pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hekla 3 eruption

The Hekla 3 eruption (circa 1000 BCE) is thought to be the most severe eruption of Hekla during the Holocene.
Impact
It threw more than 7 km3 of volcanic rock into the atmosphere. This would have caused a volcanic winter, cooling temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere for many years afterwards.
Claims
Some claim that an eighteen-year span of global cooling that is recorded in Irish bog oaks can be blamed on Hekla-3.
Some Egyptologists have blamed Hekla-3 for famines under Ramesses III during the wider Bronze Age collapse.
References
11th century BC
Come Back to Me (Janet Jackson song)

"Come Back to Me" is a 1990 ballad from singer Janet Jackson. The song is about trying to bring back a romance that ended a long time ago. The song hit #2 on the Billboard Hot 100.
The song was released on June 18, 1989 and is from Janet's 1989 studio album Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814
References
1989 songs
1980s ballads
Janet Jackson songs
Pop ballads
Rhythm and blues ballads
Dje

Dje (Dj, dj), also known as Djerv, is the sixth letter of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian language to represent the sound for need to tell , a palatalisation, similar to the English sound of letter "j" . It was created on model Cyrillic letter tsh by Vuk Karadzic.
Serbian language
Kaltenbach

Kaltenbach is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Akhenaten

Akhenaten (first known as Amenhotep IV) was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. His reign is dated as 1353-1336 BC or 1351-1334 BC.
Akhenaten is one of Egypt's most well-known pharaohs.
In the fifth year of his reign, he changed his name from Amenhotep IV, meaning "Amun is satisfied". He did this because he left Egypt's traditional polytheism. He founded a monotheistic worship of the Egyptian sun god, Aten. He destroyed the temples of Amun. His new religion was called Atenism. It was the first known attempt at monotheism in the world. Naturally, this made enemies of the many priests of the old religion.
This culture shift away from traditional religion was not widely accepted. This helps to explain why after his death, his monuments were dismantled, his statues were destroyed, and his name excluded from lists of rulers compiled by later pharaohs. Traditional religious practice was gradually restored, notably under his close successor Tutankhamun, who changed his name from Tutankhaten early in his reign. However, it was Horemheb who destroyed all the works of Akhenaten.
Akhenaten was all but lost to history until the late 19th century discovery of Amarna, the new capital city he built for the worship of Aten.
Its rediscovery and Flinders Petrie's early excavations sparked great public interest in the pharaoh and his queen Nefertiti. The interest comes from his connection with Tutankhamun, the unique style and high quality of the pictorial arts he patronized, and interest in the religion he attempted to establish.
References
2nd-millennium BC pharaohs
Religious leaders
Martin Adams

Martin Adams (born 1956) is an English professional darts player. His nickname is Wolfie, referring to his hairy face and the fact that he likes wolves.
Adams is a top-ranked darts player. He is a three-time BDO World Champion and three-time World Masters champion. He was on the board of the British Darts Organisation for a short time.
World Championship results
British Darts Organisation
1994: Quarter Final: (lost to Magnus Caris 2-4)
1995: Semi Final: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 4-5)
1996: Quarter Final: (lost to Steve Beaton 1-4)
1997: 1st Round: (lost to Roger Carter 1-3)
1998: 1st Round: (lost to Robbie Widdows 2-3)
1999: Quarter Final: (lost to Chris Mason 4-5)
2000: 1st Round: (lost to Steve Coote 2-3)
2001: 2nd Round: (lost to Ronnie Baxter 1-3)
2002: Semi Final: (lost to Tony David 4-5)
2003: 2nd Round: (lost to Bob Taylor 1-3)
2004: 1st Round: (lost to Richie Davies 2-3)
2005: Runner Up: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 2-6)
2006: Semi Final: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 2-6)
2007: Winner (beat Phill Nixon 7-6)
2008: Semi Final: (lost to Mark Webster 4-6)
2009: Semi Final: (lost to Ted Hankey 4-6)
2010: Winner (beat Dave Chisnall 7-5)
2011: Winner (beat Dean Winstanley 7-5)
2012: Quarter Final: (lost to Tony O'Shea 2-5)
2013: 1st Round: (lost to Jimmy Hendriks 2-3)
References
Other websites
Wolfie Darts Official Web Site
1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from London
Darts
Rufina

Rufina is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany.
Settlements in Tuscany
Yusuke Shimada

Yusuke Shimada (born 19 January 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.
Club career statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="6"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2002||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2003||25||2||2||1||colspan="2"|-||27||3
|-
|2004||27||3||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||3
|-
|2005||J. League 1||14||1||1||0||3||0||18||1
|-
|2006||Thespa Kusatsu||J. League 2||46||9||2||0||colspan="2"|-||48||9
|-
|2007||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||1||0||1||0||2||0||4||0
|-
|2008||Thespa Kusatsu||J. League 2||42||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||44||5
|-
|2009||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||50||8||2||0||colspan="2"|-||52||8
|-
|2010||Tokushima Vortis||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
207||28||18||1||5||0||230||29
207||28||18||1||5||0||230||29
|}
References
Tokushima Vortis
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Warfield, Kentucky

Warfield is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky
David McReynolds

David McReynolds (October 25, 1929 - August 17, 2018) was an American democratic socialist and pacifist activist. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He ran for President of the United States twice in 1980 and in 2000.
McReynolds called himself as "a peace movement bureaucrat" during his 40-year career with Liberation magazine and the War Resisters League. His political career was set in New York City. He ran for the United States Senate in New York in 2004.
In 2015, McReynolds supported U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States and said that Sanders was a "serious candidate".
McReynolds died on August 17, 2018 from complications of a fall in New York City, aged 88.
References
Other websites
Socialist Party USA
War Resisters League
The Philosophy of Nonviolence by David McReynolds
The Infinite Series by David McReynolds
His articles at MyTown
1929 births
1980 United States presidential candidates
2018 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
American political activists
American socialists
Democratic socialists
Politicians from Los Angeles
Politicians from New York City
Birendra of Nepal

Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev () (28 December 1945 - 1 June 2001) was the king of Nepal from 1972 until 2001. He was the eldest son of King Mahendra. He was a king of Nepal until his death by assassination in 2001 Nepalese royal massacre.
Nepalese people
People educated at Eton College
University of Tokyo alumni
Harvard University alumni
1945 births
2001 deaths
Assassinated people
Nepalese Hindus
Hjalmar Branting

Karl Hjalmar Branting (23 November 1860 - 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (1907-1925), and Prime Minister during three separate periods (1920, 1921-1923, and 1924-1925). When Branting came to power in 1920, he was the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Sweden. When he took office for a second term after the general election of 1921, he became the first socialist politician in Europe to do so following elections with universal suffrage. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921 with Christian Lous Lange.
He was also minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs.
Branting was born on November 23, 1860 in Stockholm, Sweden. He studied at the University of Uppsala. He was married to Anna Branting. Branting died on February 24, 1925 in Stockholm, Sweden from unknown causes, aged 64.
References
Other websites
Nobel Committee information on 1921 Laureates
1860 births
1925 deaths
Nonviolence advocates
Government ministers of Sweden
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Bletchley Park

Bletchley Park is an estate in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It was the site of the United Kingdom's main codebreaking team during World War II. Now, Bletchley Park is home to the National Codes Centre and The National Museum of Computing.
The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and Station X, a secret radio interception station, was also at Bletchley Park. The information gained by workers at Bletchley Park was very important for the Allied war effort.
In 1939, in Warsaw, the Polish military showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma. They promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. Having an actual Enigma machine, and knowing how to use it, was a much-needed start for the British work at Bletchley Park. Dilly Knox and Alan Turing were later joined by many other codebreakers and engineering staff.
The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park codenamed Ultra, gave crucial help to the Allied war effort. It was vital during the Battle of the Atlantic, when the German U-boat submarine fleet sank merchant shipping in an attempt to starve Britain of supplies. Winston Churchill was later to say:
The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea, or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.
Sir Harry Hinsley (a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War) said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years. The outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.
Location
One of the reasons for choosing Bletchley Park for this task was its location. By train, it is about north-west of London, from Oxford and about from Cambridge all-important university cities. Bletchley railway station is close-by, on the junction of the West Coast Main Line and the Oxford-Cambridge Varsity Line. Apart from the railway lines, Bletchley Park was not near any other likely bombing target.
References
Cryptography
World War II
Museums in England
1938 establishments in the United Kingdom
1930s establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Buckinghamshire
Death at a Funeral (2010 movie)

Death at a Funeral is a 2010 comedy movie which was produced by Sidney Kimmel, William Hordberg, Chris Rock, Share Stallings and Laurence Malkin and was directed by Neil LaBute.
It is a remake of the original 2007 Death at a Funeral.
Actors
Chris Rock - Aaron Barnes
Martin Lawrence - Ryan Barnes
Regina Hall - Michelle Barnes
Tracy Morgan - Norman
Zoe Saldana - Elaine Barnes
James Marsden - Oscar
Columbus Short- Jeff Barnes
Loretta Devine - Cynthia Barnes
Keith David - Reverend Davis
Danny Glover - Uncle Russell
Peter Dinklage - Frank Lovett
Luke Wilson - Derek
Kevin Hart - Brian
References
Other websites
Official website
2010 comedy movies
2010s black comedy movies
2010s LGBT movies
American black comedy movies
American LGBT movies
British black comedy movies
British LGBT movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies directed by Neil LaBute
Cowry

Cowry shells (or cowrie), are marine snails of the family Cypraeidae.
They are found chiefly in tropical regions. There are about 200 different species of cowry.
Shell
The shell itself is almost always very smooth and shiny. They have with a long, narrow, slit-like opening. All varieties have a porcelain-like shine and many have colorful patterns. In life the shell is covered by the slippery mantle.
Shell sizes range from 5 mm (1/5") for some tropical species to 15 cm (6") for the tiger cowry, Cypraea tigris.
Predators
The slippery shell is very difficult for most animals to grip. The very narrow toothed aperture of the cowry shell makes it difficult for predators to reach into. However cowries are still vulnerable to predation:
Some tropical crustaceans can break the dorsum of a cowry shell.
Some mollusc-eating cones like Conus textile can inject venom into the cowry's flesh. The cone then extends its stomach into the shell, through the slit, to completely ingest the flesh.
Some octopuses can gouge a small hole (using a special barb/tooth and an acidic secretion) through the shell to inject a venom that kills the animal within.
Taxonomy
For nearly 200 years, every species in the family Cypraeidae was placed in one genus, Cypraea, but in 2002 the cowries were divided into many different genera.
Uses
Cowries (esp. Cypraea moneta) were used as a currency in Africa (Ghanaian cedi in Ghana named after cowry shells) and elsewhere, such as in China where the shell or copies of the shell were in theory used as a means of exchange. They are also worn as jewelry or otherwise used as ornaments or charms, as they are viewed as symbols of womanhood, fertility, birth and wealth. Many find the shiny, porcelain-like shells pleasing to look at.
Cowry shells are sometimes used in a way similar to dice, e.g., in board games like Pachisi, or in divination (cf. Ifa and the annual customs of Dahomey).
A number of shells (6 or 7 in Pachisi) are thrown, with those landing aperture upwards indicating the actual number rolled.
Cowries have also been used in the recent past as a frame over which sock heels were stretched for darning. The cowry ridges allowed the needle to get under the cloth more easily.
The Ojibway aboriginal people in North America used the cowry shells in ceremonies, and the Whiteshell Provincial Park in Manitoba, Canada is named after this type of shell. There is some debate about how they traded for or found these shells so far inland, away from the natural sources. Oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that they were found in the ground, and/or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers. The cowry shells so far inland may indicate the use of them by an earlier tribe or group in the area, and an extensive trade network in the ancient past.
The typewritten postage stamps of 1895 Uganda also are called "Cowries".
References
Other websites
cowrys.org
Cowrie Genomic Database Project
Genus Cypraea on Animal Diversity Web
Cowries.info
Gastropods
Former currencies
Currency of Africa
Pino Torinese

Pino Torinese is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Settlements in Piedmont
Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the highest award given to members of the United States Military. It is given to people who show a lot of bravery in wartime. Because of this, many people who get the Medal of Honor die earning it. It was first given in 1863 during the American Civil War.
The Medal of Honor has been given to 3,458 different people, including
Dakota L. Meyer, who is the youngest and most recent living recipient
Jacob Parrott, who was the first man to be awarded the medal in 1863
Mary Walker, who was the first and only woman awarded the medal.
Leslie H. Sabo Jr., who is the most recent person to receive the medal in 2012.
According to Medal of Honor recipient Retired Army Maj. Gen. Patrick Brady who flew more than 2,500 combat missions over Vietnam and helped rescue more than 5,000 wounded, "it is harder to wear it than to earn it".
Gallery
Army
Navy
Air Force
References
Other websites
Congressional Medal of Honor Society website
Medal of Honor at the United States Army Center of Military History
Military honors
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United States
1863 establishments in the United States
Roman mythology

Roman mythology is a huge collection of stories, started in Ancient Rome, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures the many Roman gods, goddesses, and heroes. Each god, each goddess had a cult to take care of their temples or other holy places.
The myths of the Ancient Romans are often called "Greco-Roman". Originally they were similar to the Greek mythology of the Ancient Greeks, and later the Romans added Greek stories for their Roman gods, so they became even more similar.
The gods and goddesses in these stories have lots of magic powers. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short time. They can change people into animals or animals into people. They have no disease and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal; they can never die.
Related pages
List of Roman gods and goddesses
Mythology
Metamorphoses
Active Worlds

Active Worlds (AW) is a 3D virtual reality platform. The "Active Worlds Browser" runs on Windows. Users assign themselves a user name, log into the Active Worlds virtual world universe, and explore 3D virtual worlds and environments that other users have created. Users can chat with one another or build structures and areas from a selection of objects. AW allows users to own worlds and universes, and develop 3D content.
Related pages
Second Life
IMVU
Software
Fermi paradox

Enrico Fermi's paradox wonders why, with the age and size of the universe and billions of stars and planets that have existed for billions of years, we have not detected any other alien civilizations. There have been attempts to resolve the Fermi paradox by finding evidence of alien civilizations, along with thoughts that such life could exist without humans knowing.
The physicist Enrico Fermi first asked the question in an informal discussion in 1950. A paper by Michael H. Hart in 1975 made scientists more curious and they began to study the question in more detail. This is why some people call it the Fermi-Hart paradox. Other common names for the same phenomenon are Fermi's question ("Where are they?"), the Fermi Problem, the Great Silence, and silentium universi (Latin for "the silence of the universe"; the misspelling silencium universi is also common).
Why interstellar communication is difficult
Space is deep
Extraterrestrial life might exist, but humans may not know about it. To send signals across long distances in our galaxy, and the universe, is difficult. This is because the power output needed to project the signal would be very large. Coherent (laser-like) signals travel at the speed of light, but our own galaxy is 100,000 light years across. Alien civilizations may not be able to detect the signal, or they may not understand the communication or the method used to communicate.
Space is dusty
Space is full of dust clouds and magnetic fields, which would disturb or eliminate even a coherent (laser-like) beam of electromagnetic radiation. Thousands of tons of cosmic dust are thought to reach the Earth's surface every year. A signal would face much interference in any long-distance travel across space.
If it is difficult or impossible for us, it may also be difficult for other forms of life. As for other galaxies, the Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light years away.
Time
In our Galaxy, the time it takes for signals to travel is very large. Vast eras of time would pass before a reply could be received. There are theories about "worm-holes" in space in which communication could be sent through space more quickly, but these are just theories now. There is still a desire for space travel. Locally in the Solar System, the main goal is to get minerals which are scarce on Earth.
Related pages
Carl Sagan
Drake equation
References
Extraterrestrial life
Paradoxes
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis I (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 - 18 August 1765) was the consort of Maria Theresa of Austria. With his wife, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France. He was the father of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France.
Biography
He married Maria Theresa of Austria for love. with the input of the Prince of Craon. They had sixteen children who are named here:
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1737-1740).
Archduchess Maria Anna (1738-1789).
Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741).
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790)
Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798)
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808).
Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761).
Archduchess Maria Amalia (1746-1804)
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747-1792)
Archduchess Maria Caroline (stillborn 1748).
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela (1750-1762).
Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767).
Queen Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily (1752-1814)
Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755-1793)
Archduke Maximilian Francis (1756-1801)
Titles and styles
8 December 1708 - 4 June 1723: His Highness Prince Francis Stephan of Lorraine
4 June 1723 - 27 March 1729: His Highness The Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
27 March 1729 - 12 July 1737: His Royal Highness The Duke of Lorraine
12 July 1737 - 20 January 1745: His Royal Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
20 January 1745 - 18 August 1765: His Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperors
Habsburg Dynasty
1708 births
1765 deaths
House of Lorraine
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Francis 2
18th century in Germany
Chris Pincher

Christopher John Pincher (born 24 September 1969) is a British Conservative Party politician. He became the Minister of State for Housing in February 2020.
He was Minister of State for Europe and the Americas and Deputy Chief Government Whip and has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tamworth since 2010.
Pincher was first elected as MP for Tamworth at the 2010 general election.
He was a Parliamentary Private Secretary to Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond from 2015 to 2016.
After two men accused Pincher of groping while he was drunk, he resigned as Deputy Chief Whip on 30 June 2022, and had the Conservative Party whip removed. This caused a scandal over his appointment to the role, leading to a government crisis and the eventual resignation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
Notes
References
1969 births
Living people
UK MPs 2010-2015
UK MPs 2015-2017
UK MPs 2017-2019
UK MPs 2019-present
People from Staffordshire
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Ağrı

Agri is a city in northern Turkey. The city is the centre of Agri Province in the Eastern Anatolia Region. In 2013, 145,357 people lived there.
Cities in Turkey
Eastern Anatolia Region
Muzykalnaya Gazeta

Muzykalnaya Gazeta was a Belarusian newspaper about music and show business.
History
It was founded in Minsk by Anatol Kiriuskin (Publishing house "Nestor") in 1996. The newspaper came out every week, then every other week, in Russian, and was traded in the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. The number of copies was 7,000-19,500. The last number in December 2007 was printed in 2,514 copies.
By 2003, the newspaper was published in color and wrote on West, Belarusian, and Russian music. Since 2003, the newspaper began to write only about Belarusian music (Western music moved to the new print "NOT-7"), changed the design, and had 8 black and white pages from 16 left.
The chief was Aleh "O'K" Klimau, a Belarusian music writer. The newspaper became a big print for Belarusian music group and was a big name in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
Because money, the newspaper was out of print since 2008.
References
Newspapers in Belarus
Spider-Man 3 (video game)

Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 action-adventure video game based on the 2007 movie Spider-Man 3 released for Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. A GameCube version was also planned, but was canceled. Tobey Maguire and several other cast members including Topher Grace, James Franco, and Thomas Haden Church return to voice in the game, with Bruce Campbell as the narrator.
Gameplay
As with the Spider-Man 2 game, Spidey can swing around New York wherever he wants. As the game progresses, he gets to wear the black suit.
Reception
The game has had mixed to positive signals, varying by console ports.
References
2007 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Spider-Man (2002 movie series)
Spider-Man video games
Video games based on Spider-Man movies
Tachikawa Ki-54

The Tachikawa Ki-54 was a trainer aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army. It was called "Hickory" by the Allies for it's codename.
The aircraft was made because of a requirement by Imperial Japanese Army that they needed a twin-engine advanced trainer for training the crew. There is a Ki-54 fuselage in the storage at the Australian War Museum Annex.
References
World War II Japanese aircraft
Ki-54, Tachikawa
Schlosswil

Schlosswil was a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshochstetten.
References
Other websites
Former municipalities of Bern
Tarpaulin

A tarpaulin is a piece of strong, bendable and waterproof material. It is often made of a few types of plastics. They also often have fasteners to allow for ropes to be attached.
Cheaper modern tarpaulins are made from polyethylene; this material is so associated with tarpaulins that it has become colloquially known in some quarters as polytarp.
It is used to cover crime scenes, as a building material and to protect from weather such as rain.
References
Camping
Cloth
Bernoulli number

The Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of signed rational numbers that can be defined with exponential generating functions. These numbers appear in the series expansion of some trigonometric functions.
Mathematics
Valmeyer, Illinois

Valmeyer is a village in Monroe County in the U.S. state of Illinois, on the Mississippi River. The population was 1,263 at the 2010 census.
References
Villages in Illinois
House of Braganza

The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Braganca; Portuguese pronunciation: [bra'gasa]), officially the Most Serene House of Braganza (Portuguese: Serenissima Casa de Braganca), is an important imperial, royal, and noble house (dynasty) of Portuguese origin. It is a branch of the House of Aviz. The House changed from being powerful dukes of Portuguese nobility, to ruling as the monarchs of Portugal and the Algarves, from 1640 to 1910. They were also monarchs of Brazil, from 1815 to 1889. The heir to the Portuguese throne was usually given the title of "Duke of Braganza".
History
The House of Braganza was founded in 1442. This is when Afonso, 8th Count of Barcelos, was made Duke of Braganza. Alfonso (Alfonso I) was an illegitimate son of King Joao I of Portugal, of the House of Aviz. He was made a duke by his nephew, King Afonso V of Portugal. The feudal dukes quickly collected a fortune in properties, titles, and power. By the mid 1600s, the House was the most powerful in all of Portugal. It was also of the greatest houses of Iberia.
The House of Braganza became the reigning house of Brazil, first, when the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves was created in 1815. The United Kingdom lasted until 1822, when the Brazilian Empire became independent from Portugal. The new Brazilian nation was led by Prince Pedro of Braganza, heir to the Portuguese throne, who ruled as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, as well as King Pedro IV of Portugal. Until 1835, the Portuguese Braganzas were still in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne. The House was deposed (removed) from the Brazilian throne, in 1889, when Brazil was proclaimed a republic.
The House continued to be the claimant house to the Brazilian throne until 1921. This is when Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, died. Her claim passed to her son, Prince Pedro Henrique of Orleans and Braganza. Thus the House of Orleans-Braganza became the claimant house to the former monarchy of Brazil. Pedro Henrique died in 1981. The current claimant is his eldest son, Prince Luiz.
In Portugal, King Carlos I of Portugal was assassinated in 1908. Also killed in the attack was his eldest son. His younger son, Manuel II, became king. When the Portuguese Republic was established, in 1910, King Manuel II and the rest of the Braganzas went into exile.
Famous members
Maria I of Portugal the first female monarch of Portugal known for her suspected madness and making Brazil a colony.
Mariana Victoria of Spain. Married a King of Portugal and the mother of Queen Maria I.
Pedro II of Brazil. An Emperor of Brazil.
References
History of Portugal
House of Braganza
History of Brazil
N.B.

N.B. is the second studio album from Natasha Bedingfield. It was released in United Kingdom on 30 April 2007 to mixed reviews by critics. The album was released in Canada and the United States during January 2008 as Pocketful of Sunshine. The US version's title single became a top 5 hit. Another track, "Love Like This", became a top twenty hit. The reviews from United States critics for this record were mixed.
Natasha Bedingfield albums
2007 albums
Upper class

Upper class is an idea in sociology. It refers to the group of people at the top of a society. They are the wealthiest group of society. Members of an upper class often have great power over resources and governmental policy in their area. They may have acquired these things by inheritance, for example by being monarchs or aristocrats, or by commerce. They may own much land or other valuable property, and may spend much of their income on luxury goods such as yachts and mansions.
Related pages
Social class
Elite
Social classes
Method Man & Redman

Method Man & Redman (also referred to as Meth & Red, Red & Mef, John Blaze and Funk Doc or Funk Doctor Spock and Johnny Blaze) are an American hip hop duo. The group formed in 1994. The members of the group are East Coast rappers Method Man (of Wu-Tang Clan) and Redman (of Def Squad).
The duo have known each other for a long time before they were both signed with Def Jam. They recorded "Got My Mind Made Up" for Tupac Shakur's double-disc fourth and final album All Eyez on Me (1996). They freestyled each other on Yo! MTV Raps, and released their collaborative debut single "How High". In 1999, the two rappers were featured on "Rap Phenomenon" from The Notorious B.I.G.'s posthumous album Born Again.
In 2001, they both starred in the movie How High. In 2004, the duo also starred in their short-lived Fox sitcom, Method & Red.
On May 7, 2009, Method Man & Redman released a mixtape titled Lights Out, which was hosted by DJ Green Lantern in promotion for their third studio album.
Discography
Studio albums
Mixtapes
References
Musical duos
Hip hop bands
Hotel Transylvania

Hotel Transylvania is a 2012 American computer-animated comedy movie. It was produced by Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation. The movie starsAdam Sandler as the voice of Dracula and Selena Gomez as Mavis, Dracula's daughter.
Plot
Dracula (voiced by Adam Sandler) is the owner and creator of Hotel Transylvania, a five-star resort where the world's monsters can be safe from humans. Dracula invites some of the most famous monsters, such as Frankenstein (Kevin James) and his wife Eunice (Fran Drescher), Murray the mummy (Cee Lo Green), Wayne and Wanda Werewolf (Steve Buscemi and Molly Shannon), Griffin the Invisible Man (David Spade), Bigfoot, The Blob, and other monsters to celebrate the 118th birthday of his daughter Mavis (voiced by Selena Gomez). When Hotel Transylvania is unexpectedly visited by a human traveler named Jonathan (voiced by Andy Samberg), Dracula must protect Mavis and stop her from falling in love with him before it is too late.
Voice cast
Adam Sandler as Dracula, the Hotel Transylvania owner, Mavis' over-protective father, and the main character.
Selena Gomez as Mavis, Dracula's 118-year-old "teenage" daughter. She is independent and wants to explore the world, but hates it when her dad treats her like a kid. Later, Mavis falls in love with Jonathan.
Andy Samberg as Jonathan, a 21-year-old regular guy who falls in love with Mavis upon stumbling into Hotel Transylvania.
Kevin James as Frank/Frankenstein
Fran Drescher as Eunice, Frankenstein's wife
Steve Buscemi as Wayne, a werewolf
Molly Shannon as Wanda, a werewolf and Wayne's pregnant wife
Cee Lo Green as Murray, an obese mummy
David Spade as Griffin the Invisible Man
Jon Lovitz as Quasimodo, the former Hunchback of Notre-Dame who now works as a gourmet chef. He is always accompanied by his pet rat Esmeralda.
Chris Parnell as Fly
Brian George as Suit of Armor, a living suit of armor that works as Dracula's messenger.
Brian Stack as Pilot
Jackie Sandler as Martha, Dracula's wife and Mavis' mother.
Sadie Sandler as Young Mavis / Winnie
Rob Riggle as Skeleton Husband
Paul Brittain as Zombie
Robert Smigel as Fake Dracula / Marty
Jonny Solomon as Gremlin Man and the Blob
Craig Kellman as Guy in Crowd
Brian McCann as Hairy Monster
James Williams as Foreman
The Shrunken Heads were voiced by Luenell and Jim Wise. Hydra Heads were voiced by Paul Brittain, Craig Kellman, Brian McCann, Jonny Solomon, and Jim Wise.
References
Other websites
2012 movies
2012 animated movies
2012 3D movies
American animated movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Frankenstein movies
Hotel Transylvania
Movies directed by Genndy Tartakovsky
Werewolves in movies
Governor General of Canada

The Governor General of Canada is the person who represents Canada's King (or Queen). The King of Canada does not spend much time in Canada because he is also the King of several other countries.
The Governor General is technically chosen by the King and is allowed to use almost all of the King's powers. But most of the time neither the King nor the Governor General use their powers without advice from the Prime Minister of Canada.
The King would normally always choose whoever the Prime Minister wants them to choose to become Governor General.
The Governor General usually uses his/her powers for what the Prime Minister advices him/her to do.
Once in a while the Prime Minister may want something done that the Governor General is not allowed to do on her own. The Prime Minister must then go straight to the King, for example for the appointment of 4 or 8 extra Senators to Parliament.
Official Title
As Canada has two official federal languages, the Governor General's title is in both English and French.
The Governor General's style and title in full is, in , and in
Living former governors-general of Canada
As of , there are five living former governors general of Canada. The most recently deceased former governor general, Romeo LeBlanc (1995-1999), died on 24 June 2009.
C
Chethakkal

Chethakkal is a village in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state,India.
Demographics
Malayalam is the native language of Chethakkal.
Politics
Chethakkal is a part of Pathanamthitta Loksabha constituency. Mr. Anto Antony is the current Member of Parliament of the constituency.
Climate
The climate of the place is moderate and pleasant. Tropical climate is prevailed here throughout the year.
Transportation
The major transportation service of this place is provided by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC).
References
Villages in Pathanamthitta district
Operation Allies Refuge

The Operation Allies Refuge is a continuing United States military operation. Its purpose is for removing in-danger Afghan civilians, applicants of the Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) and employees of the Embassy of the United States away from Afghanistan. This operation is happening at the same time as the removal of Americans from Afghanistan and leaving of foreign people and Afghans who are vulnerable.
Operation history
The operation's name was officially given out on 14 July 2021 by Biden administration officials. On 22 July the United States House of Representatives passed the Averting Loss of Life and Injury by Expediting SIVs (ALLIES) Act. This was done to increase the cap for Afghan interpreters. This was also done to speed up the Afghan Special Visa Processes.
On 22 August, President Joe Biden said American troops may remain in Afghanistan beyond August 31. He then announced that more than 28,000 had been removed from Afghanistan from 15 August onward. From July 2021 onward, over 33,000 people were removed out of the country.
Casualties
As of 26 August 2021, at least 94 people were killed at or near the Kabul International Airport as thousands of people tried to forcibly board planes.
At least 103 people were killed and another two-hundred were injured in a suicide bomb attack near the Kabul International Airport on 26 August. This was when evacuations of local and foreign people were in progress. The attacks were performed by Islamic State militants. The dead included sixty-two Afghan civilians, twenty-eight Taliban members and thirteen U.S. service officials. The dead Americans were ten marines, two soldiers and one Navy corpsman.
References
Military of the United States
2021 in Afghanistan
July 2021 events
August 2021 events
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg

The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (German: Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, shortened MLU) is a German public university in Halle and Wittenberg, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.
It was established by a merger in 1817 and is named after Martin Luther.
President is Udo Strater.
It had nearly 20,000 students in 2015.
Its focus is on all sorts of sciences.
Other websites
1817 establishments
1810s establishments in Germany
Colleges and universities in Germany
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Martin Luther
Saxony-Anhalt
John Ritter

Jonathan Southworth "John" Ritter (September 17, 1948 - September 11, 2003) was an American television and movie actor and comedian. He was featured in the 1970s television series The Waltons. He performed in several situation comedies on the television, including Three's Company. He also appeared in It.
Ritter was born in Burbank, California, where he died on September 11, 2003 of aortic dissection caused by heart disease, six days before his 55th birthday. He also did the voice for Clifford the Big Red Dog.
Ritter was first married actress Nancy Morgan, from 1977 to 1996. Together they have three children, Two sons, Jason and Tyler who are also actors, and a daughter Carly.
After divorced from Morgon, he later married actress Amy Yasbeck on September 18, 1999, at the Murphy Theatre in Wilmington, Ohio. Their daughter was born on September 11, 1998, one year before their marriage.
Ritter's parents were Tex Ritter and Dorothy Fay.
References
Other websites
1948 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Burbank, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Deaths from aortic dissection
Suchinda Kraprayoon

Suchinda Kraprayoon (; , born 6 August 1933) is a Thai politician. He was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 7 April 1992 until 24 May 1992.
References
1933 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Thailand
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship is one of the 16 voivodeships of Poland. The name of the voivodeship came from local mountains called Swietokrzyskie Mountains. The capital city is Kielce.
Voivodeships of Poland
A. P. Lutali

Aifili Paulo Lauvao (December 24, 1919 - August 1, 2002) was an American politician. He served twice as governor of American Samoa from 1985 through 89 and again from 1993 through 1997. He was the founder of the U.S territory's Democratic Party. He had a long career in the legislature and the judiciary in American Samoa.
Lutali was born in Aunu'u Island, American Samoa. He was elected to the American Samoa House of Representatives in 1955 and served as its speaker from 1955 through 1958. Lutali died on August 1, 2002 from complications of a stroke at a hospital in Pago Pago, American Samoa, aged 82.
Other websites
Rulers.org
1919 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Governors of American Samoa
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Yevgeny Shevchuk

Yevgeny Vasilyevich Shevchuk (, tr. Yevgeniy Vasilyevich Shevchuk, , tr. Yevhen Vasylovych Shevchuk, Moldovan Cyrillic: Evgeni Vasil'evich' Shevchiuk, ; born 19 June 1968) is a Transnistrian politician. He was the 2nd President of Transnistria from 2011 to 2016.
Shevchuk is an ethnic Ukrainian and a citizen of both Transnistria and Russia.
In 2017, Shevchuk fled to Moldova while guilty on criminal charges. In December 2018, he was sentenced in absentia to 16 years in prison and a fine of about 36 million US dollars.
References
1968 births
Living people
Presidents of Transnistria
Hemau

Hemau is a small town in Southern Germany, in Regensburg. The town is on the Tangrintel, a ridge which runs between the rivers Altmuhl and Schwarze Laber.
It is on the B8 road, north-west of Regensburg, south-east of Nuremberg. The nearest towns, about distant, are Beratzhausen and Laaber.
District Hemau
The district of Hemau is the largest in the Landkreis, and includes ten outlying villages which are parts of town, though they are not in the town of Hemau itself:
References
Regensburg (district)
Excel (band)

Excel is a crossover thrash band from Venice, California. The band was formed in 1983 by singer Dan Clements and guitarist Adam Siegel. Excel was influenced by street art and known for painting graffiti on the streets of the cities where they played their shows.
Excel was also known for jumping on stage with other bands from Venice such as No Mercy, Beowulf, Suicidal Tendencies (with whom Excel are very close friends) and Cryptic Slaughter, and sometimes with other thrash metal bands like Testament and Overkill.
Excel has released three studio albums, three split albums, five demos, three singles and two live albums. They broke up in 1995. Their first two albums, Split Image and The Joke's on You, were reissued in 2001 with bonus tracks, and in August 2009, they released a special collection of eight DVDs of their tours in Europe and Los Angeles and published them on their MySpace page. Excel announced a reunion in January 2012.
Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
Split Image (1987)
The Joke's on You (1989)
Seeking Refuge (1995)
References
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Saint-Georges-en-Auge

Saint-Georges-en-Auge is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.
References
Former communes in Calvados
K. N. Choksy

Kairshasp Nariman Choksy, PC, MP (7 February 1933 - 5 February 2015) (known as K. N. Choksy) was a Sri Lankan lawyer and politician. He was a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.
He was Cabinet Minister of Finance under Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe. He had also served as Cabinet Minister of Constitutional & State Affairs from 1993 to 1994 under President D. B. Wijetunga and was a member of parliament from 1989 to 2010.
References
1933 births
2015 deaths
Sri Lankan politicians
Sri Lankan lawyers
Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 1 in C major, K 279 (189d) (1774) is a sonata in three movements:
Allegro
Andante
Allegro
It takes about 14 minutes to play the entire sonata.
References
Piano Sonata 01
Amphora (measure)

Amphora(/'aemf@r@/; Ancient Greek: amphoreus, It was part of ancient roman system of measurement mostly used as a capacity's unit for liquids and grains. The term amphora was borrowed from the Greeks who used a ceramic container with pointy bottom to save grain and wine.
An amphora is equal to 48 sextarii which is about 34 litres or 9 gallons in the US customary units and 7.494 gallons in the imperial British system of measurement.
Ancient Rome
Hitachi Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Ibaraki Prefecture on the island of Honshu. It was sometimes called .
The province had borders with Iwashiro, Iwaki, Shimosa, and Shimotsuke Provinces.
The ancient capital city of the province was near Ishioka.
History
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Hitachi Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shrines and Temples
Kashima jinju was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Hitachi.
Related pages
Provinces of Japan
Prefectures of Japan
List of regions of Japan
List of islands of Japan
References
Other websites
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Former provinces of Japan
22nd Infantry Regiment (United States)

The 22nd Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army. Its headquarters is in Fort Drum, New York. It started in 1812.
References
Other websites
United States Army
1812 establishments in the United States
Zaman (movie)

Zaman is a 1983 Belgian crime movie directed by Patrick Lebon and starring Marc Janssen, Herbert Flack, Mieke Bouve, Ann Petersen, Herman Gilis, Alice Then, Gerda Lindekens, Jan Moonen.
Other websites
1983 crime movies
Belgian movies
Belgian crime movies
Movies directed by Patrick Lebon
Movies set in Belgium
Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order

Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order is a 2019 video game and the third entry of Marvel Ultimate Alliance. It is exclusive for the Nintendo Switch. It was released on July 19, 2019 by Nintendo, Tecmo Koei and Team Ninja.
Gameplay
A team of up to four selectable characters can use synergy attacks to defeat enemies.
2019 video games
Marvel Ultimate Alliance
Video games developed in Japan
Video game sequels
Nintendo Switch games
Nintendo Switch-only games
Afrodisiac

Afrodisiac is the fourth studio album by American R&B/pop singer Brandy Norwood, released by Atlantic Records on June 28, 2004 outside North America and on June 29, 2004 (see 2004 in music) in Canada and the United States. It was mostly produced by Timbaland, with more production from Warryn Campbell, Organized Noise, Walter Millsap, Ron Feemster, Big Chuck, and Kanye West. A lot of critics liked the album, but it did not sell many copies. It has sold fewer copies than any other album she has made so far.
2004 albums
Brandy Norwood albums
Secession

Secession (independence) usually means when part of one country declares its independence and breaks away or leaves that country to start a new country.
Constitutions of countries may include articles that either legally forbid or allow secession of part of the country. Most national constitutions, which have articles about secession, forbid it, but a few constitutions, such as the constitutions of the former Soviet Union, the former Yugoslavia, and Ethiopia allow the secession of their republics.
A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful.
Violent examples include the secession of the 11 southern states, which formed the Confederate States, from the United States and led to the failed American Civil War, and the Bangladesh Liberation War of East Pakistan (Bangladesh), which succeeded against West Pakistan.
Peaceful examples include the secession of the Soviet republics from the Soviet Union, which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals such autonomy or more devolved powers from the national government of the country.
Examples of giving more delvolved powers to prevent their secession include Quebec, Scotland and Flanders.
References
Political geography
Krefeld

Krefeld (until November 25, 1925 - Crefeld) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, near Dusseldorf.
Krefeld has about 235,000 inhabitants.
References
Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Dusseldorf
Vertheuil

Vertheuil is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
Bedford, Virginia

Bedford is a town in Bedford County, Virginia in the United States. Before 2013, it had been a city, which under Virginia law made it separate from any county.
Towns in Virginia
County seats in Virginia
2013 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Virginia
Theloderma lateriticum

The brick-red bug-eyed frog (Theloderma lateriticum) is a frog. It lives in Vietnam and China. People have seen it 1130 meters above sea level.
First paper
References
Frogs of Asia
Jack County, Texas

Jack County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 8,472 people lived there. The county seat is Jacksboro.
History
The county was founded in 1857.
Geography
The county has a total area of 920 square miles.
Places
Cities
Bryson
Jacksboro (county seat)
References
Texas counties