes.
In opera buffa the acting was always very important. It was a very lively show, with a lot happening very quickly. At the end of each act all the main characters sang together: this is called an "ensemble" (the French word for "together").
Opera buffa started in Naples and gradually spread to other parts of Italy. It was particularly popular at carnival time. Important composers of opera buffa include Carlo Goldoni and Baldassare Galuppi.
By the end of the 18th century it was not always possible to tell the difference between an opera buffa and an opera seria. Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, for example, has a lot of comedy, but there is also a serious side.
Opera genres
Shivan Qaderi

Shivan Qaderi (or Sivan Ghaderi or Schuaneh Ghaderi; died 9 July 2005 in Mahabad) was a student and opposition activist in Iran. After his death in 2005, the Kurds protested and the Iranian government had to send more than 100,000 soldiers to this region. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran reported, that about 50,000 people had protested after his death on the Chuwarchira Square. Humans Rights First say that, after he was shot, Iranian soldiers tied Ghaderi's body "to a military vehicle and dragged it through the city, obviously trying to frighten the population so that they would not organize any more protests."
Related pages
Anti-Kurdism
References
Other websites
Amnesty International
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor with the Bureau of Public Affairs Washington, DC: Iran: Voices Struggling To Be Heard 3.11.2005
Qaderi, Shivan
20th-century births
2005 deaths
History of Iran
Buddy Holly

Buddy Holly (born in Lubbock, Texas as Charles Hardin Holley, September 7, 1936 - February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singersongwriter. In April 1959, he had a number one song (after death) on UK Singles Chart music chart. He wrote "That'll Be the Day"; In 1957 the song when played by The Crickets, went to number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart.
Holly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music.
Holly played several different types of instruments. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues. The style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. His group were called The Crickets.
Buddy Holly died on February 3, 1959 when a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near Mason City, Iowa. Also killed in the crash were Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, including pilot Roger Peterson.
In popular culture
Singer Don McLean's popular 1971 song "American Pie" made February 3 known as "The Day the Music Died."
References
Other websites
Official website
Buddy Holly Online
International Buddy Site
Buddy Holly (audio) on the Pop Chronicles
American composers
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Aviation deaths in the United States
1936 births
1959 deaths
People from Lubbock, Texas
List of rulers of Montenegro

This list shows a list of sovereigns of the country which is now Montenegro, since 1696.
Vojislavljevic Dynasty
VOJISLAV I (1018-1043)
Balsic Dynasty
DURAD I 1362-1378
BALSA II 1378-1385
DURAD II 1385-1403
BALSA III 1403-1421
House of Crnojevic
STEFAN 1451-1465
IVAN 1465-1490
DURAD II 1490-1496
STEFAN II 1496-1498
IVAN II 1498-1515
Bishopric of Montenegro
VAVILA 1493-1520
GERMAN 1520-30
VASILIJE 1532-1540
NIKODIM 1540
ROMI 1540-1559
MAKARIJE 1560-1561
RUVIM I 1561-1569
PAHOMIJE I 1569-1579
GERASIM 1579-1582
BENJAMIN 1582-1591
NIKANOR AND STEFAN 1591-1593
RUVIM II 1593-1636
MARDARIJE 1639-1649
Kingdom of Montenegro
Montenegrin people
Lists of monarchs
Lists of European people
Montenegro-related lists
Brighton (disambiguation)

Brighton is a city in East Sussex.
Brighton may also mean:
Places
Australia
Brighton, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane
Brighton, South Australia, a coastal suburb of Adelaide
Brighton, Tasmania
Brighton, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
Brighton-Le-Sands, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
Canada
Brighton, Newfoundland and Labrador
Brighton, Ontario
New Zealand
Brighton, New Zealand, Otago region
United States
Brighton, Alabama
Brighton, Colorado
Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation, Florida
Brighton, Illinois
Brighton Park, Chicago, Illinois
Brighton, Indiana
Brighton, Iowa
Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts, a section of the city of Boston
Brighton Plantation, Maine
Brighton, Baltimore, Maryland
Brighton, Michigan
Brighton, Missouri
Brighton, Monroe County, New York
Brighton, Franklin County, New York
Brighton, Syracuse, New York
Brighton, Ohio
Brighton, Tennessee
Brighton, Vermont
Brighton, Kenosha County, Wisconsin
Brighton, Marathon County, Wisconsin
Brighton Ski Resort, Utah
Brighton High School (Utah)
Guns of the Black Witch

Guns of the Black Witch () is a 1961 Italian French adventure movie directed by Domenico Paolella and starring Don Megowan, Silvana Pampanini, Germano Longo, Emma Danieli, Livio Lorenzon.
Other websites
1961 adventure movies
Italian adventure movies
French adventure movies
Movies directed by Domenico Paolella
Pizza quattro formaggi

Pizza quattro formaggi is a pizza that is covered with four different kinds of cheese. It was first made in Italy in the 18th century. Today it is common all over the world. One of the cheeses is mozzarella. Other cheeses that are commonly used are gorgonzola and parmesan cheese. If tomato sauce is used it is usually called rossa / red, otherwise it is called Bianca / white.
Pizza
Clover

Clover (Trifolium) is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family. It grows worldwide, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.
They are small herbaceous plants. It has three sections to each leave, which looks like three leaves. This is called trifoliate.
Clover is often associated with Ireland.
References
Faboideae
Microsoft Word Viewer

Microsoft Word Viewer is a freeware program for Microsoft Windows. It can display and print Microsoft Word documents.
Since November 2017, it is no longer supported or updated by Microsoft. The last version made was compatible with Word 2007. Microsoft recommend using Office Online, Word Mobile, and Office desktop apps for viewing and printing documents free of charge.
The license terms of Microsoft Word Viewer allow the software to be installed and used only to view and screen print documents created with Microsoft Office software. The software may not be used for any other purpose. Users may distribute the software only with a file created with Microsoft Office software to enable recipient to view and print the file.
Format support
Microsoft Word Viewer supports:
binary Word documents (.doc)
Office Open XML documents (.docx, .docm)
Rich Text Format (.rtf)
Text files (.txt)
HTML (.htm, .html) and MHTML (.mht, .mhtml)
Word XML format (.xml)
WordPerfect v5.x and v6.x files (.wpd)
Microsoft Works documents (.wps)
For viewing Office Open XML documents, Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint File Formats must be installed.
History
Word Viewer 97-2000 was released on 17 March 1999. It opens documents that are created with Word 97, Word 2000 and Word for Mac v4.x and later. It was available for Windows in 16-bit and 32-bit versions. It can display Word documents in Internet Explorer 3.x and later.
Word Viewer 2003 was released on 15 December 2004. It added support for Word 2002 and Word 2003.
Word Viewer 2007 was released on 26 September 2007. Combined with Office Compatibility Pack for Word, it supports the Office Open XML document format. This document type is supported in Word 2007 and later.
Development of the product has stopped. Microsoft has made other ways of reading Office documents available. These include Word Online and WordPad. WordPad is a native component of Windows from Windows 7 and later. It can create, view or edit Office Open XML documents (.docx) alongside Rich Text Format (.rtf) and text files (.txt).
References
Word Viewer
La Neuville-Bosmont

La Neuville-Bosmont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Miloš Krasić

Milos Krasic (born 1 November 1984) is a Serbian professional football winger. He plays for Fenerbahce SK and the Serbian national team.
Fenerbahce completed the transfer of Krasic for EUR7 million on 3 August, 2012. Krasic signed a four-year contract worth EUR2.3 million per-season.
Krasic has been an important part of Serbia and Montenegro under-21 squad on the last two European U-21 championships, as well as at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Career statistics
References
1987 births
Living people
Serbian footballers
Biological hazard

A biological hazard, or biohazard, is anything coming from living organisms (i.e. pollen, fungi, animals, insects, bacteria and viruses) that could be a threat to someone's health. It is represented by ☣️, the biohazard symbol, which is used everywhere in the world. When people see this sign they know to take precautions, and to follow proper conduct for science labs.
Biosafety levels
There are four biosafety levels made by the Center of Disease Control. These are used in laboratories so only people who have the right skills can enter. Different levels mean scientists must wear different uniforms and take special care when dealing with dangerous things like viruses.
Biosafety Level 1 The viruses handled in BSL-1 are not very dangerous and usually only cause mild sickness. Diseases in BSL-1 include chicken pox and some E-Coli strains. People in BSL-1 have to wash their hands with soap, wear gloves, and put waste materials in specially-marked bins.
Biosafety Level 2 BSL-2 is filled with slightly more hazourdous diseases than BSL-1. They have to take more safety precautions has a result. Hepatitis, influenza, HIV / AIDS, and salmonella are handled here.
Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 is for diseases that may kill but are less deadly than those in Level 4, SARS and yellow fever. A lot of them are airborne, and the lab must be in an closed off area in case of an incident.
Biosafety Level 4 BSL-4 is for very hazardous diseases that kill many people and are hard to treat. BSL-4 workers must be careful and alert at all times and wear suits with special air filters. A lot of hemorrhagic fevers are dealt with in BSL-4, like Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa Virus.
References
Biology
Pollution
Safety
Security
Sagnes-et-Goudoulet

Sagnes-et-Goudoulet is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
Communes in Ardeche
Hans Fritzsche

August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche (21 April 1900 in Bochum - 27 September 1953 in Cologne) was a Nazi official, ending the war as Ministerialdirektor at the Propagandaministerium.
Fritzsche was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was acquitted.
References
1900 births
1953 deaths
German civil servants
German journalists
Nazi leaders
People from Bochum
Songs Without Words

Songs Without Words is a collection of short piano pieces by Felix Mendelssohn. The collection was published in eight books of six "songs" each between 1829 and 1845. These pieces are suitable for amateur pianists of varying abilities. A few were given titles by Mendelssohn and his publishers: "Venetian Boat Song", "Duetto", "Folk Song", "Spring Song", "Hunting Song", etc.
References
Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. p. 827. .
Solo piano pieces
Compositions by Felix Mendelssohn
Albeni

Albeni is a commune of Gorj County in Romania.
Albeni
Pinetop Smith

Clarence Smith, better known as Pinetop Smith or Pine Top Smith (June 11, 1904 - March 15, 1929) was an American boogie-woogie style blues pianist. His hit tune, "Pine Top's Boogie Woogie," featured rhythmic "breaks" that were an essential ingredient of ragtime music.
In 1991, he was added to the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.
References
Other websites
Clarence "Pine Top" Smith on redhotjazz.com with .ram files of his vintage recordings
[ All Music article]
Official website of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame
1904 births
1929 deaths
Musicians from Alabama
African American musicians
American pianists
Blues pianists
Young Guns II

Young Guns II is an American Western movie. It is a sequel to Young Guns. Young Guns was made in 1988, and Young Guns II was made in 1990. This movie stars Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, and Christian Slater. Another actor is William Petersen as Pat Garrett. It was written and produced by John Fusco. It was directed by Geoff Murphy. It is about Billy the Kid.
Other websites
1990 movies
1990s Western (genre) movies
1990s sequel movies
American Western (genre) movies
American sequel movies
Movies directed by Geoff Murphy
20th Century Fox movies
Movies set in New Mexico
Crotalinae

The Crotalinae, also known as the "pit vipers" or "crotaline snakes", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in Asia and the Americas. There are 23 genera and 155 species which are known.
They are the only vipers found in the Americas. Some of the snakes which belong in this group are the rattlesnakes, lanceheads and Asian pit vipers.
Pit vipers are unique because all share a common characteristic, This is a deep pit, or fossa, between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head. These pits are extremely sensitive infrared-detecting organs. They give the snakes a sixth sense to help them find and perhaps even judge the size of the small, warm-blooded prey on which they feed.
Pit vipers range in size from the hump-nosed viper, Hypnale hypnale, which grows to around 30-45 centimetres (12-18 in), to the South American bushmaster, Lachesis muta, which grows to 3.65 metres (12.0 ft). This is the longest venomous snake in the New World. Some pit vipers are arboreal (they live in trees), some are terrestrial, and one species is semi-aquatic: the cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus.
Where they live
This subfamily of snakes is found from eastern Europe, eastward through Asia to Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. In the Americas, they are found from southern Canada, southward to Central America to southern South America. Members of this group are found in deserts and rainforests.
Reproduction
Pit vipers are mainly viviparous, meaning the females give live birth. It is believed that all oviparous Pit vipers guard their eggs. Many young pit vipers have brightly coloured tails which is different to the rest of their body.
Genera
Moccasins, (Agkistrodon)
Jumping pitvipers, (Atropoides)
Palm-pitvipers, (Bothriechis)
Forest-pitvipers, (Bothriopsis)
Lanceheads, (Bothrops)
Malayan pitviper, (Calloselasma)
Montane pitvipers, (Cerrophidion)
Rattlesnakes, (Crotalus)
Hundred-pace pitviper, (Deinagkistrodon)
Asian moccasins, (Gloydius)
Hump-nosed pit vipers, (Hypnale)
Bushmasters, (Lachesis)
Mexican horned pitvipers, (Ophryacus)
Mountain pit vipers, (Ovophis)
Hognose pit vipers, (Porthidium)
Ground rattlesnakes, (Sistrurus)
Asian lanceheads, (Trimeresurus)
Temple vipers, (Tropidolaemus)
References
Other websites
Vipers
Emperor Kinmei

, also written as Kimmei, was the 29th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 540 and ended in 571. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Kinmei to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Kimmu-tenno was created for him posthumously by later generations.
The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.
Traditional history
Emperor Kinmei's father was Emperor Keitai and his mother was Emperor Ninken's daughter, . He was the third son; and his older brother was Emperor Senka.
Kinmei had six wives and 25 Imperial children (16 sons and 9 daughters).
Events of Kinmei's life
539: Emperor Senka died from old age in 539, and the succession was received by his younger brother, who would become known as Emperor Kinmei.
540: Kinmei accepted his role as monarch (sokui). This was confirmed in ceremonies.
572: In the 32nd year of Kinmei's reign, he died; and his second son became his successor.
Kinmei established his court at in Yamato.
Kinmei's reign was marked by the introduction of Buddhism in Japan. The King of Kudara in Korea sent the emperor gifts of Buddhist scripture and a statue of the Buddha.
In this reign, the emperor's chief ministers were:
Soga no Iname, also known as Soga no Iname no Sukune. The Soga clan were supporters of Buddhism.
Mononobe no Okoshi, also known as Monotobe Okoshi no Muraji. The Mononobe clan opposed the introduction of Buddhism.
Nakatomi no Kanamura, also known as Otomo Kanamura Maro. The Nakatomi clan opposed the introduction of Buddhism.
After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kinmei.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). Kinmei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.
Related pages
Emperor of Japan
List of emperors of Japan
Japanese imperial family tree
Kimmei Seamount
References
509 births
571 deaths
Emperors of Japan
JSGF

JSGF stands for Java Speech Grammar Format or the JSpeech Grammar Format. It is a special format used to describe a set of text that fits into a certain language.
References
Programming languages
Koggenland

Koggenland is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 22,738 people lived there.
It was created on 1 January 2007 from the former municipalities of Obdam and Wester-Koggenland.
References
2007 establishments in the Netherlands
Key lime

The Key lime is a citrus fruit. Its Latin name is Citrus aurantiifolia (often, less correctly: C. aurantifolia), or Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle. It is also known as the Mexican lime, West Indian lime or Bartender's lime. It is a shrub that grows to about 5m in height.
Its fruit is 2.5-5 cm in diameter (1-2 in). The fruit is yellow when ripe but usually, it is picked green. It is smaller, seedier, has higher acidity, a stronger aroma, and a thinner rind than that of the more common Persian lime. It is valued for its unique flavor compared to other lime. The Key lime usually has a more tart and bitter flavor. It is perhaps most distinguished as an ingredient in the Key lime pie.
C. aurantiifolia is a shrubby tree, that grows to 5 m (16 ft), with many thorns. Dwarf varieties are popular with home growers and can be grown indoors in winter in colder climates. The trunk rarely grows straight, with many branches that often originate quite far down on the trunk. The leaves are ovate 2.5-9 cm (1-3.5 in) long. They resemble orange leaves (the scientific name aurantiifolia refers to the leaves' resemblance). The flowers are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. They are yellowish-white with a light purple tinge on the margins. Flowers and fruit appear throughout the year but are most abundant from May to September .
C. aurantiifolia originally came from Southeast Asia. It was introduced through the Middle East to North Africa and Europe during the Crusades. Spanish explorers then took it to the West Indies (at some point including the Florida Keys) contemporaneously with Columbus, then tropical and sub-tropical North America including Mexico, Florida, and later California . The English name "lime" was derived from the Persian name lymw Limu in this course. "Key" would seem to have been added sometime after the Persian lime cultivar became more important commercially in the United States. This was after the hurricane of 1926. The hurricane destroyed most U.S. C. aurantiifolia plants. Some plants growing in the wild in the Keys survived the hurricane. Since the North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect, many Key limes are grown in Mexico and Central America. They are also grown in Texas and California.
Footnotes
Alphabetical List of Plant Families with Insecticidal and Fungicidal Properties
Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle
Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle
Citrus
Julio Alemán

Julio Mendez Aleman (November 29, 1933 - April 11, 2012) was a Mexican movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor.
Aleman was born in Morelia, Michoacan on November 29, 1933. He was married to Esperanza Martinez. They had six children.
Aleman died in Mexico City on April 11, 2012. He had been diagnosed with lung cancer. His remains were cremated and a memorial service was held on April 12, 2012, in Mexico City.
References
Other websites
1933 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in Mexico
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
Mexican stage actors
Mexican radio actors
People from Michoacan
Coat of arms of Albania

The coat of arms of Albania is similar to the flag of Albania. It is based on the seal of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg. The picture above the head of the two-headed eagle is the helmet of Skanderbeg. The helmet also has billy goats' horns.
Albania
National symbols of Albania
Kühlenthal

Kuhlenthal () is a municipality in the district of Augsburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Augsburg (district)
Saliva

Saliva is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and many animals. Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier. Saliva consists of 99.5% water.
The mouth is obviously the point of entry to the whole alimentary canal. It follows from this that saliva must both help digestion, and protect against infections.
The digestion part is by three enzymes, one each for carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The digestion started here carries on in the stomach. There are some other 'minor' enzymes as well, and we do not know the full story about them yet. Also there is a pain-killing opiorphin, and a wrap-around haptocorrin which keeps vitamin B12 safe from stomach acids. Finally, there are a set of anti-bacterial proteins which make life difficult for any bacteria which get in with the food.
Saliva is filtered blood, "These observations are consistent with the fact that saliva is a filtrate of blood, meaning that the contents of blood--water, salts and macromolecules--pass through capillary walls into the salivary glands." Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741028/#:~:text=These%20observations%20are%20consistent%20with,walls%20into%20the%20salivary%20glands.
References
Mouth
Digestive system
Drive-In Saturday

"Drive-In Saturday" is a 1973 glam rock song by David Bowie and is the second single from his sixth studio album Aladdin Sane. It went the top three in the United Kingdom.
References
1973 songs
David Bowie songs
Glam rock songs
Dummerston, Vermont

Dummerston is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States.
Towns in Vermont
S1mple

Oleksandr Olegovich Kostyliev (Ukrainian) or Aleksandr Olegovich Kostilev (Russian) (, Russian: Aleksandr Olegovich Kostylev); born 2 October 1997), better known as s1mple or Sasha, is a Ukrainian professional Counter-Strike: Global Offensive player for Natus Vincere. He is one of the best players in Global Offensive history.
Early life
Kostyliev was born on 2 October 1997. His family name is of Russian origin. He started playing Counter-Strike at four years old at the recommendation of his older brother. S1mple picked up Counter-Strike: Global Offensive on its release in 2012, joining his first professional team a year later.
Notable achievements
References
1997 births
Living people
Ukrainian sportspeople
Twitch (service) streamers
Christian Weber

Christian Weber (1 July 1946 - 12 February 2019) was a German politician. He was the President of the Parliament of Bremen (Burgerschaft) from 1999 to 2019 and a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was born in Mirsk, Krobica, Poland.
Weber died after a long illness on 12 February 2019 in Bremen, aged 72.
References
1946 births
2019 deaths
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Politicians from Bremen (state)
Disease-related deaths in Germany