List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the Nobel Prizes which were created by Alfred Nobel. This award is decided by the Karolinska Institutet, a major medical center in Sweden. The Prize is given every year to a person or persons who have done excellent work in the area of medicine (treating or stopping disease) or physiology (the way the body works).
Nobel Prize winners
1901-1910
1901 - Emil von Behring, Germany, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria
1902 - Ronald Ross, United Kingdom, for work on malaria
1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, for treating Lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation.
1904 - Ivan Pavlov, Russia, for his work on the way digestion works.
1905 - Robert Koch, Germany, for studying tuberculosis
1906 - Camillo Golgi, Italy and Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Spain for their work on the parts of the nervous system
1907 - Alphonse Laveran, France, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease
1908 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, and Paul Ehrlich, Germany, for finding out how immunity fights disease
1909 - Emil Theodor Kocher, Switzerland, for his work on the thyroid gland
1910 - Albrecht Kossel, Germany, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances
1911-1919
1911 - Allvar Gullstrand, Sweden, for his work on light refraction and the eye
1912 - Alexis Carrel, France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
1913 - Charles Robert Richet, France, for his work on anaphylaxis
1914 - Robert Barany, Austria, for his work on the ear and balance
1915 - Not awarded
1916 - Not awarded
1917 - Not awarded
1918 - Not awarded
1919 - Jules Bordet, Belgium, for his discoveries about immunity
1920-1929
1920 - August Krogh, Denmark, for his discoveries about capillaries
1921 - Not awarded
1922 - Archibald Vivian Hill, United Kingdom, for finding out how muscles make heat
1922 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles
1923 - Frederick Grant Banting, Canada and John Macleod, Canada, for the discovery of insulin"
1924 - Willem Einthoven, The Netherlands, for inventing the electrocardiogram"
1925 - Not awarded
1926 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer
1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis
1928 - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, France, for his work on typhus
1929, Christiaan Eijkman, The Netherlands, for finding out how to use a vitamin to stop nerve pain"
1929 - Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth
1930-1939
1930 - Karl Landsteiner, for discovery of human blood types.
1931 - Otto Heinrich Warburg, Germany, for his discovery of the respiratory enzyme.
1932 - Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, and Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom, for discoveries about neurons (nerve cells).
1933 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, United States, for his work on chromosomes and heredity".
1934 - George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William Parry Murphy, United States, for their work on how eating liver could cure anaemia.
1935 - Hans Spemann, Germany, for finding the organizer effect in embryonic development.
1936 - Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, and Otto Loewi, Austria for their discoveries about neurotransmitters and nerve impulses.
1937 - Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid.
1938 - Corneille Heymans, Belgium, for work on the paranasal sinus and aortic mechanisms in the control of breathing.
1939 - Gerhard Domagk, Germany, for finding the antibacterial effects of prontosil.
1940-1949
1940 - Not awarded
1941 - Not awarded
1942 - Not awarded
1943 - Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Denmark, for his discovery of vitamin K
1943 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, United States, for work on vitamin K"
1944 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser, United States, for their discoveries about single nerve fibres
1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, for the discovery of penicillin and making it into an antibiotic to cure infectious diseases
1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, for the discovery of mutations caused by X-ray irradiation
1947 - Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, nee Radnitz, United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of glycogen
1947 - Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, for finding out how the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe works in the metabolism of sugar
1948 - Paul Hermann Muller, Switzerland, for his work on DDT as a poison against several insects
1949 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the brain controls the internal organs
1949 - Antonio Egas Moniz, Portugal, for using leucotomy (brain surgery) to cure some mental illnesses.
1950-1959
1950 - Philip French, Edward Kendall, United States, and Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland, for the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
1951 - Max Theiler, Union of South Africa, for his discoveries about yellow fever.
1952 - Selman Waksman, United States, for discovering streptomycin, the first antibiotic to work against tuberculosis.
1953 - Hans Krebs, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the citric acid cycle.
1953 - Fritz Lipmann, United States, for his discovery of co-enzyme A.
1954 - John Enders, Frederick Robbins, and Thomas Weller, United States, for discovering the poliomyelitis virus and growing it in a laboratory.
1955 - Hugo Theorell, Sweden, for his discoveries about enzymes changing with oxygen.
1956 - Andre Cournand, Dickinson Richards, United States, and Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for their discoveries about heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system.
1957 - Daniel Bovet, Italy for his work on antihistamine and what they do to parts of the body.
1958 - George Beadle and Edward Tatum, United States, for finding out how genes work.
1958 - Joshua Lederberg, United States, for finding out how genetic recombination works in bacteria (transduction (genetics)).
1959 - Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, for their discovery of how living things make ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
1960-1969
1960 - Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, and Sir Peter Medawar, United Kingdom, for their discovery of acquired immune tolerance.
1961 - Georg von Bekesy, United States, for his discoveries about the cochlea (inner ear).
1962 - Francis Crick, United Kingdom, James D. Watson, United States, and Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand, for finding the structure of nucleic acids and its importance in coding information in living things.
1963 - Sir John Eccles, Australia, Alan Hodgkin, United Kingdom, and Andrew Huxley, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about nerve cell membrane.
1964 - Konrad Bloch, United States, and Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how cholesterol and fatty acid work in the body.
1965 - Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, and Jacques Monod, France, for finding out how genes control viruses.
1966 - Peyton Rous, United States, for his discovery that viruses can cause tumours.
1966 - Charles Brenton Huggins, United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostate cancer.
1967 - Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, and George Wald, United States, for their discoveries about how the eye works.
1968 - Robert W. Holley (U.S), Har Gobind Khorana (India), and Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, for their understanding of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis.
1969 - Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey, and Salvador Luria, United States, for finding how viruses reproduce.
1970-1979
1970 - Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, and Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, for finding out about transmittors in the nerve terminals and how they work
1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, for his discoveries about hormones
1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, United States, and Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of antibodies
1973 - Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, and Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns
1974 - Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, and George E. Palade, United States, for their discoveries about cells
1975 - David Baltimore, Howard Temin, and Renato Dulbecco, United States, for finding what happens when tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.
1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of infectious diseases
1977 - Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, for their discoveries about how the brain makes peptide hormone
1977 - Rosalyn Yalow, United States, for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
1978 - Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, and Hamilton O. Smith, United States for finding restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics"
1979 - Allan M. Cormack, United States, and Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, for the development of computer assisted tomography
1980-1989
1980 - Baruj Benacerraf, United States, Jean Dausset, France, and George D. Snell, United States, for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions
1981 - Roger Sperry, United States, for finding out the role of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
1981 - David Hubel, United States, and Torsten Wiesel, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system"
1982 - Sune Bergstrom, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Sweden, and John R. Vane, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about prostaglandins.
1983 - Barbara McClintock, United States, for her discovery of mobile genetic elements
1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Denmark, Georges Kohler, Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, Cesar Milstein, Argentina and the United Kingdom, for theories about the development and control of the immune system and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies are made
1985 - Michael S. Brown, and Joseph L. Goldstein, United States, for finding out how cholesterol is controlled
1986 - Stanley Cohen, United States, and Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy and the United States, for their discoveries of growth factors
1987 - Susumu Tonegawa, Japan, for his discovery how the genes make different antibodies
1988 - Sir James Black United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion, and George H. Hitchings, United States, for finding important rules for drug treatment
1989 - J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus, United States, found how disturbing a large family of genes that control the normal growth and division of cells, can cause normal cells to change into cancer cells.
1990-1999
1990 - Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas, United States, for their discoveries about organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of disease.
1991 - Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding what single ion channels do in cells.
1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Switzerland and the United States, and Edwin G. Krebs, United States, for finding reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism.
1993 - Richard Roberts, United Kingdom, and Phillip Sharp, United States, for their discoveries of split genes.
1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, and Martin Rodbell, United States, for finding G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
1995 - Edward B. Lewis, United States, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, Federal Republic of Germany, and Eric F. Wieschaus, United States, for finding how embryonic development is changed by genes.
1996 - Peter C. Doherty,Australia,and Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland, for finding how the immune system knows which cells are virus-infected.
1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner, United States, for his discovery of prions, proteins that make people sick.
1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad, United States, for finding how nitric oxide works as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
1999 - Gunter Blobel, United States, for the discovery that proteins have built-in signals that control their transport and localization in the cell.
2000-2009
2000 Arvid Carlsson, Sweden, Paul Greengard, United States, and Eric Kandel, United States, for their discoveries about signal transduction in the nervous system.
2001 Leland Hartwell, United States, Tim Hunt, United Kingdom, and Sir Paul Nurse, United Kingdom, for finding the main controls in the cell cycle.
2002 Sydney Brenner, United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz, United States, and Sir John Sulston, United Kingdom, for their finding the genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death.
2003 Paul Lauterbur, United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, United Kingdom, for inventing magnetic resonance imaging.
2004 Richard Axel and Linda Buck, United States, for finding small receptors and the organization of the olfactory system, (how we smell things).
2005 Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, Australia, for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori that causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
2006 Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, United States, for finding how RNA interference can switch genes on or off.
2007 Mario Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, for finding a way to switch off genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. This leads to genetically changed mice.
2008 Harald zur Hausen, Germany, for finding the human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer. Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, France, for finding the human immunodeficiency virus.
2009 Elizabeth Blackburn, Australia, Carol Greider, US, and Jack Szostak, England, for their work on chromosomes.
2010-2019
2010 Robert Edwards, U.K., for the development of in vitro fertilization.
2011 Bruce Beutler, U.S.A., Jules Hoffmann, France, for their discoveries about how innate immunity is activated. Ralph Steinman, Canada/U.S.A. for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity. (awarded posthumously)
2012 John Gurdon, U.K., and Shinya Yamanaka, Japan, for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become stem cells.
2013 James Rothman, Randy Schekman, both US, and Thomas G. Sudhof, Germany for "discovering the molecular basis of neutrotransmitters release".
2014 John O'Keefe U.K./U.S., May-Britt Moser & Edvard Moser Norway for "discovering the cells that make a positing system in the brain" (the hippocampus as a mental map for spatial memory).
2015 William C. Campbell (1/4)/ Satoshi Omura (1/4) / Tu Youyou (1/2) for therapy against (respectively) roundworm parasites, and malaria.
2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi, Japan, for autophagy.
2017 Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young & Jeffrey C. Hall, all U.S., for "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2018 James P. Allison, U.S, Tasuku Honjo, Japan for "discovery of cancer therapy by inhibitation of negative immune regulation".
2019 William Kaelin Jr., U.S., Peter J. Ratcliffe, U.K., Gregg L. Semenza, U.S. for "their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability".
2020-
2020 Harvey J. Alter, U.S, Michael Houghton, U.K, & Charles M. Rice, U.S. for "the discovery of Hepatitis C virus".
2021 David Julius, U.S. and Ardem Patapoutian, U.S. for "discovories of receptors for temperature and touch".
2022 Svante Paabo, Sweden for "discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution".
Related pages
List of Nobel Prize winners by country
List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics
List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature
List of Nobel Peace Prize winners
References
Physiology