pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mazu (goddess)

Mazu, also known as Matsu, is a popular Taoist and Chinese Buddhist goddess. She is the goddess and patroness of the sea. She is believed to protect fisherman and sailors. Mazu is widely worshiped in southern China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Fuijian, Guangdong and Hainan. She is popularly known as Empress of Heaven and Holy Mother Empress of Heaven. Her other popular titles are Holy Mother Empress of the Heavens above, Heavenly Imperial Concubine, Lady Mazu, Heavenly Princess consort and Heavenly Holy Mother.
Life and Death
Mazu was born on 23 March 906. According to legend when she did not cry when she was born, so she was thereafter named Lin Moniang which means Silent girl or silent young female. She had a mysterious ability to predict weather and often she warned others to not make journeys to the sea. She became a very good swimmer and would often rescue people from the sea even in the harshest weather. There are at least 2 versions of her death.
One legend tells that Mazu went out into the sea during a storm to try to find her lost father. Hours passed but still she could not find her father and later died of exhaustion.
Another legend tells that Mazu climbed a mountain alone and flew into the heavens and became a goddess.
Worship
After her death, her family and many other families of sailors and fishermen started to pray for her heroic acts to try to save those at sea. Soon her worship spread quickly to other parts of Asia. Starting from Fuijian, worship of Mazu spread to neighboring coastal provinces of Zhejiang and Guandong, and thence to all coastal areas of mainland China. Later, due to Chinese immigrants, the worship of Mazu further spread to Taiwan, Vietnam, Japan, Ryuku Islands, and parts of Southeast Asia. Many people soon began to build temples dedicated to Mazu all over the world.
Appearance
Mazu is usually shown sitting on a throne between two demons known as "Thousand Miles eye" (, Qianli Yan) and "With-the-Wind Ear" ( Shunfeng Er). According to legend, both of them were conquered by Mazu and then both of them fell in love with her. Mazu said she would marry the one that defeats her. Using her martial art skills, Mazu defeats them both and they become her friends. She is usually dressed in a red robe in paintings and murals, but in sculptures she is clothed in jewel-festooned robes of an empress holding a ceremonial tablet or a jeweled staff whilst wearing the easily recognized flat-topped imperial cap with hanging beads at the front and back.
Taoism
Buddhist gods and goddesses
Chinese gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of water
Premier of the Northwest Territories

The Premier of the Northwest Territories is the first minister for the Northwest Territories,
Canada. He or she is the territory's head of government and de facto chief executive, although the powers of the office are less than those of a provincial premier.
The Premier of the Northwest Territories is elected, along with the cabinet, by the non-partisan members of the Legislative Assembly, in accordance with the system of consensus government, and then appointed by the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories.
The current Premier is Caroline Cochrane, since October 24, 2019.
References
Tone River

The Tone River () is a large river that runs through the Kanto region of Japan from northwest to southeast. It is the second longest river in Japan after the Shinano River. The river basin area is the largest in Japan.
Rivers of Japan
National High School of Chemical and Technological Engineers

The National High School of Chemical and Technological Engineers (French: Ecole nationale superieure des ingenieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse.
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
Ingenieur ENSIACET (ENSIACET Graduate engineer Masters level program)
Master of Science
Masteres Specialises
Massive Online Open Course
Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSIACET.
Most of the 1000 graduate engineer students at ENSIACET live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports on a campus that is shared with students from University of Toulouse.
Research labs
Research activities at ENSIACET relate to the following topics:
Engineering of materials
Agro-industrial chemistry
Coordination chemistry
Chemical Engineering
References
Further reading
Official website
Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
1906 establishments in France
Gunma Prefecture

is a prefecture of in the Kanto region of Japan on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Maebashi.
History
In the Meiji period, Gunma was created from land which was in Keno Province and Kozuke Province.
Geography
Gunma is in the northwestern part of the Kanto Plain. It is mostly mountainous.
Gunma shares northern borders with Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture. The prefecture's eastern border is shared with Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture. Saitama Prefecture is south of the prefecture.
Cities
There are twelve cities in Gunma Prefecture:
Annaka
Fujioka
Isesaki
Kiryu
Maebashi (capital)
Midori
Numata
Ota
Shibukawa
Takasaki
Tatebayashi
Tomioka
Towns and villages
Towns and villages in each district:
National Parks
National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples
Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
Related pages
Provinces of Japan
Prefectures of Japan
List of regions of Japan
List of islands of Japan
Thespa Kusatsu
References
Other websites
(Japanese)
Agricultural Adjustment Act

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was a United States federal law of the New Deal era. it was designed to raise agricultural prices by having fewer surpluses. The Government bought livestock to kill, and they paid farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land. The money for these subsidies was generated through a tax on companies which processed farm products. The Act created a new agency, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, to oversee the distribution of the subsidies.
References
Other websites
Bill in its entirety
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1639.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080409194401/http://newdeal.feri.org/texts/browse.cfm?MainCatID=34
Public Law 73-10, 73d Congress, H.R. 3835, Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
A Message from FDR to Congress on the AAA
New Deal
United States federal legislation
Arthur Machado

Arthur Machado (1 January 1909 - 20 February 1997) was a Brazilian football player. He played for the Brazil national team.
References
1909 births
1997 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Esko Aho

Esko Tapani Aho (born 20 May 1954) is a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1991 to 1995.
References
1954 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
Department for Social Security

The Department of Social Security (DSS) was a government department in the United Kingdom.
The department was created in 1988. The Department of Health and Social Security was divided into two departments, one of which was the DSS. During 2001, the department was largely replaced by the Department for Work and Pensions. The other responsibilities of the department were assumed by the Treasury and the Ministry of Defence.
References
Departments of the United Kingdom Government
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
2001 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Social security in the United Kingdom
Warrenton, Virginia

Warrenton, Virginia is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia. The population was 9,611 at the 2010 census, up from 6,670 at the 2000 census. The estimated population in 2015 was 9,897. Warrenton is the county seat of Fauquier County.
References
Other websites
Town of Warrenton official website
Towns in Virginia
County seats in Virginia
1810 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in Virginia
Giglio

Giglio Island (Italian: Isola del Giglio) is an island and Italian commune located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, part of the Province of Grosseto, and part of Tuscan Archipelago
Geography
The island is separated by a 16 km stretch of sea from the Argentario promontory: mainly mountainous, it is almost all granite with the highest point the Poggio della Pagana (496 m). 90% of its surface is covered by Mediterranean vegetation alternating with large pine forests and numerous vineyards which enable the production of the famous "Ansonaco" wine. The coast is 27 km long, made up of rocks, of smooth cliffs and several bays: Arenella, Cannelle, Caldane and Campese, the biggest one with its little village of the same name.
History
The modern island was probably born 4.5 - 5 millions years ago, and people have lived there since the Iron Age. Later it was probably an Etruscan military stronghold. Under the Romans it was an important base in the Tyrrhenian Sea, written about, for example, by Julius Caesar in his De Bello Gallico and by the poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus.
In 805 it was given by Charlemagne to the abbey of the Tre Fontane in Rome, and was later a possession of Aldobrandeschi, Pannocchieschi, Caetani, Orsini families and the town of Perugia. In 1241 the Sicilian fleet of Emperor Frederick II destroyed a Genoese fleet. From 1264 Giglio was a Pisane dominion, from which it passed to the Medici. It suffered several Saracen attacks, which ended only in 1799.
Alongside its history the island was always renowned for its mineral resources: many columns and edifices in Rome were built with the Gigliese granite.
How the island was
The island has the remains of a Roman villa of Domitius Ahenobarbus (1st-2nd centuries), in the area of Giglio Porto. No traces of the Temple of Diana once existing now can be seen. The church of San Pietro Apostolo in Giglio Castello has an ivory crucifix believed to be by Giambologna
It is also site of an Etruscan shipwreck, dating to the early Iron Age, c. 600 BC. The cargo of the ship included copper and lead ingots, iron spits, amphorae and a Corinthian helmet. Even a wooden writing tablet with stylus was preserved. The finds are almost completely lost now.
Transportation
Isola del Giglio is connected to Tuscany by ferries starting from Porto Santo Stefano and Orbetello Scalo.
References
Other websites
Tourist and Visitor Information for the Giglio Island www.giglioinfo.com
Islands of Italy
Settlements in Tuscany
Wests Tigers

The Wests Tigers are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Inner West of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1999. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2005 against the North Queensland Cowboys.
Other websites
National Rugby League
Sports in Sydney
1999 establishments in Australia
Dottikon

Dottikon is a municipality in Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Aargau
Gerald Home

Gerald Home (October 18, 1950 - 6 October 2021) was a British actor. He was best known for playing Tessek-Squid Head and the Mon Calamari Officer Captain Verrack in Return of the Jedi. He was also a puppeteer and worked on Little Shop of Horrors.
Home died from liver cancer in October 2021, at the age of 70.
References
Other websites
1950 births
2021 deaths
British movie actors
British stage actors
British television actors
Puppeteers
Actors from Belfast
Kvasir

Kvasir is a wise god in Norse mythology. He was made when the spit of the Vanir gods and Aesir gods was mixed after their battle. He became the new god of knowledge and diplomacy. Kvasir walked the world spreading his great wisdom to any who asked for it.
He was killed by two dwarves, Fjalar and Galar, who mixed his blood with honey to make a powerful mead that inspired any who drank it to speak with wisdom and poetry. Odin drank all the mead to gain its knowledge. He spilled a few drops which fell into Midgard and was said to be the source of all the bad poets and artists. Odin is said to give the mead to those he feels worthy and this is the source for all the great poets.
He is also considered to be the god of inspiration.
Norse gods and goddesses
Thérèse Coffey

Therese Anne Coffey (born 18 November 1971) is a British politician who is currently Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs since 25 October 2022. She was the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Secretary of State for Health and Social Care from 6 September to 25 October 2022. She was the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2019 to 2022. She is a member of the Conservative Party. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Suffolk Coastal since 2010.
Notes
References
Other websites
ThereseCoffeyMP.com constituency website
political blog
1971 births
Living people
Deputy Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 2010-2015
UK MPs 2015-2017
UK MPs 2017-2019
UK MPs 2019-present
Politicians from Lancashire
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
People from Liverpool
Federal Parliament of Nepal

The Federal Parliament of Nepal (sNghiiy sNsd nepaal, Sanghiya Sansada Nepala) is the bicameral federal and supreme legislature of Nepal. It was established in 2018. It has the National Assembly and the House of Representatives as parallel houses.
References
Government of Nepal
2018 establishments in Asia
Organizations based in Nepal
Timo Harakka

Timo Olavi Harakka (born 31 December 1962) is a Finnish politician. He has represented the electoral district of Uusimaa in the Parliament of Finland as a Social Democrat since 2015.
In June 2019, Harakka was made Minister of Employment in the Rinne Cabinet. He later joined the Marin Cabinet as Minister of Transport and Communications.
References
1962 births
Living people
Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians
People from Helsinki
Joanne Linville

Beverly Joanne Linville (January 15, 1928 - June 20, 2021) was an American Jewish actress. She acted in a lot of television series and movies. Her television work includes: Gunsmoke, Have Gun Will Travel and Alfred Hitchcock Presents. Her movies include The Goddess and Gable and Lombard.
Linville was born in Bakersfield, California. She was married to director Mark Rydell from 1962 until they divorced in 1973. Linville died in Los Angeles on June 20, 2021 at the age of 93.
References
1928 births
2021 deaths
Actors from California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
People from Bakersfield, California
Jewish American actors
Altair

Altair, also called a Aquilae, a Aql, is the brightest star in the constellation of Aquila.
It is the twelfth brightest star in the night sky. It is in the G-cloud--a fog of gas and dust known as an interstellar cloud. Altair is an A-type main sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77. It is one of the vertices of the Summer Triangle (the other two vertices are Deneb and Vega). It is 16.7 light-years (5.13 parsecs) from the Sun and is one of the closest stars visible to the naked eye.
Altair spins rapidly, with a velocity at its equator of about 286 km/s. This is a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of 400 km/s. A study with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer showed that Altair is not spherical, but is flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation. Other interferometric studies with multiple telescopes, operating in the infrared, have confirmed this.
References
Stars
A Dangerous Woman (1929 movie)

A Dangerous Woman is a 1929 American romantic drama movie directed by Rowland V. Lee and Gerald Grove. It was based on the story by Margery Lawrence. It stars Olga Baclanova, Clive Brook, Clyde Cook, Neil Hamilton, Leslie Fenton and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1929 drama movies
1920s American romance movies
1920s American drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies directed by Rowland V. Lee
Paramount Pictures movies
Mullingar

Mullingar (Irish: An Muileann gCearr) is the county town of County Westmeath. As of 2011, 20,103 people live in Mullingar.
County towns in Ireland
Bonnétable

Bonnetable is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Communes in Sarthe
The House on Skull Mountain

The House on Skull Mountain is a 1974 American mystery horror movie directed by Ron Honthaner. It stars Victor French, Janee Michelle, Xernona Clayton, Ella Woods, Mike Evans and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1974 horror movies
1974 mystery movies
American horror movies
Sheena Easton

Sheena Easton (born Sheena Shirley Orr; 27 April 1959), is a Scottish singer. She was very popular during the 1980s and the 1990s. She has won several Grammy Awards. She had many charting singles and albums including "Morning Train," "For Your Eyes Only" and "Sugar Walls." Easton was born in Bellshill, Scotland.
References
Other websites
1959 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Scottish pop singers
Scottish singer-songwriters
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from North Lanarkshire
Blondie (1957 TV series)

Blondie is an American sitcom that ran on NBC for one season and 26 episodes. It ran from 4 January, 1957 to 5 July, 1957. It starred Arthur Lake, Pamela Britton, Ann Barnes, Harold Peary, Elvia Allman and was based on comic strip series.
Other websites
1950s American television series
1957 television series debuts
1957 television series endings
1957 disestablishments
American sitcoms
Black and white television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
LED lamp

A LED lamp is a product that uses a Light-emitting diode and that is assembled into a lamp or a light bulb. LED lamps last much longer, and are more efficient than incandescent lamps. Many LED lamps are also better than fluorescent lamps.
Unlike fluorescent lamps, most LED lamps do not need to "warm up" before they emit the full amount of light.
Lamps
Bernard Labourdette

Bernard Labourdette (13 August 1946 - 20 July 2022) was a French professional road bicycle racer. He won stage 16A in the 1971 Tour de France. Labourdette was born in Lurbe-Saint-Christau, France.
Labourdette died on 20 July 2022 at the age of 75.
References
1946 births
2022 deaths
French cyclists
Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse

The Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse, commonly referred to as the Dirksen Federal Building, is a skyscraper in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and completed in 1964. The building is 384 feet (117 m) tall, with 30 floors. It was named for U.S. Congressman and Senator Everett Dirksen.
The building houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, the United States Bankruptcy Court, the United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois, United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, and local offices for various court-related federal agencies, such as the Federal Public Defender, United States Probation Service and United States Trustee.
Other websites
Dirksen Federal Building on Emporis
General Services Administration Website
1964 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Illinois
Le Mayet-de-Montagne

Le Mayet-de-Montagne is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Shō Tai

Sho Tai (Shang Tai , Okinawan: Shoo tee) was the last ruler of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
He was born on August 3, 1843 in the town of Shuri (the capital at the time). He was the son of Sho Iku, the previous king. In 1879, Sho Tai lost his role as king due to Japan annexing Ryukyu. He was moved to Tokyo where he became a government member. He died there on August 19, 1901 at the age of 59.
References
Ryukyuan people
Stubs
Monarchy
1843 births
1901 deaths
Esmeraldas Province

Esmeraldas () is a province in northwestern Ecuador. The capital is Esmeraldas.
Cantons
The province is divided into 7 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the time of the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km2), and the name of the canton seat or capital.
References
Provinces of Ecuador
Briggs Initiative

California Proposition 6, also known as Briggs Initiative, was an initiative on the California state ballot on November 7, 1978. It did not pass. It was sponsored by John Briggs, a conservative state legislator from Orange County. The initiative would have banned homosexuals from working in California public schools.
The San Francisco politician Harvey Milk fought the measure. California Governor Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter were against it. Polls had originally showed support for the initiative leading by a large margin. It was defeated by the LGBT community, conservatives and liberals alike.
References
1978 in California
LGBT in the United States
United States law
1970s in law
Guadalupe Grande

Guadalupe Grande (30 May 1965 - 2 January 2021) was a Spanish poet. She had a degree in social anthropology from the Complutense University of Madrid. She was born in Madrid. She was a literary critic and teacher. She wrote El libro de Lilit in 1995, La llave de la niebla in 2003, and Mapas de cera in 2006.
Grande died on 2 January 2021 in Madrid at the age of 55.
References
1965 births
2021 deaths
Spanish poets
Spanish educators
Literary critics
Richard Brooks

Richard Brooks (May 18, 1912 - March 11, 1992) was an American screenwriter. He was also a movie director, novelist and film producer. He got eight Oscar nominations. Notable works are Blackboard Jungle (1955), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), Elmer Gantry (1960), In Cold Blood (1967) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977). He won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Elmer Gantry. Brooks worked with Mark Hellinger and Warner Brothers. Later he worked with MGM and worked independently.
Movies
MGM
Credited as both writer and director (unless stated)
Crisis (1950)
The Light Touch (1951)
Deadline - U.S.A. (20th Century Fox, 1952)
Battle Circus (1953)
Take the High Ground! (1953), only director
Flame and the Flesh (1954), only director
The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954)
Blackboard Jungle (1955)
The Last Hunt (1956)
The Catered Affair (1956), only director
Something of Value (1957)
The Brothers Karamazov (1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)
Independent producer
Credited as both writer and director
Elmer Gantry (Elmer Gantry Productions through United Artists, 1960)
Sweet Bird of Youth, (MGM and Roxbury Productions through MGM, 1962)
Lord Jim (Columbia and Keep Films through Columbia, 1965)
The Professionals (Pax Enterprises through Columbia, 1966)
In Cold Blood (Pax Enterprises through Columbia, 1967)
The Happy Ending (Pax Enterprises through United Artists, 1969)
$ (Frankovich Productions through Columbia, 1971)
Bite the Bullet (Persky-Bright Productions/Vista through Columbia, 1975)
Looking For Mr. Goodbar (Paramount, 1977)
Wrong Is Right (Columbia, 1982)
Fever Pitch (MGM, 1985)
1912 births
1992 deaths
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
Fanta

Fanta is an orange soda drink. It was created in Germany in 1940. Fanta was created during World War II in Nazi Germany by the German Coca-Cola (GmbH) bottling company. Because of the war, there was no shipping between Nazi Germany and the United States. Therefore, the German bottling plant could no longer get Coca-Cola syrup. The manager of the plant, Max Keith, needed to do something to keep the plant going. He came up with a fruit-flavored drink made from whatever he could find. Using apple fiber leftover from lollipops and whey, from cheesemakers, Fanta was created and became quite popular. The original German Fanta had a red-orange color from beets and tasted different from today's Fanta Orange; the flavor would change during the war, depending on what ingredients could be found.
Back in America, the Coca-Cola Company--led by Robert Woodruff--did not discourage this. The company sponsored the 1936 Berlin Olympics, which Woodruff attended, and made banners featuring the Coca-Cola logo alongside the swastika. Keith used a 10th anniversary party for Coca-Cola GmbH to order a mass Sieg-Heil (Nazi salute) in honor of the dictator's 50th birthday. He declared that this was "to commemorate our deepest admiration for our Fuhrer."
The name 'Fanta' came during an employee contest to name the new beverage. Keith told them to let their Fantasie (German for imagination) run wild. On hearing that, salesman Joe Knipp thought of the name Fanta.
After the war, Fanta was brought to the United States by Coca-Cola, and in 1960 they bought the trademark. Fanta Orange is the most popular Fanta flavor. It is available in 180 countries. Fanta is more popular in Europe and South America than in the United States.
There are over 90 different flavors worldwide. Most of them are only available by region in some countries. For example, in Romania (and some other countries), there is "Fanta Shokata" based on the traditional Romanian drink "Socata". This drink is made from Elderflower. In Switzerland and the Netherlands the local fruit, blackcurrant is used to make Fanta as well. Some identical flavors have different names in different markets. "The classic orange", for example, was renamed "Fanta Funky Orange" in 2003 for the Nordic countries and Belgium, while other countries have kept the older "Fanta Orange" brand name. As of the year 2005, the Fanta brand has been connected with the word Bambaacha (or Bamboocha), which is often seen in the Fanta commercials. TaB diet Cola was originally produced by the Fanta division of Coca-Cola. It was available in different non-cola flavors as well. Later in 2005, Fanta branched out into new Fanta Zero (diet versions) varieties in Great Britain and in other countries as well.
References
Soft drinks
Bohuslav

Bohuslav () is a city in Kyiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine, on the Ros River. It is the administrative centre of Bohuslav Raion (district). In 2020, 16,190 people lived there.
Cities in Kyiv Oblast
Jorge Guillén

Jorge Guillen y Alvarez (January 18, 1893 - February 6, 1984) was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27.
Biography
Jorge Guillen was born in Valladolid. His life paralleled that of his friend Pedro Salinas, whom he succeeded as a Spanish teaching assistant at the College de Sorbonne in the University of Paris from 1917 to 1923. He was also a professor at the University of Murcia from 1925 to 1929, the University of Oxford from 1929 to 1931, and the University of Seville from 1932 to 1938. Exiled, he was forced to establish himself in the United States to continue his postsecondary teaching. He was a professor of Spanish at Wellesley College from 1941 to 1967. He retired to Italy, where he married for the second time. He later moved to the city of Malaga. In 1977, he was awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize, one of the most prestigious prizes for Spanish-language writers. He died in Malaga in 1984, age 91.
Other websites
The Jorge Guillen Foundation
Poetry of Jorge Guillen
References
1893 births
1984 deaths
Spanish poets
People from Valladolid
List of nearest galaxies

This list of the nearest galaxies to Earth is ordered by increasing distance. Many of the distances are only estimates, and some may be incorrect by 50% or more. The distance ranking in this list should be seen only as a guess. Distances are given in light years (ly).
The nearest galaxies (ranked)
Milky Way - home galaxy of Earth
Canis Major dwarf 25,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Segue 1 - 75,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sag DEG - 70,000 ly (satellite or part of Milky Way)
Large Magellanic Cloud - 160,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Small Magellanic Cloud - 190,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Ursa Minor dwarf - 205,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Draco dwarf - 248,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sculptor dwarf - 254,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sextans dwarf - 257,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Carina dwarf - 283,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Fornax dwarf - 427,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Leo II - 701,000 ly
Leo I - 890,000 ly
Phoenix dwarf - 1,271,000 ly
Barnard's galaxy (NGC 6822) - 1,760,000 ly
NGC185 - 2,021,000 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
NGC147 - 2,152,000 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
Andromeda galaxy (M31) - 2,363,000 ly
Messier 32 (NGS 221) - 2,650,000 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
M110 (NGC 205) - 2,363,500 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
Andromeda I - 2,363,500 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
Andromeda II - 2,363,500 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
Andromeda III - 2,363,500 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
LGS 3 - 2,477,500 ly (satellite of Triangulum)
IC 1613 - 2,494,000 ly
Triangulum galaxy (M33) - 2,592,000 ly
Aquarius dwarf - 2,608,000 ly
Tucana dwarf - 2,836,000 ly
Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte (WLM) - 3,064,500 ly
Related pages
Galaxy
List of galaxies
Local Group
Most distant things
IC 1101: the largest known galaxy, with about 100 trillion stars.
References
Astronomy lists
Oisy, Nord

Oisy is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
Communes in Nord
Carreño

Carreno is a municipality in Asturias, Spain.
References
Municipalities in Asturias
Passing Through Moscow

Passing Through Moscow () is a 1970 Soviet comedy movie directed by Ilya Gurin. It stars Yevgeny Karelskikh, Sergey Shakurov, and Nikolay Merzlikin.
Actors
Yevgeny Karelskikh as Volodya
Sergey Shakurov as Stepan
Nikolay Merzlikin as Nikolay
Khodzhan Ovezgelenov as Yashuli Aktylbek-aka
Lidiya Konstantinova as Yulya Sinyova
Vyacheslav Nevinnyy as Valentin
Vera Kuznetsova as Klavdiya Yemelyanova
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1970 movies
Soviet comedy movies
Te Atua o Tokelau

"Te Atua o Tokelau" (; "The God of Tokelau") is the anthem of Tokelau. The lyrics author is unknown, the music was composed by Falani Kalolo. Anthem was adopted in 2008.
Lyrics
Typically, after the anthem is played, the phrase "Hoa, he hoa lava!" () is spoken.
References
New Zealand anthems
Tokelau
Alan Stephenson Boyd

Alan Stephenson Boyd (July 20, 1922 - October 18, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson in November 1966.
He was appointed to the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1959 by Dwight Eisenhower and promoted to chairman by John F. Kennedy.
When the Richard M. Nixon administration took power, Boyd left the government and became the president of the Illinois Central Railroad, a position he held from 1969 to 1972.
Boyd died at a retirement home in Seattle, Washington on October 18, 2020 at the age of 98.
References
1922 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
United States Secretaries of Transportation
University of Florida alumni
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Florida
Businesspeople from Florida
Cascade Range

The Cascade Range is a mountain range in western North America. It goes from Northern California, through Oregon and Washington, and ends in British Columbia, Canada. The range includes the Western Cascades in northern California and the North and Canadian Cascades in Washington State and Canada.
in the Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. Volcanos in the range include Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Shasta. The Cascades are part of the "American Cordillera", the almost continuous spine of mountains which runs right down the western side of the Americas.
The highest mountain in the cascades is Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet or 4,392 metres.
Geology
The Cascade range was formed by thousands of small, short-lived volcanoes that built a platform of lava and volcanic debris. Rising above this volcanic platform are a few strikingly large volcanoes, like Mount St. Helens, that dominate the landscape.
The fundamental reason for all these mountains on the western side of the Americas is the steady movement of the great landmasses away from Eurasia and Africa. The process of continental drift is fuelled by the production of sea-floor material at the mid-Atlantic trench. The landmasses of the Americas have buckled the edges of the Pacific plates, resulting in the continual volcanic build-up of mountains on the western side of the continents. The Cascade Volcanic Arc made its first appearance 36 million years ago. The major volcanic peaks today were born in the last 1.6 million years. More than 3,000 vents erupted during the most recent volcanic episode that began 5 million years ago. As long as subduction continues, new Cascade volcanoes will continue to rise.
As the oceanic slab sinks deep into the Earth's interior beneath the continental plate, high temperatures and pressures allow water molecules locked in the minerals of solid rock to escape. The water vapor rises into the pliable mantle above the subducting plate, causing some of the mantle to melt. This newly formed magma rises toward the Earth's surface to erupt, forming a chain of volcanoes.
References
Other websites
Mountains of Canada
Geography of Washington (state)
Geography of Oregon
Mountains of California
Mountain ranges of the United States
Volcanoes of North America
The Adjuster

The Adjuster is a 1991 Canadian drama movie directed by Atom Egoyan and starring Elias Koteas, Arsinee Khanjian, Maury Chaykin, Gabrielle Rose, Jennifer Dale, David Hemblen, Jacqueline Samuda, Gerard Parkes. It was distributed by Orion Pictures.
Other websites
1991 drama movies
1990s LGBT movies
Canadian drama movies
Movies directed by Atom Egoyan
Fred Hill (footballer, born 1940)

Frederick Hill (17 January 1940 - 1 October 2021) was an English footballer who played at both professional and international levels as an inside forward. He played for Halifax Town, Manchester City and Peterborough United, making over 500 appearances in the Football League.
Hill played for the England national team in 1962.
References
1940 births
2021 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from Sheffield
List of SM Supermalls

This is a list of shopping malls under the SM Supermalls chain managed by the Philippine firm SM Prime. Most malls are in the Philippines, while some are in China.
Maps
List
SM North EDSA 1st sm mall in Philippines
SM City Sta. Mesa 2nd Sm mall in Philippines
SM Megamall
SM City Cebu
SM Southmall
SM City Bacoor
SM City Fairview
SM City Iloilo
SM City Manila
SM City Pampanga
SM City Sucat
Future
SM City Santo Tomas
SM City Deparo
SM Center San Pedro
SM City General Trias
SM City Tagum
References
SM Prime
Elida

Elida is a Swedish all-Christian organisation, working with the motto "Sailing for Jesus" with the goal of spreading the message about Christianity via a sailing boat using the same name. The boat is berthed in Gothenburg, Sweden.
References
Other websites
Elida
Christianity in Sweden
Sailing
Li Wenliang

Li Wenliang (; 12 October 1986 - 6 February 2020) was a Chinese ophthalmologist at . He was thought to be one of the first people to issue a warning about the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, on 30 December 2019.
On 3 January 2020, Wuhan police arrested him for "making false comments on the Internet". Li returned to work but later suffered from the virus from an infected patient.
He died from the infection on 6 February 2020.
References
1986 births
2020 deaths
Chinese physicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in China
Westward Expansion Trails

The Westward Expansion Trails were wagon roads that settlers used to travel from the eastern United States to California, Oregon and other western parts of the United States during the 19th century.
Santa Fe Trail
Old Spanish Trail
Oregon Trail
California Trail
Mormon Trail
Siskiyou Trail
Southern Emigrant Trail
About 500,000 people traveled on these trails and about 50,000 people died.
Related pages
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Manifest Destiny
Louisiana Purchase
Gasden Purchase
References
19th century in the United States
Migration
Roads
Coachella Valley

The Coachella Valley is a desert valley in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is famous as a resort destination and an agricultural region. It is a dry rift valley.
The cities of the Coachella Valley from west to east are:
Desert Hot Springs
Palm Springs
Cathedral City
Rancho Mirage
Palm Desert
Indian Wells
La Quinta
Indio
Coachella
Many people visit the area during tourist season, which is from September to June. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification) Winter in the Coachella Valley is warm. Summer is very hot, with temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Centigrade. Although the area is a desert, there is lots of water both under the ground and in aqueducts from the Colorado River. The weather is so similar to that in the Middle East that the area grows more than 95% of the nation's crop of dates. A grapefruit called the "Coachella Grapefruit" was first grown there.
One of the world's greatest engineering feats is in Palm Springs. The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway brings visitors from the floor of the valley to the top of Mount San Jacinto, 8516 feet (3000 metres) up.
Valleys of California
Riverside County, California
Loretta Devine

Loretta Devine (born August 21, 1949) is an American movie, stage and television actress. She has starred on many television sitcoms, like A Different World. She acted in the movies Waiting to Exhale, I Am Sam, For Colored Girls and many others. She has won several Emmy Awards.
Devine was born in Texas.
Filmography
References
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
1949 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
2019 World Wushu Championships

The 2019 World Wushu Championships were the 15th edition of the World Wushu Championships, and were held at Minhang Gymnasium in Shanghai, China.
Medal table
References
Sports competitions
Wushu Championships
World Wushu Championships
Shanghai
Palandri Tehsil

Palandri () is part of the Sudhnoti District, Azad Kashmir, in Pakistan.
Tehsils of Azad Kashmir
Marshall Warren Nirenberg

Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 - January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist. He won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Robert W. Holley and H. Gobind Khorana, for work on the genetic code and protein synthesis
References
1927 births
2010 deaths
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
American geneticists
Doda, Jammu and Kashmir

Doda () is part of the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
Alan Mulally

Alan Roger Mulally (born August 4, 1945) is an American engineer, business executive, and former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Ford Motor Company. He retired from Ford Motor Company on July 1, 2014. Ford had been struggling during the late-2000s recession. Mulally made it profitable again. Because of him, Ford was the only American major car manufacturer to avoid a bailout fund given by the government. On July 15, 2014, he was chosen to be on the Google Board of Directors.
Mulally was the executive vice president of Boeing and the CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA). He started his career with Boeing as an engineer in 1969. He was mostly credited with BCA's :simple:wikt:resurgence against Airbus in the mid-2000s. In 2015, Mulally was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
Early life
Mulally was born in Oakland, California. He was the son of Lauraine Lizette (Clark) and Charles R. Mulally, who met at a USO dance. Mulally grew up in his mother's hometown of Lawrence, Kansas. This was where he was a member of Plymouth Congregational Church. He considered Rev. Dale Turner "a mentor and an inspiration". He used to sit at the front of the church to study the minister's influence on the congregation. Mulally said that he was motivated at the age of 17 by president John F. Kennedy's challenge to send a man to the moon.
Education
Mulally graduated from the University of Kansas. It was also his mother's alma mater. He graduated with Bachelor of Science (1968) and Master of Science (1969) degrees in aeronautical and astronautical engineering. He was also a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity.
References
Other websites
Biography: Alan Mulally at Ford Motor Company
Profile at Bloomberg Businessweek
Alan Mulally's federal campaign contributions from Newsmeat
1945 births
Living people
Ford
People from Lawrence, Kansas
Checksum

A checksum is a number. It is a kind of redundancy check. There are different ways to calculate it. It serves as a check, that no errors have been made when writing down the number. In its simplest form, the digits are simply added up. This can however not detect errors of swapping digits around. One of the uses of checksums is to check that account numbers have been entered correctly.
Portuguese bank account identifiers are a good example of how checksums work. They have 21 digits. The first 19 digits identify the bank, branch and account number. The last two digits are "mod 97" checksum digits based on modular arithmetic. A typical Portuguese bank account number is 0002.0123.12345678901.54. The digits have the following meanings:
The digits "0002" represent the bank.
The digits "0123" represent the branch of the bank.
The digits "12345678901" represent the account number
The digits "54" represent the checksum.
If 000201231234567890154 (the bank account number without the dots) is divided by 97, the answer is 207458809978249 remainder 1. Since the remainder is "1", the bank account identifier is probably correct. If the person writing down the number missed a digit, swapped two digits around or wrote a digit down incorrectly the remainder would not have been "1". If this is the case then the computer should detect an error and give an error message.
Another place where checksums are used are serial numbers for computer software.
References
Computer science
Knights Hospitaller

The Knights Hospitaller were a group of military knights fighting in Jerusalem. They are the group that became the Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and, eventually, St. John Ambulance.
The Hospitallers are a Catholic military order founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century. They later became the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Today their headquarters are in Rome. The order continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names.
Knights of Malta
Malta was ruled by the Order of Saint John as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1530 to 1798. The islands of Malta and Gozo, as well as the city of Tripoli in modern Libya, were given to the Order by Spanish Emperor Charles V in 1530. following the loss of Rhodes. The Ottoman Empire managed to capture Tripoli from the Order in 1551, but an attempt to take Malta in 1565 failed.
In 1565 Suleiman sent an invasion force of about 40,000 men to besiege the 700 knights and 8,000 soldiers. He wanted to get the island as a base. From there he might launch another assault on Europe. A long struggle ended with the Knights undefeated. This is known as the Great Siege of Malta. Resisting the Ottoman Empire was their great achievement.
Middle Ages
Orders of knighthood
GN-z11

GN-z11 is a galaxy. It was the oldest known galaxy and farthest-known galaxy from Earth until 2022. It is located 32 billion light years (302.74 sextillion km) away from us.
Related pages
Nature timeline
Galaxies
William Needles

George William Needles CM, LL.D, (January 2, 1919 - January 12, 2016) was an American-born Canadian actor and teacher. He was born in Yonkers, New York, and raised in Kitchener, Ontario.
Needles member of the acting company of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival since its inception in 1953, he has appeared in over one hundred roles with the company, among which are Albany in King Lear (1964 and 1972); the Duke of Venice in The Merchant of Venice (1996); the White King in Alice Through the Looking Glass (1996); the Lord Mayor in Richard III (1997); the Shepherd in Oedipus Rex (1997); Merriman in The Importance of Being Earnest (2000); Mortimer in Henry VI: Revenge in France(2002).
Needles died in Allison, Ontario from natural causes at the age of 97.
References
Other websites
An Interview with William Needles , Legend Library, TheatreMuseumCanada
1919 births
2016 deaths
Actors from New York (state)
Actors from Ontario
American stage actors
Canadian stage actors
People from Yonkers, New York
Richard Serra

Richard Serra (born November 2, 1938) is an American artist.
He had his first solo exhibitions at the Galleria La Salita, Rome, 1966, and in the United States at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York. The Pasadena Art Museum organized a solo exhibition of Serra's work in 1970.
Serra been part of Documentas 5 (1972), 6 (1977), 7 (1982), and 8 (1987), in Kassel, the Venice Biennales of 1984 and 2001, and the Whitney Museum of American Art's Annual and Biennial exhibitions of 1968, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1981, and 1995.
In 2005 eight major works by Serra were added permanently at Guggenheim Museum Bilbao.
References
1938 births
Living people
Artists from San Francisco
Dyotropic reaction

A dyotropic reaction is a type of chemical reaction. It is when an organic compound changes its structure. Two substituents jump from one place on the molecule to another. It is a pericyclic valence isomerization when two sigma bonds move at the same time to a new place on the same molecule. Dyotropic reactions are important in organic chemistry. They can explain how certain reactions work. Dyotropic reactions can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules. Dyotropic reactions were first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971. The name "dyotropic reaction" comes from the Greek word dyo meaning "two." "Rearrangement" means that the reaction changes the bonds between atoms on a single molecule.
In a type I reaction, two migrating groups trade their relative positions. A type II reaction involves migration to new bonding sites without positional interchange.
Type I rearrangements
In type I rearrangements (Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y), the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other. The reaction leaves both groups on the opposite sides. The first example of a dyotropic rearrangement involving a carbon-carbon bond was reported by Cyril A. Grob and Saul Winstein. They saw the exchange of two bromine atoms in a certain steroid.
In a simple example, the two bromine atoms in 3-tert-butyl-trans-1,2-dibromohexane mutarotate by heating. In the transition state both bromine atoms connect symmetrically two both carbon atoms on opposite sides and the reaction is concerted. Chemists have also investigated stepwise mechanisms in dyotropic reactions.
In organic synthesis, an important dyotropic reaction is the conversion of 4-substituted-gamma-lactones to butyrolactones. Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds. One example is using heat to change RRSi1R3C-O-Si2R3 to RRSi2R3C-O-Si1R3. (This reaction can go in both directions depending on temperature.) Another example is the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement. Dyotropic reactions can also happen with N-O bonds or N-N bonds.
Type II rearrangements
Type II rearrangements often involve two hydrogen atoms moving along a carbon skeleton. This reaction type can be found in certain transfer hydrogenations. An example is hydrogen transfer in syn-sesquinorbornene
disulfones.
References
Organic reactions
Busnes

Busnes is a commune. It is found in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Sulzheim, Bavaria

Sulzheim is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.
References
Schweinfurt (district)