pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Luiz of Orléans-Braganza

Luiz Gastao (June 6, 1938 - July 15, 2022) was Head of the Imperial House of Brazil from 1981 to 2022 when he died, he took over when his father Pedro Henrique de Orleans e Braganca died in 1981, he was the great-great-grandson of Pedro II of Brazil and great-grandson of Princess Isabel of Brazil.
With the end of the Second World War in Europe, in May 1945, the Brazilian Imperial Family was finally able to return to their homeland, thus ending the unfair and painful exile imposed on the occasion of the republican coup of November 15, 1889.
They lived in Rio de Janeiro and Petropolis until, in 1951, they moved to the north of Parana , then the great agricultural frontier of Brazil, where they lived at Fazenda Sao Jose, in Jacarezinho, and, from 1957, at Fazenda Santa Maria, in Jundiai do Sul.
He held the titles of Prince of Orleans-Braganca from 1938 to 1981, Prince Imperial of Brazil from 1938 to 1981 and was head of the Imperial House of Brazil from July 5, 1981 until his death.
Luiz died on 15 July 2022 at a hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil from stroke-related problems, aged 84.
On July 16, 2022, his wake took place, which lasted until July 18, 2022. He was buried on July 18, 2022 at Consolacao Cemetery in Sao Paulo He held the titles of Prince of Orleans-Braganza from 1938 to 1981, Imperial Prince of Brazil from 1938-1981 and was the head of the Imperial House of Brazil, from July 5, 1981 until his death
References
1938 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Princes and princesses
People from Sao Paulo
Peter Shumlin

Peter Elliot Shumlin (born March 24, 1956) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Vermont from 2011 to 2017. In 2010, he was elected Governor of Vermont. He is a member of the Democratic Party of the United States.
References
Other websites
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Governors of Vermont
1956 births
Living people
People from Brattleboro, Vermont
Theory of everything

The basic concept of the theory of everything is that one theory could explain every aspect of physics. The four basic forces of nature are gravity, the strong force, the weak force, and the electromagnetic force; the theory of general relativity explains gravity, and quantum mechanics explains the other three forces. Right now, no one theory that everyone accepts can explain all four forces.
String theory is a theory that could become the "theory of everything".
Unified field theory
Unified field theory is a hope for a theory of fields in physics that will explain all natural phenomena. Theories in physics can be very different and even disagree with each other. This is true for example for quantum mechanics (the science of very small things) and general relativity (the science of space and time). The goal of unified field theory is to take all the different parts of physics and combine them into one theory that explains everything. The Standard Model comes close to a unified field theory, combining everything except general relativity.
References
Nuclear physics
Basic physics ideas
Hurrians

The Hurrians or Khurrites were people who lived in and around northern Mesopotamia from about 2500 BC. They were a large ethnic group, and had some cities and kingdoms, but they also lived in small groups among other ethnic people. The first known piece of music to be written down was Hurrian.
Ethnic groups in Asia
Mesopotamian people
Mondrainville

Mondrainville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Alexandra David-Néel

Alexandra David-Neel (full name Louise Eugenie Alexandrine Marie David) born in Saint-Mande, Val-de-Marne on 24 October 1868, and died in Digne-les-Bains, on 8 September 1969. She was a Belgian-French explorer.
Career
1898 Pour la vie
1911 Le modernisme bouddhiste et le bouddhisme du Bouddha
1927 Voyage d'une Parisienne a Lhassa (1927, My Journey to Lhasa)
1929 Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (1929, Magic and Mystery in Tibet)
1930 Initiations Lamaiques (Initiations and Initiates in Tibet)
1931 La vie Surhumaine de Guesar de Ling le Heros Thibetain (The Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling)
1933 Grand Tibet; Au pays des brigands-gentilshommes
1935 Le lama au cinq sagesses
1938 Magie d'amour et magic noire; Scenes du Tibet inconnu (Tibetan Tale of Love and Magic)
1939 Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Its Methods
1940 Sous des nuees d'orage; Recit de voyage
1949 Au coeur des Himalayas; Le Nepal
1951 Ashtavakra Gita; Discours sur le Vedanta Advaita
1951 Les Enseignements Secrets des Bouddhistes Tibetains (The Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects)
1951 L'Inde hier, aujourd'hui, demain
1952 Textes tibetains inedits
1953 Le vieux Tibet face a la Chine nouvelle
1954 La puissance de neant, by Lama Yongden (The Power of Nothingness)
Grammaire de la langue tibetaine parlee
1958 Avadhuta Gita
1958 La connaissance transcendente
1961 Immortalite et reincarnation: Doctrines et pratiques en Chine, au Tibet, dans l'Inde
L'Inde ou j'ai vecu; Avant et apres l'independence
1964 Quarante siecles d'expansion chinoise
1970 En Chine: L'amour universe! et l'individualisme integral: les maitres Mo Tse et Yang Tchou
1972 Le sortilege du mystere; Faits etranges et gens bizarre rencontres au long de mes routes d'orient et d'occident
1975 Vivre au Tibet; Cuisine, traditions et images
1975 Journal de voyage; Lettres a son Mari, 11 aout 1904 - 27 decembre 1917. Vol. 1. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
1976 Journal de voyage; Lettres a son Mari, 14 janvier 1918 - 31 decembre 1940. Vol. 2. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
1979 Le Tibet d'Alexandra David-Neel
1981 Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects
1986 La lampe de sagesse
Books
The Secret Lives of Alexandra David-Neel - A Biography of the Explorer of Tibet and Its Forbidden Practices, Barbara and Michael Foster. ; American edition under the title Forbidden Journey - The Life of Alexandra David-Neel, . This book is based on extensive interviews with David Neel's secretary at Digne and reading her letters to her husband, now published as "Journal de voyage: lettres a son mari."
Alexandra David-Neel, Ruth Middleton, Boston, Shambhala, 1989. .
Norwick, Braham. (1976). "Alexandra David-Neel's Adventures in Tibet: Fact or Fiction?". The Tibet Journal. Vol. 1, Nos. 3 & 4. Autumn 1976, pp. 70-74.
Other websites
Official web site
A Mystic in Tibet - Alexandra David-Neel
Alexandra David Neel in Upasika (spanish)
1868 births
1969 deaths
Chevrolet Caprice

Chevrolet Caprice and Caprice Classic are fully sized vehicles produced by General Motors. The vehicles were first produced around 1965. The cars were discontinued in the United States during 1996, though they returned for 2011. These cars are used as police vehicles or as taxis in many countries.
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Caprice
JoJo (singer)

Joanna Noelle Levesque (born December 20, 1990 ), known by her stage name JoJo, is an American singer, songwriter, actress and record producer. She was born in Brattleboro, Vermont and raised in Keene, New Hampshire and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She releases music under the R&B, pop, hip hop and soul music genres. She released her first album, JoJo, in June 2004. The album's first single "Leave (Get Out)" was number one on the US Billboard Pop Chart.
Filmography
Other websites
Official U.S. website
MTV interview
References
1990 births
Living people
People from Brattleboro, Vermont
American child actors
American child singers
American movie actors
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American hip hop singers
American soul singers
American blue-eyed soul singers
American television actors
Musicians from New Hampshire
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Vermont
Singers from Massachusetts
Singers from Vermont
Singers from New Hampshire
Vest-Agder

Vest-Agder is a former county in Norway. On 1 January 2020, it was merged with Aust-Agder to the new county of Agder. The capital and largest city was Kristiansand.
Former counties of Norway
Faimbe

Faimbe is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Palmitic acid

Palmitic acid is a type of saturated fatty acid. Its chain is 16 carbon atoms long. It is commonly found in some animal products and palm oil. It is commonly eaten in the United States.
References
Saturated fatty acids
Rebecca Ryan

Rebecca Ryan (born 27 April 1991) is an English actress, known for her roles as Debbie Gallagher in the Channel 4 comedy-drama series Shameless (2004-2009), Vicki MacDonald in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road (2009-2011), and Gemma Dean in the BBC One medical drama series Casualty (2017-2019). From 2021 to 2022, she appeared in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street as Lydia Chambers.
Other websites
1991 births
Living people
English child actors
English television actors
English movie actors
Actors from Manchester
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory

Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory is the Northern Territory Government agency which aim for tasks such as the establishment of "parks, reserves, sanctuaries and other land", the management of these and the "protection, conservation, sustainable use of wildlife etc.
References
Northern Territory
Government agencies of Australia
Marine Dafeur

Marine Dafeur (born 20 October 1994) is a French footballer.
She played for the France women's national football team at the 2013 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship, 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, and 2015 Algarve Cup, winning a silver medal.
She played for En Avant de Guingamp, and Lille OSC.
References
1994 births
Living people
French footballers
Dillinger (1945 movie)

Dillinger is a 1945 American crime drama movie directed by Max Nosseck and starring Lawrence Tierney in the title role, Edmund Lowe, Anne Jeffreys, Eduardo Cianelli, Marc Lawrence, Elisha Cook Jr.. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1946 and was distributed by Monogram Pictures.
Other websites
1945 drama movies
1945 crime movies
1940s biographical movies
1940s crime drama movies
American biographical movies
1940s American crime drama movies
Movies directed by Max Nosseck
Movies set in Indiana
Dearborn Heights, Michigan

Dearborn Heights is a city in Wayne County, Michigan, United States. As of the 2010 census, 57,774 people lived in Dearborn Heights.
Cities in Michigan
Johnny Brown (actor)

John Brown (June 11, 1937 - March 2, 2022) was an American actor, comedian and singer. He was known for playing Nathan Bookman on the 1970s CBS sitcom, Good Times. Brown also appeared on The Flip Wilson Show, The Jeffersons, Family Matters, Sister, Sister, The Jamie Foxx Show, The Wayans Bros, and Martin.
Brown died on March 2, 2022 at the age of 84.
References
1937 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Florida
Singers from Florida
Comedians from Florida
People from St. Petersburg, Florida
Abby Martin

Abigail Suzanne Martin (born September 6, 1984) is an American citizen journalist and presenter. She hosts the web series The Empire Files. Martin was born in Oakland, California.
Martin was a 9/11 conspiracy theorist. She hosted Breaking the Set on the Russian network RT America from 2012 to 2015. Martin also works on the board of directors for the Media Freedom Foundation. In 2015, Martin launched The Empire Files, an interview and documentary series, hosted by Telesur.
References
1984 births
Living people
American political commentators
Journalists from California
Writers from Oakland, California
Chris Whitty

Professor Sir Christopher John MacRae Whitty (born 21 April 1966) is an English physician and epidemiologist who serves as the Chief Medical Officer for England (CMO), Chief Medical Adviser to the UK Government, Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) to the Department of Health and Social Care, Head of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), and Gresham Professor of Physic. He was also the Acting Government Chief Scientific Adviser from 2017 to 2018.
Whitty has played a key role in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, with Government Chief Scientific Adviser Sir Patrick Vallance.
References
1966 births
Living people
Medical researchers
People from Gloucestershire
Epidemiologists
Momentos Intimos

Momentos Intimos () is a compilation album by American singer Selena. It was released on March 23, 2004.
About this album
An unreleased duet called "Puede Ser" () was included in the album. It was a duet with Nando "Guero" Dominguez. It was recorded two weeks before Selena was murdered. It then became the very last song to be recorded by her. "No Llores Mas Corazon" () and "Como Te Quiero Yo A Ti" () were digitally remastered. Both of those songs were turned into ballad songs. The album had bonus tracks that her family tells fans how it was like when Selena recorded those songs. The album peaked at number seven on the US Regional Mexican Albums Charts. The album also peaked at number eleven on the Top Latin Albums chart on Billboard in 2004.
Track listings
Amor Prohibido
Missing My Baby
Fotos y Recuerdos
Dreaming of You
Buenos Amigos
I'm Getting Used to You
Donde Quiera Que Estes
Only Love
Tu Solo Tu
I Could Fall in Love
Si Una Vez
Where Did the Feeling Go?
No Me Queda Mas
Como Te Quiero Yo A Ti
No Llores Mas Corazon
Puede Ser
Spoken Liner Notes - (Bonus track)
Spoken Liner Notes By The Band and Family
References
Selena albums
2004 albums
Compilation albums
Guide book

A guide book or a travel guide is a book about a place. It is made for visitors and tourists. It has facts about landmarks and activities of a place. There can also be maps of the place in the guide book.
Travel guides can also be put on a travel website.
References
Non-fiction books
Serpa solar power plant

Serpa solar power plant (also known as Hercules solar power plant) is a power plant found in Serpa, Portugal. It was begun in June 2006 and finished in January 2007. The plant consists of a photovoltaic system that uses silicon solar cell technology to convert sunlight directly into energy.
The Serpa solar power plant uses 52,000 photovoltaic modules manufactured by SunPower, Sanyo, and Sharp. The plant uses a new tracking system that follows the Sun's daily path across the sky.
Generating electricity from the sun with no fuel costs or emissions, the Serpa plant is on a 60-hectare (150-acre) hillside and is a model of clean power generation integrated with agriculture. The project saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions compared to equivalent fossil fuel generation.
Notes
Solar power plants
Buildings and structures in Portugal
2007 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Portugal
Your Name Is Justine

Your Name Is Justine () is a 2005 Luxembourgian Polish thriller movie directed by Franco de Pena. It starred Anna Cieslak, Arno Frisch, Rafal Mackowiak, Dominique Pinon, Mathieu Carriere, David Scheller.
References
Other websites
2005 thriller movies
Luxembourgian movies
Polish movies
Kendra Horn

Kendra Suzanne Horn (born June 9, 1976) is an American lawyer and politician. She was the U.S. representative for Oklahoma's 5th congressional district from 2019 to 2021. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
She was the first Democratic woman elected to the House from Oklahoma. Horn lost her 2020 re-election bid to Republican Stephanie Bice.
She was the Democratic nominee for the United States Senate in the special election in 2022.
References
1976 births
Living people
United States representatives from Oklahoma
Politicians from Oklahoma City
Politicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Lawyers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Jerago con Orago

Jerago con Orago is a comune in the Province of Varese in the Italian region of Lombardy.
Settlements in Lombardy
Seiko Yamanaka

Seiko Yamanaka (born 22 January 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Fagiano Okayama.
Club career statistics
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||Fagiano Okayama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}
References
1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Kochi Prefecture
V1400 Centauri

V1400 Centauri (or 1SWASP J140747 or J1407 for short) is a star. It is a main sequence star, similar to our Sun. It is in the constellation Centaurus about 434 light years away from Earth.
It is not visible to the naked eye: you need a telescope to see it. It is only 16 million years old, which is a very young star. It is a variable star. In 2007, it was thought J1407 was eclipsed and orbited by a gas giant or brown dwarf with a giant ring system. In 2021, it was discovered the parent star is strongly variable, with a 5.4-year long magnetic activity cycle. This means it might not have a planet. The variation might be caused by the star itself.
References
Stars
Beaver Dams, New York

Beaver Dams is a hamlet in Schuyler County, New York, United States. The community is located along New York State Route 414, southwest of Watkins Glen. Beaver Dams has a post office with ZIP code 14812, which opened on August 12, 1833, and a Methodist church on Route 19.
References
Hamlets in Schuyler County, New York
Katiti Aboriginal Land Trust

The Katiti Aboriginal Land Trust is a land trust for a block of land in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created through the Katiti Land Claim in 1980. The trust's owners include Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people. The block of land is officially referred to as Northern Territory Portion 1818. It borders the larger Petermann Land Trust area and Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park to the north and west, and two pastoral stations to the east and south: Curtin Springs and Mulga Park. The town of Yulara is excluded from the Land Trusts, and sits between the Katiti block and Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park.
The trust is named after Katiti (), a natural spring located about south of Lake Amadeus. This spring was first written about by Baldwin Spencer and Francis James Gillen. They visited it in 1894 on their way to Uluru, and recorded the name "Kurtitina" (more accurately, ). The prospecting expedition led by Lawrence Wells visited the spring in 1903, and Herbert Basedow marked it on his maps as "Curtyteena".
History
Before the 1970s, the area of land now held by the Katiti ALT was considered crown land by the government. The region to the southwest had been declared an Aboriginal reservation in 1920. An area of land around Uluru and Kata Tjuta had been made into the Ayers Rock-Mt Olga National Park in 1958. The Katiti block, however, was considered unused. In 1976, the Australian Federal Government passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act. This law allowed Aboriginal communities to claim ownership of unused land, and to be granted freehold title to that land if they could show that they had a historical association with it. Section 4 of the act gave the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs the power to establish Land Trusts to look after the title.
The Katiti Land Claim was formally submitted in 1979. The claim was for a larger area than what is held by the Trust today, and included the Ayers Rock-Mt Olga National Park. It was sumbitted by the Central Land Council on the behalf of several hundred people, most of whom lived at Mutitjulu. The people were granted legal ownership to the block of land now held by the Katiti ALT on 30 September 1980. They were not granted the title to Ayers Rock-Mt Olga because it was already being used as a national park. They were, however, recognised as the park's traditional owners (). Also excluded from the property granted were a area surrounding the resort town of Yulara, and a area covering the Petermann Road, which provided tourist access to Uluru.
Petermann Road was later replaced by the Lasseter Highway, and the government transferred the title to the old road to the Katiti ALT on 23 February 1990. Legal ownership over the national park's land was eventually granted to its traditional owners in 1985, and the title to this area is held by the Uluru-Kata Tjuta Aboriginal Land Trust. Ownership of the Yulara area was the subject of a court case, which ended in 2006.
References
Aboriginal Land Trusts
Northern Territory
1980 establishments in Australia
Wittelsheim

Wittelsheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Dale Robertson

Dayle Lymoine "Dale" Robertson (July 14, 1923 - February 27, 2013) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Jim Hardie in Tales of Wells Fargo. He won the Golden Boot Award in 1985.
Robertson was born on July 24, 1923 in Hurrah, Oklahoma. He was raised in Claremore, Oklahoma. Robertson studied at Oklahoma Military Academy. He was married to Susan Robertson until his death in 2013. Robertson died on February 27, 2013 from pneumonia caused by lung cancer in his home in San Diego, California, aged 89.
References
Other websites
Dale Robertson biographical sketch
1923 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Oklahoma
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in San Diego County
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in California
Graham Cowdrey

Graham Robert Cowdrey (27 June 1964 - 10 November 2020) was an English cricketer.
He was the third son of the cricketer Colin Cowdrey. He was born in Farnborough in 1964 and educated at Wellesley House and Tonbridge School.
He played for Kent County Cricket Club as an attacking batsman in first-class and List A cricket from 1984 to 1998.
Cowdrey worked as a Cricket Liaison Officer for the England and Wales Cricket Board.
References
1964 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Kent
English cricketers
Sahara and Sahel Observatory

The Sahara and Sahel Observatory is a group that works to protect the environment and natural resources in the Sahara and Sahel region of Africa. It was started in 1992. It is based in Tunisia and is made up of 22 African countries, 5 countries outside Africa, and 10 international organizations.
Some of the projects the group works on include a network of 25 observatories in 12 countries, a system to warn about drought in the Maghreb region, and a project to manage groundwater in Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia.
References
External links
Zellers

Zellers is a company owned by the Hudson's Bay Company. Until 2013 Zellers was Canada's second-largest chain of mass merchandise department stores. The headquarters were in Brampton, Ontario. They had a mascot named "Zeddy", which is a teddy bear.
In 2011, the leaseholds of 189 Zellers stores were taken over by Target Corporation. Target got the leaseholds because they are expanding their stores into Canada in 2013 and 2014. HBC said most Zellers stores would close and retire the Zellers banner from Canadian retail by March 31, 2013.
There were two Zellers stores left in Canada, in Toronto, and Ottawa Ontario, and they closed on January 26, 2020.
In 2023, Hudson's Bay Company said that Zellers was going to open again in certain areas of Canada. These Zellers stores will be inside The Bay.
References
Other websites
Official website
1931 establishments in North America
Retail companies of Canada
Department stores
1930s establishments in Canada
A.D. Grover

Albert Deane Grover (born February 18, 1865 in Boston, Massachusetts; died October 23, 1927 in Manhattan, New York) was an American banjo player. He also wrote music, taught, and invented musical parts and accessories for stringed instruments. He helped set up the Boston Ideal Banjo, Mandolin and Guitar Club. He also started the musical accessories company A. D. Grover & Son.
Grover held over 50 patents for musical instrument parts.
Grover was born on February 18, 1865 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father, Stephen Grover (1820-1885), was a Boston piano maker.
Grover died on October 23, 1927 in Manhattan, New York
In 1952, A.D. Grover & Son was renamed to Grover Musical Products, Inc.
Selected musical pieces
Magog Quickstep, written by Grover, Boston: Thompson & Odell (1887)
Marguerite Waltz, written by Grover, Boston: Thompson & Odell (1889)
Other publications
Grover's Progressive Method for the Banjo, Boston: Thompson & Odell Company (1892)
References
Other websites
The Maverick schottische / by A. D. Grover
Musicians from Boston
1865 births
1927 deaths
Vladimir Kolokoltsev

General of the police Vladimir Alexandrovich Kolokoltsev (; born 11 May 1961) is a Russian politician and police officer. He was the Moscow Police Commissioner from 2009 to 2012. He has been Russian Minister of Internal Affairs since 21 May 2012.
References
1961 births
Living people
Russian politicians
Police officers
Liberty Island

Liberty Island is a small uninhabited island in the New York Harbor in the United States. It is best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty. In 1937, by proclamation 2250, President Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the Statue of Liberty National Monument to include all of Bedloe's Island. In 1956, an act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island, 'Liberty Island'.
References
Islands of New York (state)
Geography of New Jersey
Uninhabited islands
Bank of the City of Buenos Aires

The Bank of the City of Buenos Aires (Banco Ciudad de Buenos Aires), doing business as Banco Ciudad, is a publicly owned, municipal commercial bank in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
References
Other websites
Official website
Buenos Aires
Banks of Argentina
Malaussène

Malaussene is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.
Communes in Alpes-Maritimes
Apterygota

The Apterygota are a small subclass of primitive insects.
They are insects which have never had wings at any time in their evolutionary history. Their first known occurrence in the fossil record is in the Rhynie chert of the Devonian period, ~400 million years ago. While some other insects, such as fleas, also lack wings, these are descended from winged insects, and have lost them during the course of evolution. By contrast, the apterygotes are a primitive group of insects that diverged from other orders before wings evolved.
They have some other primitive traits (features).
The nymphs (younger stages) go through little or no metamorphosis, so they look like the adults. They continue to moult throughout life, with multiple instars (stages) after reaching sexual maturity. All other insects have only a single sexually mature adult stage. Their skin is thin, making them appear translucent. Males deposit sperm packages rather than fertilising the female internally.
Currently, no species are listed as being at conservation risk.
History of the group
The classification of the Apterygota changed over time. By the mid 20th century, the subclass included four orders (Collembola, Protura, Diplura, and Thysanura). With the advent of a more rigorous cladistic methodology, the subclass turned out to be paraphyletic. The first three groups formed a monophyletic group, the Entognatha. The Thysanura is more closely related to winged insects. thus rendering even the amyocerate apterygotes paraphyletic.
Some think the Collembola are no longer insects at all, but their position is not yet clear.
Sources
Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, , 2002
Insects
Alagna Valsesia

Alagna Valsesia (Walser German: Im Land, Piedmontese: Alagna, Valsesiano: Lagna) is a comune and small village high in the Valsesia alpine valley in the province of Vercelli, Piedmont, northern Italy. It is a tourist site for mountaineering and winter sports, and it is internationally known for the freeride off-piste skiing. It is at an elevation of just south of the Monte Rosa.
History
It was originally settled by Walser at the beginning of the 12th century.
On 1 January 2019, Riva Valdobbia was an independent comune merged to form the neighboring municipality of Alagna Valsesia.
References
Other websites
Alagna Valsesia
Freeride Paradise
Saluti da Alagna
Official tourism information
Photos of Alagna
Settlements in Piedmont
Gao Region

The Gao Region is in eastern Mali. The region's capital city is Gao.
Cercles
Ansongo
Bourem
Gao
Menaka (cercle)
Regions of Mali
George Adamski

George Adamski (April 17, 1891 - April 23, 1965) was a Polish-born American who became known in ufology circles after he said he photographed ships from other planets, met with aliens, and took flights with them. He considered himself to be a "philosopher, teacher, student and saucer researcher."
References
1891 births
1965 deaths
Writers from California
Writers from Oregon
Writers from New York City
Writers from Wyoming
Chapelle-lez-Herlaimont

Chapelle-lez-Herlaimont is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, 14121 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 28 North, 04deg 17 East.
References
Municipalities of Hainaut
Tengyō

was a after Johei and before Tenryaku. This period spanned the years from May 938 through April 947. The reigning emperors were and .
Events of the Tengyo era
6 April 938 (Tengyo 1, 4th day of the 3rd month): Ten pairs of roosters were matched-up in cockfights before the emperor.
938 (Tengyo 1, 4th month): Many small earthquakes were felt in Heian-kyo from the 10th through the 29th days of this month.
939 (Tengyo 1, 1st month): Fujiwara no Tadahira celebrated his 60th birthday.
939 (Tengyo 2, 5th month): Fujiwara no Tsunesuke died.
939 (Tengyo 2, 12th month): Taira no Masakado led a armed revolt which is known as
941 (Tengyo 4, 7th month) : Fujiwara no Sumitomo died
941 (Tengyo 4, 11th month): Tadahira was made kampaku.
944 (Tengyo 7, 11th month): Fujiwara no Saneyori, the eldest son of Tadahira, was named Minister of the Right (udaijin).
945 (Tengyo 8, 11th month): The Fujiwara no Nakahira died at age 71. He had held the office of Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
16 May 946 (Tengyo 9, 13th day of the 4th month): In the 16th year of the reign of Suzaku, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his younger brother, Nariakira-shinno.
31 May 946 (Tengyo 9, 28th day of the 4th month): Emperor Murakami's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (the sokui).
Related pages
Heian period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
938 establishments
10th-century establishments in Japan
947 disestablishments
10th-century disestablishments in Japan
Vauxaillon

Vauxaillon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Mbira

The mbira or kalimba is an African musical instrument.
Percussion instruments
Aedermannsdorf

Aedermannsdorf is a municipality of the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Nicolás Maduro

Nicolas Maduro Moros (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician who has been the 46th President of Venezuela since 2013. He previously was the Vice President of Venezuela and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Maduro became the interim President of Venezuela following the death of Hugo Chavez.
On 14 April 2013, Maduro was elected President of Venezuela, narrowly defeating Henrique Capriles, with 1.5% of the vote separating the two candidates. Capriles demanded a recount, refusing to recognize the outcome as valid.
Maduro was born on 23 November 1962 in Caracas, Venezuela. Maduro was raised as a Roman Catholic, and his paternal family ancestry is of Sephardic Jewish origin. He is married to Cilia Flores. Before Maduro became a politician, he was a bus driver in Caracas.
In 2013, Maduro denied rumors of homophobia. He stated that if he were gay he would "shout it to the four winds". He said that "I would have no problem loving whoever I had to love with my heart". He also stated that the Chavez government had supported LGBT rights starting from 14 years ago, promoting inclusion and non-discrimination.
In March 2016, Maduro endorsed United States senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.
In January 2017 Maduro endorsed the murder of Venezuelan dissident Oscar Perez in what has been named as the Raid in El Junquito. The international media and some politicians & citizens all over the world defined what has happened in El Junquito as a massacre. They harshly criticized about Maduro & his government.
Despite calls to resign as president when his first term ended on 10 January 2019, Maduro inaugurated himself. This caused many people to be angry across the world and caused the National Assembly to call for a State of emergency. Many countries removed their embassies from Venezuela. Many believe that his election was illegitimate, they claimed that by retaking power, Maduro was making Venezuela into an illegal de facto dictatorship.
References
Other websites
Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores (Venezuelan Foreign Ministry)
Biography by CIDOB
1962 births
Living people
Presidents of Venezuela
Vice presidents of Venezuela
Current national leaders
Dictators
Hindus
People from Caracas
WarioWare: Twisted!

WarioWare: Twisted! is a 2004 Game Boy Advance video game. It was made by Nintendo and is art of the WarioWare series.
Gameplay
Twisted! comes with a gyro sensor. The cartridge is a lot larger than in most Game Boy Advance games. Players tap the A button and twist the game around in order to play.
Like the other games, Twisted! has many microgames. These last for only a few seconds and involve a simple thing the player must do. The player starts with four lives. After about 12-15 microgames, he or she plays the boss level. If they win, they earn another life. If they lose, they lose a life. The game ends when they have run out of lives.
Wario has gotten seven of his friends to help make games for him. Each one has a different theme, or way to play.
Story
Wario
Mona
Jimmy T.
Kat & Ana
Jimmy's Folks (Remix)
Dribble & Spitz
Dr. Crygor
WarioWatch
Orbulon
9-Volt & 18-Volt
Wario-Man
Game Boy Advance games
2005 video games
Intelligent Systems games
Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
Tyrant

A tyrant (pronounce: tie-rant) is a person who rules with absolute power. In its Greek origin the word has no negative meaning: we translate Oedipus Tyrannus as 'Oedipus the King'. A tyrant usually rules a country, and he often got his position as powerful ruler by force, although some of them inherited their power.
Later, the word came to mean someone who ruled with cruelty and injustice. The rule of a tyrant is called tyranny. The adjective is tyrannical.
A dictator or despot is someone who rules with absolute authority, usually cruelly. It now has the same meaning as 'tyrant', whereas before, 'tyrant' meant something like 'ruler' or 'king'.
In the 10th and 9th centuries BC, Ancient Greece was ruled by monarchs. By the 7th century BC, they were ruled by groups of aristocrats. These aristocrats started to become unpopular. This gave cruel people the chance to get power for themselves, telling the people that they would be good rulers, but turning bad once they got power.
Around 650 BC the tyrant Cypselus became powerful in Corinth. There were other tyrants in the Asiatic countries that were ruled by Greece. Cypselus's son Periander was also a cruel tyrant who ruled for 40 years. The tyranny in Corinth came to an end after he died.
Ancient Greece
Forms of government
Mohamed Ghannouchi

Mohamed Ghannouchi ( Muhammad Al-Ghannushi; born 18 August 1941) is a Tunisian politician. He was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 1999 to 2011. Ghannouchi was an important political figure in the Tunisian government under President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.
Ghannouchi resigned as Prime Minister on 27 February 2011 after multiple protests during the Tunisian Revolution called for him and President Ben Ali to resign.
References
1941 births
Living people
Presidents of Tunisia
Prime Ministers of Tunisia
Monica Seles

Monica Seles is a retired professional tennis player. She is a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. She has represented the United States as well as Yugoslavia.
Female tennis players
Living people
1973 births
American Olympic bronze medalists
American crime victims
American philanthropists
American tennis players
Animal rights activists
Assassinated people
Australian Open champions
Environmentalists
French Open champions
Hungarian people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Sarasota, Florida
Serbian tennis players
US Open (tennis) champions
Violence in sports
World No. 1 tennis players
Yugoslavian sportspeople
Melmerby

Melmerby is a village in Cumbria, England. It is a small village with a population of around 200. It has a church called St John the Baptist's Church. It is 9 miles northeast of Penrith.
References
Villages in Cumbria
Altarnun

Altarnun is a village and parish in Cornwall, United Kingdom, on the north-eastern edge of Bodmin Moor at .
The parish of Altarnun includes the village of Fivelanes and the hamlets of Bolventor, Treween and Trewint, and had a population of 976 according to the 2001 census. The moorland area of the parish is large and lies west of the village towards Rough Tor and southwards towards Dozmary Pool. The village is in the valley of the Penpont Water and the parish is divided by the A30 trunk road which passes through Fivelanes.
References
Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Le Verdon-sur-Mer

Le Verdon-sur-Mer is a commune on the estuary of the Garonne river.
Communes in Gironde
Tarin

Tarin (also written as Tareen), are a large Pashtun tribe. They mostly live in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The Durrani tribe, which ruled Afghanistan for quite some time, is a branch descended from the main Tarin tribe.
References
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Ethnic groups in Balochistan (Pakistan)
Richard Burr

Richard Burr (born November 30, 1955) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from North Carolina from 2005 to 2023. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2005. Burr was the chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. He succeeded Dianne Feinstein as chairman in January 2015.
In July 2016, Burr said that he would not run for re-election in 2022.
Burr was born on November 30, 1955 in Charlottesville, Virginia. He graduated from the Wake Forest University. He is married to Brooke Fauth. They have two children.
On February 13, 2021 Burr voted that no longer Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.
References
Other websites
Richard Burr, U.S. Senator for North Carolina, Home Page
1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Virginia
United States representatives from North Carolina
United States senators from North Carolina
Republican Party (United States) politicians
People from Charlottesville, Virginia
Etta James

Etta James (born Jamesetta Hawkins, January 25, 1938 - January 20, 2012) was an American singer. She was born in Los Angeles, California. Her styles included jazz, blues, soul and R&B. She received many awards during her career. She was active for almost sixty years. James died of leukemia in Riverside, California at 73, just before her 74th birthday. Beyonce Knowles played James in the 2008 musical Cadillac Records. James released her last album The Dreamer in 2011. The album is a collection of covers.
Awards
James won six Grammy Awards. One of them was the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. She was given the award in 2003. James was put in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.
References
African American musicians
American jazz musicians
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
American blues musicians
Grammy Award winners
Deaths from leukemia
Singers from Los Angeles
1938 births
2012 deaths
Hélder Postiga

Helder Postiga (born 2 August 1982) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Sporting Portugal.
Club career statistics
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Porto||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||27||9
|-
|2002/03||31||13
|-
|2003/04||Tottenham Hotspur||Premier League||19||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Porto||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||24||3
|-
|2005/06||2||0
|-
|2005/06||Saint-Etienne||Ligue 1||16||2
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Porto||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||24||10
|-
|2007/08||6||1
|-
|2007/08||Panathinaikos||Super League||11||2
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||21||5
|-
|2009/10||||
135||41
19||1
16||2
11||2
181||46
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2003||3||2
|-
|2004||7||4
|-
|2005||10||3
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||4||1
|-
|2008||3||1
|-
!Total||33||11
|}
References
1982 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
South Vella Lavella constituency

South Vella Lavella is a constituency of the Solomon Islands. It is in the Western Province.
Election results
References
Solomon Islands parliamentary constituencies
Shaft (movie)

Shaft is a 1971 crime drama movie. It was directed by Gordon Parks.
Plot
John Shaft, a private detective, is warned that some gangsters are looking for him. Police Lieutenant Vic Androzzi meets with Shaft. Androzzi unsuccessfully tries to get some information on the gangsters. When Androzzi leaves, Shaft sees one of the men waiting for him in his office building. He brings the first gangster into the office. The second gangster is waiting there. After a quick fight, Shaft avoids one of the gangsters, who goes out the window. The other gangster surrenders and tells Shaft that a man named Bumpy Jonas wanted a meeting between him and Shaft. Jonas is the leader of a Harlem-based organized crime family,
Shaft meets with Bumpy. Shaft learns that Bumpy's daughter, Marcy Jonas, has been kidnapped. Bumpy asks Shaft to make sure that Marcy is returned safely.
Shaft tracks down a man named Ben Buford. A big shootout takes place. After the shooting, Shaft is told by Vic that he (Shaft) was the target, and not Ben. But the view is black against white, according to the general public.
Vic shows Shaft two pictures of the Mafia men who arrived in New York City.
Shaft suspects that gangsters are watching his place from a local bar. He pretends being a bartender. He calls the police to have the gangsters arrested. He later goes to the police station and sets up a meeting. The meeting is about where Bumpy's daughter is being held.
Cast
Richard Roundtree as John Shaft
Moses Gunn as Bumpy Jonas
Charles Cioffi as Lt. Vic Androzzi
Christopher St. John as Ben Buford
Gwenn Mitchell as Ellie Moore
Lawrence Pressman as Tom Hannon
Victor Arnold as Charlie
Sherri Brewer as Marcy Jonas
Rex Robbins as Rollie
Camille Yarbrough as Dina Greene
Margaret Warncke as Linda
Joseph Leon as Byron Leibowitz
Arnold Johnson as Cul
Awards
The "Theme from Shaft" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. The Shaft soundtrack album won a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album. It also won a Grammy for Best Original Score, and two other awards
Reception
The movie was one of only three profitable movies in 1971 for MGM.
Shaft was very successful. It helped pull a then-struggling MGM out of danger of bankruptcy.
The critics reviews on the movie were mixed. Roger Ebert gave the movie 2 1/2 stars. Rotten Tomatoes rated this movie at 89%.
Themes
Shaft spawned several years of 'blaxploitation' crime movies.
References
1971 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Jonesboro, Indiana

Jonesboro is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States.
Cities in Indiana
Viktor Kozin

Viktor Mikhailovich Kozin () (born February 22, 1953) is a Russian naval engineer, ship designer and inventor of a new method of icebreaking, called the resonance method of ice destruction. He received his Assistant Professorship in Technical Sciences (Ph.D.) for his work Mechanics of deformable solids in Vladivostok in 1994. He became a full Professor in 1996 and was awarded the title Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation in 2000. Since 2008 he is a member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS).
Kozin was awarded a diploma from the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1999) and won grants from the Russian Ministry of Education (2006). He received multiple prizes for his academic and scientific achievements in the theory of watercraft statics and dynamics, design of vessels, hydraulics and hydromechanics, ship and submarine construction. He is the author of 2 textbooks in naval engineering and 12 works on the methods of education in the area of naval design.
References
Encyclopedia - SCIENTISTS OF RUSSIA - scientists from the CIS and countries of CIS
Scientific Electronic Library - monographs published by the publishing house of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
Other websites
Telecast "Time, City, People, 2002 ". About Kozin VM STRC "Komsomolsk" Part 1
Telecast "Time, City, People, 2002 ". About Kozin VM STRC "Komsomolsk" Part 2
Living people
Russian inventors
Russian engineers
1953 births
Marine engineers
Vikram Chatterjee

Vikram Chatterjee is a Bengali film actor. He made his big screen debut with a small role in Mainak Bhowmik's 2012 movie Bedroom and was immediately noticed. In the same year he acted in Bappaditya Bandopadhyay's Elar Char Adhyay based on Rabindranath Tagore's last novel Char Adhyay as a lead. Soon after he acted in Ami Aar Amar Girlfriends, Hoichoi, Britto and many other films and established himself as a lead in Bengali films. He has gained immense popularity from his daily soap Ichchenodi where he played the lead character, Anurag and enjoys a huge fan base, thanks to the success of the show. Vikram has earned a lot of accolades for his film "Shaheb Bibi Golaam", where the whole industry has taken notice of his brilliant portrayal of Zico.
Career
Vikram Chatterjee debuted in Saat Pake Bandha, a TV serial on the Zee Bangla channel. After an entry into TV shows, he made his break into the wide screen in Bengali movies with a small but significant character in Mainak Bhowmik's Bedroom. He was given a lead role soon after in the film Elar Char Adhyay, directed by Bappaditya Bandopadhyay based on one of Rabindranath Tagore's story of Kolkata of the 1930s. Vikram's portrayal of Atin in the film was appreciated by both the audience and the critics.
Soon after Elar Char Adhyay he shot for Debarati Gupta's Hoichoi. Next he teamed up again with his Bedroom director Moinak Bhowmik for Ami Ar Amar Girlfriends. His performance in Ami Ar Amar Girlfriends as a laid-back, on-the-face, no-nonsense Radio Jockey was loved by one and all. Also his pairing with Parno Mittra clicked and they were signed immediately for Sourav De's Cactus. His next film was with the National Award Winning director Anjan Das where he was seen opposite Paoli Dam once again.
Works
Filmography
Television
References
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
1988 births
Living people