pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Internal energy

In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by U, or sometimes E, is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules or crystals. It includes the energy in all the chemical bonds, and the energy of the free, conduction electrons in metals.
The internal energy is a thermodynamic potential and for a closed thermodynamic system held at constant entropy, it will be minimized.
One can also calculate the internal energy of electromagnetic or blackbody radiation. It is a state function of a system, an extensive quantity. The SI unit of energy is the joule although other historical, conventional units are still in use, such as the (small and large) calorie for heat. (Calories that are on classic food labels are actually kilo-calories.)
Overview
Internal energy does not include the translational or rotational kinetic energy of a body as a whole. It also does not include the relativistic mass-energy equivalent E = mc2. It excludes any potential energy a body may have because of its location in external gravitational or electrostatic field, although the potential energy it has in a field due to an induced electric or magnetic dipole moment does count, as does the energy of deformation of solids (stress-strain).
The principle of equipartition of energy in classical statistical mechanics states that each molecular degree of freedom receives 1/2 kT of energy, a result which was modified when quantum mechanics explained certain anomalies; e.g., in the observed specific heats of crystals (when hn > kT). For monatomic helium and other noble gases, the internal energy consists only of the translational kinetic energy of the individual atoms. Monatomic particles, of course, do not (sensibly) rotate or vibrate, and are not electronically excited to higher energies except at very high temperatures.
From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the total energy of the system.
References
Thermodynamics
Mechanics
Energy
Orgon

Orgon is a commune of 2,913 people (2004). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhone department in the south of France.
Communes in Bouches-du-Rhone
Bonnie Wright

Bonnie Francesca Wright (born 17 February 1991) is an English actress. She is most known for playing Ginny Weasley in Harry Potter movies.
In 2012, Wright will start shooting her first leading role. It is a British nineteenth century period movie In Want of a Wife. She will star opposite Emily Watson.
Wright graduated from London's University of the Arts: London College of Communication. She is the owner of her own production company called Bon Bon Lumiere.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Related pages
List of Harry Potter films cast members
References
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from London
1991 births
Living people
Freshwater Biological Association

The Freshwater Biological Association, often shortened to the FBA, is a British charity started in 1929. It aims are to promote freshwater biology. It publishes identification keys to freshwater plants and animals throughout the world, and also maintains a library of freshwater science.
Membership is open to anyone who is interested in freshwater science. The Association's main offices are in Far Sawrey, on the banks of Windermere in Cumbria.
Other websites
The FBA web-site
FBA web-cam at Far Sawrey ferry landing stage
Biology
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
John Joseph Campion

John Joseph Campion (January 17, 1963 - October 2, 2020) was an Irish-American businessman and philanthropist. In 1987, he founded Showpower, Inc. His company gave portable generators for the Rolling Stones, U2, Kiss and AC/DC. Campion was chairman and chief executive officer of APR Energy. He was born in Cork, Ireland.
Campion died on October 2, 2020 in California, aged 57.
References
1963 births
2020 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Irish businesspeople
Philanthropists from California
American chief executives
Businesspeople from California
People from Cork (city)
The Web (movie)

The Web is a 1947 American crime thriller movie directed by Michael Gordon and starring Ella Raines, Edmond O'Brien, William Bendix, Vincent Price, Maria Palmer, Howland Chamberlain. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Other websites
1947 crime movies
1940s thriller movies
1940s crime thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
Movies directed by Michael Gordon
Universal Pictures movies
Marant

Marant is a commune. It is found in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France. In 2006, 73 people lived there.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Wojciech Pszoniak

Wojciech Zygmunt Pszoniak (2 May 1942 - 19 October 2020) was a Polish screen and stage actor. He was born in what is now the city of Lviv. His movie credits include The Devil (1972), The Promised Land (1975), The Tin Drum (1979) and Austeria (1983).
Pszoniak died in Warsaw on 19 October 2020 from cancer. He was 78.
References
Other websites
1942 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in Poland
Polish movie actors
Polish stage actors
People from Lviv
Fagersta

Fagersta is an urban area in the county of Vastmanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Fagersta Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Vastmanland County
Nadezhda Krupskaya

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (; 27 February 1939) was a Russian Bolshevik and the wife of Vladimir Lenin. Like her father, Krupskaya trained to be a teacher.
Krupskaya was born into a impoverished noble family. Because she was poor herself, she had strong views about making life easier for the poor. At one Marxist discussion group, she met Lenin. Soon after their meeting, Lenin was exiled to Siberia. Krupskaya was allowed to join him, on condition that they married. This could suggest a marriage of convenience, though they remained loyal. Following the 1917 Revolution, Krupskaya was at the forefront of the political scene. From 1922 to 1925, she was aligned with Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev against Trotsky's Left Opposition. Later, she disagreed with Stalin. She was deputy education commissar from 1929 to 1939. She had a strong influence over the Soviet educational system and the development of Soviet librarianship.
References
1869 births
1939 deaths
Feminists
First Ladies
Joseph Stalin
Marxists
People from Moscow
Politicians from Saint Petersburg
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian Revolution
Russian communists
Russian educators
Russian nobility
Russian writers
Soviet politicians
Soviet writers
Women's rights activists
Gacé

Gace is a commune. It is in the region of Normandy in the Orne department in the northwest of France. There are 2,192 people living there in 2012. It was at first, a Gallic city named *Vassiakon. The Castle of Gace was built in the 11th century. The English captured the castle in 1417.
The city had important economic activity in the beginning of 19th century. It's a industrial and agricultural town.
There is the Museum of Lady of the Camellias.
Communes in Orne
Harnaaz Sandhu

Harnaaz Kaur Sandhu (born 3 March 2000) is an Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned Miss Universe 2021. Sandhu had been crowned Miss Diva Universe 2021. She is the third Indian to win Miss Universe. Sandhu was born in Gurdaspur, Punjab, India.
References
2000 births
Living people
Indian models
Miss Universe winners
Indian actors
Indian beauty pageant winners
Punjabi people
Sune Bergström

Karl Sune Detlof Bergstrom (10 January 1916 - 15 August 2004) was a Swedish biochemist. He was Dean of the Karolinska Institute Medical Department in Stockholm. In 1969 he became the Rector. Bergstrom was best known for his work with lipid compounds. For his work on prostaglandins and related substances, Bergstrom was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1982, along with co-recipients Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane.
References
Other websites
Sune Bergstrom, Biochemist and Nobel Winner, Dies at 88, NY Times Obituary
1916 births
2004 deaths
Scientists from Stockholm
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Liane Russell

Liane Brauch "Lee" Russell (August 27, 1923 - July 20, 2019) was an Austrian-born American geneticist and conservationist. She was known for her works on mammalian genetics. Her works helped create an understanding of the chromosomic basis for sex determination in mammals. She was also known for raising awareness for the harmful affects of radiation, drugs, fuels and waste on mice and pregnant women.
Russell was born in Vienna, Austria. She studied at the University of Chicago. Russell died at her home in Oak Ridge, Tennessee on July 20, 2019 at the age of 95.
References
1923 births
2019 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Austrian scientists
American geneticists
American activists
American environmentalists
Scientists from Vienna
Scientists from Tennessee
Scientists from Chicago
Jefferson, Georgia

Jefferson is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Jackson County.
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Port Chester, New York

Port Chester is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. The village is part of the town of Rye. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 28,967.
References
Villages in New York (state)
Stylophone

The Stylophone is a instrument with keyboard and stylus. It was invented in 1967 by Brian Jarvis and marketed the next year by Dubreq. The instrument is mostly known because it is easy to use and learn.
References
Electronic musical instruments
Keyboard instruments
Claire

The name Claire is a female given name. It is pronounced [ klair ]. It means clear in French. The popularity of the name in United Kingdom peaked in the 1970s and 1980s. Around 1997, the name fell out of the top 100 girls' names there. Many famous people have this name. This name was ranked #59 on the US Popular Names in 2021.
One of them is the actress Claire Danes.
People
Claire Martin, pseudonym of the Canadian writer Claire Montreuil
Claire Danes, American actress
Claire Bloom, English actress
Claire Holt, Australian actress
Claire Nouvian, French political activist, journalist and television producer
Claire Lee Chennault, US military aviator, fl. World War II
References
Given names
Cumberland River

The Cumberland River is a major waterway of the Southern United States. The -long river goes through of southern Kentucky and north-central Tennessee. The river flows generally west from a source in the Appalachian Mountains. It merges with the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky, and the mouth of the Tennessee River.
References
Other websites
Rivers of Kentucky
Rivers of Tennessee
Harkishan Singh Surjeet

Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 - 1 August 2008) was a communist politician from Punjab, India. He was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Political Bureau from 1964 to 2008.
References
1916 births
2008 deaths
Indian communist politicians
Politicians from Punjab, India
Mount Tabor, Vermont

Mount Tabor is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States.
References
Towns in Vermont
Kaabil

Kaabil () is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Sanjay Gupta, written by Vijay Kumar Mishra, produced by Rakesh Roshan under his banner FilmKraft Productions. It stars Hrithik Roshan, Yami Gautam, Ronit Roy and Rohit Roy. The music was composed by Rajesh Roshan.
Kaabil was released theatrically on 25 January 2017 and received positive reviews. Roshan received the Nomination of Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance at the 63rd Filmfare Awards. The film was commercially successful despite performing weakly upon its release in China in 2019.
Cast
Hrithik Roshan as Rohan Bhatnagar
Yami Gautam as Su/Supriya Sharma/Supriya Bhatnagar
Ronit Roy as Madhavrao Shellar
Rohit Roy as Amit Shellar
Narendra Jha as Inspector Amol Chaube
Suresh Menon as Zafar (Rohan's Friend)
Sahidur Rahman as Wasim
Akhilendra Mishra as Wasim's father
Girish Kulkarni as Sub-Inspector Pravin Nalavde
Urvashi Rautela (special appearance in song "Haseeno Ka Deewana")
Shaji Chaudhary as Anna
References
Deeper Underground

"Deeper Underground" is a 1998 song by English funk band Jamiroquai and is taken from the 1998 movie Godzilla soundtrack and was included in their fourth studio album Synkronized. It went to number 1 in Scotland and the United Kingdom, number 2 in Iceland, number 7 in Italy, number 8 in Finland, number 9 in Ireland and Switzerland, number 10 in Spain and number 33 in New Zealand.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Deeper Underground" (radio edit) - 3:33
"Deeper Underground" (The Metro Mix) - 6:59
"Deeper Underground" (instrumental) - 4:44
UK CD2
"Deeper Underground" - 4:44
"Deeper Underground" (The Ummah Mix) - 5:01
"Deeper Underground" (S-Man Meets Da Northface Killa Dub) - 9:02
UK cassette single and European CD single
"Deeper Underground" (radio edit) - 3:33
"Deeper Underground" (The Metro Mix) - 6:59
Australian and Japanese CD single
"Deeper Underground" (radio edit)
"Deeper Underground"
"Deeper Underground" (The Metro Mix)
"High Times" (radio edit)
References
1998 songs
Jamiroquai songs
Kathy Bates

Kathy Bates (born Kathleen Doyle Bates, June 28, 1948) is an American actress and director. She was born in Memphis, Tennessee.
Bates has starred in many movies, most notably Misery, Fried Green Tomatoes, Titanic and Richard Jewell.
Bates had ovarian cancer in 2003 and breast cancer in 2012.
Bates is also known for her multiple roles on American Horror Story. She also played Jo Bennett in the American sitcom The Office.
References
Other websites
1948 births
Living people
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
American movie actors
American movie directors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American voice actors
Stefan Elmgren

Stefan Elmgren (born 1974) was the guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1997 to 2008. Before becoming a member of HammerFall, he was the guitarist in the band Highlander.
In 2007, Elmgren left Hammerfall to focus on his career as a pilot.
References
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
1974 births
Living people
HammerFall
Huntington, Texas

Huntington is a city in Angelina County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
Transport network

A transport network, or transportation network is a network of roads, railways, streets, pipes, power lines, or any structure that lets either movement of vehicles or flow of some commodity.
Networks
Network
Alcatraz Island

Alcatraz Island (sometimes just called Alcatraz or The Rock) is a small island in San Francisco Bay in California. It was first a lighthouse, then a military fort, then a military prison, and finally a federal prison. In 1969, it became a museum.
The name Alcatraz comes from the original Spanish name of the island, Isla de los alcatraces (Island of the pelicans). It was given that name when a Spanish explorer, Juan Manuel de Ayala, noticed the great amount of pelicans roosting on the island.
The famous Alcatraz prison opened in August 1934 and closed on 21 March 1963. At first, the island served as a war prison for confederate soldiers during the Civil War. At the turn of the century, it would become the most famous and posthumously, most infamous prison in American history. Some of the most famous inmates at Alcatraz included Al Capone, Machine Gun Kelly and John Giles. The prison was eventually shut down in 1963 after the State of California and the US Congress agreed that it costs too much to run. Soon after, Native American Indians used the prison and the island for a huge protest in favor for Native American rights. After being kicked out from the grounds, the prison was vacated and was never used again.
People still love to go see the prison. It draws in millions into the San Francisco area. People enjoy the tales of possible ghost encounters on the prison grounds. It has been a huge haunting site because spirits are said to have left behind wandering the prison.
Alcatraz Island is one of many islands in the San Francisco Bay area.
References
Other websites
Islands of the United States
Landmarks in San Francisco
Prisons in the United States
Museums in California
1963 establishments in California
East Franconian German

East Franconian () is a dialect which is spoken in Franconia, the northern part of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Wurzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, Meiningen, Bad Mergentheim, and Crailsheim. The other variants are (spoken in Lower Franconia and southern Thuringia), (spoken in Upper and Middle Franconia) and (spoken in some parts of Middle Franconia and Hohenlohe).
Characteristics
The diphthongs of East Franconian is really similar to the Bavarian and Swabian diphthongs. The consonants /p/, /t/, and /k/ gets changed to /b/, /d/, and /g/. For example, the German word Oberfranken, becomes Oberfrangn in East Franconian. The consonant /s/ gets changed to /sch/. Although, this is true, there are some words that are acceptable. For example, the German word Nordosten, becomes Norddossdn in East Franconian. Another noticeable change is the German -erg, -berg, or -burg gets changed to -arch, -barch, or -urch in East Franconian. The diphthong similar to Bavarian and Swabian is the German -ur or -fur gets changed to -ia or -fia, or sometimes -ar. The German -heim becomes -ham in East Franconian. The vowel /a/ sometimes gets changed to /o/ or with a special /o/ like /o/ or sometimes the opposite in East Franconian.
Related pages
Franconia
References
Other websites
Linguistic atlas of Middle Franconia
Linguistic atlas of Lower Franconia
Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaft
German dialects
Languages of Germany
Bavaria
Dance Dance Revolution: Disney Channel Edition

Dance Dance Revolution Disney Channel Edition is a home version of Dance Dance Revolution released in the United States. It was released by Konami on January 8, 2008 for the PlayStation 2 video game console. Unlike other Dance Dance Revolution games, it was developed by Keen Games and not directly by Konami. It is the 4th Disney themed DDR game.
Gameplay
Core gameplay remains mostly the same on Disney Channel Edition. However, the songlist consists mostly of songs from Disney Channel programming, including songs from Hannah Montana, The Cheetah Girls, High School Musical, That's So Raven, Kim Possible and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.
Music
Disney Channel Songs
All Disney Channel songs are covers.
Hannah Montana
Nobody's Perfect
The Best of Both Worlds
This Is The Life
Who Said
High School Musical
Bop To The Top
Get'cha Head in the Game
I Can't Take My Eyes Off You
We're All in This Together
Jump In!
It's My Turn Now
It's On
Jump To The Rhythm
Push It To The Limit
Vertical
Kim Possible
Kim Possible Theme Song
That's So Raven
That's So Raven Theme Song
The Cheetah Girls
Cheetah Sisters
Girl Power
Step Up
The Party's Just Begun
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Suite Life of Zack & Cody Theme Song
Konami Originals
B4U - NAOKI
Baile Le Samba - Big Idea
Bongo! - WaveGroup feat. Scott D.
CANDY - Luv unlimited
Danca de Yuka - Big Idea
DoLL - TIoIaRA
exotic ethnic - RevenG
HIGHER - NM feat. SUNNY
La Cucaracha - Big Idea
Moment 40 - Moshic
Monkey Punk - Big Idea
My Only Shining Star - NAOKI feat. Becky Lucinda
MY SUMMER LOVE - MITSU-O! with GEILA
P.N. MAX (PARANOiA MAX) - 190
Rock-a-billy Willy - Big Idea
Sakura - RevenG
Sockem - Steve Porter
Sweet Sweet ♥️ Magic - jun
There 4 you - Thuggie D.
TOE JAM - Big Idea
Characters
Unlike other DDR games, all of the characters selectable on Disney Channel Edition are from the aforementioned shows.
Hannah Montana
Lilly Truscott
Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana
High School Musical
Troy Bolton
Gabriella Montez
Kim Possible
Kim Possible
That's So Raven
Eddie Thomas
That's So Raven/Cory in the House
Cory Baxter
The Cheetah Girls
Aquanette
Chanel
Dorinda
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Cody Martin
Zack Martin
Maddie Fitzpatrick
Each character has two outfits available, Hannah Montana's secondary costume changes her to her true self, Miley Stewart.
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
2008 video games
Konami games
Gerd Roggensack

Gerd Roggensack (born 5 October 1941) is a German former football player and manager.
Career
As a player, he spent three seasons in the Bundesliga with 1. FC Kaiserslautern and Arminia Bielefeld, and was also part of Borussia Dortmund's 1963 German championship winning team. Roggensack was among the players involved in the 1971 Bundesliga scandal, scoring the game winner for Bielefeld in a fixed match against FC Schalke 04.
After retiring as a player, Roggensack went on to manage several clubs in the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga.
Honours
As player
German championship: 1963
DFB-Pokal runner-up: 1962-63
As manager
DFB-Pokal runner-up: 1994-95
References
Other websites
1941 births
Living people
German footballers
Association football forwards
German football managers
Bundesliga managers
Arminia Bielefeld managers
Eintracht Braunschweig managers
SC Preussen Munster managers
SpVgg Unterhaching managers
Shehzad Tanweer

Shehzad Tanweer (15 December 1982 - 7 July 2005) was one of four Al Qaeda terrorists who exploded bombs in three trains on the London Underground and one bus in central London during the 7 July 2005 London bombings. 56 people were killed and over 700 hurt in the attacks.
Tanweer was named by Scotland Yard as the man who exploded a bomb while travelling towards the east on the Circle Line between Liverpool Street and Aldgate, killing both himself and seven of the 56 killed in total in the attacks. The other three men were found out to be Hasib Hussain, Germaine Lindsay, and Mohammad Sidique Khan. They all died in the explosions they set off.
Video statement
On 6 July 2006, a video statement by Tanweer was published by Al-Jazeera. In the video, which included statements by al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, Tanweer said:
"What have you witnessed now is only the beginning of a string of attacks that will continue and become stronger until you pull your forces out of Afghanistan and Iraq. And until you stop your financial and military support to America and Israel." Tanweer argued that the non-Muslims of Britain deserve such attacks because they voted for a government which "continues to oppress our mothers, children, brothers and sisters in Palestine, Afghanistan, Iraq and Chechnya"
Tanweer's statements was clearer in making this link with British foreign policy than Mohammad Sidique Khan, the person thought to be the lead bomber. The video has also served to confirm thoughts that both Khan and Tanweer had contact with Ayman Al-Zawahiri and other senior figures in the Al-Qaeda organisation while in Dubai.
London bombing
A few days before the bombing, Tanweer rented a red Nissan Micra from a local car-rental agency. His hair was also bleached due to the hydrogen peroxide he was using prior to the attack.
On 7 July, Tanweer, Khan, Hussain, and Lindsay are believed to have picked up the bombs from a house in the Leeds, hiding them in their rucksacks, then to have driven to Luton, Bedfordshire in the red Nissan, which he left parked in Luton railway station car park.
In Luton, the men went on the 07:23 Thameslink train, arriving at King's Cross in London at around 08.20 hours, where they went different ways and exploded their bombs.
The three London underground bombs exploded within 60 seconds of each other at 8:50 a.m.Tanweer travelled towards the east on the Circle line from Kings Cross, exploding his bomb on train number 204 between Liverpool Street and Aldgate stations, also killing at least seven people. The police found his body parts in the carriage he blew up.
After the bombings, police found other bombs in Tanweer's car, which would be dealt with by an explosive police team.
References
1982 births
2005 deaths
British Muslims
Suicide bombers
English murderers
People from Leeds
July 2005 London bombings
Lake Dey Dey

Lake Dey Dey is a salt lake in South Australia. It is one of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The larger Lake Maurice is to the south. Since 1985, Lake Dey Dey is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is located nearby to the southwest.
The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Lake Dey Dey is very dry. Groundwater contains high levels of salt.
The lake is culturally important to the Maralinga Tjarutja people. Both Dey Dey and Lake Maurice have (Dreaming stories) associated with them, and some parts of Dey Dey are restricted so that only men who have been initiated have access. The major associated with Lake Dey Dey relates to , an ancestral spirit represented by the eastern grey kangaroo.
References
Lakes of South Australia
Delegation

Delegation is when an authority or someone generally needed to do something (like in diplomacy) asks someone else to go instead who could do the same job (it could be a deputy or a 'proxy', in politics mostly).
Politics
George M. Martin

George M. Martin, M.D. (born June 30, 1927, in New York City, New York) is an American biogerontologist. He received both his B.S. in Chemistry and his M.D. from the University of Washington and has been a member of its faculty since 1957.
Martin is a Professor Emeritus (Active) in the Department of Pathology, Professor of Genome Sciences (Retired) and Director Emeritus of the University of Washington's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center.
References
1927 births
Living people
University of Washington faculty
Scientists from New York City
Gaul

Gaul () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as "Gauls".
In English, the word Gaul () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or for all ancient speakers of the Gaulish language. In this way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.
Gauls under Brennus attacked Rome with the Battle of the Allia (390 BC).
Trivia
In Greek, modern-day France is called Gallia (same as the Latin Gallia) and the term for a Gaulish person is Galatia (Galatia).
Other websites
The Gallic Wars
Former countries in Europe
Craig L. Thomas

Craig Lyle Thomas; better known as Craig L. Thomas (February 17, 1933 - June 4, 2007) was an American politician. He was a senior U.S. Senator from Wyoming and member of United States Republican Party. Before that he was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Wyoming from 1989 to 1995.
Thomas died of leukemia on June 4, 2007 in Bethesda, Maryland, aged 74.
References
Other websites
1933 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
United States representatives from Wyoming
United States senators from Wyoming
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Ancient Corinth

Corinth is at a critical place in the Peloponnese, a city-state on the Isthmus of Corinth. Ancient Corinth was one of the largest and most important cities of Ancient Greece, with a population of 90,000 in 400 BC. The Romans demolished Corinth in 146 BC, built a new city in its place in 44 BC, and later made it the provincial capital of Greece.
Classical Greece
The city was a major player in the Persian Wars. It sent 400 soldiers to defend Thermopylae. It supplied forty warships for the Battle of Salamis and 5,000 hoplites in the following Battle of Plataea.
At the end of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC) Corinth joined Athens in the Corinthian War against Sparta. However, in 395 BC Corinth switched back to the Peloponnesian League and joined Sparta to attack Athens.
These conflicts weakened the city-states of the Peloponnese and set the stage for the conquests of Philip II of Macedon. In 338 BC, after defeating Athens and its allies, Philip II created the League of Corinth to unite the Greeks in a war against Persia. Philip was named hegemon of the League.
Corinth under the Roman Republic
In 146 BC, Rome declared war on the Greek Achaean League, led by Corinth. After some victories, the Romans under captured Corinth. When he entered the city, their commander Lucius Mummius killed all the men and sold the women and children into slavery before burning the city. This ruthless action was on a par with the destruction of Corinth. The Romans would not stand for any city which competed with them for trade in the Mediterranean. There is archeological evidence of some minimal habitation in the years afterwards. Corinth remained largely deserted until Julius Caesar refounded the city in 44 BC, shortly before his assassination. At this time, an amphitheatre was built.
Under the Romans, Corinth was rebuilt as a major city. It had a large mixed population of Romans, Greeks, and Jews.
References
Ancient Greek cities
Oxymoron

An oxymoron is a term for a figure of speech. It is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite.
For example, the phrases "Wise fool", "Warm freezer", and "Legal murder" all have two words. In each one, the one word looks like the opposite of the other word.
You can have words that look opposite, but are right. For example, a "warm freezer" could be right. A freezer could be warm if it was turned off or left open.
The word oxymoron is an oxymoron; 'oxy' comes from the Greek word that means 'sharp', while 'moron' comes from the Greek word that means 'dull'.
Words that really are opposite to each other, would be words that just cannot be put together. For example, a "round square" could not happen because squares are not round.
Oxymorons sometimes appear in jokes. Sometimes, the joke is just to say that a pair of words are an oxymoron. For example, a joke that says that "glutted peasant" is an oxymoron. This means that peasants are usually hungry, if the word 'peasant' is opposite to 'glutted'.
Related pages
Paradox
Trope
References
Logic
Figures of speech
Hohrod

Hohrod is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Aizhan Akilbayeva

Aizhan Akilbayeva (born 13 September 1991) is a Kazakhstani female water polo player. She competed for the Kazakhstan women's national water polo team in the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
References
Other websites
Aizhan Akilbayeva, Getty
Aizhan Akilbayeva, Zimbio
1991 births
Living people
Kazakhstani water polo players
F. C. Kohli

Faqir Chand Kohli (19 March 1924 - 26 November 2020), popularly known as F. C. Kohli, was an Indian engineer and software businessman. He was known as the Father of the Indian Software Industry.
He was the founder and first CEO of Tata Consultancy Services, India's largest software company. He was the deputy general manager of the Tata Power Company. He was Chairman of the Board of Governors of College of Engineering, Pune.
Kohli died of a heart attack on 26 November 2020 at the age of 96.
References
1924 births
2020 deaths
Indian businesspeople
Indian engineers
Software engineers
Battersea Bridge

Battersea Bridge is a cast-iron and granite five-span cantilever bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England. It is on a sharp bend in the river, and links Battersea south of the river with Chelsea to the north.
The first Battersea Bridge was a toll bridge. Although a stone bridge was planned, a cheaper wooden bridge was built instead. Designed by Henry Holland, it was opened to pedestrians in November 1771, and to vehicles in 1772. The bridge was poorly designed. It was dangerous to its users and to passing shipping. Boats often collided with it. To reduce the dangers to shipping, two piers were removed, and the sections of the bridge above them were strengthened with iron girders.
Although dangerous and unpopular, the bridge was the last surviving wooden bridge across the Thames in London. It was the subject of paintings by Turner, Cotman and Whistler.
In 1879 the bridge was taken into public ownership, and in 1885 demolished and replaced with the existing bridge, designed by Joseph Bazalgette. It is the narrowest surviving road bridge over the Thames in London, and one of London's least busy Thames bridges. The position on a bend in the river makes the bridge a hazard to shipping, and it has been closed many times due to collisions.
In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames. The Battersea Bridge area marked the official start of the parade of ships and boats moving towards Tower Bridge.
Related pages
List of crossings of the River Thames
References
Other websites
1890 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in England
Battersea
Bridges in London
Chelsea, London
Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Ryan Hunter-Reay

Ryan Hunter-Reay (born December 17, 1980) is an American racecar driver from Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He races in the IndyCar Series where he won the 2012 IndyCar championship. He is considered one of the highest ranked racecar drivers. Hunter-Reay won his first race in 2003 and has won a total 11 races, including three straight in 2012. His mother died of cancer and Hunter Reay is the major spokesman for Livestrong, a role he took over from Lance Armstrong after the cyclist's doping controversy. He is married and has a son. He lives in Florida. In 2014, he won the Indianapolis 500.
References
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
American racecar drivers
Square foot gardening

Square foot gardening is a method of gardening made popular by Mel Bartholemew in 1981. It is based on the idea that wide rows, used in traditional gardening, waste time, work, water, seeds and soil. It shows that quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less work. In this method, the garden space is divided into beds, separated by paths. Each bed measures 4' x 4' ( x ), therefore covering an area of (). These beds are further divided into sixteen squares of about one square foot ( per side, ). A different type of plant is grown in each of those squares. A single large plant, like broccoli, will use one of the squares. Smaller plants can be spaced more tightly; for example, four heads of lettuce together in one square, or sixteen carrots. All work (planting, removing weeds, watering and harvesting) is done from the pathways. This stops the soil from being compacted.
Benefits of square foot gardening
Less work. In traditional gardening methods, heavy tools are used to loosen the soil. In this method, the soil is never compacted and it remains loose. Weeding takes much less time.
Water savings. The loose ground holds the water better. This type of garden needs water less often than other methods. Also, water is poured by hand near the plant roots. Less water is wasted.
Very little weeding. The vegetables form a living mulch and shade out many weeds before they can start to grow.
Pesticides or herbicides are not needed. Natural ways to keep insects away, like companion planting, work well in a tight space. Growing many different types of plants in a small area also makes it more difficult for plant diseases to spread.
Other websites
Website of the Square Foot Gardening Foundation, founded to promote the method.
Journey To Forever, a resource for beginners.
Gardening
Round Table

The Round Table was a table used by King Arthur and his knights, in the legends about him. The Round Table was in Camelot, the castle where King Arthur and his knights lived. In the legends, they met at the table to talk about the safety of Camelot and the kingdom, and about what adventures and quests they could go on. This got them the name 'The Knights of the Round Table'.
Shape
The shape of the table was very important. Most tables are rectangular, and have a place called the "head of the table". This is the narrow part at the top, where the leader usually sits. Because the table was round, it meant that the people who sat around it were all seen as equal.
Characters
The table is used by King Arthur and his knights. King Arthur's wife, Guinevere, did not have a seat at the table, but King Arthur did take her advice on occasion. In some versions of the legend, the wizard who lived in Camelot, called Merlin, also had a seat at the table. He was seen by King Arthur as a good friend and adviser.
Dangerous Chair (Siege Perilous)
Some legends also note a special chair at the Round Table, called the Siege Perilous, or 'Dangerous Chair'. Legend says that the seat could only be used by a knight who had a pure heart. A person with a pure heart was seen as someone who had committed no crimes or done any wrong. In the tale, anyone who sat in the chair but did not have a pure heart would die instantly. It was kept free by Merlin for the person who would one day find an object called the Holy Grail. This was a magical cup that was supposed to have been the one that Jesus drank out of during the Last Supper. In the story, this person was either Sir Galahad or Sir Percival, depending on what version of the story is told.
Related pages
King Arthur
Camelot
Knights of the Round Table
Holy Grail
Arthurian legend
Proof (rapper)

DeShaun Dupree Holton (October 2, 1973 - April 11, 2006), better known as Proof, was an American rapper. He was a member of the Detroit groups 5 Elementz, Funky Cowboys, Promatic, Goon Sqwad, and D12. He was also a close childhood friend of rapper Eminem.
Proof's first studio album, I Miss the Hip Hop Shop, was released in 2004. His second album, Searching for Jerry Garcia, was released a year later in 2005. It rose to number 65 on the Billboard 200.
On April 11, 2006, Holton was killed when three bullets hit his chest and head in Detroit while playing billiards. His alleged shooter is Mario Etheridge.
References
1973 births
2006 deaths
Deaths by firearm in the United States
Rappers from Michigan
Musicians from Detroit
American songwriters
20th-century American rappers
21st-century American rappers
The Village Blacksmith

"The Village Blacksmith" is a poem. It was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1841 in Longfellow's book, Ballads and Other Poems.
The real blacksmith of the poem was Dexter Pratt. He was Longfellow's neighbor. The first lines of the poem are well-known: "Under a spreading chestnut tree / The village smithy stands."
In 1879, children in Cambridge, Massachusetts gave Longfellow a chair. It was made from the chestnut tree of the poem.
Other websites
19th-century American poems
Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1840s poems
Richard N. Goodwin

Richard Naradof Goodwin (December 7, 1931 - May 20, 2018) was an American writer. Goodwin was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was an advisor and speechwriter to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson and to Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
Goodwin joined Kennedy's speech writing staff in 1959, and after Kennedy's successful presidential bid, served as assistant special counsel to the President in 1961. Goodwin was also a member of Kennedy's Task Force on Latin American Affairs and in 1961, was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, a position he held until 1963.
From 1963 to 1964, Goodwin served as the Director of the International Peace Corps Secretariat and in 1964 became special assistant to President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Goodwin died of cancer on May 20, 2018 in Concord, Massachusetts at the age of 86.
References
Other websites
Richard Goodwin biography
Goodwin's Descriptions of meeting Che Guevara, in Kennedy Documents Boston Globe, January 26, 2009
1931 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American political writers
Politicians from Boston
Writers from Boston
Owen Arthur

Owen Seymour Arthur, PC (17 October 1949 - 27 July 2020) was a Barbadian politician. He was Prime Minister of Barbados from 6 September 1994 to 20 January 1999; 20 January 1999 to 21 May 2003; and from 21 May 2003 to 15 January 2008.
Arthur died on 27 July 2020 from heart disease-related problems at a hospital in Bridgetown, aged 70.
References
1949 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from heart disease
Prime Ministers of Barbados
G5 Entertainment

G5 Entertainment Group (also known as G5 Games) is a developer and publisher of free-to-play adventure and puzzle games such as hidden objects, mahjong and match 3 games. It was founded in 2001 by Vlad Suglobov, Alexander Tabunov and Sergey Shultz. The company headquarters is located in Stockholm, Sweden.
As of the end of 2022, the group had 961 employees in Stockholm, Malta, San Francisco, Moscow, Kharkiv, Lviv and Kaliningrad.
History
G5 Entertainment was founded in 2001 in Moscow.
In 2006, the group started developing PC games and then went on to release mobile games such as Supermarket Mania and Virtual City. The games were later launched on the Apple App Store. Developed by the company, Mahjong Artifacts, was eventually adapted into a free game called Mahjong Journey.
In 2011, G5 released its first free mobile game, Virtual City Playground. And in 2013, after the release of Virtual City Playground, the group decided to focus only on free games.
G5 Entertainment became the first developer of games for mobile phones in the CIS, as well as the first gaming company from the CIS to conduct an IPO.
In 2022, G5 Entertainment opened its offices in Armenia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Montenegro and Kazakhstan.
Games
Games published by G5 Entertainment include: Hidden City: Hidden Object & Mystery Games, Sherlock: Hidden Match-3 Cases, Jewels of Rome, Jewels of the Wild West, Mahjong Journey and The Secret Society.
IPO and trading history
In October 2006, G5 Entertainment AB listed its shares on the Nordic MTF in Stockholm under the trading symbol G5EN.
In 2008, trading in G5 shares was moved from NGM Nordic MTF to Aktietorget (now renamed Spotlight Stock Market) in Stockholm. In 2013, the company listed the company's shares on the Nasdaq Stockholm Main Market. G5 Entertainment shares have been listed on Nasdaq Stockholm's Main Market under the symbol G5EN.ST since 2014. In August 2019, the company started trading on OTCQX Market in New York under the symbol GENTF. In 2020, G5 had the second largest gain among the 365 members of the OMX Stockholm Index.
References
Other websites
Official website
2001 establishments in Europe
Companies based in Stockholm
Video game companies
Mureș (river)

The Mures (Romanian, , , , , Marosch or Muresch, ) is a river in Eastern Europe. It is long.
Tributaries
These rivers are tributaries to the river Mures:
Left: Pietrosu, Carbunele Negru, Senetea, Fierastraul, Paraul lui Mihai, Sumuleul Mare, Borzont, Bacta, Limbus, Paraul Pietrei, Sineu, Martonca, Galautas, Gaina, Zapodea, Magherus, Papurel, Marsinetul de Sus, Marsinetul de Jos, Gudea, Jincu, Doamna, Iadul, Salard, Pescoasa Mare, Iadul, Borzia, Mergis, Toaderis, Sebes, Idicel, Deleni, Gurghiu, Beica, Habic, Petrilaca, Terebici, Cotus, Poclos, Niraj, Cerghid, Sarata, Seulia, Atantis, Farau, Ciunga, Valea Papii, Sesul Bagaului, Valea la Sipot, Valea Dosului, Hoparta, Sacadus, Bogdanul, Tarnava, Hapria Sebes, Pianu, Cioara, Cugir, Vaidei, Romos, Orastie, Turdas, Strei, Tampa, Cerna Herepeia, Vetel, Vulcez, Lesnic, Sacamas, Plaiu, Dobra, Abucea, Ohaba, Salciva, Pojoga, Valea Ghinisului, Pestis, Caprioara, Somonita, Izvor, Corbu, Sulinis, Paraul Mare, Sistarovat, Sinicut, Zadarlac
Right: Mezes, Otves, Boteni, Voslabeni, Chindeni, Chirtaegher, Valea Stramba, Saros, Belcina, Lazarea, Ditrau, Faier, Jolotca, Filipea, Sarmas, Ciucic, Doamna, Toplita, Calimanel, Dusa, Mermezeu, Zebracu, Tarnita, Jingu, Neagra, Ilva, Fantanele, Saracin, Rastolita, Jisa, Galaoaia, Bistra, Gesele, Valea Sterinoasa, Rapa, Valeni, Sacal, Lut, Sar, Iceni, Budiu, Cuiesd, Valea Fanatelor, Sausa, Oroiu, Lechinta, Paraul de Campie, Aries, Grindu, Unirea, Ciugud, Ormenis, Miraslau, Lopadea, Aiud, Herja, Garbova, Valea Sasului, Geoagiu, Galda, Ampoi, Paraul cel Mare, Paclisa, Stauini, Vint, Valea Goblii, Blandiana, Acmariu, Fenes Bacainti, Homorod, Geoagiu, Boiu, Bobalna, Valea lui Sanpatru, Lazu, Varmaga, Certej, Boholt, Caian, Bejan, Boz, Sarbi, Bacisoara, Gurasada, Zam, Almas, Corbeasca, Troas, Vinesti, Stejar, Julita, Grosul, Monorostia, Barna, Barzava, Nadas, Conop, Cornic, Odvos, Milova, Jecnova, Soimos, Radna, Cladova
References
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Romania
Kenneth Claiborne Royall

Kenneth Claiborne Royall (July 24, 1894-May 25, 1971) was a United States Army general and the last person to hold the office of Secretary of War. That position was abolished in 1947, and Royall served as the first Secretary of the Army (a successory position) from 1947 to 1949.
1894 births
1971 deaths
American generals
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Politicians from North Carolina
United States Secretaries of the Army
United States Secretaries of War
Military people from North Carolina
Lauf an der Pegnitz

Lauf an der Pegnitz (; Northern Bavarian: Lauf an da Pegnitz) is a town to the East of Nuremberg, Germany. It is the capital of the district Nurnberger Land, in Bavaria. It is in the valley of the River Pegnitz, which flows through the town.
In 2009, the municipality developed a climate protection plan which was supported by the German Ministry for the Environment.
Twin towns - sister cities
Lauf an der Pegnitz is twinned with:
Brive-la-Gaillarde, France
Drama, Greece
Nykoping, Sweden
Tirschenreuth, Germany
Notable people
Hermann Roesler (1834-1894), economist
Martin Lauer (1937-2019), athlete, Olympic medalist, lived here
Martin Jellinghaus (born 1944), athlete, Olympic medalist
Marlene Mortler (born 1955), politician (CSU), Member of the Bundestag (2002-2019), Member of the European Parliament
Timo Rost (born 1978), footballer
References
Nurnberger Land
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 - 2 October 1804) was a French inventor. He is believed to have built the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle.
1725 births
1804 deaths
French inventors
Unschooling

Unschooling is a special form of homeschooling. In this form of education, learners choose activities as their medium for learning. It is not as known as traditional homeschooling, but is becoming more known.
Motivations
Many persons decide to do unschooling because it makes it possible to learn through natural life experiences, or they do not like the concept of schooling and think that they can learn better by doing other activities.
Branches
There are different branches of unschooling. Here are some examples:
Worldschooling: Learners travel around the world and learn through experiencing other places, people, cultures, and typical activities of these locations.
Project-based unschooling: Learners choose a project that interests them and do it in their own time and learn things about it and related topics.
Gameschooling: Learners play varios games like board and card games with and against others. Learners can develop social skills such as interpersonal communication, negotiation, persuasion, diplomacy, and moral character.
Criticism
Critics of unschooling think that children will lack the social skills, structure, and motivation of their schooled peers, while other think that the opposite is true.
References
Related pages
Deschooling
Education
M. K. Arjunan

M. K. Arjunan () (fondly called as Arjunan Master) (1 March 1936 - 6 April 2020) was an Indian Malayalam music composer. He was known for composing many melodies for Malayalam cinema. He was born in Kerala, India. Arjunan made around 800 songs for 300 plays.
Arjunan died on 6 April 2020 at his home in Kochi, India at the age of 84.
References
1936 births
2020 deaths
Indian writers
Indian composers
Malayali people
Irina Bilyk

Irina Bilyk born 6 April 1970 is a Ukrainian singer. People's Artist of Ukraine (2008).
Discography
"Kuvala zozulia" (1990)
"Ia rozkazhu" (1994)
"Nova" (1995)
"Tak prosto" (1996)
"Farbi" (1998)
"Oma" (2000)
"Bilyk" (2002)
"Krayina" (2003)
"Liubov'. Iad" (2004)
"Na bis" (2008)
"Rassvet" (2014)
"Bez Grima" (2017)
1970 births
Ukrainian singers