pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Choi-Yong-kun

Choi Yong-kun (Korea:coeyonggeon;hanja:Cui Yong Jian , July 21, 1900 - September 19, 1976) was Chinese and North Korean soldier, Korea independence activist and politician. nickname was Seokcheon(seogceon;Shi Quan ), ohtername was Chuhae(cuhae;Qiu Hai ), Ryong-gun(ryonggeon;Long Jian ).
life
Choi was born Seosung, in Taecheon, he was study to Taecheon premiry school and In 1919 Jeongju Ohsan Middle school. but Marth 1921 he was Withdrawal to middle school. In 1923 he was go to china and entrance into Winnan Military Academy school, Graduated to two years later. In 1924 to April 1925 he was Apprenticeships Military trainers of Hwangpu Military Academy, but he was involved to Guangzhou riots. later he was eacape to Manchu. In 1936 to 1939 he was activity to Northeast Anti-Japanese coalition forces, 1940's he was go to USSR.
In October 1945, he was return to his country, he was appointed to Central Committee of People's Committee Association of the South Pyongan Province and joint to Chosun communism party and Chosun labor party. In 1946 header of Chosun Democratic party, in February 1947 he was first Commander-in-Chief was Korean people's Army until 1950.
In September 2, 1948, he was joint to North Korean government. so he was appoint to first Defense Minister of North Korea, first Korean Supreme People's lawmakers, In 1950 to 1952, he was joint to Korea War, Choi was Seoul defense system commander and Incheon defense system commander.
In October 1957 he was vice head state of North Korea and In March 10, 1958 to December 18, 1972 he was head state of North Korea. In December 1958 to 6 July, 1959 appoint to Committee Chair of Health Committee, 1972 until his death, he was vice president of North Korea.
References
1900 births
1976 deaths
North Korean politicians
Communists
Orègue

Oregue is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Communes in Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Multiple exposure

In photography, a multiple exposure is when a single frame of film is taken more than once. This usually happens accidentally if the photographer forgets to advance the film. To prevent multiple exposures, most modern cameras will not let the photographer open the shutter again until the film is advanced. It can also be used on purpose for special effects, such as creating a fake photograph of a ghost. The resulting image will be a combination of all of the shots. Multiple exposures are not possible on digital cameras, but the effect can be simulated with the alpha channel feature of photo editing software such as Photoshop or GIMP.
Photography
Siriporn Ampaipong

Siriporn Ampaipong (Alternative spelling: Siriporn Umpaipong; ; , birth name Sirima Amken; ; ; born Monday December 7, 1964) is a mor lam and luk thung singer from the Isan region of Thailand.
Siriporn Ampaipong was born into a family of mor lam singers in Udon Thani Province. Most of her songs are sentimental ballads. She has released eight hit albums between 2001 and 2004, and is regarded as one of Thailand's most popular folk singers.
References
1962 births
Living people
Thai singers
Keiko Saito

is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Saito was born on March 24, 1965. In October 1984, she was selected the Japan national team for tour for China. On October 17, she debuted for Japan against Italy. She played 3 games for Japan in 1984.
Statistics
References
1965 births
Living people
Japanese footballers
Japan women's international footballers
Nicollet County, Minnesota

Nicollet County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 34,454 people lived there. The county seat is St. Peter.
References
Minnesota counties
Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este

Maria Teresa Felicitas (French: Marie Therese Felicite; 6 October 1726 - 30 April 1754) was born a Princess of Modena. By marriage, she was the Duchess of Penthievre. Maria Teresa was the mother-in-law of Philippe Egalite and a grandmother to the future Louis Philippe I.
Early life
Maria Teresa was born on 6 October 1726 in Modena, Italy. She was the first child of Charlotte Aglae d'Orleans and Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena. Her parents' marriage wasn't happy, and her mother would later move back to France.
Marriage
In On 29 December 1744 at the Palace of Versailles, Maria Teresa married her second cousin, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthievre. The couple had seven children in total but only two of them survived childhood. The marriage was seen as very happy.
Children
Louis Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Rambouillet (2 January 1746 - 13 November 1749); died young.
Louis Alexandre de Bourbon (6 September 1747 -6 May 1768); married Princess Marie Louise of Savoy, Mademoiselle de Carignan but had no children.
Jean Marie de Bourbon (17 July 1748 - 19 May 1755); died young.
Vincent de Bourbon, Count of Guingamp (22 June 1750 - 14 March 1752); died young.
Marie Louise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Penthievre (18 October 1751 - 26 September 1753); died young.
Louise Marie Adelaide de Bourbon, Mademoiselle d'Ivoy and later Mademoiselle de Penthievre (13 March 1753 - 23 June 1821); married Philippe d'Orleans, Duke of Orleans and had children.
Louis Marie Felicite de Bourbon (29 April 1754 - 30 April 1754); died young.
Death
Marie Teresa died in childbirth in 1754 giving birth to a son who also died. Her husband refused to remarry and died in 1793. Her daughter, Marie Adelaide, moved Marie Teresa's body to the Royal Chapel, in Dreux.
Titles and styles
6 October 1726 - 29 December 1744 Her Most Serene Highness Princess Maria Teresa Felicitas.
29 December 1744 - 30 April 1754 Her Most Serene Highness The Duchess of Penthievre.
References
Other websites
1726 births
1754 deaths
Deaths in childbirth
Dukes and duchesses of France
House of Bourbon
House of Este
People from Modena
Saprophyte

A saprophyte or saprotroph is an organism which gets its energy from dead and decaying organic matter. This may be decaying pieces of plants or animals. This means that saprophytes are heterotrophs. They are consumers in the food chain.
This is the typical life-style of fungi. Some fungi are parasites on living organisms, but most are saprophytes. Many bacteria and protozoa are also saprophytes. Most dead organic matter is eventually broken down and used by bacteria and fungi. Slime moulds are also saprophytes, as well as consuming bacteria. Examples of saprophytes are cheese mold, and yeast. The term "saprophyte" refers specifically to fungal and bacterial saprotrophs; animal saprotrophs are known as saprozoites.
Other terms, such as 'saprotroph' or 'saprobe' may be used instead of saprophyte. Strictly speaking, -phyte means 'plant'. The problem is that no embryophytes (land plants) are true saprotrophs, and bacteria and fungi are no longer considered plants. Nevertheless, saprophyte is such a well-known term that most writers continue to use it.
Myco-heterotrophy
A heterotroph is a general term for an organism that needs organic material to get its carbon for growth and development. Many plants which lack chlorophyll need fungi to break down organic material for them. Traditionally, they were called saprophytes. Now the process is given a new name: myco-heterotrophy.
Biology
Ecology
Harlingen, New Jersey

Harlingen is a census-designated place (CDP) in Somerset County, New Jersey.
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Muhammad Khan Junejo

Mohammad Khan Junejo (Urdu: Sindhi :mHmd khn jwNyjw, August 18, 1932 - March 16, 1993) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was appointed by the Zia military regime, but later turned against it and tried to improve democracy in Pakistan. For this, he was removed from power by the Pakistan Army.
1932 births
1993 deaths
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Politicians from Karachi
Nizza Monferrato

Nizza Monferrato is an Italian city in Piedmont. It has about 10,300 inhabitants.
Cities in Piedmont
Goldthwaite, Texas

Goldthwaite is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
World Trade Center (2001–present)

The World Trade Center is an almost completed complex of skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, U.S. It is built on the site of the original complex that was destroyed during the September 11 attacks of 2001. There are six skyscrapers in the complex and four of them have been built. There is also a train station and memorial for 9/11. One World Trade Center is part of it, which is the tallest building in North America.
WTC buildings
One World Trade Center
2 World Trade Center (under construction)
3 World Trade Center
4 World Trade Center
5 World Trade Center (on hold)
7 World Trade Center
Related pages
List of tallest buildings
Notes
References
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
2000s establishments in New York (state)
2001 establishments in the United States
Landmarks in Manhattan
Skyscrapers in New York City
World Trade Organization
In the Name of the Fatherland

In the Name of the Fatherland () is a 1943 Soviet war movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Dmitriy Vasilyev. The movie is based on the play Russian People by Konstantin Simonov. It stars Nikolai Kryuchkov, Yelena Tyapkina, and Mikhail Zharov.
Actors
Nikolai Kryuchkov - Safonov
Yelena Tyapkina - Safonova
Mikhail Zharov - Globa
Mariya Pastukhova - Valya
Olga Zhiznyeva - Mariya Kharitonovna
Fyodor Kurikhin - Vasin
References
Other websites
1943 war movies
Soviet war movies
Movies directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin
Movies directed by Dmitri Vasilyev
Marianne

Marianne [ mair-ee-an, mar- ] is a female given name. Marianne is a name that has been popular for many centuries and it combines two names, Mary and Anne. Mary is a Hebrew name that can mean "bitter" or "beloved," while Anne is a Hebrew name that can mean "grace" or "favor." When these two names are put together, Marianne means "bitter grace" or "beloved grace." It is the French form of Mariamne, which in turn is a version of Mary. In the late Greek, Marianna was used. In 18th century France, Marianne became a popular version of the name Marian. People named Mariannne include singer Marianne Faithfull. Fictional characters with the name include Marianne Dashwood in the book Sense and Sensibility. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).
People
Marianne Williamson, American writer and politician
Marianne Curley, Australian writer
Marianne Koch, German actress
References
Given names
Grey peacock-pheasant

The grey peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), also known as the Burmese peacock-pheasant, is a large southeast Asian member of the order Galliformes. It is the national bird of Myanmar.
Birds of Asia
Phasianidae
Sengunthar

Sengunthar is a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. They are also known as Kaikolar and use Mudaliar as title. They are present throughout the state of Tamil Nadu and also in some parts of Andhra and Kerala apart from the Tamizh Eezham. The considerable proportion of this community is engaged in the occupation of cloth merchants and weaving. They are included in the Central list of Other Backward Community. Senguntha Mudaliars have their historical connection with the Medieval and Later Chola Army Battalion.
Hinduism
Tamil culture
Castes in Tamil Nadu
Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws

Lucina Elena da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws (5 April 1929 - 7 January 2017) was a Dutch Antillean politician for the National People's Party (PNP). She served as the Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles, an office her husband Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez previously held, briefly in 1977. She was also the first female to hold the office. Prior to this, she was the Minister of Health and Environment, Welfare, Youth, Sports, Culture and Recreation (1970-1977).
Costa Gomez-Matheeuws died on 7 January 2017 in Willemstad, Curacao at the age of 87.
References
1929 births
2017 deaths
Dutch politicians
Netherlands Antilles
Motown

Motown is a famous record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1950s by Berry Gordy. It is known for signing many well-known rhythm and blues singers and groups. Some of the artists who sang on the label include:
Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
The Temptations
The Supremes
The Jackson 5
The Four Tops
Gladys Knight and the Pips
Marvin Gaye
The Isley Brothers
Rick James
"Motown" can also refer to the city of Detroit itself, or to the genre of music made by artists like those listed above.
Other websites
1959 establishments in the United States
American record labels
Detroit
Music genres
1950s establishments in Michigan
Lake Sidenreng

Lake Sidenreng is a lake in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This lake is connected to Tempe Lake via a small channel. Lake Sidenreng has some water facilities. The location is surrounded by mountains.
References
Lakes of Asia
Geography of Indonesia
Lake Oswego, Oregon

Lake Oswego is a city in the State of Oregon in Clackamas County. It is located about south of Portland.
The city is named after Oswego Lake. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 36,619.
References
Cities in Oregon
Kashmiri people

The Kashmiri people are a Dardic ethnic group living in the central valley of Kashmir in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. They speak the Kashmiri language. Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language. The Kashmiris are also known as Koshur.
There are about 7.1 million people speaking the Kashmiri language. About 6.7 million of them live in Jammu and Kashmir, and about 350,000 in Azad Kashmir and the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA) in Pakistan. Although all residents of Azad Kashmir call themselves 'Kashmiri', most residents of Azad Kashmir are not ethnic Kashmiris but rather a northern subgroup of Punjabis who speak a northern Punjabi dialect.
Notes
Bibliography
Scholarly books
References
Ethnic groups in India
Leishangthem

Leishangthem is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
References
Meitei surnames
Martial Célestin

Martial Lavaud Celestin (October 4, 1913 - February 4, 2011) was the first Prime Minister of Haiti. He was born in Ganthier and worked as a lawyer. President Leslie Manigat made him prime minister in March 1988. A coup removed Celestin from power on 20 June 1988.
References
1913 births
2011 deaths
Prime Ministers of Haiti
Vyacheslav Vedenin

Vyacheslav Petrovich Vedenin (; 1 October 1941 - 22 October 2021) was a Soviet cross-country skier. His silver medal over 50 km was the only medal won by a Soviet male skier at the 1968 Olympics. He also won a gold and bronze medal at the 1972 Winter Olympics.
References
1941 births
2021 deaths
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Soviet Olympic silver medalists
Soviet Olympic bronze medalists
Soviet skiers
Faith Evans

Faith Evans (born June 10, 1973 in Lakeland, Florida). She grew up in Newark New Jersey. She is an American R&B singer. Her first husband, "The Notorious B.I.G.", died in a drive-by shooting in 1997 . She has been arrested for cocaine and marijuana. Evans' album R&B Divas was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.
Her music albums
Faith
Keep the Faith
Faithfully
The First Lady
R&B Divas
References
1973 births
Living people
Singers from Florida
Singers from Newark, New Jersey
Quark

A quark is an elementary particle which makes up hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. It was once thought that all three of those were fundamental particles, which cannot be broken up into anything smaller, but after the invention of the particle accelerator, it was discovered that electrons are fundamental particles, but neutrons and protons are not. Neutrons and protons are made up of quarks, which are held together by gluons.
There are six types of quarks. The types are called flavours. The flavours are up (u), down (d), strange (s), charm (c), top (t), and bottom (b). Up, charm and top quarks have a charge of +, while down, strange and bottom quarks have a charge of -. Each quark has a matching antiquark. Antiquarks have a charge opposite to that of their quarks; meaning that up, charm and top antiquarks have a charge of - and down, strange and bottom antiquarks have a charge of +.
Only up and down quarks are found inside of atoms of normal matter. Two up quarks and one down make a proton ( + - = +1 charge) while two down quarks and one up make a neutron ( - - = 0 charge). The other four flavours are not seen naturally on Earth, but they can be made in particle accelerators. Some of them may also exist inside of stars.
When two or more quarks are held together by the strong nuclear force, the particle formed is called a hadron. Quarks that make the quantum number of hadrons are named 'valence quarks'. The two families of hadrons are baryons (made of three valence quarks) and mesons (which are made from a quark and an antiquark). Some examples of baryons are protons and neutrons, and examples of mesons are pions and kaons.
When quarks are stretched farther and farther, the force that holds them together becomes bigger. When it comes to the point when quarks are separated, they form two sets of quarks, because the energy that is put into trying to separate them is enough to form two new quarks. So scientists think it is not possible to have one quark by itself.
Quarks also have color charge and react via the weak force. For baryons, each quark is green, red or blue. One can be one color at one time. For mesons, the quark is red, green or blue and the antiquark is antired (cyan), antiblue (yellow) or antigreen (pink). Quarks can change color by emitting a W boson. For example, if a green color-charged quark emits a red-antigreen W boson to a red quark, the green quark will become red and the red quark will become green. Therefore, W and Z bosons (which mediate the weak force for neutrinos) help particles react via the weak interaction.
This also causes the beta and beta-plus decay of atoms where a neutron decays into a proton, electron and electron antineutrino, and makes a proton turn into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino.
The idea (or model) for quarks was proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. Other scientists began searching for evidence of quarks, and succeeded in 1968.
References
Other websites
Basic quark site
Sexy Little Thug

"Sexy Lil' Thug" is a remake by Beyonce, of 50 Cent's hit single "In da Club". Recorded and released just weeks after the original, it samples the original's instrumental and melody, with Beyonce singing her own, newly-added verses.
Upon its radio release in March 2003, the song quickly became a staple, receiving heavy airplay and high demand. It, in fact, became so popular that it started to outsell 50 Cent's version - this caused him to force radio stations to stop playing Beyonce's version, and having his label, Interscope, intervene by issuing a cease-and-desist to Beyonce and her team.
Consequently, this disallowed "Sexy Lil' Thug" from becoming a hit, since a full release was prohibited; however, it isn't known if the song was actually meant to serve as the first single from Beyonce's upcoming solo album Dangerously in Love, or if it was put out simply for promotion. Yet, perhaps due to contractual reasons, Beyonce's father and manager Mathew Knowles did state to MTV News in April, that the song was just a buzz cut and would not appear on the album.
But despite the impending permission issues, the song managed to stay on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for 7 weeks, peaking at #67, as well as the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart for 4 weeks, where it also peaked at #67.
The song eventually received an official release in November 2005, on Beyonce's Speak My Mind mixtape.
Charts
References
2003 songs
Beyonce songs
Reichsfeld

Reichsfeld is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Room a Thousand Years Wide

"Room a Thousand Years Wide" is the first single off American rock band Soundgarden's third studio album Badmotorfinger. The song was released on September 1, 1990.
The song is one of the few songs written that did not have any input from frontman Chris Cornell. The lyrics for the song were written by guitarist Kim Thayil and the music was written by drummer Matt Cameron.
Lead guitarist Kim Thayil said of the song:
I really liked the music to the song and it needed words, and since no one else pursued it, I decided to. It's not really about things that have actually happened to me. It's more about experience in general. I've heard a lot of good ideas from people telling me what it's about. They said it's about God, Satan, Jesus, Satan, both, it's religious, it isn't religious...The truth is, it's just me.
References
Other websites
"Room a Thousand Years Wide" on YouTube
1990 songs
Soundgarden
Coelurosauria

Coelurosauria is the clade containing all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds than to carnosaurs.
This is a varied group that includes tyrannosaurs, ornithomimosaurs, compsognathids and maniraptors; Maniraptora includes birds, the only descendents of coelurosaurs alive today.
All Paraves discovered so far have been coelurosaurs. It is probable that all coelurosaurs were feathered.
Some diagnostic characteristics of coelurosaurs include elongated arms and well-developed hinge-like ankles (possible rotation of the ankle is reduced, which is helpful during locomotion). These features may be lost or modified by later coelurosaurs (birds, for example).
An increase in the proportion of the brain occupied by the cerebrum seems to have occurred in the Coelurosauria and "continued throughout the evolution of maniraptorans and early birds".
Fossil history
A few fossil traces of the Coelurosauria date back as far as the Upper Triassic. A possible, but not confirmed, example would be the archosaur Protoavis. What has been found between then and the start of the late Jurassic is fragmentary.
Many nearly complete fossil coelurosaurians are known from the late Jurassic. Archaeopteryx is known from Solnhofen limestone at 155-150 million years ago (mya). Ornitholestes, the troodontid WDC DML 110, Coelurus fragilis and Tanycolagreus topwilsoni are all known from the Morrison Formation in Wyoming at about 150 mya. Epidendrosaurus and Pedopenna are known from the Daohugou Beds in China, whose age is still being debated, but may be about 160 Ma or 145 mya.
The wide range of fossils in the late Jurassic and morphological evidence suggests that coelurosaurian differentiation was virtually complete before the end of the Jurassic.
In the early Cretaceous, a superb range of coelurosaurian fossils (including avians) are known from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning. All known theropod dinosaurs from the Yixian Formation are coelurosaurs. Many of the coelurosaurian lineages survived to the end of the Cretaceous period (about 65 Ma) and fossils of some lineages, such as the Tyrannosauroidea, are best known from the late Cretaceous. Most coelurosaur groups became extinct in the K/T extinction event. Only the Neornithes (modern birds) survived, and continued to diversify into the numerous forms found today.
There is consensus among paleontologists that birds are the descendants of coelurosaurs. Birds are classified by most paleontologists as belonging to the subgroup Maniraptora.
Related pages
Origin of birds
References
The Works Tour

The Works Tour was a concert tour by the English rock band Queen. During the tour, Queen participated in the Rock in Rio festival in 1985.
Tour dates
Festivals and other miscellaneous performances
This concert was part of "Rock In Rio"
Cancellations and rescheduled shows
Tour band
John Deacon - Bass guitar, Vocals
Brian May - Lead guitar, Vocals
Freddie Mercury - Lead vocals, Piano, Rhythm Guitar (Crazy Little Thing Called Love)
Roger Taylor - Drums, Vocals
Additional musicians:
Spike Edney - Keyboards, piano, Vocals, Rhythm guitar (Hammer to Fall)
References
Queen (band)
Concert tours
What's So Bad About Feeling Good?

What's So Bad About Feeling Good? is a 1968 American comedy movie directed by George Seaton and starring George Peppard, Mary Tyler Moore, Dom DeLuise, John McMartin, Charles Lane, Thelma Ritter. It was distributed by Universal Pictures and was a box office disappoint.
Other websites
1968 comedy movies
1960s fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by George Seaton
Haʻapai 13

Ha`apai 13 is a constituency of Tonga. It is in the island group of Ha`apai. It was created in 2010.
Election results
References
Tongan legislative constituencies
Rikarudo Higa

Rikarudo Higa (born 4 May 1973) is a former Brazilian-Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1999||Albirex Niigata||J. League 2||34||6
34||6
34||6
|}
References
1973 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Bandarban District

Bandarban (Bengali:baandrbaan) is a district in South-Eastern Bangladesh, and a part of the Chittagong Division and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Bandarban (meaning the dam of monkeys) is also known as Arvumi or the Bohmong Circle (of the rest of the three hill districts Rangamati is the Chakma Circle and Khagrachari is the Mong Circle).
British and Pakistani rule
As part of British India the area became part of the Bohmong circle and had some independence. During World War II many soldiers arrived in the area to fight against the Japanese who were in nearby Burma. The tribes of these hills have always rebelled against those who have tried to rule them. When India, Pakistan and Burma became independent from Britain, the tribes of Bandarban flew the flag of Burma for a few days. During the Bangladesh War of 1971 which was fought to gain independence from Pakistan, leaders of the tribal people sought allegiance with Pakistan government.
After Bangladeshi independence
In the late 1970s, Bengalis stated settling into the hills pursued, which later gave rise to much violence against the hill people and started a rebellion led by Shanti Bahini.
References
Districts of Bangladesh
Chittagong Division
Chittagong Hill Tracts
INTLAB

INTLAB (INTerval LABoratory) is an interval arithmetic library using MATLAB. It is available in Windows and Linux, macOS. It was developed by S.M. Rump from Hamburg University of Technology. INTLAB was used to develop other MATLAB-based libraries such as VERSOFT and INTSOLVER,. It was also used to solve some problems in the Hundred-dollar, Hundred-digit Challenge problems.
Version history
12/30/1998 Version 1
03/06/1999 Version 2
11/16/1999 Version 3
03/07/2002 Version 3.1
12/08/2002 Version 4
12/27/2002 Version 4.1
01/22/2003 Version 4.1.1
11/18/2003 Version 4.1.2
04/04/2004 Version 5
06/04/2005 Version 5.1
12/20/2005 Version 5.2
05/26/2006 Version 5.3
05/31/2007 Version 5.4
11/05/2008 Version 5.5
05/08/2009 Version 6
12/12/2012 Version 7
06/24/2013 Version 7.1
05/10/2014 Version 8
01/22/2015 Version 9
Features
INTLAB can help users to solve the following mathematical/numerical problems with interval arithmetic.
Works cited by INTLAB
INTLAB is based on the previous studies of the main author, including his works with co-authors.
References
Other websites
Software
Computer science
2021 Auckland Countdown stabbing

On 3 September 2021 at 14:40 NZST, six people were stabbed at the LynnMall Countdown supermarket in New Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand. The attacker was being followed by police. They shot him and he was pronounced dead at the scene.
The incident is being treated as terrorism and is "ISIS-inspired".
References
Attacks on shops
2021 Countdown stabbing
2020s in New Zealand
Islamic State
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2020s
Mass stabbings
September 2021 events
Terrorist incidents in 2021
2021 in Oceania
Cause of action

Under the law, a cause of action is a set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue to obtain money, property, or the enforcement of a right against another party. It means literally the cause or reason why a party can make a legal case under the law. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings a lawsuit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called a Statement of Claim in English law, or a Complaint in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. A complaint identifies the court's jurisdiction, the alleged facts and the relief the plaintiff wants. It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages. This is often expressed in amount of money the receiving party should pay or reimburse.
Filing
To pursue a cause of action, a plaintiff pleads or alleges facts in a complaint, the pleading that starts a lawsuit. A cause of action generally includes both the legal theory (the legal wrong the plaintiff claims to have suffered) and the remedy (the relief a court is asked to grant). Often the facts or circumstances that allow a person to seek judicial relief may create multiple causes of action. Although it is fairly easy to file a Statement of Claim in most jurisdictions. If it is not done properly, then the filing party may lose his case due to simple technicalities.
There are a number of specific causes of action, including: contract-based actions, statutory causes of action, torts such as assault, battery, invasion of privacy and fraud. The points a plaintiff must prove to win a given type of case are called the "elements" of that cause of action. For example, for a claim of negligence, the elements are: the (existence of a) duty, breach (of that duty), proximate cause (legal cause), and damages. If a complaint does not allege facts sufficient to support every element of a claim, the court, upon motion by the opposing party, may dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted.
Responding
The defendant to a cause of action must file an "Answer" to the complaint in which the claims can be admitted or denied. The answer may also contain counterclaims in which the "Counterclaim Plaintiff" states its own causes of action. Finally, the answer may contain affirmative defenses. Most defenses must be raised at the first possible opportunity. Either in the answer or by motion or are considered to be waived.
References
Other websites
causes of action, Federal Practices Manual
Legal terms
Giuseppe Brizi

Giuseppe Brizi (19 March 1942 - 9 June 2022) was an Italian professional football player and manager. He played as a defender. He was part of the Italy national football B squad that won the 1963 Mediterranean Games.
References
1942 births
2022 deaths
Italian football managers
Italian footballers
Battle of Manzikert

The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt (Turkish: Malazgirt Sav) was fought between the Byzantine Empire and then Seljuq Empire. The Seljuq forces attacked on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert, (modern Malazgirt, Turkey). Its result was one of the most decisive defeats of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. The Battle of Manzikert played an important role in breaking the Byzantine resistance and preparing the way for the Turkish settlement in Anatolia.
References
Other websites
Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure? By Paul Markham
Debacle at Manzikert, 1071: Prelude to the Crusades , by Brian T. Carey (Issue 5 - January 2004)
Byzantine Empire
Manzikert
1071
Abbas Zandi

Abbas Zandi (; 3 June 1930 - 30 October 2017) was an Iranian Freestyle Wrestler, national champion, and coach. He was born in Tehran. Zandi had competed in three Olympic games including 1948 London, 1952 Helsinki and 1956 Melbourne.
Zandi died on 30 October 2017 in Tehran at the age of 87.
References
1930 births
2017 deaths
Iranian Olympians
Iranian wrestlers
Sportspeople from Tehran
Pralungo

Pralungo is a comune in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Eckernförde

Eckernforde (, sometimes also Egernfjord, , sometimes also Eckernfoor) is a German city in Schleswig-Holstein, Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernforde at the Baltic Sea near Kiel. The population is about 23,000.
All 24 German submarines are stationed in Eckernforde.
Eckernforde is a well-known touristic centre in Northern Germany.
History
In 1302 Eckernforde is first mentioned as a city.
The Count Saint-Germain is supposed to be buried in Eckernforde near the St.-Nicolai-Church. His grave was destroyed by the great storm tide on 13 November 1872.
Twin towns
, Macclesfield, (since 1953)
, Hassleholm, (since 1958)
, Tanga, (since 1963)
, Nakskov, (since 1969)
, Brzeg, (since 1989)
, , Butzow, (since 1990)
References
Other websites
Official homepage of Eckernforde
Official tourist information
Local Newspaper (Eckernforder Zeitung)
Cities in Schleswig-Holstein
Geography of Schleswig-Holstein
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Spa towns in Germany
Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
Video game music

Video game music is any musical instruments or soundtrack and background music found in video games. It can be from just a synthesizer tune to an orchestral piece. The older a game is, the simpler the music will be. In recent times, many games have had complex soundtracks similar to those of movies.
Interactive soundtracks in a video game is music changing into different sounds, depending on what the player does. It is also common for a video game soundtrack to be sold in stores or performed in concerts. Music is very important to gameplay.
There are many awards for composers who create the music in a video game. Awards available are from the Ivor Novello Awards, Spike Video Game Awards, Grammy Awards, International Film Music Critics Association, Inside Gaming and the MTV Video Music Awards.
References
Other websites
VGMdb Video Game Music and Anime Soundtrack Database | VGMdb
GamesSound.com Academic articles on video game sound and music
Early Video Game Soundtracks 2001 article on video game music, orig. published in In Magazine
High Score: The New Era of Video Game Music at Tracksounds
"The Evolution of Video Game Music", All Things Considered, April 12, 2008
List of games with non-original music at uvlist.net
Pretty Ugly Gamesound Study Website studying pretty and ugly game music and sound.
CaptivatingSound.com Resources for design of game sound and music.
Audio and Immersion PhD thesis about game audio and immersion.
Video game design
Guido Altarelli

Guido Altarelli (July 12, 1941 - September 30, 2015) was an Italian theoretical physicist. He was born in Rome, Italy.
He held positions at New York University (1968-69), the Rockefeller University (New York, 1969-70), l' Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris (76-77, 81) and Boston University (85-86).
Awards
Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences
2011 Julius Wess Award for Outstanding Achievements in Elementary Particle and Astroparticle Physics - The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
2012 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics - The American Physical Society
High Energy and Particle Physics Prize - EPS HEPP Prize, 2015.
References
Other websites
Scientific publications of Guido Altarelli on INSPIRE-HEP
1941 births
2015 deaths
Italian physicists
People from Rome
I Hate My Teenage Daughter

I Hate My Teenage Daughter is an American sitcom first aired on November 30, 2011 on Fox.
On March 15, 2012, Fox announced they were removing I Hate My Teenage Daughter from the Tuesday night schedule, and that I Hate My Teenage Daughter would be replaced by reruns of Raising Hope, and that the remaining episodes would air in the Summer.
References
2011 American television series debuts
American sitcoms
Fox television series
English-language television programs
Joseph Banks

Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet GCB PRS (13 February 1743 - 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. Banks was President of the Royal Society 1778-1820; baronet 1781; Privy Counsellor 1797. His collections were given to the British Museum.
Banks took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage from 1768 to 1771. He inherited a large fortune, and was able to hire his own team to help collect, package and transport his finds. Banks discovered and collected Eucalyptus, Acacia, Mimosa, and Banksia. About 80 species of plants are named after Banks.
Education
Banks was educated at Harrow School, Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.
Exploration
Newfoundland and Labrador
In 1766 Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year he accompanied Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador to study their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Endeavour voyage
Banks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour, 1768-1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. Banks joined the ship with a staff of eight: Daniel Solander and H.D. Sporing, naturalists; Alexander Buchan and Sydney Parkinson, artists; James Roberts and Peter Briscoe, tenants from Revesby; Thomas Richmond and George Dorlton (Dollin), negro servants. Only four of this party survived the voyage, Banks himself, Solander and the two Revesby men.
This voyage went first to Brazil, where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, Bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville), and to other parts of South America.
The voyage then went to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the purpose of the mission), to New Zealand and to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent seven weeks ashore while the ship was repaired after damage on the Great Barrier Reef.
While they were in Australia Banks, Solander and Sporing made the first collection of Australian plants, describing many that were new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks' Florilegium, finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990.
Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous.
Banks in popular culture
There are many things in Australia named after Banks. These include the Division of Banks, a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The species Banksia is named after him.
References
1743 births
1820 deaths
English naturalists
English botanists
English explorers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Baronets
Madagascar at the Olympics

Madagascar at the Olympics is a history which starts in the 1960s.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Madagascar was MAG. It is now MAD.
History
Madagascar was first at the Olympic Games in 1964. They have been to every game since except for 1976 and 1988. They have never won a medal. 2006 was the first time at the Winter Olympics.
Olympic Medal Table (Summer)
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Madagascar profile at London2012.com
Madagascar
Nations at the Olympics
Paya Lebar MRT station

Paya Lebar MRT station (EW8/CC9) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the East West Line and Circle Line in Geylang, Singapore.
It is named after the Paya Lebar Road, not the area called Paya Lebar. It is in the Geylang district.
History
This station was opened on 4 November 1989, as part of the East West Line. Its former code is E5. The Circle Line station platforms was opened on 17 April 2010.
A track fault at Paya Lebar delayed trains travelling towards HarbourFront on 31 December 2012. SMRT had called in staff to manually drive the trains between Dakota and MacPherson to navigate the fault. Circle Line trains began running normally again more than four hours after the fault took place around 8 am.
Station Information
There are two links between the elevated East West Line station and the underground Circle Line station. The first link consists of a series of escalators to the Circle Line concourse from the western side of the East West platform, which is a common link to go to the Circle Line station. The second link, which is barrier-free, was built on the former area of Exit A which has been closed since late 2007 for reconstruction.
For the East West Line, train platforms are on Level 2. For the Circle Line, train platforms are on Basement 2. This is the only interchange station that has a middle track on the underground line, and it is the terminus for short-working trips after peak hours.
Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
References
Other websites
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh

This is a list of lieutenant governors of Ladakh, a union territory of India. The office was created on 31 October 2019.
List
References
Ladakh
Kokshetau Airport

Kokshetau International Airport , formerly known as Kokchetav Airport or Kokshetau Airport () is an international airport. It is located in Kazakhstan 12.5 km northeast of Kokshetau, near the village of Akkol.
References
Airports in Asia
1945 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures in Kazakhstan
20th-century establishments in Kazakhstan
Chezelle

Chezelle is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Rambrouch

Rambrouch () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Redange. It lies close to the border with Belgium. As of 2019, 4,419 people live here.
Rambrouch was created on 1 January 1979 from the former communes of Arsdorf, Bigonville, Folschette and Perle.
Other websites
Commune of Rambrouch official website
1979 establishments in Europe
Communes of Luxembourg
20th-century establishments in Luxembourg
Division of Murray

The Division of Murray was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria.
It was located in the north of the state, next to the Murray River, which forms Victoria's border with New South Wales. It included the towns of Shepparton, Echuca, Cobram, Yarrawonga, Boort and Bridgewater.
Murray was created in 1949. It was named after the Murray River, which itself was named after British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Sir George Murray.
The Division was abolished in 2019 and renamed Nicholls.
Members
It was first held by Rt Hon Sir John McEwen, who was the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia after the disappearance of Harold Holt.
Election results
2010 election results
2007 election results
2004 election results
2013 election results
2016 election results
References
Division of Murray - Australian Electoral Commission
Other websites
Dr. Sharman Stone's website
Murray
1949 establishments in Australia
City of Joy (movie)

City of Joy is a 1992 French-British drama movie. It was directed by Roland Joffe. The screenplay is by Mark Medoff.
It is based on the novel by Dominique Lapierre. The story looks at the life in Indian slums.
Plot
Hasari Pal (Om Puri) is a rural farmer. He moves to Calcutta with his wife Kamla (Shabana Azmi) and three children. They seek a better life. They are cheated out of their rent money and thrown out on the streets. It is difficult for Hasari to find a job. The family refuses to give up. They find their place in the poverty-stricken city.
At the same time, Max Lowe (Patrick Swayze) arrives in Calcutta. He is a US surgeon. He is upset after the loss of a young patient.
He seeks spiritual enlightenment. He encounters misfortune as soon as he arrives. He is tricked by a young prostitute. He is roughed up by thugs. He loses his documents and valuables.
Hasari comes to Max's aid. He takes the injured doctor to the "City of Joy". This is a slum area populated with lepers and poor people. This becomes their new home. Max spends a lot of time there. He does not want to become too involved with the residents because he is afraid of becoming emotionally attached to them. An Irish woman, Joan (Pauline Collins), runs the local clinic. She persuades Max to help.
Max begins to fit in with his fellow slum-dwellers. He becomes more optimistic. Ther people around him have much worse lives. Their hope give new strengths to the depressed doctor.
Cast
Patrick Swayze as Max Lowe
Om Puri as Hasari Pal
Pauline Collins as Joan Bethel
Vishal Slathia as Joey Barton
Shabana Azmi as Kamla H. Pal
Anashua Majumdar as Selima
Ayesha Dharker as Amrita H. Pal
Santu Chowdhury as Shambu H. Pal
Imran Badsah Khan as Manooj H. Pal
Shyamanand Jalan as Mr. Ghatak, the godfather
Anjan Dutt as Dr Sunil
Art Malik as Ashok Ghatak
Nabil Shaban as Anouar
Sanjay Pathak as Shoba
Debatosh Ghosh as Ram Chande
Sunita Sengupta as Pormina
Loveleen Mishra as Shanta
Pavan Malhotra as Ashish
Iftekhar as Hasari's father
Chitra Sen as the angry woman
Dipti Dave as a school girl
Reception
The movie was not a box office success. The film grossed $14.7 million in the United States.
The film received mixed reviews. It received a 56% 'rotten' rating on review site Rotten Tomatoes.
References
Other websites
City of Joy at Rotten Tomatoes
City of Joy at Box Office Mojo
1992 movies
1992 drama movies
English-language movies
British drama movies
French drama movies
Movies set in India
Movies directed by Roland Joffe
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
Movies based on books
Black Light Burns

Black Light Burns is an industrial rock band with Wes Borland (formerly of Limp Bizkit, Big Dumb Face, Eat the Day) as the front man. Their first album, Cruel Melody, was released on June 5, 2007. The band released a covers album+DVD package in summer of 2008 titled Cover Your Heart and the Anvil Pants Odyssey, and is currently working on its second album.
Band members
Wes Borland - lead vocals, guitar, bass guitar,keyboard, programming, production (2005 - present)
Nick Annis - guitar (2007 - present)
Dennis Sanders - bass guitar (2008 - present)
Marshall Kilpatric - drums, percussion (2007 - present)
Discography
Studio albums
2007: Cruel Melody
2012: The Moment You Realize You're Going to Fall
2013: Lotus Island
Compilation albums
2008: Cover Your Heart and the Anvil Pants Odyssey
Singles
2007: "Lie"
2007: "Mesopotamia"
2007: "4 Walls"
2008: "I Have a Need"
2009: "I Want You To"
2012: "It Rapes All in Its Path"
2012: "The Moment You Realize You're Going to Fall"
2012: "Scream Hallelujah"
2012: "Splayed"
2013: "How to Look Naked"
Other websites
Black Light Burns Official Myspace
Black Light Burns article for Billboard.com
American rock bands
Malitbog, Southern Leyte

Malitbog is a municipality in the province of Southern Leyte, Philippines.
References
Settlements in the Philippines
1 BC

Year 1 was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Some sources list it as a common year starting on either Friday or Saturday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Piso.
Events
Emperor Augustus made a peace treaty with Phraates V
Ovid writes the Ars Amatoria
Ping of Han becomes Emperor of China
December 25 - Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus
Births
Ptolemy of Mauretania (d. AD 40)
Deaths
Dong Xian, a Han Dynasty Chinese official under Emperor Ai of Han (b. 23 BC)
Emperor Ai of Han (b. 27 BC)
Empress Fu
Empress Zhao Feiyan (b. 32 BC)
Wintersmith

Wintersmith is a fantasy novel by Terry Pratchett and the third Discworld book to have Tiffany Aching as the protagonist. In it the Discworld's spirit of winter falls in love with Tiffany and curses the Discworld with everlasting winter to get her to love him.
Fantasy books
2006 books
English-language novels
Zerfaliu

Zerfaliu (Tzorfoliu) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,092 people lived there. Its area is 15.56 km2. It is 15 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Saint-Girons-d'Aiguevives

Saint-Girons-d'Aiguevives is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Langenbruck

Langenbruck is a municipality of the district of Waldenburg in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft