pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jack Norris

John Wayne "Jack" Norris (born August 5, 1942) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.
Career
In the NHL, Norris played 23 games for the Boston Bruins, 10 games for the Chicago Black Hawks and 25 games for the Los Angeles Kings. He spent most of his playing career in the minor leagues. He played 2 seasons for the Alberta/Edmonton Oilers and 2 seasons with the Phoenix Roadrunners of the World Hockey Association before retiring after the 1975-76 WHA season.
Other websites
1942 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
American Hockey League players
Philip Showalter Hench

Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was an American physician. Hench won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950. He won the award along with his Mayo Clinic co-worker Edward Calvin Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein . They won it for finding the hormone cortisone and its use for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."
Hench went to university at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. He was trained as a physician at the United States Army Medical Corps and the University of Pittsburgh. Hench began working at Mayo Clinic in 1923. He later became the head of the Department of Rheumatology.
Early life and education
He attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. At Lafayette, he earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1916. After that, he served in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army and the reserve corps to finish his medical training. He got a doctorate in medicine from the University of Pittsburgh in 1920. After getting his medical degree, Hench spent a year as an intern at St. Francis Hospital in Pittsburgh. Next, he became a Fellow of the Mayo Foundation.
In 1928 and 1929, Hench studied at Freiburg University and the von Muller Clinic in Munich.
Medical career
Hench started his career at Mayo Clinic in 1923. He worked in the Department of Rheumatic Diseases. In 1926, he became the head of the department. While at Mayo Clinic, Hench worked mainly on arthritic diseases. This lead him to believe that steroids lessened the pain caused by the disease. During this time, biochemist Edward Calvin Kendall has found several steroids created by the adrenal gland cortex. After several years of work, Hench and Kendall decided to use one of these steroids on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Testing of the hypothesis was delayed because the synthesis of Compound E was costly and time-consuming, and Hench served in the military during World War II. The tests were conducted successfully in 1948 and 1949. The steroid they used was named Compound E at the time. It later become known as cortisone.
Hench, Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects." As of the 2010 prizes, Hench and Kendall are the only two Nobel winners who worked with Mayo Clinic.
During his career, Hench was one of the founding members of the American Rheumatism Association. He was its president in 1940 and 1941.
Hench also got the Heberdeen Medal (1942), the Lasker Award (1949), the Passano Foundation Award (1950), and the Criss Award. Lafayette College, Washington and Jefferson College, Western Reserve University, the National University of Ireland and the University of Pittsburgh gave Hench honorary doctorates.
References
Other websites
Nobel Biography
Biography
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Scientists from Pittsburgh
1896 births
1965 deaths
FC Viitorul Constanța

Fotbal Club Viitorul Constanta is a professional association football club from Ovidiu, Constanta County, Romania. They currently play in the Liga I.
The club was founded in the summer of 2009 and began to play in the Liga III. It was founded by famous Romanian footballer Gheorghe Hagi. The club currently possesses the top youth facilities of any club in the country.
They won the Liga III in the 2009-10 season. Also, their team colours are blue, white and black.
Honours
Liga III
Winners (1): 2009-10
References
Romanian football clubs
2009 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Romania
Wittenbergen

Wittenbergen is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Steinburg (district)
Anne Boonchuy

Anne Savisa Boonchuy ( ; Thai: ae`nn saawisaa buychwy) is the main character of the Disney Channel animated series Amphibia. The character was created by Matt Braly. She is voiced by Brenda Song. The character was first seen in the pilot, "Anne or Beast?" She made her last appearance in the series finale, "The Hardest Thing".
Anne is a Thai-American teenage girl. On her 13th birthday, she is transported magically to Amphibia. Her friends Sasha and Marcy are also transported with here. They are transported by a music box known as the Calamity Box. When she gets to Amphibia, the Plantars (an anthropomorphic family of frogs) find her. Over time, they form a bond. She is also discovered by the town of Wartwood. The frogs of the town let her stay with them.
Anne has been well-received. They like her character and Song's performance. They loved her coming of age evolution through the series.
Thai representation
Anne is best known for being the first Thai American lead in an animated series. Matt Braly is also Thai American. He chose to make her Thai American because he wanted more Thai characters in television. According to Braly, Anne was based on his grandmother when she was young. He said that Anne being Thai American was "a number one priority", because he wanted Thai American kids to see characters on television that were like themselves. In the third season of the series, Anne returns to Earth. The stories in that season deal more with Anne's Thai heritage. This includes an episode set at a Thai temple in Los Angeles. Braly said that the temple in the episode as "pretty accurate". This was because it was important for him to show Thai culture accurately.
Anne's last name, Boonchuy (Thai: buychwy), translates to "one who encourages or performs good deeds" in the Thai language. This fits her character as she always tries to help the frogs of Wartwood.
References
Disney characters
Television characters
Animated characters
Al-Khwarizmi

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (, ) was a Persian mathematician and astronomer. He was believed to have been born around 800 AD and died in 850 AD during the Abbasid Empire.
Al-Khwarizmi was known for the book he wrote about algebra, Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing. He also wrote a book which taught the Western world about Hindu numerals and how to use them. This book was later titled the Hindu Art of Reckoning. With his books, al-Khwarizmi authored astronomical tables- tables designed to calculate the position of planets or eclipses.
His work changed the understanding and knowledge of mathematics in the Middle Ages and mathematicians in Europe read his book. They began to use these Hindu-Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...) instead of the Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, ...). The Arabic numeral system is easier to do mathematics with, as Roman numbers have no place values. This means that they can only deal with whole numbers and do simple equations. Roman numerals also have no number zero.
He wrote a book on algebra named Al-Jabr Wal' Muqibla. In this book, he introduced his own number system and also introduced Arabic numerals. His books were translated into Greek and Latin. They named his books "So said Algorizmi". The word "algorithm" is derived from the word Algorizmi. The word algebra comes from the word al-jabr that is at the beginning of the title of the book.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi worked at the House of Wisdom, where people worked on translating scientific works.
Related pages
Kharazmi University
References
780s births
840s deaths
Iranian Muslims
Persian mathematicians
Astronomers
Shoreline, Washington

Shoreline is a city in King County, Washington, United States. As of 2010, 53,007 people lived in Shoreline.
Cities in Washington (state)
W. Edwards Deming

William Edwards Deming (October 14, 1900 - December 20, 1993) was an American engineer who improved how companies manage making products. He was a statistician, professor, author, lecturer, and consultant. He is perhaps best known for his work in Japan. Starting in 1950, he taught top Japanese business managers how to improve design, product quality, testing and sales. He taught the importance of using Statistical Process Control (SPC), to manage quality by measuring, or counting, many steps of complex manufacturing and services, in order to reduce the variation in results. This should reduce defects and errors. Deming described periodic monitoring, by repeating the steps of Plan-Do-Check-Act, known as the Deming Cycle.
Early life
Education
He went to triton central highschool. He entered the University of Wyoming at Laramie in 1917 and graduated in 1921. He earned a BSc in electrical engineering. He then went to graduate school. In 1925, he received an M.S. from the University of Colorado. In 1928, he received a Ph.D. from Yale University. Both graduate degrees were in mathematics and mathematical physics.
References
1900 births
1993 deaths
New York University faculty
American industrial engineers
People from Sioux City, Iowa
Scientists from Iowa
Yale University alumni
American statisticians
Columbia University faculty
Pope Clement VI

Pope Clement VI (; 1291 - 6 December 1352), born Pierre Roger, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death in 1352. He was the fourth Avignon pope.
Clement reigned during the Black Death (1348-1350), during which he said all who died of the plague would not go to hell.
Notes
Alexander
1291 births
1552 deaths
Popes
Mohammed VI International Academy of Civil Aviation

The Academie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile (AIMAC, in English International Academy Mohammed VI of Civil Aviation) is a public aviation university created in 2000 by the King Mohammed VI of Morocco for aerospace education in this country, like Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel training.
International partners
The French Civil Aviation University (ENAC) of Toulouse is close to the university by a partnership agreement, in particularly for air navigation courses. In December 2011, the academy has launched with this grande ecole and the Ecole des Ponts ParisTech an aviation MBA at Casablanca. The Federal Aviation Administration is also a partner of AIMAC, in particular for the launch of common e-learning courses.
References
Further reading
Official website
Aerospace engineering
Aviation organizations
2000 establishments in Africa
Technical colleges and universities
Casablanca
20th-century establishments in Morocco
Organizations based in Morocco
Denzel Washington

Denzel Washington (born December 28, 1954) is an American actor, director, and producer. He has won many awards during his acting career. In 2001 he became only the second African American man to win the Academy Award for "Best Actor". He has been in 43 feature films. He has won two Oscars.
Washington played Malcolm X in the 1992 movie Malcolm X. He played Whip Whitaker in the 2012 film Flight. His son, John David, is also an actor. He also made his film debut in the 1974 film Death Wish.
References
Other websites
Actors from New York (state)
African American actors
American movie actors
African American movie directors
African American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
1954 births
Living people
People from Mount Vernon, New York
Jennifer Flynn Oldenburg

Jennifer Flynn Oldenburg (born 26 July 1978) is an American volleyball player and coach. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team. She played at the 2002 FIVB World Championship.
She graduated from Ohio State University. She coached for University of Illinois and Ohio State University.
References
Other websites
USA - Player's biography
1978 births
Living people
American volleyball players
American volleyball coaches
Ural Batyr

Ural-batyr (Bash. Ural batyr) is a Bashkir folk epic poem. It is a very important piece of Bashkir writing.
The central place in the epic is the topics of life and death, immortality, the struggle of Good and bad.
The epic poetry cosist of 4,576 poetic and 19 prose lines. The composition is divided into 3 parts.
History of study
Old people told the story to young people for many generations. They told it orally, by saying the poem instead of writing it down. In 1910, two story tellers told this epic to Mukhametsha Burangulov. He wrote them down. After writing this epic, Mukhametsh Burangulov gave the story teller his horse, and he returned home on foot.
There are other versions of the epic writed from other story tellers.
In 1968, the epic was published in the Bashkir magazine "Agidel". In 1972, the epic was published in a multi -volume compilation of "Bashkir folk art".
In 1975, the epic was published in the series "Library of World Literature" in the head of the "Epics of the peoples of the USSR".
There are several translations of the epic into Russian - by literal translation and poetic.
In 2003, Ural Batyr was translated into English. In 2006, Ural Batyr was published in German. The epic "Ural Batyr" was also translated into other languages of the world (Abkhazian, Hebrew, Turkish, Chuvash and others).
In Bashkortostan, many events are held to popularize the epic. There is a tourist route "In the footsteps of the Ural Batyr". Theaters are performances, films are shot. A competition of readers of the epic is held annually.
The epic "Ural-Batyr" is one of the Seven Wonders of Bashkortostan. The epic is included in the TURKSOY (International Organization of Turkic Culture) List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Plot
The plot of the epic about the struggle of the Ural Batyr for the happiness of people, the battle with the evil forces of nature. The main characters of the epic are people living on Earth. This is the life of three generations. The mythical bird Samrau is one of the main characters of the epic.
Epos tells about the Deluge myth, the first people - Yanbird and Yanbike. They have two sons of the Ural Batyr and Shulgen. Ural Batyr and Shulgan find out that death is stronger than man. They are sent in search of spring water of non -immortality. A dispute arises between the brothers. Shulgen entered into a conspiracy with the evil forces of nature sach Azhdakha. Ural Batyr fights for the happiness of people.
The epic presents ancient ideas about the structure of the cosmos, Earth, about the Underworld.
References
Other websites
Folklore of Bashkortostan People: Encyclopedia / [Scientific. Collegium: F. A. Nadrshina (chap. Ed.), S. I. Apsatarova, L. A. Afanasyeva, V. Ya. Babenko, F. G. Galieva, M. Kh. Idelbaev, I.E. Karpukhin, T. G. Minnihmetova, I. G. Petrov, R. R. Sadikov, U. G. Saitov (ed.), R. A. Sultangareeva, I.K. Fazlutdinov, G. R. Khusainova;. - Per. in English. Yaz.: LLC "Center for Intercultural Cooperation". -Ufa: "Bashkir Encyclopedia", 2020.-ISBN ISBN 978-5-88185-474-4 . (en)
The regional encyclopedic portal "Bashkortostan" (ru)
Bashkir folklore
Beat the Bastards

Beat the Bastards is the seventh studio album by Scottish hardcore punk band, The Exploited. Beat the Bastards was released on April 23, 1996. Allmusic rated the album 3 stars out of 5.
Songs
References
1996 albums
The Exploited albums
Punk albums
Khonj County

Khonj County () is a county in Fars Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Khonj. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 37,978, in 7,025 families. The county is subdivided into two districts: the Central District and Mahmeleh District. The county has one city: Khonj.
Khonj was traditionally part of the region of Irahistan. Khonj's inhabitants are Achomi people.
References
Pyromania

Pyromania is a psychological disorder. It is an impulse control disorder with an obsession with fire and explosives.
Pyromaniacs often set fire to things. They get pleasure or relief from seeing things burn. Pyromaniacs are often convicted of arson. When children have pyromania, later in life they usually are diagnosed with a mental disorder. Pyromaniacs set fire to relieve stress and it gives them pleasure and relief.
Someone with this disorder deliberately and purposely sets fires on more than one occasion. Before the act of lighting the fire the person usually has tension and an emotional buildup. When around fires, a person with pyromania shows intense interest or fascination and may also get pleasure, gratification or relief.
References
Impulse control disorders
Sanitary sewer

Modern sewer systems often separate rainwater from polluted water. "Wastewater" (polluted water, also called sewage) is treated before it is released into a river or lake again. This treatment may not be needed for rainwater (also called stormwater). This idea of using separate sewer systems for wastewater and rainwater is called sanitary sewer.
A sanitary sewer or foul sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings to treatment facilities. Sewage is treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters.
Cholera is a deadly disease caused by foul water. The system of treating foul water was first invented in London. There cholera had repeatedly caused disease, but in the middle of the 19th century the first successful water treatment plants were invented.
Related pages
Sir Joseph Bazalgette
Dr. John Snow
References
Drainage
Fernando Barrachina

Fernando Barrachina Plo (24 February 1947 - 4 January 2016) was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a central defender.
Career
Born in Granada, Barrachina played for Granada, Valencia and Cadiz.
He made one international appearance for Spain in 1969.
Later life and death
He died on 4 January 2016, at the age of 68.
References
Other websites
1947 births
2016 deaths
People from Granada
Spanish footballers
Sportspeople from Andalusia
Elizabeth Hawley

Elizabeth Hawley (November 9, 1923 - January 26, 2018) was an American journalist and chronicler of Himalayan expeditions. Hawley was born in Chicago, Illinois.
She was studied at the University of Michigan. She moved to Nepal after giving up her job as a researcher for Fortune magazine in New York and visiting Kathmandu on a round-the-world trip.
She found work with the Reuters news agency covering mountaineering news, including the 1963 American expedition that was the first from the United States to traverse Mount Everest.
Hawley died on 26 January 2018 at the age of 94.
References
1923 births
2018 deaths
Journalists from Chicago
First defenestration of Prague

The First defenestration of Prague happened on July 30, 1419. It marks the beginning of the Hussite wars. Jan Hus had been burnt at the stake, at the Council of Constance four years earlier. On July 30, Hussites stormed the Prague town hall, to free other Hussites who had been captured.
At the event, ten people were thrown out of the window: the mayor, two councillors, an aide of the judge, five elders, and a serf. Falling out of the window did not kill them. The crowd used blunt weapons to kill those that had fallen. One councillor died while he was being tortured. Jan Zelivsky had planned the uprising. In 1960, a statue was put in front of the town hall to commemorate Jan Zelivsky.
15th century in Europe
1419
History of the Czech Republic
July events
Farrell, Pennsylvania

Farrell is a city in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. 5,111 people lived here at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Pennsylvania
West Park, Florida

West Park is a city of Florida in the United States.
References
Cities in Florida
Robert L. Backman

Robert LeGrand Backman (March 22, 1922 - June 3, 2022) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was also a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy between 1978 until 1992. From 2005 to 2008, Backman was president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple.
Backman died in Holladay, Utah on June 3, 2022, at the age of 100.
References
1922 births
2022 deaths
Lawyers from Salt Lake City, Utah
Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
American centenarians
Rob Boutilier

Robert Boutilier (born 1971 in Halifax County) is a Canadian animator, director, writer, and storyboard artist, Boutilier went to Vancouver Film School in 1996, as well as the University of King's College. He is also an employer of WildBrain in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Filmography
Director
Kid vs. Kat (2008-2011)
Packages from Planet X (2013-2014)
Supernoobs (2015-2019)
Chuck's Choice (2017)
Snoopy in Space (2019)
Dorg Van Dango (2019)
The Snoopy Show (2021)
Writer
Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999)
Art Department
Pound Puppies (storyboard artist)
Pucca (storyboard artist)
The Legend of Frosty the Snowman (storyboard artist)
Being Ian (storyboard artist)
Yakkity Yak (storyboard artist)
The New Woody Woodpecker Show (storyboard artist)
Ed, Edd n Eddy (storyboard artist)
Yvon of the Yukon (storyboard artist)
Ralph Breaks the Internet (storyboard artist)
Other websites
Canadian animators
1971 births
Living people
Canadian television directors
Canadian television writers
West Ferriday, Louisiana

West Ferriday is an unincorporated community in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Unincorporated communities in Concordia Parish, Louisiana
Tricastin nuclear power plant

Tricastin is a nuclear power plant in France. It has 4 reactors, which each generate 915 MW, for a total of 3.6 TW. It is next to the highway, about halfway between Valence-sur-Rhone and Avignon. It is on the River Rhone. It was built form 1974 to 1981; the first reactors started working in 1980. It has been criticized several times, because of incidents:
The French control authority said in 2002 that certain means of cooling would not work when there was an earthquake.
A study done in 2004 said that tests done at the site showed that firefighters needed 37 minutes to bring a fire under control. This is too long, and mostly related to the lack of training. According to the report, this makes it impossible to extinguish a bigger fire.
In 2003, the temperature of the water of the canal next to the site was higher than allowed, for a total of over 44 hours. The autorized limit was 27 degC, the measured temperature was 28.8 degC.
Between July 7 and July 8, 2008, a solution containing Uranium was spilled on the site; about 75 kg of a total of about 250 kg reached nearby rivers., during cleaning works. The incident has been classified at level 1 of 8 of the International Nuclear Event Scale. The company doing the uranium enrichment was closed. French authorities have banned the use of water from the respective rivers for drinking and watering of crops. Swimming, water sports and fishing were also banned. Measurements done 3 days later on the site revealed radiation levels that could not be explained by the facts cited, alone. The leader of the investigation team said that there probably had been similar incidents earlier that were not reported.
In July 2008, about 100 employees were exposed to radioactive particles that escaped from a pipe in a reactor that had been shut down.
On August 21, 2008 workers replacing a drain pipe detected a broken valve. Because of this, radioactive uranium would occasionally spill into the sourrounding environment. A study is currently under way to determine how much uranium escaped, those running the power plant talk of about 250g per year.
References
Nuclear power plants in Europe
Rajshahi

The city of Rajshahi is the headquarters of Rajshahi Division and Rajshahi District. It is one of the six metropolitan cities of Bangladesh. It is called Silk City and Education City. There are around 1,000,000 people. It is on the northern banks of the river Padma.
Rajshahi used to be known as Rampur Boalia.
Notable people
Akshay Kumar Maitreya
Andrew Kishore
Hasan Azizul Huq
Ila Mitra
Ritwik Ghatak
Sir Jadunath Sarkar
Mohammad Shamsuzzoha
References
Cities in Bangladesh
Irshat Fakhritdinov

Irshat Yunirovich Fakhritdinov (; 1 February 1965 - 22 October 2021) was a Russian politician. He was a member of the United Russia party. He was in the State Duma from 2007 to 2016. Fakhritdinov was born in Sayranovo, Bashkir ASSR, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.
Fakhritdinov died on 22 October 2021 in Ufa, Russia of COVID-19 at the age of 56.
References
1965 births
2021 deaths
Russian politicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia
Joaquín Larraín

Joaquin Larrain is an equestrian from Chile. Larrain competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He was born on 31 December 1953.
References
Other websites
1953 births
Living people
Chilean equestrians
Chilean Olympians
Shahdadpur Tehsil

Shahdadpur is a city in Sindh, a province of Pakistan. It is at 27deg51'N and 67deg64'E. coordinates. The historical city of al-Mansura is about 19 km southeast of Shahdadpur.
The shrines of Sohni and Mehinwal, from the Sohni Mahiwal story, are in and near to the city. The shrine of Sohni is near the city, while that of Mehinwal is in the centre of the city. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (whose shrine is about 10 km from Shahdadpur) immortalised love through his poetry.
Talukas of Sindh
Monster Energy NASCAR All Star Race

The Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race is a race open to race winners from the previous season as well as the current season, plus full-time drivers who won the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series championship, Full time drivers who are not eligible compete in the Monster Energy Open, Each driver wins the first three stages or wins the fan vote earns a spot in the All-Star Race, The All-Star Race has a unique format, which changes frequently. The current format consists of one 30-lap stage, two 20-lap stages and one final 10-lap stage to determine the winner.
The drivers who win the All-Star Race receive $1,000,000 with each stage win receiving a bonus prize.
Past winners
References
Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races
James River

James River is a 410 miles long river in the state of Virginia in the United States. It is the longest river in the United States that is only in one state. The river starts at the Allegheny Mountains and goes into the Atlantic Ocean.
Rivers of Virginia
Flag of Cape Verde

The flag of Cape Verde was used since September 22, 1992.
Design
The five horizontal (facing left and right) stripes are blue, white, red, white, and blue. The top stripe is half as tall as the flag. The three stripes in the middle are each one-twelfth as tall as the flag. The bottom stripe is one-fourth as tall as the flag.
The middle of the circle of 10 yellow five-pointed stars is on the red stripe. It is three-eighths away from the left side of the flag.
Cape Verde
National symbols of Cape Verde
Enigma machine

The Enigma machine was created for Germany by Arthur Scherbius in World War I. It is a cypher machine: changing the letters of a message so that it appears to be random letters. Enigmas were among the most-used kind of cypher machines for the German military in World War II.
Each time a letter is typed, it appears as another letter in the alphabet. The choices are not random. They are decided by a series of rotors which are set each day to a different starting set-up. Every press of a key turns the rotors to a new position.
German military messages done on the Enigma machine were first broken by the Polish Cipher Bureau, beginning in December 1932. Later, they designed mechanical devices for breaking Enigma cyphers. From 1938 more complexity was added to the Enigma machines, making decryption more difficult.
On 25 July 1939, in Warsaw, the Poles showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma, and promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. The demonstration was a vital start for the later British work at Bletchley Park.
"Hut 6 Ultra would never have got off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use". Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story, 1982, p. 289.
During the invasion of Poland (1939) the Polish codebreakers were sent to France for safety. Later, they fled to Britain. Making technical improvements, British codebreakers solved a vast number of messages from Enigma, and gave the plaintext to military staff. The information gained from this team, called "Ultra" by the British, was a great help to the Allied war effort. Ultra also included decrypts of other German, Italian and Japanese cyphers and codes, including the cypher of the German High Command.
Mistakes by German operators helped the cryptanalysis of Luftwaffe Enigmas, and the British capture of key tables and a machine from a German submarine helped in cracking Navy ones.
On 15th July 2011, Queen Elizabeth II visited Bletchley Park, where the machine is kept in the Museum, to pay tribute to those who worked there, since they cut short the war by breaking the cyphers of Nazi Germany.
References
World War II
Cryptography
Lanildut

Lanildut () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Finistere
Polearm

Polearms were long sticks that had a blade on the side. They were similar to an axe, but much longer. They were also used by women in ancient Japan.
Weapons
Nan Winton

Nancy Wigginton (1925 - 11 May 2019), better known as Nan Winton, was a British broadcaster. She is best known for being the first female newsreader on BBC television. After her first news broadcaster on 20 June 1960, she worked for ITV. She was also a regular panellist on the radio panel game Treble Chance.
Winton was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire. She was married to actor Charles Stapley from 1948 to 1962. The couple had two children. On 11 May 2019, Winton died from congestive heart failure and hypertension after having a fall at her home in Dorchester, Dorset. She was 93.
References
1925 births
2019 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from hypertension
BBC newsreaders and journalists
English journalists
English television presenters
People from Portsmouth
L'Huisserie

L'Huisserie is a commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France. The Jouanne river is in L'Huisserie.
The D1 and D910 roads pass through L'Huisserie.
Communes in Mayenne
Santa Bárbara, Honduras

Santa Barbara is a city in Honduras. In 2020, about 30,000 people lived there. About 47,000 people lived in its urban area. Santa Barbara is the capital city of the Department with the same name. There is a hospital, a technical university, and a university focusing on educating teachers.
Cities in Central America
Settlements in Honduras
Soft Metal Music

Soft Metal Music is a genre of music involving metal music that is not quite heavy enough to be considered heavy metal music. One notable song with this genre is "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana. This genre includes sub genres such as Nu metal, grunge music, and heavy rock.
References
Music genres
Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2021
George Fox

George Fox (July 1624 - 13 January 1691) was one of the people that left the Church of England. He was a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, also known as the "Quakers."
Other websites
The Writings and Life of George Fox
1624 births
1691 deaths
British esotericists
Christian mystics
Christian religious leaders
Christian theologians
English Protestants
English theologians
People from Leicestershire
Quakers
Ehingen, Swabia

Ehingen (Swabian: Eegna) is a municipality in the district of Augsburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Augsburg (district)
Wendell Gee

"Wendell Gee" is a 1985 song by alternative rock band R.E.M. and is the last single from their third studio album Fables of the Reconstruction. It was only released in Europe.
Track listings
All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe unless otherwise indicated.
7"
"Wendell Gee" - 3:02
"Crazy" (Pylon) - 3:05
7" double pack and 12" - Holland
"Wendell Gee" - 3:02
"Crazy" (Pylon) - 3:05
"Ages of You" - 3:44
"Burning Down" - 4:13
12" - UK
"Wendell Gee" - 3:02
"Crazy" (Pylon) - 3:05
"Driver 8" (live)1 - 3:30
Notes
1 Recorded at the Music Hall, Seattle, Washington; June 27, 1984.
References
1985 songs
R.E.M. songs
Folk rock songs
Tommy Gulliksen

Tommy Gulliksen is a Norwegian film director. In 2012 he won a Golden Nymph Award in Monaco, for the documentary movie, Terror Island (2011); the same year he [and others] won the award Gullruten in Norway.
He was born in 1980 and grew up in Oslo's Lambertseter (area). He was a student at Oslo University College (which now is part of Oslo Metropolitan University).
Filmography
[a Christian group within the 'Russ celebration'] Jesusrussen (2003)
[ Roger and Mor] Roger og Mor (2004)
[ Last bus home] Siste bussen hjem (2005)
[ When someone hits a teacher (with their hand)] Nar laereren blir slatt (2005)
[ Silence via pills] Stille med pille (2006)
[ "Charity as a business"] Veldedighet AS (2006)
[ The bodyguards] Livvaktene (2007)
[ A haven for war criminals] En fristed for krigsforbrytere (2007)
[ Blood money] Blodpenger (2008)
[ The bicycle dream] Sykkeldrommen (2009)
[The great bicycle race (Trondheim to Oslo)] Den store styrkeproven (2009)
[ Death sentence in Congo] Domt til doden i Kongo (2009; Gulliksen was one of two film directors)
[Boy of the streets] Gategutt (2010)
[ Jonna gets a mother] Jonna far en mamma (2011)
Terror Island (2011), original title: En liten oy i verden
300 sekunder: Tradlos (2011)
[ A new life] Et nytt liv (2012)
[ Back to Utoya] Tilbake til Utoya (2012)
[ Caught up in the dream] Fanget av drommen (2012)
[ The moment of freedom] Frihetens oyeblikk (2012)
[ A new life] Et nytt liv (2012)
[ Our loved ones] Vare Kjaere (2013)
[ When father kills] Nar pappa dreper (2013)
Fotballeventyret Carew (2014)
[ Operation Conspiracy] Operasjon konspirasjon (2014)
Edderkoppen (2015)
[The whistleblower] Varsleren (2016)
[ When bones turn into jello] Nar knoklene blir til gele (2017)
Liberation Day (2018) (Co-producer)
[Our man in Pyongyang] Var mann i Pyongyang (2018)
War of Art (2019)
[ The man who fell] Mannen som falt (2020)
*[ The legacy of 22 July] Arven etter 22. juli, was released in 2021
References
Norwegian people
Living people
Norwegian movie directors
Valchiusa

Valchiusa is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. It was created on 1 January 2019 from the former municipalities of Meugliano, Trausella and Vico Canavese.
2019 establishments in Italy
Settlements in Piedmont
Waikato

Waikato () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. Its largest city is Hamilton.
References
Regions of New Zealand
Tystberga

Tystberga is a locality in Nykoping Municipality in Sodermanland County in Sweden. In 2010, 828 people lived there.
References
Settlements in Sodermanland County
Gustaw Lutkiewicz

Gustaw Lutkiewicz (29 June 1924 - 24 February 2017) was a Polish actor and singer. He started his career in 1948. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1970, the Officer's Cross in 1985 and later the Medal for Merit to Culture - Gloria Artis in 2012. He was born in Kaunas, Lithuania.
Lutkiewicz died on 24 February 2017 in Warsaw, at the age of 92.
Filmography
1956: Nikodem Dyzma
1957: Prawdziwy koniec wielkiej wojny
1957: Ewa chce spac
1960: Walet pikowy
1961: Ludzie z pociagu
1964: Nieznany
1985: C.K.Dezerterzy
1989: Konsul
1999: Ogniem i Mieczem
2000: Syzyfowe prace
References
Other websites
1924 births
2017 deaths
People from Kaunas
Polish movie actors
Polish television actors
Ebenthal in Kärnten

Ebenthal in Karnten () is a market town of the district Klagenfurt-Land in the Austrian state of Carinthia.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Carinthia (state)
Scott Brown (Scottish footballer)

Scott Brown (born 25 June 1985 in Dunfermline, Fife) is a Scottish association football player, currently playing for Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen. Brown, who started his professional career with Hibernian, is a regular in the Scottish national team. His transfer to Celtic from Hibs in the summer of 2007 broke the record for the biggest transfer fee paid between two Scottish clubs.
References
1985 births
Living people
People from Dunfermline
Footballers from Fife
Phosphorus trichloride

Phosphorus trichloride is a chemical compound. It is a molecular compound made up of phosphorus covalently bonded to three chlorine atoms. The phosphorus is considered to be in a 3+ oxidation state and each chlorine is considered to be in a 1- oxidation state. The chemical formula is PCl3.
Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It reacts with water to make phosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid. It is very toxic. It is a weak reducing agent.
Preparation
It is made by reacting extra phosphorus with chlorine. It is used to make phosphorous acid industrially (in factories).
Uses
It is used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make other phosphorus compounds.
Related pages
Phosphorus(III) oxide
Phosphorus(V) oxide
Hypophosphite
Phosphorus compounds
Chlorine compounds
Ingrid Pitt

Ingrid Pitt (21 November 1937 - 23 November 2010) was a Polish-British actress and novelist. She acted in horror movies in the 1960s and 1970s. She played Alice Allison in Nobody Ordered Love. She also played Heidi in Where Eagles Dare.
Pitt was born Ingoushka Petrov in Warsaw, Poland. She died in a London hospital several days after collapsing.
Other websites
British movie actors
British novelists
Entertainers from Warsaw
Polish novelists
Polish movie actors
Polish television actors
Writers from Warsaw
1937 births
2010 deaths
Carmen Frei

Carmen Frei Ruiz-Tagle (born June 22, 1938) is a Chilean politician and teacher. She was Senator from 1990 to 2006.
Frei was born in Santiago. She is the oldest child of President Eduardo Frei Montalva and Maria Ruiz-Tagle. Her brother, Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, also became president.
References
1938 births
Living people
Politicians from Santiago
Chilean educators
Caroline Matilda of Wales

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain (; 11 July 1751 - 10 May 1775) Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1766 to 1772 and a member of the British Royal Family.
Life
She was born in July of 1751.She was the last child of her father Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta. She married Christian VII of Denmark on 8 November 1766 at Christiansborg Castle. She did not know the groom was mentally ill. But the marriage did produce two children. The youngest daughter was thought to be the offspring of the king's doctor and the queen. Nothing was ever proven but the physician was killed and Caroline sent away. She died in May of 1775 at the age of 23.
1751 births
1775 deaths
British princesses
Forest, Mississippi

Forest is the county seat of Scott County, Mississippi, United States.
Cities in Mississippi
County seats in Mississippi
Afternoon (disambiguation)

Afternoon may mean:
Afternoon, the time period from noon to evening.
Afternoon (magazine) (ahutanun) is a Japanese manga magazine published by Kodansha.
Afternoon (newspaper), a newspaper published in Mumbai, India
Afternoon (play), an 1883 play by Ouida
Afternoon, a story, is a hypertext novel by Michael Joyce
Afternoon Records, a music record label
Disguised Toast

{{Infobox Twitch streamer
| name = Disguised Toast
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image = Disguised Toast, indoors, seated behind a microphone (August 2020).png
| image_size =
| caption = Wang in August 2020
| birth_name = Jeremy Wang
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Taipei, Taiwan
| nationality = Canadian * Taiwanese
| education = University of Waterloo
| location = Los Angeles, California
| home_town = Kingston, Ontario, Canada * Penang, Malaysia
| occupation =
| website =
| pseudonym =
| channel_name = DisguisedToast
| years_active = 2015-2019 (Twitch)2019-2021 (Facebook Gaming)2021-present (Twitch)
| genre = Gaming
| games = {{flatlist| Hearthstone Teamfight Tactics League of Legends Among Us}}
| followers = 2.55 million
| views = 90.2 million
| associated_acts =
| stats_update = 2 May 2022
| module =
}}
Jeremy Wang (born 25 November 1991), better known by the alias Disguised Toast, is a Taiwanese-Canadian streamer, YouTuber and Internet personality. He began his career on YouTube, creating videos about the digital card game Hearthstone''. He was born in Taipei, Taiwan.
Wang later began streaming on Twitch.
As of March 2023, Wang is a member of OfflineTV, an online social entertainment group of content creators.
References
1991 births
Living people
Canadian YouTubers
Taiwanese entertainers
Twitch (service) streamers
Old Yeller

Old Yeller is a children's book by Fred Gipson. It was published in 1956. It is about a Texas family and their dog. The book was awarded a Newbery Honor in 1969. Old Yeller was followed by two sequels Savage Sam and Little Arliss. The book was made into a Walt Disney movie of the same name starring Kevin Corcoran, Fess Parker, Tommy Kirk, Dorothy McGuire, and Spike in 1958.
1956 books
Books about dogs
Newbery Honor books
King of Mann

The King of Mann () was the title given to the king who ruled over the Kingdom of Mann. Isle of Man is located in the Irish Sea, at the centre of the British Isles. Since 1504, the head of state has been known as the Lord of Mann.
Isle of Man
Ramzan Chhipa

Muhammad Ramzan Chhipa, is a humanitarian and a social worker from Karachi, Pakistan. He is the founder of Chhipa Welfare Association.
References
Humanitarians
Living people
Asian philanthropists
People from Karachi
Washington, Georgia

Washington (originally called Heard's Fort) is a city in Wilkes County, Georgia, United States. The population was 4,295 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Wilkes County.
References
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
When the Pawn...

When the Pawn... is a 1999 album by Fiona Apple. The following poem is the full title of the album:
"When the pawn hits the conflicts he thinks like a king
What he knows throws the blows when he goes to the fight
And he'll win the whole thing 'fore he enters the ring
There's no body to batter when your mind is your might
So when you go solo, you hold your own hand
And remember that depth is the greatest of heights
And if you know where you stand, then you know where to land
And if you fall it won't matter, cause you'll know that you're right" When it was released it had the world record for the longest album title.
Three singles were released from the album: "Fast as You Can", "Limp", and "Paper Bag". "Paper Bag" was nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for the 43rd Grammy Awards (2001).
The album got good reviews. Pitchfork gave it a score of 8.0.
Track listing
"On the Bound" - 5:23
"To Your Love" - 3:40
"Limp" - 3:31
"Love Ridden" - 3:22
"Paper Bag" - 3:40
"A Mistake" - 4:58
"Fast as You Can" - 4:40
"The Way Things Are" - 4:18
"Get Gone" - 4:10
"I Know" - 4:57
The Japanese edition of the album had "Across the Universe" and "Never is a Promise [live]" as bonus tracks.
References
1999 albums
Fiona Apple albums
Ruggero Leoncavallo

Ruggero Leoncavallo (April 23, 1857 - August 9, 1919) was an Italian opera composer and librettist. He is best known for his 1892 opera, I pagliacci. In 1906, he toured the United States with success. He was born in Naples, and died in Montecatini Terme, Tuscany.
1857 births
1919 deaths
Entertainers from Campania
20th-century Italian composers
Librettists
Musicians from Naples
Os Pinos

"Os Pinos" (; "The Pines") is the anthem of Galicia.
Lyrics
References
Galicia
Spanish anthems
Hardella thurjii

The Brahminy River Turtle or Crowned River Turtle (Hardella thurjii) is a species of turtle found in northern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (in the watersheds of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus rivers).
Reptiles of Pakistan
Cassius Fairchild

Cassius Fairchild (December 16, 1829-October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and military officer. he was born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio). Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. His brother was Lucius Fairchild, Governor of Wisconsin. He moved to Wisconsin and managed his family's cranberry and lumber businesses. He also managed their rental properties. Fairchild was elected to the Madison, Wisconsin Common Council where he served as president. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. At the time of the American Civil War, Fairchild enlisted in the Union Army becoming a colonel in the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fairchild was badly wounded in the Battle of Shiloh, and eventually died of his wounds.
References
Other websites
Political Graveyard: Fairchild
People from Ohio
People from Wisconsin
1829 births
1868 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Sebastian Maniscalco

Sebastian Maniscalco (born July 8, 1973) is an American actor and comedian.
1973 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
Comedians from Illinois
Marlyse Hourtou

Marlyse Hourtou is an archer from Chad. She was born on 29 July 1996 in N'Djamena. Hourtou competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
1996 births
Living people
Chadian people
Archers
Olympians
Smile for Me

"Smile for Me" is a song by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. The song was the lead single from Massari (2005).
Charts
References
Massari
2005 songs
Tania Dalton

Tania Dalton (nee Nicolson; 26 November 1971 - 1 March 2017) was a New Zealand international netball player. She was part of the 2003 Netball World Championships winning Silver Ferns squad. She made 12 caps for the Silver Ferns in total, playing in the positions of goal shooter (GS) and goal attack (GA).
Career
Dalton was a member of the New Zealand national netball team, the Silver Ferns from 1996-2004 and 2006-07; she was also named in 2005 but was forced out through injury. She played domestic netball for the Northern Force from 1998 until 2000, and the championship-winning Southern Sting from 2002-2006.
Retirement
After retiring from playing professional netball, she worked as a netball commentator on SKY Sports for international tests, the ANZ Championship and National Championships, alongside former internationals Anna Stanley, Natalie Avellino, Kathryn Harby-Williams and Bernice Mene.
Dalton is also a part owner of the franchise food outlet chain, Pita Pit New Zealand Limited.
Death
Dalton collapsed on 23 February 2017 while playing a regular game of social touch rugby in her home town of Takapuna, Auckland. She was running at the time and was not injured in the game. She was immediately hospitalised in a critical condition with a ruptured internal carotid artery aneurysm. On 28 February 2017, her family turned off her life support. She died the next day, on 1 March, at the age of 45.
References
1971 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from aneurysm
Sportspeople from Auckland