pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pericles' Funeral Oration

Pericles' Funeral Oration is a famous speech from Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The speech was delivered by Pericles at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BCE). He was a famous Athenian politician. The speech was a part of the yearly public funeral for the people who died in the war.
At that time, people in Athens had a custom of holding a public funeral for the people who died in war. The bodies of the dead were left out for three days in a tent, where offerings could be made for the dead.
Funeral Oration was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides records the speech as if every word in the record was what Pericles said. However, people agree he did, at least, correct or change the speeches a little. Thucydides says in his History that the speeches are not completely the same as what was really said, but written to show the main ideas of what was said. It is quite certain that Pericles delivered a speech at the end of the first year of the war. However, people are not sure how much Thucydides' record is the same as Pericles' actual speech.
The Funeral Oration is important because the speech was different from usual Athenian funeral speeches. David Cartwright describes it as "a eulogy (description) of Athens itself...". The speech is about what great things Athens did, delivered to encourage the people.
Gettysburg Address and Pericles' funeral oration
American Civil War scholar Garry Wills calls Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address the modern parallel to Pericles' Funeral Oration.
References
Classical Greek literature
5th-century BC works
Wallace de Souza

Wallace de Souza (June 26, 1987 in Sao Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He plays for Sada Cruzeiro Volei and the Brazilian national team. Souza competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he won the silver medal with Brazil. The Russian team took home the gold medals.
References
1987 births
Living people
Brazilian volleyball players
Scottsburg, Virginia

Scottsburg, Virginia is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Towns in Virginia
Appeal to emotion

Appeal to emotion is a logical fallacy. It happens when the argument is designed to trigger an emotional response instead of giving reasons. An example of this would be "we have to donate to charity X; think of the children!", where instead of giving a reason why we should donate to charity, an emotive trigger is used instead- "think of the children". It is also called argumentum ad passiones or appeal to feeling.
Aristotle recognized that if you triggered someone's emotions, they were easier to persuade. He said this in his book, Rhetoric.
References
Logical fallacies
Bell TH-67 Creek

The Bell TH-67 Creek is a US helicopter. It is a military variant of the famous civilian Bell 206B used for training by the United States Army.
Related pages
Bell TH-57 Sea Ranger
Helicopters
Bell aircraft
United States Army aircraft
Kutuzov (movie)

Kutuzov () is a 1943 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. It stars Aleksei Dikij, Semyon Mezhinsky, and Yevgeniy Kaluzhsky.
Actors
Aleksei Dikij as Prince Kutuzov
Semyon Mezhinsky as Napoleon Bonaparte
Yevgeniy Kaluzhsky as Marshal Berthier
Sergo Zakariadze as General Bagration
Nikolai Okhlopkov as General Barclay de Tolly
Sergei Blinnikov as Ataman Platov
References
Other websites
1943 movies
Soviet drama movies
Movies set in Russia
Movies set in palaces
Movies set in the 1800s
Movies set in the 1810s
Fecal Matter (band)

Fecal Matter was a short lived punk rock band from Aberdeen, Washington. The band was made in 1985 by Kurt Cobain, the future lead guitarist of the band Nirvana, and Dale Crover. The band made a demo tape named Illiteracy Will Prevail. That demo tape was unofficially released in 1985.
Members
Kurt Cobain - vocals, guitar (1985-1986)
Dale Crover - bass guitar, drums (1985-1986)
Greg Hokanson - drums (1985)
Buzz Osborne - bass guitar (1986)
Mike Dillard - drums (1986)
References
American rock bands
Musical groups from Washington (state)
American punk bands
1980s American music groups
1985 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1985
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
1986 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Washington (state)
La Grange, North Carolina

La Grange is a town in Lenoir County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 2,873.
References
Towns in North Carolina
Attleboro, Massachusetts

Attleboro is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States.
Cities in Massachusetts
Operation Swift Retort (short movie)

Operation Swift Retort is a Pakistani animated movie about the 2019 airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir. It was directed, produced, and animated by DJ Kamal Mustafa and aims to show the truth about the Indian airstrike in Balakot and the Pakistan Air Force's response. The movie also shows the capture of Indian pilot Abhinandan Varthaman. In 2022, the movie was aired on several Pakistani media channels on the anniversary of the operation.
Development and production
The idea for the movie came to Kamal Mustafa in 2019 after the Pakistan Air Force shot down two Indian jets. It was the first animated movie in Pakistan about dogfights, jet fights, and military responses. The Pakistan Air Force named this operation "Operation Swift Retort". Several important organizations, such as the ISPR and the Pakistan Air Force, gave permission to start production of the film in May 2019. The film was not funded by any organization and was produced as a non-profit project. The total budget of the movie was $700, which was entirely funded by the filmmaker himself. The film was dedicated to Lieutenant General Asif Ghafoor (DG ISPR) at that time. The movie "Operation Swift Retort" was the first animated movie in Pakistan about a dogfight and was an only single animated film which was released in whole Pakistan.
References
Subdivision

A subdivision, real estate development or tract is a large piece of land and divided into land lots. Subdivisions are usually residential and typically have deed restrictions and sometimes homeowners associations or their equivalent. When residential, subdivisions are often called housing developments, housing estates, etc.
Real estate
Urban geography
Urban planning
Jingmei metro station

Jingmei is a metro station on the Songshan-Xindian Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station code is G05.
Station layout information
The platforms are located underground. Platform 1 is for Songshan and Platform 2 is for Xindian.
Railway stations in Taipei
Bosanci, Suceava

Bosanci is a commune found in Suceava County, Romania.
Bosanci, Suceava
713 Requests Permission to Land

713 Requests Permission to Land () is a 1962 Soviet movie directed by Grigory Nikulin. It stars Vladimir Chestnokov, Otar Koberidze, and Lev Krugly.
Actors
Vladimir Chestnokov as Richard Gunther
Otar Koberidze as unemployed lawyer Henry,
Lev Krugly as Jiri, journalist, and chronicler
Lyudmila Abramova as Eva Priestley
Nikolai Korn as secret service agent
Yefim Kopelyan as salesman, pharmacist
References
Other websites
Russian movies
1962 thriller movies
Russian thriller movies
Movies about aviators
Movies directed by Grigory Nikulin
Ecumenical Patriarch

The Ecumenical Patriarch is the Patriarch of Constantinople. Today, Constantinople is called Istanbul. He is regarded to be the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church. He has been generally known as the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople. There is also an Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople (which is different). The older of the office is the Archbishop of Constantinople. The office should also not be taken for the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, which no longer exists.
The current Ecumenical Patriarch is Bartholomew I
Orthodox Churches are autocephalous. This means there is a Patriarch for each Church, and there is usually one Church per country. For this reason, the Ecumenical patriarch is primus inter pares (First among equals).
Other websites
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
OrthodoxWiki
Orthodox Research Institute
The Orthodox Tradition
Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Directory of Orthodox Internet Resources
Orthodox Library: History, Doctrine, Practices, Saints
Background information on the Orthodox Church
Orthodox Life Info Portal: catalog of resources
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/texts/byzpatcp.html
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35489.htm
Lowenstein International Human Rights Center (Yale Law School) on Rights problems at the Patriarchate
Fuseaction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id=98&Region_id=0&Issue_id=0&ContentType=G&CFID=3285732&CFTOKEN=56116027 United States Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe report on the Patriarchate
WorldStatesmen- Religious Organisations
Catholic Encyclopedia on John Faster and Ecumenical Patriarch
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia
PATRIARCHIA.RU
Eastern Orthodox Church
People from Constantinople
Patriarchs
Banquet

A banquet is a large public meal or feast, complete with main dishes and desserts. It usually serves a purpose, such as a ceremony, or a celebration. Sometimes a banquet is made only of desserts.
Related pages
Festival
Other websites
Banquet Preparation and keeping things organized
Meals
Sphaenorhynchus cammaeus

Sphaenorhynchus cammaeus is a frog. It lives in Brazil. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place: Reserva Biologica de Pedra Talhada, 850 meters above sea level.
The scientists who wrote the first paper about this frog wrote that the adult male frog was 24.8-29.3 mm long from nose to rear end. They only found one adult female frog. She was 26.6 mm long.
References
Frogs of South America
Edmond Mulet

Edmond Auguste Mulet Lesieur (born 13 March 1951) is a Guatemalan politician and lawyer. He was the last Chief of Staff to former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. He was Guatemala's ambassador to the European Union, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. From 1992 to 1993, he was the President of the Congress of Guatemala.
He ran for president in 2019, however he only won 11% of the vote. He ran for President of Guatemala in the 2023 election.
References
1951 births
Living people
Guatemalan politicians
Lawyers
Ambassadors to the United States
United Nations officials
People from Guatemala City
Granges-Narboz

Granges-Narboz is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Tourmignies

Tourmignies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 903 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Dune universe

The fictional Dune universe, or Duniverse, is the political, scientific, and social place from author Frank Herbert's six-book Dune series of science fiction novels.
Works in the series
The original series
Dune (1965)
Dune Messiah (1969)
Children of Dune (1976)
God Emperor of Dune (1981)
Heretics of Dune (1984)
Chapterhouse Dune (1985)
Characters
Bene Gesserit are a group of woman (or sisterhood). They possess many seemingly supernatural abilities obtained through physical and mental training.
Other websites
Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
The permanent members were all allies in World War II and are all countries with nuclear weapons.
Notes
References
Tofig Gasimov

Tofig Gasimov Masim oglu (; 10 April 1938 - 29 January 2020) was an Azerbaijani politician and diplomat. He was born in Leki village of Agdash Rayon, Azerbaijan. He worked under the Abulfaz Elchibey administration as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan from 4 July 1992 through 26 June 1993.
Gasimov died on 29 January 2020 in Lucerne, Switzerland at the age of 81.
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
Diplomats
Azerbaijani politicians
Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Adolphe (Adolf Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich; 24 July 1817 - 17 November 1905) was the last sovereign Duke of Nassau, reigning from 20 August 1839 until the duchy's annexation to Kingdom of Prussia in 1866.
In 1890, he became Grand Duke of Luxembourg following the death of King William III of the Netherlands, ending the personal relationship between the Netherlands and Luxembourg, until his own death in 1905.
He was the first monarch of Luxembourg from the House of Nassau-Weilburg.
Coat of Arms
Other websites
Adolphe's page on the official website of the Grand-Ducal House of Luxembourg
1817 births
1905 deaths
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg
Series and parallel circuits

Two types of electrical circuits are the series circuit, and the parallel circuit.
Series Circuit
In a series circuit, the electrical current is only able to flow around a single path. The current will flow from a power source, such as a battery, into one or more electrical loads, such as a light bulb, and then back to the power source. In a series circuit, the same amount of amperage from the power source flows through each load. The voltage in a series circuit is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads on a series circuit stops working, the current will not be able to flow through the rest of the circuit, and the rest of the loads will also stop working.
Parallel circuit
In a parallel circuit, the electrical current may flow along multiple paths before returning to the power source. The Voltage in a parallel circuit is the same across all of the loads in the circuit. In a parallel circuit, the amperage is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads in a parallel circuit stops working, the other loads in parallel will be able to continue to work. The voltage in a parallel circuit is the same on all the loads.
Electricity
Thorns, spines and prickles

Botanists use three different words for sharp things on plants. They are thorns, spines, and prickles. Thorns are the ends of branches that are hard and sharp. Spines are hard structures with sharp ends. There are many different kinds of spines. Some are on leaves, and some grow instead of leaves. Prickles are on the outside of stems.
Spines, prickles, and thorns protect plants from plant-eating animals (defence against herbivory). Some plants and animals, such as the acacia tree and giraffe have evolved in response to each other. The plants grow very long spines and the animals develop very long tongues to reach past the spines and feed on the leaves.
Gallery
References
Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber Press, Portland. 423 pp.
Plant anatomy
Top Chef

Top Chef is a television reality competition show. It is shown on Bravo Television on cable. The first season was hosted by Katie Lee Joel. Other seasons were hosted by Padma Lakshmi. Tom Colicchio is the head judge. Every episode, they invite a 'guest judge' to come and help judge the dishes with Padma Lakshmi (or Gail Simmons, when Padma cannot be there) and Tom Colicchio. Gail Simmons is a judge. Tim Allen was a judge. Some past guest judges are: Anthony Bourdain, Rocco DiSpirito, and many others.
American reality television series
English-language television programs
Leyla Aliyeva

Leyla Aliyeva (, born July 3, 1985) is the first daughter of the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev. She is editor-in-chief of style magazine Baku.
Personal life
According to her personal website, Aliyeva was born in Moscow on 3 July 1985. However, her listing as a director at Companies House in London gives her date of birth as 1984. She studied at a private girls' school in London, Queens College; she left the school in 2000. She entered the European Business School.
From 2006 to 2008, Leyla Aliyeva pursued a master's degree at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). She was the Chairwoman of the Azerbaijan Club at MGIMO until 2010.
In July 2011, the Taraggi (Progress) Medal was conferred upon Leyla Aliyeva for her contributions to the development of Azerbaijan-Russian relations.
Leyla is married to businessman and singer Emin Agalarov. She has twin sons, Ali and Mikail, who were born in 2008.
In 2010 Washington Post reported that Leyla along with her sister Arzu and brother Heydar own real estate in Dubai that is worth about US$75 million.
References
Other websites
Official channel of Leyla Aliyeva on YouTube
1985 births
Living people
Journalists
Tyresö Municipality

Tyreso Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Tyreso.
References
Other websites
Tyreso Municipality
Tyreso Municipality
Danelaw

The Danelaw (from the Old English Dena lagu, Danish: Danelagen ) is an 11th-century name for an area of northern and eastern England. This area was under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.
As can be seen from the map, Danelaw at its height was about a third the territory of England. Textbooks say correctly that the history left us with place-names which reflect the old languages.
References
9th century in England
History of Denmark
11th century in England
Hava, Maryam, Ayesha

Hava, Maryam, Ayesha is a 2019 Afghan Iranian French drama movie directed by first time director Sahraa Karimi and starring Arezoo Ariapoor, Fereshta Afshar, Hasiba Ebrahimi.
Other websites
2019 drama movies
Afghan movies
Iranian movies
French drama movies
Movies set in Afghanistan
Movies set in Iran
Strength is in truth

"Strength is in truth" () is a Russian slogan that people use in the 21st century. It comes from the movie Brother 2. The movie was released in 2000. says it in the movie.
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Latin letter "V" was used on military vehicles in northern Ukraine. These places included Hostomel, Bucha, in woods north of Kyiv and near Dymer. "V" and "Z" are two symbols of the invasion. The Russian Ministry of Defence stated on 3 March that "V" stood for "Our strength is in truth", and "The task will be completed" ().
References
Pages with unreviewed translations
National symbols of Russia
Harv and Sfn no-target errors
Kimberley rockhole frog

The Kimberley rockhole frog (Litoria aurifera) is a small frog from northern Australia. It lives in the Kimberley area. It was first found in the Prince Regent River by two plant scientists.
Adult frogs are about 22 mm long from nose to rear end. They live in rockholes and streams with rocky bottoms. They are so small and light that they can skip across the top of the water like a skipping stone.
They lay 60-110 eggs at a time, in different places instead of large groups of eggs like other frogs. The tadpoles have dark black bodies and tails with bright gold spots. They eat algae and their mouths have suckers so they can hold onto rocks in fast streams. They are about 1 cm long when they become frogs.
The Latin name aurifera means "carrying gold."
References
Frogs of Australia
Evaporating dish

An evaporating dish is used to evaporate solutions - that is, to turn them from a liquid state into a gaseous (gas) state. They are often made from ceramics.
References
Laboratory equipment
Epping Upland

Epping Upland is a village and civil parish in Epping Forest, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 790 people living in Epping Upland.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Nana Chudasama

Nana Mansinh Chudasama (17 June 1933 - 23 December 2018) was an Indian jurist and politician. He was the Mayor and Sheriff of Mumbai from 1989 to 1990. He was the founder of the NGO Giants International which has over 500 branches in India and branches across the world including the United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mauritius and Ukraine.
He died 23 December 2018 in Mumbai at the age of 86 after a brief illness.
References
1933 births
2018 deaths
Politicians from Mumbai
Allstate

The Allstate Corporation is an American insurance company, headquartered in Northfield Township, Illinois.
Allstate is a large corporation, it ranked 79th in the 2019 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total income.
History
The idea for Allstate Insurance Company came during a bridge game in 1930. Insurance broker Carl L. Odell proposed to Wood, his neighbor, the idea of selling auto insurance by direct mail. Allstate Insurance Company, named after Sears' tire brand, went into business on April 17, 1931, offering auto insurance by direct mail and through the Sears catalog.
In 1934, Allstate opened its first sales office in a Chicago Sears store.
Allstate added products throughout the 1950s, including fire insurance in 1954 and homeowners and life insurance in 1957.
Allstate began selling insurance to Canadians in 1953. Allstate Insurance Company of Canada was registered in 1964.
In 1991, the company went public before becoming completely independent in 1995.
In 1996, their website www.allstate.com was launched.
In 2012 Allstate Solutions Private Limited (also called Allstate India) was opened in Bangalore which is a technology and operations centre to provides software development and business process outsourcing services to its US parent.
In 2018 -- 2019, Allstate collaborated with Red Cross helped in liquidation of consequences of natural disasters in Hawaii and California.
In July 2020, Allstate announced bought of company National General Insurance for $4 billion.
References
1930s establishments in Illinois
1931 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Illinois
Insurance companies of the United States
Chinatown, Singapore

Chinatown (, , ) is a subzone and ethnic enclave located within the Outram district in the Central Area of Singapore. Featuring distinctly Chinese cultural elements, Chinatown has had a historically concentrated ethnic Chinese population.
Chinatown is considerably less of an enclave than it once was. However, the precinct does retain significant historical and cultural significance. Large sections of it have been declared national heritage sites officially designated for conservation by the Urban Redevelopment Authority.
Places in Singapore
Jordan Fisher

Jordan William Fisher (born April 24, 1994) is an American actor, singer, dancer, gamer and musician.
Stage
Advertisements
Awards and nominations
References
Other websites
Official website
Living people
1994 births
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Singers from Birmingham, Alabama
American dancers
Caspar Wessel

Caspar Wessel (June 8, 1745 - March 25, 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian mathematician.
He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway. In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763). In 1778 he got the degree of candidatus juris, which is one law degree. In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.
As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. His most important paper, Om directionens analytiske betegning, (On the Analytical Representation of Direction) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people. Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.
One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's Om directionens analytiske betegning was vectors. Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. This line is the sum of the united lines". Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.
His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899. It was released in English in 1999 as "On the analytic representation of direction" (ed. J. Lutzen et al.).
Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.
References
Danish scientists
Norwegian mathematicians
1745 births
1818 deaths
Edogawa, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.
The municipality calls itself "Edogawa City" in English.
Geography
Edogawa is in eastern Tokyo. It borders Tokyo Bay on the south. Koto and Sumida are on the west. Katsushika is on the northwestern border. On the east, the ward shares boundaries with the cities of Urayasu, Ichikawa and Matsudo in Chiba Prefecture.
Related pages
List of special wards of Tokyo
Capital of Japan
References
Other websites
Edogawa website ,
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards
Wards of Tokyo
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
Horse racing

Horse racing is a sport in which a race is held between racehorses (horses bred for racing). Racehorses are most often thoroughbreds. The Kentucky Derby is a major horserace that is held at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky every year. The Kentucky Derby is part of the Triple Crown, which includes two other races. Yonkers, New York is a major venue for harness racing.
Important races outside the US include Longchamp near Paris, the Dubai Gold Cup and the Melbourne Cup, held every year in Australia on the second Tuesday of November. Heralded as "the race that stops the nation," this one race alone keeps hatmakers in the city of Melbourne in business for an entire year. Every year, during the cup, over 11 million people from Australia and New Zealand tune in to listen to the race, starting at 3:00pm.
Racing is also popular in the UK and Ireland. Major races include Ascot, Newmarket and the Grand National. Racing also takes place at Epsom, Chepstow, Goodwood, York, Cheltenham and Punchestown, County Kildare.
In the Far East Japan, Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore are major race centres.
People often gamble on horse races. They will bet money on a particular horse.
Gambling
Seda, Latvia

Seda is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.
References
Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Caldecott MRT station

Caldecott MRT station (CC17/TE9) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange between the Circle line and Thomson-East Coast line. It is located in Toa Payoh, Singapore.
As Bukit Brown MRT station is currently non-operational, the section of tracks between Caldecott station and Botanic Gardens MRT station is the longest between any two stations on the Circle line. Trains move at 80 km/h at this stretch.
History
When the Circle line was planned, this station was planned to be an empty station, to be opened only when the area are more developed. It was only announced quite later that this station will open other stations of Stage 4 on 11 January 2007, and the station name was renamed to "Caldecott". The station opened on 8 October 2011.
Starting from 2021, Caldecott station became an interchange station with the Thomson-East Coast line and serves as the terminus from 2021 to 2022, where it would be replaced by Gardens by the Bay as the Stage 3 of the line opens.
Civil Defence shelter
Caldecott CCL station is one of eleven stations along the Circle line designated as Civil Defence (CD) shelters, which will be activated in times of national emergency. Apart from reinforced construction, the stations are designed and equipped with facilities to ensure the shelter environment is tolerable for people.
References
Other websites
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Premium station

A Premium station is a term used in the Melbourne train system for a station where there are better things than the other stations. There are currently 72 stations like this. All 5 City Loop stations are Premium stations, as well as the following stations -
References
Public transport in Melbourne
Wu-Tang Clan

Wu-Tang Clan is a hip-hop group from USA. They formed in Staten Island, New York in 1992. As a group, they debuted in 1993 with their first album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers). GZA started the group.
Members
Current
Ghostface Killah
GZA
Inspectah Deck
Masta Killa
Method Man
Raekwon
RZA
U-God
Past
Ol' Dirty Bastard (deceased)
Sometimes
Cappadonna (he has appeared on some albums as an official member)
Discography
Studio albums
Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (1993)
Wu-Tang Forever (1997)
The W (2000)
Iron Flag (2001)
8 Diagrams (2007)
A Better Tomorrow (2014)
Once Upon a Time in Shaolin (2015)
References
Other websites
Wu-Tang Clan Website
Wu-Tang Name Generator
Hip hop bands
1990s American music groups
1992 establishments in New York (state)
Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)

"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" is the second single off American punk rock band Green Day's fifth studio album Nimrod. The song was released on October 17, 1997. The song was first written by lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong before the release of the band's third album Dookie in 1994 but the song was not released until Green Day's fifth album, Nimrod in 1997.
In 1998, the band were able to win their first MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video. The song was also nominated in the category of Viewer's Choice.
The song has become popular at prom dances, to the band's surprise.
References
Other websites
"Good Riddance (Time Of Your Life)" on YouTube
1997 songs
Green Day songs
Rock ballads
1990s ballads
The Railway Series

The Railway Series is a series of fiction books written by the Reverend W. Awdry and his son Christopher Awdry. The books are about the locomotives who work on the Island of Sodor, including Thomas the Tank Engine. The first book, called The Three Railway Engines, came out in 1945, and the last book, called Thomas and His Friends, came out in 2011. The books were made into a TV show in 1984, called Thomas & Friends.
Series of books
Itabuna

Itabuna is a municipality in Bahia, Brazil. It is the 6th largest city in Bahia.
References
Cities in Bahia
Thomas Stafford Williams

Thomas Stafford Williams ONZ ChStJ (born 20 March 1930) is a New Zealand Catholic official. He was born in Wellington. He was cardinal in the Catholic church and before his retirement in 2005. He was the fifth Archbishop of Wellington.
References
Other websites
Thomas Stafford Cardinal Williams profile at Catholic Hierarchy website
NZ Catholic Bishops Conference bio of Thomas Stafford Cardinal Williams
Catholic Archdiocese of Wellington website
1930 births
Living people
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
People from Wellington
Okoboji, Iowa

Okoboji is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Angie Bowie

Mary Angela "Angie" Barnett (born September 25, 1949) is an American (born in British Cyprus) model, actress, writer and media personality. She is well-known for being the wife of David Bowie from 1970 until 1980.
During the 1970s, she made frequent appearances on talk shows. She has also acted in several television shows and had a career in music. Recently, Barnett has become a journalist.
Angie and David a child, Duncan. After she split from David, she let him have full custody of their son and is now estranged (not in contact) with her son.
In 2016, she made an appearance on the British reality show Celebrity Big Brother. While on the show, she found out that David Bowie had died. She told Tiffany Pollard, who mistakenly thought that Angie had told her David Gest (who was also on the show) had died. Barnett later withdrew from the show.
Sources
1949 births
Living people
American television personalities
Anatoly Lein

Anatoly Yakovlevich Lein (; March 28, 1931 - March 1, 2018) was a Soviet-born American chess Grandmaster. He was born in Leningrad.
In 1976 Lein emigrated to the United States, finishing equal first with Leonid Shamkovich in the U.S. Open, and equal first with Bernard Zuckerman in the World Open chess tournament that year. He also played on the U.S. team in the 1978 Chess Olympiad.
In 2005 he was inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame in Miami.
Lein died on March 1, 2018 in Beachwood, Ohio at the age of 86.
References
1931 births
2018 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Soviet chess players
American chess players
Chess grandmasters
Sportspeople from Ohio
Mexican Olympic Committee

The Mexican Olympic Committee () (COM) is the organization that represents Mexican athletes in the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the Pan American Games and the Central American and Caribbean Games. It was created and formally recognized by the IOC in 1923. The organization is currently directed by Carlos Padilla Becerra.
The Mexican Olympic Committee is headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico.
History
From the Universal Exposition of Paris (1900) Baron Pierre de Coubertin thought that Mexico could join quickly to the next Olympic Games In 1901 he met with ambassador of Mexico Miguel de Beistegui in Belgium, in this meeting was born idea to create a National Olympic Committee of Mexico. After meeting it was decided to send a letter to the then President of Mexico the General Porfirio Diaz to inform him that Beistegui would be the representative of Mexico before the International Olympic Committee. This occurred on May 25, 1901.
In 1923 Baillet Latour, then vice-president of the International Olympic Committee, visited Latin America to invite the countries to go to the Paris 1924 Summer Olympics. He arrived in Mexico after visiting the countries of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay on February 16, 1923.
Related pages
Mexico at the Olympics
References
Other websites
Official website
1920s establishments in North America
Sports organizations of North America
Organizations based in Mexico
Auto rickshaw

Auto-rickshaws are modernized versions of the rickshaw. They are common in Asia. They have three wheels and generally have open sides. They are often hired like taxis in cities for short journeys. The drivers sits in the front and there is room for 2 passengers. There are also types which carry goods. The first ones were built by Mazda in the 1930s.
Around the world
Auto-rickshaws are most common in India and Thailand, but are available in many different countries across all continents.
Names
Around the world, auto-rickshaws have different names like cocotaxi in Cuba, or Mototaxi in Peru, Tuktuk in India
References
Automobiles
Public transport
Calenzano

Calenzano is a comune (municipality) in the province of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany. It is about 11 km northwest of Florence. Calenano has an area of 76.9 km2 and a population of 15,557 inhabitants.
Calenzano borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Campi Bisenzio, Prato, San Piero a Sieve, Sesto Fiorentino, Vaglia, Vaiano.
Main places
Villa Ginori a Collina, a patrician villa
Church of San Niccolo e Oratorio della Compagnia del Santissimo Sacramento, rebuilt before 1386.
Pieve di San Donato (9th-11th centuries),
Pieve di Santa Maria (built before the 11th century).
The ancient Pieve di San Severo.
Church of Santa Lucia a Settimello.
Parco del Neto a park near Monte Morello.
Connection
Calenzano has a station on the regional railway connecting it to Prato, Florence, Pistoia and Lucca. It can be reached by road from the highway "A1". Buses connect Calenzano to Prato, Florence, Campi Bisenzio and Barberino di Mugello.
Famous people born in Calenzano
Agostino Ammannati (1906 - 1987), teacher of the liceo classico Cicognini in Prato, friend and helper of the priest Lorenzo Milani.
Lorenzo Milani, priest, teacher and a man of charity. He was the first to use the motto, "I CARE", when Italy's fascist regime had the motto "I don't care" when speaking about enemies and about poor people. Lorenzo Milani was on the Church of "Saint Donato" since 1947 until 1954.
Main events and festivals
Fiera dei Cavalli (a festival about horses) (in September)
Mostra mercato dell'olio nuovo (a festival about extra virgin olive oil) (in November).
Festa de l'Unita di Legri (in July).
Festa de l'Unita di Settimello (half September).
"Carnevale Medievale" (medieval carnival), (end of February).
"Fiera della Toscana // mostra mercato della Toscana" (in May).
Other website
Official website
Settlements in Tuscany
Greensburg, Indiana

Greensburg is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States. The population was counted at 11,492 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Decatur County.
References
Cities in Indiana
County seats in Indiana
United States v. Windsor

United States v. Windsor was a court case heard by the United States Supreme Court. The court's decision was historically important for marriage law in the U.S. It was also important for LGBT rights.
The court decided that defining "marriage" as a union between one man and one woman (as husband and wife) was unconstitutional (against the Constitution). This specifically related to Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a law passed in 1996. This defined "marriage" for federal (national) law in the United States. It defined it as being between one man and one woman. In United States v. Windsor, the court decided that this definition was against the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In the U.S., the Constitution protects the rights of citizens, and no individual law can take those rights away.
The basis for the case was the right to benefits for same-sex married couples; the same right held by heterosexual married couples. Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer, a same-sex couple living in New York, were married in Canada in 2007. Spyer died in 2009, leaving everything she owned to Windsor. Under the law, widows do not have to pay tax on anything they inherited from their dead spouse. Windsor tried to claim this exemption. She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA, which said that the word "spouse" only applies to a marriage between a man and woman. The Internal Revenue Service denied Windsor's claim, and demanded that she pay $363,053 in inheritance taxes.
After Windsor won the case, Time magazine named her the third most influential person of the year in 2013.
Related pages
Same-sex marriage in the United States
References
Notes
United States Supreme Court cases
Same-sex marriage
2013 in the United States
LGBT rights
Großefehn

Grossefehn (East Frisian Low Saxon: Gro'fen) is a municipality has 14 villages in Aurich, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is about 10 km southeast of Aurich.
References
Towns and villages in East Frisia
Aurich (district)
Arco, Idaho

Arco is a city in Idaho in the United States.
Cities in Idaho
County seats in Idaho
Cappelle-la-Grande

Cappelle-la-Grande is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 7,920 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Euphemism

Euphemism is the use of a word (or phrase) that replaces another one that one thinks to be too offensive or vulgar.
It also may be a replacement of a name or a word, that could reveal a secret or holy and sacred names to the uninitiated. It may also be used to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. A well known example for many is the replacement of Lord Voldemort's name by "You-Know-Who" or "He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named" in Harry Potter. Some euphemisms are intended to be humorous.
Usage
When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it often becomes a metaphor whose literal meaning is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to hide unpleasant or disturbing ideas, even when the literal term for them is not necessarily offensive. This type of euphemism is used in politics.
Common examples
Examples for euphemisms are:
restroom for toilet (the word toilet was itself originally a euphemism). This is an Americanism.
making love to, doing it, or sleeping with for having sex
mature or golden years for old age or elderly
police action for undeclared war
in the club for pregnant
tired and emotional for drunk (mostly British)
self-charging hybrid for a hybrid vehicle without the ability to charge the battery from an external power source.
All plug-In hybrids are also self-charging hybrids, just like all squares are rectangles but not the other way around.
unibody = Non-replaceable mobile phone battery.
Related pages
Dysphemism
Metaphor
References
Figures of speech
Amundsen Sea

The Amundsen Sea is an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica. It is bounded by Cape Flying Fish, the northwestern tip of Thurston Island to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. East of Cape Flying Fish starts the Bellingshausen Sea. The sea is named for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen.
The sea is mostly ice-covered. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about in thickness. It is roughly the size of the state of Texas. The area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE). It forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Pine Island Bay
Pine Island Bay () is a bay about long and wide. The ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast end of the Amundsen Sea flows into it. It was named for USS Pine Island.
Russell Bay
Russell Bay () is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea. It goes along the north sides of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It is named for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations.
References
Other websites
Seas of the Southern Ocean
Cotacachi Volcano

Cotacachi is a dormant volcano in the Western Cordillera of the northern Ecuadorian Andes, in the west of Imbabura Province, above the city of Cotacachi. It has a summit elevation of above sea level and its highest elevations are capped with snow.
References
Volcanoes of Ecuador
La Bastide-de-Sérou

La Bastide-de-Serou is a commune in the Ariege department in southwestern France.
Communes in Ariege
1755

Events
January 25 - Moscow University established.
February 20 - General Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the English forces against the French in North America
April 15 - A Dictionary of the English Language is published by Samuel Johnson; he had begun the work in 1746
July 9 - French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition - British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.
November 1 - 1755 Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 60,000 - 90,000 people.
November 18 - An earthquake occurs near Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.
December 2 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire.
Great Expulsion of the Acadians.
The sultanate of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
The Acadians were forced to leave their home because of the treaty of uresty between the French and the British
Wolsey the clothes manufacturer was established in Leicester; the business celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2005.
nv:1751 - 1800
Jamiroquai

Jamiroquai are a British funk and acid jazz band. It was created by Jason Kay. The name of the band is a compound word created from "jam session", a type of music event, and "Iroquois", the name of a Native American tribe.
The band's first single, "When You Gonna Learn?", was released in 1992. Because of the success of this single, Jamiroquai made a contract with Sony BMG. They release their first album, Emergency on Planet Earth, in 1993. The next year, their second album (The Return of the Space Cowboy) was released. This album became popular. In 1996, a song named "Virtual Insanity" on their third album, Travelling Without Moving, was very popular. The music video for this song was so innovative that it caused a big sensation. With this song, Jamiroquai was nominated for ten MTV video awards. It won four awards. This album made the band famous all across the world.
Studio albums
Emergency on Planet Earth (1993)
The Return of the Space Cowboy (1994)
Travelling Without Moving (1996)
Synkronized (1999)
A Funk Odyssey (2001)
Dynamite (2005)
Rock Dust Light Star (2010)
Automaton (2017)
Members
The members of Jamiroquai have changed for many times, except Jason Kay.
Jason Kay (vocals)
Derrick McKenzie (drums)
Sola Akingbola (percussion)
Rob Harris (guitar)
Matt Johnson (keyboard)
Paul Turner (bass)
References
Musical groups from London
Jazz bands
Funk bands
Soul bands
Disco groups
Headstone

A headstone, gravestone or tombstone is a marker, normally made from stone, that is used to identify a person who is buried beneath it (in the grave).
These markers can be plain or beautifully carved with writing (epitaph or inscriptions) and pictures, but at times some gravestones can be unmarked, leaving a dead person unidentifiable.
Other websites
Burial monuments and structures
Kuhmo

Kuhmo is a town in the region of Kainuu, Finland. In August 2013, it had a population of about 9,200.
Other websites
The official Kuhmo page
Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Kainuu
OpenSolaris

OpenSolaris was an open source Unix operating system from Sun Microsystems. It was based based Sun's non-free Solaris operating system. The operating system was known for its ZFS file system. In 2010, Oracle Corporation bought Sun Microsystems and chose to stop making new versions of OpenSolaris. OpenSolaris was later forked into the illumos kernel and the OpenIndiana distribution.
Other websites
OpenSolaris (archived)
OpenIndiana (a fork of OpenSolaris)
Operating systems
Unix
Sun Microsystems
Oracle Corporation
Valdosaurus

Valdosaurus ("Weald Lizard") is a type of dinosaur. It walked on two legs and ate plants. It was found on the Isle of Wight and other places in England. It lived during the Lower Cretaceous.
It is part of the Dryosauridae family. It is related to the Iguanodonts.
Iguanodonts
Bleak House

Bleak House is a novel by Charles Dickens, 1852/3. It features the long-running legal case in the Court of Chancery, Jarndyce and Jarndyce.
This novel helped support a judicial reform movement which led to legal reform in the 1870s.
References
1850s books
Books by Charles Dickens
Civiasco

Civiasco is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont.
People
Emma Morano (1899-2017), supercentenarian
References
Other websites
Official website
Settlements in Piedmont
Tatsuyuki Tomiyama

Tatsuyuki Tomiyama (born 27 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.
Club career statistics
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||19||0||1||0||20||0
|-
|2006||23||0||0||0||23||0
|-
|2007||3||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Gainare Tottori||rowspan="3"|Football League||28||2||1||0||29||2
|-
|2009||22||1||1||1||23||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||
95||3||3||1||98||4
95||3||3||1||98||4
|}
References
Gainare Tottori
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Gardanne

Gardanne is a commune of 20,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhone department in the south of France.
Communes in Bouches-du-Rhone
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir

The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir, also known as Central Park Reservoir, is a decommissioned reservoir in Central Park in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, stretching from 86th to 96th Streets. It covers and holds over of water.
The Central Park Reservoir was renamed in honor of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in 1994 to honor her contributions to the city, and because she lived nearby.
References
Parks in the United States
Manhattan
Jan Simonsen

Jan Simonsen (3 March 1953 - 12 August 2019) was a Norwegian journalist and politician. He was a member of Storting from 1989 to 2005. He was a member of the Progress Party until he was removed from the party in 2001. From 2003 to 2004 he was deputy leader of the Democrats party. He was born in Stavanger, Norway.
Simonsen died on 12 August 2019 from cancer in Oslo at the age of 66.
References
1953 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Norway
Norwegian politicians
Norwegian journalists