pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Magnitude (astronomy)

The magnitude of a star or other celestial object is a number that measures its brightness. Apparent magnitude () of a celestial object is a number that measures its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, and absolute magnitude is its actual brightness adjusted for distance. The brighter an object appears, the lower its magnitude value (i.e. inverse relation). The Sun, at apparent magnitude of -27, is the brightest object in the sky.
Magnitude is a logarithmic measure. It is measured in a specific wavelength or passband, usually in optical or near-infrared wavelengths. A full moon is -13 magnitude and the brightest planet Venus measures -5. The brightest man-made objects, Iridium flares, are ranked at -9 and the International Space Station measures -6.
History
The Greek astronomer Hipparchus first invented our system of apparent magnitude. He gave the brightest stars a magnitude of 1 and increased the numbers for dimmer stars. About 300 years later Ptolemy of Alexandria created an encyclopedia of stars based on Hipparchus' work. The Persian astronomer Al-Sufi took Ptolemy's work and gave Arabic names to the stars some 800 years later. Medieval European astronomers simply translated Al-Sufi's work into Latin which is why many stars today have Arabic names.
In recent centuries astronomers have been able to measure the distance of stars, and calculate their absolute magnitude.
Magnitude systems
Apparent magnitude m is a measure of the brightness of a celestial body as seen by a person on Earth (without the earth's atmosphere). The brighter the object appears, the lower the numerical value of its magnitude. For example, Alpha Centauri has higher apparent magnitude (i.e. lower value) than Betelgeuse, because it is much closer to the Earth.
Absolute magnitude is the apparent magnitude, m, an object would have if it were at a standard distance from Earth. The standard distance is 32.6 light years from Earth. The concept of absolute magnitude allows astronomers to compare the brightness of objects without regard to their distance. When measured using absolute magnitude the sun measures less than Sirius at only 4.8.
Visual magnitude means the amount of brightness of a star on a numbered scale. It is the magnitude based on the sensitivity of the human eye.
Photographic magnitude is different from visual magnitude because photographic film is more sensitive to blue light and radiation the human eye cannot see.
Related pages
List of brightest stars
List of most luminous known stars
List of nearest galaxies
List of nearest stars
References
Other websites
Magnitude System
Magnitudes: Measuring the Brightness of Stars
Astronomy
Hallie Kate Eisenberg

Hallie Kate Eisenberg, born August 2, 1992, is an American actor. She began her acting career in Pepsi commercials beginning in late 1990s. Eisenberg acted in many movies, television programs and commercials starting from the mid 1990s.
References
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New Jersey
1992 births
Living people
People from East Brunswick, New Jersey
Altrei

Altrei () is a comune in South Tyrol in Trentino-Alto Adige/Sudtirol, Italy.
References
Other websites
Homepage of the municipality
Settlements in Trentino-Alto Adige/Sudtirol
Spotify

Spotify () is an online music streaming service. It offers streaming of over 100 million songs and five million podcasts. The service was founded in 2006 by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon. Spotify has around 527 million monthly active users. There are two versions of Spotify: a premium monthly subscription service and a free service which is supported by advertising. As of July 2023, Spotify is available in 184 countries, including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, India and the United States.
Content
The Spotify web page instantly creates a listing of local music files which the user has stored on their computer or other devices. It does not mechanically duplicate or import the listing of music files. If the user prefers not to use the listing utility it can be inactivated in the preferences software application.
The files created on the user's computer can be imported to any device such as a mobile device with the use of the mobile client, or even upload these files to the Spotify Software Application. Users may only import or copy files that they have legally attained, even though the user has the choice to not utilize the Spotify service to import or copy their content that they have downloaded from other sites illegally online.
References
Other websites
Music software
Cookie Monster

Cookie Monster is a Muppet that appears in Sesame Street. He is a blue monster that is known for eating lots of food, especially cookies. He is also known for some of his famous eating phrases. His favorite food is cookies, as his name implies. He especially enjoys chocolate chip cookies. Throughout the years of his presence, he has gained increasing awareness of children's food habits.
In 2007, Cookie Monster had told his philosophy (way of thinking) that "Cookies are a sometimes food." His speech is often grammatically incorrect; he always uses "Me" to refer to himself in place of "I","My", and "Mine". Cookie Monster was also mentioned by Siri, while saying "And Cookie Monster is sad that there are no cookies, and you are sad that you have no friends."
When the Apple personal assistant Siri is asked the question, "what is zero divided by zero", Siri responds with the answer: "Imagine that you have zero cookies and you split them evenly among zero friends. How many cookies does each person get? See? It doesn't make sense. And Cookie Monster is sad that there are no cookies, and you are sad that you have no friends."
References
Sesame Street characters
Muppets
Alexander Siddig

Alexander Siddig (November 21, 1965) is a Sudanese actor. Siddig is most famous for playing Dr Julian Bashir in the Star Trek television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
Siddig married fellow Star Trek actor Nana Visitor in 1997. They had a son in 1996. Siddig and Visitor divorced in 2001.
Siddig is the nephew of English actor Malcolm McDowell and of former Sudanese Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi.
References
Sudanese people
1965 births
Living people
Praxidike (moon)

Praxidike or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation .
Praxidike orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,824,000 km in 613.904 days, at an inclination of 144deg to the ecliptic (143deg to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1840.
It was named in August 2003 after Praxidike, the Greek goddess of punishment.
Praxidike belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid. With an estimated diameter of 7 km, Praxidike is the second biggest member of the group after Ananke itself (assumed albedo of 0.04)
The moon appears grey similar to C-type asteroids.
References
Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL
Other websites
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages
Jupiter's moons
Jungguy frog

The jungguy frog (Ranoidea jungguy) is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in Queensland.
This frog lives in rainforests near the Barron River and east to the Mirray River. Some of these frogs also live near the Broken River.
The adult male frog is 3.1 to 4.8 cm long and the adult female frog is 4.4 to 7.1 cm long. This frog is light brown with darker brown marks. Some males turn partially yellow during the time of year when they try to attract females. The front feet have no webbing and large discs for climbing.
In some places, this frog digs a small basin to lay eggs in. The tadpoles stay in this basin until they become frogs. The frog digs the basin in sandy ground where the sunlight comes through the trees. The frog digs the basin close enough to a stream for water to seep through the sand into the basin. In some species, a male frog digs a basin to impress a female so she will mate with him, but scientists think male jungguy frogs attract a female first and then dig the basin.
Scientists used to think this was the same frog as Litoria lesueuri.
References
Frogs of Australia
Dry Creek, Louisiana

Dry Creek is an unincorporated community in Beauregard Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Settlements in Beauregard Parish, Louisiana
Bierhübeli

Bierhubeli-oder auch Sahli genannt is the name of a concert hall in the center of Berne, Switzerland. Many famous artists from all around the world have played there including Sugarhill Gang, Adam Green, Sportfreunde Stiller, Wir sind Helden, Joy Denalane and Bad Religion.
History
From 1729 there has been a restaurant there called Bierhubeli. In 1847 the Bierhubeli restaurant burned down. After that, they decided to build a hall as well as rebuilding the restaurant. It was finished in 1912. The hall was named after the restaurant.
Many styles of music are played there, ranging from rock and metal to rap and hip-hop.
The stage, the walls and the floor are made of wood. There is also a bar in the hall. In the hall, the audience feels very close to the artist. The sound in the hall is very rich, because of the shape and the way the building was made.
Buildings and structures in Switzerland
Concert halls
Bern
1912 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
Arcana Heart (series)

Arcana Heart (, Arukana Hato) is a fighting video game series developed by Examu, and published by AQ Interactive.
Games
Arcana Heart: The first Arcana Heart game has released first on Arcade, then later ported to the PlayStation 2 two years later. The game has translated by Atlus in 2008.
Arcana Heart 2 is a sequel to the original series. Released on Arcade, developed and published by Examu, and PlayStation 2 version release under title Suggoi! Arcana Heart 2. This version was fresh screen from bugs, and it has changed character design. The PlayStation 2 version by AQ Interactive.
Arcana Heart 3
Arcana Heart: Card of Glory: A spin-off of the series for mobile phones, developed by Cave Co., Ltd and published by Examu. Exclusively for NTT docomo phones throughs its i-mode service.
Characters
Heart Aino ( Aino Hato). Voiced by: Mikako Takahashi. Heart Aino is a normal high school student who share a passion for animals.
Video game series
Bokermannohyla lucianae

The Bokermannohyla lucianae is a frog that lives in Atlantic forests in Brazil.
References
Frogs of South America
Lainsecq

Lainsecq is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Yonne
Örserum Church

Orserum Church () is a church building in Orserum, Sweden. It belongs to the Granna Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was completed in 1937.
References
Church of Sweden churches
Dianne Feinstein

Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein ( ; born Dianne Emiel Goldman; June 22, 1933) is an American politician. She is the senior United States Senator from California. She is a member of the U.S. Democratic Party and has been in Senate since November 4, 1992. She was also the 38th Mayor in San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.
She is the first woman to have presided over a U.S. presidential inauguration.
On February 14, 2023, she announced her decision not to run for reelection to a sixth term in 2024.
Early life
She was born in San Francisco, California. Feinstein is of Polish-German-Russian-Jewish descent.
References
1933 births
Living people
Jewish American politicians
Jewish politicians
Mayors of San Francisco
United States senators from California
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Hungarian Revolution of 1956

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 or Hungarian Uprising of 1956 ( or ) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt. It was against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies. It lasted from 23 October until 10 November 1956. It was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out the Nazis at the end of World War II and took over Eastern Europe. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly influential. It played a role in the fall of the Soviet Union decades later.
Prelude
At the end of World War II Hungary was liberated from the Nazis. It was occupied by the Soviet Union's Red Army. Hungary's communists were led by General Secretary Matyas Rakosi and backed by Joseph Stalin. The communists destroyed all political opposition. In 1949 Hungary officially became the People's Republic of Hungary. Rakosi was an oppressive ruler. He exiled, imprisoned or killed over 300,000 Hungarians. After Stalin died, the soviet communists replaced Rakosi with Imre Nagy. They thought his softer approach would win them popularity. But the Kremlin decided he had become too popular. Rakosi was returned to power in April 1955. His secret police, the AVO, carried out Rakosi's oppressive orders again. Eventually, the Hungarian people got tired of their bad living standards and protested.
When the revolt broke out in October 1956, the Hungarian revolt was very sudden. Nobody had any idea it would sweep the country and break out everywhere all at once. However, there were warning signs that trouble was coming. The Communist Party in Hungary had lost much of its authority and respect. In July of 1956 Rakosi was removed again as leader of the party. He was sent back to the Soviet Union.
Results
2,500 Hungarians died and thousands were imprisoned. Hundreds of Soviet troops died. 200,000 fled Hungary. Communists in the Western Bloc argued about the Soviet Union intervening to stop the uprising.
References
1956 in Europe
1950s in the Soviet Union
20th century in Hungary
Revolutions
Time People of the Year
Ecclesia (Church)

Ecclesia (or Ekklesia) in Christian theology means both: a particular body of faithful people, and the whole body of the faithful. Latin ecclesia, from Greek ekklesia, where the word is a compound of two segments: "ek", a preposition meaning "out of", and a verb, "kaleo", signifying "to call" - together, literally, "to call out". That usage soon disappeared and was replaced with "assembly, congregation, council", or "convocation".
Christian understanding of 'Church'
If one speaks of the whole body of Christian faithful, then there are included not only the members of the Church who are alive on earth but all who were members of the church before. Some churches therefore describe the Church as being composed of the Church Militant (Christians on Earth) and the Church Triumphant (Christians in Heaven). In Catholic theology, there is also the Church Suffering (Christians still in purgatory).
The Christian family, the most basic unit of Church life, is sometimes called the domestic Church.
Finally, 'The Church' may sometimes be used, especially in Catholic theology, to speak of those who exercise the office of teaching and ruling the faithful, the Ecclesia Docens, or again (more rarely) the governed as distinguished from their pastors, the Ecclesia Discens.
Related pages
Church
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Notes
Other websites
Vatican II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium
The church Alive!
Ekklesia.co.uk
Ekklesia.us
Ecclesia.gr
Reflections on the Church by Reid Monaghan
Christian theology
Christian terminology
Church organization
Commissioner of Internal Revenue

The Commissioner of Internal Revenue (or IRS Commissioner) is the head of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), an agency within the United States Department of the Treasury.
The office of Commissioner was created by Congress by the Revenue Act of 1862. Their job is to administer and supervise the execution and application of the internal revenue laws. The Commissioner is appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, for a five-year term.
The current commissioner is Charles P. Rettig. He appeared before the Senate Finance Committee on June 28, 2018 for his confirmation hearing. The committee approved his nomination on July 19, 2018. His nomination was approved by the full senate on September 12, 2018.
Notes
Robeson County, North Carolina

Robeson County is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 134,168. Its county seat is Lumberton.
References
18th-century establishments in North Carolina
1787 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Beatriz Argimón

Beatriz Argimon Cedeira (born 14 August 1961) is a Uruguayan politician. She is a member of the National Party (PN). She is the 18th Vice President of Uruguay since March 1, 2020.
She was a National Representative for Montevideo Department between 2000 and 2010, and has been a member of the National Party Board since 2009.
References
1961 births
Living people
Vice presidents of Uruguay
Politicians from Montevideo
National Cheng Kung University

National Cheng Kung University (NCKU; ) is a university in Taiwan. It was named after Koxinga (Wade-Giles: Cheng Ch'eng-kung). The main campus is in Tainan City. It was founded in 1931.
NCKU is among the four universities of the Taiwan Comprehensive University System.
Other websites
Cheng Da
C
1931 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Taiwan
Vilafranca del Penedès

Vilafranca del Penedes is a municipality of 40,154 people (2020). It is in the province of Barcelona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.
References
Cities in Catalonia
Municipalities in Catalonia
HBOS

HBOS is a major bank. It was founded in 2001 when Halifax merged with the Bank of Scotland. It is headquarted in Edinburgh, Scotland. On 17 September 2008 it was said that Lloyds TSB would take over HBOS.
Banks of Scotland
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf

Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Thurgau
Colourful Radio

Colourful Radio is a commercial radio station in London. It broadcasts to Birmingham and Manchester on DAB Digital Radio. It also plays over the Internet. Colourful Radio's output is split between news, current affairs and music. The type of music the station plays is a combination of afrobeat, soul, rnb, reggae, and jazz-funk.
Colourful Radio was officially founded in 2002 by Kofi Kusitor. It went public in 2004 as the UK's first internet audio stream. It played various shows over the internet until it joined Sky satellite in 2006.
Colourful Radio began broadcasting on DAB on 2 March 2009. By then Mr Kusitor had appointed as Head of Station, Gordon Mac (formerly of KISS FM) and as Head of Programmes Henry Bonsu (former presenter of BBC London 94.9) to ran the station.
Notes
Other websites
Colourful Radio website
Radio stations in the United Kingdom
2009 establishments in England
Erich Loest

Erich Loest (24 February 1926 - 12 September 2013) was a German writer. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Hans Walldorf, Bernd Diksen, and Waldemar Nass. From 1965 to 1975, he wrote eleven novels and 30 short stories, some under pseudonyms. In 1979 he was ostracized from East Germany and did not return until after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990.
Loest was born on 24 February 1926 in Mittweida, Saxony. In his later years, Loest became seriously ill and announced at an Academy of Arts ceremony in 2010 that he did not have the strength to write another novel. On the morning of 12 September 2013, he committed suicide by falling from a second-floor hospital window in Leipzig, Saxony. He was 87 years old.
References
Other websites
1926 births
2013 deaths
Writers who committed suicide
Writers from Saxony
Pattern language

Pattern language is used to mean a system of patterns that have a certain meaning other than just the pattern.
Method
The pattern can be a pattern which has a hidden meaning shown through any sense like sight, sound, touch, taste and smell.
Sight
The most obvious form of sight-based pattern language comes in the form of writing. Nearly every language has a unique written form, which grammatically follows the spoken form.
Writing
Computer science
Mustapha Hadji

Mustapha Hadji (born 16 November 1971) is a Moroccan football player. He has played for Morocco national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="5"|Nancy-Lorraine||Division 1||0||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Division 2||32||6
|-
|1993/94||37||11
|-
|1994/95||28||3
|-
|1995/96||37||11
|-
|1996/97||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||27||3
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Deportivo La Coruna||rowspan="2"|La Liga||10||0
|-
|1998/99||21||2
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Coventry City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||33||6
|-
|2000/01||29||6
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Aston Villa||rowspan="3"|Premier League||23||2
|-
|2002/03||11||0
|-
|2003/04||1||0
|-
|2003/04||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||16||1
|-
|2004/05||Al-Ain||UAE League||15||5
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Saarbrucken||2. Bundesliga||30||4
|-
|2006/07||||24||6
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fola Esch||Division of Honour||25||17
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|National Division||17||7
|-
|2009/10||||
134||31
27||3
47||3
97||14
15||5
54||10
42||24
416||90
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1993||||
|-
|1994||||
|-
|1995||||
|-
|1996||||
|-
|1997||6||1
|-
|1998||11||4
|-
|1999||8||3
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||||
|}
References
1971 births
Living people
Moroccan footballers
China Anne McClain

China Anne McClain (born August 25, 1998) is an American actress, singer, and songwriter. The first movie she acted in was The Gospel. It was released in 2005. Between 2006 and 2012 she played Jazmine Payne in Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
Career
McClain first acted in the 2005 movie The Gospel. Tyler Perry saw the movie and gave her the role of Jazmine Payne in Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In 2009 McClain played Alana Collins in Hurricaine Season. In 2011 McClain won the prize for Best Performance - Comedy at the NAMIC Vision Awards for her role in the show. McClain started acting in the Disney sitcom A.N.T. Farm in 2011. She played the main character, Chyna Parks. The show lasted three seasons. McClain sung the show's theme song, "Exceptional". It was released on a soundtrack album called A.N.T. Farm in 2011. Two singles were released from the album. It reached number 29 in the American albums chart.
In 2014, McClain played Gabby Harrison in Disney Channel movie How to Build a Better Boy.
Early life
McClain was born in Atlanta to African American parents. Her father is Michael McClain, a music producer. Her mother, Shontell, a songwriter.
References
1998 births
African American actors
Living people
Actors from Atlanta
American TikTokers
African-American singers
American R&B singers
American YouTubers
American bass guitarists
American child actors
American child singers
American movie actors
American pianists
American pop singers
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Musicians from Atlanta
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Electropop singers
Michael DeLuise

Michael Robert DeLuise (born August 4, 1969) is an American actor, movie director, and movie producer. In 1990, DeLuise starred on the Fox TV series 21 Jump Street as Joey Penhall. He also appeared on Gilmore Girls, NYPD Blue, CSI: NY, Lost, and Stargate SG-1.
Other websites
1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Movie directors from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Stéphane Audran

Stephane Audran (born Colette Suzanne Dacheville 8 November 1932 - 27 March 2018) was a French movie and television actress. She was known for her performances in award-winning movies such as Le charme discret de la bourgeoisie (1972) and Babette's Feast (1987), The Big Red One (1980) and Violette Noziere (1978).
In 1973, Audran won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.
References
Other websites
BAFTA Award winning actors
1932 births
2018 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
People from Versailles
Tupac Huallpa

Tupac Huallpa (15th century - 1533) was the fourteenth Sapa Inca. He only ruled for a few months, in the year 1533, after Atahualpa, his half-brother, had been murdered. Tupac Hualpa was the last Inca ruler. He was the son of Sapa Inca Huayna Capac. Huayana Capac died in 1527. After that, there was a civil war between Tupac Huallpa and Huascar, his half-brother. This war ended in 1532, with the victory of Atahualpa. Shortly aferwards Spanish troops led by Francisco Pizarro captured Huascar. Even though a large ransom was paid, Huascar was executed. Tuupac Huallpa was Huasca's younger brother. Atahualpa was executed in 1533, and the Spanish made Tupac Huallpa king of the Incas.
15th-century births
1533 deaths
Inca rulers
Stephen Blaire

Stephen Edward Blaire (December 22, 1941 - June 18, 2019) was an American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Blaire became a priest in 1967. In February 1990, he was named Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles and titular bishop of Lamzella by Pope John Paul II. He served as the fifth Bishop of Stockton, California from March 16, 1999 until his retirement on January 23, 2018.
Blaire died on June 18, 2019 in Modesto, California. He was 77.
References
Other websites
Stephen Blaire at Catholic-Hierarchy.org
1941 births
2019 deaths
People from Los Angeles
American Roman Catholic bishops
British Rail Class 312

The British Rail Class 312 is a type of alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) built intended for use on outer-suburban passenger services. It was the last class of multiple unit to be constructed to the British Rail Mark 2 bodyshell, and also the last with slam doors. This latter feature contributed to their relatively early withdrawal (between 25-28 years old, compared to a life expectancy of 30 years). Ironically, the examples withdrawn by First Great Eastern and later 'one' Great Eastern between 2003 and 2004 were slightly newer than most of the carriages the operator is introducing during 2005 for use on its premier express service
References
312
312
Cloaking device

A cloaking device or invisibility cloak has long been featured in science fiction. Attempts have been made to devise a way to do it with objects, but results were disappointing until now. A paper in Nature Communications for September 2013 announces a new approach.
"Invisibility cloaking was almost inconceivable until the ingenious theory of macroscopic invisibility cloaking was proposed based on transformation optics principles. ... We successfully demonstrate the cloaking of living creatures, a cat and a fish, from the eye.
From reference 1, the two "supplementary movies" show the successful cloaking of a goldfish and a cat so far as they are within the experimental space.
Overview
A recent review said these methods were possible:
Optical camouflage: A modified background image is projected onto a cloak of reflective material (the kind used to make projector screens). The wearer becomes invisible to anyone standing at the projection source.
The "mirage effect": Electric current is passed through submerged carbon nanotubes to create very high local temperatures. This causes light to bounce off them, hiding objects behind.
Adaptive heat cloaking: A camera records background temperatures, these are displayed by sheets of hexagonal pixels which change temperature very quickly, camouflaging even moving vehicles from heat-sensitive cameras.
Calcite crystal prism: Calcite crystals send the two polarizations of light in different directions. By fixing prism-shaped crystals together in a particular way, polarised light can be directed around small objects. This effectively cloaks them.
References
Optics
Science fiction
Nui (atoll)

Nui is an atoll and one of nine districts of the Pacific Ocean state of Tuvalu. It has a land area of 3.37 km2 and a population of 610 in 2017.
References
Atolls
Tuvalu
Samvel Karapetyan (author)

Samvel Karapetian (; 30 July 1961 - 27 February 2020) was an Armenian historian, researcher, author, and expert of medieval architecture. His works were on the study of the historical monuments of Armenia, Nagorno Karabakh and other regions of the Southern Caucasus.
He surveyed and catalogued thousands of artifacts of Armenian history and architecture. Karapetyan was head of the Yerevan branch of the NGO Research on Armenian Architecture (RAA). Karapetyan was also known as an outspoken critic of the treatment of Armenian monuments in Turkey. He presented his findings to United States Congress in 2007 and to the European Court of Human Rights in 2008.
In 2007 he won the Armenian Presidential Humanitarian Sciences Prize for his work in literature.
Karapetyan was an outspoken critic of the Armenian Apostolic Church and a supporter of the separation of church and state in Armenia.
References
2020 deaths
Armenian historians
1961 births
Think for Yourself

"Think for Yourself" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was first released on the band's 1965 album Rubber Soul. It was written by the band's lead guitarist George Harrison. Some people think that the song tells the listener to think independantly in a political way, but it can also be seen as a love song. The song had influences from Bob Dylan. The song also has a fuzz bass played by Paul McCartney.
Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
George Harrison - lead vocals, electric guitar
John Lennon - harmony vocals, Vox Continental organ
Paul McCartney - harmony vocal, bass, fuzz bass
Ringo Starr - drums, tambourine, maracas
References
Sources
The Beatles songs
1965 songs
Carabbia

Carabbia was a municipality until 2008, when it was moved to the municipality of Lugano, in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Other websites
Official website
Former municipalities of Ticino
Districts of Lugano
Sveagruva

Sveagruva (sometimes called Svea, translates to 'mine of the Swedes') was a mining settlement on Spitsbergen. It was used to get coal from the Svea Nord mine, the biggest mine on Spitsbergen. It is the southernomst settlement on Spitsbergen, not counting the Polish research station at Hornsund. The mine was closed in 2016. Only few people permanently lived in Sveagruva. Most poeple lived in Longyearbyen with their families, and commuted to work.
There are no roads to connect Sveagruva to other settlements. There is an airport, and there is a port, about away. The coal was transported by ship, the people used airplanes. Since 2020, there have not been permanent residents in Sveagruva. It is a ghost town.
Settlements in Norway
Ghost towns
Dermot Gallagher

Dermot Anthony Gallagher (1944 - 15 January 2017) was an Irish civil servant. He served as the Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs. He left office as Secretary-General on 24 January 2009 and was replaced by David Cooney, former Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He was known for serving as Ireland's ambassador to the United States and for helping establishing peace with Northern Ireland.
Early life
Gallagher was born in Carrick-on-Shannon, Leitrim. He studied and taught at the University College Dublin. His diplomatic career began in 1969.
Career
During his diplomat career, Gallagher worked in London, New York City at the United Nations Headquarters, in Brussels and in San Francisco, California. He was made "deputy chief of the cabinet" at the European Commission. In 1971, he married his wife, Maeve Farrell.
He was appointed Ambassador to the United States in 1991 where he developed a wide range of friendships and contacts. One of these was Bill Clinton, then governor of Arkansas. During his time as ambassador, he helped secure a U.S. visa for Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams. After his posting in Washington D.C., he returned home in 1997 with the title of Second Secretary General. Along with Bertie Ahern, Gallagher wanted to establish peace with Northern Ireland.
Later career
In February 2009 he was nominated to be Chairman of the Garda Siochana Ombudsman Commission and was appointed Chairman of University College Dublin Governing Authority.
Death
Gallagher died on 15 January 2017 in Dublin, aged 72. On his death, President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, said: "Mr Gallagher dedicated a lifetime to public service, serving with distinction as ambassador to the United States and making a significant contribution to the peace process in Northern Ireland.
References
1944 births
2017 deaths
Irish politicians
Civil servants
Ambassadors
Bud Shuster

Elmer Greinert "Bud" Shuster (; January 23, 1932 - April 19, 2023) was an American politician. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives as a Republican from 1973 to 2001.
Shuster died on April 19, 2023 at his home in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania at the age of 91.
References
Other websites
Ethics Committee complaint (1996)
1932 births
2023 deaths
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
Republican Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Vieux-Mesnil

Vieux-Mesnil is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 635 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Édgar Ramírez

Edgar Filiberto Ramirez Arellano (, born March 25, 1977) is a Venezuelan actor and former journalist. He was born in San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela.
He played Carlos the Jackal in the 2010 French-German biopic series Carlos. He won the Cesar Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for the role and was nominated for a Golden Globe and Emmy Award for best actor.
He also played Larry, a CIA operative in the movie Zero Dark Thirty, Paz--a CIA assassin--in The Bourne Ultimatum, and Roberto Duran, a four-time world-champion boxer and member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, in Hands of Stone.
Ramirez starred as Gianni Versace in the limited crime series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story. He also starred as Bodhi in the 2015 movie Point Break.
References
1977 births
Living people
Venezuelan actors
Movie actors
Television actors
Voice actors
Venezuelan journalists
Roger Moore

Sir Roger George Moore (14 October 1927 - 23 May 2017) was an English actor and a UNICEF ambassador. He is probably the most well known for playing fictional spy James Bond in seven movies from 1973 to 1985. He played James Bond more times than any other actor. He was also well known for playing Simon Templar in the television show The Saint. He began his career by becoming a male model.
Early life
Moore was the only child of policeman, George Moore, and housewife, Lilian "Lily". He attended Battersea Grammar School, but was evacuated to Holsworthy, Devon, during the Second World War. He was then educated at Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. He then attended the College of the Venerable Bede at the University of Durham, but never graduated. Moore served in the Royal Army Service Corps, commanding a small depot in West Germany.
Personal life
Moore left his first wife, skater Doorn Van Steyn, for singer Dorothy Squires. Squires was 12 years older than him. She was also, at that time, much more famous than he was. They lived together for a short time in Dafen, Llanelli, South Wales. While making a movie in Italy in 1961, Moore left Squires for Italian actress Luisa Mattioli. Moore has a daughter and two sons with Mattioli. Moore ended this marriage in 1993. His current marriage is to the Danish-Swedish multi-millionaire Kristina 'Kiki' Tholstrup.
When Moore married Kiki Tholstrup, he began spending winters in Crans-Montana, Valais (Switzerland) and summers at his apartment in Monaco.
In 1999, Moore was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 14 June 2003. He was proud the honor was for his charity work rather than his acting.
On 11 October 2007, three days before he turned 80, Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Moore's Star was the 2,350th star. It is appropriately located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard.
In 2008, the French Government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.
His autobiography My Word is My Bond was published the same year.
Filmography
References
1927 births
2017 deaths
Actors from London
Actors who played James Bond
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from prostate cancer
English autobiographers
English movie actors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Extras
Humanitarians
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
United Nations officials
Tacuarembó Department

The Tacuarembo department () is a department of Uruguay. The capital is the city of Tacuarembo.
Its ISO 3166-2 code is UY-TA.
Name
The department and its capital city are named after Tacuarembo river, the main tributary of the Rio Negro river.
History
The first division in departments of Uruguay was in 1816. At that time, the Paysandu Department included all the territory north of the Rio Negro, including the actual departments of Artigas, Rivera, Tacuarembo, Salto, Paysandu and Rio Negro. On 16 June 1837 a new division of Uruguay was made and this territory was divided in three parts; one of these parts was the Tacuarembo Department that included also the actual department of Rivera, until it was split from it in 1884.
Geography
The Tacuarembo department is in the north central part of the country. It has an area of , the largest in the country. It is has a population of 90,053 inhabitants (2011 census) for a population density of .
To the west of the department there is a chains of low and rounded hills in the department, the Cuchilla de Haedo.
Limits
It borders Rivera Department to its north and northeast, the departments of Salto, Paysandu and Rio Negro to its west and Durazno and Cerro Largo to the south separated by the Rio Negro.
Rivers
The Rio Negro river forms the southern border of the department but the most important river that is completely within the department is the Tacuarembo river, the main tributary of Rio Negro.
Climate
The Koppen climate classification type for the climate at Paso de los Toros, in the southwest of the department, is a "Humid subtropical climate" and of the subtype Cfa.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Paso de los Toros is . The month with the most precipitation on average is January with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is December with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Paso de los Toros is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Demographics
The inhabitants of the Tacuarembo department (and of the city of Rivera) are known, in Spanish, as Tacuaremboenses.
Evolution of the population in Tacuarembo
Rural population
According to the 2011 census, the Tacuarembo department has a rural population of 9,660.
Main towns
Gallery
Related pages
Departments of Uruguay
ISO 3166-2:UY
References
Other websites
Gobierno Departamental de Tacuarembo website
Statoids - Departments of Uruguay
Enciclopedia Geografica del Uruguay: Tacuarembo
Tacuarembo
1837 establishments
19th-century establishments in Uruguay
1830s establishments in South America
Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)

The Afghan Civil War was going on from 1992 to 1996.
War over Kabul (28 April 1992-93)
Fighting over Kabul started on 25 April 1992. The six armies fighting were Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, Jamiat-e Islami, Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami, Ittehad-e Islami, Hezb-i Wahdat and Junbish-i Milli. Mujahideen warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, was offered the position of prime minister in President Mujaddidi's government - an interim. But this agreement was broken on 29 May when Mujaddidi accused Hekmatyar of having rockets fired at his airplane.
By 30 May 1992, Jamiat-e Islami and Junbish-i Milli mujahideen forces were fighting against Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin again in southern Kabul.
In May or early June, Hekmatyar's forces started [ firing cannons and grenade launcher toward targets] all around Kabul. Much support came from the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). Junbish-i Milli and Jamiat-e Islami in June shelled [or fired cannons and grenade launchers toward targets in] areas south of Kabul. Ittehad-e Islami and Hezb-i Wahdat were fighting each other in west Kabul. At the end of June 1992, Burhanuddin Rabbani took over as (acting or) interim president of Afghanistan. That government was weak, even from its start in April 1992.
In the rest of 1992, hundreds of rockets hit Kabul, thousands, mostly civilians, were killed, half a million people fled the city. In 1993, the rivalling militia factions continued their fights over Kabul, several cease-fires and peace accords failed.
According to Human Rights Watch, in the period 1992-95, five different mujahideen armies contributed to heavily damaging Kabul, though other analysts blame especially the Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin group.
Taliban take-over
On 25 September, the strategic town of Sarobi, an eastern outpost of Kabul, fell to the Taliban who captured it from interim government troops. 50 people were killed and the Taliban captured many arms from fleeing government soldiers.
On 26 September, with the Taliban attacking Kabul, interim minister of defense Ahmad Shah Massoud in his headquarters in northern Kabul concluded that his and President Rabbani's interim government's forces had been encircled, and decided to quickly evacuate or withdraw those forces to the north, to avoid destruction. Also Hekmatyar, leader of Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, withdrew from Kabul.
By nightfall, or on the next day of 27 September, the Taliban had conquered Kabul. Taliban's leader Muhammad Umar appointed his deputy, Mullah Muhammad Rabbani, as head of a national ruling council which was called Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. By now, the Taliban controlled most of Afghanistan.
Related pages
Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)
Afghan Civil War (1989-1992)
References
War in Afghanistan (since 1978)
About Time (movie)

About Time is a romantic drama movie. It is about a man, played by Domhnall Gleeson, who can time travel. It is set in Cornwall and London. Rachel McAdams plays Mary, and Margot Robbie plays Charlotte. The movie was rated R by MPAA mostly for profanity.
About Time was released in the United Kingdom on September 4, 2013 and the United States on November 1, 2013.
2013 romantic drama movies
British romantic drama movies
Cornwall
2010s English-language movies
Movies set in London
Time travel movies
Rolf Kühn

Rolf Kuhn (29 September 1929 - 18 August 2022) was a German jazz clarinetist and saxophonist. He was the older brother of the pianist Joachim Kuhn. He was called the "German Benny Goodman".
References
1929 births
2022 deaths
German jazz musicians
Clarinetists
Saxophonists
People from Cologne
Mekong giant catfish

The Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) is a rare species of catfish. It is a part of the shark catfish family. It is one of the biggest species of freshwater catfish. It is endemic to the lower half of the Mekong River. Because of overfishing and habitat loss, the fish is now critically endangered. Sometimes, Mekong giant catfish are raised in aquaculture. Today, the fish are almost exclusively founds in Tonle Sap lake and Tonle Sap river. It is unknown whether this constitutes one population, or whether there are two distinct ones. The fish is closely related to the Iridescent shark, which is also known as Pangasius.
References
Catfish
Bernardo Provenzano

Bernardo Provenzano (; 31 January 1933 - 13 July 2016) was a member of the Sicilian Mafia (Cosa Nostra). He was suspected of having been the head of the Corleonesi, a Mafia faction from the town of Corleone. He was the de facto capo di tutti capi (boss of all bosses) of the entire Sicilian Mafia until his arrest in 2006.
On 13 July 2016, Provenzano died from complications of bladder cancer at a hospital in prison at age 83.
References
1933 births
2016 deaths
Italian mobsters
People from Sicily
Aphaenogaster

Aphaenogaster is a genus of myrmicine ants. Almost 200 species have been described. Also, 11 fossil species are known. They live worldwide except from South America and Southern Africa.
They are often confused with Pheidole or Pheidologeton. These two have major and minor workers, while Aphaenogaster has only a single worker caste. Pheidole has a 3-segmented club on its antenna. But Aphaenogaster has four segments and a larger body size. Pheidologeton has a 11-segmented antenna, while the antenna in Aphaenogaster is 12-segmented.
They make very thick, easily seen nests with many big entrances in a small place. These entrances can have diameters of up to 4 cm and are up to 30 cm deep. This resulted in their common name funnel ants. These nests can be a bad problem for golfers or on pastures and unsealed airstrips, because the fragile ground easily breaks under pressure.
Aphaenogaster gets most of its food from tended aphids on the roots of plants. This explains that they are not commonly seen out of their tunnels. The funnel-shaped openings could play a role in trapping arthropods, which are also eaten.
Although these ants are not aggressive, they will bite when their nest is disturbed.
Footnotes
References
ITIS: Genus Aphaenogaster
Ants Down Under: Genus Aphaenogaster
Other websites
Dale Ward: Aphaenogaster cockerelli
Ants
Caesium

Caesium (or cesium) is the chemical element with the atomic number 55 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Cs.
Caesium is an alkali metal. Its melting point is low (28 degC). It is extremely reactive. Because of its high reactivity, it is a dangerous chemical. It may set itself on fire (ignite) in air. It explodes on contact with water. It reacts more violently than the other alkali metals with water. Because of this, caesium is stored in mineral oil.
Caesium is a rare element. Since there is little caesium on the Earth, it is rather expensive. The human body does not need caesium. In large amounts, its chemical compounds are mildly poisonous because it is close to potassium, which the body does need.
History
Caesium was first described in 1860, by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. They were testing mineral water, from Bad Durkheim. After they separated calcium, strontium, magnesium and lithium, they saw two lines in the "blue" range of the spectrum. Because of these lines, they concluded that in addition to the elements already found, there must be another unknown substance in the mineral water. They named this substance caesium, after the color blue.
Isotopes and compounds
Caesium has at least 39 known isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 112 to 151. Only one of these, Cs, is stable. Therefore, the naturally-occurring isotope of caesium is Cs, which is not radioactive. Cs is used in atomic clocks, its vibration frequency used to define the length of the second. Another isotope, Cs is not made naturally but is made after nuclear fission has been done. It is very radioactive and used as an industrial gamma ray source.
Caesium forms compounds with many other chemical elements. Caesium formate is used in oil drilling because of its high density.
Reactivity
Caesium is extremely reactive in air and water. Caesium rapidly oxidizes in air and can spontaneously combust (randomly catch on fire) at any moment. For this reason, it must be stored in kerosene or a mineral oil, like other group one elements (Lithium, Natrium, Rubidium, and Francium.) In water, Caesium violently reacts to make Caesium Hydroxide (2CsOH). The Caesium sinks for about one second, then explodes. The explosion is over 50 times the size of the element dropped in the water, and the explosion is enough to break a common Pyrex Beaker, Flask, or Test Tube. You can find a video of the reaction here.
References
Alkali metals
We Rock (Camp Rock song)

We Rock is a song off the soundtrack of Camp Rock. The song also featured on the Disney Channel Original Movie Camp Rock. We Rock is also the first track on the Camp Rock Soundtrack. The song was sung by Demi Lovato and other cast members of the movie Camp Rock. The song was released in May 2008. The song was also the on the pre-release version of the Soundtrack.
Charts
Related pages
Camp Rock Soundtrack
Camp Rock
Jonas Brothers
Demi Lovato
Disney Channel
Sources
Other websites
Official Camp Rock site
2008 songs
Camp Rock
Demi Lovato songs