pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
6th Avenue Heartache

"6th Avenue Heartache" is a 1996 debut single from their second studio album Bringing Down the Horse. It went to number 8 in Canada, number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and number 10 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 charts. The backing vocals feature Adam Duritz.
Track listing
"6th Avenue Heartache" (Edit) - 4:22
"Used to Be Lucky" - 6:35
"Angel on My Bike" - 4:22
"6th Avenue Heartache" - 5:37
References
Other websites
Information on Songfacts
1996 songs
Debut singles
The Wallflowers songs
Alternative rock songs
Roots rock songs
Laddu

Ladoo is a sweet from the Indian subcontinent. It is mainly popular in India.
Preparation
Common flours used for laddu include gram flour (chickpea flour), wheat semolina and ground coconut. These are combined with sugar and other flavourings, cooked in ghee, and moulded into a ball shape. Some laddu recipes are prepared using Ayurvedic medicinal ingredients, including methi laddu, multigrain, and resin laddu. Nuts such as pistachios and almonds are commonly stuffed into laddus.
Ancient Indo-Pakistani history
2600 BCE, Harappan archaeological site, 4MSR near Binjor, western Rajasthan (India); seven closely kept similar sized nutritional Laddus,consisting of ingredients legumes and cereals like barley, wheat, chickpea and Mung (Vigna radiata) as main component, were found in intact form, along with two figurines of bulls and a hand-held copper adze, during 2017 archeological excavations. According to Rajesh Agnihotri, the presence of bull figurines, adze and a Harappan seal along with the food balls indicates, Indus valley civilization people might have revered these items to perform some kind of ritual.
References
desserts
Indian food
Pakistani food
Nemean lion

The Nemean lion ( ; Latin: Leo Nemaeus) was a vicious monster in Greek mythology that lived at Nemea. It was eventually killed by Heracles. It could not be killed with mortal weapons because its golden fur was impervious to attack. Its claws were sharper than mortal swords and could cut through any armor.
Greek legendary creatures
The Four Seasons (band)

The Four Seasons is an American rock and pop band that became internationally successful in the 1960s and 1970s.
Since 1970, they have also been known at times as Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons. In 1960, the band known as the Four Lovers evolved into the Four Seasons, with Frankie Valli as the lead singer, songwriter Bob Gaudio (formerly of the Royal Teens) on keyboards and tenor vocals, Tommy DeVito on lead guitar and baritone vocals, and Nick Massi on electric bass and bass vocals.
The Four Seasons were one of only two American bands (the other being the Beach Boys) to enjoy major chart success before, during, and after the British Invasion.
References
1960 establishments in the United States
American rock bands
American pop musicians
Musicians from Newark, New Jersey
Warner Bros. Records artists
Nasarawa State

Nasarawa is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Lafia. It was created on 1 October 1996.
1990s establishments in Nigeria
1996 establishments in Africa
States of Nigeria
Hostel

A hostel is a place that rents beds to travelers. They are cheaper than hotels and offer less privacy and a community experience.
References
Accommodations
Travel
Luiz Melodia

Luiz Carlos dos Santos (January 7, 1951 - August 4, 2017), more commonly known as Luiz Melodia, was a Brazilian actor, singer and songwriter of MPB, rock, blues, soul and samba. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. In 2015, he won the 26th Brazilian Music Award for Best MPB Artist.
Melodia died on 4 August 2017 at the age of 66 in his hometown, Rio de Janeiro from bone marrow cancer.
References
Other websites
http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/luiz-melodia/dados-artisticos
1951 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from bone marrow cancer
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian singer-songwriters
Writers from Rio de Janeiro
Singers from Rio de Janeiro
Rock singers
Actors from Rio de Janeiro
Overseas (Senate of the Republic constituency)

Overseas () is an overseas constituency of Italy. It represents Italian people living outside of Italy.
Members
Election results
References
Senate
Headington Shark

The Headington Shark is a sculpture on the top of a house. It is at 2 New High Street, Headington, Oxford. The sculpture is a shark breaking the roof of the house. Its proper name is Untitled 1986.
About the sculpture
The shark was first put on the house on 9 August 1986. The house is owned by a radio presenter, Bill Heine. The sculpture is 4 long hundredweight and 25 feet long. It is made of painted fibreglass. It took 3 months to make the shark.
The statue was put together on the 41st anniversary of the bombing of Nagasaki. It was designed by John Buckley. Anton Castiau made the sculpture. Heine said that the shark is "saying something about CND, nuclear power, Chernobyl and Nagasaki".
On August 2007, the shark was renovated by Buckley. This was because of complaints of the quality of the sculpture.
On 26 August 2016, Heine's son Magnus Hanson-Heine bought the house. He bought it so that the shark can stay on top of the house.
Controversy
The shark started controversy when it was first put on the house. Oxford City Council wanted the shark removed from the house because it was not safe for the people living near. There were no planning permissions for the shark. In 1992, Minister Tony Baldry from the Department of the Environment said that the shark can stay on the house because it does not cause any problems.
References
Other websites
Headington Shark website
Sculptures
1986 works
Oxford
Sharks
Ruth Haas

Ruth Haas is an American mathematician and professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. She was the Achilles Professor of Mathematics at Smith College. She won the M. Gweneth Humphreys Award from the Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) in 2015 for her mentorship of women in mathematics. In 2017 she was elected President of the AWM.
Related pages
Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States
References
Scientists from Hawaii
American mathematicians
Living people
Academics from Hawaii
Year of birth missing (living people)
DFC Heidenreichstein

The DFC Heidenreichstein is a woman's football club from Heidenreichstein, Lower Austria, Austria. The club is playing in the Landesliga Niederosterreich, the third level in Austrian women's soccer. Many years they were part of the OFB-Frauenliga, the highest level in Austrian women soccer.
History
The club was founded in 1981 as part of the FC Heidenreichstein. Soon the women department became independent. 1985 they played in the Damenliga Ost, which was the second level in women soccer. 1987 they were promoted for the first time in the OFB-Frauenliga (first level). 1990 they were relegated but came back in 1992. In 1993/94 they reached the third place in the OFB-Frauenliga which was the best place ever. In the 1992/93 season the club reached the final of the OFB-Ladies Cup. They lost 2:0 versus Union Kleinmunchen Linz. Also the 1994/95 cup final was lost versus Kleinmunchen. 1998 they were again relegated and played till 2009 in the second level. 2009 they were again relegated and at present they play in the Landesliga Niederosterreich,which is the third level.
Current team
as November 2011
Benesch Viktoria-DF
Fucker Anna-Christina-FW
Kuklina Maria-MF, FW
Lang Sonja-FW, MF
Lebersorger Verena
Ledermuller Verena-DF, MF
Lemp Theresa-DF
Miedler Christina-MF
Mohammed
Nowak Michelle-MF
Polt Christine
Prinz Sabrina-FW
Pruckner Denise-MF
Skiwa Denise-GK
Soffried Katharina-MF
Strak Kerstin-FW
Tanzmeister Dorothea-MF
Traschl Marlene
Weissenbock Melanie-DF, MF
Winkler Julia-DF, FW
Winkler Nadine-DF
GK-goalkeeper, DF-defence, MF- midfielder, FW-forward
Honours
OFB-Frauenliga 3rd place:1994
OFB-Ladies-Cup runner-up: 1993, 1995
References
Other websites
Official Homepage (German)
Women's football in Austria
Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Lower Austria
Emma Roberts

Emma Rose Roberts (born February 10, 1991) is an American actress, model and singer. She acted in many movies during the 2000s. She is the daughter of actor Eric Roberts and the niece of actresses Lisa Roberts Gillan and Julia Roberts. Currently she is the lead role in the FOX's horror comedy Scream Queens as Chanel Oberlin.
Early life
Roberts was born in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. She is the daughter of actor Eric Roberts and Kelly Cunningham. She is the stepdaughter of Eliza Roberts and Kelly Nickels, and the niece of actresses Julia Roberts and Lisa Roberts Gillan. She has a half sister, Grace Nickels.
Filmography
Movies
Television
References
Other websites
1991 births
Living people
Actors from New York (state)
American child actors
American movie actors
American musicians
American television actors
Extras
Singers from New York (state)
Androctonus crassicauda

The Arabian fat-tailed scorpion or black Turkish fat-tailed scorpion (Androctonus crassicauda) is a species of scorpion. It lives in the Middle East. This scorpion can make venom. If the scorpion stings a human with its venom, it cause swelling or problems with the heart and lungs or death.
Description
The Arabian fat-tailed scorpion is an Old World scorpion. It can be black or brown in color. It lives in deserts. This scorpion usually moves around at night.
Related pages
Yellow fattail scorpion
References
Arachnids
Animals of Africa
Animals of India
Green Hornet

The Green Hornet is a vigilante superhero in the world of comic books, etc. Green Hornet has a sidekick named "Kato". Green Hornet wears a green mask. The character was created by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker.
References
Green Hornet's Biography
Superheroes
Comics characters
Ragdoll

The ragdoll is a cat breed. It is large, with blue eyes, and a semi-longhair soft and silky coat of fur. It is usually mostly white, with light to dark marks.
The ragdoll was first bred by an American breeder named Ann Baker from a Persian-like cat (without a pedigree) and a Birman cat with the Siamese colorpoint gene. It is similar in appearance to the Himalayan, which was bred directly from the Persian and Siamese.
The Ragdoll is gentle, easy going, and affectionate. The breed was named "Ragdoll" because they often go limp and relax like a rag or cloth doll when it is picked up. The original mother cat that the breed was created from was involved in a car accident, but contrary to popular belief, this is not why the breed goes limp when picked up (injuries from an accident are not passed on to offspring genetically).
Ragdoll is a breed that enjoys being around humans and it may follow its owner around the house. Due to its unique dog like characteristics and soft nature, the breed has gained lots of popularity. In fact, the breed became the most popular cat breed for three consecutive years, i.e., 2019,2020, and 2021, in one of the world's largest cat registries of pedigree cats- CFA.
The Ragdoll cat is a largest domestic cat breed. It has an overall relaxed and laid-back look with a medium-long coat that comes in a variety of colors and patterns. The fur is usually semi-long with a silky texture and tends to be lighter on the belly, legs, and tail. The eyes are round and wide set and come in various shades of blue, green or copper. The face is broad with distinct markings on the forehead, cheeks, chin, and nose bridge. The ears are large with rounded tips while the muzzle is somewhat square in shape. Its body shape can range from cobby to semi-foreign but typically has an overall muscular build. The Ragdoll cat is also known for its docile personality and gentle demeanor which adds to its appeal as a pet breed.
The breed typically weigh between 15 to 20 pounds, with females usually being on the smaller side of that range. They are the large breed of cat, so they have a strong and muscular body type which helps them to carry their larger size. Despite their size, Ragdolls are known for being calm and gentle cats which makes them great family pets. They also require minimal grooming due to their short coat, making them an ideal pet for those looking for an affectionate companion without the hassle of long term maintenance. With proper care and diet, Ragdoll cats can live up to 15 years or more.
References
Colorpoint cat breeds
The Defense of Volotchayevsk

The Defense of Volotchayevsk () is a 1937 Soviet drama movie directed by Vasilyev brothers. It stars Varvara Myasnikova, Nikolai Dorokhin, and Lev Sverdlin.
Actors
Varvara Myasnikova as Masha
Nikolai Dorokhin as Andrei
Lev Sverdlin as Col. Ushujima
Yuri Lavrov as White Guard Officer
Boris Chirkov as Old Man
Boris Blinov as Bublik
Vladimir Lukin as Egor
References
Other websites
Russian drama movies
1937 drama movies
Soviet drama movies
Prince Muhammad bin Talal

Prince Muhammad bin Talal (2 October 1940 - 29 April 2021), was the younger brother of the late King of Jordan Al Hussein bin Talal and uncle of King Abdullah II. He served as Crown Prince and was the personal representative of the King of Jordan.
Prince Muhammad was a member of the ruling Hashemite family in Jordan. His father was King Talal bin Abdullah, the second king of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and his mother was Queen Zain Al Sharaf.
References
1940 births
2021 deaths
People from Amman
Generals
Haubourdin

Haubourdin is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 14,725 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Utopian socialism

Utopian socialism is the name for the early movements of socialism: They are based on the idea of an ideal state, and on shared property. They started before the revolutions of 1848. The true idea of socialism started after the French Revolution. The socialism movements can be claissified into several time periods; the first of these periods is called Utopian socialism, or early socialism.
Well known people who were part of Utopian socialism were Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Etienne Cabet.
Socialism
Psych-Out

Psych-Out is a 1968 American drama movie directed by Richard Rush and stars Jack Nicholson, Susan Strasberg, Dean Stockwell, Bruce Dern, Max Julien, Strawberry Alarm Clock. It was distributed by American International Pictures.
Other websites
1968 drama movies
American drama movies
American independent movies
Daidō

was a after Enryaku and before Konin. This period started in May 806 and ended in September 810. During this time, the emperors were and .
Events of the Daido era
806 (Daido 1): , also known as , returned to Japan from China; and he settled at Miyajima where he established .
9 April 806 (Daido 1, 17th day of the 3rd month): In the 25th year of Emperor Kammu's reign, he died; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son. Soon after, Emperor Heizei accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui). This was confirmed in ceremonies.
18 May 809 (Daido 4, 1st day of the 4th month): In the 4th year of Emperor Heizei's reign, he abdicated. Heizei's successor was his second son who became known as Emperor Saga.
Related pages
Heian period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
806 establishments
809 disestablishments
Marcel Maréchal

Marcel Marechal (25 December 1937 - 11 June 2020) was a French actor, writer, and director. He was born in Lyon, France. He was best known for his roles in I as in Icarus (1979), Simple mortel (1991) and Fanfan (1993).
Marechal died on 11 June 2020 in Paris, aged 82.
References
1937 births
2020 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
French screenwriters
French movie directors
People from Lyon
French theatre directors
Michael J. Fox

Michael Andrew Fox (born June 9, 1961), known professionally as Michael J. Fox, is a retired Canadian-American actor, author, film producer and activist with a film and television career spanning from the 1970s to 2020. He played Marty McFly in Back to the Future trilogy. On television, he played Alex P. Keaton in the NBC sitcom Family Ties and Mike Flaherty on the ABC sitcom Spin City. He has won five Primetime Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a Grammy Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.
Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1991, and told the public about it in 1998. He semi-retired from acting in 2000 as the symptoms of the disease worsened. He has since become an advocate for research toward finding a cure, and founded the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Sweden's Karolinska Institute gave him an honorary doctorate on March 5, 2010 for his work advocating a cure for Parkinson's disease.
Fox has also worked as a voice-over actor on films, such as Stuart Little and Atlantis: The Lost Empire. On the CBS television show The Good Wife, he earned Emmy nominations for three consecutive years for his recurring role as crafty attorney Louis Canning. He has also taken recurring guest roles and cameo appearances in Boston Legal, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Rescue Me, and Designated Survivor. He has written four books. Fox was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010 and was also inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2000.
Filmography
References
Other websites
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
The Michael J. Fox Database
Actors from Alberta
American movie actors
American television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Entertainers from Edmonton
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People with Parkinson's disease
1961 births
Living people
Green belt

A green belt or greenbelt is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. Similar concepts are greenways or green wedges which have a linear character and may run through an urban area instead of around it. A green belt is basically an invisible line that goes around a certain area, stopping people from building there so that some of the wild and agricultural land can be saved.
Urban geography
Urban planning
Local government
Strasburg, North Dakota

Strasburg is a village in Emmons County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 379 at the 2020 census.
References
Villages in the United States
Settlements in North Dakota
Gennady Zyuganov

Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov (born 1944 in Mymrino) is a Russian politician. He has led the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) since 1993. He has campaigned for the Russian presidency four times. He has finished second each time.
References
1944 births
Living people
Colonels
Communist politicians
Russian communists
Russian politicians
Soviet military people
331 BC

Year 331 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
Events
By place
Macedonia
Alexander leaves Egypt and leads his forces towards Phoenicia. He leaves Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt.
October 1 - Alexander of Macedonia wins the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III. Darius turns his chariot and flees. Alexander chases the Persian forces to Arbela. Darius escapes with his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.
Alexander encounters for the first time war elephants.
Alexander becomes the master of the Persian Empire. This ends the Achaemenid dynasty. Babylon and Susa open their gates to him. In the capital, Susa, Alexander gets huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents.
Greece
Agis III of Sparta leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. He holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routes a force under the Macedonian general Coragus. Athens stays neutral, but he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis.
Italy
Alexander of Epirus takes Heraclea from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum from the Bruttii.
Tarentum turn against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he wants to make a kingdom of his own in southern Italy. Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron.
Roman Republic
The Gallic tribe of the Senones and the Romans enter a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century.
Deaths
Alexander I of Epirus, Aeacid dynasty king of Epirus (b. c. 370 BC)
Vahe, legendary king of Armenia and last of the Hyke dynasty
331 BC
Afrovenator

Afrovenator was a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of northern Africa. It was a bipedal meat-eating predator with long bladelike teeth. Fossils have been found in Abaka, Niger in the southern Sahara desert. A nearly complete Afrovenator was found in 1993. It is one of the most complete dinosaurs found in Africa so far.
The rocks where it was found were redescribed as "mid-Jurassic" after the discovery had been announced.
It is in a group of theropods which are known as the Megalosaurs.
References
Dinosaurs of Africa
Megalosauridae
List of U.S. state mammals

This is a list of official mammals of U.S. states.
State mammals
Key: Years in parentheses are the year of adoption by the state's legislature.
Minnesota's unofficial state mammal is the eastern timber wolf
References
Mammals
Lists of animals of the United States
Lists of mammals
William R. Maples

William Ross Maples, Ph.D. (Dallas, Texas; August 7, 1937 - Gainesville, Florida; February 27, 1997) was a forensic anthropologist. He worked at the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory at the Florida Museum of Natural History. He usually studied about bones and helped in many famous criminal searches, including the question about Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna's survival. He wrote the book Dead Men Do Tell Tales: The Strange and Fascinating Cases of a Forensic Anthropologist. The book is about his life from when he began being interested in anthropology and about some of his most famous forsenic cases.
References
Maples, William R. and Browning, Michael (1994). Dead Men Do Tell Tales. () Existe version en espanol "Los muertos tambien hablan" (2006)
Other websites
A biography of William R. Maples
C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory
The William R. Maples Center for Forensic Medicine
1937 births
1997 deaths
American anthropologists
Writers from Dallas
Applet

An applet is a computer program that can be run inside a web browser. Most of the time, applets are written in Java. They are used to display a scrolling menu on a website, for example, the applet is also used to show some applications. In Java, there is a class called "Applet," which is extended when writing applets.
Software
Lochwiller

Lochwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
St. Ansgar, Iowa

St. Ansgar is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Head over Heels (Paula Abdul album)

Head over Heels is the third studio album by American singer and dancer Paula Abdul. It was released on June 13, 1995, by Virgin Records. The album features a mixture of Abdul's signature pop and R&B sound with heavy influences of hip hop music.
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from AllMusic.
Paula Abdul - all vocals
Bryan Abrams, Cha'n Andre, Robb Boldt, Robbie J. Brown, Mark Calderon, Cindy & Janie Cruse, Valerie & Worthy Davis, Bruce DeShazer, Ofra Haza, Marva King, Tanya Smith, Sandra St. Victor, Kevin Thornton, Sam Watters, Monalisa Young - backing vocals
Dallas Austin - various instruments
Charlie Barnett - percussion
Rocky Bryant - keyboards, synthesizers, drums, percussion
Keith Carlock - drums, percussion
Vince Denham - tenor saxophone
Walt Fowler, Ralph Rickert, Dan Savant - trumpet
Ronnie Garrett, Tracy Wormworth - bass guitar
Grant Geissman - banjo
Lili Haydn - violin
Howard Hersh, Peter Lord Moreland, John Andrew Shreiner, V. Jeffrey Smith - keyboards
Eric Jorgenson - trombone
Shaun LaBelle - electric bass guitar, synthesizers
John Leftwich - horns
Oliver Leiber - keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, electric sitar, drums, percussion
Iki Levy - percussion
Keith Lewis - percussion and various programming
Karl Messerschmidt - tuba
Tim Miner - electric bass, keyboards, backing vocals
Michael Patterson - synthesizers
Paul Peterson - electric piano
Harihar Rao - sitar, tamboura
John Shanks, Andy Timmons, Bill Wiseman - guitars
Rick Sheppard - synthesizers, samples
Daryl Simmons - keyboards, programming, drums, percussion, backing vocals
Ralph Stacey - electric and bass guitars
Gerri Sutyak - cello
Albert Wing - tenor and alto saxophone, clarinet
Charts
Certifications
References
1995 albums
Paula Abdul albums
Pop albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Anne Christine of Sulzbach

Anne Christine of Sulzbach (Anne Christine Louise; 5 February 1704 - 12 March 1723), also called Anne of the Palatinate, was the first wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. She died as a result of giving birth.
Biography
Anne Christine was born a daughter of Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Eleonore of Hesse-Rheinfels, daughter of William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg.
On 15 March, 1722 at Vercelli, she married Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont and later King of Sardinia as Charles Emmanuel III. He was the second son of Victor Amadeus II and Anne Marie d'Orleans and the heir apparent to the Savoyard throne. The following year, she gave birth to a son who was created the Duke of Aosta. She died a few days later on 12 March 1723 at the age of nineteen in Turin. Her only child died in 1725 in his second year, thus she has no descendants. She was buried at Turin Cathedral and was moved to the Basilica of Superga in Turin in 1786.
Issue
Vittorio Amedeo Theodore of Savoy (7 March 1723 - 11 August 1725), given the title of Duke of Aosta but died in infancy; buried at Superga.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
5 February 1704 - 15 March 1722 Her Serene Highness Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach
15 March 1722 - 12 March 1723 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Piedmont
1704 births
1722 deaths
House of Wittelsbach
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Deaths in childbirth
Planck time

The Planck time is the length of time at which no smaller meaningful length can be validly measured due to the indeterminacy expressed in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Theoretically, this is the shortest time measurement that is possible. Planck time is roughly 10-43 seconds. However, to date, the smallest time interval that was measured was 10-21 seconds, a "zeptosecond."
One Planck time is the time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to cross a distance equal to one Planck length.
It is calculated from the Planck constant, which was first thought of by the physicist Max Planck in 1900. This work by Planck asserts that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, and their relation can be put in terms of familiar units such as the joule by using the proportionality constant Planck gave us. Heisenberg's original quantum theory was improved by his teacher and colleague Max Born.
Born put Heisenberg's equation into a matrix form. Born immediately noticed that to calculate using these matrices, one matrix had to be multiplied by another matrix. In matrix multiplication, multiplying matrix P by matrix X gives a different result from the one obtained by multiplying matrix X by matrix P. He further noticed that the difference between the two matrices involves h, the Planck proportionality constant. It shows that one can never pin down things like P (momentum) and X (location) exactly. As a result, we cannot pin down a time any better than we can pin down a place or a momentum. We get closer and closer and then we reach the "Planck time."
Notation
Planck time is usually noted tP, symbol made of the latin letter t lowercase, initial of latin word tempus ("time"), in italic, followed to the right and subscript, by the latin letter P uppercase, initial of the last name of Max Planck.
Definition
Planck time is defined by :
,
where :
is the Planck constant ;
is the gravitational constant ;
is the speed of light in a vacuum ;
is Planck length.
Values
In the International System of Units, the recommended value for the Planck time is :
s,
with a relative error of 10-4.
Related pages
Planck length
References
Physics
Units of time
Detroit Grand Prix

The Detroit Grand Prix is a car racing event held in Detroit, Michigan, USA. From 1982 to 1988 it was a part of the Formula One series. It has been a part of the IndyCar Series since 1988.
In 1982, the U.S. became the first country to host three World Championship Grands Prix in one season. As of 2010, it is the only one to do so. In addition to the US GP West and Caesars Palace GP races, the new event was held on another street course, in the Renaissance Center of Detroit.
The original circuit had seventeen corners in 2.493 miles, and included a tunnel and a railroad track crossing. For 1989, it was planned to move the Grand Prix to a new circuit at Belle Isle. However, an agreement could not be reached, and the Grand Prix moved to Phoenix in 1989. Upon the departure of F1, the Detroit race was replaced by an event sanctioned by CART, which was held on the same track except the 18th turn, a chicane, was removed. In 1992, the race was moved to Belle Isle, an island in the Detroit River. Since then, the race has been held at Belle Isle. It was canceled after the 2001 race before being held in 2007 and 2008. The race returned for 2012 and has been on the IndyCar series schedule since.
Winners
Repeat winners (drivers)
Repeat winners (constructors)
Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
* Built by Cosworth
By year
Broadcasting
United Kingdom
Related pages
United States Grand Prix
United States Grand Prix West
Caesars Palace Grand Prix
Dallas Grand Prix
Formula One Grands Prix
Detroit
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Michigan
1988 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Michigan
Selfish DNA

Selfish DNA is a term for sequences of DNA that have two properties:
the DNA sequence spreads by forming more copies of itself in the genome; and
it does not help the reproductive success of its host organism. It may or may not have negative effects.
In his 1976 book, The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins suggested the idea of selfish DNA when the noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genomes was discovered. In 1980, two articles in the journal Nature expanded and discussed the concept. According to one of these articles:
Normal genetically functional DNA might be seen as "replicating entities" that effect their replication by manipulating the cell that they control. In contrast, units of selfish DNA may exploit existing mechanisms in the cell, and multiply without affecting the fitness of the organism in other respects.
There is no sharp boundary between the concepts of selfish DNA and genetically functional DNA. Often it also is difficult to see if a unit of noncoding DNA is functionally important or not; or if important, in what way. What is more, it is not always easy to distinguish between some instances of selfish DNA and some types of viruses.
History of the idea
The idea that some genetic elements might not be useful to the organism is not a new one. In 1928, a Russian geneticist reported an X chromosome in Drosophila obscura. He claimed that the resulting female-biased sex ratio might drive a population extinct.
In 1941 it was first suggested that there might be a conflict between normal inherited nuclear genes from both parents and mitochondrial genes from one parent (the female). It could lead to cytoplasmic male sterility in plants.
Around the same time, several other examples of selfish genetic elements were reported. For example, a maize geneticist described how chromosomal knobs led to female meiotic drive in maize. Meiotic drive is when one copy of a gene is passed on to offspring more than the expected 50% of the time.
The Swedish botanist and cytogeneticist Gunnar Ostergren in 1945 noted how chromosomes may spread in a population because of their own "parasitic" nature. Discussing B chromosomes in plants he wrote: "In many cases these chromosomes have no useful function at all to the species carrying them, but that they often lead an exclusively parasitic existence ... [B chromosomes] need not be useful for the plants. They need only be useful to themselves." - Gunnar Ostergren.
Then, in the early 1950s, Barbara McClintock published a series of papers describing the existence of "transposable elements". These are among the most successful selfish genetic elements. The discovery of transposable elements led to her being awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1983.
References
DNA
Bill Page

Bill Page (September 11, 1925 - April 26, 2017) was an American reed player, band leader, and entrepreneur. He was best known for his work in the Lawrence Welk Band.
Page was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Wilbur Wright College.
Page left the Lawrence Welk Show in 1965 and went on to perform with Barry Manilow, Ted Mack, Frank Gorshin, Judy Garland, and on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson.
Page died on April 26, 2017 in Studio City, Los Angeles at the age of 91.
References
1925 births
2017 deaths
Businesspeople from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
Darlington, Wisconsin

Darlington is a city in Lafayette County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is the seat of the county. As of the 2010 census, 2,451 people lived there. The city is surrounded by the Town of Darlington.
History
The first white man's home in the city of Darlington was a log house. It was owned by Jamison Hamilton in 1836. He laid out the village of Avon, or Centre, in 1847. Darlington was first organized in 1849, For a long time it was known as the town of Centre.
In 1857, the county seat was moved from Shullsburg to Darlington. The courthouse was moved to Darlington in 1861. In 1869, the town of Centre became known as Darlington. The name was changed because Joshua Darling bought the land in 1850.
The streets of the town were named after the wives of the planners and important men of the town. These names include Minerva, Mary, Harriet, Lucy, Louisa, and Cornelia. Minerva was the wife of the first president of the village. Mary was the wife of one of the first businessmen of Darlington. Cornelia was the wife of James M. Keep, one of the original founders of the community. He also helped Joshua Darling in buying the land.
Geography
The city has a total area of . All of it is land.
References
Other websites
Darlington, Wisconsin city website
Cities in Wisconsin
Lafayette County, Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
1849 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Wisconsin
Starke Taylor

Austin Starke Taylor, Jr. (July 2, 1922 - October 27, 2014) was an American politician. He served as Mayor of Dallas, Texas. Taylor was a member of the Republican Party. He served as mayor from 1983 to 1987. He was also a cotton investor. Taylor was born in Paris, Texas.
Taylor died at his home in Dallas on October 27, 2014, aged 92.
References
1922 births
2014 deaths
Mayors of Dallas
People from Paris, Texas
Republican Party (United States) politicians
2015 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia

The 2015 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia became the 8th IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia, an annual international ice hockey tournament held by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It took place between 14 and 19 March 2015 in Taipei City, Chinese Taipei.
Top Division
Participants
Preliminary round
Division I
The Division I competition will played between 18 and 25 April 2015 in Kuwait City, Kuwait.
Participants
Preliminary round
References
Other websites
International Ice Hockey Federation
IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia
2015 in Asia
2010s in Taiwan
March 2015 events
Sport in Taiwan
Eijsden

Eijsden is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Eijsden-Margraten.
21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Eijsden-Margraten
Birgit Prinz

Birgit Prinz (born 25 October 1977 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany) is a German association football forward. She is best known for being the top scorer of the Germany women's national football team. She is considered to be one of the best German football players of all time, as she has won the FIFA World Player of the Year multiple times. She scored 136 goals for 1. FFC Frankfurt. She has won the FIFA Women's World Cup two times with Germany. She was part of the German women's Olympic team in 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008. They won the bronze medal in 2000, 2004 and 2008.
Honours
Club
FSV Frankfurt
Bundesliga: Winner (2) 1994-95, 1997-98
German Cup: Winner (2) 1994-95, 1995-96
1. FFC Frankfurt
UEFA Women's Cup: Winner (3) 2001-02, 2005-06, 2007-08; Runner-up (1) 2003-04
Bundesliga: Winner (6) 1998-99, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2002-03, 2004-05, 2006-07, 2007-08
German Cup: Winner (8) 1998-99, 1999-00, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2002-03, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2010-11
Carolina Courage
WUSA Championship: Winner (1) 2002
International
FIFA World Cup: Winner (2) 2003, 2007 Runner-up (1) 1995
UEFA European Championship: Winner (5) 1995, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009
Olympic bronze medal: (3) 2000, 2004, 2008
Algarve Cup: Winner (1) 2006
Individual
FIFA World Player of the Year: Winner (3) 2003, 2004, 2005; Runner-up (4) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
German Player of the Year: Winner (8) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
Second all-time leading goalscorer FIFA Women's World Cup - 14 goals (second to Marta)
Second all-time leading goalscorer Women's Olympic Football Tournament - 10 goals (second to Cristiane)
Golden Ball Winner: 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
Silver Ball Winner: 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup
Top-scorer 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
Top-scorer Bundesliga: (4) 1996-97, 1997-98, 2000-01, 2006-07
Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: 2007
References
Other websites
Birgit Prinz biography
1977 births
Living people
1996 Summer Olympics
Female footballers
German footballers
German Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Frankfurt
Luc-sur-Aude

Luc-sur-Aude is a commune of 246 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Communes in Aude
Chicago Air & Water Show

The Chicago Air & Water Show is an annual air show held on the shore of Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois. The show has been held each year since 1959 and is Chicago's second most popular festival (behind Lollapalooza).
In 2005, 2,200,000 watched the Chicago Air and Water Show. The Chicago Air and Water Show is presented by the City of Chicago and is the largest free show of its kind in the United States.
References
Festivals in Chicago
1959 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Illinois
Spillover of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Since 24 February 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has reportedly spilled over into several countries that border Ukraine. Among these are Russia, Transnistria, and Poland. Notable incidents include 2022 missile explosion in Poland, the 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions, and the Wagner Group rebellion.
In Russia
On 23 June 2023, the Wagner Group rebelled against the Ministry of Defense after Yevgeny Prigozhin claimed that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were attacked Wagner forces in Ukraine. In response, Wagner seized control of Rostov-on-Don and began advancing northwards along the M4 highway towards Moscow. By 24 June, Wagner rebels had shot down four Russian Air Force helicopters and captured Voronezh. Vladimir Putin condemned the rebellion as treasonous. After entering Moscow Oblast, Wagner halted their advance and entered negotiations with Putin and Alexander Lukashenko. Wagner forces have since been told to go to Belarus.
References
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson

"The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson" is the first episode of the ninth season of The Simpsons. It first aired on September 21, 1997. In this episode, the Simpson family travels to New York City to get back their family car, which had been taken by Homer's friend Barney Gumble after a night out and left in the World Trade Center plaza. While his family tours the city, Homer goes through problems while trying to get back the car.
After the September 11 attacks, the episode was taken off syndication because of the World Trade Center's role in the episode. It has come back in recent years.
Other websites
The Simpsons episodes
1997 television episodes
Democratic Party (Italy)

The Democratic Party (Italian: Partito Democratico, PD) is an Italian political party. It's secretary is Elly Schlein.
From the birth of the Conte II Cabinet, the Democratic Party formed a coalition with the Five Star Movement.
Since 2014, the party has been a member of the Center-left Party of European Socialists group in the European Parliament.
References
2000s establishments in Italy
2007 establishments in Europe
Political parties in Italy
Monchy-Breton

Monchy-Breton is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Grand opera

Grand Opera is a term which is used to describe an opera with continuous music. It is a kind of opera that was popular in the 19th-century. Grand operas are usually divided into four or five acts. There have large casts (many singers taking part) and large orchestras. There is a lot of scenery. The story is dramatic. It is usually a story about a hero from history. The term "Grand Opera" has often been used to describe the Paris Opera from the late 1820s to around 1850, and sometimes to describe the Paris Opera itself.
In a broader sense "Grand Opera" can be any large-scale opera from European countries. During the 1830s and 1840s Giacomo Meyerbeer was thought to be the greatest composer of Grand Opera.
Opera genres
Opera terminology
Vieux-Thann

Vieux-Thann is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Medinaceli

Medinaceli is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Soria
Smilla's Sense of Snow

Smilla's Sense of Snow is a 1997 Danish German Icelandic Swedish mystery thriller movie directed by Bille August and based on the 1992 novel of the same name by Peter Hoeg. It stars Julia Ormond, Gabriel Byrne, Richard Harris, Jim Broadbent, Vanessa Redgrave, Tom Wilkinson, Robert Loggia, Bob Peck, David Schwimmer, Peter Capaldi, Jurgen Vogel and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1997 thriller movies
1990s mystery movies
Danish thriller movies
German thriller movies
Greenlandic movies
Icelandic movies
Swedish thriller movies
Movies based on books
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Bille August
Missègre

Missegre is a commune of 63 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
References
Communes in Aude
Saint-Blaise, Alpes-Maritimes

Saint-Blaise, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.
Communes in Alpes-Maritimes
Holland, Michigan

Holland, Michigan is a city in western Michigan, United States. About 33,279 people live in Holland as of 2012.
Holland is famous for its Tulip Time festival, held every May. The festival was named Best Small Town Festival by Reader's Digest.
History
Holland was started in 1847 by Dutch Calvinist separatists, led by Dr. Albertus van Raalte. They had left the Netherlands because they had been persecuted (were not treated nicely) there because of their religious beliefs.
References
Cities in Michigan
Jones County, Iowa

Jones County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,646. The county seat is Anamosa. The county was founded in 1837 and named after George Wallace Jones, a United States Senator and member of Congress.
References
1837 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Iowa counties
Abijah

Abijah is a name that has been given to both males and females. This name originates from Hebrew and carries the meaning of "my father is Yahweh" or "Yahweh is my father." The name holds great significance as it has been mentioned multiple times in the Bible throughout history.
References
Names
Ryu Gwan-sun

Ryu Gwan-sun or Yu Gwan-sun (Hangul: yugwansun, Hanja: Liu Kuan Shun ) (November 17, 1902 - September 28, 1920) was a Christian Korean freedom fighter who protested against the Japanese occupation of Korea.
Childhood
Ryu Gwansun was born on November 17, 1902, in a small farming village. Her brother said that she taught herself how to read Hangul. She was a playful, lively child who enjoyed running "like a boy" and was able to memorize Bible verses quickly. Her nephew, who grew up in the same village as her, said that she had very large, bright black eyes. Her brother described her as tall, with a plump, fair face.
When she was 12, she entered the Ewha Girls' School in Seoul, where she learned more about Christianity.
Demonstrations
Ryu Gwansun joined in the March 1st Movement with some friends from her school, though her teacher strongly told them not to. She was taken to prison for a short time, and her school was closed. With the help of her family and friends, Ryu planned a peaceful demonstration in her province for 1 March. The day before the demonstration, Ryu lit a bonfire on a mountain as a signal to begin the demonstration. The next day, over 2000 people came together in a marketplace for the demonstration. The Japanese police shot at the people, and about 19 people died, including Ryu's parents. Ryu Gwansun was taken to prison. She died on September 28, 1920 from injuries sustained from torture and beatings in prison.
References
1902 births
1920 deaths
Masahiro Sukigara

is a former Japanese football player.
Biography
Sukigara was born in Tokyo on April 2, 1966. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yomiuri (later Verdy Kawasaki) in 1989. However he could hardly play in the match at the club which had many Japan national team players. In March 1994, he moved to Urawa Reds. At Reds, the only match he played was against his old club Verdy. In 1995, he moved to Japan Football League club Fukushima FC. Although he played many matches, the club was disbanded in 1997.
In 1988, when Sukigara was a University of Tsukuba student, he was selected Japan national "B team" for 1988 Asian Cup. But he did not play in the match.
Statistics
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Yomiuri||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||7||0||3||1||0||0||10||1
|-
|1990/91||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|1991/92||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="3"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|1993||0||0||0||0||3||0||3||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||Urawa Reds||J1 League||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Fukushima FC||rowspan="3"|Football League||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|1996||17||5||3||0||colspan="2"|-||20||5
|-
|1997||22||7||3||1||colspan="2"|-||25||8
67||12||9||2||5||0||81||14
67||12||9||2||5||0||81||14
|}
References
Other websites
1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Tokyo Verdy players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
1988 AFC Asian Cup players
Chihuahua City

The city of Chihuahua is the state capital of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It is also the seat of Chihuahua Municipality. It has a population of about 825,327. The predominant activity is industry, including domestic heavy, light industries, consumer goods production, and to a smaller extent maquiladoras.
Capital cities in Mexico
Settlements in Chihuahua
Tetanospasmin

Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It is sometimes called spasmogenic toxin, tetanus toxin or abbreviated to TeTx or TeNT.
Poisons
Proteins
Jundiaí

Jundiai is a Brazilian city in the state of Sao Paulo state. Its population in 2010 was 370,126. Its area is 433.958 km2.
Cities in Sao Paulo (state)