pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Batasuna

Batasuna (formerly Herri Batasuna) was a political party in Spain. Herri Batasuna was founded after the fall of the Franco regime, in 1978. In 2001, the party changed its name into Batasuna. In 2003, the party was outlawed in Spain, but it continues to be a political party in France. The party was suspected to have close ties with ETA. The party was active in the Basque Country, and Navarre. It wanted to form an independent state of the Basque country. The region where Basque is spoken is split between the Basque country, Navarre in Spain and the Pyrenees-Atlantiques department in France. The area is known as Euskal Herria (literally,: Basque country).
Spain, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Union see Batasuna as the political wing of ETA.
Because it was outlawed, the party has had different names, such as Euskal Herritarrok, Sozialista Abertzaleak, Ezker Abertzaleak and AUB, Aukera Guztiak.
Bastasina sees itself as a nationalist, left-wing party. It is also called socialist (with Marxist and Libertarian tendencies). Other ideas of the party include to fight for feminism, and to be seen as envirnomentalist. Batasuna is the only party in the did not condemn the violent attacks carried out by ETA. According to Batasuna, it is sterile and hypocritical to condemn only one form of violemce; by the same token, the violence of Spain should be condemned, which oppresses the Basque people. According to the Spanish state, there were no violations of human rights after the fall of the Franco regime, and the use of violence for political reasons is inacceptable.
Batasuna has run in elections in the French part of the Basque country, in Ustaritz, about 12 km from Bayonne.
The party dissolved in January 2013.
References
Political parties in Spain
Political parties in France
Nationalist organizations in Europe
2013 disestablishments in Europe
1978 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Spain
Kelseyville, California

Kelseyville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, California, United States. Kelseyville is located southeast of Lakeport. The population was 3,382 at the 2020 census.
References
Census-designated places in California
Settlements in Lake County, California
Alice Moretti

Alice Moretti (19 June 1921 - 6 February 2022) was a Swiss politician. She was a member of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. Moretti was on the Grand Council of Ticino from 1971 to 1987. She was born in Melide, Switzerland.
Moretti died in Paradiso, Switzerland on 6 February 2022 at the age of 100.
References
1921 births
2022 deaths
Swiss politicians
Swiss centenarians
Edwin Hubble

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 - September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. Hubble's findings changed the scientific view of the universe.
Career
In 1925 he showed that there are galaxies beyond our own, the Milky Way. Also, he developed a method for classifying galaxies.
Then he proved the galaxies were moving away from each other. Hubble found the degree of Doppler effect (redshift) from a galaxy increased in proportion to its distance from Earth. Doppler effect is the change in pitch or colour when an object or sound comes in (higher pitch, brighter color) or moves away (lower and darker). Redshift is observed in the light spectrum
In 1929 Hubble formulated what is called Hubble's law. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. Georges Lemaitre, a Belgian priest and astronomer, had published the idea two years before in an obscure journal. Nevertheless, the idea bears Hubble's name to this day.
Today, the 'apparent velocities' of galaxies are understood as an increase in proper distance which occurs due to the expansion of space. Light traveling through stretching space experiences a Hubble-type redshift.
This work helped to establish that the universe is expanding. Some have incorrectly said that Hubble discovered the Doppler shift in the spectra of galaxies, but this had already been observed earlier by Vesto Slipher, whose data Hubble used.
The Hubble Space Telescope was named after Hubble.
Four major achievements
According to Sandage, Hubble achieved four main things:
A classification system for nebulae, both galactic (diffuse) and extragalactic (both nebulae inside our Milky Way galaxy, and other galaxies outside it).
Hubble settled decisively the question of the nature of the galaxies (as being other things like the Milky Way).
The distribution of galaxies was found to be homogeneous in distance (the galaxies were all over the universe, not in any particular location).
The linear velocity-distance relation was established. This discovery lead to the notion of the expanding universe which is the centre-piece of the cosmology of the present day.
Hubble's personal opinion on the data
Hubble himself did not see his 1929 data as evidence for an expanding Universe. Even six years later, Hubble wrote:
Inflation as an explanation for expansion
Hubble's words were forgotten, and the notion of the expansion of the universe became the consensus. Until the theoretical developments in the 1980s no one had an explanation for why this seemed to be the case. The question "why is the universe expanding?" is now answered by understanding the details of what happened in the first inflationary epoch (10-32 seconds) of the existence of our universe.
Hubble's law
References
1889 births
1953 deaths
Cosmology
American astronomers
Scientists from Missouri
Human rights in the Gambia

Human rights in the Gambia have been considered poor under Yahya Jammeh. In December, 2016, he lost an election to Adama Barrow, who promised to improve human rights in his country. The "Freedom in the World" report for 2018 ranked the Gambia as "partly free". LGBT activity is illegal, and punishable with life imprisonment.
References
Gambia
The Gambia
North-West District (Botswana)

The North-West District or Ngamiland is a district in Botswana. The capital city is Maun.
Ngamiland is subdivided into Ngamiland East, Ngamiland West and Ngamiland Delta (Okavango).
Important tourist attractions include Tsodilo Hills, the Moremi Game Reserve, and the Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves.
References
Districts of Botswana
Alexander V. Acebo

Alexander Valentino "Tino" Acebo (September 5, 1927 - April 11, 2019) was an American Republican politician. For over 20 years, he was the Vermont State Auditor from 1970 to 1993. Acebo was born in Barre, Vermont.
Acebo died in Wells, Maine on April 11, 2019 at the age of 91.
References
1927 births
2019 deaths
Politicians from Vermont
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Antonio Ortega Franco

Antonio Ortega Franco (22 December 1941 - 1 February 2022) was a Mexican Roman Catholic prelate. He was born in Empalme Escobedo, Mexico. Ortega Franco was made a priest in 1968. He was the auxiliary bishop of Mexico between 2004 until 2019.
Ortega Franco died on 1 February 2022 in Mexico City, aged 80.
References
1941 births
2022 deaths
Mexican Roman Catholic bishops
People from Mexico City
Nawazuddin Siddiqui

Nawazuddin Siddiqui (born 19 May 1974) is an Indian actor in Hindi movies. He graduated from the National School of Drama. Siddiqui's feature film debut was alongside director Prashant Bhargava in Patang (2012), and his performance was appreciated by cinema critic Roger Ebert. He also gained international recognition for his work with director Anurag Kashyap in Black Friday (2007), the Gangs of Wasseypur (2012), duology and Raman Raghav 2.0.
Siddiqui acted in The Lunchbox (2013), Manto (2018), and Raman Raghav 2.0. He is the only actor in the world to have 8 movies officially selected and screened at the Cannes Film Festival.
The actor continues to take time out from his work to farm in his native Uttar Pradesh. He has starred in two Emmy-nominated series, Sacred Games (2019) and the British McMafia.
References
1974 births
Living people
Indian actors
Murder of JonBenét Ramsey

JonBenet Patricia Ramsey (August 6, 1990December 25, 1996) was an American child beauty pageant queen. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia and moved to Boulder, Colorado when she was nine months old. She was strangled in her house in Boulder. Her murder remains unsolved. Alexis Reich falsely confessed to the murder in 2006.
References
1996 in the United States
1990s murders in the United States
20th century in Colorado
American children
Ramsey, JonBenet
Boulder, Colorado
Deaths by strangulation
December events
Murder in 1996
Murder in Colorado
Unsolved murders in the United States
Deaths from head injury
Murdered children
Photomath

Photomath is a mobile app described as a "calculator camera" that uses the phone's camera to recognize math equations and display a step-by-step solution on the screen. The app was released in October 2014. In 2016, the app began recognizing handwriting in addition to printed text.
References
Graphics software
East Guadalcanal constituency

East Guadalcanal is a constituency of the Solomon Islands. It is in the Guadalcanal Province. It was created in 1970.
Election results
References
Solomon Islands parliamentary constituencies
Breckinridge County, Kentucky

Breckinridge County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,059. Its county seat is Hardinsburg.
References
1790s establishments in Kentucky
1799 establishments in the United States
Kentucky counties
Davis, West Virginia

Davis is a town in Tucker County, West Virginia, along the Blackwater River. The population was 660 at the 2010 census.
Towns in West Virginia
Bing

Bing may mean:
Bing Crosby (1903-1977), American singer
Microsoft Bing, a web search engine
Food and drink
Bing (bread), a Chinese flatbread
Bing (soft drink), a UK drink brand
Bing cherry, a variety of cherry
Twin Bing or Bing, a candy made by Palmer Candy Company
Names
Bing (surname), a German-language surname
Bing (Chinese surname) (Bing ), a Chinese surname
Places
Bing Prefecture, an ancient Chinese province
Bing, Hormozgan, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
Binag, Sistan and Baluchestan, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
Manor of Byng, Suffolk, England
Television
Bing (TV series), a British children's television series
Bada Bing or the Bing, a fictional strip club in The Sopranos
Bing or Evan Chambers, a character in Greek
Other uses
Bing (company), a German company that manufactured toys and kitchen utensils
Bing (dog), a British dog who served in World War II
Bing (mining), a Scottish term for mining waste
Bing Concert Hall, a building on the Stanford University campus
Barbershop in Germany or BinG, a German barbershop music organization
People with the name
Zhao Bing (1272-1279), last Emperor of the Song dynasty
Bing Devine (1916-2007), American baseball executive
Bing Futch (born 1966), American musician
Bing Gordon, video game executive
Bing Juckes (1926-1990), American ice hockey player
Bing Miller (1894-1966), American baseball outfielder and coach
Bing Russell (1926-2013), American actor
Bing Slamet or Ahmad Syech Albar (1927-1974), Indonesian singer, songwriter, comedian and actor
Bing West (born 1940), American military writer and government official
Related pages
Bing, Bing, Bing!, a 1995 album by Charlie Hunter
Bingbing (disambiguation)
Binge (disambiguation)
Bing Gordyn, a character in Little Britain USA
Byng (disambiguation)
Bedsit

In the United Kingdom, a bedsit (bedroom \ sitting room) is an apartment that doesn't have a private bathroom.
Rooms
Housing
Östen Undén

Bo Osten Unden JD (25 August 1886 in Karlstad - 14 January 1974 in Stockholm) was a Swedish academic, civil servant and Social Democratic politician. He was acting Prime Minister of Sweden 6 October 1946 - 11 October 1946 following the death of Per Albin Hansson.
References
1886 births
1974 deaths
Swedish academics
Government ministers of Sweden
Jurists
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Honda (Colombia)

Honda is a city in the Tolima Department in Colombia. In 2015, about 35,000 people lived there. The city was founded in 1539, and has city status since 1830. Together with Libano it is the seat of the Roman Catholic diocesese Libano-Honda.
Cities in Colombia
1539 establishments
1530s establishments in the Spanish Empire
Tractor Drivers

Tractor Drivers () is a 1939 Soviet comedy drama movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Marina Ladynina, Nikolay Kryuchkov, and Boris Andreyev.
Actors
Marina Ladynina as Maryana Bazhan
Nikolay Kryuchkov as Klim Yarko
Boris Andreyev as Nazar Duma
Stepan Kayukov as Kirill Petrovich, head of the collective farm
Pyotr Aleynikov as Savka
Vladimir Kolchin as Kharitosha
Olga Borovikova as Franya
References
Other websites
1939 comedy movies
1939 drama movies
1930s comedy-drama movies
Soviet comedy movies
Soviet drama movies
Movies directed by Ivan Pyryev
Alice B. Toklas

Alice Babette Toklas (April 30, 1877 - March 7, 1967) was the life partner of American writer Gertrude Stein. Later in her life, she wrote cookbooks and her memoirs.
Toklas was born in San Francisco. Her parents were rich. She went to private schools and The University of Washington in Seattle. After the San Francisco earthquake in 1906, she met the brother and sister-in-law of Gertrude Stein. They told her about life in Paris, and she was very interested in that.
In September 1907, Toklas went to Paris and soon met Gertrude Stein. They became friends and lovers. They lived together in Paris and southern France until Stein died in 1946. Toklas managed their household. She took care of the details of everyday life. This let Stein work on her writing. In Paris they were able to hold weekly gatherings where Stein's art collection would be shown. Many important artists and writers came to these, such as Pablo Picasso and Ernest Hemingway.
In 1933 Stein wrote her own life story, but she called it The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. The book was very popular, and Toklas became famous. From October 1934 to May 1935, she went to America with Stein. Stein gave lectures about writing and was very popular.
After Stein died, Toklas wrote her cookbook. It included little stories about Stein and their adventures in France. And she wrote her memoir of life with Stein. She died in 1967. She is buried next to Stein in the Pere-Lachaise cemetery in Paris.
Books
The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook (1954)
Aromas and Flavors of Past and Present (1958)
What Is Remembered (1963)
References
1877 births
1967 deaths
Writers from San Francisco
Lesbians
Burials at Pere Lachaise Cemetery
Twisp, Washington

Twisp is a town in Okanogan County in north central Washington, United States. It is located near the Twisp and Methow rivers. The population was 938 at the 2000 census and decreased to 919 at the 2010 census.
References
Towns in Washington (state)
Arnex-sur-Orbe

Arnex-sur-Orbe is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois.
Other websites
Official Website
Municipality Information
Municipalities of Vaud
Starr Gate

Starr Gate is at the south-western end of Blackpool on the Fylde coast in the county of Lancashire, England. The southern terminal loop of the Blackpool Tramway is present at Starr Gate. The district of South Shore is near Squires Gate and close to Blackpool International Airport.
Electric railways
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Blackpool
The Most Excellent

The Most Excellent (Spanish: Excelentisimo Senor (male) or Excelentisima Senora (female), literally "Most Excellent Sir/Madam") is an honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain people in Spain and certain Spanish-speaking countries. Following Spanish tradition, it is an ex officio style (the holder has it as long as they remain in office, in the most important positions of state) and is used in written documents and very formal occasions.
The prefix is similar (but not equal) to that of "His/Her Excellency", but in the 19th century "The Most Excellent" began to replace the former.
The proper use of the prefix Excellency was re-introduced in Francoist Spain by Generalisimo Francisco Franco himself, who was formally styled as Su Excelencia el Jefe del Estado ("His Excellency The Head of State"), while his ministers and senior government officials continued using the prefix "The Most Excellent".
The prefix "The Most Illustrious" (Ilustrisimo/a Senor/a) is the lower version, and is mostly used for non-Grandee titled nobles in Spain and some other officeholders.
Spanish culture
Football at the 1970 Asian Games

1970 Football at the Asian Games was held in Bangkok from 10 to 20 December.
Results
Preliminary round
Group A
Group B
Group C
Quarterfinals
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
References
Football at the Asian Games
1970 in association football
1970s in Thailand
Football in Thailand
December events
Hugh O'Brian

Hugh O'Brian (born Hugh Charles Krampe; April 19, 1925--September 5, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his starring role in the 1955-1961 ABC western television series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp.
O'Brian died at his home in Beverly Hills, California on September 5, 2016 at the age of 91.
References
Other websites
Hugh O'Brian (Official website)
Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (Official website)
1925 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York (state)
Préaux, Ardèche

Preaux is a commune in the Ardeche department in south France.
Communes in Ardeche
American Water Spaniel

The American Water Spaniel, (often shortened to AWS), is a rare breed of gun dog of the spaniel type that was developed in the state of Wisconsin in the United States during the 19th century by using other breeds like the Irish and English Water Spaniels. They are medium size dogs.
Colour
These dogs come in lots of different shades of brown.
Temper
American Water Spaniels are usually very friendly with people and other dogs, but they need lots of exercise to keep them happy, especially swimming like their name hints at.
State dog
They are the official state dog of Wisconsin.
References
Spaniels
Urschenheim

Urschenheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
Protoplast

Protoplast in modern biology, is what is left of a cell when the cell wall is dissolved. That leaves the cell's nucleus and the surrounding protoplasmic materials.
Definition: a protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means.
Because cell walls are made differently in the different kingdoms, different enzymes are used to remove them.
Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts
Cell walls are made of a variety of polysaccharides. Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading enzymes:
The reason for removing the cell walls is to allow many different experimental techniques to be used.
Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. In the case of plant cells, protoplasts can be regenerated into whole plants.
References
Genetic engineering
Research methods
Plant physiology
2010 US Open – Boys' Doubles

Marton Fucsovics and Hsieh Cheng-peng were the defending champions, but Hsieh did not enter the junior competition this year. Fucsovics played alongside Mate Zsiga, but the team lost to Guilherme Clezar and Tiago Fernandes in the second round.
Duilio Beretta and Roberto Quiroz defeated Oliver Golding and Jiri Vesely 6-1, 7-5 in the final.
Seeds
Marton Fucsovics / Mate Zsiga (Second Round)
Renzo Olivo / Agustin Velotti (First Round)
Duilio Beretta / Roberto Quiroz (Champions)
Oliver Golding / Jiri Vesely (Final)
<li> Juan Sebastian Gomez / Yasutaka Uchiyama (First Round)
<li> Damir Dzumhur / Mate Pavic (Quarterfinals)
<li> Denis Kudla / Raymond Sarmiento (First Round)
<li> Huang Liang-chi / Ouyang Bowen (Second Round)
Draw
Finals
Top Half
Bottom Half
Other websites
Official site of US Open
Boys' Doubles
Jack Klugman

Jacob Joachim "Jack" Klugman (April 27, 1922 - December 24, 2012) was an American movie, stage and television actor. Klugman played Oscar Madison in the television series The Odd Couple from 1970 to 1975. He played the title character in the television series Quincy, M.E. from 1976 to 1983.
Early life
Klugman was born in Philadelphia to Russian Jewish immigrants. He went to Carnegie Mellon University. He started acting after discharge from the United States Army in 1945.
Personal life
Klugman was married to Brett Somers from 1953 until her death in 2007. They legally separated in 1974, but never divorced. Somers and Klugman had 2 children.
Klugman started living with Peggy Crosby in 1988. They married in February 2008. He was the last surviving actor from the cast of jurors in the original 1957 movie 12 Angry Men.
Health
Klugman was a heavy smoker. He was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1974. In 1989, he lost a vocal cord to cancer. He was left with a quiet, raspy voice. He continued to act on stage and television.
Death
Klugman was 90 when he died on December 24, 2012 in Woodland Hills, California from prostate cancer.
Awards
He won three Emmy Awards. Two for the television version of The Odd Couple and one for the "Blacklist" episode of The Defenders. He also won a Golden Globe Award for The Odd Couple.
References
Other websites
1922 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Philadelphia
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
Cancer deaths in the United States
Comedians from Philadelphia
Deaths from prostate cancer
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Jewish American actors
People from Malibu, California
Survilliers

Survilliers is a commune. It is in Ile-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France.
References
Communes in Val-d'Oise
Northern shoveler

The northern shoveler (; Anas clypeata) is a common and widespread duck. It breeds in northern areas of Europe and Asia and across most of North America, and is a rare vagrant to Australia. In North America, it breeds along the southern edge of Hudson Bay and west of this body of water, and as far south as the Great Lakes west to Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon.
The northern shoveler is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. The conservation status is Least Concern.
References
Ducks
Peter Mutharika

Arthur Peter Mutharika (; born 18 July 1939) is a Malawian politician, educator and lawyer. He was President of Malawi from 31 May 2014 until he lost his re-election bid on June 28, 2020. He informally served as an adviser to his older brother, President Bingu wa Mutharika, on issues of foreign and domestic policy from the onset of his election campaign until the President's death on 5 April 2012.
In August 2021, the Constitutional Court examines an appeal lodged by the Progressive Democratic Party of Peter Mutharika. He calls for the cancellation of the 2020 presidential election because four of his representatives had been banned from sitting on the Electoral Commission.
References
1939 births
Living people
Presidents of Malawi
Weightlifting

Weightlifting first started in the so-called Dark Ages of the human history. It was usually done by the strongest men in villages all over Europe. It was considered to be a sport for the lower classes, however since then it has changed into the sport for other people as well. It has been in the Olympic Games since 1896.
Competition events in Olympic weightlifting
As a competitive sport, Weightlifting is controlled by the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF). Based in Budapest, it was founded in 1905.
Snatch
The snatch is one of the two olympic weightlifting events. The essence of the event is to lift a barbell from the platform to locked arms overhead in a smooth continuous movement. The lift requires not only great strength, but mastery of technical skills, a high degree of shoulder flexibility, excellent balance, and speed.
Clean and jerk
The clean and jerk is another olympic weightlifting events. It is a highly technical lift that is known as "the king of lifts" because more weight can be lifted above one's head as compared to any other known weightlifting technique.
Related pages
Weight training
Other websites
International Weightlifting Federation
Soyuz 3

Soyuz 3 was a space flight by the Soviet Union in 1968. It used a Soyuz capsule flown by Georgy Beregovoy. He was 47 years old and the oldest person to go to space at that time. 81 orbits were made over 4 days.
Soviet spacecraft
Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis, also known as mucoviscidosis, CF, and 65 roses, is a condition a person may get from their parents. It makes the body make thick, sticky mucus, which builds up in the lungs, the digestive system, and other parts of the body.
If both parents have the cystic fibrosis gene, and pass it into their child, the child will get cystic fibrosis. A cystic fibrosis gene is needed from each parent. The parent might not have cystic fibrosis but still might have the gene. A person with cystic fibrosis is not contagious (they cannot give it to anyone else). There is no cure for cystic fibrosis, but there are a lot of medications that help keep people healthy.
What CF does to the body
Cystic fibrosis affects the entire body. Overall the body has trouble moving salt to the parts of the body that need it. Since the body has trouble moving salt, it piles up in places it is not supposed to like the lungs, stomach and intestines.
Lungs
In the lungs when salt gets stuck it causes there to be less water which makes mucus become very thick. It becomes very hard to breathe. The treatment for this is breathing medicine to help add water to the lungs to keep the mucus thinner so it is easier to cough up. When there is thinner and less mucus it is easier to breathe.
Treatment
There is no cure for cystic fibrosis. Even though people can do things to stay healthy. Healthy habits keep the person from getting more sick. People can stay clean. People can stay away from germs. They can drink water to help the mucus go away. Taking enzymes help digest food if there is mucus in the stomach.
Exercise clears mucus. It builds strong muscles and bones and strengthens the lungs. Taking vitamins helps the body fight off the infection. It also helps the body grow and function well.
Inhaled antibiotics are used to keep bacteria from growing in the thick mucus.
Inhaled salt-water helps keep the lungs moisturized
Testing for cystic fibrosis
Sweat chloride test - this tests the salt level of a persons sweat.
Genetic test - this is used if the sweat test is positive to see if they have both genes.
65 roses
"65 roses" is how some children refer to their condition since cystic fibrosis is difficult for a young child to say. '65 Roses' is also a trademarked phrase by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation to help control its use. It is a very helpful way for young children to understand. When spoken aloud, it sounds similar to cystic fibrosis.
References
Genetic disorders
Respiratory system
Bernard Marcus

Bernard "Bernie" Marcus (born May 12, 1929) is an American businessman. He co-founded Home Depot and was the company's first CEO. He served as Chairman of the Board until retiring in 2002.
References
1929 births
Living people
American billionaires
American chief executives
American Jews
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from Atlanta
Businesspeople from Newark, New Jersey
Jewish billionaires
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish philanthropists
Republicans (United States)
Kimberley Walsh

Kimberley Jane Walsh (born 20 November 1981) is a British singer, model and actress. She was born and raised in Bradford, West Yorkshire. She is a member of pop quintet Girls Aloud. She was runner-up in the 2012 series of Strictly Come Dancing. In 2012 she presented a chat show called Suck My Pop. On 4 February 2013, Walsh released Centre Stage, her first solo album.
References
Other websites
English movie actors
English pop singers
English television presenters
Girls Aloud
Musicians from Bradford
Strictly Come Dancing participants
1981 births
Living people
Juntendo University

, also known as Jundai, is a private university in Japan.
History
Jutendo was established in 1838. The medical school started teaching in 1943.
The campus has expanded to several locations, including
Hongo Campus: Bunkyo, Tokyo
Sakura Campus: Inzai, Chiba
Urayasu Campus:Urayasu, Chiba
Mishima Campus: Mishima, Shizuoka
Notable alumni
Daichi Suzuki
References
Other websites
Jutendo University website
Colleges and universities in Japan
1838 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1830s establishments in Asia
Medical education
Great Plague of Marseille

was an epidemic in Marseille in France in 1720, this disease has something to do with past pandemics caused by the disease from Bubonik, this epidemic ended in France in the year 1722, it was recorded by a person who will reach 100,000. This is the third plague and third of the deadly pandemics in several decades in 2 millennia.
References
Plague pandemics
Diseases caused by bacteria
Browder v. Gayle

Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The District Court ruled 2-1, with one dissenting, on June 5, 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.
The state and city appealed, and the decision was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956. A motion for clarification and for rehearing was denied on December 17, 1956.
Background
About two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Black leaders had been looking for a test case to test the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the state of Alabama and the city of Montgomery. One of the attorneys, Clifford Durr, was concerned that an appeal of Mrs. Rosa Parks' case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts. They needed a way to get directly to the federal courts. Colvin and several others who were discriminated against on Montgomery busses, agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system. The bus company said segregation was valid on "privately owned busses" which operated according to the laws of the city and state.
Ruling
On February 1, 1956, the case of Browder v. Gayle was filed in U.S. District Court. Browder was a Montgomery housewife; W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.
On June 13, 1956, the District Court ruled that "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States," because the conditions deprived people of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The court further enjoined the state of Alabama and city of Montgomery from continuing to operate segregated buses.
The case was not completed until it was heard later that year by the US Supreme Court, as the state and city appealed the decision. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling and ordered the state of Alabama (and Montgomery) to desegregate its buses. One month later on December 20, after Mayor Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals, the Montgomery buses were desegregated.
Notes
References
1956 in the United States
United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
1950s in law
Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)

Symphony No. 8 in E-flat major by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) is one of the largest choral works in classical music. It needs a huge orchestra to play it and a huge choir to sing. Because so many performers are needed it is often called "Symphony of a Thousand", but that is not a name that Mahler gave to it.
Mahler worked very hard at it, composing it in quite a short time at Maiernigg in southern Austria in the summer of 1906. It was the last of Mahler's works that was to be given its first performance in his lifetime. The symphony was given its first performance in Munich on 12 September 1910.
Symphonies are usually pieces of music played just by an orchestra, but Beethoven started a tradition of having singing in symphonies: his Ninth Symphony is the famous one with the Ode to Joy in the last movement. Mahler took up this idea of combining singing with symphony. His Symphonies Nos 2, 3, and 4 all have singing in them. The next three are just for orchestra, but in No. 8 he uses singing again.
Symphony No. 8 is very unusual because he does not have the usual three or four movements with traditional forms such as sonata form. The whole symphony is in two parts. Part I is based on the Latin text of a ninth-century Christian hymn for Pentecost, Veni creator spiritus ("Come, Creator Spirit"). Part II is in German. The words come from the closing scene of Goethe's Faust.
The two parts have a common idea: the idea of being saved through the power of love. Musically Mahler does this by sharing tunes throughout the symphony. The symphony expresses the confidence of the eternal human spirit.
For many years after Mahler's death it was not often performed. It is, of course, a very expensive symphony to perform because of the vast numbers of musicians needed. It also needs to be performed in a very large concert hall. Today it is played more often. The 100th anniversary of its first performance was celebrated in July 2010 in the opening concert of the BBC Proms is the Royal Albert Hall, London.
Opinions about the symphony have been divided. Some people did not think the optimism expressed in the music was really convincing. Other people have said it is one of the greatest musical expressions of humanity.
Mahler 8
Symphony No. 08 (Mahler)
Faust
Ogaden

Ogaden is one of the three names for the largest region of Ethiopia. It is named after the Ogaden tribe. The area is also called the Somali Region. The Ogaden tribe shares borders with Dir to the northwest, Isaaq to the north, reer Darawiish to the northeast, Oromo to the west and Rahanweyn to the south.
References
East Africa
Kofun

are earthen tombs or tumuli in Japan. They were constructed between the early 3rd century and early 7th century.
These burial mounds are referenced in the name of the Kofun period (middle 3rd century - early-middle 6th century).
Many of the kofun have a keyhole-shaped mound () which is unique to ancient Japan.
Related pages
William Gowland, English engineer who made the first survey for Saki kofun group
Ernest Satow, English diplomat who wrote about kofun in Kozuke for the Asiatic Society of Japan
References
Fei Niao Gao Song Zhong (Takamatsuzuka, Asuka), Jiang Yuan Kao Gu Xue Yan Jiu Suo Bian , Ming Ri Xiang Cun , 1972.
Qian Fang Hou Yuan Fen (Keyhole-shaped kofun), Shang Tian Hong Fan , Xue Sheng She , Dong Jing , 1969.
Qian Fang Hou Yuan Fen toGu Dai Ri Zhao Guan Xi (Keyhole-shaped kofun and diplomatic relations between ancient Japan and Korea), Zhao Xian Xue Hui Bian , Dong Jing , Tong Cheng She , 2002.
Other websites
Japanese Archaeology: Kofun Culture
Kofun Period
Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan
History of Japan
Burial monuments and structures
Dickie Davies

Richard "Dickie" Davies (30 April 1928 - 19 February 2023) was a British television presenter who was famous for presenting World Of Sport on ITV from 1965 to 1985 as well as hosting many other sports programmes on the station.
Davies married Liz Hastings, a vision mixer at Southern Television, in 1962. They had twin sons.
Davies died on 19 February 2023, at the age of 94.
Davies is mentioned in the song "Dickie Davies Eyes" by Half Man Half Biscuit.
References
1928 births
2023 deaths
British television presenters
North Shropshire (UK Parliament constituency)

North Shropshire is a constituency of the United Kingdom. It is in the county of Shropshire in England.
Election results
References
Westminster Parliamentary constituencies in England
Sixth cholera pandemic

During the First World War, the threat and fear of cholera spreading among the troops were real. The war took place during the sixth cholera pandemic, forcing soldiers into close range in sordid conditions. Despite these factors, cholera is relatively rare in the military. Several cases have been reported, but the number is surprisingly low and the death toll is very low. This also affect a flu pandemic after the war was over. Like all previous pandemics, it originated in India and killed 800,000 people. Its spread continues to the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia.
References
Disasters in the 1910s
06
Happy Go Lucky (1972 movie)

Happy Go Lucky () is a 1972 Soviet comedy movie directed by Vasily Shukshin. It stars Vasily Shukshin, Lidiya Fedoseyeva-Shukshina, and Vsevolod Sanayev.
Actors
Vasily Shukshin as Ivan Rastorguyev
Lidiya Fedoseyeva-Shukshina as Nyura Rastorgueva
Vsevolod Sanayev as Professor
Georgi Burkov as Viktor, fake sonstructor, thief
Zinovy Gerdt as 2nd professor
Ivan Ryzhov as Train steward
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1972 movies
Soviet comedy movies
Maren Ade

Maren Ade (; born 12 December 1976) is a German movie director, screenwriter and producer. She teaches screenwriting at the Film Academy Baden-Wurttemberg in Ludwigsburg. She is known for directing and writing the Academy Award-nominated movie Toni Erdmann.
References
1976 births
Living people
German movie directors
German movie producers
German screenwriters
IS/LM model

The IS/LM model is a tool that shows the relationship between interest rates and real output in "the goods and services market" and "the money market". IS/LM model is used in Macroeconomics. The point of meet of the IS curve and the LM curve is "general equilibrium". At general equilibrium, there is same equilibrium in both markets. The letters I and S of the IS curve express Investment-Saving. The letters L and M of the LM curve express Liquidity preference--Money supply. This model makes clear an effect of either a fiscal policy or a monetary policy.
Economics models
Rhacophorus georgii

The Tuwa flying frog (Rhacophorus georgii) is a frog. It lives in Sulawesi in Indonesia.
References
Frogs of Asia
Nicole Eggert

Nicole Eggert (born January 13, 1972) is an American actress. She played Jamie Powell in the television series Charles in Charge. She played Summer Quinn in Baywatch.
Eggert was born in Glendale, California.
References
Other websites
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Glendale, California
1972 births
Living people
Shahpuri dialect

Shah puri is one of the oldest dialect of the Punjabi language spoken in Sargodh Division of Pakistani Punjab.
Its name is derived from former Shahpur District (now Shahpur Tehsil, part of Sargodha District). It is also called Western Punjabi.
This dialect has great proximity with Majhi Dialect of Punjabi Language. It can be described as a mixture of Majhi, Pothohari and thalochi dialects. Shahpurias in the Khushab area speak this dialect in a more Thalochi tone while those in southern parts of its distribution have color of Jhangochi on their language.
It is spoken throughout a widespread area, spoken in Sargodha and Khushab Districts and also spoken in neighbouring Mianwali, Mandi Bahudin and Bhakkar Districts. It is mainly spoken on western end of Sindh River to Chennab river crossing Jehlam river.
This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Shahpuri dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants.
Dialect Speaking Areas
Two districts of Punjab Province of Pakistan and neighboring districts speak this dialect.
Sargodha District
Khushab District
Mianwali District (in minority)
Bhakkar District (in minority)
Differences in Punjabi Dialects Standard (Majhi), and Western (Shahpuri)
Sub-dialects of Shah puri
Standard Lehnda (Shah puri)
Rohi being a mixture of thalochi and shah puri (Mianwali District)
Related pages
Punjabi language
Punjabi literature
Punjabi culture
Sargodha District
Khushab District
Mianwali District
Bhakkar District
Sargodha
Khushab
References
Punjabi language
Tiffany Shlain

Tiffany Shlain
Tiffany Shlain, filmmaker and business leader, was born on April 8th, 1970.
The Webby Awards
Tiffany Shlain is most well known for making the Webby Awards, the "leading international honors for websites". The Webby Awards take place every year and give awards to the best websites.
Shlain is on the Leadership Board for the Center on Media and Child Health at Harvard's Children's Hospital in Boston. Besides being a business leader, Shlain's films have won many awards, such as "The Future Starts Here", which has been chosen for an Emmy award. Her signature style of filmmaking includes lots of vibrant action shots and animations. She engages her audience with bright and vivid images, thought-provoking keynotes, and humorous observations.
Rewards
Tiffany has received rewards for her films from many organizations, including Steven Spielberg's Righteous Person's Foundation. Shlain also gives convincing speeches that encourage people to think about where we are in the world in terms of connection and technology. There were over 11,000 broadcasts in the world of 50/50 thinking the Past, Present, and Future of Women + Power, which were all brought together to an online discussion in which Shlain talked about supporting gender equality. She also has been the closing speaker for TED Women and TED MED. The Webby Awards will continue even after Shlain's death.
1970 births
Living people
People from California
American filmmakers
Writers from California
Piscina, Piedmont

Piscina is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Settlements in Piedmont
Cao Zhi (politician)

Cao Zhi (; May 1928 - 1 July 2020) was a Chinese politician. He was born in Shandong, China. He was a member of the Communist Party of China. Cao was the Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress from 1998 to 2003.
Cao died in Beijing on 1 July 2020, aged 92.
References
1928 births
2020 deaths
Chinese politicians
Rattenberg, Tyrol

Rattenberg () is a town of the district Kufstein in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is on the Inn river.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
José María Calleja

Jose Maria Fernandez Calleja (16 May 1955 - 21 April 2020) was a Spanish journalist, political prisoner and anti-ETA activist. He was born in Leon, Spain. He worked for CNN+ from 1999 to 2010. He was a professor of journalist at Charles III University of Madrid. From 1973 to 1974, he was a political prisoner under the Francisco Franco dictatorship.
Calleja was diagnosed with COVID-19 in March 2020. He died from the infection at a Madrid hospital on 21 April 2020. He was 64.
References
1955 births
2020 deaths
Spanish journalists
Political activists
Spanish activists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Spanish academics
Lloyd Sherr

Lloyd Sherr (born February 28, 1956), also known by his stage name Max Raphael, is an American voice actor and comedian. He became the voice of Fillmore in the Cars franchise (after George Carlin's death in 2008) and Everett in the Barnyard franchise. He also voices Tony Trihull in the Cars series.
Sherr's stage name is a combination of his kids' names Max and Raphael (as listed on his website )
References
Other websites
History Channel's official Modern Marvels site
American voice actors
1959 births
Living people
Carbon footprint

The term carbon footprint is how much carbon goes into the air because of something done by people or that is not done by nature. Doing something that burns fuel will make carbon dioxide gas (CO2). It is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide. Just as walking on the sand leaves a footprint, burning fuel leaves carbon dioxide in the air, which is called a carbon footprint. Total carbon footprint/emission would include energy emissions from human activities - that is, from heat, light, power, and refrigeration and all transport related emissions from cars, freight, and distribution.
The words "carbon footprint" are often seen in the news. They are used with the word sustainability, which means that we can keep doing something without making something bad happen. That is, if there is too much of a carbon footprint, then there is no sustainability. People and businesses are frequently asked to think about how much carbon they are putting into the air, and how this changes the environment and maybe causes global warming. This is typically said about travelling by aeroplane or by car, because burning fuel makes carbon dioxide gas.
Where it comes from
Oil, gas, and coal are called "fossil fuels" because they come from fossils of ancient plants and animals. Those plants and animals had carbon in them. When we burn oil, gas, and coal, the carbon becomes carbon dioxide and goes into the air. This makes the greenhouse effect, which means that the carbon dioxide makes the earth warmer, like a greenhouse. A carbon footprint is the carbon dioxide that is put into the air because of a person, a group of people, an event, or a product.
Remedies
The most common way to reduce the carbon footprint of humans is to Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse. Another easy option is to drive less. By walking or biking to the destination rather than driving, not only is a person going to save money on gas, but they will be burning less fuel and releasing fewer emissions into the atmosphere. However, if walking is not an option, one can look into carpooling to use public transportation options in their area.
Yet another option for reducing the carbon footprint of humans is to use less air conditioning and heating in the home. By adding insulation to the walls and attic of one's home, and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows, one can lower their heating costs more than 25 percent.
Choice of diet is a major influence on a person's carbon footprint. Animal sources of protein (especially red meat), rice (typically produced in high methane-emitting paddies), foods transported long distance and/or via fuel-inefficient transport (e.g., highly perishable produce flown long distance). Heavily processed and packaged foods are among the major contributors to a high carbon diet.
Ecology
Hemorrhoidolysis

Hemorrhoidolysis/Galvanic Electrotherapy is a treatment for hemorrhoids that is based on putting pressure with electrode on each hemorrhoid. This causes micro-shock that helps hemorrhoid to get back to norm. More than one hemorrhoid may be treated with each visit - the treatment lasts only a few minutes. The average hemorrhoid case will require only one treatment per hemorrhoid.
References
Gastroenterology
The Zodiac Killer

The Zodiac Killer is a 1971 American thriller movie directed by Tom Hanson and stars Hal Reed, Bob Jones, Ray Lynch, Tom Pittman.
Other websites
1971 thriller movies
1970s serial killer movies
American thriller movies
American independent movies
1970s independent movies
Stede Bonnet

Stede Bonnet (c. 1688 - December 10, 1718) was an early 18th-century Barbadian pirate, sometimes called "the gentleman pirate" because he was a moderately rich landowner before turning to a life of crime. Bonnet was captured and was executed by hanging at White Point Garden, in Charleston, South Carolina on 10 December 1718.
References
1680s births
1718 deaths
Barbadian people
People executed by hanging
Pirates
Dunwoody, Georgia

Dunwoody is a city in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is a northern suburb of Atlanta. As of 2019, the city has a population of 49,356.
References
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Mapudungun

Mapudungun is a language isolate spoken by Mapuche people, in Chile and Argentina. Even after the arrival of the Spaniards, ethnic groups in Argentina adopted Mapudungun, for instance Patagonians or Tehuelche. This process is named araucanization. Today, its speakers number 260,000, with 250,000 in the Central Valley of Chile and 10,000 in the Argentinian region of Patagonia.
The name of the boldo tree comes from the Mapudungun word foldo. The word "Poncho" was adopted by Spanish and many other languages. It may have come from the Mapudungun word pontro or from the Quechua word punchu.
References
Language isolates
Languages of South America