pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bob St. Clair

Robert Bruce "Bob" St. Clair (February 18, 1931 - April 20, 2015), nicknamed "The Geek", was an American football player and politician. He played for the NFL team San Francisco 49ers from 1953 to 1963. He also served as mayor of Daly City, California from 1958 to 1961.
St. Clair was born in San Francisco, California. He was of Yaqui Native American ancestry.
St. Clair died after a short illness on April 20, 2015 in Santa Rosa, California. He was 74.
References
1931 births
2015 deaths
American football offensive tackles
American mayors
Football players from California
Politicians from San Francisco
San Francisco 49ers players
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Allowance

An allowance is usually an amount of money that a parent gives to his/her child.
Possible reasons why allowance is given:
The parent might have extra money so he/she shares or gives it to the child(ren).
The parent might want to teach the child how to manage money.
The parent might want the child to help him/her to do chores with or without allowance.
Income
Christina Aguilera discography

This is the discography for Christina Aguilera. She has released six studio albums, twenty solo singles, four video albums, and twenty-seven music videos.
Aguilera, Christina
discography
Rock Island County, Illinois

Rock Island County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. In the 2020 census, 144,672 people lived there. The county seat is Rock Island.
References
Illinois counties
Europop

Europop is a form of pop music that originated in Europe during the late 1970s. Europop is usually different than U.S. pop music due to its dance-oriented sound. It is similar to European electropop and Eurodance.
Pop music
European culture
Oxford, Iowa

Oxford is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cities in Iowa
Oxford has a time zone of UTC-6:00
George E. Smith

George Elwood Smith (born May 10, 1930) is an American scientist and applied physicist. He is known for being the co-inventor of the charge-coupled device (CCD).
He was awarded a one-quarter share in the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit--the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography".
References
Other websites
Invention Hall of Fame Biography
Amateur Radio licensee
Interview in Czech TV December 2013
1939 births
Living people
American physicists
Scientists from New York (state)
Lucas (movie)

Lucas is a 1986 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Seltzer, It was released on March 28, 1986. The movie was a geared toward a teen audience. This movie ranked number 16 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies .
Plot summary
The main character of the movie, Lucas is a shy and quiet, fourteen-year-old nerd, who is in love with a girl. This leads to heartbreak when his older friend and the girl fall in love.
Other websites
1986 comedy-drama movies
1986 romantic comedy movies
1986 romantic drama movies
1980s sports movies
1980s teen comedy movies
1980s teen drama movies
1980s teen romance movies
20th Century Fox movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
American sports drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies set in Illinois
American sports comedy movies
Rudi van Dantzig

Rudi van Dantzig (4 August 1933 - 19 January 2012) was a Dutch choreographer, ballet dancer and writer. From 1965 until his death he was the artistic co-leader of the Dutch National Ballet in Amsterdam.
Life
Van Dantzig was born in Amsterdam. After Sonia Gaskell (left in 1969) and his other colleague left the Dutch National Ballet in 1971, he was the only artistic leader until 1991.
For a Lost Soldier
In 1986 he wrote an autobiographical novel, Voor een verloren soldaat, about his homosexuality and sexual relationship while a young boy with a Canadian soldier. The book became a great success and received several awards; an English translation, For a Lost Soldier, was published in 1991.
In 1992 a Dutch movie with the same title (English version: For a Lost Soldier) was based on it. Van Dantzig also published a biography of the Dutch artist and resistance fighter Willem Arondeus in 2003.
Death
Van Dantzig died in 2012, aged 78 from lymphoma and male breast cancer.
References
More reading
Utrecht, Luuk: Rudi van Dantzig: a controversial idealist in ballet. Zutphen, 1992.
Other websites
Source (in Dutch)
DBNL
1933 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from male breast cancer
Deaths from lymphoma
Dutch LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT choreographers
LGBT dancers
LGBT writers
Writers from Amsterdam
Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)

The flag of South Africa from 1928 to 1994 was the flag of the Union of South Africa from 1928 to 1961 and the flag of the Republic of South Africa to 1994. It was also the flag of South West Africa (now Namibia) to 1990, when that territory was under South African administration.
The design features three horizontal bands of orange, white and blue with three small flags (the flag of the United Kingdom to the left, the vertical version of the flag of the Orange Free State in the centre and the flag of the South African Republic to the right) centered on the white band. Because of its colours it was known as the Oranje, Blanje, Blou (Afrikaans for Orange, White, Blue) by citizens.
The flag is viewed as a symbol of apartheid and white supremacy, since 2019 it is illegal to display this flag in public in South Africa and is classified as a hate speech. This ruling is seen as a political move on the part of the ANC government, who has been ruling the country since 1994. The banning of the Oranje, Blanje, Blou is challenged by many in the South African Supreme Court of Appeal.
Gallery
References
1928 establishments
1994 disestablishments
Apartheid
Controversies
South Africa
National symbols of South Africa
Unexpected Uncle

Unexpected Uncle is a 1941 American comedy-drama movie directed by Peter Godfrey and starring Anne Shirley, James Craig, Charles Coburn, Ernest Truex, Renee Godfrey, Russell Gleason. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.
Other websites
1941 comedy movies
1941 drama movies
1940s comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Peter Godfrey
Movies set in Florida
Glenwood, Illinois

Glenwood is a village in northeastern Illinois, near Chicago. At the 2010 Census, about 8,969 people were living there.
References
Villages in Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago
1903 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
Citizen Ruth

Citizen Ruth is a 1996 comedy movie about pregnancy and abortion controversy. It was directed by Alexander Payne, and starring Laura Dern and Swoosie Kurtz.
1990s comedy movies
1996 movies
English-language movies
Quantum of Solace

Quantum of Solace is a James Bond movie, featuring lead actor, Daniel Craig. Bond fights with business man Dominic Greene. A "quantum of solace" is a complicated way of saying "A small moment of peace".
Other websites
2008 action movies
2008 adventure movies
2008 crime thriller movies
2000s spy movies
James Bond movies
Movies set in the 2000s
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in Austria
Movies set in Bolivia
Movies set in Haiti
Movies set in London
Movies set in Russia
Movies set in South America
2000s English-language movies
Movies directed by Marc Forster
Movies about water scarcity
Dorothy Fay

Dorothy Fay (April 4, 1915 - November 5, 2003) was an American actress. She was known for her appearances in Western movies. She was born in Prescott, Arizona.
She played a heroine in The Green Archer (1940) and White Eagle (1941), both at Columbia Pictures.
Fay also made a few small appearances in other genres, such as the crime drama Missing Daughters (1939). She had a small role in The Philadelphia Story, which starred Cary Grant, James Stewart, and Katharine Hepburn.
She was married to Tex Ritter. She was the mother of John Ritter and paternal grandmother of Jason Ritter and Tyler Ritter.
Fay died on November 5, 2003 in Los Angeles at the age of 88.
References
1915 births
2003 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American silent movie actors
Actors from Arizona
People from Prescott, Arizona
Saturn Nebula

The Staturn Nebula is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Aquarius. It is about 2,400 light-years away from Earth.
Nebulae
Seal of Utah

The Great Seal of the State of Utah was adopted on April 3, 1896 at the first regular session of the Legislature (January, February, March, April 1896). The first seal was made by Harry Edwards and cost $65.00.
The meanings of the symbols
Related pages
Flag of Utah
Utah
Utah
1896 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
CD Castellón

C.D. Castellon is a football club which plays in Spain.
League position
Former position
1922 establishments in Spain
Spanish football clubs
Ragunda Municipality

Ragunda Municipality () is a municipality in Jamtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Hammarstrand.
References
Other websites
Ragunda Municipality
Municipalities of Jamtland County
Diplodocus

Diplodocus is a huge dinosaur from the same time as the Allosaurus. It lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 145 to 155 million years ago. It was a vegetarian, eating mostly leaves with its peg-like teeth.
Size
Diplodocus was a long-necked, whip-tailed giant and could grow up to 27 m long. It had an 8 m long neck and 14 m long tail. Its weight was approximately 22,680 kg. It had a short 6 ft long head. Its size helped protect it from other dinosaurs. It used its long neck to poke into forests because its body was too big. It is also believed to have knocked the trees down. The longest species is the hallorum, which was thought to be the longest of all dinosaurs (now Amphicoelias).
Fossils
Diplodocus skeletons are among the longest dinosaur skeletons ever found. Fossils were discovered in Western North America, particularly in the Rocky Mountains of the western USA. A complete tail has never been found.
Seismosaurus
Seismosaurus was thought to be its own genus of dinosaur. In 2004 and 2006 it was decided to be a large species of Diplodocus. It is now known as Diplodocus hallorum.
Seismosaurus was the longest animal ever known, but paleontologists found they had misplaced vertebrae, making the body too long. Current length estimates are 33-36 metres long. Weight estimates vary from 40 to 60 tonnes. Weight estimates of other Diplodocus species are much lower: 10 to 17 tonnes.
References
Diplodocids
Jurassic dinosaurs
Sauropods
Scouser

Scouser is a denonym for a resident of the city of Liverpool. Sometimes, people in Birkenhead are called "Wools". Most people also have the Scouse accent.
Merseyside
Richard Cromwell

Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 - 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Richard Cromwell's enemies called him Hickory Dick and Queen Dick.
Richard Cromwell was not suited to ruling the country. He followed his father as ruler only because he was Oliver's oldest living son, and people expected one of Oliver's sons to follow him. After a short time, he gave up power and he knew that many of the people wanted King Charles II to come back from Holland and rule the country. When it was agreed that Charles would return, Richard thought it would be best for him to leave Britain, and he went to live in France for a while. He changed his name to "John Clarke" and travelled around Europe, not returning home for twenty years. When he came back, he lived quietly outside London for the rest of his life.
Stories about Richard
The nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock" is actually about Richard Cromwell. One of Richard's nicknames was Hickory Dick. The mouse in the rhyme runs down when the clock strikes one and Cromwell only reigned for one year.
References
Other websites
BBC Bio of Richard Cromwell
BBC Bio of Oliver Cromwell
Britannia.com "Monarchs" Page on Richard Cromwell
1626 births
1712 deaths
English heads of state
Trouans

Trouans is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Communes in Aube
John Gokongwei

John Lim Gokongwei Jr. (; 11 August 1926 - 9 November 2019) was a Filipino billionaire businessman and philanthropist.
He had holdings in telecommunications, financial services, petrochemicals, power generation, aviation, food, beverage, and livestock farming. Gokongwei also owned Universal Robina Corporation, one of the largest manufacturer of snacks in Southeast Asia. He was the chairman of JG Summit Holdings, one of the largest conglomerates in the Philippines.
References
Other websites
Dad and me
Lessons on Entrepreneurship from John Gokongwei's Life
John Gokongwei Speech to the 20th AD Congress
1926 births
2019 deaths
Filipino businesspeople
People from Manila
Filipino philanthropists
Extreme (band)

Extreme is an American rock band. They are headed by frontmen Gary Cherone and Nuno Bettencourt. They were popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Among some of Extreme's musical influences are Aerosmith, Led Zeppelin, Queen.
Extreme had their greatest success with their 1990 album Pornograffitti. It peaked at number 10 on the Billboard 200. It became gold in May 1991 and 2xplatinum in October 1992. That album had the ballad single "More Than Words," which reached No. 1 on Billboard's Hot 100 in the United States.
Discography
Extreme (1989)
Pornograffitti (1990)
III Sides to Every Story (1992)
Waiting for the Punchline (1995)
Saudades de Rock (2008)
Take Us Alive (2010)
References
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Musical groups established in 1985
1985 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Massachusetts
Alexander Gradsky

Alexander Borisovich Gradsky (; born Alexander Borisovich Fradkin, 3 November 1949 - 28 November 2021) was a Russian rock singer, bard, multi-instrumentalist and composer.
Gradsky was diagnosed with COVID-19 in September 2021 and his health got worse. On 26 November 2021, he had a stroke at his home in Moscow. He died two days later at the age of 72.
References
1949 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia
Russian singer-songwriters
Russian educators
Russian pianists
Russian violinists
Drummers
Guitarists
Romantic music

Romantic music is music written in the 19th century. This was the period called the "Romantic period" by musicians. In literature and some other arts the "Romantic period" is often said to begin and finish earlier: around mid 18th to mid 19th century.
In the Classical period artists liked to see clear forms. 18th century architecture nearly always shows a lot of symmetry. The gardens of the palace at Versailles are a good example of this with their very tidy patterns of straight paths, circular ponds and neatly clipped hedges.
In music the Classical composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert liked to compose music which had a clear plan like sonata form.
In the Romantic period artists thought that feeling and passions were more important than formal plans. This can be seen in the gardens designed by Capability Brown, e.g. in at Blenheim Palace, Oxford. The gardens are made to blend into nature.
In music the Romantic composers may still use plans like sonata form, but feelings and passions are important. They often write what is called programme music which means: music that describes something or tells a story. Beethoven's Sixth Symphony is called the "Pastoral" which means that it is about the countryside. Although Beethoven is usually called a composer of the Classical period he is also an early Romantic. Later composers such as Felix Mendelssohn wrote pieces like Hebrides Overture which describes the sea coming into Fingal's Cave in the Inner Hebrides Islands in Scotland. Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) wrote a lot of music which tells a story. His Symphonie Fantastique is about an artist madly in love. Berlioz's whole way of life was wild and romantic. He fell in love with an actress he saw on stage playing the part of Juliet in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet and he actually married her! Other composers who wrote a lot of programme music include Franz Liszt (1811-1886) and Richard Strauss (1864-1949). Strauss always wrote in a late-Romantic style even although he lived well into the 20th century.
The Romantic period was also the period of Nationalism. "Nationalism" means being proud of one's country. In the 19th century a lot of European countries as we know them were being formed. In music a lot of composers were writing music which was typical of their country. They often did this by using folk music. Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904) and Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) wrote music which sounds very Czech. Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) wrote music with Russian folk songs in them. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) used German folk songs in his symphonies, and Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) collected English folk songs and put them in his music. One of those pieces was a Fantasy on the famous tune Greensleeves.
Periods in music history
Move (company)

Move, Inc., headquartered in Santa Clara, California, is a leading real estate listing company.
Founded in 1993 as InfoTouch Corporation in Delaware, Move is now based in Santa Clara and operates Move.com and Realtor.com.
The company owns ListHub, a platform for listing syndication and reporting. Additionally, Move operates Avail (acquired in 2020), Doorsteps.com (acquired in 2013), Moving.com, Relocation.com, and UpNest (acquired in 2022).
Tracey Fellows served as acting CEO of Move and Realtor.com in 2019, followed by David Doctorow taking on the role of CEO in 2020. In 2022, Bryan Ellis assumed the position of chief revenue officer, while Arthur Chapin became the chief growth officer.
References
Companies based in California
Second Severn Crossing

The Second Severn Crossing () is a bridge over the River Severn between South Gloucestershire in England and Monmouthshire in Wales.
The bridge carrie 6 lanes of M4 motorway and is one of the main routes into South Wales. It was opened on 5 June 1996 to allow more traffic than the original Severn Bridge, which opened in 1966. Both bridges are still in use although the newer crossing is more direct and less likely to be closed in strong winds.
1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
Bridges in England
Bridges in Wales
Concrete bridges
Monmouthshire
Steel bridges
Buildings and structures in Gloucestershire
North Dallas Forty

North Dallas Forty is a 1979 American comedy-drama movie directed by Ted Kotcheff and was based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Peter Gent. It stars Nick Nolte, Mac Davis, Dayle Haddon, Bo Svenson, G. D. Spradlin, Dabney Coleman, Charles Durning and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1979 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Ted Kotcheff
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in Texas
Svatove Raion

Svatove Raion is one of the eight raions (districts) of Luhansk oblast in eastern Ukraine. The administrative center of the district is the city of Svatove.
Svatove Raion is occupied by Russian soldiers (as of 2023).
Related page
Warfare in eastern Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War
References
Raions of Ukraine
Southampton Corporation Tramways 45

Southampton Corporation Tramways No. 45, or Southampton 45, is an open-top tramcar. It was built in 1903 by Hurst Nelson. At first it had a three window saloon, before being rebuilt by Southampton Corporation Tramways with a four window one. The tram looks out of proportion as it had to pass through the very low Bathgate Arch in the centre of Southampton. A normal sized tram would not have been able to have passed underneath the arch.
The tramcar operated from 1903 until the Southampton system closed in 1949. At an enthusiasts' tour of the system, the Museum Committee of the Light Railway Transport League bought the tram for PS10. This price included a refurbished truck and a full repaint. This act began the entire preservation movement of British tramways.
After it had been purchased the tram travelled the country as there was not yet a museum set up that could store the tram. By 1955 the tram was being stored at Marton depot in Blackpool. It was soon given to the Tramway Museum Society (TMS) and moved to the National Motor Museum at Beaulieu, Hampshire. It was placed next to Newcastle 102, another preserved tramcar. Both of the trams were in an open-air display.
The tram moved to Crich Tramway Village in October 1960, and has been there ever since. It is in regular use during the summer months and is the museum's only operational open-top tramcar.
References
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Borg El Arab Stadium

Borg El Arab Stadium is the second largest stadium in Africa, and is in Borg El Arab, near Alexandria, Egypt. It has a capacity of 86,000 people.
It hosts some matches for the Egypt national team, Smouha SC, Al Ahly SC, and Al Ittihad Alexandria Club.
References
Football stadiums in Egypt
Make It with You

"Make It with You" is a 1970 song by American band Bread. It was taken from their second studio album On the Waters. It went to number 1 in the United States, number 2 in Canada, number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 6 in New Zealand, number 7 in Australia and number 10 in Ireland. It was their only number 1 song in the United States.
References
1970 songs
Soft rock songs
Bread (band) songs
Andy Williams songs
The Whispers songs
Teddy Pendergrass songs
Pont-à-Celles

Pont-a-Celles is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, 16379 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 30 North, 04deg 21 East.
References
Municipalities of Hainaut
Givat Ram

Givat Ram () is an area in western central Jerusalem. It contains most of the Knesset, the Supreme Court of Israel, the National Library of Israel, the Israel Museum, the Bloomfield Science Museum, the Bible Lands Museum, and the International Convention Center.
The area also includes the Givat Ram Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and parks such as the Wohl Rose Park and Sacher Park.
Other websites
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies

The adjectival forms of the names of astronomical bodies are not always easily predictable. Attested adjectival forms of the larger bodies are listed below, along with the two small Martian moons; in some cases they are accompanied by their demonymic equivalents, which denote hypothetical inhabitants of these bodies.
Generic bodies
Constellations
Derivative forms of constellations are used primarily for meteor showers. The genitive forms of the constellations are used to name stars. (See List of constellations.) Other adjectival forms are less common.
Sun
Planets
Moons
Galaxies
Notes
References
Other websites
Wordorigins.org : Naming The Planets, Part I
Astronomy lists
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson

The first inauguration of Andrew Jackson as the seventh president of the United States took place on March 4, 1829. The inauguration was the beginning of the first four-year term of Andrew Jackson as President. He is part of the modern Democratic Party.
It as also the second term that John C. Calhoun was Vice President. Calhoun resigned during his second term. Jackson was sworn in by Chief Justice John Marshall.
1829
1820s in the United States
Andrew Jackson
Jackson, Andrew
Angel Echevarria

Angel Santos Echevarria (May 25, 1971 - February 7, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He played as an outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 to 2002. He played for the Colorado Rockies (1996-2000), the Milwaukee Brewers (2000-2001) and the Chicago Cubs (2002). He also played in Japan for Pacific League team Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters from 2003 to 2004. He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
Echevarria died due to a fall on February 7, 2020 in Bridgeport. He was 48.
References
Other websites
1971 births
2020 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
American baseball players
Chicago Cubs players
Colorado Rockies players
Milwaukee Brewers players
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Connecticut
List of heads of state of Nigeria

This is a list of the heads of state of Nigeria, from independence in 1960 to the present day. The President of Nigeria is the current head of state and government.
Monarchy (1960-1963)
Monarch
Governor-General
Republic (1963-present)
First Republic (1963-1966)
Military Government (1966-1979)
Second Republic (1979-1983)
Military Government (1983-1993)
Interim National Government (1993)
Military Government (1993-1999)
Fourth Republic (1999-present)
References
Nigeria-related lists
Penguins of Madagascar

Penguins of Madagascar is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated spy action comedy movie by DreamWorks Animation. It's based on the animated series of the same name, serving as a prequel to the show and as a spin-off of the Madagascar franchise. Tom McGrath reprises his role of Skipper from both the show and the movies while Chris Miller and Christopher Knights reprises their roles of Kovalski and Private from the movies with Conrad Vernon replacing John DiMaggio as Rico. John Malkovich and Benedict Cumberbatch join them voicing new characters.
It was released by 20th Century Fox on November 26, 2014. It was re-released by Universal Studios.
Release Dates
Video game
A video game titled Penguins of Madagascar, it has been to be released for Wii, Wii U, and Nintendo 3DS.
2010s computer-animated movies
2014 animated movies
2014 action movies
2014 comedy movies
2010s action comedy movies
2010s spy movies
2010s 3D movies
American animated movies
American spy movies
American action comedy movies
Movies about penguins
Movies directed by Eric Darnell
DreamWorks Animation movies
Josiah Bartlett

Josiah Bartlett (November 21, 1729- May 19, 1795), was an American physician and statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress for New Hampshire. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was later Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature and governor of the state.
1729 births
1795 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Massachusetts
Governors of New Hampshire
American physicians
Democratic-Republican Party politicians
Scientists from Massachusetts
Chief justices
Nolan County, Texas

Nolan County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 14,738 people lived there. The county seat is Sweetwater.
References
Texas counties
Twelve Penny Black

Twelve Penny Black is a rare Canada stamp. It was issued in 1851. The 12-pence stamp showed the portrait of Queen Victoria.
History
In 1851, the Province of Canada issued the stamps of Queen Victoria. For the stamp image, the Queen's portrait by Alfred Edward Chalon (1780-1860) was used. This design is called the Chalon head. The stamps were printed in New York.
In fine and unused condition, these stamps are very priced. In February 2006, a Twelve Penny Black was sold PS116,000.
Related pages
Penny Black
Penny Lilac
Penny Red
Queen Victoria
Two Penny Blue
Notes
References
Other websites
Canadian stamps (1851-1875) on the site of Library and Archives Canada.
Postage stamps
1851 establishments
1850s establishments in Canada
Loose (album)

Loose is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado. It was released on 9 June 2006. It is her most successful album, selling more than 8 million copies worldwide. The hip-hop producer Timbaland helped Furtado recording this CD. It featured many hits including the U.S. number-one singles "Promiscuous" and "Say It Right" and the European hit "All Good Things (Come to an End)".
Track listing
All lyrics written by Nelly Furtado, except "Promiscuous" (lyrics written by Tim "Attitude" Clayton, Furtado and Tim Mosley) and "Maneater" (lyrics written by Furtado with additional lyrics by Jim Beanz).
Notes
signifies a vocal producer
2006 albums
Nelly Furtado
Pop albums
Tess Olofsson

Tess Olofsson (born 24 January 1988) is a Swedish international football referee. She has been an international football since 2016.
Career
Since 2018, Olofsson has been a referee in the Swedish Svenska Cupen.
Olofsson was appointed to be a referee at the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 in England.
References
Swedish sportspeople
Sportswomen
Living people
1988 births
Football referees
Richard Griffiths

Richard Thomas Griffiths, OBE (31 July 1947 - 28 March 2013) was a British movie, stage, television, Actor and Voice actor. He appeared in many movies, plays, and television programs.
Griffiths is mostly known for his roles as Harry Potter's Uncle Vernon Dursley in the Harry Potter movie series, Uncle Monty in Withnail and I, Henry Crabbe in Pie in the Sky, and as King George II in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. He won a Laurence Olivier Award, a Drama Desk Award, and a Tony Award.
Early life
Griffiths was born in Thornaby-on-Tees, North Riding of Yorkshire, England on 31 July 1947. He lived in Manchester, England during his early adulthood. He was raised as Roman Catholic. His parents were both deaf, and he learned sign language at an early age so that he could communicate with them.
During his childhood he tried to run away from home many times. He dropped out of Our Lady & St Bede School in Stockton-on-Tees at age 15. Griffiths was educated at Stockton & Billingham College and at Manchester School of Theatre.
Career
Griffiths' movie roles were in: Gorky Park (1983), Withnail and I (1987), King Ralph (1991), The Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear (1991), Guarding Tess (1994) and Sleepy Hollow (1999). Later, he played Harry Potter's cruel uncle Vernon Dursley in the Harry Potter movie series (the Philosopher's Stone, the Chamber of Secrets, the Prisoner of Azkaban, the Order of the Phoenix, and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1.)
Griffiths appeared as King George II in 2011's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. He appeared in the first episode of the television series Episodes as Julian Bullard.
Griffiths once got a standing ovation after ejecting a female audience member from his West End play. Her ringtone sounded for the third time during Griffiths play.
In April 2012, Griffiths starred, with Danny DeVito, in a revival of the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys. The show was played at the Savoy Theatre from 27 April 2012, opening on 17 May and playing a limited 12-week season until 28 July.
Personal life
Griffiths was married to Heather Gibson from 1980 until his death in 2013. He had no children.
Death
Griffiths died on 28 March 2013 during heart surgery in Coventry, West Midlands, England, aged 65. Many reactions were posted on Twitter after his death. Some were from Daniel Radcliffe, Warwick Davis, and Richard E. Grant. His funeral took place at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire on 9 April 2013, with over four hundred mourners, including Daniel Radcliffe, Alan Bennett, Michael Palin, Richard E. Grant, Jack Whitehall and Judi Dench.
Honors
He was awarded an honorary degree from Teesside University in 2006 and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.
References
Other websites
1947 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Yorkshire
Deaths from surgical complications
Drama Desk Award winners
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Tony Award winning actors
Kyrgyzstani som

The Kyrgyzstani som, is the official currency of the Kyrgyz Republic the subunit of the currency is Tyiyn.
Kyrgyzstan
Currency of Asia
Chathanthara

Chathanthara is a village in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state,India.
Demographics
Malayalam is the native language of Chathanthara.
Politics
Chathanthara is the part of Pathanamthitta Loksabha constituency. Mr. Anto Antony is the current Member of Parliament of the constituency.
Climate
The climate of the place is moderate and pleasant. Tropical climate is prevailed here throughout the year.
Transportation
The major transportation service of this place is provided by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC).
References
Villages in Pathanamthitta district
Animal colour

Animal colour (or coloration) is produced by light reflecting from an animal's surface. The ways animals produce colours include pigments, chromatophores and other structures, and bioluminescence.
Since sight is usually so important to animals, and is so often used by predators as a long-range way to find prey, an animal's colour must serve one or more functions. These functions, such as finding prey, or evading capture, or finding a mate, are absolutely essential for life and survival. Therefore, animal colour is determined by natural selection because it affects the survival of animals and their offspring.
Some of the most obvious functions of colour are:
Camouflage: enabling an animal to remain hidden from view
Signalling to other animals
Warning colouration: signalling to other animals not to attack
Mimicry: taking advantage of another species' warning coloration
Sexual selection: finding a mate
Other kinds of signalling
Diversion
Startle defence: unexpected flashes of colour or eyespots
Dazzle: confusing a predator by moving a bold pattern (such as zebra stripes) rapidly
Physical protection: such as humans in tropical climates have dark skin pigments which protect against sunburn and skin cancer.
Incidental colouration. This is common in plants, which have green leaves because chlorophyll is green. In animals it is rare, such as having red blood (haem, needed to carry oxygen, is red). However, when the red shows on the surface it is often due to selection, as in human red lips.
Overwhelmingly, the most common function of colour is in predator-prey relationships. "Anti-predator adaptations occur in every biome of the world and in almost every taxonomic group".
Animal colour has been a topic of interest and research in biology for a long time. According to Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of natural selection, features such as colouration evolved by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage. For example, individuals with slightly better camouflage than others of the same species would, on average, leave more offspring.
Startle and dazzle defences
Animals can have a camouflage defence at distance, but when faced by a predator they may switch to a 'flash' defence to gain time and distract the predator. The predator often blinks or turns its face away in self-defence. This is a reflex act which is there to protect its vital facial area. In the second the predator blinks, the prey flies or jumps, and lands in camouflage again. This pattern of colour plus behaviour is quite common. It is called deimatic defence by textbooks, from the Greek for 'dread' or 'to frighten'.
Related pages
Camouflage
Defence against predators
Mimicry
Sexual dimorphism
Warning colouration
Evolution of colour vision
References
Evolutionary biology
Sliven Province

Sliven Province is a province in southeastern Bulgaria. The capital city is also named Sliven. Other municipalities are Kotel, Nova Zagora and Tvarditsa.
The Sinite Kamani Nature Park is in the province.
References
Provinces of Bulgaria
Richard Corliss

Richard Nelson Corliss (March 6, 1944 - April 23, 2015) was an American movie critic. He was one of several editors of Time magazine who focused on movies, with occasional articles on other subjects. He created the widely used term "Drop Dead Gorgeous" in 1985 when describing Michelle Pfeiffer's performance in the movie, Into the Night.
Corliss died in New York City, New York from a stroke, aged 71.
References
Other websites
Biography - from Time magazine
Biography - from Allmovie
Corliss's Top Ten Picks - a yearly breakdown of Corliss's favorite movies.
Top 100 Movies Ever - Corliss and fellow Time critic Richard Schickel's list of the greatest movies ever made
1944 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie critics
Writers from Philadelphia
Writers from Pittsburgh
Maubeuge

Maubeuge (historical Dutch: Mabuse or Dutch: Malbode) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
Communes in Nord
Sparks, Nevada

Sparks is a city in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. It was founded in 1904 and is just east of Reno. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, 108,445 people live in the city. It is the fifth-largest city by population in Nevada.
References
20th-century establishments in Nevada
1904 establishments in the United States
Cities in Nevada
Cocoliztli epidemics

The Cocoliztli epidemics were a group of times many people in New Spain became sick. New Spain is Mexico and parts of South America today. The Cocoliztli epidemics were in the 16th century. Today, scientists do not know which germ caused the sickness. There may have been a few different germs. People had fevers and bled from their ears and noses. The Aztecs called this disease "Cocoliztli." The epidemic is divided into two groups, causing a total of 7 million to 17.5 million deaths. It was one of the deadliest epidemics in history and the worst epidemic in Mexican history. The first wave of epidemics broke out from 1545 to 1548, killing 5 to 15 million people (about 80% of the Mexican people); the second wave of epidemics broke out from 1576 to 1578 Between 2 and 2.5 million people died (approximately 50% of Mexico's people). Some historians believe that the epidemic may have been smallpox, typhus or measles, but none of these match the symptoms people had. Some people think this epidemic was a viral hemorrhagic fever, which was made worse by the severe drought at that time. Today, scientists think Salmonella was at least one of the germs brought to North and South America by the European colonists.
Name
The word cocoliztli comes from the Nahuatl word for "pest" or disease, illness, and plague.
References
Diseases
History of Mexico
16th century in South America
Halyna Sevruk

Halyna Sylvestrivna Sevruk (18 May 1929 - 13 February 2022) was a Uzbek-born Ukrainian artist. She was known for her ceramics and mosaics. Her art was related to Ukrainian history and culture. She was a member of the Sixtiers, a dissident movement of intellectuals in the Soviet Union in the 1960s. Sevruk was born in Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
Sevruk died on 13 February 2022, at the age of 92.
References
1929 births
2022 deaths
Uzbekistani people
Ukrainian artists
Soviet dissidents
Laize-la-Ville

Laize-la-Ville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Laize-Clinchamps.
References
Former communes in Calvados
Creuse, Somme

Creuse is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Hockey East

Hockey East is a group of American colleges and universities who play NCAA Division I hockey against one another every season. Before the Notre Dame men's hockey team (in Indiana) joined in 2013, all of the members were in New England. The champions are automatically invited to the NCAA Division I men's and women's hockey tournaments.
In all, 12 schools are members of Hockey East. Seven of these have men's and women's teams that both play in the conference. Four do not have a women's team playing at the NCAA level, although one of these four will move its women's club team to the NCAA level in 2015. One school has its women's team only in Hockey East, with its men's team in another conference.
The current members are listed below. Unless otherwise noted, these schools have both men's and women's teams in the conference.
Boston College
Boston University
University of Connecticut (women only; men play in Atlantic Hockey through the 2013-14 season)
University of Maine
University of Massachusetts Amherst (sometimes called "UMass") (men only)
Merrimack College (men only; women will join in 2015-16)
University of New Hampshire
Northeastern University
University of Notre Dame (men only)
Providence College
University of Massachusetts at Lowell (often called "UMass Lowell") (men only)
University of Vermont
In July 2014, Connecticut, now a member only for women's hockey, will move its men's team into Hockey East. One year later, Merrimack, a member in men's hockey only, will upgrade its women's team from club to full varsity status and move that team into the conference.
References
1984 establishments in the United States
King of the Ring

King of the Ring is a professional wrestling single-elimination tournament held by World Wrestling Entertainment. The tournament was held annually from 1985 to 2002 (except for 1992), and from 1993 until 2002, the tournament was produced as a pay-per-view event.
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
1985 establishments
Hassan Habibi

Hassan Ebrahim Habibi (, 29 January 1937 - 31 January 2013) was an Iranian politician, lawyer and scholar. He was the first vice president from 1989 until 2001 under Presidents Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Khatami.
References
1937 births
2013 deaths
Vice presidents of Iran
Politicians from Tehran
Iranian lawyers
Abdul Quader Molla

Abdul Quader Molla (; 14 August 1948 - 12 December 2013) was a politician in Bangladesh. He was convicted of war crimes committed during the 1971 liberation war of Bangladesh. He is the assistant secretary-general of the Jamaat-e-Islami, the largest Islamist party in the country. He was scheduled to be executed by hanging on 11 December 2013 at 0:01. Later, the execution was postponed until 10:30 of the day.
He is the former executive editor of The Daily Sangram. He stood twice unsuccessfully for parliament in 1986 and 1996. He was contesting the seat Faridpur-4 for Jamaat-e-Islami.
Molla was executed on 12 December 2013.
References
2013 deaths
1948 births
Executed people
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians
Bangladeshi Muslims
Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde

Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
The Christmas Attic

The Christmas Attic is the second studio album by Trans-Siberian Orchestra, an American rock band. It was released on September 15, 1998. It was released again in 2001 with more music. The album has many songs that are based on Christmas music. It also has instrumental songs.
The album is certified platinum by the RIAA. It went onto the Billboard 200, an American music chart.
Track listing
References
1998 albums
Christmas albums
School of Courage

School of Courage () is a 1954 Soviet war movie directed by Vladimir Basov and Mstislav Korchagin. It stars Leonid Kharitonov, Mark Bernes, and Vladimir Yemelyanov.
Actors
Leonid Kharitonov as Boris
Mark Bernes as Afansii Chubuk
Vladimir Yemelyanov as Guerilla Leadr
Nikolai Garin as Colonel Zhikharev
Georgi Gumilevsky as Akim Ryabukha
Vadim Zakharchenko as Syrtsov
References
Other websites
1954 movies
1950s war movies
Soviet war movies
Guerrilla warfare movies
Movies directed by Vladimir Basov
Movies directed by Mstislav Korchagin
Hans-Jörg Butt

Hans Jorg Butt (born 28 May 1974), commonly known as Jorg Butt, is a former German soccer player. He played for FC Bayern Munich and Germany national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|VfB Oldenburg||Oberliga Nord||2||0||||||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga Nord||33||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|1995/96|||34||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|1996/97||2. Bundesliga||20||1||||||colspan="2"|-||20||1
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="10"|1. Bundesliga||33||0||2||0||||||35||0
|-
|1998/99||34||7||3||0||colspan="2"|-||37||7
|-
|1999/00||34||9||1||0||||||35||9
|-
|2000/01||32||3||2||0||8||1||42||4
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="6"|Bayer 04 Leverkusen||34||2||6||0||17||1||57||3
|-
|2002/03||33||1||4||0||10||0||47||1
|-
|2003/04||34||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2004/05||34||2||2||0||8||0||44||2
|-
|2005/06||34||1||2||0||2||0||38||1
|-
|2006/07||22||0||2||0||8||0||32||0
|-
|2007/08||SL Benfica||bwin Liga||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008/09||FC Bayern Munich
|-
|2008/09||26||0||1||0||8||1||35|
|-
|2009/10||31||0||3||0||13||1||47||1
|-
|2010/11||||||||||||||||
456||28||30||0||69||3||555||31
1||0||||||||||1||0
457||28||30||0||69||3||556||31
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2010||0||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}
References
1974 births
Living people
German association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Lower Saxony
People from Oldenburg (city)
Sengoku period

or "Warring States period" in Japanese history was a time in which there was little social or political stability. There was nearly constant military conflict which started in the middle of the 15th century and ended at the end of the 16th century.
The name "Sengoku" was adopted by Japanese historians. The Sengoku period in Japan mirrors the Warring States period in Chinese history.
The Sengoku period would precede a process of unification and the end of Japan's medieval period.
Important people during the Sengoku period
Three important and powerful daimyo were Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. These three leaders did the most to bring Japan together as one country. Other important leaders include Date Masamune and Akechi Mitsuhide.
Related pages
History of Japan
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
References
Other websites
Periods in Japanese history
Samurai
Alex Winter

Alexander Ross Winter (born July 17, 1965) is a British-American actor, movie director, and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as "Bill S. Preston, Esq." in the 1989 movie Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, its 1991 sequel Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey, and a planned sequel Bill & Ted Face the Music.
References
1965 births
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television directors
American television writers
Movie directors from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from Missouri
Writers from Missouri
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Naturalized citizens of the United States
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Living people
Actors from London
Screenwriters from London
Movie directors from London
Movie producers from London
Cryptographic anchor

A cryptographic anchor (also "crypto-anchor") is a unique identifier (or "fingerprint") that can be put into products and cannot be removed or changed. Crypto-anchors can be tiny computers or optical codes. This means they can even be put into a dye. The cryptographic anchor is connected to a blockchain. Its uses include prevention or detection of fraud as well as product tracing.
IBM has worked on developing cryptographic anchors. Proposed uses include labeling a pill (the code for the dye would become visible when touched with water) and marking fluids. The reason for using these anchors is to ensure the authenticity of products. The suggested cost of these tiny (smaller than a salt grain) items was projected at less than ten U.S. cents.
Giulio Prisco wrote that "The cryptographic anchors project is considered a starting point for developing technologies complementary to the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain solutions for medical devices and pharmaceutical products, able to provide scalable end-to-end security across a supply chain -- from the manufacturers right down to consumers and patients.
"A typical application envisioned by IBM is fighting product fraud. IBM's crypto-anchors can authenticate a product's origin and contents, ensuring it matches the record stored in the blockchain."
Prisco wrote that in 2018 IBM was predicting widespread use within five years.
References
Further reading
V. S. K. Balagurusamy et al., "Crypto anchors," in IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 63, no. 2/3, pp. 4:1-4:12, March-May 2019, doi: 10.1147/JRD.2019.2900651
Crypto Anchors
Technology
Mexican Mafia

The Mexican Mafia is a Mexican American crime organization. The Mexican mafia did not start in Mexico but in the United States.
References
Organized crime
Crime in the United States
XUL

XUL ( ), which stands for XML User Interface Language, is a user interface markup language made by Mozilla. XUL is an XML dialect for writing graphical user interfaces, it lets developers write user interface elements in a way similar to web pages.
Markup languages