pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cairo

Cairo (, usually transliterated as Al-Qahirah) is the capital and largest city in Egypt. The city name can be translated as the one who won.
Cairo has 7,947,121 people. About 17,290,000 people live in its urban area. This makes it the biggest city of the Arab World. It also is the city with the biggest urban area in Africa
The city is on the Nile River.
Geography
Climate
The city of Cairo has a hot desert climate (BWh), meaning it has a hot, sunny and dry climate a year long. The city, however, has more humidity than other cities with the hot desert climate (BWh).
History
The area around the city was an important focal point of Ancient Egypt.
In 968, the Fatimids entered Egypt and they made Cairo the capital of their caliphate.
The Al Azhar mosque and university was made in 972. This became the world's oldest university. It is the most widely known seminary in the Islamic world.
In 1992, Cairo was devastated by a 5.8 magnitude earthquake that caused 545 deaths, injuring 6,512, and made 50,000 people homeless, the most destructive since 1847.
Tourism
The great pyramids of Giza and the step pyramid of Sakkara are just outside of the city.
The Egyptian Museum holds the world's largest collection of antiquities from the time of the ancient Pharaohs. Many treasures from the tomb of King Tutankhamun are in this museum.
Famous Cairenes
People from Cairo are called 'Cairenes'.
Abu Sa'id al-Afif - Fifteenth Century Samaritian
Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Secretary-General of the United Nations
Naguib Mahfouz, novelist, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988.
Mido, Professional soccer player with Middlesbrough F.C
Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency 2005 Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Naguib Sawiris, 62nd richest person on earth in a 2007 list of billionaires, reaching US$10.0 billion with his company Orascom Telecom Holding
Farouk El Baz, a great contributor to NASA
Sir Magdi Yacoub, leading cardiologist, knight
Constantin Xenakis (1931) Greek artist
Voula Zouboulaki (1931) Greek actress
References
Sources
Hedges, Chris. "What's Doing in Cairo," New York Times. January 8, 1995.
Other websites
Cairo information at yatb.info
Blog about Cairo
Places in Cairo
Capital of Egypt
Reed City, Michigan

Reed City is a city in Michigan. In 2010, 2,452 people lived there. The city is the county seat of Osceola County, in the United States.
Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Shōhō

was a after Kan'ei and before Keian. This period started in December 1644 and ended in February 1648. During this time, the emperor was .
Events of the Shoho era
1644 (Shoho 1): The third major map of Japan was ordered by the shogunate.
18 May 1645 (Shoho 2, 23rd day of the 4th month): The Shogun was elevated the court role of Dainagon.
Related pages
Edo period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
National Archives of Japan map of Edo in the 1st or 2nd year of Shoho (1644 or 1645)
Japanese eras
1644 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1648 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
1640s disestablishments in Asia
Gundi Busch

Gundula "Gundi" Busch (April 29, 1935 - January 31, 2014) was a German figure skater. Busch was born in Milan, Italy.
She was the 1954 World champion, the 1954 European champion, and a two-time West German national champion. She also was part of the 1952 Winter Olympics.
Busch died on January 31, 2021 in Stockholm, Sweden at the age of 78.
References
1935 births
2021 deaths
German Olympians
German figure skaters
Sportspeople from Milan
Dihina language

Dihina is a Cushitic language. It is very similar to Ale. Some people think they are the same language, because they are so similar. ISO gives both languages the same code, GWD.
References
Dullay languages
Languages of Ethiopia
Anton Srholec

Anton Srholec (12 June 1929 - 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer. He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years. He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava. He was born in Skalica.
Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava. He was 86.
References
1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Humanitarians
Roman Catholic priests
Slovakian people
Norman Reedus

Norman Mark Reedus (born January 6, 1969) is an American actor, model and artist. He is known for starring as Daryl Dixon in the AMC series The Walking Dead (2010-present) and Murphy MacManus in the movie The Boondock Saints (1999) and its sequel The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009). He is the host of Ride with Norman Reedus. He performed the motion capture and voice acting for the main character Sam in Hideo Kojima's video game Death Stranding (2019). He has also modeled for companies such as Prada and Levi's.
Reedus was born in Hollywood, Florida. He has a child with Danish model Helena Christensen. He is now in a relationship with German model Diane Kruger. The couple have one child.
References
Other websites
1969 births
Living people
Actors from Florida
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Models from Florida
People from Hollywood, Florida
Astronomical spectroscopy

Astronomical spectroscopy is the science of using spectroscopy to figure out what elements astronomical bodies, such as stars, planets and nebulae, are made of. It can also be used to work out how those objects are moving, using doppler shift.
The study of spectroscopy and spectra is used in astronomy to help scientists study the whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, which radiates from stars and other hot celestial objects. Spectroscopy can be used to find properties of distant stars and galaxies. It can find out their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance, luminosity, and relative motion using doppler effect measurements.
Chemical properties of stars
Isaac Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin.
It was not until the 1850s that Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen explained the dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, and hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths. However, hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near-continuous spectrum with dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses. By comparing the absorption lines of the
Sun with emission spectra of known gasses, the chemical composition of stars can be discovered.
References
Astrophysics
Spectroscopy
Nuenen, Gerwen en Nederwetten

Nuenen, Gerwen en Nederwetten is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2019, 23,186 people lived there.
Municipalities of North Brabant
Telephone numbering plan

A telephone numbering plan is a system used in telecommunications to give telephone numbers to customers and to route telephone calls in a telephone network. A closed numbering plan imposes a fixed length to numbers, such as in North America (10-digit). An open numbering plan may have telephone numbers that vary in length.
A dial plan establishes the type of telephone number in a given area. This includes country codes, access codes, area codes and all combinations of digits dialed. For instance, the North American public switched telephone network (PSTN) uses a phone numbers with a 3-digit area code and a 7-digit telephone number.
Telephone numbers
Taien calendar

, also known as Daien or Daiyan or Dayan calendar, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki). It was developed in China; and it was used in Japan from about 746 to 857.
History
The calendar was created in China. It was first used in the 17th year of the Kaigen era during the Tang Dynasty.
The Taien-reki system corrected errors in the Genka calendar and Giho calendar which were used in Japan in the first half of the 8th century. It was the work of Yixing, who was a Chinese astronomer.
Related pages
Japanese calendar
Sexagenary cycle
Genka calendar
Giho calendar
Goki calendar
Semmyo calendar
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
Calendars
Charlton Heston

Charlton Heston (October 4, 1923 - April 5, 2008) was an American actor and political activist. He had many big roles, such as playing Moses in the movie The Ten Commandments, astronaut Colonel George Taylor in Planet of the Apes (1968) and Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), the dystopian The Omega Man (1971), and Soylent Green (1973). Heston played Judah Ben-Hur in the Academy Award-winning Ben-Hur.
Early life
He was born in Wilmette, Illinois on October 4, 1923. He was raised in St. Helen, Michigan. Heston studied at New Trier High School and at Northwestern University.
Political views
Heston was also known for his politics. When he was young he held liberal views and marched with people such as Martin Luther King, Jr. for civil rights in the 1960s.
It was rare for a Hollywood actor to be for such causes at that time. Later in his life, he was for conservative causes such as gun rights. He was president of the National Rifle Association of America, a group that is for the rights of gun owners, from 1998 to 2003.
In July 2003, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House from President George W. Bush.
Death
Late in his life, Heston had Alzheimer's disease. He died of pneumonia, aged 84, in Beverly Hills, California.
References
Other websites
Hollywood.com entry
Reel Classics
BBC News Obituary
Obituary and public tribute
'From Our Files: An Interview with Charlton Heston' by Phil Elderkin, The Christian Science Monitor, November 4, 1959
1923 births
2009 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Illinois
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Deaths from pneumonia
People with Alzheimer's disease
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Republicans (United States)
Democrats (United States)
Bülent Ecevit

Mustafa Bulent Ecevit (28 May 1925 - 5 November 2006) was a Turkish politician, poet, writer, scholar, and journalist. He served as the Prime Minister of Turkey four times between 1974 and 2002. He served as prime minister of Turkey in 1974, 1977, 1978-79, and 1999-2002. He was the leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) between 1972 and 1980, and in 1989 he became the leader of the Democratic Left Party (DSP).
Personal life
He was born in Istanbul to a middle-class family. Ecevit's father Fahri Ecevit was a professor in Ankara University. His mother, Fatma Nazli, was among the first women in Turkey to paint professionally. Ecevit said his mother was of Bosniak ancestry and his paternal grandfather was of Kurdish ancestry. He was married to political writer and politician Rahsan Ecevit.
References
1925 births
2006 deaths
Prime Ministers of Turkey
Turkish poets
Turkish journalists
4′33″

4'33'' is a musical composition written by avant-garde (non-traditional) musician John Cage. It is his most famous work. It consists of no notes, only 4 minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence. The piece challenges the definition of music. The only thing the sheet music says is "tacet", or "it is silent". It was first played by David Tudor in Woodstock, New York.
Other websites
John Cage's 4'33"
Classical Notes
Compositions
Priesendorf

Priesendorf is a community in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and a member of the administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Lisberg.
References
Other websites
Bamberg (district)
Gentry, Missouri

Gentry is a village in Gentry County, Missouri, United States.
Villages in Missouri
Rombly

Rombly is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Related pages
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Consuelo Moure

Consuelo Moure (1947 - 2 April 2014) was a Spanish-born Colombian actress. She was known for her roles in Nochebuena, Pena maxima, La esquina, Tres hombres y tres mujeres, Es mejor ser rico que pobre and in Champagne. She was born in Pamplona.
Moure died on 2 April 2014 in Bogota, Colombia from lung cancer, aged 67.
References
Other websites
1947 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Colombia
Deaths from lung cancer
Colombian actors
People from Pamplona
Joshua Wong

Joshua Wong Chi-fung (, born 13 October 1996) is a Hong Kong student activist and politician. He is a member of the Umbrella Movement. The movement seeks democracy of Hong Kong from China. He led students & youths in the 2014 Hong Kong protests and has been jailed twice for leading the pro-democracy protests. In April 2016, he founded Demosisto with Nathan Law, Agnes Chow and more. On 30 June 2020, after the Hong Kong national security law was passed, he told the public on Facebook that he leaves Demosisto. Wong said, the passed national security law means pro-democracy activist have to worry about their lives and personal safety.
References
Related pages
Nathan Law
Alex Chow
1996 births
Hong Kong activists
Chinese politicians
Protestants
People with dyslexia
Living people
Youth activists
Crystallinity

Crystallinity is a physical property of a solid that acts like a crystal. The degree of crystallinity of a crystal has a big influence on hardness, density, transparency and diffusion.
Crystallinity can be measured using x-ray diffraction, but calorimetric techniques are also commonly used.
Physical quantity
Examples would include: sodium chloride (table salt)
Giorgio Ardisson

Giorgio Ardisson, also known as George Ardisson (31 December 1931 - 11 December 2014), was an Italian actor. He was known for his roles in Agent 3S3: Passport to Hell and Agent 3S3, Massacre in the Sun. Ardisson was born in Turin, Italy.
Ardisson died in Rome, Italy, aged 82.
Other websites
1931 births
2014 deaths
Italian movie actors
People from Turin
Logical equivalence

In logic and mathematics, two statements are logically equivalent if they can prove each other (under a set of axioms), or have the same truth value under all circumstances. In propositional logic, two statements are logically equivalent precisely when their truth tables are identical. To express logical equivalence between two statements, the symbols , and are often used.
For example, the statements "A and B" and "B and A" are logically equivalent. If P and Q are logically equivalent, then the statement "P if and only if Q" is a tautology.
Related pages
Implication (logic)
References
Logic
Ernst-Happel-Stadion

The Ernst-Happel-Stadion is a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. The Ernst Happel Stadium is the largest football stadium in Austria. It is the home of the Austrian national football team. Club football matches are limited to the Austrian cup final and international competitions with one of Vienna's top clubs, FK Austria Wien and SK Rapid Wien, as their homegrounds are too small for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. Local derbies between FK Austria and SK Rapid have also been played in the stadium. In 2014, it became the official homeground of SK Rapid Wien because their stadium was being rebuilt.
History
The stadium was built between 1929 and 1931. It was used and opend for the second Workers' Olympiad 1931. The capacity of the stadium was approximately 60,000 people. The first match in the new stadium was a match between a selection from workers sportclubs from Lower Austria and Vienna. (2:3).
During the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany it was used as barracks and also as collecting point for Viennese Jews. In 2003 a private plaque was created in the VIP area to remind on this incidents. In 1944 the stadium was bombed and heavily demaged.
After the Second World war the stadium was reconstructed. 1956 the capacity was extended to 92,708 people.The record was 91,000 visitors on October 30, 1960 at the football match between Spain and Austria (3-0). After the death of former Austrian top player and coach Ernst Happel, the Prater Stadium was renamed after him in 1992.
UEFA Euro 2008
The Ernst-Happel-Stadion hosted 7 games of Euro 2008: 3 group games of the Austrian team, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and the final.
Other matches
1995 UEFA Champions League final: Ajax 1 - 0 Milan
1994 UEFA Cup final: Internazionale 1- 0 Austria Salzburg
1990 European Cup final: Milan 1 - 0 Benfica
1987 European Cup final: Porto 2 - 1 Bayern Munich
1970 European Cup Winners Cup final: Manchester City 2 - 1 Gornik Zabrze
1964 European Cup final: Internazionale 3 - 1 Real Madrid
Concerts
The stadium has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including AC/DC, Bon Jovi, David Bowie, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Guns N' Roses, Michael Jackson, Pink Floyd, Robert Plant, Rihanna, The Rolling Stones, U2, Kanye West and Robbie Williams, among others.
Football stadiums in Austria
Buildings and structures in Vienna
1931 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Austria
Argentré

Argentre is a commune of 2487 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Mayenne
Peter R. de Vries

Peter Rudolf de Vries (14 November 1956 - 15 July 2021) was a Dutch investigative journalist and crime reporter. He was known for hosting the television program Peter R. de Vries, misdaadverslaggever. In 2005, he founded his own political party.
Death
On 6 July 2021, De Vriea was shot in the head after leaving the television studio of RTL Boulevard in Amsterdam. He was taken to a hospital in critical condition, where he died nine days later at the age of 64.
References
1956 births
2021 deaths
Assassinated people
Murders by firearm
Dutch columnists
Dutch journalists
Dutch television presenters
Skate (fish)

For the act of skating, see skating.
Skates are cartilaginous fish. They are the family Rajidae in the order Rajiformes. They are chondrichthyes, and closely related to the rays. There are more than 200 species in 27 genera.
There are two subfamilies, the hardnose skates and the softnose skates.
Skates and stingrays
Skates are a bit like stingrays (they are in the same group), but they are usually smaller with shorter, thicker tails. There is also a difference: skates do not have stings. Instead, their tails are thicker, with small "thorns" along the edges. At the base of the tail is a set of extra fins.
Skates and rays are also different in the way the give birth. Most rays are ovoviviparous (the eggs develop inside a mother's body), but skates lay their eggs. This means they are oviparous.
References
Cartilaginous fish
Alpine, New Jersey

Alpine is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It is north of Manhattan.
References
Boroughs in New Jersey
Ryakuji

Ryakuji (kanji:Lue Zi , kana:riyakuzi) are shorthand and usually unofficial forms of kanji.
For example, " is a shorthand form of the kanji Tong , which itself is another form of the kanji Tong , which means "same". For compound words where the same kanji is used twice in a row, " is used where the second kanji would be so that it doesn't have to be written again.
For example, the word tokidoki, which means "from time to time", uses the same kanji for "time" twice, but is written as Shi " instead of Shi Shi because Japanese would see the second compound as redundant. So " implies that the second character is the same as the first.
Other same character compounds include:
This is similar to English ligatures, or letters that combine to make a new letter or symbol such as &, which was a combination of the letters that make the Latin word "et".
References
Japanese writing system
Blonay

Blonay is a municipality in the Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
The website of Blonay
Municipalities of Vaud
Shenandoah Valley

The Shenandoah Valley (nicknamed "The Big Valley" ) is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the west it is bounded by the eastern front of the Appalachians. To the north it goes to the Potomac River and to the south by the James River. The cultural region covers a larger area that includes all of the valley plus the Virginia highlands to the west, and the Roanoke Valley to the south. The Valley is about long. It is the home of two well-known universities, James Madison and Shenandoah University.
History
For nearly 11,000 years before the Europeans came, Native Americans lived in the Shenandoah Valley. The first European to visit the area was probably a Jesuit priest in 1632. However, the first European credited with exploring the Valley was a German doctor named John Lederer in 1669. In the 1600s, Englishmen were told about the large forests which included chestnut trees as tall as .
Jackson's Valley Campaign Was fought here in 1862.
Geography
It is named for the river that stretches much of its length. The Shenandoah Valley has eight counties in Virginia and two counties in West Virginia.
Frederick County, Virginia
Clarke County, Virginia
Warren County, Virginia
Shenandoah County, Virginia
Page County, Virginia
Rockingham County, Virginia
Augusta County, Virginia
Rockbridge County, Virginia
Berkeley County, West Virginia
Jefferson County, West Virginia
The cultural region includes five more counties in Virginia:
Highland County
Bath County
Alleghany County
Botetourt County
Roanoke County
At Harpers Ferry the Shenandoah River joins the Potomac. The Valley's cultural region contains 10 independent cities:
Winchester
Harrisonburg
Waynesboro
Staunton
Lexington
Buena Vista
Covington
Roanoke
Salem
References
Other websites
Slide show of The Shenandoah Valley!!!; YouTube
Shenandoah Valley in 1861: Prior to Yankee Invasion; YouTube
Valleys of the United States
Hollywood Hillbillies

Hollywood Hillbillies is an American reality television series, based on CopperCab. It is about Michael Kittrell (better known as Michael Copper or his YouTube username CopperCab), his grandmother Delores "Mema" Hughes, his aunt Dee Dee Peters, and his uncle John Cox moving from their home in Grayson, Georgia to Hollywood, California. It aired on January 21, 2014.
American reality television series
Television spin-offs
2014 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
North East Delhi

North East Delhi is one of the eleven administrative districts of Delhi, India. The District was established in 1997.
North East Delhi borders Yamuna River on the west, Ghaziabad District to the north and east, East Delhi to the south, and North Delhi to the west across the Yamuna. This area is densely populated with very slow development as compared to other districts. No development took place here even during Commonwealth Games makeover of other districts of Delhi. For public transport people are totally dependent upon overloaded sharing Autos. Half of the roads are covered by street hawkers. Exits connecting this place districts (Shastri Park and Wazirabad) with other parts are fully choked in peak hours.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, North East Delhi had a population of 2,241,624, roughly equal to the nation of Latvia, or the United States state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 202nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 26.78%. North East Delhi has a sex ratio of 886 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.09%.
References
Other websites
North East Delhi official website
East Delhi Information Portal
Districts of Delhi
Mr. Happy Go Lucky

Mr. Happy Go Lucky is the 14th studio album by American singer-songwriter John Mellencamp and the first following his heart attack in 1994. It went to number 11 in the United States and spawned the last top 40 single to date Key West Intermezzo (I Saw You First).
Track listing
All songs written by John Mellencamp, except where noted.
"Overture" (Mellencamp; arranged by Miriam Sturm) - 1:56
"Jerry" - 4:24
"Key West Intermezzo (I Saw You First)" (Mellencamp, George M. Green) - 4:54
"Just Another Day" - 3:28
"This May Not Be The End of the World" (Mellencamp, Green) - 5:29
"Emotional Love" (Toby Myers) - 3:20
"Mr. Bellows" - 4:26
"The Full Catastrophe" - 3:11
"Circling Around the Moon" (Mellencamp, Green) - 5:48
"Large World Turning" - 3:55
"Jackamo Road" - 1:37
"Life Is Hard" - 3:15
"What If I Came Knocking?" (live) (2005 re-issue bonus track) - 5:26
References
1996 albums
John Mellencamp
Pedro Munitis

Pedro Munitis (born 19 June 1975) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Racing Santander.
Club career statistics
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Racing Santander||rowspan="3"|La Liga||5||0
|-
|1995/96||5||0
|-
|1996/97||2||0
|-
|1997/98||Badajoz||Segunda Division||28||10
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Racing Santander||rowspan="2"|La Liga||37||8
|-
|1999/00||35||6
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Real Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||29||2
|-
|2001/02||23||2
|-
|2002/03||Racing Santander||La Liga||30||8
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Deportivo La Coruna||rowspan="3"|La Liga||21||2
|-
|2004/05||36||1
|-
|2005/06||33||2
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Racing Santander||rowspan="4"|La Liga||34||4
|-
|2007/08||31||6
|-
|2008/09||29||2
|-
|2009/10||||
378||53
378||53
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1999||7||1
|-
|2000||8||1
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||21||2
|}
References
1975 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Gennes, Doubs

Gennes is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Lawrence Lessig

Lester Lawrence Lessig III (born June 3, 1961) is an American academic and political activist. He is known for his work in reducing legal restrictions on copyright, trademark and radio frequency, and helped create the free culture movement. He has been an activist against the Second Amendment and created the Second Constitutional Convention.
Early life
Lessig was born in Rapid City, South Dakota, the son of Patricia, who sold real estate, and Lester L. "Jack" Lessig, an engineer. He grew up in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. He studied at the Wharton School, at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at Yale University. For a year, he worked as a clerk in Chicago.
Career
Academic
Lessig started his academic career at the University of Chicago Law School, where he was Professor from 1991 to 1997. From 1997 to 2000, he was at Harvard Law School, holding for a year the chair of Berkman Professor of Law, affiliated with the Berkman Center for Internet & Society. He subsequently joined Stanford Law School, where he established the school's Center for Internet and Society.
Lessig returned to Harvard in December 2008 as Professor and Director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics. In 2013, Lessig was appointed as the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership; his chair lecture was titled "Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age." In 2013, Lessig was also awarded an honorary doctorate by the Faculty of Social Sciences at Lund University, Sweden.
Political activism
Lessig is currently considered politically liberal. As a law clerk, however, he worked for both Judge Richard Posner and Justice Antonin Scalia, two influential conservative judges.
Lessig has emphasized in interviews that his philosophy experience at Cambridge radically changed his values and career path. Previously, he had held strong conservative or libertarian political views.
2016 presidential campaign
In August 2015, Lessig announced that he was exploring a possible candidacy for President of the United States in the 2016 election. On September 6, 2015, Lessig announced that he would run for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. Almost two months into the campaign trail, poor polling numbers and not being qualified to enter the debates, Lessig dropped out on November 2, 2015.
Personal life
Lessig is married to Bettina Neuefeind. He is the father of three children (Willem, Teo, and Tess).
References
Other websites
(includes Lessig blog 2002-2009)
(Presidential Campaign site)
Lessig Blog, beyond 2009
2016 United States presidential candidates
1961 births
Living people
Educators from South Dakota
American political activists
Writers from South Dakota
Politicians from South Dakota
American bloggers
Leeds City College

Leeds City College is a college in the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is for further education, that is, education after finishing the compulsory years of secondary school. It is the largest college for further education in Leeds. It has around 57,000 students, and 2,300 staff. It makes about PS78 million each year.
References
2009 establishments in England
Colleges and universities in England
Organisations based in Leeds
The Christie NHS Foundation Trust

The Christie NHS Foundation Trust is the biggest cancer centre in the North of England. It was started in 1892 and moved to its present site in Withington in 1932. The Holt Radium Institute was a research centre which ran a radiotherapy service. Ralston Paterson was the Director of the Radium Institute in 1931, and built a world recognised centre for the treatment of cancer by radiation. New research laboratories, provided by the Women's Trust Fund and named after the Patersons, were opened in 1966. It changed its name to the Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute in 2013. It was destroyed by fire in 2017. It was rebuilt and reopened in 2023. The new building is 25,000 square metres and ten storeys high, more than twice the size of the earlier building,
The Christie registers around 12,500 new patients and treats about 60,000 patients every year. It covers a population of 3.2 million, and runs clinics at 16 other hospitals. There is a private cancer unit which made PS25 million in 2018-9.
References
NHS trusts
Organisations based in Manchester
Hospitals in the United Kingdom
Saint-Apollinaire-de-Rias

Saint-Apollinaire-de-Rias is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
Communes in Ardeche
1172

1172 was a leap year.
Events
Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
Pope Gregory VIII starts the Council of Avranches.
The Synod of Cashel ended the Celtic Christian system and converted them to Rome.
Births
Baldwin I of Constantinople (d. 1205)
Fujiwara Moroie, last of the Japanese Fujiwara Regents (d. 1238)
Takash, the shah of Persia (d. 1200)
Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford (d. 1214)
Louis I, Count of Blois (d. 1205)
Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester (d. 1232)
Isabella of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem 1190/1192-1205 (d. 1205)
Deaths
Agnes, daughter of Italian Count Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1125)
Hemachandra, Indian mathematician, philosopher and historian (b. 1089)
References
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs

The Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs is a Billboard chart that ranks the top 50 most popular R&B and Hip hop songs in the United States. The chart is ranked by Billboard. Since it has started, the chart has been renamed many times to accurately reflect the music industry at that time. There is also a chart called the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles which ranks the top 25 songs that are making progress onto the main R&B/hip-hop chart.
References
Other websites
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart
Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart
Billboard charts
Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo

Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo (25 March 1958 - 17 March 2020) was a Guinea-Bissauan politician. He was the acting President of Guinea-Bissau from May 2012 to June 2014. His predecessor was Mamadu Ture Kuruma.
Nhamadjo died on 17 March 2020 in Lisbon, Portugal at the age of 61.
References
1958 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of Guinea-Bissau
David Graeber

David Rolfe Graeber (; February 12, 1961 - September 2, 2020) was an American anthropologist, anarchist activist and author. He was known for his books Debt: The First 5000 Years (2011), The Utopia of Rules (2015) and Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (2018).
He was a professor of anthropology at the London School of Economics.
Graeber was born in New York City. He studied at the University of Chicago and at State University of New York at Purchase.
Graeber died on 2 September 2020 in a Venice hospital from a hemorrhage caused by pancreatitis at the age of 59.
References
Other websites
David Graeber, profile - The Guardian
In Conversation: World of Debt: David Graeber with Spencer Woodman, The Brooklyn Rail
David Graeber Reddit Questionnaire (January 28, 2013)
1961 births
2020 deaths
American anthropologists
American political activists
American political writers
American anarchists
Educators from New York City
Writers from New York City
Academics of the University of London
Armed Islamic Group

The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Arme; Arabic ljm`@ lslmy@ lmslWH@, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) was an Islamist terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wanted to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time.
Between 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). After announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group used assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to have favored kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA was considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, the UK, Italy and the United States.
History of Algeria
Islamic terrorism
Lim Boo Liat

Lim Boo Liat (21 August 1926 - 11 July 2020) was a Malaysian zoologist. He was known for his biological diversity of Malaysia. He was a strong supporter for the conservation of the country's natural heritage. Lim was the first Southeast Asian to be awarded Honorary Membership to the American Society of Mammalogists.
Lim died at his home in Cheras on 11 July 2020.
References
1926 births
2020 deaths
Zoologists
Malaysian people
Juan Carlos Guerra Zunzunegui

Juan Carlos Guerra Zunzunegui (1 February 1935 - 28 September 2020) was a Spanish politician and lawyer. Guerra Zunzunegui was born in Madrid. He was a member of the People's Party. From 1977 to 1986, he was a member of the Senate. Between 1986 to 2008, he was in the Congress of Deputies.
Guerra Zunzunegui died on 28 September 2020 in Madrid, aged 85.
References
1935 births
2020 deaths
Spanish lawyers
Politicians from Madrid
Georgy Porgy (song)

"Georgy Porgy" is a 1979 song by American rock band Toto. It is the third single from their debut studio album Toto and went to number 48 in the United States and number 11 in New Zealand. It was covered by Eric Benet featuring Faith Evans for his second studio album A Day in the Life. It went to number 2 in New Zealand.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Georgy Porgy" (radio edit) - 4:19
"Georgy Porgy" (So So Def radio remix with rap) - 3:56
"Georgy Porgy" (Somethin' for the People remix) - 4:45
"Georgy Porgy" (So So Def radio remix without rap) - 3:34
UK CD2
"Georgy Porgy" (album version) - 4:40
"Georgy Porgy" (Spreadlove's 2 Step vocal mix) - 6:21
"Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torales radio remix) - 3:24
UK 12-inch single
A1. "Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torales remix) - 6:14
B1. "Georgy Porgy" (Spreadlove's 2 Step vocal mix) - 6:21
B2. "Georgy Porgy" (Spreadlove's Demonic dub) - 5:35
European CD single
"Georgy Porgy" (radio edit) - 4:19
"Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torales remix) - 6:14
Australian CD single
"Georgy Porgy" (radio edit)
"Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torales radio remix)
"Georgy Porgy" (Hani's Fresh Air remix)
"Georgy Porgy" (Roy Davis Jr. Heavenly Body remix)
"Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torrales remix)
"Georgy Porgy" (Roy Davis Jr. Galactic Sould remix)
References
1979 songs
Toto (band) songs
Faith Evans songs
Soft rock songs
R&B songs
Singing Reveler (Epiktetos)

Singing Reveler is the tondo (circular painting) in a terracotta drinking cup said to have been painted by Epiktetos. It is dated about 520510 BC. The cup measures 3 1/16 x 9 15/16 x 7 1/16 to 7 3/16 in. The cup is in the collections of The J. Paul Getty Museum.
The tondo depicts an older, balding man reclining on a couch and singing. The setting is probably a drinking party (symposium). These cups were meant to be used at such parties and were often decorated with party scenes.
The tondo presented problems to painters. It was difficult to present upright figures in a circle. Epiktetos solved this problem by using the couch as a line. The man's mantle slipping from the couch creates depth and space. The museum writes, "Epiktetos also used the circular frame of the tondo as part of the composition: it supports the man's pillow, and he props his foot on it."
References
Other websites
Paintings and pottery by Epiktetos
Variscourt

Variscourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Texas Attorney General

The Attorney General of Texas is the state attorney general of the state government of the U.S. state of Texas. The attorney general is also the chief legal officer and the head of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. He/she carries out official duties and responsibilities of the office through the Office of the Attorney General.
The state attorney general is elected to a four-year term. This does not have term limits. The election is held at the same statewide election as the governor, lieutenant governor, etc.
Ken Paxton is the current Attorney General of Texas, in office since January 2015 under Greg Abbott.
Texas
Cedrasco

Cedrasco is a comune in the Province of Sondrio in the Lombardy region in Italy.
Settlements in Lombardy
Pfetterhouse

Pfetterhouse is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Hyloscirtus diabolus

The Hyloscirtus diabolus is a frog. It lives in Peru. Scientists have seen it in exactly two places: cloud forests on the east side of the Corillera Central mountains.
This frog is large for a tree frog. Adults frogs can be 82.3-89.2 mm long from nose to rear end not counting the legs. This frog has thick, strong front legs. Scientists saw large vomerine teeth in its jaws. The skin of the back and sides is gray-brown or dark gray in color. There is some pink and orange color on the insides of the legs. The skin of the belly is red-gray in color. The climbing disks on the toes are brown in color. Sometimes there are tiny yellow spots on the toes. The iris of the eye is dark red in color.
The scientists named the frog diabolus after the Devil. Its strong front legs, gray skin, bumpy spine, large teeth, and especially its red eyes made it look fearsome to them. It reminded them of the way artists show the Devil.
References
Frogs of South America
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (movie)

Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is a 1997 American mystery thriller movie directed by Clint Eastwood and was based on the 1994 novel of the same name by John Berendt. It stars Kevin Spacey, John Cusack, Jack Thompson, Jude Law, Alison Eastwood, Geoffrey Lewis, Georgia Allen, Emma Kelly, Kim Hunter, Bob Gunton and was distributed by Warner Bros..
Other websites
1990s mystery movies
1997 crime thriller movies
1990s LGBT movies
American crime thriller movies
American mystery movies
American LGBT movies
Movies based on books
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Arthur S. Obermayer

Arthur S. Obermayer (July 17, 1931 - January 10, 2016) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the founder and president of the Moleculon Research Corporation. He was a co-founder of Partners for Progressive Israel and the Obermayer German Jewish History Awards.
Obermayer was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He came from a German Jewish family. He was married to Judith Obermayer and had three children.
Obermayer died from cancer on January 10, 2016 in Dedham, Massachusetts, aged 84.
References
1931 births
2016 deaths
American Jews
Philanthropists from Massachusetts
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish philanthropists
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)

The ABC islands is the island group of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao in the Caribbean Sea.
Islands of the Netherlands
Mousa Dembele

Mousa Dembele (born 16 July 1987) is a Belgian professional football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur F.C. and the Belgium national team.
References
1987 births
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Belgian footballers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Antwerp
Living people
Robert Webber

Robert Laman Webber (October 14, 1924 - May 19, 1989) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Juror No. 12 in the classic 1957 movie 12 Angry Men. He also starred as General Denton in the 1967 war movie The Dirty Dozen.
Webber died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at the age of 64 in Malibu, California on May 19, 1989.
References
1924 births
1989 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Santa Ana, California
Charles Spearman

Charles Spearman was a psychologist. He was born in London, England on September 10, 1863. He died on September 17, 1945. He is known for his work in understanding how people are smart. He also made statistical tests that people still use. One of these is called "Spearman's rank correlation coefficient."
He made a method named "factor analysis". This method helps find patterns in a lot of complex information.
He discovered that if someone is good at one mental task, they are probably good at other mental tasks too. He named this "general intelligence" or "g factor".
References
British psychologists
1863 births
1945 deaths
Villers-Outréaux

Villers-Outreaux is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,142 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Ahmed Patel

Ahmedbhai Mohammedbhai Patel, better known as Ahmed Patel (21 August 194925 November 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament for the Indian National Congress from 1977 to 1989 and from 1993 until his death. He was the political secretary to Congress President Sonia Gandhi.
Patel was born in Bharuch, present-day Gujarat. He studied at Veer Narmad South Gujarat University. Patel died at a hospital in Gurugram, Haryana from multiple organ failure caused by COVID-19 on 25 November 2020, aged 71.
References
1949 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Politicians from Gujarat
Ron Widby

George Ronald Widby (March 9, 1945 - December 23, 2020) was an American football punter in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers. Widby was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Widby won the Super Bowl in 1972.
Widby died on December 23, 2020 at the age of 75.
References
1945 births
2020 deaths
American football punters
American basketball players
Dallas Cowboys players
Green Bay Packers players
Sportspeople from Knoxville, Tennessee
Superstore (season 6)

The sixth season of Superstore was the final season. Superstore is a show about people working in a big-box store named Cloud 9. The show's first episode was released on 29 October 2020 on NBC.
The series started being made in September 2020. This was during the COVID-19 pandemic. The show decided to have the episodes set during the pandemic. In December 2020, they said the season was the last one for the show.
The season had the 100th episode of the show. The show ended on 25 March 2021. "All Sales Final" was the final episode of the series. The final episode was an hour long.
Episodes
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References
2020 television seasons
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Vitalii Skakun

Vitalii Volodymyrovych Skakun (19 August 1996 - 24 February 2022) was a Ukrainian marine combat engineer.
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Skakun's was sent to protect the town of Henichesk. As the Russian military got close to the town, Ukrainian forces decided to destroy the Henichesk bridge, in order to slow the Russian troops advancing northward from Crimea. Skakun, a combat engineer, volunteered to place mines on the bridge.
On 24 February 2022, after placing the explosives, Skakun did not have enough time to leave from the bridge and, after texting his soldiers, blew up the mines killing himself and destroying the bridge. His actions slowed the Russian military.
On 26 February 2022, Skakun was posthumously awarded the Order of the Gold Star, the military version of the title of Hero of Ukraine, by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
References
1996 births
2022 deaths
Ukrainian military people
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Marine engineers
List of New York Rangers players

This is a list of players who have played at least one game for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1926-27 to present.
Key
Appeared in a Rangers game during the 2016-2017 season.
Stanley Cup Champion or Hockey Hall of Famer.
The "Seasons" column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000-2001 season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000-2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.
Statistics complete as of the 2015-2016 NHL season.
Goaltenders
Skaters
References
http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/ttotdisplay.php3?tid=48
Lists of National Hockey League players