pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Totemism

Totemism is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning "a relative of mine". It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.
Early records
Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief". Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from indiginous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.
Totem poles
Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs. A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.
History of totemic theory
Emile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan.
Claude Levi-Strauss published Totemism in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.
References
Frazer, J.G. (1910) Totemism and Exogamy (4 vols) London: Macmillan
Levi Strauss, C. (1962) (1969) Totemism, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Barfield, Thomas (ed) (1997) The Dictionary of Anthropology, Blackwell
Bernard, Alan and Spencer, Jonathan (eds) (1996) Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Routledge
Anthropology
Symbolism
Canal Zone tree frog

The Canal Zone tree frog (Boana rufitela) is a frog that lives in Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.
This tree frog is green or blue-green when it is an adult. When it is a young frog, it is green or yellow-green. The webbing between its toes is red. It has a round nose. Some frogs have stripes from the nose down the side of the body.
The adult male frog is 39 to 49 mm long from nose to rear end. The adult female frog is 46 to 55 mm long from nose to rear end. The adult male frog has spines on its front feet. Scientists think this is so male frogs can fight each other.
This frog hides during the day and looks for food at night. Human beings do not usually see this frog. Instead we hear the male frogs singing. This frog lays eggs in swamps inside forests.
References
Frogs of South America
Cuts Like a Knife (song)

"Cuts Like a Knife" is a 1983 song by Bryan Adams and is the title track from his third studio album Cuts Like a Knife. It went to number 55 in Australia, number 12 in Canada and number 15 in the United States.
Track listings
References
1983 songs
Bryan Adams songs
Rock songs
Jackée Harry

Jacqueline Yvonne Harry, also known as Jackee, (born August 14, 1956) is an American actress, singer, comedian, and director. She is best known for her role as Sandra Clark 227. She is the first African-American to win an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.
References
Other websites
1956 births
American television directors
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Emmy Award winning actors
African-American television actors
African-American movie actors
African-American stage actors
Actors from North Carolina
People from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Lucerne

Lucerne (, Swiss German: Lozarn, French: Lucerne, Italian: Lucerna, Romansh: Lucerna) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and seat of the district with the same name. The city has a population of about 60,000. Lucerne is the biggest and most important city in Central Switzerland. The city's metropolitan area consists of 17 municipalities in three cantons. It has an overall population of nearly 200,000 people.
Geography
Lucerne is located in central Switzerland on the northern end of Lake Lucerne. The river Reuss flows from the lake through the city. The city is surrounded by hills and mountains, for example the mountains Pilatus and Rigi.
History
Lucerne joined the old Swiss confederation in 1332.
Since 2010, Littau is part of the city.
Economy
Due to its location on the shore of Lake Lucerne () within sight of the mountains Pilatus and Rigi, Lucerne is mainly a tourist destination. One of the city's famous landmarks is Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrucke), a wooden bridge from the 14th century. Many tourists choose Lucerne as their place to stay because the city is close to the Alps in in the center of the country.
Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstattersees is the shipping company founded in 1870 that runs ships on Lake Lucerne.
Lucerne railway station ist the main station of central Switzerland.
Culture
Lucerne has a traditional Fasnacht (carneval) celebration which takes place every spring.
Gallery
References
Other websites
City of Lucerne official website
Luzern Tourismus AG - tourist office
Imperial free cities
Warwick Davis

Warwick Ashley Davis (born 3 February 1970) is an English actor and television presenter. He is known for his roles including the title character of Willow (1989), the main villain in the Leprechaun movie series (1993-2003), many characters in the Star Wars movie series (1983-2019) and Professor Filius Flitwick and Griphook in the Harry Potter film series (2001-2011).
References
1970 births
Living people
Actors from Surrey
English comedians
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English voice actors
Let It Go

"Let It Go" is a song from Disney's 2013 animated movie Frozen. It was written by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez. The song was performed by American actress and singer Idina Menzel in her vocal role as Queen Elsa. It was later released as a single. The song became very popular after the movie was released.
"Let It Go" reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It won both the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2014 and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media in 2015.
References
2013 songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Demi Lovato songs
Cairn Terrier

The Cairn Terrier is a breed of working dogs. It is one of the oldest terrier dog breeds. It is a small terrier from the Scottish Highlands. The breed was used for hunting among the cairns (a cairn is a pile of stones in the Scottish Highlands).
Cairn Terriers have rough hair or fur that helps to protect the dog from water and dirt.
The fur can be blue, red, sandy, gray, or brindle. Pure black, and white are usually not permitted by breeding groups.
The Cairn Terrier's hair should not be cut with scissors. The old hair is removed by pulling it by hand. This is called hand-stripping. Removing the dead hair like this will let new hair grow.
References
Terriers
Dividend

Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders. When a company earns more money than it spends, the extra money can either be spent on making the company better or it can be given to the people who own stock in the company as a dividend.
Stock market
Income
Chataignier, Louisiana

Chataignier is a village in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Villages in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana
Aliyu Mohammed Gusau

Aliyu Mohammed Gusau (born May 18 1943) is a Nigerian general, statesman and the current minister of defense of federal republic of Nigeria.
References
1943 births
Living people
Nigerian military people
Dimmitt, Texas

Dimmitt ( ) is a city and county seat in Castro County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,393 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Las furias

Las furias is a 1960 Argentine drama movie directed by Vlasta Lah and based on the play of the same name. It stars Mecha Ortiz, Olga Zubarry, Aida Luz, Alba Mugica.
Other websites
1960 drama movies
Argentine drama movies
Movies based on plays
Gale Sayers

Gale Eugene Sayers (May 30, 1943 - September 23, 2020), nicknamed the "Kansas Comet", was an American football player. He earned fame both as a halfback and return specialist in the National Football League (NFL).
In a brief but highly productive NFL career, Sayers spent seven seasons with the Chicago Bears from 1965 to 1971, though multiple injuries effectively limited him to five seasons of play.
Prior to joining the Bears, he played college football for the Kansas Jayhawks football team of the University of Kansas, where he compiled 4,020 all-purpose yards over three seasons and was twice recognized as a consensus All-American.
Sayers was born in Wichita, Kansas. He was raised in Omaha, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Kansas.
In 2012, Sayers was diagnosed with dementia after suffering multiple concussions during his football career.
Sayers died from problems caused by dementia on September 23, 2020 in Wakarusa, Indiana at the age of 77.
References
Other websites
Sayers Technology, LLC - Sayers-owned technology consulting firm
1943 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Chicago Bears players
Sportspeople from Wichita, Kansas
Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
The Sweet Escape (song)

"The Sweet Escape" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It is from her second studio album of the same name. It was written by Stefani, Akon, and Giorgio Tuinfort. Akon was featured on the song and also produced and created the songs beat. As both Stefani and Akon wrote the song, Stefani was surprised how the song ended up as it was a doo-wop song and not a hip hop song.
Track listings
UK and German CD single
"The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) - 4:06
"Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) - 4:49
Australian and German CD maxi single
"The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) - 4:06
"Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) - 4:49
"Wind It Up" (Robots to Mars Remix) - 3:34
"The Sweet Escape" (video) - 4:05
US 12" single
A1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) - 4:03
A2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version) (featuring Akon) - 4:06
B1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Instrumental) - 4:03
B2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Instrumental) - 4:06
B3. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Acappella) - 3:51
Digital download - Konvict Remix
"The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) - 4:01
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.
Gwen Stefani - lead vocals, songwriting
Akon - keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, vocals
Yvan Bing - assistant engineering
Alex Dromgoole - assistant engineering
Bojan Dugic - recording
David Emery - assistant engineering
Brian "Big Bass" Gardner - mastering
Mark "Exit" Goodchild - recording
Keith Gretlein - recording
Tony Love - guitar
Kevin Mills - recording
Mark "Spike" Stent - mixing
Giorgio Tuinfort - co-production, keyboards, programming, songwriting
Charts
Weekly charts
References
2006 songs
Akon songs
Gwen Stefani songs
R&B songs
Moro

Moro is a city and a tehsil in the Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh, Pakistan. It is in the centre of Sindh. It is at 26deg40'0N 68deg0'0E. It has an altitude of . It is east of the River Indus.
Settlements in Sindh
Naushahro Feroze District
Antalya

Antalya is a city in southern Turkey. The city is in the Mediterranean Region and along the coast of Mediterranean Sea. 2.158.265 people live there. Antalya is the most important tourism destination in Turkey and one of the best in Mediterranean. The city created a good image and its name started to be known to tourists. Every year mostly British, Russian, and German tourists come to city for beautiful beaches and the ancient destinations.
Other websites
Akdeniz Univeresity
Cities in Turkey
Antalya Province
Joseph G. Hakobyan

Joseph G. Hakobyan (born 28 August 1931) is a Russian scientist. He is an expert on missiles development. He was the Deputy General of the Moscow Research Institute.
Hakobyan was born in Saratov, Russia.
Other websites
Akopian Iosif Grigor'evich -- Biografiia na saite naukograda "Zhukovskii"
General'nyi konstruktor iz Zhukovskogo -- stat'ia k 80-letiiu Akopiana v gazete "Aviagrad Zhukovskii"
Biografiia Iosifa Grigor'evicha Akopiana
Akopian Iosif Grigor'evich -- Entsiklopediia kosmonavtiki
"AGAT" uchit letat' rakety -- "Grani uspekha"
Akopian Iosif Grigor'evich -- Tsentr voenno-politicheskikh issledovanii
1931 births
Living people
Russian aerospace engineers
New Year

The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next year. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations. On January 1, 1600 Scotland, was the first country to adopt January 1 as the first day of the New Year. Now, many countries celebrate the New Year on 1st of January.
Related pages
New Year's Eve
New Year's Day
New Year
Inning am Holz

Inning am Holz is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Erding (district)
Whale vocalization

Whale sounds (or vocalization) are used by whales for communication. Whales can make different kinds of sounds, including growling and singing. The song of whales is a regular sound made by some whales (for example, baleen whale). Humpback whales make long, complicated songs. Some whales can sing and some cannot.
Scientists are not sure what the songs do. Whales as young as one month old make some songs. Among humpback wales, the male adults sing much more than other whales do, so scientists think it might be males competing for mates.
Unlike humans, whales do not pass air through vocal cords to make sounds. Bubbles do not rise up from a whale as it makes sounds. Some scientists think whales push air through holes inside their heads, called sinuses. They push the air across tissue called "phonic lips" or "vocal folds."
Due to their life in the water, whales and other marine mammals are very dependent on acoustic communication.
References
Animal communication
Cetaceans
vocal
Lina Rojas

Lina Mabel Rojas Zapata (born 30 October 2000) is a Colombian track cyclist. She won the bronze medal in the team pursuit event at the 2019 Pan American Games.
She competed at the 2021 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, in the women's elimination event.
References
2000 births
Colombian cyclists
Living people
David Hockney

David Hockney OM CH RA (born 9 July 1937) is a British artist. He was born in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire. An important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s, he is one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. He is openly gay.
Hockney's 1972 work Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) sold at auction and broke the world record for a living artist on 15 November 2018 when it sold for $90 million (PS70 million) at Christie's auction house New York City.
References
1937 births
Living people
English painters
english LGBT people
gay men
LGBT artists
People from Bradford
Fort Laramie, Wyoming

Fort Laramie is a town in Goshen County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 230 at the 2010 census.
References
Towns in Wyoming
Rupert, Idaho

Rupert is a city in Idaho in the United States.
Geography
Rupert has a total area of 2 square miles.
Cities in Idaho
County seats in Idaho
Actual idealism

Actual idealism is a form of idealism developed by philosopher
Giovanni Gentile
Simpler explanations are always correct. Gentile theorizes that thoughts can only be formed on the basis of incomplete information within the bounds of known reality. Abstract thinking does not exist.
Actual idealism initially began as the "philosophy of fascism". Giovanni Gentile used his theory to support the formation of Mussolini's fascist state in Italy.
Philosophical movements and positions
Magain Shalome Synagogue

The Magain Shalome Synagogue (; ) was a synagogue in Karachi, Pakistan. It was considered as the former "National Synagogue of Pakistan" respectively.
Magain Shalome was built in 1893, when Pakistan was still part of India. After 1948, many of Pakistan's Jews moved to India and Israel. In 1988, the government destroyed it to make room for a shopping mall. The cemetery is still there.
References
Religious buildings and structures in Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Karachi
Synagogues
Reynaldo Hahn

Reynaldo Hahn (August 9, 1874 - January 28, 1947) was a French composer, conductor, music critic and diarist (he wrote a diary). He was famous for his songs. He wrote the music (which was considered "insipid") for the ballet Le Dieu bleu. The ballet was a failure and the music was blamed.
20th-century French composers
1874 births
1947 deaths
French music critics
Minoru Takenaka

Minoru Takenaka (born 19 November 1976) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2003||Yokohama||J. League 2||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="5"|Machida Zelvia||rowspan="2"|Prefectural Leagues||||||||||||
|-
|2005||12||9||colspan="2"|-||12||9
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Regional Leagues||13||7||colspan="2"|-||13||7
|-
|2007||7||3||colspan="2"|-||7||3
|-
|2008||1||1||colspan="2"|-||1||1
35||20||0||0||35||20
35||20||0||0||35||20
|}
References
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
Momo Challenge hoax

The "Momo Challenge" is a hoax and urban legend about a social media challenge that did not exist. It was mainly spread on Facebook. The hoax says that victims are made to contact a "Momo" account through social media network WhatsApp. If they do, they get violent images, graphic threats and are told to do dangerous things, including suicide, record it on video and send it to "Momo". They might also say they are going to make their personal information public, hurt their family members, and some are even threatened with curses. An image of a woman with large eyes and mouth, which was shocking to some people, was used with the hoax.
The hoax made people believe the "challenge" had caused many suicides, including one in Argentina, but this is not true according to police. The image used by Momo accounts is actually of a sculpture made by a Japanese artist, but some people thought it was a mask or makeup.
References
Hoaxes
Internet culture
Social networking
Great Ireland Run

The Great Ireland Run is an 10-kilometre road running competition which is held in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland in mid-April. It is held every year since 2003.
It is part of the Great Run series of athletics competitions. It has IAAF Bronze Label Road Race status. It is sponsored by SPAR and features both an elite race (for sportspeople) and a popular race (for the general public). There is also a 2.5 km fun run for 8-15-year-old runners.
The 10 km race course begins at Chesterfield Avenue. It goes around in a clock-wise route to finish on Furze Road. Over 10,000 people took part in the day's events in 2011.
People who have run the race include former marathon world record holder Paul Tergat, and World Championship medallist Meselech Melkamu, as well as some of Ireland's foremost athletes such as 1995 World Champion Sonia O'Sullivan and cross country specialist Catherina McKiernan.
Past winners
Key:
Statistics
Winners by country
People who won it more than once
References
List of winners
Race History . Great Ireland Run. Retrieved on 2010-04-25.
Sport in Dublin
2003 in sports
Sports events
Sonny's Blues

"Sonny's Blues" is a story that James Baldwin wrote in 1957 and then re-released again in 1965. The story is about a black algebra teacher living in Harlem in the 1950s. He tells the story about his brother Sonny's drug problems, getting arrested, and then getting better. The story was first printed in Partisan Review.
Plot
"Sonny's Blues" is about two brothers, Sonny and the narrator. The story is told from the narrator's point of view. The story goes back and forth between the present and the past. The narrator is a math teacher, and he reads about Sonny's arrest for using drugs. He worries about Sonny and the boys in his class. Later, after the narrator's daughter dies, he decides to reach out to Sonny.
The story then goes back to when Sonny was a teenager and became obsessed with playing the piano. Sonny drops out of school to pursue his passion. Later, Sonny joins the Navy, and when he returns, he and the narrator have a poor relationship. In the present, the narrator realises that his unavailability in Sonny's life may have slowed Sonny's growth and decides to reconnect with him.
In the story, the narrator thinks about searching Sonny's room while his wife Isabel takes their kids to see their grandparents. However, he changes his mind when he sees Sonny performing in a revival meeting on the street below.
Later on, Sonny invites the narrator to watch him play in Greenwich Village. The narrator agrees and asks Sonny about his heroin addiction. Sonny explains that using drugs made him feel in control, but he wanted to escape from that life. At the jazz club, Sonny's playing is initially shaky, but he eventually wins over the crowd, including the narrator. They bond over a drink, and the narrator realises that music is how Sonny deals with his pain. However, the story ends with a symbol that suggests the brothers will face challenges in the future.
References to other works
Louis Armstrong and Charlie Parker are mentioned in a conversation between Sonny and his brother.
In the final scene Creole, the band and Sonny play "Am I Blue?".
A reference to the Bible is made at the end of the story. This was when Baldwin compares the Scotch and milk placed in front of Sonny as the "cup of trembling." This is a reference to Isaiah 51:17.
Songs referenced
"Lord You Brought Me From a Long Ways Off"
"Mighty Long Way You've Brought Me"
"Some Cold, Rainy Day"
"The Old Ship of Zion"
"If I Could Hear My Mother Pray Again"
"God Be with You Till We Meet Again"
"Am I Blue?"
Historical Setting
The story mentions a war a few times. It is not stated which war, it could either be the Second World War or the Korean War.
Other Websites
PDF of the short story as included in The Jazz Fiction Anthology
SparkNotes discussion
ENotes discussion
Archive of the 1957 Partisan Review that originally published Sonny's Blues
20th-century American short stories
Boxholm, Iowa

Boxholm is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Queen Alexandra's birdwing

Queen Alexandra's birdwing is a rare butterfly. It was named for Alexandra of Denmark. It lives only in the northern province of Papua New Guinea. The wingspan of this butterfly is 11 inches or more for an adult female. This makes it the largest butterfly. The abdomen is bright yellow. It has brightly colored wings, mostly light blue and black.
Papilionidae
Papua New Guinea
The Queen Alexandra's birdwing was discovered by Albert Stewart Meek
Roberta Parisella

Roberta Parisella (born 26 August 1968) is an Italian taekwondo athlete. She competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where taekwondo was a demonstration sport, in the bantamweight event.
At the European Taekwondo Championships she won the silver medal in 1986 and 1988.
References
1968 births
Taekwondo practitioners
Italian Olympians
Living people
King Fahd Causeway

The King Fahd Causeway is a causeway joining Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The idea to make the causeway was to improve the connections between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Surveying began in 1968. Construction began in 1981. In 1986 it was opened to the public.
In 2008 there was an average of 48,600 passengers per day.
References
Buildings and structures in Saudi Arabia
Buildings and structures in Bahrain
Bridges in Asia
1986 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Saudi Arabia
Kim Tae-yeon discography

Taeyeon's discography consists of a studio album, two EPs, twenty singles and ten soundtracks. The singer debuted in girl group Girls' Generation in August 2007 and then in Girls' Generation-TTS in May 2012. Her solo career began in 2015 with the release of her debut mini-album entitled I. The EP was a commercial success in South Korea, where it reached number two on Gaon Album Chart and since then has sold more than 140,000 physical copies. The single of the same name managed to position itself in the first position of Gaon Digital Chart and has sold more than 1,8 million digital copies. In February 2016, Taeyeon published "Rain" as the first single from SM Station. The single reached the maximum position in Gaon Digital Chart and was ranked number three in Billboard World Digital Songs. His second EP, Why, was released in June 2016, reaching the top in Gaon Album Chart and managed to sell more than 110,000 physical copies. He produced two singles that were included in the mini album, "Starlight" and "Why". Subsequently, he released a digital single titled "11:11" in November, which was ranked second in Gaon Digital Chart.
Taeyeon released her first studio album, My Voice, in February 2017. The album won first place in Gaon Album Chart and sold more than 109,000 physical copies in its first month of release. He produced the single "Fine", which was number one on Gaon Digital Chart and reached number seven on Billboard World Digital Songs.
Albums
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Soundtrack appearances
Other charted songs
Music videos
Notes
References
Discographies of South Korean artists
Dov Ben-Meir

Dov Ben-Meir (, 11 August 1927 - 21 March 2020) was a Polish-born Israeli politician and trade unionist. He was a member of the Knesset for the Alignment between 1981 and 1988. Ben-Meir was born in Ciechocinek, Poland.
Ben-Meir died on 21 March 2020 in Tel Aviv, Israel at the age of 92.
References
1927 births
2020 deaths
Members of the Knesset
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli trade unionists
Jewish Israeli politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Polish Jews
V. P. Singh Badnore

Vijayender Pal Singh Badnore (born 12 May 1948) is an Indian politician. In August 2016, he became the 28th and current Governor of Punjab. He was a member of Rajya Sabha, elected on 17 June 2010. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party.
References
1948 births
Living people
Governors of Punjab, India
Administrators of Chandigarh
Gian Luigi Rondi

Gian Luigi Rondi (10 December 1921 - 22 September 2016) was an Italian film critic.
He was a member of the jury at the 12th and 15th Moscow International Film Festival.
He was also a member of the jury at the 11th and 32nd Berlin International Film Festival.
References
1921 births
2016 deaths
Davézieux

Davezieux is a village and commune in the Ardeche departement in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of 2,629 people as of the year 1999.
Related pages
Communes of the Ardeche department
References
Communes in Ardeche
Mohamed Hussein Roble

Mohamed Hussein Roble (born October 1968) is a Somali politician. He is the current Prime Minister of Somalia from 23 September 2020 to 26 June 2022. He was the member of International Labour Organization and environmental engineer.
In September 2021, Mohamed Hussein Roble accused Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed of obstructing an investigation which led to the resignation of the head of the NISA.
In September 2021, Somali President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed attempted to withdraw executive powers "Mohamed Hussein Roble" The Prime Minister violated the transitional constitution so that his executive powers are withdrawn (...), in particular his powers of impeachment and / or appointment of leaders until the elections have taken place, "said a statement from the president's office.
References
Living people
1963 births
Prime Ministers of Somalia
Wide Awake

"Wide Awake" is a song by American pop singer-songwriter Katy Perry. The single was released May 22, 2012, via Capitol Records as the second and final single from Teenage Dream: The Complete Connection, a re-release of Perry's third studio album, Teenage Dream. The song was well acclaimed by music critics, many of whom gave the maturity of Perry as a reason for citing. The song hit number 1 in several countries, including Canada, Poland, New Zealand, and Venezuela, while it peaked at number 2 in the United States. The single is among a string of hits by Perry. It is an electronic song about moving on and taking hardships when breaking up. The song was certified quintuple-platinum in the US for sales and streams of over five million copies. It ranked at number 15 on Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 of 2012 in the US Katy Perry wrote .
Music video
The video for "Wide Awake" begins with Perry behind the scenes on the set of the music video for "California Gurls". She goes to her dressing room and stares at her reflection in the mirror. Perry is then seen in a dark forest, holding a lantern and trying to escape it like a maze. She meets a younger version of herself and eats a strawberry from a tree, which poisons her. Later, Katy and her younger self exit to find Katy's "Prince Charming" who crosses his fingers behind his back in distrust. Katy punches him, and her younger self is seen riding away on a bike with a name plate reading "Katheryn," Katy Perry's first name. The video ends with Katy singing "Teenage Dream" on the California Dreams Tour.
References
2012 songs
Katy Perry songs
Piret Järvis

Piret Jarvis (born February 6, 1984 in Tallinn, Estonia) is an Estonian musician, and member of the popular girl group Vanilla Ninja.
1984 births
Living people
Estonian singers
Vanilla Ninja
Musicians from Tallinn
Marshall Julum Shakya

Marshall Julum Shakya (; 9 October 1940 - 6 May 2017) was a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Nepali Congress. He was a founder member of Nepal Student Union created in March 1970. He spent 15 years in prison during the panchayat regime. As of 1988, he was the president of the Kathmandu District of Nepali Congress.
During the 1990 Jana Andolan he was the convenor of the Central Action Committee of Nepali Congress, and one of the most important party leaders not under arrest.
Shakya suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and a heart attack in March 2017. He died of septic shock caused by pneumonia and heart failure at a medical center in Kathmandu on 6 May 2017, aged 76.
References
1940 births
2017 deaths
Nepali Congress politicians
Nepalese activists
Kodak Black

Bill Kahan Kapri (born Dieuson Octave on June 11, 1997), better known by his stage name Kodak Black, is an American rapper.
Early life
Kodak Black was born Dieuson Octave on June 11, 1997, in Pompano Beach, Florida. He is the son of Haitian immigrant Marcelene Octave. His stage name combines the first name of the photo company Kodak and Lil' Black, which was another name Octave used.
Career
Black first became known with the single "No Flockin", released in 2014.
His first studio album, Painting Pictures (2017), went onto the US Billboard 200 at number three. It included the Billboard Hot 100 top 10 single "Tunnel Vision".
Black's second album, Dying to Live (2018), went to number one on the Billboard 200. Its single "Zeze" (featuring Travis Scott and Offset) went onto the Hot 100 at number two.
He released his third album, Bill Israel (2020), while incarcerated. His fourth album, Back for Everything, followed in 2022. Back for Everything contains the hit single "Super Gremlin" as a bonus track.
Personal life
On May 2, 2018, Black legally changed his name from "Dieuson Octave" to "Bill Kahan Kapri".
References
Other websites
1997 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
African-American rappers
African-American singers
21st-century American criminals
American hip hop singers
American people convicted of assault
American people convicted of drug offenses
American prisoners
Atlantic Records artists
Black Hebrew Israelite people
Gangsta rappers
Haitian musicians
People convicted of making false statements
People from Pompano Beach, Florida
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Rappers from Florida
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Emoji

are symbols or smiley faces often used in text messages on a mobile phone or computer. They come in all shapes and sizes and can mean many things depending on when and how it is used. There are emoji for objects, places, emotions and much more. Emojis are normally used when people text each other. Examples include 😃😞😆😷🤓💩. The first emojis were created in 1999 by Shigetaka Kurita. Later on, people began to put emojis on webpages and they became very popular outside Japan when they were added to Apple's iOS and Google's Android software.
In November 2016, a conference about emoji was held in San Francisco, California.
References
Other websites
Emojipedia -- Home of Emoji Meanings
Internet slang
Japanese art
Jello Biafra

Jello Biafra (born Eric Reed Boucher; June 17, 1958) is an American musician and spoken word artist. Biafra was the lead singer and songwriter for San Francisco punk rock band Dead Kennedys. He started the record label Alternative Tentacles with East Bay Ray in 1979.
Biafra is a member of the Green Party of the United States. He ran for president in 2000.
References
Other websites
Biafra's label Alternative Tentacles
Living people
1958 births
Actors from Colorado
American anarchists
American atheists
Musicians from Colorado
Musicians from San Francisco
People from Boulder, Colorado
Green Party of the United States politicians
Actors from San Francisco
Punk musicians
Pierluigi Cera

Pierluigi Cera (born 25 February, 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1957-58||rowspan="7"|Hellas Verona||Serie A||1||0
|-
|1958-59||rowspan="6"|Serie B||1||0
|-
|1959-60||18||1
|-
|1960-61||35||1
|-
|1961-62||29||2
|-
|1962-63||33||2
|-
|1963-64||24||1
|-
|1964-65||rowspan="10"|Cagliari||rowspan="10"|Serie A||34||1
|-
|1965-66||23||0
|-
|1966-67||29||0
|-
|1967-68||25||1
|-
|1968-69||30||2
|-
|1969-70||27||0
|-
|1970-71||17||0
|-
|1971-72||26||0
|-
|1972-73||29||0
|-
|1973-74||29||0
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="5"|Cesena||rowspan="3"|Serie A||30||0
|-
|1975-76||29||0
|-
|1976-77||16||0
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="2"|Serie B||9||0
|-
|1978-79||1||0
495||11
495||11
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
|1970||10||0
|-
|1971||4||0
|-
|1972||3||0
|-
!Total||18||0
|}
References
1941 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Command Performance (2009 film)

Command Performance is a 2009 American action movie directed by Dolph Lundgren (who also stars). It also starring Melissa Smith, Hristo Shopov, Zahary Baharov, Dave Legeno, Yulian Vergov, Raicho Vasilev and Clement von Franckenstein.
Other websites
2009 action movies
American action movies
Movies set in Moscow
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies directed by Dolph Lundgren
Movies about terrorism
Hamilton Green

Hamilton Green (born 9 November 1934) is Guyanese politician and once Prime Minister of Guyana.
He was a member of People's National Congress and chosen as one of the five Vice Presidents in the cabinet of Forbes Burnham in October 1980. He also served as the Prime Minister of Guyana from 6 August 1985 to 9 October 1992.
References
1934 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Guyana
People from Georgetown, Guyana
The Death of the Earl of Chatham

The Death of the Earl of Chatham is the title of a 1781 oil-on-canvas painting by Boston-born American artist John Singleton Copley.
The painting shows the fallen body of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham on 7 April 1778, during a debate in the House of Lords on the American War of Independence. The painting includes fifty-five portraits.
Related pages
The Death of General Wolfe
References
1780s paintings
American paintings
Aythorpe Roding

Aythorpe Roding is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 201 people living in Aythorpe Roding. Aythorpe Roding is one of The Rodings. There is a postmill in Aythorpe Roding which is the largest in Essex.
References
Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Towns in Essex
Deccan sultanates

The Deccan sultanates is the name for five Islamic kingdoms which existed in the Deccan Plateau, in the Middle Ages. They all had at least a part of the territory on the Deccan Plateau. The sultanates came into existence when the Bahmani Sultanate broke up. Much like the Bahmani Sultanate, these kingdoms regularly fought against the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire in South India but also commonly and most fought amongst themselves for territory.
16th century in India
15th century in India
Just a Little More Love

Just a Little More Love is a studio album. It was the first one released by David Guetta. It has 13 tracks that are all over three minutes, except "Lately".
The title track "Just a Little More Love" was remixed by Wally Lopez. It was featured on MoS: Clubbers Guide 2004 and in the soundtrack to The Football Factory. "Love Don't Let Me Go" was a featured remix with The Egg in 2006.
The album has a song called 'Atomic Food'. In this song, types of food are spoken over a synth drum.
Track listing
"Just a Little More Love" (Elektro edit) - 3:20
"Love Don't Let Me Go" (Original edit) featuring Chris Willis - 3:36
"Give Me Something" (Vocal edit) featuring Barbara Tucker - 5:44
"You" (Remix edit) featuring Chris Willis - 3:23
"Can't U Feel the Change" featuring Chris Willis - 4:53
"It's Allright (Preaching Paris)" featuring Barbara Tucker - 3:49
"People Come, People Go" featuring Chris Willis - 3:19
"Sexy 17" featuring Juan Rozof - 3:27
"Atomic Food" featuring Chris Willis - 3:09
"133" - 3:41
"Distortion" featuring Chris Willis - 3:11
"You Are the Music" featuring Chris Willis - 5:58
"Lately" - 1:40
2002 albums
Lézat-sur-Lèze

Lezat-sur-Leze is a commune in the Ariege department. It is in southwestern France.
Related pages
Communes of the Ariege department
Communes in Ariege
President of the Government of Morocco

The President of the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco is the head of government and serves in a position similar to that of a prime minister in other constitutional monarchies.
A president is chosen by the king of Morocco from the largest party elected to parliament. The Constitution of Morocco grants executive powers to the government and allows the head of government to propose and dismiss cabinet members.
List
References
Chialamberto

Chialamberto is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Settlements in Piedmont
Ammar Mosque and Osman Ramju Sadick Islamic Centre

The Ammar Mosque and Osman Ramju Sadick Islamic Centre () or Wan Chai Mosque is a mosque and Islamic center in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. It is the third mosque in Hong Kong. The original building of the mosque was built in 1967.
History
The original building of the mosque was a small mosque besides a cemetery at 7 Seymore Street. In 1978, the mosque was relocated to a new place at Oi Kwan Road because the land was needed by the government to construct Aberdeen tunnel. The new mosque building was reopened on September 1981.
Architecture
The mosque was designed by architect Ramju Sadick. The mosque has eight floors which consists of prayer hall, Chinese restaurant, bakery, clinic, classrooms, library and seminar room.
Activities
The mosque is the headquarter place for Incorporated Trustees of the Islamic Community Fund of Hong Kong (the main Islamic organization in Hong Kong) and the Hong Kong Islamic Youth Association.
References
Mosques in Hong Kong
Religion in China
Masuzo Madono

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
In May 1925, when Madono was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
Statistics
|-
|1925||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}
References
Other websites
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Japanese footballers
Japan international footballers
Diet of Augsburg

The Diet of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire that held in the German city of Augsburg. Both an imperial city and the residence of the Augsburg prince-bishops, the city hosted the Estates in many such sessions from the 10th century.
The most famous one was in 1530, when Emperor Charles V summoned the German princes to a diet in Augsburg to put an end to ecclesiastic dissensions. Each prince was asked to state in writing in German and in Latin his religious opinions and the ecclesiastic abuses that should be corrected.
1530
Holy Roman Empire
Kate Edger

Kate Milligan Evans Edger (January 6, 1857 to May 6, 1935) was the first woman in New Zealand to get a university degree and the first woman in the British Empire to get a Bachelor of Arts degree.
Edger's family moved from England to New Zealand in 1862. On 11 July 1877, she graduated from the University of New Zealand.
Legacy
The Kate Edger Educational Charitable Trust gives money to help women get degrees. In 2004 the Kate Edger Information Commons was formed at The University of Auckland.
References
1857 births
1935 deaths
New Zealand people
Bouillancourt-la-Bataille

Bouillancourt-la-Bataille is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. In 2018, 156 people lived there.
Geography
The commune is about southeast of Amiens.
References
Communes in Somme
Wood County, Ohio

Wood County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 132,248 people lived there. The county seat is Bowling Green.
References
1820s establishments in Ohio
1820 establishments in Ohio
Ohio counties
Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Imperio Portugues) was the first global empire in history. It spread from South America to Africa, India and South East Asia. It began with the Portuguese exploration of the world during the 15th century and it lasted longer than all the other modern European empires. It lasted almost five centuries. This is longer than the Spanish, British, and French Empires.
The Portuguese Empire had trade with the following areas:
Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia
China and Japan
Spice Islands (Moluccas) and the Treaty of Zaragoza
South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea
Sub-Saharan Africa
The 1890 British Ultimatum was an ultimatum by the British government, delivered on 11 January 1890 to Portugal. The ultimatum forced the retreat of Portuguese military forces from areas in Africa which had been claimed by Portugal, but which the United Kingdom occupied.
Fall
The Portuguese Empire, like the British, French and German empires, was fatally damaged by the two world wars fought in the 20th century. These European powers were pressured by the Soviet Union and the United States and by independence movements inside the colonial territories. By the end of the 20th century these colonial empires were history.
The rise of Soviet influence in the working class, and the cost of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974), led to the collapse of the Portuguese Second Republic (Estado Novo) in 1974. The National Salvation Junta (Junta de Salvacao Nacional) - was to end the wars and take Portugal out of its African colonies. These events made thousands of Portuguese refugees from Portugal's African territories.
Civil wars soon broke out elsewhere. After years of fighting, Portugal gave Macau to China in 1999.
Legacy
The seven former colonies of Portugal have Portuguese as their official language. They are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries with Portugal. Today Portuguese is one of the world's major languages. It is the language of Brazil, which is the largest country in South America.
References
History of Portugal
Raymond P. Kogovsek

Raymond Peter "Ray" Kogovsek (August 19, 1941 - April 30, 2017) was an American politician. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Colorado's 3rd congressional district from January 3, 1979 through January 3, 1985. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He then served in the Colorado Senate from 1974 to 1978.
Kogovsek was born in Pueblo, Colorado. He studied at the University of Denver. Kogovsek died in Pueblo, Colorado on April 30, 2017 at the age of 75.
References
Other websites
1941 births
2017 deaths
United States representatives from Colorado
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Pueblo, Colorado
1450

1450 was a common year in the 15th century.
Events
May 8 - Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
June 18 - rebels are driven from London by loyal troops, bringing about the collapse of the rebellion.
Wolves enter Paris and kill 40 citizens
Age of Discovery starts.
A revolt ends Mayapan's rule over all of the Yucatan.
Births
Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese explorer (d. 1500)
Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica

Saint Elizabeth is a parish in Jamaica. It is in the county of Cornwall. The parish capital is Black River.
References
Parishes of Jamaica
Bazouges-sur-le-Loir

Bazouges-sur-le-Loir is a former commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Bazouges Cre sur Loir.
References
Former communes in Sarthe
Disability bullying

Disability bullying is a pattern of behavior. It is about an imbalance of social, physical or other power involving a person or group who has a disability.
Studies show that bullying happens to people with disabilities more often than to others in general.
Hate crime
Disability bullying can become a type of hate crime or hate speech. It is a kind of abuse.
References
Other page
Ableism
Other websites
"Tips to Help the Bullying Bystander" at education.com
Disability
Bullying
Opsin

Opsins are the universal photoreceptor molecules of all visual systems in the animal kingdom.
They change from a resting state to a signalling state by absorbing light. This activates the G protein, resulting in a signalling cascade which produces physiological responses.
This process of capturing a photon and transforming it into a physiological response is known as phototransduction.
Five groups of opsins are involved in vision. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex, but not in image-forming.
Some opsins allows vision in just a short stretch of wavelength. This is equivalent to seeing in only one colour. Two opsins allow vision in two colours, and is usual in mammals. Four opsins allows vision in full colour, and is usual in teleost fish, reptiles and birds. In mammals, only Old World monkeys, apes and humans have trichromacy, full colour vision.
It is thought - see evolution of colour vision - that mammals lost much of their colour vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as mostly nocturnal animals.
"...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals [get] more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".
References
Physiology
Biochemistry
Eye