pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aaron Klug

Sir Aaron Klug OM PRS (August 11, 1926 - November 20, 2018) was a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist.
Klug won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing crystallographic electron microscopy and working out the structure of nucleic acid-protein complexes.
Biography
Klug was born in Zelva, Lithuania to Jewish parents. The family moved to South Africa when he was two. Klug graduated with a degree in science at the University of Witwatersrand and studied crystallography at the University of Cape Town before moving to England, completing his doctorate at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1953.
He moved to Birkbeck College, University of London, in late 1953, and started working with Rosalind Franklin in John Bernal's lab. This experience aroused a lifelong interest in viruses. During his time there he worked on the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus.
In 1962 he moved to the newly built MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Klug used methods from X-ray diffraction to develop crystallographic electron microscopy. In this method, two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to make three-dimensional images of the target. He worked out the structure of important nucleic acid-protein complexes.
Between 1986 and 1996 he was Director of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, and was knighted in 1988. He was elected President of the Royal Society, and served from 1995-2000. He was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1995.
Klung died on November 20, 2018 in Cambridge at the age of 92.
References
Further reading
this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
Aaron Klug tells his life story at Web of Stories
Aaron Klug biography at the Nobel Foundation
Aaron Klug interviews with Harry Kroto
Aaron Klug article by Bob Weintraub.
The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
Aaron Klug interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 11 December 2007 (film)
Listen to an oral history interview with Aaron Klug - a life story interview recorded for National Life Stories at the British Library
1926 births
2018 deaths
British biophysicists
British chemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Knights Bachelor
Lithuanian Jews
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Order of Merit
South African Jews
White South African people
Nagar panchayat

A Nagar Panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) or City Council in India is a council helps in the transformation of from rural to urban.
The 74th Amendment of the Constitution of India made laws relating to urban local government. The three-tier structure is municipal corporation, municipal council and nagar panchayat.
Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman / mayor along with ward/counselors members. There are at least ten elected ward members and three nominated members.
There are seats reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes and women. The councillors or ward members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.
Functions
Essential services and facilities to the urban area.
Sanitation program.
Street lighting and providing roads in wards and main roads of town.
Schools in urban areas.
Program for adult literacy and run city libraries.
Water supply to every ward of urban area.
Drainage system to clear the solid and liquid wastes from town.
Maintaining records of births and deaths.
References
Local government in India
Cursan

Cursan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
References
Communes in Gironde
Unity of knowledge and action

The Unity of knowledge and action (Zhi Xing He Yi ) is a concept in philosophy created by Wang Yangming. It means that knowledge and action should go together and help each other. This idea says that only by behaving well can someone become wise. It is similar to the Western idea called virtue epistemology.
Overview
In Chinese philosophy, knowledge and action were usually seen as related but different. Wang disagreed and said there was no difference between them. He thought that knowledge was knowing how to act in a situation, based on his ideas about people and their innate knowledge. He also believed that the world was always changing, rather than staying the same, which is similar to the Western idea of Process philosophy.
History
Wang Yangming created the idea during the Ming dynasty.
Wang Yangming disagreed with the teachings of Zhu Xi, a famous philosopher. Zhu Xi encouraged students to study in two parts, one theoretical and one practical. Wang believed this approach made people ineffective.
Application
Western philosophers talk about akrasia, which is when someone does something they know is wrong on purpose. But Wang disagrees. He says that just saying you know something is wrong isn't enough. You have to actually act on what you know for it to count. For example, if a student cheats on a test but says cheating is wrong, Wang would say they don't really understand what they're saying..
Similar ideas
The idea of combining knowledge and action is not exclusive to Chinese philosophy. Similar ideas can be found in Western literature. Hermann Hesse in his novel Demian writes that only the thoughts we put into action have real value. The motto of MIT, "Mens et Manus" or "Mind and Hand," also emphasizes the importance of combining inner knowledge with actions.
The idea of virtue Epistemology in contemporary Western philosophy also shares similarities with Wang Yangming's concept of the Unity of Knowledge and Action. Both emphasize the importance of practical wisdom and the integration of knowledge and action.
Related pages
Unity of Heaven and humanity
Unity of religion and rule
Virtue epistemology
References
Confucianism
Epistemology
Wang Yangming
Simcoe County

Simcoe County is part of Central Ontario, Canada. It is north of the Greater Toronto Area, between Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. It is part of the Golden Horseshoe area. The county covers . In 2011, it had a population of 277,614. It was named by John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, for his father John Simcoe.
Agriculture and manufacturing are a big part of Simcoe County's economy. Honda Canada is one of the county's biggest employers.
The County has sixteen municipalities:
Town of Bradford West Gwillinbury
Town of Collingwood
Town of Innisfil
Town of Midland
Town of New Tecumseth
Town of Penetanguishene
Town of Wasaga Beach
Township of Adjala-Tosorontio
Township of Clearview
Township of Essa
Township of Oro-Medonte
Township of Ramara
Township of Severn
Township of Springivater
Township of Tay
Township of Tiny, Ontario
The cities of Barrie and Orillia are both in Simcoe County but they are politically independent of the county.
Counties of Ontario
Lauren Weisberger

Lauren Weisberger (born March 28, 1977) is an American novelist. She was the author of the 2003 bestseller The Devil Wears Prada, which is based on her experience as an assistant to Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour.
References
1977 births
Living people
American novelists
Writers from Pennsylvania
People from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Tristan Tzara

Tristan Tzara (; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; - 25 December 1963) was an artist from Romania and France who was known for starting the Dadaist movement. He was interested in symbolism and was more on the nihilistic side of Dada than others.
References
1896 births
1963 deaths
French art critics
20th-century French composers
French critics
French essayists
French movie directors
French poets
Jewish French musicians
Jewish French writers
Romanian composers
Romanian Jews
Romanian movie directors
Romanian writers
Gerhard Berger

Gerhard Berger, (born August 27, 1959 in Worgl) is an Austrian former Formula One racing driver, who used to own 50% of the Scuderia Toro Rosso Formula One team until he sold his share back to energy drink owner Dietrich Mateschitz.
1959 births
Living people
Austrian racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
People from Tyrol (state)
Jüri Tarmak

Juri Tarmak (21 July 1946 - 22 June 2022) was an Estonian high jumper. He competed for the Soviet Union. He won a gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Tarmak died on 22 June 2022 in Tallinn, Estonia at the age of 75.
References
1946 births
2022 deaths
Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Tallinn
Sole (fish)

Sole is a flatfish belonging to several families. Generally speaking, they are members of the family Soleidae.
Outside Europe, the name sole is also given to various other similar flatfish, especially other members of the sole suborder Soleoidei as well as members of the flounder family, the Pleuronectidae.
In European cookery, the common or Dover sole Solea solea, is often simply called the sole. It is the most widely available, and often thought to be the best.
References
Flatfish
Edible fish
Joey Logano

Joseph Thomas Logano (born May 27, 1990) is an American racecar driver who drives the No. 22 Ford Mustang in the NASCAR Cup Series for Team Penske. Logano is the 2018 NASCAR Cup Series champion. Until the start of the 2013 season, Logano drove the #20 Home Depot Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing. Logano won the 2009 rookie of the year award, and with his win at the New Hampshire Motor Speedway became the youngest drive to win a race in NASCAR history. He also won the 2012 Pocono 400 at Pocono Raceway from the pole, ending a 31 race losing streak for pole winners.
References
1990 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Josei

Josei anime is anime intended for women older than high school age. Josei means "women". It is the next female demographic after shojo. Much like shonen and seinen there is a little overlap. Some anime fitting both demographics.
Josei might share some traits with shojo, but josei tends to be more realistic. The stories portrayed in Josei anime are usually more like real life than the stories found in shojo. This is because the Josei audience is more mature, and want more mature anime.
Anime
Crowding out (economics)

In economics, crowding out happens when the government starts buying or selling more stuff in the market. This affects other people and businesses--usually in a bad way.
For example, if the government buys more stuff, it may have to borrow more. By borrowing more there will be a higher interest rate (see supply and demand). This will make it harder for other companies and people to borrow. The government is said to "crowd out" the market.
References
Economic policy
Economic theories
Macroeconomics
Muscadine

Muscadine is a grapevine species. It is in the southeastern United States. They grow well in a warm and humid climate.
Muscadine berries are bronze to dark purple to black in color when ripe. However, many wild varieties stay green. Their skin is very tough. To eat the raw fruit a person bites a small hole in the skin to suck out the pulp inside. Muscadines are not only eaten fresh, but also are used in making wine, juice, and jelly.
Vitaceae
Snowstar Records

Snowstar Records is an independent Dutch record label based in Utrecht. The label was founded in 2003 by Cedric Muyres. Snowstar is specialised in Indie, singer/songwriter and folk.
History
Since 2003 Snowstar Records is active in the alternative pop music scene. Initially as a punk rock label operating from Limburg, but the focus shifted to indie, singer/songwriter, folk and americana. Since 2008 the label is based in Utrecht. With the release of I Am Oak, On Claws in 2010 the label obtained a high brand awareness.
Stefan Breuer (band member I Am Oak and Lost Bear) is involved in the production process (recording and mixing) by most of the releases from Snowstar Records, while Tammo kersbergen (also band member I Am Oak and Lost Bear) has provided much of the mastering.
In 2008 Snowstar Record celebrated their fiftieth anniversary with five new releases and a party in DB's, Utrecht (the Netherlands).
Awards
Rest of the World / abroad
Snowstar is also building on their releases abroad, by working together with foreign labels.
The album from The Secret Love Parade is released in Japan and the albums from I Am Oak in Belgium and Germany.
Discography
Other websites
Official website
Artist list
I Am Oak
LUIK
The Secret Love Parade
Kensington
Bart van der Lee
Lost Bear
2003 establishments in Europe
Dutch record labels
Natural killer cell

Natural killer cells (or NK cells) are a type of lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system. NK cells provide a rapid response to cells infected by viruses, or to bacterial cells. The response happens about 3 days after infection. NK cells also respond to tumour formation.
NK cells are unique: they have the ability to recognise stressed cells in the absence of antibodies and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This allows for a much faster immune reaction.
In early experiments in cancer patients and animals, investigators found what was called a "natural" reactivity. That is, a certain population of cells seemed to be able to kill tumour cells without previously being sensitized to them. At first many thought that these observations were artifacts. However, by 1973, 'natural killing' activity was established across a wide variety of species, and the existence of a separate line of cells with this ability was suggested.
Function
To control their cytotoxic activity, NK cells have two types of surface receptors: activating receptors and inhibitory receptors. When the NK cell is activated, it destroys the cells which have switched it on.
Small granules in their cytoplasm contain proteins and enzymes called granzymes. They are released close to a cell which has triggered their action. A protein perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell, creating a channel through which enzymes and other molecules can enter. This kills the target cell. The details vary according to whether the target is a virus, a bacterium or a tumour cell.
Hypothesis
These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I molecules, which could explain why NK cells kill cells with low levels of MHC class I molecules. This inhibition is crucial to the role played by NK cells. MHC class I molecules are main way cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. A common evolutionary adaptation to this seen in both intracellular microbes and tumours is a long-term down-regulation of these MHC I molecules. This makes the cells impervious to T-cell action. NK cells may have evolved as an evolutionary response: the loss of MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and make them vulnerable to NK cell attack.
NK cell function in adaptive response
The adaptive immune response generates memory cells after a primary infection. Then there is a rapid response to later infections by the same antigen. Earlier it was thought that NK cells play no role in the adaptive immune responses, but now it seems they do.
References
Blood cells
Immunology
Andre Lavrillier

Andre Henri Lavrillier (May 7, 1885 - January 28, 1958) was a French medalist. He won the Prix de Rome for engraving in 1914. Andre Lavrillier studied at the Beaux-Arts de Paris in the workshops of Jules Chaplain (1839 - 1909), Frederic de Vernon (1858 - 1912) and Auguste Patey (1855 - 1930). Andre Lavrillier won a Second Grand Prix de Rome in 1911, and a Premier Grand Prix de Rome in 1914. He married the Romanian sculptor Margaret Cossaceanu (1893 - 1980). They are the parents of photographer Carol-Marc Lavrillier (born in 1933). Andre Lavrillier is the author of numerous French medals and coins. Andre is the older brother of Gaston Lavrillier.
References
1885 births
1958 deaths
French sculptors
Corinne, Utah

Corinne is a city in Box Elder County, Utah, United States.
Cities in Utah
Brandon Bochenski

Brandon Louis Bochenski (born April 4, 1982) is a Kazakhstani-American former professional ice hockey player. He was picked by the Ottawa Senators with the 223rd overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the NHL for many teams including the Ottawa Senators from 2004-2006, Chicago Blackhawks from 2005-2007, Boston Bruins from 2006-2008, Anaheim Ducks in 2007, Nashville Predators in 2007 and the Tampa Bay Lightning from 2008-2010 before leaving North America to sign a one-year contract with the Kontinental Hockey League's, Barys Astana.
Other websites
1982 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey right wingers
Anaheim Ducks players
Boston Bruins players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Living people
Nashville Predators players
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Tampa Bay Lightning players
United States Hockey League players
Extreme Rules (2016)

Extreme Rules (2016) was a wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) made by WWE. The event was held on May 22, 2016. It took place at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey. It was the eighth annual Extreme Rules.
Eight wrestling matches take place on the event. In the most important match, Roman Reigns beat AJ Styles in a Extreme Rules match to keep his WWE World Heavyweight Championship.
The event had mixed evaluations. Critics praised the matches for the Intercontinental Championship and WWE World Heavyweight Championship. However, the rest of the show was not well received.
Results
References
Other websites
Official website for the Extreme Rules (2016)
2016 in sports
WWE Extreme Rules
Sports in New Jersey
2010s in New Jersey
2016 in the United States
Communes of the Finistère department

The following is a list of the 283 communes of the Finistere departement, in France.
(CUB) Communaute urbaine de Brest, created in 1973.
(CAQ) Communaute d'agglomeration Quimper Communaute, created in 2000.
(CAM) Communaute d'agglomeration du Pays de Morlaix, created in 2000.
Finistere
Division of Corio

The Division of Corio is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was one of the first 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for Corio Bay. It covers an area of 989 km2 based on the city of Geelong. In the past it has also included parts of the western suburbs of Melbourne.
Members
Its famous members include Richard Crouch who was the youngest member of the first parliament, and later gave money to set up the Prime Ministers Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens. Richard Casey, a leading Cabinet member in the 1930s and later Governor-General. Hubert Opperman was a former cycling champion and a minister in the Menzies Government. Gordon Scholes was Speaker during the Whitlam Government and a minister in the Hawke Government. In 2007, Labor party changed its candidate for the next election. Gavan O'Connor resigned and sat as an independent and unsuccessfully stood in the 2007 election. Richard Marles was ACTU Assistant Secretary and Minister for Trade in the Rudd Government. In 2022, following the election of the Albanese Labor government, Marles became Deputy Prime Minister.
Election results
References
Other websites
Division of Corio - Australian Electoral Commission
Richard Marles' website
Electoral divisions of Australia
Geelong
1901 establishments in Australia
Passion of Spies

Passion of Spies () is a 1967 Soviet animated movie directed by Yefim Gamburg.
References
Other websites
1967 movies
1960s animated movies
Soviet animated movies
Mehrsa Baradaran

Mehrsa Baradaran (born April 3, 1978) is an Iranian-American law professor. She was born in Orumieh, Iran. She works in banking law at the University of Georgia. Her book How the Other Half Banks has received national and international media coverage.
In 2017, Baradaran publicly criticized President Donald Trump and his executive order that allowed an immigration ban.
References
1978 births
Living people
Iranian writers
Lawyers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Academics from Georgia (U.S. state)
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Ishpeming, Michigan

Ishpeming is a city in Marquette County, Michigan, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total of 6,686 people living in it. There used to be more people in the 1950s and 1960s, when the iron ore mines were in full operation.
Geography
The city has a total area of 24.0 km2 (9.2 mi2). 22.5 km2 (8.7 mi2) of it is land and 1.5 km2 (0.6 mi2) of it (6.16%) is water. Ishpeming is 1436 feet above sea level.
History
The movie Anatomy of a Murder was filmed in Ishpeming and areas around it in 1959.
Ishpeming was also the birthplace of aviation engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson in 1910 and Nobel prize winning chemist Glenn T. Seaborg in 1912.
Ishpeming is considered the birthplace of downhill ski jumping in the United States and is the home to the National Ski Hall of Fame.
Other websites
City of Ishpeming
Ishpeming Public Schools
Cities in Michigan
Temotu Province

Temotu is a province of the Solomon Islands. Its capital is Lata.
References
Provinces of the Solomon Islands
Gino Renni

Gino Renni (born Luigi Melieni Mollo; 7 June 1943 - 1 August 2021) was an Italian-Argentine actor, comedian, singer and politician. He was born in Corigliano Calabro, Italy. His career began in 1960. He was known for his role as Gino Foderone in the Explosive Squad and Craziest Bathers in the World movie series.
In 2013, Renni ran for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in Italy as a member of the Democratic Party. He lost the election.
Renni was hospitalized in June 2021 with COVID-19 shortly after getting vaccinated in Buenos Aires. He died two months later on 1 August 2021 from problems caused by the infection, aged 78.
References
Other websites
1943 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina
Argentine movie actors
Argentine television actors
Argentine stage actors
Italian movie actors
Italian voice actors
Italian stage actors
Italian television actors
Argentine comedians
Singers from Buenos Aires
Italian singers
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Italian politicians
Actors from Buenos Aires
Shigeo Onoue

is a former Japanese football player.
Career
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References
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
Ultralight material

Ultralight materials are very light substances. They include silica aerogels, carbon nanotube aerogels, metallic foams, polymeric foams, and metallic microlattices. The density of air is about 1.275 mg/cm3, which means that the air in the pores greatly lowers the density of the material.
The lightest material ever made was invented in 2011. It is made out of a microscopic micro-lattice of hollow tubes - a criss-cross diagonal pattern with open spaces between the tubes. The researchers say the material is 100 times lighter than Styrofoam and is very strong. The material is low density: it has a density of 0.9 milligrams per cubic centimetre. Silica aerogels, the world's lightest solid materials, are only as low as 1.0 mg per cubic cm. The metallic micro-lattices are 99.99% air and only 0.01% solid. The metal used is nickel.
"The trick is to fabricate [make] a lattice of interconnected hollow tubes with a wall thickness of 100 nanometers, 1,000 times thinner than a human hair", said Tobias Schaedler.
The material is not just light: it has some elastic properties. When it is squashed, the little tubes are also squashed, but when the pressure is removed, they rebound. A sample squashed to half its height rebounds 98% when the pressure is lifted. That makes the material similar in some ways to elastomers: they are materials used to cushion against shock.
References
Materials
Titanic II (project)

Titanic II is a planned ocean liner, based on the original RMS Titanic; the project is directed by Australian billionaire Clive Palmer who announced this project in April 2012. The project has been delayed over the years due to financial disputes that have affected the project of $500 million.
This project is not related to the Chinese project, Romandisea Titanic.
References
Other websites
Blue Star Line Official Site
RMS Titanic
2012
Tokoyo

, also known as the , or Taikaikan, is a place in the Shinto religion where nothing changes that is believed to be the world of the gods and ancestral spirits. It is said to be a place of eternal youth where people never age. The location of Tokoyo varies between stories. Sometimes it is underwater, in others underground, and in others in the sky. Interpretations have varied as to whether it is good or bad. There are various stories about Tokoyo in classic texts such as the Kojiki and Nihongi. Motoori Norinaga classified three types of Tokoyo: a world of perpetual darkness, a world of eternal youth, and a world across the sea.
There are many stories about Tokoyo found in classic texts like Kojiki and Nihongi. For example, there is a story about who went to Tokoyo during the reign of Emperor Suinin to help him become immortal. Another story is about a cult that emerged during the reign of Empress Kogyoku, which was dedicated to the god of Tokoyo and was very enthusiastic.
Identification with Mount Penglai
In the story of Urashima Taro, Tokoyo is linked with a place called Mount Penglai. In the original Chinese text, Mount Penglai is called Horai, but it's also noted that it should be pronounced as Tokoyo-no-kuni.
The asteroid 162173 Ryugu has two fossae named after Tokoyo and Penglai, respectively.
See also
and
References
Afterlife
Orange City, Florida

Orange City is a city of Florida in the United States.
Cities in Florida
List of lieutenant governors of Alabama

The Lieutenant Governor of Alabama is the president and presiding officer of the Alabama Senate, elected to serve a four-year term. The office was created in 1868, removed in 1875, and recreated in 1901.
List
Notes
References
Lists of politicians from the United States
Lieutenant governors
Konya

Konya is a city in Turkey. The city is in Central Anatolia. There was 2,079,225 people living there in 2013.
References
Other websites
City website
Cities in Turkey
Ancient Greek cities
Provinces of Turkey
World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Central Anatolia Region
Nicoletta Orsomando

Nicoletta Orsomando (born Nicolina Orsomando; 11 January 1929 - 21 August 2021) was an Italian television personality. She was the first Italian announcer to appear on television. She presented a program for children, a documentary about the Encyclopaedia Britannica. In 2010, she participated in the variety show on Rai 1 Insegnami a sognare.
Orsomando died at a hospital in Rome on 21 August 2021, at the age of 92.
References
Other websites
1929 births
2021 deaths
Italian radio personalities
Italian television personalities
Gery Chico

Gery J. Chico ( ; born August 24, 1956) is an American lawyer and politician.
Chico is a former Democratic primary candidate for United States Senate and former candidate for Mayor of Chicago.
Chico was the Chief of Staff to Mayor Richard M. Daley from 1992 to 1995, and board president of the Chicago Public Schools from 1995 to 2001. From 2007 to 2010, he was board president of the Chicago Park District, and in 2010 he was board president of the City Colleges of Chicago.
On June 7, 2011, Chico was named Chairman of the Illinois State Board of Education by Illinois Governor Pat Quinn.
In September 2018, Chico announced his candidacy for mayor again for the 2019 election. He lost in the first round of the election in February 2019.
References
Other websites
Chico & Nunes, P.C.
Gery Chico for Mayor
1956 births
Living people
Lawyers from Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lavoisier Maia

Lavoisier Maia Sobrinho (9 October 1928 - 11 October 2021) was a Brazilian physician and politician. He was born in Catole do Rocha, Paraiba, Brazil. Maia was a member of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party.
Maia was Governor of Rio Grande do Norte from 1979 until 1983. He was a Senator from 1987 until 1995. Maia was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1999 until 2007.
Maia died on 11 October 2021 in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil at the age of 93.
References
1928 births
2021 deaths
Brazilian politicians
Brazilian physicians
Leader of the Opposition (Ireland)

The Leader of the Opposition () in Ireland is the politician who, , leads the Parliamentary Opposition in the lower house of the Irish Parliament, Dail Eireann.
When in the Dail, the Leader of the Opposition sits on the right-hand side of the Ceann Comhairle and directly opposite of the Taoiseach.
To date there have been 17 Opposition Leaders, 9 of whom have been Taoiseach. The current Leader of the Opposition is Mary Lou McDonald TD of the Sinn Fein party since June 2020.
Leader of the Opposition
Leaders who later became Taoiseach are indicated in bold.
Notes
Leader
Swansea, Massachusetts

Swansea is a town in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Cynodont

The Cynodonts are a sub-order of the Therapsida. Cynodonts, one of the most diverse groups of therapsids, are named after their dog-like teeth.
The taxon is a clade which includes modern mammals and their extinct close relatives, the Mammaliaformes.
The cynodonts lived in all continents, and their fossil record begins in the Upper Permian 256 million years ago.
The extinct members of the group were victims of the End-Triassic extinction event, but the line that led to the mammals survived.
References
Theriodonts
Puppet on a Chain (movie)

Puppet on a Chain is a 1970 British Dutch crime thriller movie directed by Geoffrey Reeve and Don Sharp. It was based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Alastair MacLean. It stars Sven-Bertil Taube, Barbara Perkins, Alexander Knox, Patrick Allen, Vladek Sheybal, Ania Marson, Stewart F. Lane, Drewe Henley, Henny Orri, Gerry Crampton and Arnold Diamond.
Other websites
1970 crime movies
1970 thriller movies
1970s crime thriller movies
British crime thriller movies
Dutch crime movies
Dutch thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Don Sharp
Movies set in Amsterdam
Movies set in the Netherlands
Movies about murderers
Movies about heroin addiction
Karolina Bock

Karolina Sofia Bock, (1792-1872), was a Swedish dancer, actor and singer. She also became principal for the famous theatre-school, Dramatens elevskola.
Birth
Karolina Bock was born as Karolina Richter. She was a student at the theatrical school Dramatens elevskola in Stockholm between 1806 and 1809, were she was instructed by the principal Sofia Lovisa Graa. Many of the girls graduating from the school between 1804 and 1812, when Graa was principal, became famous in Sweden, and were called "the girls of Graa".
Works
Karolina worked at the theatres Djurgardsteatern and Nya Komiska Teatern before she was hired at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 1814. She worked there for fifty years, and became one of the most popular actors there. But she never became a star because of the parts she played; she always played old women in comedys, never heroines and main parts. She was very well used and never lacked parts to play, but she was not given main parts. It was said, that she had a rare quality; she knew her limitations.
Her most popular parts were in the plays Min tante Aurore, Bildhuggaren, Brodertvisten, Syrsan, Preciosa, Jane Eyre and Master Smith.
She was principal for Dramatens elevskola two times; the first time from 1831 to 1834, and the second time from 1841 to 1856. She was also teatcher in declamation there. She was the third woman to be principal for the famous school. Anne Marie Milan Desguillons had ben the first in 1793-1800, but she was principal together with her husband. Sofia Lovisa Graa had ben the first woman who was principal of this school alone, and she was principal in 1804-1812. Karolina Bock was a good teacher, but unlike her own teacher, Sofia Lovisa Graa, she was very strict and firm with her students, so strict that her students rebelled and had her deposed from her position as principal. But she continued to work as an actor until 1863.
Mariage
Karolina Bock was married two times. In 1813, she married J.G. Svanberg, who played violin in the royal chapel, and in 1826 she married K.F. Bock, who played the flute in the royal chapel. She had a daughter, Bertha Tammelin, who became an actor, singer, composer, musician and a teacher at Dramatens elevskola.
Karolina Bock was rewarded with the medal Litteris et Artibus in 1857.
Sources
Nordisk familjebok
Osterberg, Carin et al., Svenska kvinnor: foregangare, nyskapare. Lund: Signum 1990. ()
http://runeberg.org/sqvinnor/0054.html
1792 births
1872 deaths
Swedish actors
Swedish singers
Swedish dancers
Papurana garritor

The Eilogo Estate frog (Papurana garritor) is a frog from New Guinea and the d'Entrecasteaux Islands. Scientists have seen it up to 1500 meters above sea level.
References
Frogs of Oceania
José Antonio Expósito

Jose Antonio Exposito Pineiro (born in Aguilas on May 2, 1978) is a Paralympic athlete from Spain.
Personal
He was born on May 2, 1978 in Aguilas, Murcia. He has an intellectual disability,
Athletics
Antonio competes in T20 (track) and F20 (field) events. He has held the F20 Long Jump world record since 2005. He competed at the 2008 INAS World Indoor Athletics Championships held in Tallinn, Estonia, and finished first in the 60 meters and long jump, and third in the 4x400 meter event. He finished first in the 2010 European championships in the 100 meters and long jump events.
Exposito competed in 2010 INAS European Athletics Championship and finished first in the long jump and 100 meter events. He competed in the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships where he was one of thirty-two athletes from Spain. He competed in the 2011 INAS World Games, and finished second in the 4x100 meter relay with teammates Francisco Santiago, Alberto Palomo and Dionibel Rodriguez Rodriguez.
Exposito has finished first at the Spanish national championships. He competed in the 2012 Spanish national championships held in San Javier. In 2012, he had a Plan ADO EUR23,000 athlete scholarship with a EUR3,000 reserve and a EUR2,500 coaching scholarship. He competed in the 2013 World Athletics Championships for people with intellectual disabilities hosted by the Czech Republic. He finished first in the long jump. He injured himself after his final jump.
Paralympics
Exposito competed at 2000 Summer Paralympics for Spain in the javelin and shot put. He did not finish in the top three in those events. He finished first in the 100 meters and the long jump. He could not compete in the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2008 Summer Paralympics because cheating at the 2000 Games which included people with intellectual disabilities resulted in people with intellectual disabilities not being allowed to compete in those years. People with intellectual disabilities were allow to compete at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Exposito finished first in the F20 Long Jump event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
References
Spanish sprinters
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T20
1978 births
People from the Region of Murcia
Spanish long jumpers
Spanish javelin throwers
Spanish shot putters
Evolution of cetaceans

The Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are mammalian marine descendants of land mammals. Their terrestrial origins are indicated by:
Their need to breathe air from the surface;
The bones of their fins, which resemble the limbs of land mammals
The vertical movement of their spines, characteristic more of a running mammal than of the horizontal movement of fish.
The question of how land animals evolved into ocean-going leviathans was a mystery until recent discoveries in Pakistan revealed several stages in the transition of cetaceans from land to sea.
DNA sequence analysis
After many years when palaeontologists thought whales had evolved from mesonychids, DNA sequence analysis showed the closest relationship was with artiodactyls, the even-toed ungulates. A new clade was created to include Cetacea and their nearest relatives, the hippopotamus family. This clade is called the Cetartiodactyla.
Fossil record
Hippo fossils are not found until the Miocene, but whale ancestors have been found from the Eocene. This leaves a gap of nearly 30 million years where no hippo ancestors are found. The most recent hypothesis is that hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor which branched off from other Artiodactyls around 60 million years ago (mya). This ancestral group probably split into two branches around 54 mya. One branch evolved into cetaceans, possibly beginning with the proto-whale Pakicetus from 52 mya. These early cetaceans gradually became adapted to life in the sea. They became the completely aquatic cetaceans.
Indohyus
Indohyus is a small deer-like creature, which lived about 48 million years ago in Kashmir. It belongs to the artiodactyls family Raoellidae, and is believed to be the closest sister group of Cetacea.
About the size of a raccoon or domestic cat, this herbivorous creature shared some of the traits of whales. It also showed signs of adaptations to aquatic life, including a thick and heavy outer bone coating. This is similar to the bones of modern creatures such as the hippopotamus, and reduces buoyancy so that they can stay underwater. This suggests a similar survival strategy to the African mousedeer or water chevrotain which, when threatened by a bird of prey, dives into water and hides beneath the surface for up to four minutes.
Size
Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales, and they found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals. They said this may be why modern whales and extinct diving animals like plesiosaurs became so large.
The blue whale is not the largest ever whale, and perhaps by quite a long way. 39 million years ago Perucetus colossus was between 85 to 340 tons, so up to 3x heavier than the blue whale.
References
Evolutionary biology
Cetaceans
Hose

A hose is a tube made to take fluids or gasses from one place to another. Hoses are also called tube or pipes. The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical.
Gardening tools
Siewert Öholm

Henrik Siewert Natanael Oholm (7 August 1939 - 25 January 2017), better known as Siewert Oholm, was a Swedish journalist and television presenter. He worked for Sveriges Radio between 1971 and 2002. He also worked on shows for Sveriges Television. He was also a debater for social conservatism values.
Oholm was born in Husby. He was married twice and had four sons, including MP politician Oskar Oholm.
Oholm died from liver cancer on 25 January 2017 in Vaxjo. He was 77.
References
1939 births
2017 deaths
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Deaths from liver cancer
Swedish journalists
Swedish radio personalities
Swedish television presenters
Mézidon-Canon

Mezidon-Canon was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.
History
On 9 September 1972, Mezidon merged with Canon to create Mezidon-Canon. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mezidon Vallee d'Auge.
References
Former communes in Calvados
Sedan, Ardennes

Sedan () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. It is also the chief-lieu (administrative centre) of the arrondissement of the same name.
Geography
The old centre is on land within a curve of the Meuse River. It is about 10 km (6 miles) from Belgium, and about 200 km (120 miles) from Paris.
History
Sedan was built in 1424. In the sixteenth century Sedan was a safe place for Protestants escaping from the Wars of Religion.
Until 1651, the Principality of Sedan belonged to the La Tour d'Auvergne family. It was independent. The most famous member of the family, Marshal Turenne, was born at Sedan on 11 September 1611. With help from the Holy Roman Empire, Sedan defeated France at the Battle of La Marfee. Immediately after that it was surrounded, and its prince, Frederic, surrendered to France. Only a year after that, it became part of France in return for sparing Frederic's life after he was in a plot against France.
During the Franco-Prussian War, on 2 September 1870 the French emperor Napoleon III was taken prisoner with 100,000 of his soldiers at the Battle of Sedan.
Because of this major victory, which also made the "Second Reich" of Germany possible, 2 September was declared "Sedan Day" (Sedantag) and a national German holiday in 1871. It remained a holiday until 1919.
In World War II the German army invaded neutral Belgium and crossed the Meuse River in Sedan. This allowed them to get past the French fortification system, called the Maginot Line.
Sedan Castle
Sedan Castle may be the biggest of its kind in Europe with a total area of 30,000 square metres on seven levels. Building started in 1424 and the castle's defences were improved over the years. It is the only part left of the huge fortifications that there were in Sedan and around Sedan.
Economy
Sedan was a centre of cloth production, which was started under Cardinal Mazarin. It supported the town until the late nineteenth century.
Born here
These people were born in Sedan:
Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France
Etienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald (1765-1840), Marshal of France
Charles Baudin (1792-1854), admiral
Rene Guyon (1876-1963), jurist
Yves Marie Joseph Cardinal Congar (1904-1995) was a French Dominican priest and theologian
Pierre Cartier (born 1932), mathematician
Yannick Noah (born 1960), was a professional tennis player
Benjamin Lemaire (born 1985), actor and film director
Anais Dechamps (born 1988), distance runner
Twin town
Sedan is twinned with Eisenach, Germany since 1991
Related pages
CS Sedan Ardennes, football club based in Sedan
Stade Louis Dugauguez , a multi-use stadium in Sedan
Other websites
Sedan city council website (in French)
The German breakthrough in 1940
Webpage about the fortifications of Sedan
Article on the Battle of Sedan at 'Battlefields Europe'
Communes in Ardennes
Subprefectures in France
1424 establishments
1420s establishments in Europe
Establishments in France
Jean-Louis Vaudoyer

Jean-Louis Vaudoyer (10 September 1883 20 May 1963) was a French novelist, poet, essayist, and art historian. He was administrator general of the Comedie-Francaise (1941-1944). He was a member of the Academie francaise (1950-1963). He wrote the libretto for Le Spectre de la rose, a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1911.
Other websites
Academie francaise
1883 births
1963 deaths
French novelists
French poets
French essayists
French historians
Librettists
Members of the Academie francaise
List of governors of Andhra Pradesh

This is a list of governors of Andhra Pradesh in office from 1953 to 2019.
List
Data from Andhra Pradesh State Portal.
References
Guernica (town)

Guernica (pronounce: "GHER-nee-kah") is a town in Spain. It is in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country. The town of Guernica belongs to the same municipality as the near town of Luno ("Lumo" in Basque), Gernika-Lumo. The population of the whole municipality is 15,571 (2004).
Guernica is known internationally because it was bombed by the Nazis in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. Pablo Picasso painted a huge anti-war painting called Guernica which is world-famous.
Other websites
Official site
Towns in Spain
Municipalities in the Basque Country
John Rodolph Slattery

Colonel John Rodolph Slattery (January 31, 1877 - September 24, 1932) was the general manager for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in New York City.
Biography
Slattery was born in Athens, Ohio on January 31, 1877. His parents were John A. Slattery (1847-1895) and Lena DeSteiguer (1854-1925). He attended the United States Military Academy where he graduated fifth in his class for the year 1900. He was assigned to the Philippines to work on bridges and roads as an engineer officer. He was assigned to Honolulu in November 1904 as the Honolulu District's first District Engineer for lighthouses.
Slattery married Elizabeth Virginia Bradley (1879-1949) around 1915. He died on September 24, 1932 in Jackson Heights, New York City.
References
1877 births
1932 deaths
Engineers from Ohio
Governor of New South Wales

The Governor of New South Wales is the oldest political office of Australia. Captain Arthur Phillip RN became the first Governor of New South Wales on 7 February 1788. The Colony of New South Wales was the first British settlement in Australia. The first governors had almost autocratic powers due to the distance from and poor communications with Great Britain. In 1824 the New South Wales Legislative Council, Australia's first legislature, was appointed to help the governor.
Between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was also called the Governor-General. All letters between the Australian colonies and the British Government were meant to go through the Governor-General. The other colonies had Lieutenant-Governors. As they became independent, South Australia in 1836, Tasmania January 1855 and Victoria May 1855 replaced their Lieutenant-Governors with Governors. Sir William Denison kept the title of Governor-General until h is retirement.
The Governor acts on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of New South Wales. The Governor does have power of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. This power was last used in 1932, when Sir lachlan mendham dismissed toby erin rodgers
If the Governor dies, resigns or is absent their duties are carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales.
The Governor of New South Wales used Government House as a home, office and official reception space until 1996. The Governor's office is now in the historic Chief Secretary's Building at 121 Macquarie Street. In 2011, the Premier of New South Wales, Barry O'Farrell, said that this would change and the governor would move back into Government House.
The first Australian-born Governor of New South Wales (or of any Australian state) was Lieutenant General Sir John Northcott in 1946. All governors since then have been Australian-born except for Gordon Samuels, who was born in the United Kingdom but came to Australia at an early age. Northcott's successor, Lieutenant General Sir Eric Woodward (1957), was the first born in New South Wales.
List of Governors of New South Wales
References
Other websites
The Governor of NSW from the Parliament of NSW website
Baddeck

Baddeck (; Scottish Gaelic: Badaig; 2011 population: 769) is a village in Victoria County, Nova Scotia, Canada.
References
Villages in Nova Scotia
Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement

Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement (; , Uraskilt jal tarakhe) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the western part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Raskildino. Rural settlement's population: 1,366 (2006 est.).
Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement comprises five rural localities.
The Cheboksary-Yadrin and Cheboksary-Krasnye Chetai highways cross the territory of the rural settlement.
References
Notes
Sources
Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Elek Ene"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Alikovskaia entsiklopediia" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .
Other websites
Official website of Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement
Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Bhubaneshwar

Bhubaneshwar is the capital city of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the largest city in Odisha. Bhubaneswar means "lord of the world". Many temples are present in this city. So, it is also called "Temple city of India". It is a religious centre in Orissa from the Middle Ages. It is a planned city of modern India.
In 1948, Bhubaneshwar became political capital of Odisha. Before this, it was Cuttack. Bhubaneshwar and Cuttack are together called "twin-cities" of Orissa.
References
Capital cities in India
Odisha