pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous generation

The theory known as spontaneous generation held that complex, living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances. Mice might spontaneously appear in stored grain or maggots could spontaneously appear in meat.
According to Aristotle it was a readily observable truth that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay, crocodiles from logs rotting at the bottom of bodies of water, and so forth. In the 17th century these things started to be questioned.
Sir Thomas Browne wrote a book called Pseudodoxia Epidemica. He subtitled it Enquiries into Very many Received Tenets, and Commonly Presumed Truths. He published it in 1646. He wrote it as an attack on false beliefs and "vulgar errors".
Scientists failed to accept the conclusions he reached. For example, Alexander Ross, a scientist who lived at the same time as Browne, wrote about it: "To question this (he meant: to question spontaneous generation) is to question reason, sense and experience. If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt, and there he will find the fields swarming with mice, begot of the mud of Nylus, to the great calamity of the inhabitants."
In 1546 the physician Girolamo Fracastoro theorized that epidemic diseases were caused by tiny, invisible particles or "spores", which might not be living creatures, but this was not widely accepted. Next, Robert Hooke published the first drawings of a microorganism in 1665. He is also credited for naming the cell which he discovered while observing cork samples.
In 1676, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms that were probably protozoa and bacteria. This sparked new interest in the microscopic world.
The first step was taken by the Italian Francesco Redi. In 1668, Redi proved that no maggots appeared in meat when flies were prevented from laying eggs. From the 17th century onwards it was gradually shown that, at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms, the previous sentiment regarding spontaneous generation was false. The alternative seemed to be omne vivum ex ovo: that every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing (literally, everything from an egg).
In 1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani proved that microbes came from the air, and could be killed by boiling. Yet it was not until 1861 that Louis Pasteur performed a series of careful experiments. With these experiments, Pasteur proved that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not appear in nutrient-rich media of their own accord in non-living material. This experiment supported cell theory.
References
Related page
Origin of life
Philosophy
Biology
Playground

A playground is an area used by children to play in. They usually have equipment such as slides, swings and seesaws for children to play on. They are usually outside, but sometimes they are in a building. Having a playground can enhance your macadam surface and improve your kid's time in the playground.
The equipment may be made of metal, wood or plastic. The ground beneath the equipment will not be hard in case a child falls. It may be a rubber floor, or there may be woodchips or sand.
Playgrounds give children a place for physical exercise. This helps them get and keep physical fitness and be strong and healthy. Daily exercise reduces the risks of obesity.
References
Toys
Playground equipment
Chelsea Clinton

Chelsea Victoria Clinton (born February 27, 1980) is the only child of Bill Clinton, former President of the United States, and his wife, former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.
Early life and education
Clinton was born at Baptist Health Medical Center in Little Rock, Arkansas. She moved in to The White House when she was twelve years old when her father, Bill Clinton, became president. She has helped her mother, Hillary Clinton, many times by campaigning for people to elect her mother as the first woman President of the United States.
She has an undergraduate degree from Stanford University, and master's degrees from University of Oxford and Columbia University. She also has a Doctor of Philosophy in international relations from the University of Oxford in 2014..
Clinton is vegetarian.
Personal life
On November 30, 2009, it was announced that Clinton was engaged to Marc Mezvinsky, an investment banker. They married on July 31, 2010. On November 14, 2011, Clinton announced joining as a "special correspondent" for NBC News.
In September 2014, Clinton gave birth to a daughter Charlotte. She was gave birth to an eldest son Aiden in June 2016.
Her youngest son, Jasper, was born in New York in July 2019.
References
Bill Clinton
Children of Presidents of the United States
Writers from Little Rock, Arkansas
1980 births
Living people
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Cumilla

Comilla is a metropolitan city in south-eastern Bangladesh. It is one of the largest cities in Bangladesh. It is a city beside Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. It is the center of the Comilla District and part of the Chittagong Division. It is one of the oldest cities in Bangladesh.
The Eastern Wing of Bangladesh Highway Police is in Comilla. The Gomti River and Little Feni River pass through the city. The Tropic of Cancer crosses Comilla city on the south side.
The Comilla Victorians are a professional cricket team. They play in the Bangladesh Premier League.
References
Cities in Bangladesh
Jumpsuits

A jumpsuit is a one-piece garment with sleeves and legs. It has no coverings for feet, hands or head. The original jump suit is the functional one-piece garment used by parachuters.
Jumpsuits are garments of convenience, as they're quicker to put on and remove than outfits with two or more pieces.
Variants of jumpsuits include flight suits, made of thicker fabric to retain heat, rompers, short-sleeved suits with often shorts instead of trousers, short-sleeved orange or striped suits used in North America as prison uniforms
Protective clothing
2019 Chicago mayoral election

An election for Mayor of Chicago in which the first round was held on February 26, 2019. Since no candidate received a majority of votes, a runoff election will be held on April 2, 2019. Incumbent Rahm Emanuel was able to run for a third term, as there are no term limits for the office of Mayor of Chicago, but on September 4, 2018 declined to seek a third term.
Emanuel was first elected in 2011, when he took 55.19% of the vote in a four candidate field. He was reelected in 2015, receiving 55.7% of the vote in the runoff election.
The total of fourteen candidates on the mayoral ballot is record-setting for Chicago mayoral elections.
In the first round election, Lori Lightfoot and Toni Preckwinkle advanced to the runoff election. Lightfoot was elected in a victory landslide, becoming the first African-American woman mayor of Chicago, Lori Lightfoot will also be the first openly LGBT Mayor of Chicago. Lightfoot won all fifty of the city's wards.
Candidates
Second round
Eliminated in first round
Rejected
Dorothy A. Brown, Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County since 2000
Withdrawn
Rahm Emanuel, incumbent Mayor. Withdrew on September 4, 2018
Ja'Mal Green, Executive director of the Majostee Allstars Community Center. Withdrew on December 31, 2018
John Kass, columnist for the Chicago Tribune. Withdrew on September 24, 2018
Troy LaRaviere, President of the Chicago Principals and Administrators Association. Withdrew on November 13, 2018
Polling
Early polling
Mendoza vs. Preckwinkle
References
2019 in Illinois
Mayoral election 2019
April 2019 events
2019 elections in North America
February 2019 events
Mayoral elections in Chicago
2010s elections in the United States
Love Me Do

"Love Me Do" is a 1962 song by The Beatles and backed by B-side P.S. I Love You. It was released in the United Kingdom in 1962 where it peaked at #17. It was released in the United States and peaked at #1 in the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
References
1962 songs
1964 songs
The Beatles songs
Ringo Starr songs
Paul McCartney songs
David Bowie songs
Ousmane Tanor Dieng

Ousmane Tanor Dieng (January 2, 1947 - July 15, 2019) was a Senegalese politician. He was the First Secretary of the Socialist Party of Senegal. He was vice-president of the Socialist International from 1996 until his death. Dieng was born in Ngueniene, Senegal. He was a candidate for President in the February 2007 election.
Dieng died on July 15, 2019 from a short-illness in France at the age of 72.
References
1947 births
2019 deaths
Disease-related deaths in France
Senegalese politicians
Socialist politicians
Socialist International
Keke Palmer

Lauren Keyana "Keke" Palmer (born August 26, 1993) is an American actress, singer, and television personality.
Filmography
Discography
So Uncool (2011)
Waiting to Exhale (2016)
1993 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
Singers from Illinois
Television personalities from Illinois
The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin is a British series sitcom of novels written by David Nobbs. Its also adapted casting Leonard Rossiter, Pauline Yates, John Barron, Sue Nicholls, Geoffrey Palmer, Bruce Bould, John Horsley, Trevor Adams, Sally-Jane Spencer, Tim Preece, Leslie Schofield and Derry Power from the title role. It was produced airing on the BBC and BBC One from 8 September 1976, until the series till 24 January 1979. He adapted the first series from the novel.
British novels
1976 television series debuts
1979 television series endings
1979 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Synovial fluid

Synovial fluid is viscous non-Newtonian fluid within the cavities of synovial joints. Synovial means yolk like. The principal role for synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of the joints during movement.
Joints
Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising

The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising was an uprising by mostly Bulgarian and some of the Aromanian population in certain regions in the Ottoman Empire. The uprising was against Ottoman rule.
The uprising lasted from 2 August 1903 up to November 1903.
The name of the uprising comes from the Christian Orthodox holy day of Ilinden as well as another holy day known as Preobrazhenie on which the revolts began.
Ultimately the uprising was crushed by the better equipped and much larger Ottoman army. The casualties were on both sides were small however a large number of people were made homeless, the majority of which number around 30,000 fled to Bulgaria.
References
1903
1900s in Europe
History of Bulgaria
1900s in the Ottoman Empire
20th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
President of Croatia

The President of Croatia (), officially styled the President of the Republic (), is the head of state, commander in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad.
The President is the holder of the highest office within the Croatia's government however, the president is not the head of the executive branch ("non executive president") as Croatia has a parliamentary system in which the holder of the post of Prime Minister is the most powerful person within the country's constitutional framework and within everyday's politics.
List of presidents
References
Other websites
Office of the President of Croatia
President of the Republic of Croatia 2000-2010
Thai solar calendar

The Thai solar calendar is a solar calendar that is used by Thailand. King Chulalongkorn adopted the calendar in AD 1888 to be the Siamese version of the Gregorian calendar. The years are now counted in the Buddhist Era rather than the Christian Era.
On 6 September 1940, Prime Minister Phibunsongkhram stated that 1 January 1941 would be the start of the year 2484 BE, so that year 2483 BE had only nine months. To convert dates from 1 January to 31 March before that year, the number to add or subtract is 542; otherwise, it would be 543.
References
Calendars
Thai culture
List of Romanian scientists

Pages appear in :Category:Romanian scientists
This is a list of notable Romanian scientists.
Ion Heliade Radulescu (d. 1802) - the first president of the Romanian Academy
Ion Creanga (d. 1889), education theorist, wrote books including Childhood Memories
George Emil Palade (d. 2008), he and two others got one Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine; He was a cell biologist
Solomon Marcus (d. 2016), known as one of the initiators of mathematical linguistics and of mathematical poetics; mathematician and semiotician
Codrin Tapu (b. 1973), known as a writer about hypostatic approach to personality, and hypostatic abstraction" (en); he is a psychologist
Related pages
List of Romanian natural scientists
List of Romanian social scientists
References
Romanian
scientists
Kristoff St. John

Kristoff St. John (July 15, 1966 - February 3, 2019) was an American actor. From 1991 to 2019, he played the role of Neil Winters on The Young and the Restless. He was nominated for eleven Daytime Emmy Award nominations, two Emmy Awards, and ten NAACP Image Awards for the role. He was born in New York City.
St. John was found dead in his Los Angeles, California home on February 3, 2019, aged 52. On March 19, 2019, it was announced that his death had been ruled accidental, with the cause listed as heart failure.
References
Other websites
1966 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Arjun Tendulkar

Arjun Tendulkar is an Indian cricketer. He is the son of legendary cricketer Sachin Tendulkar and has gained attention for his own cricketing skills. Arjun has shown promise as an all-rounder, contributing with both bat and ball. He plays for Mumbai Indians in Indian Premier League.
References
Meitei Wikipedia

The Meitei Wikipedia (also Manipuri Wikipedia, Meetei Wikipedia, ) is the Meitei language edition of Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia. It is the first and the only Indian wikipedia from the Sino-Tibetan language family. Its Incubator form was started in the year 2018 and became a complete Wikipedia in the year 2021. Till now, it has articles.
Milestones
Meitei Wikipedia was launched on 22nd of February, 2021, with more than 2000 articles from its former Wikimedia Incubator status.
Article number 5000 was (an article on number 2996), created on 13th of September, 2021.
Article number 10,000 was (Ebudhou Thangjing Temple), created on 30th of November, 2021.
Former proposed logos
The following logos were proposed in the past.
References
Other websites
Tell Us About Manipuri Wikipedia
Meitei Wikipedia mobile version
Wikimedia Meitei Wiki
Wikimedia Statistics - Meitei Wikipedia
Meitei Wikipedia
Wikidata Meitei Wikipedia
Wikipedias
Jodie Turner-Smith

Jodie Turner-Smith (born September 7, 1986) is a British actress and model. She is known for her work in The Last Ship (2017), Nightflyers (2018), Queen & Slim (2019), and Without Remorse (2021).
Early life
Turner-Smith was born in Peterborough, England, to Jamaican parents. She lived in Peterborough until she was 10 years old. She moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland in the United States after her parents divorced. She studied at the University of Pittsburgh and has lived in Los Angeles since 2009.
Career
Turner-Smith began acting in 2013, when she appeared in an episode of True Blood. She was in some music videos between 2013 and 2017. In 2016, she appeared in the music video for Zayn Malik's "Pillowtalk."
Personal life
Turner-Smith began a relationship with actor Joshua Jackson in October 2018. They were married in December 2019. They have a daughter.
References
Other websites
1986 births
Living people
British movie actors
British television actors
British voice actors
British models
Actors from Maryland
Models from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Nasum Ahmed

Nasum Ahmed is a cricketer from Bangladesh. He plays for the Bangladesh national cricket team. He was born on December 5, 1994.
References
Other websites
1994 births
Living people
Bangladeshi cricketers
Stephanie McCrummen

Stephanie McCrummen is an American journalist. She won a George Polk Award and Pulitzer Prize in Investigative Reporting.
She graduated from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Columbia University.
She worked for The Washington Post.
References
Living people
American journalists
Pulitzer Prize winners
George Polk Award winners
Panchagarh District

Panchagarh is a district located in the Rangpur Division of northern Bangladesh. Established as a district on February 1, 1984, it is the northernmost district in the country. The district spans an area of 1,404.62 km2 and is bounded on three sides by the Indian border, with Darjeeling district to the north, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar districts to the northeast, Uttar Dinajpur to the west, Dinajpur and Thakurgaon districts to the south, and Nilphamari district to the east.
History
Panchagarh has two main beliefs about how it received its name. The first is that it was named after an area called Pancha Nagari in the kingdom of Pundu Nagar, and the second is that it was named after the five forts (garh) in the region, including Bhitargarh, Hosaingarh, Mirgarh, Rajangarh, and Devengarh.
Administrative Area
The district was part of the Jalpaiguri district during the British Raj in undivided Bengal. In 1911, Jalpaiguri was fully established as a thana, and the headquarters of the Jalpaiguri thana was situated in Jagdal upazila of the current Panchagarh district. The thana was later relocated to the bank of Karatoya River in its current position for environmental and transportation benefits.
Location
Geographically, Panchagarh is located in the lower basin of the Himalayas and has highlands compared to the rest of Bangladesh. The soil composition is distinct, with rich sand and stones. The district consists of five upazilas, 43 unions, 420 mauzas, 825 villages, two paurashavas, 18 wards, and 64 mahallas. It has 16 rivers, including the Karatoya, Atrai, Teesta, Nagor, Mahananda, Tangon, Dahuk, Pathraj, Bhulli, Talma, Chawai, Kurum, Tirnoi, and Chilka. The length of the border between Bangladesh and India in Panchagarh is 286.87 km (178.25 mi), designed by Sir Cyril John Radcliffe in 1947.
References
Districts of Bangladesh
Myronivska Power Station

Myronivska power station is a thermal power plant in the Donetsk region. It uses coal to extract energy. It is owned by PJSC "Donetskoblenergo".
Myronivska power station was put into operation on October 15, 1953, with the capacity of 100 MW.
In 2004, after reconstruction, the boiler No. 9 and the turbogenerator No. 5 (electric capacity of 115 MW) were put into operation.
Power plants
Donetsk Oblast
Buildings and structures in Ukraine
List of counties in Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 39 independent cities, which are considered county-equivalents for census purposes.
List
|}
References
Virginia
county
Skittle Green

Skittle Green is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in the county of Buckinghamshire, England.
Skittle Green is northwest to the village of Bledlow, very near the Oxfordshire boundary.
Other websites
Hamlets in England
Settlements in Buckinghamshire
William Troy

William Troy (1848-March 8, 1907) entered Service in the US Navy from Massachusetts as a United States Navy sailor. For bravery in action during the 1871 Korean Expedition he received the Medal of Honor on June 11, 1871. He was part of the party that rescued the mortally wounded Hugh McKee at Citadel Korea and was himself wounded and specifically commended by the Lieutenant.
Troy is buried in the Stockton State Hospital Cemetery in Stockton, California. A monument in his honor stands at the San Joaquin National Cemetery in Gustine, California. According to the San Joaquin National Cemetery's Website he is buried there, not at the state hospital in Stockton, in Section M-1, Grave 53.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Ordinary Seaman, U.S. Navy. Born: 1848, Boston, Mass. Accredited to: Massachusetts. G.O. No.: 169, February 8, 1872.
Citation:
On board the U.S.S. Colorado during the capture of the Korean forts, 11 June 1871. Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee, by whom he was especially commended, Troy was badly wounded by the enemy.
Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients
References
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Massachusetts
1907 deaths
1848 births
Periscope

A periscope is an optical instrument that is used to watch a scene from cover. The classical design uses a number of mirrors or prisms, and is used in tanks and submarines.
Optical devices
Tools
Blackford County, Indiana

Blackford County is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Hartford City.
Cities
Dunkirk
Hartford City
Montpelier
Towns
Shamrock Lakes
References
Indiana counties
1838 establishments in Indiana
Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov

Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov (also Mikhael Gromov, Michael Gromov or Mischa Gromov; ; born 23 December 1943), is a French-Russian mathematician. He is known for work in geometry, analysis and group theory. He is a member of IHES in France and a Professor of Mathematics at New York University.
Gromov has won several prizes, including the Abel Prize in 2009 "for his revolutionary contributions to geometry".
References
Other websites
Personal page at IHES
Personal page at NYU
1943 births
Living people
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
Abel Prize winners
Russian geometers
American Jews
American geometers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Algebraists
Blaibach

Blaibach is a municipality in the district of Cham in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Cham (district)
FN P90

The FN P90 is a very short personal defense weapon made by FN Herstal. It was made to replace 9x19mm Parabellum submachine guns in NATO because NATO needed a small automatic weapon for non-combat specialists to protect themselves and could shoot through body armor. The P90 shoots the FN 5.7x28mm bullet, the same bullet as the FN Five-seven pistol. It is a small, high-velocity bullet that can shoot through body armor. The P90 has a rare feature where the box magazine is loaded parallel to the gun's barrel rather than perpendicular to it. Each magazine can hold 50 bullets. The P90 fires at a fast 900 rounds per minute (RPM). The P90 is fully ambidextrous, which means both right-handed and left-handed people can use the gun without any problems. It weighs only 2.6 kilograms (5.6 pounds) and is only 50.5 centimeters (19.9 inches) long. It is even small and light enough to fire with one hand. The P90 is very common in militaries and police forces in NATO countries. A semi-automatic only version called the PS-90 can be bought and used for civilian purposes.
References
Firearms
R.C.D. Mallorca

R.C.D. Mallorca is a football club which plays in Spain. It was founded in 1916, which makes it the second-oldest club in the Balearic Islands behind Club Deportivo Binissalem.
Name
1916-1931 CD Alfonso XIII
1931-1939 CD Mallorca
1939-present RCD Mallorca
League position
Former position
References
1916 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Spain
Spanish football clubs
Waterfall

A waterfall is a place where water rushes down a steep ledge. The water flows from higher land, then it falls down a big step of rock to lower land of softer rock where it will continue on its journey. Usually the lower land is in a gorge. Waterfalls are usually made when a river is young, in places where softer rock is underneath harder rock in the waterfalls.
Many people like to visit waterfalls. The roar from a big waterfall is very loud. Some people think it is beautiful music and that a waterfall is one of the most beautiful things in nature.
The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela where the water falls .
Related pages
Cataracts of the Nile
References
Gene family

A gene family is a set of several similar genes. They occur by the duplication of a single original gene. Usually they have similar biochemical functions. The idea that genes get duplicated is almost as old as the science of genetics.
One such family are the genes for human haemoglobin subunits. The ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the a-globin and b-globin loci. These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen from a precursor gene being duplicated, about 500 million years ago.
The biggest gene family is said to be the olfaction genes. The homeobox genes are another important group.
Genes for the immune system include several gene families. They code for the major histocompatibility complex, and the immunoglobulins. The toll-like receptors are the main sensors of infection in mammals.
References
Genetics
Hill County, Texas

Hill County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 35,874 people lived there. The county seat is Hillsboro.
References
Texas counties
Glitch art

Glitch art is a kind of art where digital errors are considered aesthetic.
Early glitches used in media art (for example, Digital TV Dinner released in 1978). This video was adopted by contemporary "glitch artists".
References
Art
Media
The Hindu Times

"The Hindu Times" is the first single off English rock band Oasis' fifth studio album Heathen Chemistry. The song was released on 1 July 2002.
The Hindu Times was the band's sixth number one single on the UK Singles Chart. It stayed on the top for one week before it was overtaken by the Sugababes' cover of "Freak Like Me". The song was one of the first Oasis singles since the singles from the album (What's the Story) Morning Glory? to receive almost completely receive positive reviews from the critics.
In 2008, NME listed the song as one of the greatest indie anthems of the 2000s. In October 2011, NME ranked the song #143 on their list of "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years". In 2010, XFM listed it on their list of "1000 greatest songs of all time" list.
References
Other websites
"The Hindu Times" on YouTube
2002 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Celso Güity

Celso Fredy Guity Nunez (13 July 1957 - 12 February 2021) was a Honduran football forward. He played for the national team eleven times and in the 1982 FIFA World Cup. Guity played six years for Marathon and also had a season at Sula. He was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Guity died on 12 February 2021 in Miami, Florida from cancer at the age of 63.
References
1955 births
2021 deaths
Honduran footballers
Cancer deaths in Florida
Aung Shwe

Brigadier General Aung Shwe (; 19 May 1918 - 13 August 2017) was a Burmese politician and a member of General Ne Win's Burma Rifles rising to Brigadier General. He was one of the founders and former Chairman of National League for Democracy who took in charge of the party when Aung San Suu Kyi and Tin Oo were under house arrest in the early 2000s.
He served as Burmese ambassador to Australia, Egypt, France, Spain and New Zealand from 1961 to 1975.
Shwe died on 13 August 2017 at Victoria Hospital in Yangon, Myanmar at the age of 99.
References
1918 births
2017 deaths
Ambassadors to France
Burmese generals
Henri La Fontaine

Henri Marie La Fontaine (22 April 1854 - 14 May 1943), was a Belgian lawyer. He is most well known for receiving the Nobel Prize of Peace in 1913. He devoted himself to international peace. He was responsible about making education better and about foreign affairs.
Life
La Fontaine was born in Brussels in April 11, 1854. In 1895, he became a senator, and in the following years, he submitted a bill on mine inspection. He also became the President of the International Peace bureau at 1907, and finally received the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1913. He died before Belgium was liberated.
References
Other websites
1854 births
1943 deaths
Belgian lawyers
Belgian Nobel Prize winners
Belgian politicians
Freemasons
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People from Brussels
IPad Mini (1st generation)

The first generation iPad Mini (sold as iPad mini) is a tablet computer that is made and sold by Apple Inc. It is the first of the iPad Mini line of mini tablet computers. It has a screen size of 7.9 inches, compared to the 9.7 inch screen on a regular iPad. It was released on November 2, 2012. It received many good reviews, with reviewers talking about the device's size, design, and the number of applications that are available.
It was succeeded by the second generation iPad Mini in 2013. The first generation iPad Mini is no longer being sold. The first generation iPad mini was discontinued in 2015.
References
IPad
Tablets released in 2012
Apple products released in 2012
Emmanuel Eboué

Emmanuel Eboue (born 4 June 1983) is a Cote d'Ivoire football player. He plays for Arsenal and Cote d'Ivoire national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|ASEC Mimosas||rowspan="2"|Premier Division||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|2002||25||3||||||||||||||25||3
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Beveren||rowspan="3"|First Division||23||0||||||||||||||23||0
|-
|2003/04||30||2||||||||||||||30||2
|-
|2004/05||17||2||||||||||||||17||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Arsenal||rowspan="6"|Premier League||1||0||3||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2005/06||18||0||0||0||3||1||11||0||32||1
|-
|2006/07||24||0||2||0||3||0||6||1||35||1
|-
|2007/08||23||0||2||0||1||0||10||0||36||0
|-
|2008/09||28||3||5||1||0||0||11||0||44||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
25||3||||||||||||||25||3
70||4||||||||||||||70||4
94||3||12||1||7||1||38||1||151||6
189||10||12||1||7||1||38||1||246||13
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||12||0
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
|2008||16||0
|-
|2009||10||1
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||47||1
|}
References
1983 births
Living people
Ivorian footballers
FC Santa Coloma

FC Santa Coloma is an Andorran football team from Santa Coloma in the parish of Andorra la Vella. They play in the Primera Divisio. With thirteen titles the club ist the most sucessful in Andorra. Also in the cup (Copa Constitucio) they are the most sucessful with ten titels.
History
Futbol Club Santa Coloma was founded in 1986. Later FC Santa Coloma became one of the founder members of Primera Divisio in 1995.
At the end of 2017 the Spanish La Liga Villarreal CF team announced a collaboration with the Andorran club at basic football level.
FC Santa Coloma in Europe
FC Santa Coloma is the only Andorrian team which one a match in an European competition. It was the first match in the 2007-08 UEFA Cup qualifying round against Maccabi Tel Aviv from Israel. FC Santa Coloma won 1-0 at home. 2014-15 they won in the UEFA Champions League First qualifying round versus FC Banants from Armenia 1-0. In the 2018-19 UEFA Europa League Second qualifying round they won 1-0 at home against Valur from Iceland. They lost the away-match 4-0 to Maccabi and 3-0 to Valur, so they were eliminated.
Against Banants they lost the second leg away in Armenia 3-2 and were promoted by the away goals rule. It was the second time an Andorran club won a two-legged tie in Europe after Sant Julia.
Colours and badge
FC Santa Coloma dressed in all white all the seasons since the creation of the Andorran Premier League, alternating the home kit with red or blue. Traditionally the away kit has been all blue and third kit all red. However the original first kit at the beginning of the foundation of the club was blue and gives the nickname of Blues. In the club crest feature the colours of Andorra and the Holy Dove that gives the name of the Santa Coloma d'Andorra town and therefore the name of the club.
Honours
Primera Divisio:
Winners (13): 1994-95, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2007-08, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16,, 2017-18, 2018-19
Copa Constitucio:
Winners (10): 1991, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2018
Supercopa Andorrana:
Winners (7): 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015, 2017, 2019
Current squad
As of 9 January 2022
Managers
Santos Ilatigo (2006-07)
Xavier Roura (2007)
Vicens Marques (2008-10)
Xavier Roura (2010-11)
Luis Blanco Torrado (2011-13)
Richard Imbernon (2013-18)
Marc Rodriguez (2018-20)
Albert Jorquera (2020-)
References
Other Websites
FC Santa Coloma Official Web
Santa Coloma at UEFA.COM
Santa Coloma at Weltfussball.de
Santa Coloma at National Football Teams.com
Santa Coloma at Football-Lineups.com
Andorran football clubs
1986 establishments in Europe
Valeria Palmieri

Valeria Palmieri (born 18 October 1993) is an Italian water polo player. She competed for the Italian women's national water polo team in the 2013 World Aquatics Championships, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
References
1993 births
Living people
Italian water polo players
Passbook (application)

Passbook is an application in iOS that lets users keep coupons, boarding passes, event tickets, store cards, 'generic' cards, and other forms of mobile payment. It was made by Apple and announced at the 2012 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 11, 2012. The application was released with iOS 6 on September 19, 2012.
Features
The Passbook application shows the following kinds of 2D barcodes: Aztec, PDF417, and QR. Each digital coupon or ticket is called a "pass". When the user starts Passbook for the first time, a short introduction screen will appear with a button inviting users to find applications on the App Store that integrate Passbook. Passes can also be distributed with the internet via Safari or sent to another user using e-mail.
Passes are synced between iOS devices using iCloud. OS X 10.8.2 and newer also support opening passes to be sent to users' iOS devices.
The application is available in iOS 6 or later. It is currently only available on iPhone and iPod Touch, but not on iPad.
Passbook has the following features
Shows 2D barcodes of following types: Aztec, PDF417, and QR.
Started by location.
Started by time of pass.
Localization of the pass. Up to 35 languages can be stored in each Pass.
Pass changes can be pushed via the Apple Push Notification Service by the provider of the pass, or manually updated by the user themselves.
Passbook is only officially provided by Apple for iOS. Several third-party developers have created unsupported applications for other operating systems, such as PassWallet for Android, that support importing and viewing Passbook passes.
References
Apple software
Archie Panjabi

Archana "Archie" Panjabi (born 31 May 1972) is an English actress. She has had many roles in both UK and US television including Kalinda Sharma in The Good Wife.
1972 births
Living people
English actors
Tariq Jamil

Maulana Tariq Jameel is a prominent Deobandi scholar who is also one of the most popular preachers in Pakistan. He belongs to the Tablighi Jamaat group and his lectures focus on the subject of self-purification, avoidance of violence, observance of Allah's orders and pursuing the way of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
After completing pre-medical studies, Maulana Tariq was admitted to the King Edward Medical College in Lahore. It was there--under the influence of members of the Tablighi Jamaat--that his focus changed to Islamic Education. His Islamic training is from Jamia Arabia, where he studied Qur'an, Hadith, Sufism, logic, and Islamic jurisprudence. Maulana Tariq's background in the sciences allows him to explain Islamic matters in a way that appeals to modern urban Muslims. Additionally, his simple lifestyle and eloquence in Urdu, as well as his fluency in Arabic, catapulted his fame across the Muslim world.
References
Other websites
1953 births
Living people
Missionaries
Punjabi people
Pakistani Muslims
Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus

Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus is a species of bacteria. It is Gram-positive and belongs to the family Staphylococcaceae. It requires oxygen (aerobic).
It was isolated from the air on a turkey farm.
References
Gram-positive bacteria
AVN Adult Entertainment Expo

The AVN Adult Entertainment Expo (AEE) is an adult entertainment and pornography convention trade show. It is sponsored by the AVN magazine. The expo is held at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The first expo was in 1998 and is held every January.
References
Other websites
Official website
Sex industry
Pornography
Las Vegas
1998 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Nevada
Naohiro Ishikawa

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Ishikawa was born in Yokosuka on May 12, 1981. He joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos from youth team in 2000. However he could not play many matches in the club. He moved to FC Tokyo in April 2002. He got many opportunities to play soon. In 2000s, the club won the champions 2004 and 2009 J.League Cup. In 2009, he also scored 15 goals and was selected Best Eleven. In 2010s, the club was relegated to J2 League end of the 2010 season. In 2011, the club won the champions J2 League and Emperor's Cup. From 2012, the club played in J1 League. However he could not played many matches for injury from 2014. He retired end of 2017 season.
In June 2001, Ishikawa was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. He wore the number 10 shirt and played full time in all 3 matches. In December 2003, he was selected the Japan national team for 2003 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, on December 7, he debuted against Hong Kong. He also played Japan for in 2004. In August, he was also selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics. In August 2009, he was selected Japan for the first time in 5 years. He played 6 games for Japan until 2012.
Statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="3"|J1 League||2||0||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2001||13||1||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="16"|FC Tokyo||rowspan="9"|J1 League||19||4||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||23||4
|-
|2003||29||5||1||0||7||3||colspan="2"|-||37||8
|-
|2004||17||0||3||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|-
|2005||23||3||0||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|-
|2006||20||5||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||5
|-
|2007||27||4||3||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||37||5
|-
|2008||21||2||3||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||30||3
|-
|2009||24||15||0||0||8||3||colspan="2"|-||32||18
|-
|2010||31||2||3||3||5||0||colspan="2"|-||39||5
|-
|2011||J2 League||23||3||6||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|-
|2012||rowspan="6"|J1 League||28||5||1||0||4||2||6||0||39||7
|-
|2013||22||2||4||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||29||3
|-
|2014||3||0||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2015||10||1||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||13||2
|-
|2016||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2017||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2016||rowspan="2"|FC Tokyo U-23||rowspan="2"|J3 League||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2017||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
316||52||29||6||61||13||6||0||412||71
316||52||29||6||61||13||6||0||412||71
|}
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2011||0||0
|-
|2012||1||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}
References
Other websites
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
FC Tokyo players
FC Tokyo U-23 players
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
John Jacob Astor IV

John Jacob Astor IV (July 13, 1864 - April 15, 1912) was an American businessman, real estate builder, investor, inventor, and writer. He was a lieutenant colonel in the Spanish-American War.
Astor was born on July 13, 1864 in Rhinebeck, New York. He studied at Harvard University. Astor was married to Ava Lowle Willing from 1891 until they divorced in 1909. He was later married to Madeleine Talmage Force from 1911 until his death in 1912. He had two children with Willing and one before his death with Force. Astor died on April 15, 1912 during the sinking of the Titanic. He was 47 years old.
In James Cameron's Titanic, he is played by actor Eric Braeden.
References
Other websites
Funeral of Col. Astor at http://news.hrvh.org
1864 births
1912 deaths
American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
American colonels
Victims of the RMS Titanic
Writers from New York (state)
Military people from New York (state)
Lake Manasarovar

Lake Manasarovar or Lake Manasa Sarovar (, Mapham Yutso; ) is a fresh-water lake. It is in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, from Lhasa. Lake Manasarovar is the source of the Pakistani river Sindhu. Sindhu flows west to the Arabian Sea.
Geography of the People's Republic of China
La Planée

La Planee is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Thermocouple

A thermocouple, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.
How do thermocouples work?
Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire.
Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.
Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction cold.
It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.
Use of thermocouple
Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame. If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close. Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
Thermocouples are also used in other ways. For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.
Some kinds of thermocouple
There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.Type E (chromel-constantan), type J (iron-constantan), type N (nicrosil-nisil), type T (copper-constantan) and type K (chromel-alumel) are base metals.Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum-rhodium.
Thermometers
Alamo, Texas

Alamo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas
Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)

The Temple of Jupiter, Capitolium, or Temple of the Capitoline Triad was a temple in the Roman city of Pompeii in Italy. At the beginning this temple was dedicated to Jupiter alone, it was built in the mid 2nd century BC at the same time as the temple of Apollo was being worked on - this was the era at which Roman influence over Pompeii was at its height and so Roman Jupiter beat out the Greek Apollo and Jupiter(, Juno, and Minerva) in towns newly taken over by the Romans. This was also true for Pompeii, where the Temple of Jupiter that was already there was enlarged and made more Roman when the Romans took over.
Pompeii was taken over by the Romans beginning in 310 BC. It was still allowed to mostly run itself, however, until the Italic Revolt against Rome at the beginning of the 1st century BC.
The building style of the town was largely borrowed from the Greeks, but Roman rule would soon lead to changes in this style. As opposed to the previous Samnite rulers of Pompeii, the Romans thought that the building style was very important in religious as well as everyday life. Pompeii was changed into a much more public and open place. Public buildings and spaces would eventually be able to be found all over the city.
The temple had been built in 150 BC to be a very noticeable part of the forum, and it became Pompeii's main temple after Rome took over. The inside of the temple housed the main room of the temple, which held the statues of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, and which only the priests were allowed to enter.
In 62 an earthquake shook the city of Pompeii, destroying much of the Temple of Jupiter. After this, the much smaller Temple of Jupiter Meilichios became the main place of worship to Jupiter and his group of three (triad). The first Temple of Jupiter was still waiting to be fixed when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79, burying the town of Pompeii under lava and ash. The hollow temple can still be seen in Pompeii today. also in pompeii the had intercourse (sex) on the porch that indicated wealth.
References
"Jupiter." Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Matthew Bunson. Facts on File, Inc., 1994. Page 221.
"Pompeii." The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition Revised. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Anton Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 2003. Pages 1214-1215.
Description and Analysis of Roman Cities - Pompeii
Temples of Pompeii, including photographs of excavated temples
Temples and Buildings of Pompeii, including rough map of Pompeii
Photograph and Mapped Location of Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii
More photographed views of Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii
Oneida County, Wisconsin

Oneida County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 37,845 people lived there. The county seat is Rhinelander.
References
Wisconsin counties
Union County, Florida

Union County is a county in northern Florida. Union County is also the smallest county in Florida. The county was founded in 1921 after being cut off from Bradford County. In 2020, about 16,000 people lived in Union County. Lake Butler is the county seat of Union County, it is also the largest city in Union County. Since Union County is the smallest county, it covers only 250 square miles.
Other cities
There are only two other cities in Union County other than Lake Butler. The two other cities are:
Raiford
Worthington Springs
References
Other websites
Union County website
Florida counties
1921 establishments in Florida
Eugie Foster

Eugie K. Foster (December 30, 1971 - September 27, 2014) was an American short story writer, columnist, and editor. She won the Nebula Award in 2009. Her works have been added into a number of magazines and book anthologies. These include Fantasy Magazine, Realms of Fantasy, Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show, and Interzone. Some of her short stories, Returning My Sister's Face and Other Far Eastern Tales of Whimsy and Malice, was published in 2009.
Foster was born in Urbana, Illinois. She was married to Matthew M. Foster.
Foster died from respiratory failure caused by lymphoma on September 27, 2014 in Atlanta, Georgia. She was 42.
References
Other websites
1971 births
2014 deaths
American children's writers
American columnists
American science fiction writers
Cancer deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Atlanta
Writers from Urbana, Illinois