Hessian dialects

Hessian (German: Hessisch) is a group of German dialects, characterized as a Central German dialect according to its share in the High German sound shift and spoken mainly in Hesse, but also in some areas in Franconia, Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia.
Hessian, together with Palatine on the one hand and a mixed area between Hessian, Palatine, South Franconian ("Badisch") and East Franconian in the Rhine-Main-Neckar area on the other hand, forms the Rhine Franconian. Lorraine Franconian is also partially counted as part of Rhine Franconian.
The absence of the transition from p > (p)f (Appel for "apple", German: Apfel) marks Rhine Franconian, together with Moselle Franconian and Ripuarian, as a West Central German dialect.
"Hessian" in the sense of the traditional dialect is not to be confused with the modern New Hessian regiolect.
Geographical distribution and division
The distribution area of Hessian dialects occupies the state of Hesse except for the extreme north and northeast, part of Rhineland-Palatinate (Westerwald, Rhenish Hesse, Taunus), North Rhine-Westphalia (Wittgensteiner Land) and Bavaria (Bavarian Lower Main).
One distinguishes
Sudhessisch (Frankfurterisch as well as the dialects around Wiesbaden, Darmstadt and in the northern district of Gross-Gerau, Rheinhessisch around Mainz, Untermainlandisch around Aschaffenburg)
Mittelhessisch (Rheingauer Platt, Taunus, along the Lahn (Hinterlander Platt), in the Vogelsberg, Wetterau to Spessart)
Wittgensteiner Platt (Wittgensteiner Land; transition between Central and North Hessian)
Nordhessisch (northern Hesse south of the Benrath line and excluding the Werra valley)
Osthessisch (around Fulda)
Linguistic description
Phonology
Linguistic boundaries are the isoglosses ich (Hessian) / ik (Low German) as well as machen (Hessian) / maken (Low German) northward to Low Saxon and Westphalian, Pund (Hessian) / Fund (Thuringian) eastward to Thuringian, Pund (Hessian) / Pfund (East Franconian) as well as Appel (Hessian) / Apfel (East Franconian) eastward to East Franconian, was (Hessian) / wat (Ripuarian/Moselle Franconian) westward to Moselle Franconian and fest (Hessian) / fescht (Palatine) to the Rhine Franconian/Palatine/East Franconian mixed area southward. As can be seen from the bounding isoglosses, Hessian is subject to the High German sound shift with respect to t > s and k > ch/h, but unlike East Central German, it does not show the p > f transition.
The border to the Low German language area is marked by a here spatially very narrowly limited isoglossic bundle - the Benrath line, which here, unlike west and east, is hardly fanned out. This language boundary (or maken-machen or ik-ich line) between Low German and Central German language varieties or Hessian belongs to the dialect continuum, but it is probably one of the most sharply formed transitional areas in the German language area. In contrast, the border to the south is characterized by particularly wide isoglosses and is correspondingly blurred. The transition to Palatine, to East Franconian and to Thuringian is fluent.
Characteristic is the lack of distinction between voiced and unvoiced s or sch as well as in South and Central Hessian between ch on the one hand and sch on the other. All these sounds tend to be pronounced voiced, so that phonetically, for example, there is hardly any difference between Kirche and Kirsche or between weisse and weise. This leads also in High German partly to hypercorrection (Kirchbaum instead of Kirschbaum).
Lexic
Hessian is characterized by residual occurrences of particularly ancient words whose root words hardly occur in other dialects or languages, such as idrecken, itarucken for ruminate, densen, dinsen for "to pull at something with all one's might" and ehren (ahren) for ackern/plow.
The Hessian vocabulary is documented by three multi-volume dictionaries, the "Sudhessisches Worterbuch" (completed, 6 volumes), the "Hessen-Nassauisches Volksworterbuch" (in progress), and the "Frankfurter Worterbuch" (completed, 6 volumes).
From the 19th century come A. G. E. Vilmar's Idiotikon von Kurhessen (Marburg/Leipzig 1868) and Hermann von Pfister's Mundartliche und stammheitliche Nachtrage zu A. F. C. Vilmar's Idiotikon von Hessen (Marburg 1886).
Grammar
South of the Main, the preterite (past tense) is absent and replaced by the perfect (present perfect); north of the Main, on the other hand, preterite forms are common. In the south, standard German is "ich kam", i.e., ich bin kumme, whereas in the north, ich kam. A second important, albeit Gemeindeutsch difference to standard German is the replacement of the genitive by prepositional and dative periphrases. Thus, instead of "Georg's book" it is "des Buch vum Schorsch" or "em Schorsch soi Buch."
Hessian syntax was studied in the 2010s at the Philipps University of Marburg as part of the project "SyHD: Syntax of Hessian Dialects."
Related pages
Low German
References
Bibliography
Magnus Breder Birkenes, Jurg Fleischer: Zentral-, Nord- und Osthessisch. In: Joachim Herrgen, Jurgen Erich Schmidt: Sprache und Raum. Ein internationales Handbuch der Sprachvariation. Band 4: Deutsch (= Handbucher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Band 30.4). De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin/Boston 2019, ISBN 978-3-11-018003-9, S. 435-478.
Martin Durrell, Winifred V. Davies: Hessian. In: Charles V. J. Russ (Hrsg.): The Dialects of Modern German. A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, London 1990, ISBN 0-415-00308-3, S. 210-240.
Hans Friebertshauser: Das hessische Dialektbuch. Verlag C. H. Beck, Munchen 1987, ISBN 3-406-32317-0.
Hans Friebertshauser: Kleines hessisches Worterbuch. Verlag C. H. Beck, Munchen 1990, ISBN 3-406-34192-6.
Hans Friebertshauser: Die Mundarten in Hessen. Regionalkultur im Umbruch des 20. Jahrhunderts. Husum, Husum 2004, ISBN 3-89876-089-8.
R[udolf] E. Keller: Darmstadt. In: German Dialects. Phonology & Morphology, with selected texts. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1961, S. 161-199.
Werner Konig: dtv-Atlas zur deutschen Sprache. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munchen 1978, ISBN 3-423-03025-9. Zahlreiche Neuauflagen.
Peter Wiesinger: Phonetisch-phonologische Untersuchungen zur Vokalentwicklung in den deutschen Dialekten. Band 1 und 2. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1970 (Studia Linguistica Germanica 2).
Hedwig Witte: Hessisch wie es nicht im Worterbuch steht. Societats-Verlag, Frankfurt 1971, ISBN 3-7973-0206-1.
Hessian Dictionaries
All information is in German.
Wolfgang Bruckner: Frankfurter Worterbuch. Aufgrund des von Johann Joseph Oppel und Hans Ludwig Rauh gesammelten Materials herausgegeben im Auftrag der Frankfurter Historischen Kommission in Verbindung mit dem Institut fur Volkskunde/ Institut fur Kulturanthropologie und Europaische Ethnologie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main. Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-7829-0360-9.
Hessen-Nassauisches Volksworterbuch. Aus den von Ferdinand Wrede angelegten und verwalteten Sammlungen ausgewahlt und bearbeitet von Luise Berthold, Hans Friebertshauser, Heinrich J. Dingeldein und Alexander Werth. Marburg 1927ff.
Sudhessisches Worterbuch. Begrundet von Friedrich Maurer. Nach den Vorarbeiten von Friedrich Maurer, Friedrich Stroh und Rudolf Mulch bearbeitet von Rudolf Mulch und Roland Mulch. 6 Bande. Marburg, spater Darmstadt 1965-2010. [de/subjects/gsform/sn/shwb/ Online.]
Other websites
Hessian dialects
Frankfurterisch. To the Frankfurt city dialect, Website of Carsten Keil
Syntax of Hessian dialects SyHD - a completed project of the Philipps-University Marburg under the direction of Jurg Fleischer, Alexandra N. Lenz and Helmut Weiss
(Southern-)Hessian in the dialect atlas of Deutsche Welle (MP3, 15 minutes)
Hesse
German dialects
Languages of Germany