Faust (opera)

Faust is a grand opera in five acts. The music was composed by Charles Gounod. The French libretto was written by Jules Barbier and Michel Carre. The libretto was based on Carre's play Faust et Marguerite. Carre's play was, in turn, based on the first past of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust. The opera was first performed at the Theatre-Lyrique in Paris on 19 March 1859. It was well received. The opera was Gounod's greatest success.
Faust was one of the most popular operas of the 19th century. It was the first opera to be performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in October 1883. It is an expensive opera to perform because of its large cast and many sets and costumes. Productions of the opera have declined since 1950. References to the opera have been frequent in other media. It is the opera being performed in the 1925 silent movie The Phantom of the Opera, for example. Despite its cost, the opera is still performed. It is number 35 on the Operabase list of the most-performed operas worldwide.
Roles
Doctor Faust - tenor
Marguerite - soprano
Mephistopheles - bass
Valentin, a soldier and Marguerite's brother - baritone
Siebel, Faust's student - mezzo-soprano
Dame Marthe, Marguerite's guardian - mezzo-soprano
Wagner, Faust's friend - Baritone
Soldiers, students, demons, angels, etc.
Story
The opera takes place in Germany during the 16th century.
Act 1
Doctor Faust is an aging scholar. He decides that his studies have come to nothing. They have only caused him to miss out on life and love (Rien! En vain j'interroge). He tries to kill himself with poison. He stops when he hears a choir. He curses science and faith. He asks for guidance from Satan. Mephistopheles appears (duet: Me voici). He tempts Faust with a vision of the beautiful Marguerite at her spinning wheel. He persuades Faust to buy Mephistopheles's services on earth in exchange for Faust's in Hell. Faust's cup of poison magically becomes an elixir of youth. He drinks it. The aged doctor becomes a handsome young man. The two companions then set out into the world.
Act 2
Near the city gates, students, soldiers, and villagers sing a drinking song (Vin ou Biere). Valentin is leaving for war with his friend Wagner. Valentin asks his young friend Siebel to take care of his sister Marguerite (O Sainte Medaille). Mephistopheles appears. He provides the crowd with wine. He sings a rousing song about the Golden Calf (Le veau d'or). Mephistopheles says bad things about Marguerite. Valentin tries to strike him with his sword. The sword shatters in the air. Valentin and his friends use the cross-shaped hilts of their swords to drive off what they now know is an infernal power (chorus: De l'enfer). Mephistopheles is joined by Faust. The villagers dance a waltz (Ainsi que la brise legere). Marguerite appears. Faust declares his admiration. She declines to walk with Faust out of modesty.
Act 3
In Marguerite's garden, the lovesick Siebel leaves a bouquet for Marguerite (Faites-lui mes aveux). Faust sends Mephistopheles in search of a gift for Marguerite and sings a cavatina (Salut, demeure chaste et pure) idealizing Marguerite as a pure child of nature. Mephistopheles brings in a decorated box containing exquisite jewelry and a hand mirror and leaves it on Marguerite's doorstep, next to Siebel's flowers. Marguerite enters, pondering her encounter with Faust at the city gates, and sings a melancholy ballad about the King of Thule (Il etait un roi de Thule).
Marthe, Marguerite's neighbour, notices the jewellery and says it must be from an admirer. Marguerite tries on the jewels and is captivated by how they enhance her beauty, as she sings in the famous aria, the Jewel Song (Ah! je ris de me voir si belle en ce miroir). Mephistopheles and Faust join the women in the garden and romance them. Marguerite allows Faust to kiss her (Laisse-moi, laisse-moi contempler ton visage), but then asks him to go away. She sings at her window for his quick return, and Faust, listening, returns to her. Under the watchful eye and malevolent laughter of Mephistopheles, it is clear that Faust's seduction of Marguerite will be successful.
Act 4
Marguerite's room / A public square outside her house / A cathedral
[Note: The scenes of acts 4 and 5 are sometimes given in a different order and portions are sometimes shortened or cut in performance.]
After being impregnated and abandoned by Faust, Marguerite has given birth and is a social outcast. She sings an aria at her spinning wheel (Il ne revient pas). Siebel stands by her. The scene shifts to the square outside Marguerite's house. Valentin's company returns from the war to a military march (Deposons les armes and Gloire immortelle de nos aieux, the well-known "soldiers' chorus"). Siebel asks Valentin to forgive Marguerite. Valentin rushes to her cottage. While he is inside Faust and Mephistopheles appear, and Mephistopheles, thinking that only Marguerite is there, sings a mocking burlesque of a lover's serenade under Marguerite's window (Vous qui faites l'endormie). Valentin comes out of the cottage, now knowing that Faust has debauched his sister. The three men fight, Mephistopheles blocking Valentin's sword, allowing Faust to make the fatal thrust. With his dying breath Valentin blames Marguerite for his death and condemns her to Hell before the assembled townspeople (Ecoute-moi bien Marguerite). Marguerite goes to the church and tries to pray there but is stopped, first by Mephistopheles and then by a choir of devils. She finishes her prayer but faints when she is cursed again by Mephistopheles.
Act 5
The Harz Mountains on Walpurgis Night / A cavern / The interior of a prison
Mephistopheles and Faust are surrounded by witches (Un, deux et trois). Faust is transported to a cave of queens and courtesans, and Mephistopheles promises to provide Faust with the love of the greatest and most beautiful women in history. An orgiastic ballet suggests the revelry that continues throughout the night. As dawn approaches, Faust sees a vision of Marguerite and calls for her. Mephistopheles helps Faust enter the prison where Marguerite is being held for killing her child. They sing a love duet (Oui, c'est toi que j'aime). Mephistopheles states that only a mortal hand can deliver Marguerite from her fate, and Faust offers to rescue her from the hangman, but she prefers to trust her fate to God and His angels (Anges purs, anges radieux). At the end she asks why Faust's hands are covered in blood, pushes him away, and falls down motionless. Mephistopheles curses, as a voice on high sings "Sauvee!" ("Saved!"). The bells of Easter sound and a chorus of angels sings "Christ est ressuscite!" ('"Christ is risen!"). The walls of the prison open, and Marguerite's soul rises to heaven. In despair Faust follows it with his eyes; he falls to his knees and prays. Mephistopheles is turned away by the shining sword of the archangel.
Discography
1912: Leon Beyle (Faust), Jeanne Campredon (Marguerite), Ardre Gresse (Mephistopheles), Jean Note (Valentin); Choeurs et Orchestre du Theatre de l'Opera-Comique de Paris, Francois Ruhlman - (Marston)
1920: Giuliano Romagnoli (Faust), Gemma Bosini (Marguerite), Fernando Autori (Mephistopheles), Adolfo Pacini (Valentin); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (La Voce del Padrone)
1958: Nicolai Gedda (Faust), Victoria de Los Angeles (Marguerite), Boris Christoff (Mephistopheles), Ernest Blanc (Valentin); Choeurs et Orchestre du Theatre National de l'Opera de Paris, Andre Cluytens - (EMI Classics)
1966: Franco Corelli (Faust), Joan Sutherland (Marguerite), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Mephistopheles), Robert Massard (Valentin); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, London Symphony Orchestra, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
1978: Placido Domingo (Faust), Mirella Freni (Marguerite), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Mephistopheles), Thomas Allen (Valentin); Choeurs et Orchestre du Theatre National de l'Opera de Paris, Georges Pretre - (EMI Classics)
1986: Francisco Araiza (Faust), Kiri Te Kanawa (Marguerite), Evgeny Nesterenko (Mephistopheles), Andreas Schmidt (Valentin); Chor und Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Colin Davis - (Philips)
1991: Richard Leech (Faust), Cheryl Studer (Marguerite), Jose van Dam (Mephistopheles), Thomas Hampson (Valentin); ChOEur De L'Armee Francaise, Choeur et Orchestre du Capitole de Toulouse, Michel Plasson - (EMI Classics)
1993: Jerry Hadley (Faust), Cecilia Gasdia (Marguerite), Samuel Ramey (Mephistopheles), Alexander Agache (Valentin); Chorus and Orchestra of Welsh National Opera, Carlo Rizzi - (Teldec/Warner Classics)
2009: Piotr Beczala (Faust), Soile Isokoski (Marguerite), Kwangchul Youn (Mephistopheles), Adrian Erod (Valentin); Chor und Orchester der Wiener Staatsoper, Bertrand de Billy - (Orfeo)
References
Anderson, James. 1999. The Complete Dictionnary of Opera & Operetta. Wings Books.
1880s operas
Faust