pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lascaux

Lascaux is the name given to a cave in the Vezere Valley of southwestern France. The Lascaux cave is famous for its cave paintings.
There are a number of caves near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne departement. One of these caves contains some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. Most of the paintings are realistic images of large animals. Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. The site of Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, under the name of the Vezere Valley.
Montignac is about from Perigueux, and about from Sarlat-la-Caneda
Dating
Unfortunately, none of the colors used in Lascaux are coal based. Therefore, a direct dating of the paintings is not possible. Despite this, Lascaux was one of the first sites where radiocarbon dating was used. That way, the coal in the fireplaces was dated to about 17,000 years ago. H.Breuil himself thought that the site was older, about 31.000 to 22.000 years old.
Norbert Anjoulat looked at the style and the theme of the paintings, and found these were close to Solutreen, rather than Magdalenien.
There are some disagreements about dating the site. The paintings seem to date from 17,000 to 15,000 years ago. Artifacts were also found in the cave, which seem to be older. The original dating was to about 26,000 years ago.
Most archaeologists believe that the age of about 17,000 years is accurate for the following reasons:
All the paintings seem to have approximately the same age
No object has been found that would allow to date the paintings to 22,000 years or older
The tools that were found in the cave correspond to those used 17,000 to 15,000 years ago
All radiocarbon datings show an age of about 17,000 years, which corresponds to the findings above.
Discovery and problems
The caves were discovered on 12 September 1940. By 1955, about 2000 people visited them every day. In 1968, the original cave was closed to the public, and a system of air conditioning was installed. The cave paintings were restored and replicas of several paintings were created in other caves nearby, known as Lascaux II and Lascaux III. Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public.
In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungi started to grow in the original cave. These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde. The fungus lives in symbiosis with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide. Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well.
As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control. The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every fortnight. Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment.
References
Caves of Europe
Dordogne
World Heritage Sites in France
Archaeological sites in France
Heat pump

A heat pump is a machine that moves heat from a cold place to a hot place. Examples include:
Refrigerator. It moves heat from the inside to the outside. This keeps the food inside cold, so it will not spoil.
Air conditioner. It moves heat from the inside of a building to the outside.
Peltier device. It moves heat from one side to the other by means of an electric current.
Some buildings are heated with heat pumps, also. In the winter, the heat pump moves heat from the outside to the inside. Sometimes this works better than heating with a radiator.
How it works
Usually, heat flows from a hot place to a cold place, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Heat will not move from a cold place to a warmer place by itself. Because of this, a heat pump must use extra energy to move the heat. This is sort of like pumping water uphill.
Most heat pumps use electric motors to provide energy. Some heat pumps use heat energy, supplied by a flame or an electric heater.
Most heat pumps have a refrigeration cycle using a compressor. A refrigeration cycle uses a fluid which moves through tubes and carries the heat. The fluid is called a refrigerant. During the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant changes from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid.
When the refrigerant changes from a (compressed) liquid to a gas, it absorbs heat energy from the environment. When the refrigerant changes from a gas back to a liquid, it loses heat energy.
The heat pump is set up so that the refrigerant gains heat from one place that will be cooled, and moves it to another place that will be warmed.
A heat pump forces the refrigerant to change from a gas to a liquid. It uses a compressor to do this. Often, an electric motor drives the compressor. The compressor compresses the refrigerant, and this makes it change from a gas to a liquid. Compressing will heat up the liquid extensively.
At the other end of the cycle, the refrigerant boils again, absorbing heat from its surroundings, it cools them down. So where the refrigerant is changing from a liquid to a gas, it feels cooler.
This is the complete cycle, from the cooling side to the heating side:
On the cooling side, heat is taken up to boil the refrigerant from a liquid to a gas. Then the fluid moves to the heating side.There, the compressor forces the refrigerant back to a liquid again. This makes it give up its heat. So heat has moved from the cooling side to the heating side. Then, the cycle repeats.
If the cooling side is the inside of a refrigerator, it gets cold.
If the cooling side is the inside of a building, and the warming side is the outside of the building, the inside of the building gets cold. This is how an air conditioner works.
If the cooling side is the outside of the building, and the warming side is the inside of the building, this is how a heat pump can heat a building during the winter.
Other websites
Heating and Cooling with a Heat pump (PDF)
Heat pumps Long Awaited Way out of the Global Warming (PDF) - Information from Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technology Center of Japan
Engineering
HVAC
Guinea-Bissau Creole

Guinea-Bissau Creole, also known as Kiriol, is a Creole language. Its lexicon derives mostly from Portuguese. It is spoken in Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and The Gambia. Its native speakers also call it guinensi, kriyol, or portuguis.
Guinea-Bissau Creole is spoken as a native language by approximately 15% (190,000) of Bissau-Guineans. It is spoken as a second language by approximately 50% (as of some time before 1992).
A variant of Guinea-Bissau Creole called Portuguis Creole or Casamance Creole is also spoken in southern Senegal. It is mainly in the region of Casamance, a former Portuguese colony. Creole is the majority language of the inhabitants of the Casamance region. It is used as a language of commerce.
Standard Portuguese is the official language of Guinea-Bissau, but Guinea-Bissau Creole is the language of trade, informal literature and entertainment. It is not used in news media, parliament, public services or educational programming.
References
Pidgins and creoles
Bridges to Babylon

Bridges to Babylon is the 23rd American studio album by English alternative rock/blues rock band The Rolling Stones. The album was released on September 30, 1997. It was second studio album of label Vrigin Records.
1997 albums
The Rolling Stones albums
Charlie Stayt

Charles Jeffaries "Charlie" Stayt (born 19 June 1962) is a British newsreader and broadcaster.
Works
He was a presenter alongside Naga Munchetty for BBC Breakfast.
Early life and education
Stayt was born on 19 June 1962 in Gloucester, West England. He has two older brothers and sisters. He was educated at Wycliffe College, a co-educational boarding independent school in Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, before going to Birmingham Polytechnic.
1962 births
Living people
Chaghcharan District

Chaghcharan also Firouzkoh is one of the districts of Ghor Province in central Afghanistan.
Related pages
Chaghcharan
Districts of Afghanistan
Tempted (Squeeze song)

"Tempted" is a 1981 song by British band Squeeze and is the second single from their fourth studio album East Side Story. It was only a moderate hit at the time of its release, however it has become their most famous singles and appearing in TV shows, video games, commercials and in the 1994 movie Reality Bites It went to number 41 in the United Kingdom, number 45 in Canada and number 49 in the United States.
Track listing
7"
"Tempted" (4:04)
"Yap Yap Yap" (4:13)
7" (US release)
"Tempted" (3:53)
"Trust" (1:45)
References
1981 songs
Squeeze (band) songs
Caribbean philosophy

Caribbean philosophy is the study of thought by philosophers of the Caribbean. It also deals with people and situations within Caribbean societies.
Subject
Caribbean philosophy often asks questions about race, slavery, freedom, emancipation, gender issues, and decolonization. Caribbean philosophy examines thought practices in other fields such as literature, music, and historical writings.
Afro-Caribbean philosophers write about the Afro-Caribbean intellectual tradition.
Caribbean philosophical texts are written in several languages such as English, and French, Spanish. For example,Jose Marti and Eugenio Maria de Hostos wrote in Spanish about Cuban and Puerto Rican independence. Caribbean women philosophers include Ofelia Schutte, Sylvia Wynter, and Giannina Braschi. They write on many different subjects including racism, sexism, economy, and oppression.
American and Latin American philosophy receive more academic attention than Caribbean philosophy. To combat that, the Caribbean Philosophical Association was founded on June 14, 2003 in Mona, Jamaica.
Experts
Cuban philosophers
Rafael Garcia Barcena
Jorge J. E. Gracia
Jose de la Luz y Caballero
Jose Marti
Ofelia Schutte
Haitian philosophers
Jean-Claude Bajeux
Jamaica philosophers
Sylvia Wynter
Puerto Rican philosophers
Giannina Braschi
Eugenio Maria de Hostos
Francisco Jose Ramos
References
Branches of philosophy
Kaiserschmarrn

Kaiserschmarrn is a well-known Austrian dessert. It was popular in the former Austria-Hungary as well as in Bavaria. The Czech name is "trhanec" or "kajzrsmorn". In Hungary it is called "csaszarmorzsa" or simply "smarni".
Overview
Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake. It is made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, baked in butter. Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways. When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg-whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff. Then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added. The pancake is split into pieces while frying, shredded after preparation. It is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes. Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert.
Traditionally Kaiserschmarrn is served with Zwetschkenroster, a fruit compote made out of Plums.
References
Austrian food
Desserts
Baked foods
Malick Seck

Malick Seck is a judoka from Senegal. Seck competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He was born on 7 April 1964.
References
Other websites
1964 births
Living people
Senegalese judoka
Senegalese Olympians
Adrian Schervan

Adrian Schervan is a water polo player from Romania. Schervan competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics. He was born on 28 August 1956.
References
Other websites
1956 births
Living people
Romanian water polo players
Romanian Olympians
Sportspeople from Bucharest
Naomi Judd

Naomi Judd (born Diana Ellen Judd; January 11, 1946 - April 30, 2022) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and activist.
Judd was married to Michael Ciminella from 1964 to 1972. She married Larry Strickland in 1989.
Naomi was the mother of Christina Ciminella (aka Wynonna Judd) and Ashley. Ashley is an American movie and stage actress. Naomi and daughter Wynonna formed a successful country singing duo called The Judds. That group ended after Naomi was diagnosed with hepatitis C in 1990. Judd was also a writer.
After her last tour, Judd had depression, anxiety, panic attacks, edema, baldness, tremors and suicidal thoughts.
Judd shot herself on April 30, 2022 in Franklin, Tennessee at the age of 76. She had mental health issues such as depression. The day after her death, The Judds were honored into the Country Music Hall of Fame.
References
Country musicians from Kentucky
Singers from Kentucky
Writers from Kentucky
1946 births
2022 deaths
American country singers
Actors from Kentucky
American movie actors
American television actors
Musicians who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Yo no creo en los hombres

Yo no creo en los hombres (English: I don't believe in men) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Giselle Gonzalez for Televisa. It is based on Yo no creo en los hombres (1991), produced in Mexico.
Alejandro Camacho, Adriana Louvier and Gabriel Soto star in the series. Flavio Medina, Azela Robinson and Rosa Maria Bianchi also star.
Cast
References
Other website
Telenovelas by Televisa
2014 Mexican television series debuts
2015 Mexican television series endings
Trevor Bayne

Trevor Bayne (born February 19, 1991) is an American race car driver. Until 2019, Bayne drove the No. 6 Ford Fusion for Roush Fenway Racing. On February 20, 2011 Trevor Bayne won the 2011 Daytona 500. Bayne is the youngest driver to win the Daytona 500.
Early career
Trevor Bayne started racing Go-Karts when he was 5 years old. Bayne won over 300 races and 22 championships in Go-Karts. In 2005, Bayne started racing in the Allison Legacy Series. He drove in 22 races, and won 12 of those races. In 2006, Bayne raced for Team Rensi in the USAR Pro Hooters Cup, and he won the Rookie of the Year award at age of 15. In 2007, Bayne left Team Rensi to race for Dale Earnhardt, Inc.
NASCAR career
For the 2008 season, Bayne drove the #1 car for Dale Earnhardt Incorporated in the NASCAR Camping World East Series. Bayne had 6 Top 5's, two poles and one win at Thompson International Speedway in his 6th start. In the 2009 season Bayne made his first NASCAR Nationwide Series start for Means Racing in the #52 Taco Bell Chevrolet at Bristol Motor Speedway. Bayne also agreed to drive the #99 Aarons Toyota for Michael Waltrip Racing for 8 races. Bayne got his career best finish at O'Reilly Raceway Park when he finished 7th. In September 2010, Bayne left Diamond-Waltrip Racing and went to drive for Roush-Fenway Racing. He will drive for Roush-Fenway Racing in the 2011 season in the NASCAR Nationwide Series. He made his first NASCAR Sprint Cup Series start in the 2010 AAA Texas 500 at Texas Motor Speedway with Wood Brothers Racing. Bayne is the first driver to compete in one of the top three NASCAR series to be born in 1991.
Bayne drove the #21 Wood Brothers Racing Ford in 17 Sprint Cup Series races in 2011. He did not competing for the Rookie of the Year award because he was racing the full Nationwide Series season. Bayne won his first Sprint Cup Series race in his second race ever, the 2011 Daytona 500. This win makes him the second youngest driver ever to win a Sprint Cup Series race, and the youngest ever driver to win the Daytona 500. In 2015 Bayne started racing full time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series for Roush Fenway Racing.
Images
References
Other websites
Stories and photos about Travor Bayne from the Knoxville News Sentinel
Video interview with Travor Bayne
Yahoo Driver Page
NASCAR drivers
1991 births
Living people
Daytona 500 winners
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Knoxville, Tennessee
Cauchy distribution

In mathematics, the Cauchy-Lorentz distribution (after Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Hendrik Lorentz) is a continuous probability distribution with two parameters: a location parameter and a scale parameter. As a probability distribution, it is usually called a Cauchy distribution. Physicists know it as a Lorentz distribution.
When the location parameter is 0 and the scale parameter is 1, the probability density function of the Cauchy distribution reduces to . This is called the standard Cauchy distribution.
The Cauchy distribution is used in spectroscopy to describe the spectral lines found there, and to describe resonance. It is also often used in statistics as the canonical example of a "pathological" distribution, since both its mean and its variance are undefined. The look of a Cauchy distribution is similar to that of a normal distribution, though with longer "tails".
Due to this, estimating the mean value may not converge to any single value with more data (law of large numbers) unlike a normal distribution; due to a higher chance of getting extreme values (the tails of a frequency plot).
Related pages
Student's t-distribution
References
Probability distributions
LNER Class Y11

LNER Class Y11 was a class of petrol powered 0-4-0 locomotives built by Motor Rail & Tram Car Company Limited under their Simplex brand and introduced in the years 1919-1925 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Their British Railways numbers were 15097-15099.
Y11
B locomotives
List of All in the Family episodes

This is a list of all the episodes of All in the Family which was on CBS from 1971 to 1979.
Series overview
Episodes
Pilot episodes
Season 1 (1971)
Season 2 (1971-72)
Season 3 (1972-73)
Season 4 (1973-74)
Season 5 (1974-75)
Season 6 (1975-76)
Season 7 (1976-77)
Season 8 (1977-78)
Season 9 (1978-79)
Single episode Emmy award notes
Related pages
List of Archie Bunker's Place episodes
References
Lists of comedy television series episodes
Philip Reeve

Philip Reeve (born Brighton, England, 28 February 1966) is an English writer.
On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether Mortal Engines would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely.
Bibliography
Mortal Engines Quartet
Mortal Engines (2001)
Predator's Gold (2003)
Infernal Devices (2005)
A Darkling Plain (2006)
Railhead trilogy
Railhead (2014)
Black Light Express (2016)
Station Zero (2018)
Companion books
Traction City (2011)
Night Flights (2018)
The Illustrated World of Mortal Engines (2018)
Other works
Utterly Dark & the Face of the Deep (2021)
References
1966 births
Living people
English novelists
Alghero

Alghero (Italian pronunciation: [al'gero]; , IPA: [l@l'ge], locally: [lal'ge]; ; ), is a city of about 44,000 citizens in Italy. It lies in the province of Sassari in northwestern Sardinia, next to the sea.
In the 1930s, the Swedish writer Amelie Posse Brazdova wrote a book entitled Sardinia Side Show, where she told the complete story of 2 years she spent "interned" in Alghero old town during World War I.
References
Other websites
City of Alghero Official website
Official Alghero tourism web site
Alghero Tourist Informations and Webcam Live
Alghero Tourism and Town Information
Alghero Tourism and Hotels Informations
Communes of Sardinia
David Denby

David Denby (born 1943) is an American journalist, critic, and historian who works with The New Yorker along with Anthony Lane. His career began in 1970s. He was influenced by critic Pauline Kael.
Denby was born in 1943 in New York City, New York. He studied at Columbia University and at Stanford University. He now lives in Manhattan, New York.
References
Other websites
David Denby archive, New York (articles from January 1998 to January 2001)
Transcript of February 25, 2004, online chat with David Denby , Forbes.com Q&A
Booknotes interview with Denby on Great Books: My Adventures with Homer, Rousseau, Woolf and Other Indestructible Writers of the Western World, December 22, 1996.
1943 births
Living people
American movie critics
American journalists
American historians
Writers from New York City
Kim Wi-man

Kim Wi-Man (born 23 June 1979) is a North Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||27||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||2
|-
|2006||42||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||1
69||3||1||0||0||0||70||3
69||3||1||0||0||0||70||3
|}
References
1979 births
Living people
North Korean footballers
Electoral district of Kew

Kew is an electoral district of Victoria. It was created in 1927. It is in the Eastern Metropolitan Region.
Kew is in Melbourne.
Election results
References
Kew
Digital light processing

Digital light processing (DLP) projector is a kind of video projector. It uses small mirrors that reflect light. The mirrors can be moved to either reflect light or not reflect light. The mirrors move very fast. When the mirror reflects light more often, it makes a lighter color. When the mirror reflects light less often, it makes a darker color. DLP projectors can be bright and have a high resolution. This can make the picture look better. DLP projectors can be small so they can be moved more easily. Some DLP projectors are small enough to fit in a smartphone. Big DLP projectors are often used in movie theaters.
Digital Micromirror Devices
DLP projectors use a digital micromirror device (DMD) to make the picture. A DMD is made of many very small mirrors. The mirrors are in a grid on a semiconductor. Each mirror makes a small part of the picture, called a pixel. The resolution increases when the DMD has more mirrors.
The mirrors can be moved so they reflect light through the lens or reflect light somewhere else. When mirror reflects light through the lens, the pixel is light. When the mirror reflects light somewhere else, the pixel is dark. The mirrors move much faster than a person can see. When the mirror spends more time reflecting light through the lens, the pixel is lighter. When the mirror spends more time reflecting light somewhere else, the pixel is darker.
References
Display technology
Electronics
Television technology
The Blue Umbrella

The Blue Umbrella is a 2013 computer-animated short movie produced by Pixar Animation Studios that was released alongside Monsters University. The short is directed by Saschka Unseld of Pixar's technical department. The short uses photorealistic lighting, shading, and compositing.
The movie was about a blue umbrella that falls in love with a red umbrella in the middle of a storm in a busy city. However, because of the story, it makes it hard for the blue umbrella to follow and find the red umbrella. Eventually, the owners of the umbrella find each other and therefore the two umbrellas fall in love.
References
2013 movies
Pixar short movies
Gland (disambiguation)

A gland is an organ in an animal's body that makes a substance for release.
Gland may also refer to:
Gland, Aisne, a commune in the Aisne department, in France
Gland, Yonne, a commune in the Yonne department, in France
Gland (city), a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland
Gympie

Gympie is a town in Queensland, Australia. The city is built on the banks of the Mary River. It is about north of Brisbane. In 2011 there were 18,602 people living in Gympie. Gympie is named after the Aboriginal words Gympie Gympie or Gimpi Gimpi, meaning the stinging tree. The town was first called Nashville, after James Nash who found gold there in 1867. In 1868 it became Gympie.
References
1867 establishments
1860s establishments in Australia
West Virginia's 2nd congressional district

West Virginia's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the state of West Virginia. The congressional district was made on December 7, 1863. The district elects a person to represent the district in the United States House of Representatives. The district is currently represented by Republican Alex Mooney. It includes the capital city of West Virginia, Charleston. The district starts at the Ohio River and ends at the Potomac River.
Election history
References
West Virginia
Geography of West Virginia
Dohem

Dohem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Campion, Western Australia

Campion was a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It is on the Koorda-Bullfinch Road. Chandler is nearby, and the closest main town is Mukinbudin. Now Campion is a ghost town. Nobody lives there.
Campion was named after Sir William Campion. He was the Governor of Western Australia from 1924 to 1931.
Retired soldiers started the town as part of a soldier settlement scheme. They built a school in 1925 and a railway siding in 1927. The siding was used until 1957.
The "Emu War" of 1932 happened in Campion.
References
Ghost Towns Starting With 'C'
Campion, Western Australia
Ghost towns in Australia
James Gillray

James Gillray (13 August 1756 or 1757 - 1 June 1815) was a British caricaturist and printmaker. He was famous for his cartoons. They were etched political and social satires, mainly published between 1792 and 1810.
Gillray has been called "the father of the political cartoon". He satirized George III, prime ministers and generals. He was one of the two most influential cartoonists of that time: the other was William Hogarth. Gillray's wit and humour, knowledge of life, and fine drawing, gave him the first place among caricaturists.
The name of Gillray's publisher and print seller was Miss Hannah Humphrey. Her shop is always associated with the caricaturist. Gillray lived with Miss (often called Mrs) Humphrey for the entire period of his fame.
Although he satirized George III as "Farmer George", his main target was the
gluttonous Prince of Wales (later George IV). Napoleon was another favourite target. Gillray was especially hard on the rich, the famous and the most powerful people.
References
British cartoonists
1756 births
1815 deaths
Printmakers
Accrington Stanley F.C.

Accrington Stanley Football Club is an English football club.
The club will play in League Two (the English fourth division) in the 2015/16 season.
They were re-founded in 1968 after going bankrupt (having no money) in 1962. They were first founded in 1921. They are thought of a hard working club but having no chance of success. Their nickname is Stanley. They play at the Interlink Express Stadium in Accrington in Lancashire, in England.
English football clubs
1921 establishments in Europe
1962 disestablishments
1968 establishments in England
1920s establishments in England
1960s disestablishments in England
Andreas Schockenhoff

Andreas Schockenhoff (February 23, 1957 - 13 December 2014) was a German politician of the CDU. From 1990 until his death in 2014, he served as a member of the German Bundestag. In the general election in 2013, he was elected the seventh consecutive year as a direct mandate for the federal electoral district Ravensburg in the German Bundestag. Schockenhoff was born in Ludwigsburg, Germany.
Schockenhoff died in Ravensburg, Germany, aged 57.
References
Other websites
1957 births
2014 deaths
Members of the German Bundestag
Politicians from Baden-Wurttemberg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
West Brookfield, Massachusetts

West Brookfield is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States.
Towns in Massachusetts
Me Against the Music

"Me Against The Music" is a 2003 single. It is by pop music singer Britney Spears. It is also the first one from the album In the Zone in October 2003. It features American singer and entertainer Madonna.
Background
"Me Against The Music" is different from any previous singles released by Spears in a number of ways. For one, this became her first to have co-writing and co-producing credits from herself (along with many others, inlcuding Madonna whom is also featured on vocals for the song). Secondly, this is truly her first single away from the bubble-gum pop and security of producer Max Martin; It is even more independent than her previous tracks produced by The Neptunes in that this song takes in multiple talents and collaborations, and not just those of a single team.
Chart success
After a long run of US flops, "Me Against the Music" became Spears' first single since 2001's "I'm A Slave 4 U". That was to achieve considerable success (possibly due to the presence of Madonna). While a modest top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, the song became a huge dance success. It topped both the Hot Dance Music/Club Play and Hot Dance Singles Sales charts. The track also went top 20 on both the Top 40 Mainstream and Top 40 Tracks charts.
Internationally, the song was a massive hit. It peaked at #2 in both the UK and Canada and #1 in Australia.
2003 songs
Britney Spears songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs
Dance-pop songs
Lucien Braun

Lucien Braun (24 February 1923 - 13 March 2020) was a French philosophy historian. His works focused in Paracelsus. Braun wrote his version of Histoire de l'histoire de la philosophie.
He was President of the Presses universitaires de Strasbourg and the Universite populaire europeenne, also in Strasbourg. He was a professor emeritus of Marc Bloch University, of which he was President from 1978 to 1983.
Braun was a Commander of the Ordre des Palmes academiques.
References
1923 births
2020 deaths
French historians
French philosophers
Takanonami Sadahiro

Takanonami Sadahiro (born Sadahiro Namioka October 27, 1971 - June 20, 2015) was a Japanese sumo wrestler and coach from Aomori. He held sumo's second highest rank of ozeki from 1994 until 2000 and won two tournament titles. He lived a sumo coach life after retirement in 2000 until his death in 2015.
References
1971 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Aomori Prefecture
Jake Garn

Edwin Jacob "Jake" Garn (born October 12, 1932) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He served as a U.S. Senator representing Utah from 1974 to 1993.
Garn became the first sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a Payload Specialist during NASA mission STS-51-D (April 12-19, 1985).
References
Other websites
NASA biography of Garn
IMNO Interviews Jake Garn
Spacefacts biography of Jake Garn
Page with true origin of "Garn scale"
1932 births
Living people
American astronauts
American Latter Day Saints
Mayors of Salt Lake City
United States senators from Utah
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Andrew Shaw

Andrew Shaw (born July 20, 1991 in Belleville, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL).
He began his hockey career with the Niagara IceDogs of the OHL and played for them for 2 seasons. He also played for the Owen Sound Attack for 1 season. He entered the draft on 2011 and he was drafted with the 139th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.
He was assigned to the Rockford IceHogs, the farm team of the Blackhawks. He was called up to the Blackhawks during the 2011-12 NHL season. On January 5, 2012, he got in his first-ever NHL fight on the second shift of his first NHL game. He returned to the game after receiving stitches and score the first goal of his NHL career on his first shot of his first game against Ilya Bryzgalov of the Philadelphia Flyers. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.
References
Other websites
1991 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
Living people
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Stanley Cup champions
Kōgen Shrine

Kogen-jinja Shrine was a shrine located in Chuncheon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea
The enshrined deities were Amaterasu Omikami, Emperor Meiji, Kunitama Omikami, and Susanoo no Mikoto. Sosawo-son was added to Mt. Gozu in Chuncheon, including Gisangbong Peak, as it was one of the identified places of Soshimori of Silla.
It was associated with imperialism and State Shinto rather than local belief in Shintoism.
During that time, the government forced people to visit shrines instead of visiting them voluntarily.
Because of Japan's loss in World War II, the shrine was abolished on November 17, 1945.
References
Sources
Masaaki Aono, "'Inland and South Korea' in Colonial Korea and Ebara Shrine" Included in "The Historical Phase of Modern Japan " (edited by Tetsuya Ohama, 1999, ISBN 4-88708-256-8 )
Gion faith
Kokuhei Shosha
1918 establishments
Shinto shrines in the Japanese colonial empire
Shinmei shrines
Hunter Cantwell

Hunter Cantwell (born December 30, 1985 in Chattanooga, Tennessee) is a retired American football quarterback who played for on the practice squad for the Carolina Panthers and the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Cantwell played college football at the University of Louisville. He was undrafted and started his NFL career in 2009 and ended his NFL career in 2011. He is currently the quarterbacks coach for Campbellsville University.
References
Other websites
Hunter Cantwell at carolinapanthers.com
1985 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Carolina Panthers players
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Ron Francis

Ronald Michael Francis, Jr. (born March 1, 1963 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 24 seasons and 1,805 career games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Hartford Whalers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Carolina Hurricanes and Toronto Maple Leafs organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1990 and in 1991 with the Penguins. His jersey number #10 was retired and raised to the rafters of the Hartford Civic Center on January 6, 2006 and is also retired by the Carolina Hurricanes. His picture could be seen on the Pittsburgh Penguins Ring of Honor at the Mellon Arena before the team relocated to Consol Energy Center. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009.
Other websites
1963 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Carolina Hurricanes players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
Seattle Kraken
Casalino

Casalino is a comune in the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in Italy.
References
Settlements in Piedmont
Yensembam

Yensembam is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
References
Meitei surnames
Hanshin Tigers

The Hanshin Tigers are a Japanese baseball team. They are based in the Kansai region in central Japan.
Other websites
Japanball
Baseball teams in Japan
Albert Abraham Michelson

Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 - May 9, 1931) was an American physicist. He was born in Strzelno (in Posen, Prussia, now in Poland) but grew up in California. He was known for his work on measuring the speed of light. That work led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907. He was the first American to receive it in the field of science.
Related pages
Michelson-Morley experiment
References
Other websites
1852 births
1931 deaths
American physicists
Nobel Prize in Physics winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Puerto Montt

Puerto Montt is a Chilean city with 175,847 inhabitants (2002 census).
History
The actual Puerto Montt was discovered by a thick forest man who founded the city as Melipulli on 1853.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Puerto Montt municipality
Cities in Chile
Erik Bauersfeld

Erik Bauersfeld (28 June 1922 - 3 April 2016) was an American radio dramatist and voice actor. He was known for his roles as Admiral Ackbar and Bib Fortuna in the third movie of the original Star Wars trilogy, Return of the Jedi (1983). He reprised his role as the voice of Admiral Ackbar in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015).
Bauersfeld died at his home in Berkeley, California, on 3 April 2016, at the age of 93.
References
1922 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Brooklyn
Pescara

Pescara is an Italian city in Abruzzo of 123,400 inhabitants. In 1957, the only Pescara Formula One Grand Prix was held, and won by British driver, Stirling Moss. It was the longest ever Formula One track, using over of local roads. It was first used for motor car racing in 1924, and closed in 1961.
References
Capital cities in Italy
Parlophone Records

Parlophone Records is a German-British major record label, which began in Germany in 1896. It is best known as one of the record labels who put out music by The Beatles in the 1960s. Parlophone's L-shaped logo began as the logo of the German Lindstrom label, which became part of Parlophone.
The company became part of EMI in 1931, and was known at the time especially for jazz and comedy records. They also issued records of "regional music", including works by Scottish and Latin recording artists. George Martin, staff producer, sometimes travelled to Scotland to record popular artists there.
The Beatles were signed to Parlophone in 1962, and released most of their albums on the label.
Parlophone continues today with artists like Coldplay, Lily Allen, and Radiohead.
In 2012, Universal Music Group bought EMI (the owner of Parlophone), but Universal chose to sell Parlophone to Warner Music Group. However, The Beatles' catalogue still remains with UMG, through it's Calderstone Productions label.
British record labels
850

For the American area code see area code 850.
Events
April 20 - Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne.
Montuko succeeds Nimmyo as emperor of Japan.
Louis II is crowned co-emperor with his father Lothair II.
First recorded Viking attack on the Welsh coast.
Births
Emperor Seiwa of Japan, 56th imperial ruler of Japan (b. 881)
Al Battani, Arab prince and astronomer (approximate date) (b. 929)
Arnulf of Carinthia, King of the East Franks (b. 899)
Harald Harfagre, King of Norway (b. 933)
Deaths
Emperor Nimmyo of Japan (b. 910)
Ramiro I of Astarius (b. 790?)
Amanda Setton

Amanda Setton (born December 16, 1985) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Penelope Shafai on The CW's teen drama Gossip Girl (2008-12) and for her role as Kimberly Andrews on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live (2009-11).
References
Other websites
1985 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Alceu (footballer)

Alceu (born 7 May 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.
Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="5"|Palmeiras||Serie A||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|2003||Serie B||||||||||||||||
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Serie A||24||0||||||||||24||0
|-
|2005||19||0||||||||||19||0
|-
|2006||24||1||||||||||24||1
|-
|2007||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||28||1||1||1||2||1||31||3
|-
|2008||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||Nautico Capibaribe||Serie A||||||||||||||||
|-
|2008||Sao Carlos||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
68||1||||||||||68||1
28||1||1||1||2||1||31||3
96||2||1||1||2||1||99||4
|}
References
Kashiwa Reysol
1984 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
List of Kashima Antlers players

The List of Kashima Antlers players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Kashima Antlers is a Japanese professional football club in Kashima.
List
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Takeshi Aoki
Toru Araiba
Yasushi Endo
Yuji Funayama
Marcos Gomes de Araujo
Masahiko Inoha
Daiki Iwamasa
Shinzo Koroki
Kenji Koyano
Masashi Motoyama
Koji Nakata
Takuya Nozawa
Mitsuo Ogasawara
Go Oiwa
Hiroyuki Omichi
Ryuta Sasaki
Akihiro Sato
Hitoshi Sogahata
Tetsu Sugiyama
Takefumi Toma
Atsuto Uchida
Related pages
Sports in Japan
List of Japanese football teams
References
Other websites
Kashima Antlers website
J.League Club Guide
Kashima Antlers
Obaman oppivuosi

Obaman oppivuosi - Amerikan idoli putosi maanpinnalle () is a 245-page book written by University of Arizona professor and former Finnish foreign minister Keijo Korhonen. The book is about Barack Obama, the 44th president of United States, and his first year as President. It was published by WSOY in 2010.
2010 books
Barack Obama
Sky blue

Sky blue is a shade of cyan.
Shades of sky blue
Vivid sky blue
A vivid shade of sky blue
Celeste
A lighter shade of cyan
Deep sky blue
A deep shade of sky blue
Color codes
Sky blue
In hex:#87CEEB
Vivid skyblue
In hex:#00CCFF
Celeste
In hex:#B2FFFF
Deep skyBlue
In hex:#00BFFF
Related pages
Blue
Cyan
Koshi Province (Japan)

was a very old province of Japan in the area of Niigata, Fukui and Toyama prefectures on the island of Honshu.
Koshi was also a regional name. It was in what is now known as the Hokuriku region.
History
Koshi was divided into Echizen, Etchu, and Echigo provinces in the early 8th century.
Related pages
Provinces of Japan
Prefectures of Japan
List of regions of Japan
List of islands of Japan
References
Other websites
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Former provinces of Japan
Niigata Prefecture
Fukui Prefecture
Toyama Prefecture
Albisaurus

Albisaurus is an extinct archosaur known from fossils discovered in the Czech Republic and was related to Ponerosteus. It was once wrongly known as Iguanodon, a 'wastebasket taxon'.
Archosaurs
Izmit massacre

The Izmit massacre occurred on 24 June 1921 in the town of Izmit, Turkey. It was a mass killing of some 300 Turkish civilians by the retreating Greek army. It happened during the Greek-Turkish war of 1919-1922. British journalist Arnold Toynbee landed at the town after the Greek retreat and saw the aftermath.
Background
Izmit was a coastal Ottoman town with a mixed population of Turks, Greeks and others. In the last years of the Ottoman Empire it was occupied by the Greek army in 1920. The local Greeks wanted to join Greece. The Turkish nationalists were opposed to join Greece and fought against the Greek troops in the surrounding of the town. Then the Greek army decided to retreat in June 1921. The local Christians also fled with the Greek army and lost their non movable property. Before the Greeks left they looted the Turks, partly burned the town, burned some surrounding villages and desecrated the mosques of Izmit. On 24 June they killed more than 300 people in the cemetery. Thousands of Turks hid in the French college to find safety. Izmit was occupied by the Turkish army on 28 June 1921. Most of the Christians never returned back to the town.
References
1921
Massacres in Turkey
History of Turkey
Mary Rodgers

Mary Rodgers (January 11, 1931 - June 26, 2014) was an American composer, author, and screenwriter. She was known for her novel Freaky Friday. Her best-known musicals were Once Upon a Mattress and The Mad Show.
Rodgers died from heart failure at her home in Manhattan on June 26, 2014 at the age of 83.
References
1931 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American composers
American children's writers
Screenwriters from New York City
Grămeşti

Gramesti is a commune found in Suceava County, Romania.
Gramesti
Wall of Tolerance

The Wall of Tolerance is a project by the Southern Poverty Law Center, which "displays the names of more than half a million people who have pledged to take a stand against hate and work for justice and tolerance in their daily lives". The project is 20 feet by 40 feet, and is located in the Civil Rights Memorial Center in Montgomery, Alabama.
References
Civil rights
Saurosuchus

Saurosuchus ("lizard crocodile") was a huge extinct crocodile-like pseudosuchian archosaur.
It lived in South America during the Upper Triassic period. It was a heavy, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal carnivore. Probably it was the apex predator in its territory (the Ischigualasto Formation.
References
Fossils
Argentina
Kaliningrad Time

Kaliningrad Time (UZ1) is a time zone in western Russia that applies to the city of Kaliningrad. It is 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+02:00) since October 2014. Originally, under president Dmitry Medvedev's law in 2011, Kaliningrad Time was UTC+03:00 hours, the same time as the Further-eastern European Time and Eastern European Summer Time in the summer. Russia does not currently observe daylight saving time (DST).
References
Time zones
Kaliningrad Oblast
Noel Neill

Noel Darleen Neill (November 25, 1920 July 3, 2016) was an American actress in motion pictures and television. She is known for her portrayal of Lois Lane in the movie serials Superman (1948) and Atom Man vs. Superman (1950), as well as the 1950s television series Adventures of Superman.
Following an extended illness, Neill died at age 95 on July 3, 2016 in Tucson, Arizona.
Other websites
1920 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Minneapolis
Jim Weatherly

James Dexter Weatherly (March 17, 1943February 3, 2021) was an American singer-songwriter. He wrote mostly pop and country music. His best-known song is "Midnight Train to Georgia", recorded by Gladys Knight & the Pips. It peaked to number 1 on the pop and R&B charts, and went on to win a Grammy Award.
He also wrote "Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)" and "Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me".
He played quarterback at the University of Mississippi.
Weatherly died on February 3, 2021, at his home in Brentwood, Tennessee at the age of 77.
References
1943 births
2021 deaths
American country singers
American pop singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Mississippi
Writers from Mississippi
Basil Hansen

Basil Hansen (7 October 1926 - 2 January 2015) was an Australian ice hockey player. He played from 1946 until 1963. He was a member of the Australian national team during the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California, United States. He played for the Monarchs his entire career and even coarched the team for two years after his retirement.
Hansen was born in Melbourne, Victoria. His son, Greg, also became an ice hockey player.
Hansen died on 2 January 2015 at the age of 88.
References
1926 births
2015 deaths
Australian ice hockey players
Ice hockey coaches
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Mystic, Connecticut

Mystic is a U.S. village and census-designated place (CDP) in Groton and Stonington, Connecticut. Mystic has no independent government because it is not a municipality in the state of Connecticut.
Historically, Mystic was a leading seaport of the area. The story of Mystic's nautical background is told at Mystic Seaport, the nation's largest maritime museum, which has preserved a number of sailing ships, such as the whaling ship Charles W. Morgan. The village is located on the Mystic River, which flows into Long Island Sound, giving access to the sea. The Mystic River Bascule Bridge crosses the river in the center of the village. According to the Mystic River Historical Society, the name "Mystic" comes from the Pequot words "missi-tuk" as describing a large river whose waters are driven into waves by tides or wind. The population was 4,348 at the 2020 census.
References
Census-designated places in Connecticut
IOS 9

iOS 9 (codenamed Monarch) is a version of iOS released on September 16, 2015. iOS 9 added many things to make the operating system better. Some of the things it added were a new News application, updates to the Notes and Map applications, and improvements to Siri and the Spotlight feature. For the iPad, iOS 9 also added a split screen feature. The current version of iOS 9 is iOS 9.3.6.
References
Operating systems
9
Second Fiddle (1939 movie)

Second Fiddle is a 1939 American musical movie directed by Sidney Lanfield and starring Sonja Henie, Tyrone Power, Rudy Vallee, Edna May Oliver, Lyle Talbot, Irving Bacon. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1940.
Other websites
1939 romance movies
1939 musical movies
1930s American musical movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Sidney Lanfield
Ottoman Turkish

Ottoman Turkish , or the Ottoman language ( ) (also known as or , "Turkish"), is a type of Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire between the 13th and 20th centuries. It was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Arabic and Persian alphabets. When the Ottoman Empire was at its most powerful, Arabic and Persian words made up to 88% of its vocabulary. Words of Arabic origins heavily outnumbered native Turkish words.
Related pages
Turkish language
Turkic languages
References
Turkic languages
Ottoman Empire