pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cornus canadensis

Cornus canadensis is a herbaceous member of the Cornaceae (dogwood) family. It has various common names, such as the Bunchberry dogwood, Canadian Bunchberry, Quatre-temps, or Crackerberry. It is a widespread plant of the northern hemisphere.
It grows about 20-30 cm tall and bears tiny flowers a few millimetres across. They form an inflorescence at the center of four white, petal-like bracts 3-4 cm diameter.
Each flower has highly elastic petals that flip backward, releasing springy filaments that are cocked underneath the petals. The filaments snap upward flinging pollen out in less than half a millisecond. The pollen experiences a force two to three thousand times the force of gravity. The Bunchberry has one of the fastest plant actions found so far. It needs a camera capable of shooting 10,000 frames per second to catch the action.
"One of the fastest actions in the plant world is the explosive opening of flowers on the bunchberry dogwood, which happens in just under 0.5 milliseconds. As the flowers burst open, the petals quickly separate and flip back, exposing the stamens. During the first 0.3 milliseconds, researchers have calculated the stamens are exposed to a force 800 times greater than astronauts experience during blast-off. The mechanism, it is understood, allows pollen to be thrown upwards in order for it to be transported by the wind".
In other words, it is a mechanism for cross-pollination by air.
The fruits are edible with a mild flavour somewhat like apples. The large seeds within are somewhat hard and crunchy. Birds are the main dispersal agents of the seeds, consuming the fruit during their fall migration. In Alaska, bunchberry is an important forage plant for mule deer, black-tailed deer and moose, which consume it throughout the growing season.
Where bunchberry, a forest species, and Cornus suecica, a bog species, grow near each other in their overlapping ranges in Alaska, Labrador, and Greenland, they can Hybrid ize by cross-pollination, producing plants with intermediate characteristics.
References
Asterids
Rapid plant movement
Saint-Martin-sur-Écaillon

Saint-Martin-sur-Ecaillon is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 506 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
Arlene McQuade

Arlene McQuade (May 29, 1936 - April 21, 2014) was an American actress. She started acting in 1950. She was best known for playing Rosalie in The Goldbergs. She was born in New York City, New York.
McQuade died from Parkinson's disease on April 21, 2014 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He was 77.
References
Other websites
1936 births
2014 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in New Mexico
First language

A first language (also mother language, mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) often means the language that a person learns first. It helps one understand words and concepts in the style of that language.
Sometimes, but not often, first language means the language that a person speaks best (the second language is then spoken less well than the first language, etc.). In that sense, a person could have more than one first or second language.
The first languages of national majority usually are to be recognized as national language of the nation.
References
Related pages
Soweto Uprising
Language
Dracunculus

Dracunculus is a genus of plants in the family Araceae. They have a large purple spathe and spadix, and a foul smell.
There are only three species of Dracunculus. Dracunculus vulgaris grows in Southern Europe and Northern Africa. Dracunculus canariensis grows in Canary Islands and Madeira.
All of these plants are herbs with tubers. The individual flowers flowers are tiny: they are gathered in an inflorescence.
Common names for this plant are Snake Lily, Dragon Arum, Black Dragon, Voodoo Lily, Ragons, Black Arum, Dragonwort and Stink Lily.
Dracunculus vulgaris is cultivated as a garden plant.
References
Other websites
ITIS: Dracunculus
NCBI: Dracunculus
Araceae
St Mark's Basilica

The St Mark's Basilica (fully Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark) is one of the most important cathedral of Venice, Italy. It overlooks St. Mark's Square.
This cathedral is a rare example of Byzantine architecture in Western Europe.
History
Originally this cathedral was to be an extension of the Doge's Palace. It was begun in 829 and ended in 832 as building for the remains of St. Mark that had been brought from Alexandria.
References
Cathedrals in Italy
Roman Catholic cathedrals
Venice
9th-century buildings and structures
Kamyshin school massacre

On March 9, 1997, an incident occurred at the Kamyshin High Military Construction Command and Engineering School. In the incident, six students died and two students were injured.
Course of events
At around 4 a.m. on 9 March 1997, 18-year-old cadet Sergei Lepnev, who surrendered his gun during the change of guard, opened fire on other cadets after he shot the guard Gennady Ivanov in the head. When Lepnev went to finish Pavel Grigoryev's work, the bullet in his gun ran out and they fled the scene with Arefyov.
Punishments
The court sentenced Arefyev to 3.5 years in prison and Lepnev to death. These sentences were commuted to a 25-year strict regime due to the moratorium. Lepnev is currently serving his sentence in the "White Swan" penitentiary. He was tried to be released on parole in March 2021.
Join
Described as a "good boy" by his acquaintances, Sergei Lepnev studied well and had no problems at school.
References
1990s crimes
Aotsuka Kofun

The is an ancient Japanese burial mound. It is located in Oagata Shrine in the city of Inuyama, Aichi in the Tokai region of Japan. In 1983 the Japanese government declared it a National Historic Site of Japan. It is the second biggest kofun in Aichi Prefecture after the Danpusan Kofun in Nagoya.
References
Other websites
Aichi Prefecture Cultural Properties
Inuyama tourist information site
Inuyama City official site
Oagata Jinja home page
History of Japan
Burial monuments and structures
4th-century works
Fu Jen Catholic University

Fu Jen Catholic University (FJU; ) is a well known university in Taiwan. The main campus is in New Taipei City. It was first started in 1925. Its first name was Catholic University of Peking (currently Beijing Normal University). It was started again in 1961.
Fu Jen is the Wade-Giles romanization of the Chinese characters Fu Ren (Furen in pinyin), literally meaning "assistance" and "benevolence".
Related pages
Roman Curia
Society of Jesus
Benedictine
References
Other websites
Fu Jen
Colleges and universities in Taiwan
1925 establishments in Asia
1961 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Taiwan
Milo Yiannopoulos

Milo Yiannopoulos is a British writer. He often criticizes feminism and Islam. He studied at the University of Manchester and Wolfson College. He has worked for The Telegraph. He covered the Gamergate controversy. In 2016 he was criticized for saying that sex between adults and children can sometimes be consensual.
References
British journalists
Ryūnosuke Akutagawa

Ryunosuke Akutagawa (1 March 1892 - 24 July 1927), was a Japanese writer famous for his short stories. He was born in Tokyo, Japan. His friends are Kikuchi Kan, Kume Masao, and etc, and he published a literary magazine named "Shinshicho" with them. His first work is "Rounenn". His story "Hana" (The Nose) was highly estimated by his master Natsume Soseki.
A chronological table
1892 3 He born as shinbara family.
1902 4 He entered Kotojinjyo high school.
1902 11 His mother has died.
1904 8 He became adopted child of Akutagawa family.
1915 8 He has finished writing a novel ''Rashomon''.
1915 10 He was Natsume Soseki's student.
1915 11 He published a novel ''Rashomon'' by a magazine.
1916 4 He published a novel ''Hana'' by ''Shinshicho''.
1919 3 He got married to Tsukamoto Fumi.
1920 3 His eldest son Hiroshi was born.
1921 7 He went to China as an office worker of a newspaper.
1922 5 He releases his first essay collection ''Tenshin''.
1922 11 His child Takashi was born.
1925 7 His child Yasushi was born.
1927 7 He committed suicide by taking poison of overdosing hypnotic at his own room.
1935 1 Akutagawa prize which is a literary award was established.
Main works
Akutagawa's death
Akutagawa committed suicide by taking mass sleeping pills at age of 35. It was written that "vague anxiety about my future." in his suicide note. Akutagawa is one of many Japanese writers who have committed suicide. Other writers include Dazai Osamu, Mishima Yukio and Kawabata Yasunari.
References
1892 births
1927 deaths
People who committed suicide
Writers from Tokyo
Gérard-Joseph Deschamps

Gerard-Joseph Deschamps (4 July 1929 - 25 February 2022) was a Canadian Roman Catholic prelate. Deschamps was born in Eastview, Ontario. He became a priest in 1954. He was Bishop of Daru in Papua New Guinea from 1966 until 1999. He later became bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bereina. He resigned in 2002.
Deschamps died on 25 February 2022, at the age of 92.
References
1929 births
2022 deaths
Canadian Roman Catholic bishops
People from Ontario
Richea

Richea is a genus of shrubs or trees in the family Ericaceae. The number of species is 10--12. The genus is very close with genus Dracophyllum.
Richea grows in island Tasmania and also in Australia; many species grows in mountains.
It is evergreen plants with the long leaves. Flowers are small; its color is white, yellow, pink or red.
The genus was named in honour of Claude Antoine Gaspard Riche (1762--1797), French botanist.
The most well-known species is Richea pandanifolia. Its height may be 15 m. The common English name of this plant is the giant grass tree.
Richea may be an interest plant for gardens.
References
Other websites
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Richea
NCBI: Richea
The unique flora of Tasmania: Richea
Ericaceae
John Paul Jr. (racing driver)

John Lee Paul Jr. (February 19, 1960 - December 29, 2020) was an American racing driver. He competed in CART and the Indy Racing League competitions. He was born in Muncie, Indiana. Paul won the 24 Hours of Daytona twice.
He also was known for drug smuggling. In May 1986, Paul Jr. received a five-year sentence for racketeering, with the drug charges dropped.
Paul Jr. died on December 29, 2020 in Los Angeles from problems caused by Huntington's disease, aged 60.
References
1960 births
2020 deaths
American criminals
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Indiana
Deaths from Huntington's disease
People from Muncie, Indiana
Lineville, Alabama

Lineville is a city in Clay County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,401.
Cities in Alabama
Polysemy

Polysemy is the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase.
Language
San Bruno, California

San Bruno is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States. The population was 43,908 at the 2020 census.
The city is next to San Francisco International Airport and Golden Gate National Cemetery.
References
Other websites
Cities in California
Settlements in San Mateo County, California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
1914 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in California
Nepenthes

Nepenthes, often known as tropical pitcher plants or monkey cups, is a genus of carnivorous plants in the family of the Nepenthaceae consisting of about 120 species (this number is fast increasing, with one to two new species being described each year). Many hybrids exist, both natural and created by humans. These plants come from South China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar and the Seychelles ; southward to Australia and New Caledonia ; and northward to India and Sri Lanka . Many are plants from hot humid lowland areas, but the majority are from high in the mountains where nights are cold. Nepenthes are often categorized as being lowland or highland varieties, depending on how high they live above sea level. Lowland varieties usually require high temperature and humidity levels. Highland varieties usually require warm days but cold and humid nights. The name Nepenthes was first published in 1737 in Carolus Linnaeus's Hortus Cliffortianus.
Nepenthes traps contain a fluid of the plant's own production, which may be watery or syrupy and is used to drown prey. The trapping efficiency of this fluid remains high, even when significantly diluted by water, as inevitably happens in wet conditions. Many species of Nepenthes produce two different forms of pitchers. Near the base of the plant are the large lower traps, which usually sit on the ground, while the upper pitchers may be smaller, coloured differently, and have different shapes and features than the lower pitchers.
The lower part of the trap contains glands which take nutrients from captured insects.
One of the earliest pictures of Nepenthes appears in Leonard Plukenet's Almagestum Botanicum of 1696. The plant, called Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium, is without doubt a N. distillatoria.
Related pages
List of Nepenthes natural hybrids
References
Other websites
Botanical Society of America: Nepenthes - the Monkey Cups
The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Nepenthes
Caryophyllales
Francis, Oklahoma

Francis is a town in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, United States.
References
Towns in Oklahoma
Magellanic penguin

The magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) is the most numerous of the Spheniscus family. There are about 3,600,000 magellanic penguins in the world. They breed once a year and lay two eggs of a similar size. They are 70 centimetres tall and weigh 9 pounds or 4 kilograms.
They are found in the Falkland Islands, South America, Chile and Argentina and migrate Brazil. They are warm weathered penguins and during the warm weather they lose feathers around their eyes. When it gets colder they grow these feathers back around their eyes. They were first seen in 1519 on a voyage (trip) to South America. They hunt for food on their own when they are 60-70 days old.
Other websites
Penguins
Lidköping

Lidkoping is a town in the county of Vastra Gotaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Lidkoping Municipality.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Vastra Gotaland County
Besançon

Besancon is a city in France. It was the capital of the former Free County (Franche-Comte) region. It is the prefecture of the Doubs department. Its population is around 117,600 (2008).
History
Besancon is an old city. It is discovered in 58 BC and Julius Caesar writes about it in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico where it is called Vesontio. The etymology (origin of the word) is not certain. It could have a Celtic origin. The Celtic word wes means mountain. In the 4th century, the letter B became V. The city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion. It became Besancon in 1243. In 1871 the city is going through a revolutionary period, known as Besancon Commune.
The city has a Renaissance citadel. It was later used by the Nazis during World War II.
Climate
Besancon has an oceanic climate and a continental climate. The average temperature is 10.2 degC (50 degF). The warmest month of the year is July (18.9 degC or 66 degF) and the coldest month is January (1.6 degC or 35 degF). Besancon receives about 1108 mm (44 inches) of precipitation per year. The wettest month is May (111.4 mm or 4.4 in); the driest is July (80.5 mm or 3.2 in). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 31 July 1983, was 38.8 degC (101.8 degF), and the lowest was a -20.7 degC (-5.3 degF) reached on 1 January 1985.
Monuments
Besancon Cathedral
Synagogue of Besancon
Jewish cemetery of Besancon
Education
Ecole nationale superieure de mecanique et des microtechniques
Sister cities
Besancon is twinned with:
Tver, Russia
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Kuopio, Finland
Huddersfield - Kirklees, United Kingdom
Bielsko-Biala, Poland
Neuchatel, Switzerland
Bistrita, Romania
Pavia, Italy
Hadera, Israel
Douroula, Burkina Faso
Man, Cote d'Ivoire
Charlottesville - Virginia, United States
Departmental capitals in France
Former regional capitals in France
Imperial free cities
50s BC establishments
Establishments in France
St. Michael, Minnesota

St. Michael is a city in eastern Wright County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 16,399 at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Minnesota
Vaalbara

Vaalbara is the name of Earth's first supercontinent, in the Archaean era.
Vaalbara started to form about 3,600 million years ago (mya). It formed by about 3,100 mya and broke up by 2,500 mya. The name Vaalbara comes from the South African Kaapvaal craton and the West Australian Pilbara craton. These cratons were combined in the Vaalbara supercontinent.
South Africa's Kaapvaal craton and Western Australia's Pilbara craton are two of the best-preserved Archaean cratons on Earth. They have remarkably similar early Precambrian rocks. Identical radiometric ages of 3,470 +-2 mya have been got from rocky material thrown out by meteorite strikes. Similar structures from these two cratons have been dated between 3,500 to 2,700 mya. Similar greenstone belts are found at the edges of the Superior craton of Canada, and across the cratons of the former Gondwana and Laurasia continents.
Palaeomagnetic data from rocks in the cratons showed that at 3,870 mya the two cratons could have been part of the same supercontinent. Both the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons show extensional faults which were active about the same time during volcanism at the same time as the impact layers were formed.
Continental plates have periodically collided and assembled in periods of orogeny (mountain building) to form supercontinents. The cycle of supercontinent formation, breakup, dispersal and reformation by plate tectonics occurs every 450 million years or so.
Related pages
Supercontinent
References
Supercontinents
Archaean
King Moody

Robert "King" Moody (December 6, 1929 - February 7, 2001) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Ronald McDonald in McDonald's commercials until his retirement in 1985.
Early life
Moody was born Robert Moody in New York City, New York on December 6, 1929.
Career
Ronald McDonald character
From the 1970s to the 1980s, he played Ronald McDonald for the McDonald's commercials.
After his retirement in 1985, he was replaced by Squire Fridell.
Death
On February 7, 2001, Moody died at the age of 71.
Other websites
1929 births
2001 deaths
Comedians from New York City
American television actors
Actors from New York City
José Marrone

Jose Carlos Marrone (October 25, 1915 in Buenos Aires - June 27, 1990 in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine actor and comedian.
Early life
Marrone was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Career
His career began when he performed as a vaudeville in theaters and the radio. He hosted several children-oriented TV shows, such as "El Circo de Marrone" (Marrone's Circus), playing the clown character Pepitito. His recurring catchphrase was
Cheee!.
Personal life
He married twice and had a daughter, "Coqui", with his first wife, Rosa. Still married, Marrone fell in love with Juanita Martinez, but they waited to get together until Rosa died.
Death
Marrone died in Buenos Aires, Argentina from a heart attack, aged 74.
In 2001, a decade after Marrone's death, Juanita committed suicide, and her body was found with a picture of Marrone in her hands.
Other websites
1915 births
1990 deaths
Argentine comedians
Argentine movie actors
Argentine television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Argentina
Actors from Buenos Aires
Frank Herzog

Frank Herzog is a former sportscaster who was the voice of the Washington Redskins. He was also the voice of the Maryland Terrapins football and basketball teams as well as the Washington Bullets. He called college football and basketball games for CBS.
References
Living people
College basketball broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Tina Kotek

Tina Kotek (born September 30, 1966) is an American politician who is the 39th Governor of Oregon since 2023. She was the speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives from 2013 to 2022. She is a member of theDemocratic Party.
Along with Maura Healey, she will be one of the first two openly lesbian governors in the United States.
Kotek, a lesbian, was one of the only openly-gay members of the Oregon Legislative Assembly.
References
1966 births
Living people
State legislators of the United States
LGBT politicians
Lesbians
Politicians from Pennsylvania
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Governors of Oregon
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
American LGBT rights activists
Flóahreppur

Floahreppur is a municipality in southern Iceland. It is part of the Southern Region. In 2019, 667 people lived there.
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Iceland
Bentinho

Antonio Bento dos Santos (born 18 December 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1994||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||16||13||1||0||3||2||20||15
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||14||12||2||0||colspan="2"|-||16||12
|-
|1998||19||13||2||0||0||0||21||13
|-
|1999||19||10||0||0||4||2||23||12
|-
|2001||Oita Trinita||J. League 2||19||16||1||0||1||0||21||16
|-
|2002||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||36||16||1||4||colspan="2"|-||37||20
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||41||20||3||2||colspan="2"|-||44||22
|-
|2004||20||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||4
184||104||10||6||7||4||201||114
184||104||10||6||7||4||201||114
|}
1971 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Minerva McGonagall

Minerva McGonagall is a fictional character in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling. This character is a teacher at the school Hogwarts, and a good character in the series. She helps Harry Potter, the main character, many times in the series. She teaches "transfiguration", a type of magic where you change objects or animals into other objects and animals. At the end of the books, McGonagall becomes the school principal. Her honorary title is Hogwarts Headmistress.
When McGonagall was young she went to Hogwarts. She was in Gryffindor, a house for brave and bold students. When she got older she decided to train herself to be an "animagus", a wizard who can change themselves into an animal without a wand. She can change into a cat. Later, she became a member of the Order Of the Phoenix, an organization trained to fight evil wizards. In a quidditch match, she was hurt by a Slytherin player.
McGonagall is played by Maggie Smith in the movies.
References
Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Harry Potter characters
Gelos

Gelos is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Gelos
Uluru

Uluru, also called Ayers Rock, is a name given to a huge rock near Alice Springs in the Australian Outback and located in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. This is a holy place for some Aboriginal Australians. It is in the Western Desert, in the middle of Australia. It was listed as a World Heritage site in 1987 because of its geology. In 1997 it was again listed as a World Heritage site, this time because of its importance to the Anangu people. It was the second place in the world to be listed as culturally significant, and it is one of the few places in the world to have two listings.
History
The Anangu people believe that Uluru, and the rest of Central Australia, was formed by ancestral beings at the beginning of time. The Anangu are directly descended from these ancestors.
Modern science shows that they have lived around Uluru for more than 40,000 years They continued to live their traditional life until the 1930s. This was a nomadic life, moving around to hunt and gather food according to the seasons. They have a complex ceremonial life based around Uluru. They are one of the oldest human societies on earth.
The first Europeans to see Uluru were explorers led by William Christie Gosse. He saw Uluru on 19 July 1873 and named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, who was Chief Secretary of South Australia. The land was too dry and remote for farming, and very few people came to Uluru until the mid 20th century.
Geography
See geography of Uluru and Kata Tjuta.
References
Mountains of the Northern Territory
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Winning the Oil Endgame

Winning the Oil Endgame is a 2005 book by Amory B. Lovins, published by the Rocky Mountain Institute. It talks about four ways to reduce oil (petroleum) dependence in the United States:
Using oil more efficiently (pp. 29-102).
Substituting other liquids for oil (pp. 103-111).
Substituting saved natural gas for oil (pp. 111-122).
Replacing oil with hydrogen (pp. 228-242).
Problems and solutions
The authors suggest that oil dependence is a problem we need no longer have. U.S. oil dependence can be profitably eliminated by proven and attractive technologies. The authors argue that America can lead the world into the post-petroleum era and create a vibrant economy. (p.xiii)
The Author
Amory Lovins has published 28 books and hundreds of papers. His work has been recognized by the Alternative Nobel, Onassis, Nissan, Shingo and Mitchell prizes, a MacArthur Fellowship, the Happold Medal, eight honorary doctorates, and the Heinz, Lindbergh, World Technology, and Hero of the Planet Awards. Lovins has also acted as a consultant to many Fortune 500 companies.
Related pages
Energy efficiency
Energy conservation
Peak oil
Renewable energy commercialization
Soft energy technology
Soft energy path
References
Other websites
Winning the Oil Endgame presentation at MIT - Video of Lovins.
Amory Lovins: We must win the oil endgame (TED presentation)
Winning the Oil Endgame - The Book Home Page - Read Free Online or Buy
Energy
Non-fiction books
2005 books
Isthmohyla calypsa

Isthmohyla calypsa is a frog that lives in Costa Rica and Panama. Scientists have seen it in between 1500 and 2100 meters above sea level.
Appearance
Unlike other frogs, I. calypsa has spiky spines coming out of its head and back. It is bright green with some brown marks. Male and female frogs have different kinds of dark marks. This frog's throat and stomach are white. It does not have bars on its legs. It has large eyes and a short nose.
The adult male frog is 26 to 36 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 31 to 41 mm long. This frog has more webbing on its back feet than on its front feet.
Unlike other tadpoles, I. calypsa tadpoles do not have disks on their mouths.
Actions
This frog hides during the day and moves around night.
When it is time for the females to lay eggs, adult male frogs, adult female frogs, and young frogs will come to streams in the forest. Frogs usually come back to the same one every year. Scientists watching the frogs could not find the young frogs after a few days, but the adult frogs stayed.
Male frogs are territorial. They will choose one place to sit and sing and return to the same one for many years. Usually, they choose a plant hanging over a flowing stream. Male frogs are usually at least 1.9 meters apart.
The female frog lays eggs on the undersides of leaves, the side facing the ground. Then she goes away from the stream. When the tadpoles hatch, they fall into the water. Scientists only saw eggs on the tops of the leaves a few times. They take 270 days to grow into young frogs.
The female frog lays only one clutch (group of eggs) per visit to the stream, but sometimes she comes back and lays a second or third clutch.
Predators
Some insects, for example crickets, eat this frog's eggs. Parasite flies also lay their own eggs in with the frog's egg. When the fly larva hatch, they eat all the frog eggs nearby. Between 1991 and 1996, one team of scientists watched 615 clutches (groups) of frog eggs. 65% of them did not have even one egg that hatched. About a third of these were because of flies. Frog eggs can also die if they dry out.
Threats
This frog is in danger of dying out because human beings change the places where it lives. It is also in danger from disease. A fungus causes the disease chytridiomycosis in this frog.
Names
This frog is named after Calypso from Greek mythology. This frog has camoflage on its skin, and Calypso is good at hiding.
Scientists used to think this was the same frog as Isthmohyla lancasteri but now they know they are two different species.
References
Frogs of North America
Standing start

A standing start is a type of start in auto racing events where cars are standing still when the race begins. In a standing start, cars are completely still when a green signal is given to start the race. This often follows a set of lights that count down to the start of the race. Standing starts are common in many motorsports, including drag racing, most single-seat (Formula One and GP2 Series), Touring Cars (most notably British and World Touring Cars), V8 Supercars, and many types of short-course off-road races. The standing start often occurs following a parade lap.
The opposite of a standing start is a rolling start. Standing starts are often deemed safer in Formula sports because of high acceleration speeds, which could cause problems if a rolling start were used. A standing start can cause problems like stalled cars being hit by the driver who starts behind them on the grid. Motorsports using standing starts usually penalize drivers who "jump the start", or redlight, by moving before the green light is lit.
References
Motor sports
Etowah, Oklahoma

Etowah is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
Towns in Oklahoma
Hiroki Nakayama

Hiroki Nakayama (born 13 December 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kyoto Sanga.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||19||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||3
|-
|2005||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2006||J. League 1||11||2||1||0||2||0||14||2
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||19||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||3
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||14||0||1||0||6||0||21||0
|-
|2009||8||1||2||0||1||0||11||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
73||9||6||0||9||0||88||9
73||9||6||0||9||0||88||9
|}
References
Kyoto Sanga
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Kagoshima Prefecture
Mitsumasa Yoda

Mitsumasa Yoda (born 7 August 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||8||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2001||3||0||1||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2002||19||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2003||12||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Thespa Kusatsu||Football League||13||0||||||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||18||0||||||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2006||14||0||||||colspan="2"|-||14||0
87||0||3||0||0||0||90||0
87||0||3||0||0||0||90||0
|}
References
Thespa Kusatsu
1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Oswaldo Vigas

Oswaldo Vigas (4 August 1926 - 22 April 2014) was a Venezuelan painter and muralist. His work was in the form of Cubism. He was best known for winning the National Prize of Plastic Arts of Venezuela in 1952. He was born in Valencia, Carabobo.
Vigas died on 22 April 2014 in Caracas, aged 87.
References
Other websites
1926 births
2014 deaths
Venezuelan painters
Ahmed Salah Hosny

Ahmed Salah Mohammed Hosny Hassan (born 11 July 1979) is a footballer from Egypt. He played for VfB Stuttgart and the Egypt national football team. He then turned to art and worked with Amr Diab and Mohamed Hamaki. He composed songs in their music albums. He also played a role in the Egyptian series "Sharbat Looz".
International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first:
References
Other websites
1979 births
Egyptian footballers
Living people
Bruce Crump

Bruce Hull Crump, Jr. (July 17, 1957 - March 16, 2015) was an American musician and songwriter. He was the original drummer with the rock band Molly Hatchet from 1976 to 1983 (including their 1980 hit song "Flirtin' with Disaster" ) and 1984 to 1991. He also played as a member of the Canadian band Streetheart in the early 1980s.
Crump died in a hospital in Richmond, Virginia from throat cancer, aged 57.
References
1957 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American songwriters
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Chamois Niortais F.C.

Chamois Niortais F.C. is a football club which plays in France.
1920s establishments in France
1925 establishments in Europe
French football clubs
Havel

The Havel is a river in Germany. It flows through Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, Berlin and Saxony-Anhalt.
Geography of Berlin
Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Geography of Saxony-Anhalt
Rivers of Germany
Protocol 41

Protocol 41 is a communication protocol which embeds internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) packets inside Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) packets. It is usually used to allow a computer or router with only an IPv4 address to obtain an IPv6 address (or maybe more than one address, to serve more than one computer). Most IPv6 tunnel providers support Protocol 41, including Hurricane Electric. 6to4, 6rd, and 6in4 are all different ways of using Protocol 41. Protocol 41 does not use TCP or UDP (although the IPv6 packets inside can carry TCP and UDP traffic). It is not to be confused with TCP or UDP port number 41.
6to4
6to4 is a special usage of protocol 41. A 6to4 address starts with the digits 2002, followed by the IPv4 address of its router. A 6to4 address might look like: 2002:CB00:71FF:0:fe64:3486:d398:3346
Related pages
Teredo tunneling
John Kristoff's IP protocol 41 feed blog post
IP protocol 41 feed
Internet protocols
Joey Essex

Joey Don Essex (born 29 July 1990) is an English television personality and DJ for Sugar Hut, a nightclub in Brentwood, Essex. He rose to fame in 2011 after appearing in the ITV2 television series The Only Way Is Essex. Essex and his sister Frankie left the show in 2013, although his cousin Chloe remains on it. In 2013, Essex took part in the first series of the celebrity diving show Splash! and the thirteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, where he finished in fourth place. In 2015, he won the Channel 4 reality series The Jump.
Essex is at least an ex-social smoker. This picture was taken, and published on the Metro Website on 3rd November 2011.
References
1990 births
Living people
English autobiographers
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
People from the London Borough of Southwark
Reality show winners
Television personalities from London
The Only Way Is Essex
Bethuel

In the Book of Genesis, Bethuel was the youngest son of Abraham's brother Nahor and Nahor's wife Milcah. Bethuel was also the father of Laban and Rebecca.
Old Testament people
Killin

Killin (, 'the White [or Fair] Church') is a village with about 640 people. It is at the western head of Loch Tay in Stirling (formerly Perthshire), Scotland.
Villages in Stirling council
Reagan Democrat

Reagan Democrat is an American political saying that was used by analysts showing how Democratic voters would support Republican President Ronald Reagan rather than Jimmy Carter or Walter Mondale. This was said during both the 1980 and 1984 elections. It is also used for George H. W. Bush in the 1988 election.
References
Further reading
Ronald Reagan
Prosthechea cochleata

Prosthechea cochleata is an orchid that lives in Central America, the West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, and southern Florida. It is commonly called the Cockleshell Orchid or Clamshell Orchid
Prosthechea cochleata is the national flower of Belize, where it is known as the Black Orchid.
References
Other websites
Orchids
Epiphytes
Emperor Kaika

is the 9th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Kaika to be a legendary person; and the name Kaika-tenno was created for him posthumously by later generations.
No certain dates can be assigned to the emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.
The Gukansho records that Kaika ruled from the palace of Isakawa-no-miya at Kasuga in what will come to be known as Yamato province.
Traditional history
Kaika is almost certainly a legend. The Kojiki records only his name and genealogy. The Nihonshoki includes Kaika as the eighth of .
Kaika was the second son of Emperor Kogen.
Some scholars question the existence of the first nine emperors. These critics consider Kogen's son (Suijin) to be the earliest to have actually existed.
Events of Kaika's life
The absence of information about Kaika does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.
After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kaika.
The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Nara.
Related pages
Emperor of Japan
List of emperors of Japan
Japanese imperial family tree
References
Other websites
Emperors of Japan
Mormedi

Mormedi is a strategic design and innovation consultancy. The company was founded in 1998 by Jaime Moreno. Throughout its history, Mormedi got numerous design awards, such as the International Forum Design Awards (iF), Red Dot, German Design Awards8, and GOOD design awards.
References
Companies of Spain
1998 establishments in Europe
Cyril Colbeau-Justin

Cyril Colbeau-Justin (28 September 1970 - 7 November 2020) was a French movie producer. He was born in Paris. His career began in 2000. His best known movies produced were A Gang Story (2011), Hollywoo (2011), Mea Culpa (2014), Rabin, the Last Day (2015) Down by Love (2016) and Madame (2017).
Colbeau-Justin died of cancer in Paris on 7 November 2020 at the age of 50.
References
1970 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Movie producers from Paris
Provinces of Costa Rica

The provinces () are administrative parts of Costa Rica as in other countries.
The Constitution of Costa Rica says, in its Article 168, "For Public Administration purposes, the national territory is divided into provinces, these into cantons and cantons into districts."
, there are 7 provinces (provincias), 81 cantons (cantones), and 473 districts (districtos).
History
The Law No. 36 of 7 December 1848 divided the country, for the first time, in provinces, cantons and districts, and created 6 provinces:
San Jose
Alajuela
Cartago
Heredia
Guanacaste
The law made Puntarenas as comarca, an old category that does not exist any more. Puntarenas was made a province in 1858. In 1870, Limon was made a comarca with the eastern part of the Cartago province; in 1902, Limon was made a province.
List of provinces
Related pages
Cantons of Costa Rica
References
Westport, Nova Scotia

Westport, Nova Scotia is a village in Digby County, Nova Scotia and it is located on Brier Island in the Bay of Fundy. As of 2016, the population was 218.
References
C. Bruce Fergusson, "Westport", Place-Names and Places of Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Archives (1967), p. 727
"Brier Island" The Davis Family online family history
Villages in Nova Scotia
Cooties (2014 movie)

Cooties is a 2014 American zombie apocalyptic comedy film. It was published by SpectreVision, Glacier Films and co-Directors Jonathan Milott and Cary Murnion starring Elijah Wood, Rainn Wilson, Alison Pill, Jack McBrayer, Leigh Whannell, Nasim Pedrad, Ian Brennan and Jorge Garcia.
References
2014 comedy movies
Zombie movies
2014 horror movies
American comedy movies
American horror movies
2010s English-language movies
Apocalyptic movies
Movies set in Illinois
Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller

Friedrich Burgmuller (Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmuller, 4 December 1806 - 13 February 1874) was a German pianist and composer. He was born in Regensberg, Germany, to a musical family. In 1832, he settled in Paris and adopted the French musical style. He wrote many works for piano, especially etudes for children that are still played today. His best known work is probably the Peasant pas de deus (originally Souvenirs de Ratisbonne) in Adolphe Adam's ballet Giselle (1841). It is not known how this music came to be inserted into the ballet.
Other websites
Free scores Mutopia Project
Link to Recording of the Opus 100 Etudes at the Piano Society Website
Description of the Opus 100 Etudes by Noriaki Nomoto
1806 births
1874 deaths
19th-century German composers
List of heads of state of Mali

This is a list of heads of state of Mali since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day.
A total of six people have served as head of state of Mali (not counting one Acting President). Additionally, one person, Amadou Toumani Toure, has served on two non-consecutive occasions.
The interim president is Assimi Goita.
List
References
Mali
heads of state
Types of crushing machines

Crushers are machines used to reduce the size of rocks, stones and ore. They are often utilized in aggregates production, construction material recycling and in mining operations.
There are four traditional types of crushers in materials engineering. They are known as jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, cone crushers and roll crushers. The first two crushers mentioned are the most common when it comes to mineral processing. Roll crushers are a relatively new type of crusher and they are just starting to become more and more popular in mineral processing.
The main idea behind how jaw crushers work is that there is a hinge plate that moves back and forth with a fixed plate is held up against the prior hinge plate. The beginning of the process has the jaws of the crusher open to receive a rock. The hinge plate, like a big jaw-bone, bites down on the rock and crushes it.
Gyratory crushers have a conical outer wall and a large spindle suspended from a bearing. There is a circular propeller at the bottom of the crusher that oscillates, spins around, really fast and compresses the rocks that enter.
For roll crushers, there are two side by side rolls, one fixed and the other can move a little bit from side to side. The gap between the rollers is what determines the output size of the rocks. Forcing rocks through these gaps produces a large amount of shear stress on them and causes them to break apart.
Cone Crushers are compression-type crushers that are typically found in secondary crushing stages but can be used as the primary crusher in certain applications. They handle medium hard to very hard, abrasive materials that can be dry or wet but not sticky. Cone Crushers are typically found in quarried materials and sand and gravel applications.
References
Machines
Portland, Indiana

Portland is a city in Indiana in the United States. The population in 2000 was 6,437. It is 90 miles west of Indianapolis.
References
Other websites
Official city website
Cities in Indiana
County seats in Indiana
Jenna Marbles

Jenna Nicole Mourey (born September 15, 1986), better known by her pseudonym Jenna Marbles, is an American YouTube personality, vlogger, comedian, and actress. As of September 2019, her channel had about 3.3 billion video views and 20 million subscribers.
She is the 86th most subscribed channel on YouTube and the eighth-most-popular channel operated by a woman. Mourey is the first social media star to have a wax figure shown at Madame Tussauds Museum in New York City.
On June 25, 2020, Mourey uploaded a YouTube video, in which she apologized for past offensive comments and blackface. She said that she would be quitting from her YouTube channel.
Mourey was born in Rochester, New York. She studied at Suffolk University and Boston University.
References
1986 births
Living people
American Internet celebrities
American movie actors
American LGBT rights activists
Actors from New York (state)
Comedians from New York (state)
People from Rochester, New York
American bloggers
Munna Michael

Munna Michael is a 2017 Indian movie. Sabbir Khan directed it and Viki Rajani produced it for Eros International. Tiger Shroff is the lead actor alongside Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Niddhi Agerwal, The movie was released on 21 July 2017.
It is the third movie Shroff made with director Sabbir Khan after Heropanti and Baaghi.
References
2010s Indian movies
2010s Hindi-language movies
Michael Jackson
Peret

Pedro Pubill Calaf 24 March 1935 - 27 August 2014), better known as Peret, was a Spanish gypsy singer, guitarist and composer of Catalan rumba. He was born in Mataro, Catalonia.
Peret was known for his 1971 single, Borriquito (Ariola Records). Peret represented Spain at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974 and performed during the closing ceremony at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. In 2001, Peret recorded and released Rey De La Rumba (King of the Rumba).
Peret died in Barcelona, Spain from lung cancer, aged 79.
References
Other websites
1935 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Spanish singers
Spanish composers
Spanish guitarists
Tremonton, Utah

Tremonton is a city in Box Elder County, Utah, United States.
Cities in Utah
Joel Engel

Joel S. Engel is an American scientist. He was the Head of Research at Bell Laboratories (Belltel) in 1973. He was born on February 4, 1936 in New York City, New York. In 1973, Martin Cooper made the first mobile phone call to him whilst walking the streets of New York City.
1936 births
Living people
Scientists from New York (state)
People from New York City
RuPaul's Drag U

RuPaul's Drag U (as in "Drag University") is an American reality television series. It debuted July 19, 2010, on Logo TV. Its final episode aired in August 2012. It was hosted by RuPaul and a team of drag queen "professors". Drag U was a spin-off of RuPaul's Drag Race. RuPaul confirmed on May 8, 2013 via Twitter that the series had been cancelled.
Cast
Contestants from RuPaul's Drag Race appear on RuPaul's Drag U as professors.
References
Other websites
Official website - Season 1 (U.S.)
Official website - Season 2 (U.S.)
Official website (Canada)
2010 American television series debuts
2010s American reality television series
2012 American television series endings
English-language television programs
American television spin-offs
Bürglen, Uri

Burglen UR is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 3,000 people live in Burglen. It has an area of .
References
Other websites
Official Website of Burglen
Municipalities of Uri
Human rights in Tajikistan

Human rights in Tajikistan, a country in Central Asia, have become an issue of international concern. The access to basic human rights remains limited, with corruption in the government and the systematic abuse of the human rights of its citizens slowing down the progress of democratic and social reform in the country.
LGBT rights
LGBT people tend to face frequent discrimination, harassment and violence from the authorities and the Muslim-majority public.
Transgender people "face a lot of stigma and discrimination" in Tajikistan.
References
Tajikistan
Tajikistan
Shunroku Hata

, was a Japanese general.
Hata was minister of war in 1939. He was commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in China in 1941.
He was the last surviving Japanese military officer with a rank of Field Marshal. He was jailed at the end of World War Two and released in 1955.
Honors
Order of the Rising Sun
Order of the Golden Kite
References
1879 births
1962 deaths
Japanese criminals
Japanese military people
Military personnel of World War II
People from Fukushima Prefecture
Nothalten

Nothalten is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
References
Communes in Bas-Rhin
On Golden Pond (play)

On Golden Pond is a 1979 play by Ernest Thompson. The play is about an old couple Ethel and Norman Thayer, who spend each summer at their home on a lake called Golden Pond. During the year the story takes place, they are visited by daughter Chelsea with her fiance Billy Ray and his son Billy Ray Jr.
In 2001, CBS aired a live television version starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer.
References
American plays