pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hand grenade

A hand grenade is a small explosive device that is thrown at a target. It can be used as a weapon against an enemy soldier or vehicle. The most common type of grenade is the fragmentation grenade. Fragmentation grenades send out lots of very fast, very small fragments when they explode. Hand granades are usually thrown, and explode soon after that. Some specially designed grenades are fired from rifles or specially made grenade launchers. There are grenades which contain tear gas. These are used to control riots.
Hand grenades are used by the infantry. There are three main types: one which gives a big powerful blast to destroy bunkers, another which starts fires and another which contains shrapnel to hurt enemy soldiers. Most grenades are shaped like an egg, with a metal-arm on its top and a ring. When the ring is pulled out, the arm flips up and ignites a fuse. The user then has a few seconds to throw it and take cover, usually about 5 seconds. It explodes on impact and may injure or even kill people.
History
Early grenades were iron balls, filled with gunpowder and with a long fuse that its user must light up with a match before throwing. Some were too big to throw, so soldiers rolled them. Some armies assigned special soldiers called "grenadiers" to throw or roll grenades.
Grenades in the early 20th century exploded on contact. This was changed during World War I to time fuses. The German army used stick grenades (grenades with handles) during World War I and World War II. The Soviet Army used different grenades for attack and defence.
Related pages
Smoke grenade
Ammunition
References
Explosives
Leizu

Leizu was a legendary Chinese queen. According to tradition, she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 28th century BC.
Leizu discovered silkworms while on a walk near the king's mulberry trees. However, there are different stories of exactly how she discovered that silkworms make silk.
One story says that she used her finger to touch a worm, causing a strand of silk to come out. As the silk continued to come out, she wrapped it around her finger. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon, and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk.
Another story says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons. She collected some cocoons, and then sat down to have some tea. While she was sipping a cup of tea, she dropped a cocoon into the steaming water. A fine thread started to separate itself from the cocoon. Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger.
She asked her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could keep the worms that made these cocoons. She is credited with inventing the silk reel, which joins thin silk threads into a thicker thread strong enough for weaving. She is also credited with inventing the first silk loom. It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that silk was first made in China. Leizu shared what she found out with others and the knowledge became common.
China
Chinese royalty
Sharana

Sharana (), or Sharan (), is the capital of Paktika Province, Afghanistan. There are about 2,200 people who live in the town.
References
Cities in Afghanistan
Tallinn University of Technology

Tallinn University of Technology started in 1918. It is the only technical university in Estonia. It is often called TalTech. It is in the capital city of Tallinn. It has colleges in Tartu and Kohtla-Jarve. A lot of the teaching is in English.
It has departments for:
Organic and analytic chemistry (Chemistry)
Food biotechnology and neurobiology (Biotechnology)
Geology (Earth Sciences)
Power converter research (Power Electronics)
Solar cell materials and tribomaterials (Material Sciences)
Computer system research and biorobotics
Near-zero energy building (Civil Engineering)
Public administration
More than 2,000 people work for the university. There are about 12,000 students,
References
Organizations based in Tallinn
Technical colleges and universities in Europe
Colleges and universities in Estonia
Curator

A curator or keeper looks after collections. It may be a private activity, but usually they look after the collections of a cultural heritage institution. Art galleries, museums, libraries or archives have curators. Zoos have zookeepers and underkeepers.
Curators are subject-matter experts who act as managers. It is an official job description in institutions which have collections. The curator's work involves objects of some kind, such as artwork, collectibles, historic items or scientific collections. Curators in zoos are usually called 'keepers', but it is the same idea.
The word curator comes from the Latin word curare, meaning to look after.
Occupations
Kharmang District

Kharmang District is a political sub-division of Pakistan. It is part of Baltistan and currently constitutes one of the ten districts of the Gilgit-Baltistan territory of Pakistan. It is bounded on the south by Kargil district of the Jammu and Kashmir, on the northeast by Ghanche District of GB, on the north by Skardu District of GB and on the west by Astore District of GB.
Kharmang District is one of the five biggest valleys of Baltistan; recently it became a district, whose headquarters is Temporarily at Tolti. The valley is located about 100 km from the capital city of Baltistan Skardu.
Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan
British Rail Class D2/10

British Rail Class D2/10 was a locomotive type commissioned by British Rail. It was a diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL). The NBL/MAN engines were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Scotland under licence from the German company MAN.
D2/10
NBL locomotives
B locomotives
Fruita, Colorado

The City of Fruita (pronounced /'fru:t@/) is a city located in western Mesa County, Colorado, United States. It is bordering Colorado River on the southern edge of town. The population was 12,646 at the 2010 census. It was incorporated in 1894.
References
Other websites
City of Fruita official website
Cities in Colorado
1894 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Colorado
Jack Charlton

Jack Charlton (8 May 1935 - 10 July 2020) was an English former footballer and manager. He played for England national team.
His younger brother was Bobby Charlton.
He died on 10 July 2020 in Northumberland at the age of 85. He had dementia and lymphoma.
Club career statistics
|-
|1952-53||rowspan="21"|Leeds United||rowspan="4"|Second Division||1||0
|-
|1953-54||0||0
|-
|1954-55||1||0
|-
|1955-56||34||0
|-
|1956-57||rowspan="4"|First Division||21||0
|-
|1957-58||40||0
|-
|1958-59||39||1
|-
|1959-60||41||3
|-
|1960-61||rowspan="4"|Second Division||41||7
|-
|1961-62||34||9
|-
|1962-63||38||2
|-
|1963-64||25||3
|-
|1964-65||rowspan="9"|First Division||39||9
|-
|1965-66||40||6
|-
|1966-67||28||5
|-
|1967-68||34||5
|-
|1968-69||41||3
|-
|1969-70||32||3
|-
|1970-71||41||6
|-
|1971-72||41||5
|-
|1972-73||18||3
629||70
629||70
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1965||9||0
|-
|1966||16||3
|-
|1967||2||1
|-
|1968||1||0
|-
|1969||5||2
|-
|1970||2||0
|-
!Total||35||6
|}
References
1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Deaths from lymphoma
English football managers
English footballers
Sportspeople from Northumberland
Bernadette Chirac

Bernadette Therese Marie Chirac (born Bernadette Therese Marie Chodron de Courcel; 18 May 1933) is a French politician and the widow of the former President Jacques Chirac.
Post-First Lady roles
Since 2001, Bernadette has been a leading member of the "Pieces Jaunes" (Yellow Coins), a charity that aids children in French hospitals by collecting small change. On 3 September 2007, she became the president of the "Fondation Claude-Pompidou" (Claude Pompidou Foundation), following the death of its founder, Claude Pompidou.
She also helped her husband's being elected in 1995 and is herself an elected official in Correze, the couple's home departement.
Honours
Knight of the Legion of Honour ()
Bibliography
2001: Bernadette Chirac by Bertrand Meyer-Stabley (Perrin Edition)
2006: La Fille de Coeur by Anh Dao Traxel (Flammarion Editions) (a biography of the Chirac family by their foster daughter).
2001: Conversation by Bernadette Chirac, with Patrick de Carolis, (Plon Editions)
References
Other websites
1933 births
Living people
Politicians from Paris
First Ladies of France
Bénéjacq

Benejacq is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
References
Communes in Pyrenees-Atlantiques
John Doe

The name "John Doe" is used as a name in a legal action, case or discussion for a male person, whose true identity is unknown, anonymous or must be withheld for legal reasons. Male corpses or hospital patients whose identities are unknown may also be called "John Doe". The name "Jane Doe" is used for females.
John or Jane Doe is also use an example when a name is needed, for instance when showing how a form should be completed. "Joe Bloggs" is sometimes used in such a case.
Legal terms
Serbian Dinar

Dinar () is the official currency in Serbia. Its denominations are 1 dinar, 2 dinars, 5 dinars, 10 dinars and 20 dinars (coins which are not used often anymore), and 10 dinars, 20 dinars, 50 dinars, 100 dinars, 200 dinars, 500 dinars, 1000 dinars, 2000 dinars and 5000 dinars (banknotes). Its code is RSD. This currency can be exchanged.
Currency of Europe
Serbia
Coahoma County, Mississippi

Coahoma County is a county in the northwestern part of Mississippi. There are about 30,622 people living there. It's capital is Clarksdale. It was started on February 9, 1836. "Coahoma" is a Choctaw word that means "red panther."
References
Mississippi counties
1836 establishments in Mississippi
Island Gardens DLR station

Island Gardens is a light metro station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) Bank-Lewisham Line. It is next to Island Gardens in North Greenwich, East London. It is just north of the River Thames, on the Isle of Dogs. The station is close to the southern tip of the Isle of Dogs and the River Thames.
History
The original Island Gardens DLR station was opened on 31 August 1987 as the southern terminus of the initial DLR system. It was built next to the site of the old North Greenwich railway station, which had been the southern terminus of the old Millwall Extension Railway. Island Gardens DLR station was elevated with two platforms.
The extension of the DLR to a new terminus at Lewisham passes under the River Thames in a deep tube tunnel. This required a new Island Gardens DLR station to be built, further away from the river, and underground. The original station and the southern end of the connecting viaduct have since been demolished.
References
Docklands Light Railway stations
Railway stations in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Striking Distance

Striking Distance is an American melodrama thriller movie from 1993. It is about a police Sergeant, Tom Hardy, who rats out his partner for using excessive force on a suspect. The movie is also about abduction. Bruce Willis plays Tom Hardy. Sarah Jessica Parker plays Jo Christman and Emily Harper. This movie was released in September 1993 in United States theaters. The reviews were very bad. Striking Distance barely earned back its own $30 million budget.
1993 drama thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
1990s English-language movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies directed by Rowdy Herrington
Movies set in Pittsburgh
1990s serial killer movies
Linton

Linton is a village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 4,310 people living in Linton.
References
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Villages in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire
New Melle, Missouri

New Melle is a city in St. Charles County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri
Paula Garcés

Paula Garces (born March 20, 1974) is a Colombian-American actress. She is known for her appearance in movies such as Clockstoppers, Man of the House and The Harold and Kumar Series.
On TV shows, she starred in CSI: Miami, The Shield, Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, The Sopranos, Oz, Devious Maids, Guiding Light, All My Children and On My Block.
References
Other websites
1974 births
Living people
Colombian movie actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Medellin
Gestingthorpe

Gestingthorpe is a village and civil parish in Braintree district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 421 people living in Gestingthorpe.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Estaing, Aveyron

Estaing is a commune of the Aveyron department in the southern part of France.
Related pages
Communes of the Aveyron department
Communes in Aveyron
World Heritage Sites in France
Brian Sedgemore

Brian Charles John Sedgemore (17 March 1937 - 5 May 2015) was a Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1974 until 1979, and from 1983 until 2005. He defected to the Liberal Democrats shortly before he stood down at the 2005 general election.
References
1937 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Smörgåsbord

Smorgasbord () is a type of Scandinavian meal. It comes from Sweden. It is a buffet-style meal with multiple hot and cold dishes.
Smorgasbord became well known at the 1939 New York World's Fair. It is usually a meal for celebrations.
References
European foods
Swedish culture
Arnie Robinson

Arnie Paul Robinson Jr. (April 7, 1948 - December 1, 2020) was an American athlete. He won a bronze medal in the long jump at the 1972 Olympics and a gold medal in 1976. Robinson was born in San Diego, California.
Robinson died on December 1, 2020 at the age of 72.
References
1948 births
2020 deaths
American track and field athletes
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
Jerry Coleman

Gerald Francis "Jerry" Coleman (September 14, 1924 - January 5, 2014) was an American professional baseball second baseman. He played for the New York Yankees from 1949 to 1957. He managed the San Diego Padres for one year in 1980. He was born in San Jose, California.
Coleman died from a brain hemorrhage caused by complications from a fall on January 5, 2014 in San Diego, California. He was 89 years old. He was outlived by his second wife and three children.
References
Other websites
1924 births
2014 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Military people from California
Baseball players from California
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
New York Yankees players
Sportspeople from San Jose, California
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
Italy, Texas

Italy is a town in Ellis County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, 1,863 people lived there.
References
Other websites
City of Italy official website
Towns in Texas
Margaret Reid (politician)

Margaret Elizabeth Reid (nee McLachlan; born 28 May 1935) is an Australian politician. He was a Senator for the Australian Capital Territory from 1981 to 2003, representing the Liberal Party. She is the only woman to have served as President of the Senate, holding that office from 1996 to 2002.
References
1935 births
Living people
Presidents of the Australian Senate
Politicians from South Australia
Jean-Paul Vonderburg

Jean-Paul Vonderburg (born July 31, 1964) is a former Swedish football player. He has played for the Swedish national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1992/93||Aarhus||Superliga||5||1||||||||||5||1
|-
|1993||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||21||1||4||1||2||0||27||2
5||1||||||||||5||1
21||1||4||1||2||0||27||2
26||2||4||1||2||0||32||3
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1990||2||0
|-
|1991||2||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}
Other websites
Profile at National Football Teams
1964 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
Rick Parfitt

Richard John "Rick" Parfitt, OBE (12 October 1948 - 24 December 2016) was an English musician, singer-songwriter and guitarist. He was born in Woking, Surrey. Parfitt was best known as a singer, songwriter and rhythm guitarist for rock band Status Quo.
Parfitt died, aged 68, on 24 December 2016 in a hospital in Marbella, Spain from sepsis complicated by an infected shoulder injury he suffered two days before.
References
Other websites
Status Quo official website
Obituary: Rick Parfitt From BBC News
1948 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in Spain
English singer-songwriters
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
Singers from Surrey
Musicians from Surrey
Writers from Surrey
People from Woking
Vincent d'Indy

Paul Marie Theodore Vincent d'Indy (27 March 1851-2 December 1931) was a French composer and music teacher. Born in Paris, he was encouraged to learn music by his uncle who had studied with Cesar Franck. D'Indy later also studied with Franck at the Paris Conservatoire. He liked the music of Lizst, Beethoven and Wagner. He went to the first performance of Wagner's Ring at Bayreuth in 1876. He organized performances of works by Rameau and Monteverdi whose work had been mostly forgotten. He was a very conservative in his views on music, and after his proposed changes to the Conservatoire were ignored, he set up his own music school, the Schola Cantorum in 1894.
Works
He wrote a large number of musical compositions including operas, overtures, symphonies, choral works, piano works, string sextets, string quartets, folk song arrangements, and a cello sonata. One of his well known works is the "Symphonie sur un Chant Montagnard Francais" (1886) ("Symphony on a French Mountain Song").
He also wrote books including a biography of Cesar Franck, and a book on how to write music.
References
19th-century French composers
1851 births
1931 deaths
20th-century French composers
Vladimír Čech

Vladimir Cech (6 July 1951 - 22 March 2013) was an Czech actor, presenter and former politician. He was known for being the voice of Garfield in the Czech versions.
Cech was born on 6 July 1951 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He studied at the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts. Cech died of Lynch syndrome (a type of colon cancer) and pneumonia on 22 March 2013 in his home in Prague, Czech Republic, aged 61.
References
Other websites
Biography of Vladimir Cech on CT website
Biography of Vladimir Cech on worldonline.cz website
1951 births
2013 deaths
Czechoslovak politicians
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from pneumonia
Cancer deaths in the Czech Republic
Entertainers from Prague
Czech movie actors
Czech stage actors
Czech television actors
Czech television presenters
Voice actors
Andrew Klavan

Andrew Klavan (born July 13, 1954) is an American writer, novelist and journalist. Klavan was born Jewish but converted to Christianity. By his own description, Klavan started out as a liberal Democrat but after the Cold War ended he thought that Ronald Reagan was the reason that it ended. And because of that Klavan became a Republican. In an interview with Dave Rubin, Klavan said that the reason that he was a conservative was that he supported classical liberalism. Klavan has complained about Hollywood movies being too left-wing though he has praised some movies like The Dark Knight and Toy Story 3 for being right-wing. Klavan was critical of the media saying that it refused to ask necessary questions about the attack on the American consulate in Benghazi. Klavan also said that Barak Obama didn't understand economics. Klavan was also critical of conservatives who opposed the election of Donald Trump. Klavan also writes for the website The Daily Wire run by Ben Shapiro. Klavan also filmed a video for Prager University about fake news.
Other websites
1954 births
Living people
American Christians
American novelists
Jewish American writers
Jews who converted to Christianity
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from New York City
American bloggers
Roy Lester

E. Roy Lester (1923 - May 3, 2020) was an American college and high school football coach. He was born in Spencer, West Virginia. He played for West Virginia from 1947 to 1949. He also coached Richard Montgomery High School and the Maryland Terrapins.
Lester died in Rockville, Maryland on May 3, 2020 of COVID-19, aged 96.
References
1923 births
2020 deaths
American football coaches
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Sportspeople from West Virginia
Sportspeople from Maryland
Ted McKenna

Edward McKenna (10 March 1950 - 19 January 2019), was a Scottish drummer. He played with bands The Sensational Alex Harvey Band, Rory Gallagher, The Michael Schenker Group.
He toured with Ian Gillan for a short period in 1990, alongside fellow former SAHB member, bassist Chris Glen. He lectured in Applied Arts at North Glasgow College from 1996-2011.
McKenna died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 19 January 2019 at the age of 68.
References
1950 births
2019 deaths
Musicians from East Dunbartonshire
British rock drummers
Vaudes

Vaudes is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Communes in Aube
Chromatophore

Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. They are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in cold-blooded animals.
Some species can rapidly change colour so as to keep in camouflage, or to signal. They do this by moving pigment and reflective plates in chromatophores. This process is called physiological colour change. Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this. The display is under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes.
Vertebrates such as chameleons get a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters. They may be started by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes around the animal.
Cephalopod chromatophores
Colleoid cephalopods have complex organs which they use to change colour rapidly. This is seen in squid, cuttlefish and octopuses. Each chromatophore unit is a single chromatophore cell and muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are in an elastic sac. To change colour the animal changes the sac form or size by muscular contraction. This changes its appearance. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians and reptiles, because the shape of the sac is being changed rather than pigment being moved in the cell. However, a similar effect is achieved.
Octopuses can operate chromatophores in complex, wavelike displays, giving rapidly changing colour schemes. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain in a pattern similar to that of the chromatophores they each control. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated one after another, the colour change occurs in waves.
Like chameleons, cephalopods use colour change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at camouflage, with the ability to match both the colour and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy.
References
Physiology
Manuel Lanzini

Manuel Lanzini (born 15 February 1993) is an Argentine football player. He plays for River Plate.
Other websites
Argentine Primera statistics at Futbol XXI
1993 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Adult school

Adult school is a type of school for adults. The school is for any adult who has not finished high school and want to finish it. A number of adult schools have programs like child care or immigration services.
History
In 1798, two men in England named Samuel Fox and William Singleton are both the minds behind adult school. They both created an adult school in Nottingham, England. It does not have a name. At first, the classes were for young adult aged women that had classes from hosiery to lacing. As the years passed by, the school included men.
Related pages
Education
High school
References
Types of educational institutions
Keith Davis

Keith Davis (21 May 1930 - 2 March 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played for both New Zealand and New Zealand Maori. He played for Auckland, and won the Ranfurly Shield in his first ever provincial game. He retired in 1959.
His time with the team included matches against both South Africa and the British Lions. Davis was awarded the Tom French Cup for Maori player of the year in 1952, 1953 and 1954.
Davis died on 2 March 2019, aged 88.
References
1930 births
2019 deaths
New Zealand rugby union players
Hunt County, Texas

Hunt County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 99,956 people lived there. The county seat is Greenville.
History
Hunt County was made in 1846.
Geography
Hunt County has a total area of 882 square miles.
Places
Cities
Greenville (county seat)
Towns
Neylandville
References
Texas counties
Gabby Hayes

George Francis "Gabby" Hayes (May 7, 1885 - February 9, 1969), was an American actor. He was best known for his many appearances in B-Western movie series as the comic sidekick of the cowboy star.
References
1885 births
1969 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American radio actors
Actors from New York (state)
Comedians from New York (state)
Frank Rochon

Frank Rochon (born April 18, 1953 in Laval, Quebec) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 255 games in the World Hockey Association. He played for the Chicago Cougars, Denver Spurs, Ottawa Civics and the Indianapolis Racers.
References
1953 births
Binghamton Dusters players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Sherbrooke Castors players
World Hockey Association players
Ken Adam

Sir Kenneth Hugo Adam (born Klaus Hugo Adam; 5 February 1921 - 10 March 2016) was a German-born British movie production designer. He was born in Berlin. Adam was best known for his set designs for the James Bond movies of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as for Dr. Strangelove. He won two Academy Awards (1975, 1994) and two BAFTA Awards (1964, 1965).
Adam died in London on 10 March 2016, aged 95.
References
Other websites
Ken Adam at BFI Screenonline
Ken Adam at Web of Stories
Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
Imperial War Museum Interview from 2009
Academy Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
1921 births
2016 deaths
People from Berlin
Set designers
White Rose (movie)

White Rose () is a 1919 Hungarian drama movie directed by Alexander Korda and based on the 1853 novel by Mor Jokai. It stars Maria Corda, Gyula Bartos, Emil Fenyvessy, Helene von Bolvary.
Other websites
1919 drama movies
Hungarian silent movies
Movies directed by Alexander Korda
Infrared spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy (sometimes called Infrared spectrometry) is a physical analysis method that uses infrared light. Typically, infrared spectroscopy uses a wavelength between 800nm and 1mm. The method can be used for quantitative analyses of known substances, or of the structural properties of unknown substances. Raman spectroscopy is another method that produces similar results. The main method used in infrared spectroscopy today is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which uses Fourier transforms.
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds. An IR spectrometer is a machine that shines infrared light from a set range of frequencies on a sample. It measures which exact light frequencies are absorbed by the sample.
Chemical bonds in a molecule make molecular vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of the bonds. A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000-400 cm-1, the mid-infrared. The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm-1).
Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
Infrared
Jean-Yves Le Drian

Jean-Yves Le Drian (); born 30 June 1947) is a French politician. He is a member of the French Socialist Party. He served as the Minister of Defence and Veterans Affairs under President Francois Hollande and was nominated by Emmanuel Macron to serve as Foreign Minister in the Philippe cabinet.
References
1947 births
Living people
Government ministers of France
People from Brittany
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Frohen-sur-Authie

Frohen-sur-Authie is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
The municipality was created on 1 January 2007 from the former communes of Frohen-le-Grand and Frohen-le-Petit.
References
Communes in Somme
Japanophile

A Japanophile is someone with Japanophilia, or someone with a strong interest in or love of Japanese people, culture, and history. This term even has a Japanese equivalent, shinnichi (kanji:Qin Ri , hiragana: shinnichi) which literally translates to "pro-Japanese". Aguante Viral.
Japanese culture
Sal, Cape Verde

Sal is an island in Cape Verde. Sal is a tourist destination with white sandy beaches and over 350 days of sunshine a year.
The island was discovered on 3 December 1460. The island is home to Amilcar Cabral International Airport, the busiest airport of Cape Verde. The main port of the island is at Palmeira.
Municipality
Administratively, the island of Sal is covered by one municipality. Espargos is the capital city.
Islands of Cape Verde
Municipalities of Cape Verde
Screaming Trees

Screaming Trees were an American grunge band from Ellensburg, Washington.
The band was formed in 1985 by brothers Gary Lee Conner and Van Conner. The band formed because the members had an interest in the punk, garage, and classic rock genres in high school.
They released their debut album, Clairvoyance, on February 13, 1986. The band gained fame from the early 1990s grunge movement along with bands like Alice in Chains, Nirvana, Stone Temple Pilots, Soundgarden and Pearl Jam. The band broke up in 2000.
Band members
Mark Lanegan - lead vocals, guitar (1985-2000)
Gary Lee Conner - guitar, backing vocals (1985-2000)
Van Conner - bass, backing vocals (1985-2000)
Mark Pickerel - drums (1985-1991)
Barrett Martin - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1991-2000)
Donna Dresch - bass (1988, 1991) (touring)
Sean Hollister - drums (1991) (touring)
Dan Peters - drums (1991) (touring)
Josh Homme - rhythm guitar (1996-1998) (touring)
Discography
Albums
Clairvoyance (1986)
Even If and Especially When (1987)
Invisible Lantern (1988)
Buzz Factory (1989)
Uncle Anesthesia (1991)
Sweet Oblivion (1992)
Dust (1996)
Last Words: The Final Recordings (2011)
EPs
Other Worlds (1985)
Beat Happening/Screaming Trees EP (1988)
Something About Today (1990)
Change Has Come (1991)
Winter Songs Tour Tracks (1992)
References
Other websites
Official website
1985 establishments in the United States
2000 disestablishments in the United States
Grunge bands
Musical groups from Washington (state)
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000s disestablishments in Washington (state)
Planomicrobium koreense

Planomicrobium koreense is a species of bacteria. It was first found by Jung-Hoon Yoon in Jeotgal, a salted fermented food made in Korean.
Jung-Hoon Yoon found in Jeotgal also other new bacteria like Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus and Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans. The cells are rods. Sometimes they can be first coccoid but after some time they change to rods. Planomicrobium koreense is gram-positive. Sometimes the older cells change to gram negative. They have a single polar flagellum.
References
Other websites
Euzeby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
Planomicrobium koreense at Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
Gram-positive bacteria
Wintzenheim

Wintzenheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Communes in Haut-Rhin
6th century

The 6th century was the century from 501 to 600.
Decades and years
Note: the 6th century officially started in 501.
Related pages
Kofun period
Asuka period
XSP (software)

XSP is a simple, standalone web server written in C#. It hosts ASP.NET's System for Linux and other Unix operating systems. As well as running on the mono runtime for Linux it also runs on the .NET runtime. This makes it usable as a light weight web server on any .NET supporting platform.
XSP was originally the name of the internal project at Microsoft that became ASP.NET. The name is a homage to the original name of what became ASP.NET
XSP is also a term for the eXtensible Server Pages technology in Apache Cocoon.
References
Other websites
Mono: ASP.NET
Software
C minor

C minor is a minor scale based on C. The harmonic minor raises the B to B. Its key signature has three flats. When written in jazz notation, its short form is Cm.
Its relative major is E-flat major, and its parallel major is C major.
Use in classical music
In the Baroque period, music in C minor was usually written with a two-flat key signature. When this music is printed today, sometimes it is still printed in the same way.
C minor has had the meaning of heroic struggle from Beethoven's time and the composer wrote many of his most emotional, dramatic works in this key. This has also been done by many others, following Beethoven's style.
These are just a few of the well-known works to be written in C minor:
Cello Suite No. 5 BWV 1011: VI. Gigue - Johann Sebastian Bach
Great Mass in C minor (Mozart) - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Piano Concerto No. 24 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Piano Concerto No. 3 - Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven), op. 67 (1804-8)
"Choral Fantasy" in C minor, op. 80 (1808), Beethoven
Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor (Pathetique) - Ludwig van Beethoven
Piano Sonata No. 32 (Beethoven) - Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky) "Little Russian" in C minor, op. 17 (1872)
Symphony No. 8 - Anton Bruckner
Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor - Sergei Rachmaninov
Etude Op. 10, No. 12 - Fryderyk Chopin
Prelude No. 20, Op. 28 - Fryderyk Chopin
Nocturne in C minor Op. 48, No.1 - Fryderyk Chopin
Symphony No. 4 - Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 8 - Dmitri Shostakovich
Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor - Bach
Symphony No. 2 - Gustav Mahler
Scales and keys
Related pages
List of symphonies in C minor
References
Musical keys
Minor scales
Contour line

Contour lines or isolines are used when plotting a function. All the points where the function has the same value are connected. Two well-known examples, where such lines are commonly are height lines on topographical maps, and showing areas with the same pressure or temperature on weather charts. Contour lines are an application of level sets.
Topography
Cartography
Statistics
RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the enzyme which does transcription.The 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Roger D. Kornberg for creating detailed molecular images of RNA polymerase during various stages of the transcription process.
With the help of some other molecules, it makes messenger RNA from a strand of a DNA. This is its main function, but it does various other things. Products of RNAP include:
Messenger RNA (mRNA). These are templates for the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes.
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes". These are a broad class of genes that encode RNA which is not translated into protein. The most important RNA genes are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation. However, since the late 1990s, many new RNA genes have been found, and thus RNA genes may play a much more significant role than previously thought.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)--transfers specific amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)--a component of ribosomes
Micro RNA--regulates gene activity
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)--enzymatically active RNA molecules
In eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have various RNAPs in their nuclei, each to synthesis a type of RNA. All are similar and related to each other and to bacterial RNAP:
RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre-rRNA which will form the major RNA sections of the ribosome.
RNA polymerase II synthesizes precursors of mRNAs and most snRNA and microRNAs. This is the most studied type. It needs a range of transcription factors to bind it to promoters.
RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, rRNA 5S and other small RNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol.
RNA polymerase IV synthesizes siRNA in plants.
RNA polymerase V synthesizes RNAs involved in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation in plants.
Eukaryotic chloroplasts have an RNAP very similar to bacterial RNAP ("plastid-encoded polymerase"). Eukaryotic chloroplasts also have a second, unrelated, RNAP.
Eukaryotic mitochondria contain an unrelated RNAP (member of the "single-subunit RNAP" protein family).
X-ray crystallography of DNA and RNA polymerases show that, other than having a Mg2+ ion at the catalytic site, they are virtually unrelated to each other. So the two classes of enzyme have arisen independently twice in the early evolution of cells. One line led to the modern DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases. The other line led to all modern cellular RNA polymerases.
References
RNA
Enzymes
Molecular biology
Løjenkær

Lojenkaer is a village and civil parish of the municipality of Arhus.
The infamous physician Carl Vaernet was born here.
References
Settlements in Denmark
Gualtiero Marchesi

Gualtiero Marchesi (; 19 March 1930 - 26 December 2017) was an Italian chef. He was thought to be the founder of modern Italian cuisine. He was born in Milan. He then opened his first restaurant on Via Bonvesin de la Riva in Milan. Within a year he earned his first Michelin star, with another following the next year. It took another seven years, but then he eventually won the distinction of a third Michelin star - the first chef in Italy to do so.
In 2011, Marchesi became the first celebrity chef to design two hamburgers and a dessert for McDonald's.
In May 2017, Marchesi and Director Maurizio Gigola presented the Documentary "Marchesi: The Great Italian" at the Cannes Film Festival.
Marchesi died in Rome on 26 December 2017 of cardiac arrest at the age of 87.
References
Other websites
ALMA - Scuola di Cucina
1930 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Italian chefs
People from Milan
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim

Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (local ) is a city in the south of Espirito Santo, Brazil. The population is about 210,000.
References
Cities in Espirito Santo
The Pretenders

The Pretenders are an English rock and punk rock band. They formed in Hereford in 1978.
1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Herefordshire
Musical groups established in 1978
Warner Bros. Records artists
West Milford, New Jersey

West Milford is a township in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 25,850.
References
Townships in New Jersey
David Soria Yoshinari

David Soria Yoshinari (born 18 September 1977) is a Peruvian football player. He has played for Peru national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|Football League||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1997||6||0||2||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Deportivo AELU||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1999||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Sporting Cristal||rowspan="4"|Primera Division||34||6||||||||||34||6
|-
|2001||35||6||||||||||35||6
|-
|2002||31||2||||||||||31||2
|-
|2003||20||5||||||||||20||5
|-
|2004||Coronel Bolognesi||Primera Division||39||8||||||||||39||8
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Sporting Cristal||rowspan="3"|Primera Division||35||4||||||||||35||4
|-
|2006||36||1||||||||||36||1
|-
|2007||19||0||||||||||19||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Universidad Cesar Vallejo||rowspan="2"|Primera Division||39||5||||||||||39||5
|-
|2009||24||0||||||||||24||0
|-
|2010||Jose Galvez FBC||Primera Division||||||||||||||||
8||0||2||0||0||0||10||0
312||37||||||||||312||37
320||37||2||0||0||0||322||37
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}
References
1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Lima
River Pinn

River Pinn is a river in West London. It starts near Pinner.
Related pages
List of rivers in England
Other websites
Celandine Route - along the River Pinn
Rivers of England
Geography of London
Asado

Asado () is the barbecue of a social event in Hispanic/Latin culture. They are popular in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. In these countries, asado is a traditional way of preparing food and a traditional event. An asado usually has of beef, sausages, and sometimes other meats, which are cooked on a grill, called a parrilla, or an open fire.
References
South American culture
Meat
Jim Duffy

James Duffy (born 27 April 1959) is a former Scottish football player and manager.
1959 births
Living people
Scottish football managers
Footballers from Glasgow
Spinster

A spinster is an older word for an unmarried woman. A word used more often today is "single woman" or bachelorette.
Other meanings
A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel. Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress. One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.
Family
Pejoratives
St. Elmo's fire

St. Elmo's fire (also called St. Elmo's light) is a weather event in which bright, glowing, ball of light is seen near pointed objects, like the mast of a ship. It is plasma made by a coronal discharge from a sharp or pointed object in a strong electric field in the air. These fields could be created by thunderstorms or a volcanic eruption.
St. Elmo's fire is named after St. Erasmus of Formia. Elmo (and Erasmo) is the Italian name for St. Erasmus, the patron saint of sailors. The fire sometimes was seen on ships at sea during thunderstorms. Sailors believed the glowing ball of light may have been a religious event, and named it after St. Elmo. Electricity in the air can change compass readings, so some sailors may have seen the fire as a sign of bad luck and stormy weather. Other references claim that sailors may have thought of St. Elmo's fire as a good sign, showing that their patron saint was with them.
References
Electricity
Weather events
Domari language

Domari is a language spoken by the Dom of the Middle East. It is a Indo-Aryan language. It is endangered because the young have shifted to Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish and Kurdish,
References
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of Azerbaijan
Indo-Aryan languages
Kiril Metkov

Kiril Metkov (born February 1, 1965) is a former Bulgarian football player. He has played for the Bulgarian national team as an attacking midfielder.
Club career statistics
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||10||2||2||0||7||2||19||4
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
10||2||2||0||7||2||19||4
10||2||2||0||7||2||19||4
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1989||1||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||3||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||3||0
|-
!Total||9||0
|}
References
Other websites
National Football Teams
1965 births
Living people
Bulgarian footballers
Sportspeople from Sofia
American lobster

The American lobster (Homarus americanus) is a species of lobster are found in the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of North America.
Other websites
Decapods
Maine
Seafood
Tambaram taluk

Tambaram is a taluk in Kanchipuram.
Geography of Tamil Nadu
Shake Away

Ojo de Culebra () is the sixth studio album by Mexican Latin singer Lila Downs.
This album was recorded in New York and Mexico. All the songs on this album were composed by Lila Downs and Paul Cohen, except "I Envy The Wind" (by Lucinda Williams) and "I Would Never" (by Paul Buchanan). It includes a version of "Black Magic Woman" by Peter Green. In "Ojo de Culebra" they mix instruments and electronic music. It includes collaborations with Enrique Bunbury, La Mari, Mercedes Sosa and Ramon Gutierrez, among others.
Songs
Charts
The album had the following chart activity in 2008:
Top Heatseekers - #48
Top Latin Albums - #36
Top World Music Albums - #3
References
Other websites
Ojo de Culebra credits
2008 albums
Lila Downs albums
Andrés Ocaña

Andres Ocana Rabadan (1955 - March 2, 2017) was a Spanish politician and academic. He served as the Mayor of Cordoba from 2009 to 2011. He was a member of the United Left/The Greens-Assembly for Andalusia.
Ocana was born in the town of Aguilar de la Frontera in the Province of Cordoba. He served as a member of the Cordoba city council from 1995 until 2011. Ocana died of a myocardial infarction on March 2, 2017 in Cordoba, Andalusia, at the age of 62.
References
1955 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Spanish politicians
Spanish mayors
Wedding of Prince Carl Philip of Sweden and Sofia Hellqvist

The Wedding of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Varmland, and Sofia Hellqvist took place on 13 June 2015 at Slottskyrkan, Stockholm. On 27 June 2014 the couple announced their engagement officially.
Swedish music performers Avicii and Icona Pop performed some of their songs at the wedding reception.
After marrying the prince Sofia Hellqvist became a princess.
References
2015 in Europe
2010s in Stockholm
Swedish royalty
Atlético Tucumán

Club Atletico Tucuman (mostly known as Atletico Tucuman) is an Argentinian football club based in the city of San Miguel de Tucuman of Tucuman Province.
Atletico is mostly known for its football team, which currently plays in the Primera Division, the first division of the Argentine football league system.
They played for the first time in 2017 both Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana.
References
1900s establishments in Argentina
1902 establishments
Argentine football clubs
Tucuman Province
Torino F.C.

Torino F.C. 1906 is a football club which plays in Italy.
Name
1906-1936 F.B.C. Torino
1936-1970 A.C. Torino
1970-2005 Torino Calcio
2005-present Torino F.C. 1906
League title
Italian Football Championship / Serie A : 7
1927/28, 1942/43, 1945/46, 1946/47, 1947/48, 1948/49, 1975/76
Serie B : 3
1959/60, 1989/90, 2000/01
League position
Former position
Italian football clubs
Turin
Hand (disambiguation)

A hand is a body part.
Hand may also refer to:
Film and television
The Hand (Babylon 5)
The Hand, a short film by Wong Kar-Wai, part of the film Eros
Music
Songs
"Hands" (Jewel song)
"Hands" (Koda Kumi song)
"Hands" (The Raconteurs song)
Other uses
Hand (card games)
Hand (unit), a measurement, primarily of a horse's height
Hand (writing style), any of several writing styles, such as chancery hand
Handwriting, an individual's style of writing by hand
Part of a clock face
Related pages
Hand County, South Dakota
San Lázaro de la Cruz

San Lazaro de la Cruz is a retired weightlifter from the Dominican Republic. Cruz competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born on 20 January 1950.
References
Other websites
1950 births
Living people
Weightlifters
Dominican Republic Olympians
Flaurling

Flaurling is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Andover, Maine

Andover is a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States.
ANDOVER, MAINE HISTORY: The Web-Archived link for the AndoverMaine.Com historical website is at: https://web.archive.org/web/20190124004320/http://www.andovermaine.com/
The original main AndoverMaine.com webpage isn't currently loading. Subpages may be found by browser searching for andovermaine.com by name online.
Towns in Maine
Pork

Pork is meat that comes from pigs. It is the most commonly consumed meat in the world Evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 BC.
A simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia. Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world. Pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal.
References
Sebastián Rulli

Sebastian Rulli (born July 6, 1975 in Buenos Aires, Argentina), is an Argentine actor and model.
Filmography
References
1975 births
Living people
Argentine models
Actors from Buenos Aires