pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nihon Odai Ichiran

is a Japanese book. It is a 17th century chronicle (history) of the reigns of the Japanese emperors before the 19th century.
A French translation of Nihon Odai Ichiran (Annales des empereurs du Japon) was published in 1834. It was translated by a Dutchman Isaac Titsingh ; this translation was one of very few books about Japan of the time.
First book of its kind in the West
Dutch historian Isaac Titsingh brought the seven volumes of the book with him when he returned to Europe in 1797. He returned after twenty years in Asia. Titsingh's French translation was published in 1834. The Japanese originals were lost in the 19th century wars in Europe.
This was the first major history of Japan to be published in the West. It was also the first history book by a Japanese writer to be published in Europe.
Isaac Titsingh described Nihon odai ichiran as a very difficult book. He thought that the translation was "a most tedious task."
In the 1950s, Odai-ichiran was evaluated by Japanologist John Whitney Hall who confirmed Titsingh's work is a careful translation from Japanese sources.
Related pages
History of Japan
List of emperors of Japan
Japanese era name
References
Other websites
Manuscript scans, Waseda University Library
History of Japan
17th-century books
Arizona City, Arizona

Arizona City is a census-designated place in Arizona. In 2010, about 10,500 people lived there. Arizona City covers and area of about . It is about mid-way between Phoenix and Tucson, each city centre is about away.
References
Census-designated places in Arizona
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup

2001 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 5th FIFA Confederations Cup tournament. It took place in South Korea and Japan from 30 May to 10 June. France won the tournament after defeating Japan. Australia got third place.
Results
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
References
Other websites
RSSSF
FIFA Confederations Cup tournaments
2001 in association football
2001 in Asia
2000s in South Korea
2000s in Japan
Football in South Korea
Football in Japan
May events
June events
Horace Burrell

Horace G. Burrell JP OM (8 February 1950 - 6 June 2017), also known as Captain Burrell, was the president of the Jamaica Football Federation, and a Vice-President of CONCACAF. He was also the founder of the Jamaican restaurant chain The Captain's Bakery and Grill and Captain's Aviation Services which he founded in 1995 and 2008 respectively. He died on 6 June 2017 after ailing for some time.
Burrell died of lung cancer on 6 June 2017 in Kingston at the age of 67.
References
1950 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Jamaican sportspeople
Jamaican businesspeople
Peg + Cat

Peg + Cat is an American-Canadian animated children's television series based on the children's book The Chicken Problem, which was published in 2020. The series is created by Billy Aronson and Jennifer Oxley. The series focuses on a young girl named Peg and her talking pet cat, named Cat. The show teaches the viewer math. Peg and Cat's adventures often relate to math. Peg speaks directly to the viewers and encourages them to follow along with the episode's plot.
It started on most PBS Kids stations on November 18, 2013. It has a voice cast which includes Hayley Faith Negrin, Dwayne Hill, Annick Obonsawin and Thamela Mpumlwana.
References
American children's television series
2013 American television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
Jerome Ehlers

Jerome Francis Ehlers (20 December 1958 - 9 August 2014) was an Australian actor and screenwriter. His movie roles included Two Hands (1999), Ned Kelly (2003), The Marine (2006). He also made appearances in television series such as The New Adventures of Flipper and House Husbands. He also wrote the movie After the Rain (2000).
Ehlers was born in Perth, Western Australia. He was married twice and had two sons, Ethan and Jackson.
Ehlers died from cancer on 9 August 2014 in Sydney, New South Wales. He was 55.
References
Other websites
1958 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Perth, Western Australia
Australian movie actors
Australian screenwriters
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Cancer deaths in Sydney
Göksel Gümüşdağ

Goksel Gumusdag (born 10 October 1972, Istanbul) is a Turkish businessman, former president of Istanbul Basaksehir and former Vice President of the Turkiye Futbol Federasyonu. He is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of LTD.
Early life and career
Gumusdag was born in Istanbul on October 10, 1972. He graduated from Anadolu University Economics and Bilgi University Business Administration Department.
In 2014, he was elected president of Istanbul Basaksehir from Super League teams. He is still a member of the Istanbul Bilgi University Board of Trustees.
References
Living people
1972 births
Turkish businesspeople
Chinese economic reform

The Chinese economic reform () refers to the economic reforms in the People's Republic of China between the 1970s and 1990s. They were led by the Communist Party of China and Deng Xiaoping and started in December 1978. They were also called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics".
Why reform?
Before the eighteenth century, China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies. Adam Smith agreed. However, Chinese economy began to slow down and even got worse by the 20th century. This was due to things like the First Sino-Japanese War and Second Sino-Japanese War.
Other than that, in 1978 the Chinese economy was on the brink of disaster as a consequence of the decisions of Mao Zedong.
How did they reform?
The Communist Party began to fix the economy. It introduced market principles in 1978.
Part 1: In the 70s and 80s, they stopped requiring everybody to farm and stopped sending young people to the countryside. They also opened China to foreign investment, allowing people to start businesses. However, most businesses remained owned by the government.
Part 2: In the 80s and 90s, the PRC allowed much more private control of business (less government control, privatization). They removed price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations. Still state monopolies in banking and petroleum remained.
What happened next?
The private sector grew remarkably, becoming 70% of China's gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth happened, with the economy increasing by 9.5% each year.
After 2005, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao controlled the economy more heavily, reversing some reforms. Xi Jinping undid some more reforms by allowing the government greater control in some areas of the economy.
Chinese society changed a lot because of these reforms. They greatly reduced poverty and increased average income. They have also led to China's rise as a world power.
References
Pages with unreviewed translations
History of the People's Republic of China
War Child

War Child is a British charity aiding child victims of war. It was started in 1993 by British filmmakers Bill Leeson and David Wilson. In 2013 it got the Special Recognition BRIT Award.
References
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Brit Award winners
Charities of the United Kingdom
Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family who ruled over a large part of western Europe from 751 to 987. They were a line of mayors, kings, and princes who succeeded the Merovingian dynasty. The most famous member of the family was Charlemagne. The dynasty was named after Charlemagne's grandfather, Charles Martel. He was a Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and Neustria. The mayors of the palace were the real power behind the throne.
Charles Martel (meaning "the hammer") left his wealth and power to his two sons, Pepin III and Carloman. In 771 Carloman died leaving his half to Pepin who became Mayor of the Palace. When the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, was deposed by the Pope in Rome, Pepin was made king of the Franks. Pope Stephen III traveled to France and placed the crown on his head. Pepin left the kingdom to his two sons, Charles and Carloman.
Charles and his brother shared the kingdom for some time. Carloman then traveled to Rome and became a monk. Charles became the sole king. He then earned his name "Charles the Great" (Charlemagne) by defeating the Lombards, the Saxons, and the Avars. In 800 Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. The dynasty was passed down to his son, Louis the Pious and to his grandsons. By the time Louis inherited the kingdom the Carolingian Empire had already started to decline. By the end of the 9th century it came to an end. With the collapse of the empire the dynasty came to an end.
References
Frankish rulers
Royal dynasties
Miquelot de Prades

Miquel de Prades ( Balaguer ) ? 1462? - Belvedere Marittimo coast 1505), known by the name of Miquelot de Prades, was a Catalan soldier famous for his skill with the sword and various military deeds. There is no certain evidence that confirms whether three documented facts (about a fencer, about a murderer and about a soldier who died at sea) can be attributed to the same person.
Documented facts
Assassination of Joan Borja in Rome
The historian Jeronimo Zurita explains the assassination of Juan de Borja, son of Alexander VI in Rome, in the year 1497. The death was attributed to Michalot de Prats, who was at the service of the victim.
Famous fencer in Italy and Montserrat
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, in his work Las Quinquagenas de la nobility de Espana, spoke of a Catalan soldier (Michalot de Pradas) who roamed Italy, winning all the duels with a sure thrust to the opponent's neck. Repentant of his life, that soldier went to take refuge in the monastery of Montserrat. One bad day an Italian soldier with two swords showed up and challenged Miquelot (saying that he wanted to see the secret thrust, claiming that he would know how to counter it). Miquelot flatly refused to fight but the other's insistence forced him to do so. The Italian ended up dead, with a thrust to the neck. There was probably no better way to teach it. Repentant of the new death, he went to Rome to ask for forgiveness. The pope incorporated him into his troops.
There is no document that indicates the type of sword used by Miquelot and his opponents. It could be either a broadsword (rigid and heavy) or a flexible and relatively light sword.
Soldier at the service of the Pontiff
There is a Michalot de Prats who with an armed caravel in Naples chased and made some corsairs flee near Belvedere Marittimo (a priori, without any relationship, with the previous events). Michalot's ship, some ships that accompanied him and the captured privateers suffered a sudden storm and sank (year 1505). All the crew were drowned.
References
1505 deaths
Spanish military people
People from Catalonia
Munchos

Munchos are a potato chips snack food. They are manufactured from dehydrated potatoes by Frito-Lay.
They are somewhat similar to Lay's Stax and Pringles. These are also made with dried potatoes. They are kosher.
The chips were first made in 1969.
References
1969 establishments in the United States
Snack foods
San Dimas, California

San Dimas is a city in the San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County, California. At the 2020 census, 34,924 people lived there. The city gets its name from the Spanish name for Saint Dismas.
The 1989 movie Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure and its 1991 sequel Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey were both set in San Dimas. Neither were filmed in the city, they were mainly filmed in Phoenix, Arizona and Los Angeles.
References
Cities in California
1960 establishments in the United States
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
1960s establishments in California
Tim Bain

Timothy Bain (born 13 June 1978) is a British-Australian writer. He is known for writing comedy, children's and animated series for television and as the creator and co-executive producer of ABC Kids' action-comedy series Kangaroo Beach.
Bain has also written for comedy series including Aardman Animations Epic Adventures of Morph, The Rubbish World of Dave Spud, Rove and The Wedge. His children's series credits include PJ Masks, Bluey, Bob the Builder, Fireman Sam, Go Jetters, Counterfeit Cat, Boyster, Tooned 50, Digby Dragon, Dennis the Menace and Gnasher, Bottersnikes and Gumbles, The New Adventures of Figaro Pho, Kuu Kuu Harajuku, Winston Steinburger and Sir Dudley Ding-Dong and Get Ace.
Acting
Bain has voiced characters in Go Jetters and in Thomas & Friends series 22-24, playing a variety of humans, trains and buses.
Awards
Bain won Best Children's Episode at the British Writers Guild Awards 2018 and Best Animation at the Australian Writers Guild Awards 2017 for his Counterfeit Cat script "Room of Panic".
Tooned 50, starring the voices of Alexander Armstrong and Brian Cox, and Formula-1 champions Jenson Button, Emerson Fittipaldi, Mika Hakkinen and Alain Prost, won a Gold Eurobest Award in 2013 and a Gold Lovie Award.
Musicals
Bain has written several high school musical-comedies, You're History!, Lucky, RetroActive and High School Spoof-ical. They are published by Maverick Musicals and have been performed across Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and South Africa.
Short films
Bain's short animated films Arctic Adventure (2000) and Kidd Kelly (2003) featured the voices of Eric Bana, Sigrid Thornton, John Clarke, Angus Sampson, Dave Hughes, Kim Gyngell and Judith Lucy. They have screened at festivals including the St Kilda Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Melbourne International Animation Festival and the Massachusetts Children's Film Festival.
References
Other websites
Official website
Kangaroo Beach website
1978 births
Australian children's writers
Writers from Melbourne
Living people
A Star Is Born

A Star is Born is a 1954 musical movie starring James Mason and Judy Garland. It was directed by George Cukor. In 2000, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."
Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper starred in the 2018 remake movie.
Movies directed by George Cukor
United States National Film Registry movies
1954 movies
Musical movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Grace Van Dien

Grace Van Dien (born October 15, 1996) is an American actress and Twitch streamer. She is known for playing Brooke Osmond in the Netflix teen drama series Greenhouse Academy (2017) and Katie Campbell in NBC drama series The Village (2019). She also played Chrissy Cunningham in the Netflix drama thriller series Stranger Things in 2022.
She is the daughter of actors Casper Van Dien and Carrie Mitchum, and the great-granddaughter of actor Robert Mitchum.
References
Other websites
1996 births
Living people
Twitch (service) streamers
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Coffee table book

A coffee table book is an oversized, usually hard-covered book intended for display on a table. It is often non-fiction and pictorial, with pages consisting of photographs and illustrations, captions, and small blocks of text. The concept of a book intended for display over perusal was mentioned by Michel de Montaigne in his 1581 essay and Laurence Sterne in his 1759 novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. In the late 1940s, publisher Albert Skira and a few others began producing large folio and quarto format art books, illustrated with tipped-in color plates. David Brower is sometimes credited with inventing the modern coffee table book.
The "Exhibit Format" series of books combined nature photography and writings, with a page size big enough to carry a given image's dynamic. Madonna's 1992 book Sex remains the most searched for out-of-print coffee table book.
References
Brent Briscoe

Brent Briscoe (May 21, 1961 - October 18, 2017) was an American actor and screenwriter. He was born in Moberly, Missouri. He was known for working with Billy Bob Thornton on Sling Blade. He also worked with Mark Fauser, who was his college roommate. He appeared in the 2017 television series Twin Peaks as Detective Dave Macklay. He wrote the screenplay for Waking Up in Reno.
Briscoe died in Los Angeles, California on October 18, 2017 from complications of a fall at the age of 56.
References
Other websites
1961 births
2017 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
American movie actors
American television actors
American television writers
American screenwriters
Actors from Missouri
Writers from Missouri
Alexis Jordan (album)

Alexis Jordan is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer Alexis Jordan.
Track listing
Charts
References
Alexis Jordan
2011 albums
Debut albums
Dance-pop albums
House albums
R&B albums
Sikkim National Party

The Sikkim National Party, was a political party in Sikkim. Formed in 1950. National Party was in favour of the monarchy and advocated independence for Sikkim.
Sikkim
Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a disease that causes damage to the eye. If a person who has glaucoma does not get help from a doctor, they will not be able to see.
This disease happens because of increased pressure in the eye. The pressure causes damage to the optic nerve. This can cause loss of vision, and may also be painful.
Sometimes, it is hard for a person to know that they have glaucoma. The vision can be lost very slowly. When sight is lost from glaucoma, it cannot be recovered.
There are two kinds of glaucoma, the kind that happens very fast, and the kind that happens slowly, over a long time.
Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world.
Genetic component
There is often a hereditary tendency to glaucoma. A family history of glaucoma is a risk factor. The relative risk of having what is called "primary open-angle glaucoma" (POAG) is increased about two- to four-fold for people who have a sibling with glaucoma. Glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma, is associated with mutations in several different genes
Also, the likelihood of it happening is different in different populations. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans, who have higher rates of primary open angle glaucoma.
References
Ophthalmology
Diseases and disorders of the eye
Puylaroque

Puylaroque is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
References
Communes in Tarn-et-Garonne
Jack Dempsey

William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 - May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title between 1919 and 1926 Known as "The Manassa Mauler", Dempsey was a tremendous puncher famous for his exciting fights, many of which set financial and attendance records.
He won the title by beating Jess Willard on July 4, 1919. He defended the title six times before losing it to Gene Tunney in 1926. They had a rematch in 1927 and Tunney again beat Dempsey. It was during this fight where the "Long Count" took place. Dempsey knocked Tunney down in the seventh round. The referee would not start counting until Dempsey went to a neutral corner, so it is estimated that Tunney had as many as fourteen seconds to rise (instead of the usual ten).
Dempsey retired in 1928. He fought exhibitions after his retirement, served as a commander in the Coast Guard during World War II, and opened a restaurant in New York City.
Dempsey died in 1983.
Other websites
Boxing record
American boxers
Sportspeople from Colorado
1895 births
1983 deaths
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Mullan, Idaho

Mullan is a city in Idaho in the United States.
Geography
Mullan has a total area of .8 square miles.
Cities in Idaho
Dietlikon

Dietlikon is a municipality in the district of Bulach in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official Website
Municipalities of Zurich
Makoto Yonekura

Makoto Yonekura (born 28 December 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|NKK||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||17||0||||||||||17||0
|-
|1990/91||16||2||||||2||0||18||2
|-
|1991/92||Toyota Motors||JSL Division 1||19||2||||||2||0||21||2
|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||10||0||10||0
|-
|1993||31||2||3||2||5||0||39||4
|-
|1994||25||3||0||0||1||0||26||3
|-
|1995||39||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||39||3
|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||22||2||2||1||14||3||38||6
|-
|1997||16||0||2||0||6||1||24||1
|-
|1998||3||1||0||0||2||0||5||1
188||15||7||3||42||4||237||22
188||15||7||3||42||4||237||22
|}
1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Gunma Prefecture
Jerome Kersey

Jerome Kersey (June 26, 1962 - February 18, 2015) was an American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association. He was born in Clarksville, Virginia. He was known for playing with the Portland Trail Blazers from 1984 until 1995. He also served in various coaching roles in the NBA. He died in Tualatin, Oregon.
1962 births
2015 deaths
African-American basketball players
Deaths from blood clot
Golden State Warriors players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Portland Trail Blazers players
San Antonio Spurs players
Seattle SuperSonics players
Sportspeople from Virginia
American basketball players
Marathon, Florida

Marathon is a city of Florida in the United States. It is on Knight's Key, Boot Key, Key Vaca, Fat Deer Key, Long Point Key, Crawl Key and Grassy Key islands in the middle Florida Keys, in Monroe County. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 10,255. As of 2005, the population estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau is 10,626.
The name "Marathon" started with the building of the Florida East Coast Railroad. The railroad workers were working night and day to complete the railway. Many of the workers complained that "this [the project] is getting to be a real Marathon". Later, the railroad named the closest station along the railroad "Marathon".
Geography
The city has a total area of , of which is land and (10.37%) is water. The city limits extend 1200 feet from land into the adjacent waters.
Boot Key Harbor is a natural body of water between Boot Key and Key Vaca, entirely within the Marathon city limits.
References
Cities in Florida
COVID-19 pandemic in Finland

The first case of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Finland was confirmed on 29 January 2020, when a Chinese tourist visiting Ivalo from Wuhan tested positive for the virus.
Background
On 31 December 2019, the Health Commission of Wuhan, Hubei, China, informed the WHO about a large number of acute pneumonia cases with unknown origin in its province. On 9 January 2020, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) reported the identification of the SARS-CoV-2 as the cause.
On 27 January, following the developments of COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China, Finland's Ministry for Foreign Affairs advised citizens to avoid unnecessary travel to Hubei province. The following day, Finnair announced it would be ending its five weekly routes to Nanjing and Beijing Daxing until the end of March.
Numbers
On 30 January, Finland's health officials said that up to 24 Finnish people may have the virus.
Response
On 16 March, the president declared a state of emergency due to COVID-19. 272 laboratory-confirmed cases caused by COVID-19 had been diagnosed in Finland by 16 March 2020 at 2 pm.
References
21st century in Finland
Finland
Sarcohyla psarosema

For another species commonly known as the speckled treefrog, see Boana semiguttata
The speckled tree frog (Sarcohyla psarosema) is a frog that lives in Mexico. Scientists have seen it in only one place: a cloud forest 2103 meters above sea level in the Sierra Mixes in Oaxaca.
This frog is brown in color on the back, with white spots. The adult male frog is 31.4 cm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 37.3 cm long. The adult male frog has very muscular front legs.
References
Frogs of North America
Acaric

Acaric is a Japanese company based in Tokyo and they are providing educational services (including recruitment support) for graduate students and young researchers (such as postdoctoral fellows). They are also known for developing Cloud LaTeX, an online LaTeX compiler service which is considered as a Japanese counterpart of ShareLaTeX.
Other websites
Technology companies of Japan
2000s establishments in Japan
Vampire bat

Vampire bats is a subfamily of bats. Unlike other bats, vampire bats feed on blood. Currently, there are three species of bats known to do this. All of them live in the Americas, in Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina. Of the three known species, one feeds on the blood of mammals, the other two on the blood of birds.
The common vampire bat lives in large groups, of up to 100 animals. They have developed complex social behaviour.
Vampire bats commonly spread diseases, most notably rabies. The saliva of the vampire bats contain chemicals that prevent the clotting of the blood of the victim; this has been used to develop drugs to help the patients of strokes and heart attacks.
The false vampire bats are not vampire bats; they do not feed on blood, some eat fruits, others devour small animals.
Vampires may be modelled on bats.
Scientific studies
Vampire bats were some of the first animals studied using the broadly applicable tracking system, or BATS. Scientists glued very small backpacks with sensors onto vampire bats and used GPS to tell when they looked for food, rested, or met each other. The study, which was printed for people to read on October 31, 2019 (Halloween), said that vampire bats formed social bonds when being held by humans that they remembered after being released back into the wild.
References
Bats
Vineland, New Jersey

Vineland is a city in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 60,724. Vineland, Millville and Bridgeton are the three main New Jersey cities of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area.
References
Cities in New Jersey
Cuba Gooding Jr.

Cuba Gooding, Jr. (born January 2, 1968) is an American actor who was born in New York City. He won an Academy Award for his performance in Jerry Maguire.
In 2016, he portrayed O.J. Simpson in the FX drama series The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story, and co-starred in the sixth season of the FX anthology series American Horror Story, subtitled Roanoke.
His father is singer Cuba Gooding, Sr. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1972. Gooding has been a born-again Christian since he was 13.
References
Other websites
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from New York City
African American actors
American movie actors
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Movie producers from New York City
American television actors
American voice actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Academy Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
1968 births
Living people
American Psychiatric Association

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is a group of psychiatrists in the United States. The group is responsible for writing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is used to diagnose mental illnesses. It has about 36,000 members. Its members are from USA and other countries in the world. The APA was founded in 1844.
References
Psychiatry
1844 establishments in the United States
Medical and health organizations in the United States
Prion

A prion (pronounced pree-on) is an infectious protein. The word is short for "proteinaceous infectious particles".
All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue. Right now, they cannot be treated and always end in death.
Prions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and kuru. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in infected animals. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts. It has also been suggested that Alzheimer's disease causes damage to the prions.
Because prions are proteins, and proteins cannot reproduce themselves, it is a mystery how prions work. A lot of molecular biology research is going on to find out how they reproduce themselves, with no clear result so far.
Related pages
Prion disease
References
Proteins
Rosalind Elias

Rosalind Elias (March 13, 1930 - May 3, 2020) was an American mezzo-soprano. She was best known for creating the role of Erika in premiere of Samuel Barber's Vanessa in 1958 and Charmian in Antony and Cleopatra by the same composer. Elias was born in Lowell, Massachusetts.
Elias died on May 3, 2020 in New York City of congestive heart failure, aged 90.
References
Other websites
Robert Wilder Blue's usOperaweb interview, "Charmed Life: Rosalind Elias Talks about Her Career and Samuel Barber"
Marc Porter Zapada's Los Angeles Downtown News review, "A Vanessa Served Rare, with Delicious Irony"
1929 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American stage actors
Actors from Massachusetts
Singers from Massachusetts
People from Lowell, Massachusetts
Darcie Brown

Darcie Rose Brown is a cricketer from Australia. Darcie plays for the South Australian Scorpions in the Women's National Cricket League and for the Adelaide Strikers in the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL). She was born on March 7, 2003.
References
Other websites
2003 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
Sportspeople from South Australia
Michael Ballhaus

Michael Ballhaus, A.S.C. (5 August 1935 - 11 April 2017) was a German cinematographer.
Career
When his career began, Ballhaus became known for his works with Rainer Werner Fassbinder beginning with Whity (1971) and, including The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant (1972), Chinese Roulette (1976) and The Marriage of Maria Braun (1978).
After settling in the United States, he worked on many American movies, including Baby It's You (1983), Old Enough (1984), After Hours (1985), The Color of Money (1986), The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Goodfellas (1990), The Age of Innocence (1993), Air Force One (1997), Gangs of New York (2002) and The Departed (2006). He is also known for his works in Dracula (1992) and Sleepers (1996).
Ballhaus was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, for Broadcast News (1987), The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), and Gangs of New York (2002), but never won. However, he did win the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography for Goodfellas.
Death
Ballhaus died on 11 April 2017 in Berlin, aged 81.
References
Other websites
Cinemascope interview
Michael Ballhaus in Genealogy Wiki
1935 births
2017 deaths
Cinematographers
People from Berlin
UTC−06:00

UTC-06:00 makes clocks 6 hours earlier than Greenwich Mean Time.
These are the places that are on the UTC-06:00 time zone.
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)
Main cities: Chicago, Mexico City, Winnipeg
North America
CST is standard time in the 6th time zone west of Greenwich; used in North America in some parts of Canada, Mexico and the United States.
(Central Time Zone)
Manitoba
Nunavut
Kivalliq Region except Southampton Island (Coral Harbour)
Ontario
West of 90deg west
All except Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa and Sonora.
(Central Time Zone)
Alabama
Except for Chambers, Lee, Macon, & Russel counties
Arkansas
Florida
The counties of Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Holmes, Jackson, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Walton, and Washington, and northern Gulf county (panhandle)
Illinois
Indiana
Northwestern counties of Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter and Starke
Southwestern counties of Gibson, Perry, Posey, Spencer, Vanderburgh and Warrick
Iowa
Kansas
Entire state except westernmost counties
Kentucky
The counties of Breckinridge, Grayson, Hart, Green, Adair, Russell and Clinton, and all counties to the west of these
Louisiana
Michigan
The western counties of Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron and Menominee
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Central and eastern Nebraska
North Dakota
Entire state except southwest
Oklahoma
Entire state except Kenton
South Dakota
Eastern half
Tennessee
Counties located to the west of the counties of Scott, Morgan, Roane, Rhea, and Hamilton
Texas
All except the most west counties
Wisconsin
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
Main cities: Denver, Calgary, Ciudad Juarez
North America
(Mountain Time Zone)
Alberta
British Columbia
The south-eastern communities of Cranbrook, Golden and Invermere
Northwest Territories
Nunavut
Kitikmeot Region
Saskatchewan
Lloydminster
Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit and Sinaloa states
(Mountain Time Zone)
Arizona - Navajo Nation only
Colorado
Idaho
South of Salmon River
Kansas
The western counties of Greeley, Hamilton, Sherman and Wallace
Montana
Nebraska
The western counties of Cherry (western part), Hooker, Arthur, Keith, Perkins, Chase and Dundy, and all counties to the west of these
Nevada
West Wendover
New Mexico
North Dakota
The Southwestern counties of Adams, Billings, Bowman, Dunn (southern part), Golden Valley, Grant, Hettinger, McKenzie (southern part), Sioux (west of ND route 31), Slope and Stark
Oregon
Malheur County (except a small strip in the south)
South Dakota
The western counties of Corson, Dewey, Stanley (western part), Jackson and Bennett, and all counties to the west of these
Texas
The western counties of Culberson (northwestern part), El Paso and Hudspeth
Utah
Wyoming
As standard time (for entire year)
Main cities: Guatemala City, Tegucigalpa, Managua, San Jose, San Salvador
North America
- Central Time Zone
Saskatchewan
All province except Lloydminster
Central America
Called Central America Time Zone
East Pacific
Galapagos Province
References
UTC offsets
Renédale

Renedale is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Jon Santacana Maiztegui

Jon Santacana Maiztegui (born 1 November 1980) is a Spanish skier who has problems seeing. He skis with help from Miguel Galindo Garces who helps him with directions. Santacana has played in the IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, in the European Cup and the IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup, and Spanish national competitions. He represented Spain at the 2002 Winter Paralympics, 2006 Winter Paralympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics, making, getting a gold and a two silvers at the 2010 Paralympics.
He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and was the second skier to finish in the visually impaired men's downhill race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super-G race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super Combined race and in the Giant Slalom race. He was the second skier to finish in the slalom race. Because he cannot see, Miguel Galindo Garces was his guide and told him where to when going down the mountain.
References
Living people
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1980 births
Spanish skiers
2002 Winter Paralympics
2006 Winter Paralympics
2010 Winter Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Competitors at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Ma Ying-jeou

Ma Ying-jeou (, born 13 July 1950) is a Taiwanese politician. He was the President of the Republic of China from 20 May 2008 to 20 May 2016.
Early life
Ma Ying-jeou was born in Kwong Wah Hospital in Kowloon, British Hong Kong on 13 July 1950. He studied in National Taiwan University, New York University and Harvard University.
References
Other websites
Official ROC President's website
Ma Ying-jeou Official Website (Traditional Chinese)
CityMayors article
Kuomintang Official Website
Taipei City Government Official Website
Protesters say measures recall the martial law era
DPP-incited disturbance condemned in Taiwan (Xinhua) 2008-11-06
Taiwan DPP Chair leads the "anti-China" rally to besiege the city and Grand Hotel
1950 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Mayors of Taipei
New York University alumni
Hong Kong politicians
Taiwanese military people
Presidents of the Republic of China
Rogues Gallery

Rogues Gallery is a 1985 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's thirteenth studio album. Following from the band's European and American success with the singles "My Oh My" and "Run Runaway", the band decided to stop touring but continue recording. The album featured ten radio-friendly songs, although the album was not as successful as hoped, peaking at #60 in the UK.
The album featured the singles "All Join Hands", "7 Year Bitch", "Myzsterious Mizster Jones" and "Little Sheila".
Track listing
"Hey Ho Wish You Well" (Holder/Lea)
"Little Sheila " (Holder/Lea) US #86
"Harmony" (Holder/Lea)
"Myzsterious Mizster Jones" (Holder/Lea) UK #50
"Walking On Water, Running On Alcohol" (Holder/Lea)
"7 Year Bitch" (Holder/Lea) UK #60
"I'll Be There" (Holder/Lea)
"I Win, You Lose" (Holder/Lea)
"Time To Rock " (Holder/Lea)
"All Join Hands" (Holder/Lea) UK #15
1985 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
Wiesenbronn

Wiesenbronn is a municipality in Kitzingen in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Kitzingen (district)
Nyctimantis bokermanni

The Bokermann's casque-headed frog (Nyctimantis bokermanni) is a frog that lives in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Mount Alayta

Mount Alatya is a shield volcano in Ethiopia. It produced significant lava flows in the early 1900s. The last eruption was in 1915.
References
Other websites
Volcanoes of Africa
Geography of Ethiopia
Canton Valley, Connecticut

Canton Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Connecticut in the United States.
Census-designated places in Connecticut
Mackenzie Rosman

Mackenzie Ryann Rosman (born December 28, 1989) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's 7th Heaven.
References
American television actors
American child actors
Actors from South Carolina
1989 births
Living people
Murau District

Bezirk Murau is a district in Styria, Austria.
Municipalities
Since 2015, it has the following municipalities:
Krakau
Muhlen
Murau
Neumarkt in der Steiermark
Niederwolz
Oberwolz
Ranten
Sankt Georgen am Kreischberg
Sankt Lambrecht
Sankt Peter am Kammersberg
Scheifling
Schoder
Stadl-Predlitz
Teufenbach-Katsch
References
Districts of Styria
Zango

Zango (used to be 180solutions) was a controversial software company founded in 1999. It went out of business after a British company called blinkx bought it. It was controversial for installing adware, or a type of software that displayed ads without your permission, on your computer.
Advertising
Malware
1999 establishments
Defunct software companies
American software companies
Brundidge, Alabama

Brundidge is a city in Pike County, Alabama, USA. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 2,341.
References
Cities in Alabama
Gauss (unit)

The gauss (symbol G) is the CGS unit used to measure magnetic fields. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimeter. The tesla (symbol T) is the SI derived unit used to measure the strength of magnetic fields. There are 10,000 (104) gauss in one tesla.
The unit is named in honor of the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss.
Example values
10-9-10-8 gauss - the magnetic field of the human brain
0.31-0.58 gauss - the Earth's magnetic field at its surface
25 gauss - the Earth's magnetic field in its core
50 gauss - a typical refrigerator magnet
100 gauss - a small iron magnet
600-70,000 gauss - a medical magnetic resonance imaging machine
1012-1013 gauss - the magnetic field on the surface of a neutron star
4x1013 gauss - the quantum electrodynamic threshold
1015 gauss - the magnetic field of some newly created magnetars
1017 gauss - the upper limit to neutron star magnetism; no known object in the universe can generate a stronger magnetic field
References
Units of measurement
Magnetism
IND Eighth Avenue Line

The IND 8th Avenue Line is a subway line in New York City. It carries the A, C and E services, 3 of the 27 services of the New York City Subway. It opened in 1932. About 1 million people ride on it every day. The line is 23 km (14 mi) long. Services that use the line are colored dark red.
Services
There are three services using the line. They are:
A: The A 8th Avenue Express runs from Inwood-207th Street in upper Manhattan to Far Rockaway in Queens. It is the longest service on the New York City Subway. It is 50 km (31 mi) long. A famous jazz song called Take the 'A' Train was written about this service.
C: The C Eighth Avenue Local line travels on this line between 168 Street and West 4th Street. It runs from 168th Street to Euclid Avenue. It makes all stops (except late nights).
E: The E 8th Avenue Local runs from World Trade Center to Jamaica Center. It is fully underground for its whole route. It runs as an express service during the day, but makes all stops at night.
The K 8th Avenue Local used to run on the 8th Ave Line between 168 Street and World Trade Center. This service was discontinued in 1987.
1932 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in New York (state)
Compagnie Générale Transatlantique

Compagnie Generale Transatlantique (CGT), also called French Line, was a French shipping line which operated ocean liners on the Transatlantic Route, it was founded by the Pereire Brothers in 1861, it would merge with Messageries Maritimes and then with Compagnie Generale Maritime in 1996 to form CMA CGM.
Among his fleet, he had the Ocean liners: SS La Bourgogne, which would sink south of Sable Island in Nova Scotia in 1899, and the SS Grandcamp, which would cause the Texas City Disaster in 1947, and for having had the ocean liners SS Paris, SS France (1912), SS Ile de France, SS Normandie and the SS France of 1961.
References
Other websites
Official website
French Lines
CGT French Line History and Ephemera GG Archives
Defunct shipping companies
1861 establishments
1996 disestablishments in Europe
Companies based in Paris
Dawood Sarkhosh

Dawood Sarkhosh is a singer, songwriter and poet from Afghanistan.
He makes most of his songs himself.
Dawood Sarkhosh has held many concerts in various countries such as Australia, Russia, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Pakistan and Iran.
Birth and family
Dawood Sarkhosh was born on 1971 in a family of Hazara people in Daykundi, Afghanistan.
Albums
Dawood Sarkhosh has already released 5 albums officially.
References
Other websites
dawoodsarkhosh.com
facebook.com/Dawood Sarkhosh
sarkhoshmusics.com
Living people
1971 births
Hazara people
Chestnut flour

Chestnut flour, also called sweet flour, is a flour made by grinding chestnuts.
It has a hazelnut-like color and a sweet flavour. It is mainly made in Italian mountain regions, which is between 450 to 900 meters above sea level, where the sweet chestnut can be found. In the past, it was a important source for the regions as it is high in energy.
The chestnut in the time of San Benedetto was intensively cultivated due to famines and the plague in Tuscany in the 1300s that led the population to move in for finding support at the hills.
In Corsica, chestnut trees were introduced in the 16th century by the Genoese, and their spread had changed the culture of the island including its food.
References
Flour
Cherry Valley, Illinois

Cherry Valley is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Villages in Illinois
Wichita Mountains

The Wichita Mountains are in southwestern Oklahoma.
Mountains of Oklahoma
Robin Hack

Robin Hack (; born 27 August 1998) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward for German club Arminia Bielefeld.
Career
In June 2019, Hack signed for 1. FC Nurnberg from 1899 Hoffenheim.
After two seasons at Nurnberg, Hack moved to Arminia Bielefeld in August 2021 on a contract until 2025.
References
Other websites
1998 births
Living people
German footballers
Association football forwards
Sportspeople from Baden-Wurttemberg
Abdel Aziz Mohamed Hegazy

Abdelaziz Mohamed Hegazy (; 3 January 1923 - 22 December 2014) was an egyptian economist, and the former prime minister of Egypt under President Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat from September 25, 1974 to 1975.
Hegazy served as Minister of the Treasury 1968 to 1972, and Minister of Finance and Foreign Trade 1973 to 1974.
References
1923 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Prime Ministers of Egypt
Ganderbal

Ganderbal () is unit and a sub-district of Ganderbal District, Jammu and Kashmir State of India. It used to be part of Srinagar District.
Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
Melvins

The Melvins are an American rock band. They are from the city of Aberdeen, Washington. The only members who have been in the band for a long time are Buzz "King Buzzo" Osborne who plays guitar and Dale Crover who plays drums. Coady Willis who plays drums (in addition to Dale) and Jared Warren who plays bass guitar are also currently in the band. A variety of terms have been used to describe their style of music, including 'sludge metal', 'grunge', and 'stoner rock'.
Buzz Osborne started Melvins in early 1983.
References
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups from Washington (state)
Musical groups established in 1983
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Celebrations

Celebrations are a chocolate collection made by Mars, Incorporated. They were started in 1997. They are miniature versions of Mars-produced chocolate bars. With the tagline "Share the joy", Celebrations were the first mixed box of chocolates to bring together confectionery which had been already released in one box or tin. This was different than having new, especially-created candy. Celebrations are most popular around holidays, such as Christmas, Halloween and Easter.
Contents
They are miniature versions of the following Mars chocolates:
Mars
Bounty
Snickers
Dove / Galaxy
Dove Caramel / Galaxy Caramel
Twix
Maltesers Teaser
Milky Way
The selection sold in the United Kingdom also previously had:
Galaxy Truffle
Topic
Twix replaced Galaxy Truffle in 2011.
References
Candy
Steinbach am Wald

Steinbach is a municipality in Kronach in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Kronach (district)
Edward Bouchet

Edward Alexander Bouchet became the first African American to earn a doctoral degree.
Early life
Bouchet was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1852. He graduated from Hopkins School. Bouchet earned his bachelor degree from Yale University in 1874. At the time, there were few opportunities for African Americans seeking higher education.
Public life
Bouchet is best known for becoming the first African American to earn a doctoral degree in the United States in 1876. After getting his Ph.D. bouchet could not land a college professorship due to his race. With this accomplishment, Bouchet joined a selected group of academics. He taught at the school for Colored Youth in Philadelphia for more than 25 years.
Death
Bouchet died in 1918. In 1998 Yale University honored Edward Bouchet by establishing the Edward Alexander Bouchet Graduate Honor Society in his name, including the Bouchet Leadership Award to academics who helped advance diversity in higher education.
References
1852 births
1918 deaths
African-American people
Yale University alumni
Academics from Pennsylvania
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut
Fried chicken

Fried chicken are pieces of chicken that have been either battered or floured and then pan fried, pressure fried or deep fried. The breading adds a crisper crust to chickens' exterior. The chicken is cut at the joints with the bones and skin being left. Some fast food restaurant chains serve fried chicken, most notably Kentucky Fried Chicken, Popeyes and Chick-fil-A.
The term fried chicken was first used in the 1830s.
Scottish people were the first European people who were frying chicken, although it was not seasoned or battered. People in West Africa were the ones who seasoned it. However, the first dish which was deep fried was fritters. Fritters were popular during the Middle Ages.
Some fried chicken is marinated in buttermilk and pickle juice before battering.
There is a racial stereotype that black people like eating fried chicken. There have been a number of public controversies about remarks that people have made about fried chicken and black people that have been considered racist.
References
Chicken as food