pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
James Mollison

James Mollison (20 March 1931 - 19 January 2020) was an Australian arts administrator. He was acting director of the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) from 1971 to 1977 and director from 1977 to 1990. He was also director of the National Gallery of Victoria from 1989 to 1995. He was born in Wonthaggi, Victoria.
Mollison retired as the NGA's director in 1990 and moved to Melbourne to become director of the National Gallery of Victoria. He died on 19 January 2020, at the age of 88.
References
1931 births
2020 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Order of Australia
People from Victoria (Australia)
Essoyes

Essoyes is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Essoyes
Michael Mukasey

Michael Bernard Mukasey
(;
born July 28, 1941)
is an American lawyer and former judge. He served as the 81st Attorney General of the United States. Mukasey was appointed following the resignation of Alberto Gonzales. Mukasey also served for 18 years as a judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, appointed by Ronald Reagan, six of those years as Chief Judge.
References
1941 births
Living people
United States Attorneys General
American judges
Lawyers from New York City
Politicians from New York City
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Juan de Dios Román

Juan de Dios Roman Seco (17 December 1942 - 28 November 2020) was a Spanish handball coach and executive. He was born in Merida, Spain.
His coaching career lasted between 1964 to 2000. He coached the Atletico Madrid BM, BM Ciudad Real and the national team. He lead the national team into the 2000 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Between 2008 to 2013, he was President of the Royal Spanish Handball Federation.
Roman died of a stroke on 28 November 2020 in Madrid at the age of 77.
References
1942 births
2020 deaths
Spanish sportspeople
Coaches
Handball players
George Herbert Walker III

George Herbert "Bert" Walker III (March 16, 1931 - January 20, 2020) was an American businessman, diplomat and philanthropist. He was the U.S. Ambassador to Hungary from 2003 to 2006. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was the cousin of Presidents George H. W. and George W. Bush.
Walker III died on January 20, 2020 under hospice care in Creve Coeur, Missouri of stroke-related problems at the age of 88.
References
Other websites
U.S. Embassy - Budapest, Hungary: George Herbert Walker III
1931 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Bush family
Ambassadors of the United States
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)

The most senior rank for the British Armed Forces. The CDS reports to the Secretary of State for Defense, and heads the British Armed Forces.
Military of the United Kingdom
Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)

The Afghan Civil War was a war going on from 14 November 1928 to 13 October 1929. The Saqqawist group and the Soviet Union decided to invade the Kingdom of Afghanistan and ended up in a defeat.
Beginning
On 14 November 1928, the civil war started with the Shinwari Revolt; Pashtun tribesmen from the Shinwari tribe started a siege of Jalalabad; telegraph wires were also cut; a manifesto had a list of grievances (or complaints); some of those complaints were in some way about changing the status of women.
Siege of Jabal al-Siraj
Forces led by a Tajik leader, Habibullah Kalakani, were moving toward Kabul from the north. Kalakani was a native of Kalakan, a village thirty kilometers north of Kabul. In late November, they put siege to Jabal al-Siraj, north of Kabul, and on either 11 or 12 December, after 18 days of siege, Ahmad Ali Lodi surrendered the citadel, and handed over (or gave) all government funds as well as 18 machine guns, and some heavy weapons and rifles.
After king Amanullah's loss of power (January 1929)
Rule by king Kalakani, and Saqqawist offensives (February - August 1929)
Kalakani became King of Afghanistan.
Ali Ahmad Khan was captured; his reign ended on 9 February.
Kalakan's forces did fight anti-Saqqawist tribes.
Saqqawist collapse, and end of the civil war (August - October 1929)
On 8 August, an anti-Saqqawist uprising took place in Bamyan, Ghuri and Baghlan, blocking Kalakani's force's route to Turkistan and forcing them to retreat to Ghurband. On 21 August, the Sayyid of Shaykh Ali started an offensive (or attack) against Kalakani, advancing as far as Khanabad, Andarab and Ghurband. On 26 August, there were rumours in Kabul that Hazara settlers successfully attacked Mazar-i Sharif. In early September, the Saqqawists won their last victory by taking Jalalabad. On 23 September, a pro-Nadir uprising in Kandahar succeeded at driving out Kalakani's forces from the city. On 29 September, a pro-Nadir force under Shah Wali crossed the Durand Line and occupied Khushi. On the 30th, he sent a 1000-man force ahead to Tangi Waghjan, the gorge on the road to the Logar Valley. On 3 October, after an intense battle, anti-Saqqawist forces captured the town of Muhammad Aghah, placing themselves within striking distance of Kabul. Kalakani himself took part in this battle, trying to lift his soldier's spirits, to no avail. anti-Saqqawist forces continued to slowly push towards Kabul, seizing Charasya, Chihil Tan and Chihil Sutun on 5 October. By 7 October, Kalakani's forces had retreated from almost all territory outside Kabul, and prepared for their last stand.
On 9 October, after dozens of hours of street fighting in Kabul, the Arg was put under siege. On 13 October, after several days of bombardment, Nadir's forces entered the Arg. After a battle, the Arg was captured, and the civil war ended.
Related pages
List of civil wars in Afghanistan
References
20th century in Afghanistan
Civil wars involving Asia
1920s conflicts
1920s in Asia
Genki

was a after Eiroku and before Tensho. This period started in April 1570 and ended in July 1573. During this time, the emperor was .
Events of the Genki era
1570 (Genki 1, 6th month): At the Battle of Anegawa, the forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu won a victory.
1571 (Genki 2, 9th month): Nobunaga ordered the destruction of temples on Mount Hiei.
1573 (Genki 4): Oda Nobunaga causes the Ashikaga Yoshiaki, the last Muromachi shogun, to flee Kyoto
Related pages
Muromachi period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
Madeline

Madeline is a popular children's book series. It was written by American author Ludwig Bemelmans. The first book in the series, Madeline, was published in 1939. The book was very successful. In the 1940s and 1950s, Bemelmans wrote many more sequels to the original. Bemelman's grandson, John Bemelmans-Mariano, writes the series of books to this day. There are 16 Madeline books. The books were later made into a television series and a movie.
In two straight lines...
The books and the television show describe the adventures of Madeline's life in the late 1940s in France. Madeline is the smallest and youngest girl at her school. She is also the liveliest and the most popular. Madeline is not afraid of anything. She laughs at tigers in the zoo and taunts bullies. She even runs away to join a circus. She is also a very kind friend to the rest of the children at her school, and never loses her smile. Madeline attends a convent school in the heart of France with eleven other students. They leave the house at half past nine every morning in rain or shine. Miss Clavel is their teacher and a nun. The girls of her school mean more to her than anything. Miss Clavel is worried about Madeline because she is an orphan and has no family.
Although Madeline is set in France, with French accents, it is very popular all over the world, especially in the United States and in the Philippines, where a Filipino version was aired in the TV station ABS-CBN. Madeline has many internet pages including an official website and fan club.
Other websites
Official Madeline website
Series of books
Children's books
1939 books
es:Madeline
Andrey Zaliznyak

Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak (29 April 1935 - 24 December 2017) was a Russian linguist, an expert in historical linguistics and grammar. He was born in Moscow. He was known for his attention to the popularizing of linguistics and to the struggle against pseudoscience. In 2004, he published a study of the Tale of Igor's Campaign.
Zaliznyak lectured in the Moscow University, University of Geneva, and University of Paris. Zaliznyak's first monograph, Russian Nominal Inflection (1967), remains a definitive study in the field. Ten years later, he published a highly viewed Russian Grammar Dictionary.
Zaliznyak died on 24 December 2017 at the age of 82.
References
Other websites
1935 births
2017 deaths
Russian historians
Russian educators
Russian linguists
People from Moscow
Jerboa

A jerboa is a small desert rodent of Asia and Northern Africa. It looks like a mouse, but it has a long tail and very long back legs. The jerboa moves by jumping. Jerboas have long tails, long hind legs, and short front legs. They tend to live in hot deserts.
When they are being chased, jerboas can run up to 24 kilometers per hour. Some jerboa species are preyed on by little owls in central Asia. Most species of jerboas have very good hearing. Their hearing helps them avoid being attacked by predators.
Jerboas are also 2 4km/h and there highest jump is 6 feet high and there are 33 species of jerboa
Related pages
Hopping mouse
Jumping mouse
Kangaroo rat and kangaroo mouse
Kultarr
Springhare
References
Rodents
Arabic words and phrases
Mammals of Africa
Mammals of Asia
Commerveil

Commerveil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Related pages
Communes of the Sarthe department
References
INSEE
Communes in Sarthe
Left 4 Dead 2

Left 4 Dead 2 is a shooter video game released in 2009. It is the sequel to Left 4 Dead. It was released on November 17, 2009. It made its world premiere at E3 in 2009. Left 4 Dead 2 brings new elements to the game that Let 4 Dead left out in the previous version such as melee weapons, new types of infected, and a story-arc that connects each of the game's five campaigns together. It is banned in Australia.
Characters
The main characters in the game are:
Coach, a high-school football coach from Savannah, Georgia.
Rochelle, a news reporter for a local television station.
Ellis, a mechanic from Savannah, Georgia.
Nick, a gambler and conman.
New infected added into the game include:
The Charger, has one arm larger than the other arm and charges people with it
The Spitter, spits acid at survivors and leaves a acid puddle on the ground which burns survivors
The Jockey, hops on survivors backs and steers them into danger
Reviews
Left 4 Dead 2 received strongly positive reviews:
GameSpot - 9.0/10 (both Xbox 360 and PC)
IGN - 9.0/10 (both Xbox 360 and PC)
Gamespy - 4.5/5 (both Xbox 360 and PC)
1UP.com - A (both Xbox 360 and PC)
References
Other websites
Left 4 Dead official website
2009 video games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Shooter video games
Horror video games
KZHT

KZHT (97.1 FM) is a Top 40 (CHR) formatted radio station broadcasting to the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. It is owned by iHeartMedia as one of six radio stations in this market. The station's studios are located in West Valley City and its transmitter site is located southwest of the city on Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains.
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Salt Lake City
Stock character

A stock character is a stereotype fictional character. In a theatre, novel, play or film, the audience immediately knows about him or her without further explanation. All types of fiction use this device, especially comedy.
They have been used in all forms of theatre, right back to the Ancient Greek theatre. The Star Wars movie franchise offers many examples. They are archetypal characters, simplified and "flat". As a result, they may be easy targets for parody, and criticized as cliches. Stock characters help to identify a genre or subgenre. For example, a fairy tale or fantasy is likely to have a knight-errant as hero and a witch as opposition.
One stock character often used is the low-class character(s) who warn the hero of danger to come. Examples:
The witches who warn Macbeth that he will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane", and that "no man of woman born" may harm him.
A beggar tells Caesar "beware the Ides of March!".
It seems their function is to introduce the idea of fatalism, the idea that we are not masters of our fate. Human fame and glory is temporary. Even Achilles has his weakness.
As the hero falls, he is usually allowed a final comment. Caesar's was "Et tu, Brute?" meaning "Not you as well, Brutus?" That's known as a valediction (means a farewell comment). Shakespeare has many examples: Another famous example is Richard III's last cry of "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!"
References
Fiction by topic
Franklin and Friends

Franklin and Friends is a Nickelodeon CGI children's animated educational television series on Nickelodeon. It was Co-Produced by Canadian studio Nelvana Limited and Singapore studio Infinite Filmworks with Treehouse TV and Nickelodeon. It Aired From 2011 To 2017.
Nickelodeon television series
Precision Approach Path Indicator

The Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) is a visual system next to the touch-point on a runway. The purpose of the system is to lead a plane in correct approach. The PAPI creates ray of light which gives pilot information about his actual height.
Principle:
If plane is over correct approach line, pilot will see 3 white lights and 1 red. If he is higher, he will see all lights in white.
If plane keeps correct approach, pilot will see 2 white lights and 2 red. The right line is in the angle 3 degrees from axis of airport.
If plane is under correct approach line, pilot will see 3 red lights and 1 white. If he is lower, he will see all lights in red.
The rules about the parameters are written in standard ANNEX 14 ICAO. The brochure contains more specific information about intensity of ray, location where we can get device etc.
Aviation infrastructure
Robert Caro

Robert Allan Caro (born October 30, 1935) is an American journalist and author. He is known for his biographies of United States political figures Robert Moses and Lyndon B. Johnson.
Famous works
Caro wrote The Power Broker (1974), a biography of New York urban planner Robert Moses. Iy was chosen by the Modern Library as one of the hundred greatest nonfiction books of the twentieth century. He has since written four of a planned five volumes of The Years of Lyndon Johnson (1982, 1990, 2002, 2012), a biography of the former president.
Awards
He has won two Pulitzer Prizes in Biography, two National Book Awards (including one for Lifetime Achievement), the Francis Parkman Prize, three National Book Critics Circle Awards, the H.L. Mencken Award, the Carr P. Collins Award from the Texas Institute of Letters, the D.B. Hardeman Prize, and a Gold Medal in Biography from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
In 2010 President Barack Obama awarded Caro the National Humanities Medal.
Legacy
Caro's reputation for extreme research and detailed biographies, he is sometimes called by reviewers of other writers who are called "Caro-esque" for their own extensive research.
References
Other websites
Official website
In Depth interview with Caro, April 7, 2002
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Caro about the writing of his fourth volume, January 4, 2009
Part one of C-SPAN Q&A interview with Caro about the finished book, The Passage of Power, May 6, 2012
Part two of C-SPAN Q&A interview with Caro about The Passage of Power, May 20, 2012
Pulitzer Prize winners
1935 births
Living people
American political writers
American political commentators
Journalists from New York City
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American writers
Princeton University alumni
Trachycephalus

Trachycephalus is a genus of frogs. People call them casque-headed tree frogs. They are in the family Hylidae. They live in Mexico, Central America, and South America. Scientists looked at the genuses of tree frogs and decided that the seven species of frogs in the genus Phrynohyas should be in Trachycephalus instead. The also said that Phrynohyas is a synonym of (another name for) Trachycephalus. These frogs live in the high tree branches of tropical rainforests. They lay eggs in holes in trees. They almost never go to the ground.
Species
References
Other websites
. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Trachycephalus. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: Apr 25, 2008).
[web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Trachycephalus. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: Apr 25, 2008).
taxon Trachycephalus at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Trachycephalus at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: Apr 25, 2008).
Taxon Trachycephalus at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Frogs of South America
Frogs of North America
Shia LaBeouf

Shia Saide LaBeouf (born June 11, 1986) is an American actor, comedian and director. He is best known for his work in the movies Transformers (2007) and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) and the Disney Channel series Even Stevens. His parents are Jeffery LaBeouf and Shayna Saide. LaBeouf is an only child. He started his career doing stand up comedy in local places such as coffee houses. He graduated from high school in 2003 and hopes to attend college, preferably Yale University. He won the Orange Rising Star Award in 2008. He played Jerome in the 2013 movie Nymphomaniac.
Family life
LaBeouf is named after his grandfather who was also a stand up comedian. His parents are divorced. He lives with his mother in Los Angeles.
Personal life
In September 2018, it was announced the couple had separated and filed for divorce. However, in February 2022, it was reported that Goth was pregnant with their first child. They have a daughter, born March 2022.
References
Other websites
1989 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Phil Rodgers

Phil Rodgers (April 3, 1938 - June 26, 2018) was an American professional golfer. He was born in San Diego, California. He won the 1958 NCAA Division I Championship while playing at the University of Houston. He was placed in the first position on the first team of the 1958 All-American golf team.
Rodgers seems better known for two losses. Mainly when he lost to Bob Charles in a 36-hole playoff in the 1963 Open Championship. Lesser known is that he lost the 1962 U.S. Open by two strokes despite going 6-over-par on two holes.
Rodgers died in San Diego on June 26, 2018 from leukemia at the age of 80.
References
1938 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Cancer deaths in California
American golfers
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
Centertown, Kentucky

Centertown is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
Alkaloid

An alkaloid is a chemical compounds that can be made naturally. They contain basic nitrogen atoms. The name comes from the word alkaline and was used to describe any alkaline containing nitrogen. Alkaloids are made by a large variety of organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from basic substances by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. Some alkaloids have a bitter taste.
Well-known alkaloids
All of the following alkaloids are produced by flowering plants. They are one of the main ways plants reduce or avoid being eaten by herbivores.
Cocaine, used as an anesthetic and a stimulant, is an illegal drug when it is not used medically.
Caffeine, used as a stimulant, is used as something addictive in coffee or tea. In this case and the following, herbivores can eat the leaves but they get heart palpitations if they eat too many.
Nicotine, used as a stimulant in cigarettes, can also be used to treat certain forms of epilepsy.
Morphine is widely used to subdue severe pain. In a special slow-release form, it is sometimes used to help people get away drug addiction.
Quinine, used to treat certain forms of malaria, is sometimes used to give food a bitter taste.
Curare, the poison dart substance, is originally a plant product from Strychnos toxifera, which is later concentrated in poison dart frogs.
Strychnine and brucine are toxic alkaloids produced by Strychnos nux-vomica. This is a close relative of S. toxifera.
References
Organonitrogen compounds
Biochemistry
Olga Korbut

Olga Valentinovna Korbut (born May 16, 1955 in Grodno, Belarus), also known as the "Sparrow from Minsk", is a retired Belarusian gymnast. She won four gold medals and two silver medals at the Summer Olympic Games, in which she competed in 1972 and 1976 for the Soviet team. She could do backwards flips from the balance beam and uneven parallel bars, when no one else could.
After her retirement from gymnastics, she became a teacher.
References
1955 births
Living people
Belarusian Olympians
Gymnasts
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Soviet Olympic silver medalists
Teachers
Princess Stéphanie of Monaco

Princess Stephanie of Monaco, Countess of Polignac(Stephanie Marie Elisabeth Grimaldi; born 1 February 1965) is the youngest child of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and the American actress Grace Kelly.
She is the younger sister of Albert II, Prince of Monaco, and Caroline, Princess of Hanover. She is the 14th in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne. She was also a singer, swimwear designer and fashion model.
Title
1 February 1965-1 July 1995 Her Serene Highness Princess Stephanie Marie Elisabeth of Monaco
1 July 1995 Her Serene Highness Princess Stephanie Marie Elisabeth of Monaco, Countess of Polignac
References
1965 births
Living people
Princes and princesses of Monaco
Singers
Models
Olmitz, Kansas

Olmitz is a city in Barton County, Kansas, United States.
Cities in Kansas
Prime Minister of Burundi

This article lists the prime ministers of Burundi since the creation of the post of Prime Minister of Burundi in 1961 until the present day. The office of Prime Minister was abolished in 1998, and recreated in 2020 with the appointment of Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni.
Heads of Government of Burundi
Kingdom of Burundi (part of Ruanda-Urundi)
Kingdom of Burundi (independent country)
Status
Republic of Burundi
References
Katzelmacher

Katzelmacher is a 1969 West German drama movie directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (who also stars) and starring Hanna Schygulla, Harry Baer, Irm Hermann.
Other websites
1969 drama movies
German drama movies
Movies directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder
Marita Lorenz

Ilona Marita Lorenz (18 August 1939 - 31 August 2019) was a German-born American conspiracy theorist. She had an affair with Fidel Castro in 1959 and in January 1960 was involved in an assassination attempt by the CIA on Castro's life.
In the 1970s and 1980s, she testified about the John F. Kennedy assassination saying that she was involved with a group of anti-Cuban militants, including Frank Sturgis, and E. Howard Hunt of CIA and Watergate shortly before the assassination.
References
Other websites
Official website for film
New York Times Obituary
1939 births
2019 deaths
Conspiracy theorists
People from Bremen (state)
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Chinatown MRT station

Chinatown MRT Station (NE4/DT19) is an MRT Station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along the North East MRT Line and Downtown MRT Line. It was the first MRT station with both lines operated by SBS Transit.
On the North East Line, it lies between the Outram Park and Clarke Quay MRT stations and between Telok Ayer and Fort Canning MRT stations on the Downtown Line. It is directly below and serves the ethnic district of Chinatown. The construction of the station was considered an engineering achievement, due to the busy traffic on the roads above and a number of nearby historical buildings that had to be preserved during the construction. The section of track between Telok Ayer and this station is the shortest between any two stations on the MRT network; it takes around 35 to 40 seconds for a train to travel between the stations. The distance between Chinatown and the next station, Clarke Quay, is the shortest distance between two MRT stations in Singapore, a mere 360 metres.
History
This station is said to be the most challenging station to build on the North-East line, due to the large number of buildings above ground, most with reinforced concrete or timber piles and all in marine clay. Another feat was that they had to preserve Garden Bridge, a large overhead bridge on bore piles, while building the station below. The tidal Eu Tong Sen Canal was also diverted into four two-meter diameter steel pipes slung under the temporary traffic decks (two on each side). Part of the New Bridge Road was often closed between 12 January 1998 and 20 October 2001 for the construction of Chinatown MRT Station. This station was named People's Park before it was renamed in 1999. It was originally H3 / C3 before opening.
References
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Boyelles

Boyelles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Jerry Kleczka

Gerald Daniel "Jerry" Kleczka (November 26, 1943 - October 8, 2017), was an American politician. He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1984 to 2005, representing . Before entering politics, he was an accountant.
Kleczka died in Madison, Wisconsin on October 8, 2017 from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 73.
References
Other websites
Honorary Degree: Doctor of Laws Conferred on Jerry Kleczka , Marquette University, 2005.
1943 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Wisconsin
United States representatives from Wisconsin
Accountants
Politicians from Milwaukee
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Atmosphere of Mars

The atmosphere of Mars is the layer of gases surrounding Mars. It is mainly made up of carbon dioxide. The average atmospheric pressure of the Martian surface (6.0 mbar) is much lower than that of the Earth (1,013 mbar). The pressure is well below the Armstrong limit, meaning that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body: 98.6 degF (36.6 degC).
The Martian atmosphere contains 96% carbon dioxide, 1.9% argon, 1.9% nitrogen, and traces of oxygen, carbon monoxide, water and methane, and so on. Ever since the discovery of methane in 2003, scientists say that this might indicate life. It has also been suggested that is may be caused by geochemical processes, volcanic or hydrothermal activity.
The atmosphere of Mars is quite dusty, giving the Martian sky a light brown or orange-red color when seen from the surface. Data from NASA pointed out that the dust particles are 1.5 micrometres diameter.
On 18 March 2015, NASA found an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of Mars.
Liquid water on Mars was once commonplace, which means the atmosphere was thicker. Many studies have found that the atmosphere of Mars has been weakened over time due to solar winds. On Earth, the magnetic field protects us from most of the wind. Mars used to have a magnetic field, but cooling of the core has resulted in the magnetic field being lost.
References
Mars
Atmosphere
Jujube

Ziziphus jujuba, commonly known as the jujube, is a species of Ziziphus. It is in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). It is used mainly as a shade tree which also bears fruit.
References
Plants of Asia
Ziziphus
National symbols of the People's Republic of China
Fireworks display

A fireworks event (also called a fireworks display or fireworks show) is a display of the effects created by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks events are often used during holidays. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places.
History
Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.
Related pages
Firework
Pyrotechnics
References
Other websites
Tips on Fireworks Safety, Dos and donots
How Fireworks work
Fireworks photography tutorial
The Pyrotechnics Guild International, an independent worldwide nonprofit organization of amateur and professional fireworks enthusiasts.
A pyrowiki on pyrotechics
Tarragona International Fireworks Competition, Spain
Pyrotechnics
Costanzo Preve

Costanzo Preve (14 April 1943 - 23 November 2013) was an Italian philosopher and a political theoretician. He was born in Valenza. He is thought to be as one of the most important anti-capitalist European thinkers and a renowned expert in the history of Marxism. He was influenced by Fichte, Hegel, and Marx.
He was an atheist. Preve died in Turin where he lived on 23 November 2013, aged 70.
References
Other websites
C. Preve,The "limitless horizon" of capitalism (Interview by Claudio Gallo)
Eleven Questions for Costanzo Preve from Robert Dannin
(5)The Dream and the Reality: The Spiritual Crisis of Western Marxism (Text by C.Preve from Marxism and Spirituality: An International Anthology)
Texts by Costanzo Preve
Alain de Benoist interviews Costanzo Preve (Elements, n. 115)
Alain de Benoist interviews Costanzo Preve (Elements, n. 116)
Brief synthesis of Preve's thought
1943 births
2013 deaths
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Italian atheists
Italian philosophers
Marxists
Writers from Piedmont
Dia

Dia is open source software that is used to make diagrams. It lets people draw many different types of technical drawings, for example flow charts and circuit diagrams. Technical diagrams are needed when doing work in subjects such as electronics and resistant materials. A flow chart can also be used to show how to plan out how to solve a problem, for example, how to bake a cake.
Other websites
Dia Project Homepage
Free Software Magazine
Addictive Tips
Diagramming software
Free software
Maria Antonia of Spain

Maria Antonia of Spain (Maria Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 - 19 September 1785) was an Infanta of Spain and the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the wife of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia whom she married in 1750. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia. In Italy she is known as Maria Antonietta but sometimes known incorrectly as Maria Ferdinanda. Her name was Maria Antonia Fernanda.
She married the future Victor Amadeus III officially on 31 May 1750. The couple were very happy and had 12 children.
Issue
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (24 May 1751 - 6 October 1819) married Princess Marie Clotilde of France in 1773, no issue.
Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy (16 July 1752 - 17 April 1755) died in infancy.
Maria Giuseppina of Savoy (2 September 1753 - 13 November 1810) married Louis Xavier of France, Count of Provence in 1771, no issue.
Amedeus Alexander of Savoy (5 October 1754 - 29 April 1755) died in infancy.
Maria Teresa of Savoy (31 January 1756 - 2 June 1805) married Charles of France, Count of Artois in 1773, had issue.
Maria Anna of Savoy (17 December 1757 - 11 October 1824) married Prince Benedetto of Savoy, Duke of Chablais in 1775, no issue.
Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (24 July 1759 - 10 January 1824) married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este in 1789, had issue.
Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of Savoy (21 November 1760 - 19 May 1768) died in infancy.
Maurizio of Savoy (13 December 1762 - 1 September 1799) died unmarried of malaria.
Maria Carolina of Savoy (17 January 1764 - 28 December 1782) married Antony, Electoral Prince of Saxony in 1781, no issue.
Charles Felix of Sardinia (6 April 1765 - 27 April 1831) married Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily in 1807, no issue.
Giuseppe of Savoy (5 October 1766 - 29 October 1802) died unmarried of malaria.
Titles and styles
17 November 1729 - 31 May 1750 Her Royal Highness The Infanta Dona Maria Antonia of Spain
31 May 1750 - 20 February 1773 Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Savoy
20 February 1773 - 19 September 1785 Her Majesty The Queen of Sardinia
References
Other websites
1729 births
1785 deaths
People from Seville
Spanish infantes and infantas
Spanish House of Bourbon
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Ohrenbach

Ohrenbach is a municipality in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Ansbach (district)
Tilak Pariyar

Tilak Pariyar (Nepali: tilk priyaar) is a Nepalese politician currently serving as the Governor of Karnali Province. He was appointed Governor, as per the Article 163 (2) of the Constitution of Nepal by the President Bidya Devi Bhandari on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers of the Government of Nepal on 9 November 2021. He previously served as the 2nd Governor of Province No. 2 of Nepal. He is former member of the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly from Banke-1 constituency.
References
Nepalese politicians
Living people
Richard Butson

Colonel Arthur Richard Cecil Butson, GC, OMM, CD and Bar (24 October 1922 - 24 March 2015) was a British-born Canadian explorer and physician.
He then joined the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1946 during World War II. In 1947 was awarded the Albert Medal, then, with the George Cross. Later, all holders of the Albert Medal were ordered to exchange that medal for the George Cross.
Butson died at the age of 92 on 24 March 2015.
References
1922 births
2015 deaths
Canadian physicians
John R. Davis Jr.

John Roger Davis Jr. (born July 25, 1927) is an American politician. From 1988 to 1990, he was the United States Ambassador to Poland during the Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations. Later, from 1992 to 1994, he was the United States Ambassador to Romania during the Bush and Bill Clinton administrations. Davis Jr. was born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin.
References
1927 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States
Politicians from Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Uric acid

Uric acid is a chemical compound that reptiles and birds excrete. It is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides.
High blood concentrations of uric acid in people can lead to gout. The chemical is associated with other medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and the formation of kidney stones (ammonium acid urate).
Related pages
Guano
Notes
Organonitrogen compounds
Cobra (1925 movie)

Cobra is a 1925 American drama movie directed by Joseph Henabery and was based on the 1924 play of the same name by Martin Brown. It stars Rudolph Valentino, Nita Naldi, Casson Ferguson, Gertrude Olmstead, Eileen Percy, Claire De Lorez, Harry Barrows, Lillian Langdon and Hector V. Sarno. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1925 drama movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Movies based on plays
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Joseph Henabery
Grumman X-29

The Grumman X-29 was an experimental United States aircraft. It aimed to test the technology of forward-swept wing and other technologies. It first flew in 1984. Tests were stopped in 1991. It was a single-turbojet aircraft. It was used by NASA.
NASA
X-29
Soybean

The soybean (or soya bean) is a plant with fruit called beans, from Eastern Asia. The height of a grown soybean is between less than 20 centimetres and up to 2 metres. One soybean lives for only one year.
Uses
Soybeans can be eaten or used to make oil, sauce, milk, flour, tofu and other foods. These soy foods have much protein, and many vegetarians like that.
Soybean oil has a component of oleic acid that can be used to make an insect repellent.
Also fuel can be made from soybeans.
Soybeans can also be fermented to make natto.
History
In 1997, 81% of all soybeans were of genetically modified stock. This means that genes were changed directly.
In China, going back the ancient Chou dynasty soy beans were considered to be one of the five sacred foods.
Related pages
Soy milk
Soy sauce
Soybean oil
Vegetarian
Vegan
Beans
The Need for Speed

The Need for Speed is a racing video game made by Electronic Arts. It is the 1st game in the Need for Speed series. It was released on the 3DO, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.
1994 video games
Need for Speed games
PlayStation games
Sports video games
Sega Saturn games
Amy Stiller

Amy Belle Sawyer Stiller (born August 9, 1961) is an American actress, stand-up comedian and Bikram Yoga instructor.
Early life
She was born in New York, New York. She is the daughter of the Jewish-American comedians Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara, and the older sister of actor Ben Stiller. She graduated from the United Nations International School, in New York City, in 1979.
References
Other websites
1961 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Comedians from New York City
Maluma

Juan Luis Londono Arias (born 28 January 1994), known professionally as Maluma, is a Colombian singer. His best known singles are "Felices los 4", "Borro Cassette", and "Corazon". His single, "Chantaje", was a collaboration with Shakira and "Medellin" was with Madonna.
Maluma has won a Latin Grammy Award, an MTV Video Music Award, two Latin American Music Awards, and been nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album.
References
1994 births
Living people
Colombian singer-songwriters
Writers from Medellin
Singers from Medellin
Naima El Bezaz

Naima El Bezaz (3 March 1974 - 7 August 2020) was a Dutch writer of Moroccan origin. She also gave lectures and wrote stories, essays and columns.
In September 2006, her third and most controversial book appeared, De verstotene, which talked about controversial content and criticism of religious dogmatism.
Bezaz died on 7 August 2020 after killing herself in Alphen aan den Rijn, aged 46.
Works
De weg naar het noorden (1995)
Minnares van de duivel (1999)
De verstotene (2006)
Het gelukssyndroom (2008)
Vinexvrouwen (2010)
Meer Vinexvrouwen (2012)
In dienst van de duivel (2013)
References
1974 births
2020 deaths
Dutch children's writers
Dutch columnists
Dutch essayists
Dutch novelists
Former Muslims
Moroccan writers
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
Writers who committed suicide
Greek fire

Invented by Byzantines, Greek fire was a fearsome weapon. It had the ability to keep burning while on water. As such, it was often used in naval battles. The creation of it was a closely guarded secret and has now been lost. It was very similar to modern napalm, though it was weaker. Byzantine ships attached it to their fronts as a medival sort of flamethrower. After several accidents of the fire burning its own ship, it was no longer used.
The term "Greek fire" is normally used in English. However, most other languages use other terms such as "sea fire" (Greek: pur thalassion), "Roman fire" (pur Romaikon), "war fire" (polemikon pur), "liquid fire" (ugron pur), or "processed fire" (pur skeuaston).
Incendiary weapons
Dollhouse (TV series)

Dollhouse was an hour-long American television series. The series is written by producer Joss Whedon and stars Eliza Dushku. Whedon and Dushku both worked together on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its darker spin-off Angel. Tim Minear, who also worked with Buffy and Angel is also involved. The series is made by 20th Century Fox Television. Twelve episodes of Dollhouse aired on FOX. Two more episodes that were not shown on television will be on the DVD collection of episodes.
The Story
In Dollhouse, Eliza Dushku plays a young woman named Echo. She is one of a group of men and women who can have "personality packages" put into their minds. These packages can include many things, for example, memory, skills, language and muscle memory. These people live in a futuristic dormitory/laboratory named the "Dollhouse". They are given special personas as part of the personality packages. These are used to do many different types of assignments. For example, the jobs could be romantic, adventurous, strange, or illegal. After the assignment, the information is removed from their minds and they are left in a child-like state with no memories. The series follows Echo as she begins to remember things even though her mind is constantly being erased and new memories implanted into it.
References
Other websites
Hollywood Reporter article
Dollhouse TV Forum! - For Fans
The Dollverse - fan site
Dollverse.net - an English/German fan site
Joss Whedon's Dollhouse - an American fan/news site about "The Dollhouse" and the wider Whedonverse.
American drama television series
American science fiction television series
Whedonverse
Fox television series
Television series created by Joss Whedon
English-language television programs
Gamlingay

Gamlingay is a village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 3,535 people living in Gamlingay.
References
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Villages in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire
Hamilton College

Hamilton College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in Clinton, New York. In 2007, U.S. News & World Report ranked Hamilton the 17th best liberal arts college in the United States.
The college is known for its emphasis on writing and speaking. The school was founded in 1793, chartered as Hamilton College in 1812, and has been coeducational since 1978, when it merged with Kirkland College.
The Sacerdote Great Names Series at Hamilton
Starting in 1996 the Sacerdote Great Names Series has brought some of the most sought after speakers to campus for presentations. While most of these have been in the form of speeches, they have also included concerts by B. B. King and Aretha Franklin.
To date the speakers that have been part of this series are:
Jon Stewart, November 14, 2008 (announced)
Aretha Franklin, April 5, 2008
Al Gore, April 26, 2007
Tom Brokaw, April 27, 2006
Bill Clinton, November 9, 2004
Bill Cosby, October 15, 2003
Rudolph Giuliani, September 24, 2002
Madeleine Albright, March 6, 2002
Jimmy Carter, April 30, 2001
Desmond Tutu, April 11, 2000
Lady Margaret Thatcher, December 9, 1999
B.B. King, October 20, 1998
F.W. de Klerk, April 8, 1998
Elie Wiesel, April 3, 1997
James Carville, and Mary Matalin October 15, 1996
Colin Powell, April 1, 1996
Facts and Figures about the College Community
Other websites
Official website
Hamilton College Wiki
America's Best Colleges 2008, Hamilton College At A Glance
Graduates for a Greener Hamilton
Hamilton College Alumni for Governance Reform
References
1793 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in New York (state)
Colleges and universities in New York (state)
Cursolo-Orasso

Cursolo-Orasso was a comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region of Piedmont. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Cavaglio-Spoccia, Cursolo-Orasso and Falmenta merged to form the new municipality of Valle Cannobina.
Former municipalities of Piedmont
Ed Garvey

Edward R. "Ed" Garvey (April 18, 1940 - February 22, 2017) was an American lawyer, politician and progressive activist.
Early life
Garvey was born in Burlington, Wisconsin. He studied at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Legal career
Garvey worked for the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA), the labor organization representing the professional American football players in the National Football League (NFL). In 1970 Garvey was assigned to counsel union president John Mackey regarding negotiations on a new four year contract with the league's owners.
Garvey was later offered the position of executive director in the now-certified NFLPA in 1971.
Garvey served as its executive director until 1983, through two strikes (in 1974 and 1982) and invoking antitrust legislation in his many court battles with the league.
Garvey directed the NFLPA though a series of court battles that led, in 1975, to the ruling in Mackey v. NFL that antitrust laws applied to the NFL's restrictions on player movement.
In 1976, armed with leverage regarding player movement from team to team, Garvey and the union won major concessions from the owners. Garvey's negotiations with the league exchanged the players' threat of pursuing a system of unfettered free agency for an improved package of player benefits.
Failed political career
In 1986, Garvey ran for the U.S. Senate from Wisconsin, losing to Republican incumbent Bob Kasten by a small margin In an unsuccessful bid for Wisconsin governor in 1998 against three-term incumbent Tommy G. Thompson, Garvey sought to highlight campaign finance reform and limited contributions to his campaign to a fixed amount per donor. Thompson won by a wide margin.
Death
Garvey died on February 22, 2017 at his lake home in Verona, Wisconsin, aged 76.
References
1490 births
2017 deaths
Lawyers from Wisconsin
American labor leaders
American activists
American progressives
Politicians from Wisconsin
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
University of Wisconsin-Madison alumni
Abbyville, Kansas

Abbyville is a city in Reno County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 87 people lived there.
History
Abbyville was a station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The town was named after Abby McLean, the first baby born there.
The first post office in Abbyville was created in 1886. It was moved from Salt Creek.
Geography
Abbyville is at (37.970619, -98.203764). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.
Weather
Abbyville has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Koppen Climate Classification system, Abbyville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
People
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 87 people, 42 households, and 29 families living in Abbyville.
References
Other websites
City
Abbyville - Directory of Public Officials
Business
Abbyville CO-OP
Schools
USD 310, local school district
Maps
Abbyville City Map, KDOT
Cities in Reno County, Kansas
Cities in Kansas
Lil Keed

Raqhid Jevon Render (March 16, 1998 - May 13, 2022), known professionally as Lil Keed, was an American rapper. He was signed to Young Thug's record label YSL Records. His song "Nameless" reached number 42 on the Billboard Hip Hop/R&B Songs Airplay chart.
Render died on May 13, 2022 at the age of 24.
References
Other websites
Lil Keed at AllMusic
Lil Keed discography at Discogs
1998 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American rappers
American songwriters
Rappers from Atlanta
Writers from Atlanta
Trap musicians
Manuel Gallardo

Manuel Gallardo Lechet (3 May 1935 - 21 August 2020) was a Spanish actor. He was born in Cardena, Spain. His career began in 1961. His best known roles were as Juan in A Land for All (1962), Halaf in 100 Horsemen (1964) and as Fred in Saturday, Sunday and Friday (1979).
Gallardo died on 21 August 2020 in Madrid, aged 85.
References
Other websites
1935 births
2020 deaths
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
Spanish voice actors
Spanish stage actors
Longueval-Barbonval

Longueval-Barbonval is a former commune. It is found in the region Hauts-de-France in the Aisne department in the north of France.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Les Septvallons.
References
Former communes in Aisne