pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Knox County, Ohio

Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 62,721 people lived there. The county seat is Mount Vernon.
References
1808 establishments in Ohio
Ohio counties
Broghil Valley National Park

Broghil Valley () is a valley and national park located in the upper northern reaches Chitral District, of Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is located close to the Afghan-Pakistan border.
Related pages
Chitral District
Chitral National Park
National parks in Pakistan
Self-awareness

In philosophy of self, self-awareness is the experience of one's own personality or individuality However don't be confused with Consciousness in the sense of Qualia. while consciousness is being aware of one's environment and body and lifestyle, self-awareness is the recognition of that awareness. However Self-awareness is how an individual consciously knows and understands their own character, feelings, motives, and desires.
References
Other Websites
Consciousness
History of ideas
1451

Events
February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II.
April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II.
June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture Bordeaux
August 20 - The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne
Foundation of the University of Glasgow
Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
Roger van der Weyden paints his Last Judgement
Lodi dynasty succeeded the Sayyid dynasty in India
Births
April 22 - Isabella of Castile
Lastours

Lastours is a commune of 159 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Communes in Aude
Mark Gil

Raphael Mark John De Mesa Eigenmann (25 September 1961 - 1 September 2014), better known by his stage name Mark Gil, was a Filipino actor. He appeared in the movie Batch '81 (1982). He also appeared in the ABS-CBN drama television series The Legal Wife, starring Angel Locsin. The series aired between January and June 2014.
Gil was born in Manila. His mother, actress Rosemarie Gil, was of Filipino and Spanish ancestry. His father, actor and singer Eddie Mesa, was of Swiss and German ancestry. He was married four times and had five children.
Gil died from liver cirrhosis on 1 September 2014 in Manila. He was 52.
References
Other websites
1961 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in the Philippines
Deaths from cirrhosis
Actors from Manila
Alice Braga

Alice Braga (April 15, 1983) is a Brazilian actress who has appeared in American and Brazilian movies. She played Beth in Repo Men. She also played Anna Montez in I am Legend. She was born in Sao Paulo, Brazil. She is the niece of the Brazilian actress Sonia Braga.
References
Actors from Sao Paulo
Brazilian movie actors
1983 births
Living people
Dabbs Greer

Robert William "Dabbs" Greer (April 2, 1917 - April 28, 2007) was an American movie, television, and stage actor. He was known for his role as Old Paul Edgecomb in the 1999 movie The Green Mile. He has also acted in Broadway plays. Greer was born on April 2, 1917 in Fairview, Missouri. He never married and had no children. He died on April 28, 2007 in Pasadena, California from renal failure and heart disease. He was 90 years old when he died.
References
Other websites
1917 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American television personalities
American radio personalities
Actors from Missouri
The Wings of Eagles

The Wings of Eagles is a 1957 American drama movie directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne, Dan Dailey, Maureen O'Hara, Ward Bond, Ken Curtis, Edmund Lowe, Kenneth Tobey, Henry O'Neill. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Other websites
1957 drama movies
American drama movies
MGM movies
Movies directed by John Ford
Ogooué-Maritime Province

Ogooue-Maritime is a province in Gabon. The provincial capital is Port-Gentil.
Departments
There are 3 departments:
Bendje Department (Port-Gentil)
Etimboue Department (Omboue)
Ndougou Department (Gamba)
References
Provinces of Gabon
Suppressive fire

In the military, suppressive fire (also called "covering fire") is shooting that hinders an enemy force so they cannot fulfill their mission (what they were trying to do). This hindrance usually only works for as long as the machine gun or artillery gun is being shot.
Military terminology
University of Würzburg

The University of Wurzburg is a university in Wurzburg, Germany, which first started in 1402. The university is a member of the Coimbra Group.
Name
The University's official name is Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg (Julius Maximilian University Wurzburg) but it is commonly called the University of Wurzburg. This name is taken from two people; Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, Prince-Bishop of Wurzburg, who restarted the University 426 years ago, and Prince Elector Maximilian Joseph, the prince under whom it became public, not religious, at the start of the 19th century. The University's central administration, foreign student office, and several research institutes are located within the old town. The new liberal arts campus, with its modern library, overlooks the city from the east. The University today has about 21,000 students, of which more than 1,000 come from other countries. Among its students and teachers, the University includes 13 Nobel Prize winners.
Other websites
University of Wurzburg
Wurzburg
Wurzburg
Max Perutz

Max Ferdinand Perutz FRS OM CBE (19 May 1914 - 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist.
He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and globular proteins. The method used was mainly X-ray crystallography.
He went on to win the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1971 and the Copley Medal in 1979. At Cambridge he founded and chaired (1962-79) The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, fourteen of whose scientists have won Nobel Prizes. Perutz's contributions to molecular biology in Cambridge are documented in The History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4 (1870 to 1990) published by the Cambridge University Press in 1992.
Perutz was born in Vienna, Austria. His family was Jewish. He had worked in Cambridge (Peterhouse College) since 1936, and moved to Britain permanently after the Anschluss, the Nazi takeover of Austria. He did his war work in Canada, and returned to Cambridge after the war. Max did some of his most important work after winning the Nobel award, and is still held in the highest esteem.
Books by Perutz
1989. Is science necessary? Essays on science and scientists. London. Barrie and Jenkins.
1997. Science is not a quiet life : unravelling the atomic mechanism of haemoglobin. Singapore. World Scientific.
2002. I wish I'd made you angry earlier: essays on science, scientists and humanity. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
References
1914 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from Merkel-cell carcinoma
Austrian Jews
Austrian scientists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
British molecular biologists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
Syrian Army

The Syrian Army, officially the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) (), is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.
Establishment
It started from local military forces created by France after World War I. These forces became one force in 1945, the year before Syria became independent.
Politics
Since 1946, it has played a major role in Syria's politics. They did six military coups: two in 1949, including the March 1949 Syrian coup d'etat and the August 1949 coup by Colonel Sami al-Hinnawi, and one each in 1954, 1963, 1966, and 1970.
Wars
It has fought four wars with Israel (1948, the Six-Day War in 1967, the October War of 1973, and 1982 in Lebanon) and one with Jordan (Black September in Jordan, 1970). An armored division was also sent to Saudi Arabia in 1990-91 during the Persian Gulf War, but it did not do much. From 1976 to 2005 it was the major pillar of the Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Within Syria, it played a major part in stopping the 1979-82 Islamist uprising in Syria. Since early 2011 has been fighting the Syrian Civil War.
References
Armies
Organizations based in Syria
Tony Pidgley

Anthony William Pidgley CBE (6 August 1947 - 26 June 2020) was an English businessman. He was the founder and chairman of Berkeley Group Holdings, one of the UK's largest housebuilding businesses. According to The Sunday Times Rich List in 2019, Pidgley was worth PS335 million. He was born in Surrey, England.
Pidgley died on 26 June 2020, aged 72.
References
1947 births
2020 deaths
English businesspeople
People from Surrey
Eloquent silence (Rotta)

Eloquent silence (also known as Silenzio eloquente) is a 19th-century painted in oil on panel made by Antonio Rotta, in 1850, in Venice, Italy. The artwork measures centimeters 26 x 36, exhibited at the Museum Palazzo Forti modern art gallery in Verona in Italy (named GAM Verona).
Description
The art work describes the typical Venetian environnement noble du XVIIIeme siecle la scene se deroule dans une salle avec un noble venitien assis sur une chaise a trois pieds pendant que la dame lit sa correspondance.
Antonio Rotta, who often portrays socially humble conditions, is a painter typically present in the homes of the high nobility of Italy and Europe. Rotta's works depicting intimate scenes in interiors that describe the daily life of the nobility are therefore the most precious.
Related pages
Genre painting
The Hopeless Case (Rotta)
The little girl found in Venice (Rotta)
References
Other websites
Antonio rotta, Silenzio Eloquente, Galleria d'Arte Moderna Palazzo Forti, Verona, Catalogue general du Ministere du patrimoine culturel du gouvernement italien
Opera d'arte Silenzio eloquente di Rotta Antonio (1828/ 1903), a Verona, Ministere du patrimoine culturel du gouvernement italien
Paintings by Antonio Rotta
1850s paintings
Mrinalini Sarabhai

Mrinalini Sarabhai (; 11 May 1918 - 21 January 2016) was an Indian classical dancer, choreographer and instructor. She was the founder of the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts in the city of Ahmedabad. She received many awards and citations in recognitions of her work to art. She trained over 18,000 students in Bharatnatyam and Kathakali. She was born in Kerala, India. She was married to renowned physicist Vikram Sarabhai.
Sarabhai was hospitalized in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India for pneumonia on 20 January 2016. She died the next day of respiratory failure at the age of 97.
References
Other websites
Biography of Mrinalini Sarabhai at the website of Darpana Academy
Biography at mkgandhi.org
Mrinalini Sarabhai's Blog
Download Mrinalini Sarabhai's autobiography from her blog
1918 births
2016 deaths
Indian choreographers
Indian dancers
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in India
People from Kerala
Malayali people
Cibitoke Province

Cibitoke Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. The capital city is also named Cibitoke.
Communes
It is divided into the following communes:
Commune of Buganda
Commune of Bukinanyana
Commune of Mabayi
Commune of Mugina
Commune of Murwi
Commune of Rugombo
References
Provinces of Burundi
Johanniskirchen

Johanniskirchen is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Rottal-Inn
John Heinz

Henry John Heinz III (October 23, 1938 - April 4, 1991) was an American politician from Pennsylvania and the great-grandson of the founder of H. J. Heinz Company. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1977 and was a US senator from 1977 to 1991. He was killed in a plane crash in 1991.
Heinz married Teresa Simoes-Ferreira on February 5, 1966 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The couple had three sons together: H. John Heinz IV, Andre, and Christopher.
A number of places are named after Heinz, including:
Senator H. John Heinz III Archives at the Carnegie Mellon University Libraries
H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management
H. John Heinz III Center For Science, Economics and The Environment
H. John Heinz III Center For the Performing Arts (Heinz Hall), home of the Pittsburgh Symphony
Senator John Heinz History Center
1938 births
1991 deaths
Aviation deaths in the United States
Politicians from Pittsburgh
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
United States senators from Pennsylvania
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Quiet room

A room that is quiet. A silent room. An enclosed space with no sounds.
This may be used for people that feel: overstimulated, anxious, stressed, etc.
It could be an effective way for a person experiencing the previously mentioned to relax and feel better.
A quiet room may be most effective if it contains things that are of comfort or liking to the user of the said 'quiet room'.
They can spend certain time in the said room doing things that the person considers calming activities.
If you're ever stressed, consider trying the quiet room method to see if it's of any help to you.
Rooms
COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in La Gomera, Canary Islands. By 13 March, cases had been confirmed in all 50 provinces of the country.
A state of alarm and national lockdown was made on 14 March. On 29 March it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were to stay home for the next 14 days. By late March, the Community of Madrid had recorded the most cases and deaths in the country.
On 25 March the death toll in Spain passed that of mainland China, and only Italy's was higher.
On 2April, 950 people died of the virus in a 24-hour period--at the time, the most by any country in a single day. The next day Spain passed Italy in total cases and was then second only to the United States.
References
2020s in Spain
Spain
Varanidae

Varanidae is the family of monitor lizards. The family is a group of carnivorous lizards. It includes the largest living lizard, the Komodo dragon, and the crocodile monitor. Varanidae contains the living genus Varanus and some extinct groups. Their closest living relatives are the anguid and helodermatid lizards.
References
Monitor lizards
Period (punctuation)

A period (US) or full stop (UK) is a punctuation mark (.) at the end of a sentence. It shows that the sentence has finished. To be a sentence it must have at least one complete clause, with a verb and a subject.
When it is used in numbers, it is called a decimal point. It shows that the numbers to the right of it are less than one, as in 1.234. When it is used to write money in numbers, it shows that the numbers to the right of it are less than one pound/dollar/euro. For example:
"Elizabeth bought a soda for $1.28 cents."
means that Elizabeth paid one dollar and twenty-eight cents for her drink.
A point may be used after a word has been shortened: Pty. Ltd. The words doctor, mister, and mistress are often made shorter when used with a name. "Dr. Smith" is the name of a doctor whose last name is Smith, and "Mr." Banerjee is short for Mister Banerjee. "Mrs" means a wife, "Miss" is an unmarried female. "Ms" can be used for either. A point is also used after a first or middle initial, but does not follow the last name, for example, "J. Citizen".
When three periods are used together (...), they are called an ellipsis.
Related pages
Punctuation
References
Typography
Punctuation
Mathematical notation
Plateau State

Plateau is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Jos.
States of Nigeria
Torcuato Benjumeda

Torcuato Jose Benjumeda y Laguada (El Puerto de Santa Maria, 1757 -- Cadiz, 1836) was a Spanish architect. He was a follower of Torcuato Cayon. He was one of the most important neoclassical architects of Andalucia.
Biography
Torcuato Jose Benjumeda y Laguada was born in El Puerto de Santa Maria on 4 January 1757. He was the son of Miguel Benjumeda and Maria Laguada. His parents were married in the Iglesia Prioral de El Puerto de Santa Maria in 1756. His father was born in Malaga. His father was the son of Francisco de Benjumea and of Ana Francisca de Galves. His mother was from Saint Pedayna in Genova. She was the daughter of Cayetano Laguada and of Rosa Bertorela. Torcuato was baptized on 9 January in the Prioral. This was because his godfather was the architect Torcuato Cayon.
Benjumeda y Laguada married with Candida Martinez de Pinillos in the church of San Juan Bautista of Chiclana on 15 August 1789. The couple ad five children. After getting married, they moved the marriage to Cadiz. Their house was number 198 of the plazuela de la Cruz Green. Benjumeda y Laguada was appointed architect of the City council. He died in Cadiz on 15 April 1836 when he was 79 years old.
A portrait of Benjumeda y Laguada is in the Museo de Cadiz. It was painted by Juan Rodriguez in 1813. It is titled "El panadero", which means "the baker". His son donated it to the museum in 1861.
Bibliography
Teodoro Falcon Marquez: Torcuato Benjumeda and the Architecture Neoclasica in Cadiz. Cadiz. 1974.
Juan Jimenez Kills / Bad July of Molina: Guide of Architecture of Cadiz. Edited by the Council of Public Works and Transports, General Direction of Architecture and House, and Official School of Architects of Western Andalucia, Demarcation of Cadiz.1995.
1836 deaths
1757 births
Spanish architects
People from Cadiz
Terry County, Texas

Terry County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 11,831 people lived there. The county seat is Brownfield.
References
Texas counties
Boddam, Aberdeenshire

Boddam is a coastal village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is north of Aberdeen and south of Peterhead. Sea cliffs rise to , south of the village: a coastal path leads along these to the Bullers of Buchan.
The adjoining settlement, on the Aberdeen to Peterhead road, was for many years known simply as Stirling: in 2004, it was renamed Stirling Village, to avoid confusion with the newly granted city of Stirling.
References
Other websites
- Boddam Community Website
- Buchan Ness Lighthouse (Northern Lighthouse Board website)
- Official Tourist Web Site
- Peterhead Area Business Directory
Towns in Aberdeenshire
Lung

The lung is an organ in many vertebrates (animals having a spine, or backbone). It takes blood oxygen from the air, and expels carbon dioxide. Most vertebrates with lungs have two of them.
In animals, the lungs are the area where gas exchange takes place. Without gas exchange, oxygen would not pass into the blood from the lungs so the body cells would not be able to receive the oxygen needed for respiration.
The alveoli are moist to allow oxygen to move from the lung through the alveoli into blood vessels and red blood cells. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli. The oxygen-filled blood goes back to the heart and the carbon dioxide in the alveoli is pushed out of the lungs and into the air we breathe out.
Bird lung
Birds lungs are smaller than mammal lungs, and do not have alveoli, instead they have millions of para-bronchi. These para-bronchi end up in tiny capillaries or very small blood vessels and they pass close to the body's blood vessels, so diffusion can occur and the oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged. The oxygen and carbon dioxide in birds lungs are continuously diffused into and out of the blood, not like in mammals where diffusion can only happen in the alveoli. Air does not go into and back out of the lungs as in mammals. Instead, muscular air sacs push the air forward through bird lungs.
Reptile lung
Reptile lungs open and close because of the ribs surrounding them pressing down on them and then opening up with the help of muscles. The liver is also attached to the bottom of the lungs and when a muscle which is attached to the liver pulls, the liver moves away from the lungs and pulls them, making them bigger.
Amphibian lung
Frog lungs are very simple compared to most other lungs, they are simply balloons, with moist outsides allowing for diffusion. But frogs do not move around much and so do not need lots of oxygen, but they can also take in oxygen through their moist outer skin if a big demand of oxygen is needed (e.g. Fight or flight response)
Other websites
A revision site directed towards IGSCE students
A to Z list of diseases of the Lung
List of Lung Cancer information sites
In depth articles on the lung
In depth article on the anatomy of a lung
Anatomy of the respiratory system
Reynolds Building

The Reynolds Building is a 21-floor apartment building in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It was originally built in 1929 as an office building for the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. The much larger Empire State Building in New York City is based on the design of the Reynolds Building.
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Art Deco buildings
Hey Ya!

"Hey Ya!" is a song by Outkast. Outkast is an American hip-hop music group. Andre 3000 wrote the song. He is one of the members of Outkast. "Hey Ya!" was released as a single on August 25, 2003. It is a song on the group's fifth album, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below. The song was number one on music charts in many countries. Many people think "Hey Ya!" is one of the best songs from the 2000s.
Releases
"Hey Ya!" was released as a single in many different ways. It was released as a vinyl single, maxi single, and CD single.
American 7-inch vinyl single
"Hey Ya!" (radio edit)
"Hey Ya!" (instrumental)
Australian CD maxi single
"Hey Ya!" (radio edit)
"Ghetto Musick" (radio edit)
"Ghetto Musick" (Benny Benassi remix)
"Hey Ya!" (Enhanced CD video)
European CD single
"Hey Ya!" (radio edit)
"Ghetto Musick" (radio edit)
German CD maxi single
"Hey Ya!" (radio edit)
"Ghetto Musick" (radio edit)
"Ghetto Musick" (Benny Benassi remix)
"Hey Ya!" (Enhanced CD video)
UK 12-inch vinyl single
"Hey Ya!" (radio edit)
"Ghetto Musick"
"My Favourite Things"
UK CD maxi single
"Hey Ya!"
"Ghetto Musick" (radio edit)
"My Favourite Things"
"Hey Ya!" (Enhanced CD video)
References
2003 songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Outkast songs
Wuthering Heights (1939 movie)

Wuthering Heights is a 1939 American romantic period movie directed by William Wyler and is the second adaption of the 1847 novel of the same name by Emily Bronte. It stars Laurence Olivier, Merle Oberon, David Niven, Flora Robinson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Hugh Williams, Donald Crisp, Leo G. Caroll and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 8 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1940.
References
Other websites
1939 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by William Wyler
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies set in England
Baudouin I of Belgium

Baudouin I ( or ; 7 September 1930 - 31 July 1993) was the King of the Belgians from 1951 to 1993.
The king was the oldest son of King Leopold III (1901-1983) and his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden (1905-1935).
On 15 December 1960, Baudouin was married in Brussels to Dona Fabiola de Mora y Aragon. The King and Queen had no children. All of the Queen's five pregnancies ended in miscarriage. Badouin died of heart failure. Having had no children, the crown passed on to his brother, Albert II of Belgium, following his death.
During Baudouin's reign the colony of Belgian Congo became independent.
Titles and styles
7 September 1930 - 17 February 1934: His Royal Highness The Count of Hainaut
17 February 1934 - 10 August 1950: His Royal Highness The Duke of Brabant
10 August 1950 - 17 July 1951: His Royal Highness The Prince Royal, Duke of Brabant
17 July 1951 - 31 July 1993: His Majesty The King of the Belgians
References
1930 births
1993 deaths
Belgian Roman Catholics
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in Andalusia
Kings and Queens of Belgium
Knights of the Golden Fleece
People from Brussels
Orbital plane (astronomy)

An orbital plane is the geometric plane of an orbit. It is described by its difference from a reference plane.
The reference plane for the Solar System is usually the Earth's orbital plane. This defines the ecliptic, the path on the celestial sphere that the Sun appears to follow over a year.
For example, suppose a planet is orbiting around a star in an elliptical orbit. The area within the path is the 'orbital plane' of that planet. The plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is called the ecliptic plane.
Sometimes the invariable plane is used instead.
Orbits
Xbox Live

Xbox Live (trademarked as Xbox LIVE) is the online gaming service created by Microsoft for the Xbox, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. It costs about $50 USD per year (in America) and has over 31 million subscribers as of 2013. There are two versions of Xbox Live; Gold and Free. Free allows an online 'friends list' and downloads, but does not allow users to play games against other people online. Gold is the same as Free, but with the addition of online gaming and cost $50/PS40 a year. Subscribers can pay with a credit card or by special cards which are bought in shops and enter the codes online.
Microsoft Points
Microsoft Points or MS points was the previous currency of Xbox Live. In 2013 they changed it to actual currency such as Dollars or Euros. On Xbox Live you can buy many things ranging from movies to games to DLC. You can buy full games on Xbox 360 and Xbox One or Xbox Live Arcade games.
References
Other websites
The Unofficial Guide To Live, The most popular independent Xbox Live support website for all things Xbox Live (NAT, IP Address Failed, Wireless...)
Xbox
Logic error

In Computer programming a logic error is a bug in a program, which causes it to work incorrectly. A logic error produces unintended behaviour or output. In many cases, the syntax of the program is correct. This means that the environment used to make the program will not show an error. This makes logic errors difficult to find.
Examples
This example function in C to calculate the average of two numbers contains a logic error. It is missing brackets in the calculation, so it compiles and runs but does not give the right answer.
int average(int a, int b)
{
return a + b / 2; /* should be (a + b) / 2 */
}
Computer programming
Hershey–Chase experiment

The Hershey-Chase experiments were a series of experiments started in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase.
These experiments were to confirm that DNA was the genetic material in living things, which had previously been discovered by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher in his experiments on white blood cells, or leukocytes, between 1868 and 69. Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses."
Method
Hershey and Chase used T2 phage, a bacteriophage. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to it and injecting its genetic material into it.
They labeled the phage DNA with radioactive Phosphorus-32. They then followed the phages while they infected E. coli. They found that the radioactive element left on the phage's DNA was only in the bacterium, and not in the phage, meaning that the DNA had entered the bacterium.
In a second experiment, Hershey and Chase put labels on the phage protein with radioactive Sulfur-35. After the phage was attached to the bacterium, the radioactive element was found in the phage, but not in the bacterium. This means that the phage's proteins stayed on the outside of the bacterium. These results showed Hershey and Chase that the genetic material that infects the bacteria is DNA.
References
Hershey A.D. and Chase M. (1952) Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. J Gen Physiol. 36:39-56.
Genetics experiments
Bacteria
Viruses
1952
Process (computing)

In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being sequentially executed by a computer system that has the ability to run several computer programs concurrently.
A computer program itself is just a passive collection of instructions, while a process is the actual execution of those instructions.
Several processes may be associated with the same program; for example, opening up several windows of the same program often means more than one process is being executed. In the computing world, processes are formally defined by the operating systems (OS) running them and so may differ in detail from one OS to another; for example in Microsoft Windows environment each instance of the same application is called a task.
Related pages
Thread (computer science)
Task (computers)
Multitasking
References
Gary D. Knott (1974) A proposal for certain process management and intercommunication primitives ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. Volume 8, Issue 4 (October 1974). pp. 7 - 44
Other websites
What Is Process - Computer Process Information Database
Computer science
Thayngen

Thayngen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Altdorf, Bibern, Hofen, Opfertshofen merged into Thayngen.
References
Other websites
Official website of Thayngen
Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Sir Breunor

Bruenor the Black, also called the Knight of the Ill-fitting Coat, was one of the Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian legend. He was the son of Sir Brunor, the "Good Knight without Fear". His brothers were Sir Dinadan and Sir Daniel. Both were killed by Sir Lancelot. Their father had been murdered and Brunor swore to wear his father's ill-fitting coat until the murder was avenged. Sir Breunor was the lord of Pendragon Castle. He was married to Maladisant.
References
Arthurian legend
Fictional knights
Tony Ford (judge)

Anthony David Ford (1942 - 31 January 2020) was a New Zealand lawyer and jurist. He was a judge of the Employment Court of New Zealand and Chief Justice of the Kingdom of Tonga from 2006 to 2010. He was born in Hokitika on the West Coast of the South Island.
He died on 31 January 2020.
References
1942 births
2020 deaths
New Zealand judges
New Zealand lawyers
New Zealand politicians
Dave Keuning

David Brent Keuning (born March 28, 1976) is an American guitarist and songwriter, best known for his role as the lead guitarist of the rock band The Killers, which he founded alongside Brandon Flowers in 2001 and with whom he has recorded six studio albums.
Equipment
Guitars
Gibson ES-335
Fender Starcaster
Ibanez Destroyer
Gibson Flying V
Gibson Les Paul Custom
Fender Stratocaster
Gibson J45
Ibanez AE Classical Guitar
Gibson Explorer
Fender Jazz Bass
Sound Equipment
Furman AR15 Voltage Regulator
Axess Electronics FX1+ expansion board, midi foot controllers w/ Axess CFX4 control function switchers and custom made Axess Electronics Deville footswitch interfaces
Lectrosonics Wireless Units
Zaolla Artist and Zaolla Silverline series cables as cables and cable snakes
(2) duplicate FX racks are wired up w/Mogami Cable
Pedals, in Voodoo Lab GCX Audio Switcher Loops: Keeley Mod Ibanez TS9 (phat mod and baked mod)(x2), Boss DD6 Digital Delay, MXR Phase 100 (x2), Electro Harmonix Keeley Mod Big Muff Pi, Ibanez AD99 Keeley Mod Delay, Ibanez AC99 Keeley Mod Chorus, Digitech Whammy, TRex RoommSpate Reverb, and Buff Puff Boost. And for the acoustic: Fishman Aura Classical Pedal, Fishman Aura Dreadnought Pedal
Picks: Dunlop Nylon - 0.60mm, 0.73mm, 1.00mm
Amplifiers
Fender Deville 2x12" (x2)
Hiwatt DG103 Head and Hiwatt 4x12" Speaker Cabinet
NOTE: Hiwatt currently are one of Keuning's sponsors.
Discography
As Keuning
Prismism (2019)
Other appearances
"Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" - Brandon Flowers (2010)
"Wander" - We Are Hyena (2012)
"This Is A Joke" (2014) - Bombay Heavy
"Clouds Pretend" - The Hunt (2014)
"Heavy Hand," "Goodbye Cambridge" - Blackout Balter (2016)
References
Other websites
The Killers Official site, from Island Records
Dave Keuning's Official site
Dave Keuning's Official Facebook page
Dave Keuning's Official Twitter
Dave Keuning's Official Instagram
Dave Keuning's Official YouTube Channel
Dave Keuning's Music Download
1976 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
Musicians from Iowa
American bass guitarists
Aldo Moser

Aldo Moser (7 February 1934 - 2 December 2020) was an Italian cyclist. Moser rode in 16 editions of the Giro d'Italia and 4 of the Vuelta a Espana, totaling in 20 Grand Tours. He was the older brother of Francesco Moser, Enzo Moser and Diego Moser. He was born in Giovo, Italy.
Moser died on 2 December 2020 in Trento, Italy from COVID-19 at the age of 86.
References
1934 births
2020 deaths
Italian cyclists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Chordoma

Chordoma is a slow growing, very rare kind of cancerous tumor.
Cancer
Carmen Alardín

Carmen Alardin (July 5, 1933 - May 10, 2014) was a Mexican poet. She was known for her poems such as La violencia del otono (The Violence of Fall) and No pude detener los elefantes (You Can't Detain Elephants). Alardin specialized in German literature.
Alardin was born in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. She studied at National Autonomous University of Mexico. Alardin died in Mexico City, Mexico, aged 80. She is survived by her husband and her two children.
References
1933 births
2014 deaths
Mexican poets
Gennevilliers

Gennevilliers is a town in France near Paris. It is in the region Ile-de-France and the department of Hauts-de-Seine. About 41,000 people live there.
Administration
Gennevilliers has a town hall, two fire stations, a police station, three post office, and a customs station.
Culture & monuments
Gennevilliers has an old church from 17th century called Saint Marie Madeleine.
At least Gennevilliers has got a movie theatre, a modern theatre, a music school, and a fine art school.
Sport
The main sports played in Gennevilliers are : Football, rugby, swimming, dance, archery, and kayak
Transport
Gennevilliers is famous for his port, the Port de Gennevilliers, one of the most important in France, and the first one on the river Seine. Gennevilliers has 3 stations of the Paris Metro Line 13 : Gabriel Peri, Les Agnettes, and Les Courtilles. Urban train line C come to Gennevilliers. City is also served by 6 tram stations : Parc des Chantereine, Gare de Gennevilliers, Timbaud, Le Village, Le Luth, and Les Courtilles. Two highways converge in Gennevilliers, the A15 and A86.
Twin town
England : Wirral.
Germany : Bergkamen.
Italy : Imola
Palestine : al-Bireh
Poland : Ostrowiec
Spain : La Baneza.
Communes in Hauts-de-Seine
Michelle Williams (singer)

Tenitra Michelle Williams (born July 23, 1979) is an American gospel and R&B singer, songwriter, and actress. She was a background singer for Monica, before rising to fame as one-third of the successful Grammy Award-winning musical group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide.
Williams played the character Shug Avery in the play The Color Purple. She was a contestant in the 2010 series of British reality television show Strictly Come Dancing.
In 2013, she made a return to inspirational music with the lead single, If We Had Your Eyes from her upcoming fourth studio album titled Journey to Freedom.
1980 births
Living people
African American musicians
American R&B singers
Musicians from Illinois
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Destiny's Child
Singers from Rockford, Illinois
American gospel musicians
Margaret Maron

Margaret Maron (nee Brown; August 25, 1938 - February 23, 2021) was an American writer. She was known for writing many mystery novels. Maron was born in Greensboro, North Carolina. She was known for her Sigrid Harald and Deborah Knott series.
Maron died on February 23, 2021 in Raleigh, North Carolina from problems caused by a stroke, aged 82.
References
1938 births
2021 deaths
American novelists
Deaths from stroke
Writers from North Carolina
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
Niedernberg

Niedernberg is a municipality in the Miltenberg district in the Lower Franconia region in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography
Place
Niedernberg is just under 10 km from Aschaffenburg to the north, which itself is about 50 km southeast of Frankfurt am Main. Niedernberg is the Miltenberg district's northernmost municipality and is found right on the Main's left bank. In both the east and the west, it is hilly.
Further reading
Albert Wagner: Niedernberger Heimatbuch. Geschichte und Gegenwart einer Gemeinde am bayerischen Untermain. Sacher-Druck Niedernberg, 1994.
Gemeindeverwaltung Niedernberg: Burgerbroschure. Sacher-Druck Niedernberg, 2006.
References
Other websites
Community's official webpage
Miltenberg (district)
Who is a Jew?

Who is a Jew? () is the basic question about the identity of Jews, or in other words: which people are considered to be Jewish.
Question of race?
The definition of who is a Jew may depend on a few things. Because Judaism has no specific race, it can include characteristics of an ethnicity, religion, and citizenship, and so the definition of who is a Jew is not specific.
This question has been a subject to legal arguments, especially in Israel but also outside of it. There have been court cases in Israel since 1962 which had to address the question. In addition, the United Kingdom and other countries has had to consider whether the question was a racial issue or not.
In Nazi Germany
It was an important question to the Nazi party in Germany. The Nazis decided who a Jew was with the Nuremberg Laws.
My mom is Jewish or I converted
The question is based on the person's genealogy. Simple definition: a person is a Jew either by birth (in any case if one's mother is Jewish) or by religious conversion.
Other ideas
However, some disagree. Therefore, the following need to be taken into account:
Are the parents mixed (Jew and Gentile)?
What is the conversion process?
Has there been a loss of Jewish identity?
What is the person's diaspora identity?
Do they have an Israeli citizenship?
Related pages
Israelite
References
Other websites
Humanistic Judaism view on Who is a Jew
Reform view of who is a Jew by the Union for Reform Judaism
Who is a Jew by Jewish Virtual Library
Orthodox and Non-Orthodox Judaism: How to Square the Circle by JCPA
Rabbi Dr. Donniel Hartman: Israel cannot be arbiter of conversions to Judaism by Shalom Hartman Institute
Matrilineal descent Conservative view
The "Who Is a Jew?" Controversy by the U.S. Library of Congress
Rabbi Dr. Donniel Hartman: The challenge and crisis of conversion in Israel by Shalom Hartman Institute
Who is a Jew? from www.beingjewish.com
"How Do You Prove You're a Jew?" Gershom Gorenberg, New York Times, March 2, 2008
"Rabbinical Court Puts Thousands Of Converts in Legal Limbo" Ruling Reopens Fractious Debate Over 'Who is a Jew?'", Nathan Jeffay, The Forward, May 8, 2008
"Israel considers question: 'Who is a Jew?' - Issue heads to higher court after rabbis annul some 40,000 conversions" (November 2008)
Who is born a Jew? Rabbinical and Karaite interpretations side by side from half-Jewish.org
Times Online, The law of the land collides with the Law of Moses
Israel risks alienating Jewish diaspora over definition of a Jew
Judaism
A Blueprint for Murder

A Blueprint for Murder is a 1953 American crime thriller movie directed by Andrew L. Stone and starring Joseph Cotten, Jean Peters, Gary Merrill, Catherine McLeod, Barney Phillips, Jack Kruschen. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1953 crime movies
1950s thriller movies
1950s crime thriller movies
American thriller movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Andrew L. Stone
Warrant

Warrant may refer to:
Warrant (law), a form of specific authorization
Arrest warrant, authorizing the arrest and detention of an individual
Search warrant, a court order issued that authorizes law enforcement to conduct a search for evidence
Business
Warranty, a business transaction assurance
Related pages
J. G. Hertzler

John Garman "J. G." Hertzler Jr. (born March 18, 1950) is an American actor, author, screenwriter, politician and activist. He is best known in the Star Trek community for his role on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9) as the Klingon General (and later Chancellor) Martok.
Hertzler was born in Savannah, Georgia. He was raised in St. Joe, Missouri and in El Paso, Texas. Hertzler studied at Bucknell University, at the University of Maryland, and at American University. He is a Democrat. He has one child.
In November 2013, Hertzler was elected as a board member of the Ulysses, New York town council. He was elected as an official council member in 2016. He supported Bernie Sanders in the 2016 presidential election.
On June 8, 2017, Hertzler announced his candidacy as a U.S. House Representative for New York's 23rd congressional district in the 2018 elections. As part of his campaign appearances, he plans to act "in the persona of Mark Twain", to present his ideas "through the brilliant humorist for all ages". He stated that this was a tribute both to Twain, who resided once in Elmira, and to actor Hal Holbrook, who had portrayed Twain on stage for more than six decades.
References
Other websites
1950 births
Living people
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Actors from Missouri
Actors from New York (state)
American animal rights activists
American environmentalists
American movie actors
American political activists
American screenwriters
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from El Paso, Texas
People from Savannah, Georgia
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Politicians from Missouri
Politicians from New York (state)
Politicians from Texas
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Ithaca, New York
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Writers from Missouri
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Texas
Marlen Khutsiev

Marlen Martynovich Khutsiev (; 4 October 1925 - 19 March 2019) was a Georgian-born Soviet and Russian movie director. He was best known for his cult movies from the 1960s, which include I Am Twenty and July Rain. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1986.
References
Other websites
Russian movie directors
1925 births
2019 deaths
People from Tbilisi
Lawrencetown, Annapolis County

Lawrencetown is a village within Annapolis County in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, Canada. The town was first settled in 1760 and named after Nova Scotia governor Charles Lawrence. the population was 516, a decrease of 17.4% over the previous five years.
References
Other websites
Village of Lawrencetown
Lawrencetown Consolidated School
A History of Lawrencetown
Villages in Nova Scotia
Mineral exploration

Mineral exploration is the process undertaken by companies, partnerships or corporations in finding ore (commercially viable concentrations of minerals) for mining. Mineral exploration is intensive, organised and professional mineral prospecting and, though it frequently uses the services of prospecting, the process of mineral exploration on the whole is much more involved. Work includes finding, testing, and surveying the deposit, and determining the value and cost of exploiting it.
Minerals
Sumatra

Sumatra, known also as Sumatera, is the sixth largest island in the world. It is in western Indonesia. It is to the west of the Sunda Islands, and is bordered by the Indian Ocean. Sumatra contains the provinces of Daerah Istimewa Aceh, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung Islands, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, North Sumatra, South Sumatra, and West Sumatra. Sumatra has an area of about 443,066 km2. It is about long, and wide, at its widest point. In 2010, about 50 million people lived on Sumatra.
Other websites
Sumatera Online
Wissel Lakes tree frog

The Wissel Lakes tree frog (Litoria wisselensis) is a frog from Indonesia. Scientists saw it in the Snow Mountains, about 1700 meters above sea level.
References
Frogs of Asia
Raima Islam Shimu

Raima Islam Shimu (mononymously known as Shimu) was a Bangladeshi actress, model and TV producer, who has starred in 25 films and numerous TV dramas since 1998.
Murder
Shimu went missing on January 16, 2022, and her dismembered body was discovered in a sack on January 19, 2022. Shimu's husband Sakhawat Ali Nobel was depressed due to various reasons including closure of business. He gradually became suspicious of his wife being unfaithful. This led to marital quarrels, which eventually led to her death by her husband. Shimu reported her husband being abusive to the police sometimes earlier her death. Her husband and his friend planned and executed the murder, and later confessed to the police on January 19.
References
2022 deaths
Bangladeshi movie actors
Holmium

Holmium () is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. A rare earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite.
Other websites
Lanthanides
Bill Enis

Bill Enis (January 24, 1934 - December 14, 1973) was a sportscaster who called games for the Houston Oilers and Houston Astros. He called games for the American Football League, National Football League, and Major League Baseball for NBC until his death in 1973 of a heart attack.
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
1973 deaths
1934 births
Denmark at the 1968 Summer Paralympics

Denmark sent a delegation to the 1968 Summer Paralympics in Tel Aviv, Israel from November 4 to 13, 1968.
Eight athletes from Denmark competed, seven men and one women. The team did not win any medals.
References
1968 Summer Paralympics
Denmark at the Paralympics
ECW Hardcore Revolution

ECW Hardcore Revolution is a professional wrestling video game published and released by Acclaim Entertainment . The game is based on Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). It was the first video game based on their promotion.
It was released for the Nintendo 64 on January 31, 2000 in North America and March 3, 2000 in Europe, the PlayStation on January 31, 2000 in North America and in 2000 in Europe, the Game Boy Color in February 2000 in North America and in 2000 in Europe, and the Dreamcast on February 29, 2000 in North America and in 2000 in Europe. A sequel for the game titled ECW Anarchy Rulz was released six months after. The gameplay was identical to WWF Attitude. Most of it was the same except that the WWF owned materials were switched to Extreme Championship Wrestling material.
Reception
IGN rated the game a 5 out of 10, saying "after secretly sobbing for months at the loss of its lucrative WWF license, Acclaim has jumped back into the wrestling ring once more with ECW: Hardcore Revolution, a game based around the up-and-coming ... federation" and "Revolution is basically the company's WWF game of last year with a few additions". GameSpot gave the game a 4.2 out of 10 and stated "ECW and its fans deserve better than this" Digital Press rated the game 2.5 out of 10 saying "No matter how much you enjoy ECW, pro wrestling, or video games, this game sucks."
References
2000 video games
Dreamcast games
Extreme Championship Wrestling
Game Boy Color games
PlayStation games
Nintendo 64 games
Elza, Tennessee

Elza was a community in Anderson County, Tennessee, that existed before 1942. The area was taken over for the Manhattan Project. It is now part of the city of Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Manhattan Project
When the federal government looked at sites for the Manhattan Project buildings that ultimately were sited at Oak Ridge, the Oak Ridge site was described in internal memos as "near Elza." During World War II, Elza was the site of one of the security gates on the borders of the then-closed city of Oak Ridge. It was on the road from Clinton to Oak Ridge.
Community legacy
The Luther Brannon House, built in 1941, was a surviving structure associated with the Elza community.
During World War II and for some time after, the Manhattan Engineer District and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission used several warehouses in the Elza area for storage of uranium ore and other materials. In the early 1990s, the U.S. Department of Energy cleaned up the site, where soil had been found to be contaminated by PCBs and uranium.
References
Towns in Tennessee
Anderson County, Tennessee
Choi Hyeon-ho

Choi Hyeon-ho (16 April 1976) is a South Korean handball player. Choi competed in the men's tournament at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
1976 births
Living people
South Korean Olympians
Handball players