pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Renée Asherson

Dorothy Renee Ascherson (19 May 1915 - 30 October 2014), known professionally as Renee Asherson, was an English actress. Much of her theatrical career was spent in Shakespearean plays, appearing at such venues as the Old Vic, the Liverpool Playhouse, and the Westminster Theatre. Her first stage appearance was on 17 October 1935, aged 20, and her first major film appearance was in The Way Ahead (1944). Her last film appearance was in The Others (2001).
Her first stage appearance was in 1935. Her first feature movie was the 1944 movie The Way Ahead. Her most recent motion picture was in 2001's The Others.
Asherson was married to fellow actor Robert Donat from 1953 until his death in 1958. His severe asthma led to their separation, although a reconciliation had seemed possible just before the end of his life. Although Donat had three children from his previous marriage, they had no children together.
She never remarried. She died on 30 October 2014, aged 99. Among her surviving relatives is her nephew, the journalist Neal Ascherson.
References
Other websites
1915 births
2014 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

This refers to a series of earthquakes near the town of New Madrid, in late 1811, and early 1812. They are known as the 1811-12 New Madrid earthquakes. The town is right next to the Mississippi River. This was the largest earthquake known in the United States in recorded history.
The first shock was on December 16, 1811. It had a magnitude of 7.5-7.9 on the Richter scale. There also was an aftershock of magnitude 7.4 on the same day. They were the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States east of the Rocky Mountains in recorded history. We use the word "contiguous" because we wish to exclude Hawaii and Alaska, neither of which was then part of the United States.
The earthquakes occurred in and near the Mississippi River town of New Madrid. The town was part of the Louisiana Territory at the time. Today, it is in the US state of Missouri.
There are estimates that these stable continental region earthquakes were felt strongly over an area of , and moderately across nearly 3 million km2 (1 million sq mi). The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, by comparison, was felt moderately over roughly . There were in all three earthquakes, and each had major aftershocks.
Different American Indian tribes interpreted these earthquakes, and came to a consensus: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. For many tribes in Tecumseh's pan-Indian alliance, it meant that Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet must be supported.
Seismic zones
Even today, earthquakes happen in this area, known as the New Madrid Seismic Zone (or NMSZ). Scientists think that before 2050 there is a chance of over 90% that quakes with a magnitude of over 7.0 on the Richter scale will occur there. Arthur C. Clarke wrote a story called Richter 10, where he describes a scenario like this.
Other seismic activity is known from fault zones within tectonic plates. They include the Charleston earthquake on in 1886. This was particularly surprising as the area had almost no history of even minor earthquakes.
References
Earthquakes in the United States
1810s in the United States
1811
1812
Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes
Nereus

Nereus (Nereus) is a sea god in Greek mythology. His parents are Gaia and Pontos. With the Okeanid Doris his fifty daughters are the Nereids, sea nymphs of the Mediterranean Sea.
Greek gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of water
James Madison

James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751 - June 28, 1836) was a Founding Father and the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He was also the most important author of the United States Constitution and a slaveowner with a big plantation. Madison was the shortest president, with a height of .
Family
James Madison Jr. was the eldest son of Col. James Madison Sr. and Nellie Conway Madison.
Madison married Dolley Todd (nee Payne) on April 18, 1794.
Political life
Madison started his career in the Virginia state legislature. Madison learned many things from Thomas Jefferson. Madison wanted a stronger federal government of the United States than the Articles of Confederation provided. He was a member of the meeting that formed the current United States Constitution. Madison is called the "Father of the Constitution" because he helped write a large part of it and persuaded people that it was a good one.
Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives. Madison helped write the first laws for the United States. Madison also was the main writer of the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
Madison and Jefferson were good friends and helped create the Democratic-Republican Party who wanted a weak federal government.
Madison was selected by Jefferson to be his Secretary of State.
Presidency
Madison was selected by his political party to be the Democratic-Republican candidate for president in 1808. He won that election and the next election in 1812.
The War of 1812 started while Madison was president. Madison still hoped for peace, but Congress wanted war so he gave in and approved a declaration of war against Britain on June 18, 1812. People who still wanted peace called it "Mr Madison's War". Madison and his family were forced to flee in 1814 when British forces seized control of Washington D.C and burned the White House, and many other buildings, to the ground. Dolley Madison, his wife, famously saved a portrait of George Washington from the fire.
The war caused Madison to want a stronger government than he had before. While he originally was against a national bank, he realized that it was necessary and it was necessary for funding a war. When the charter of the national bank expired, Madison renewed it.
Later life
Madison retired to Virginia after his second term. Madison died on June 28, 1836.
References
Other websites
Madison's White House biography
1751 births
1836 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Presidents of the United States
United States Secretaries of State
United States representatives from Virginia
Founding Fathers of the United States
Democratic-Republican Party politicians
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Slavers
Méricourt-sur-Somme

Mericourt-sur-Somme is a former commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Etinehem-Mericourt.
References
Former communes in Somme
Pedrinho (footballer, born 1957)

Pedro Luis Vicencote (born 22 October, 1957) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1976||rowspan="6"|Palmeiras||rowspan="6"|Serie A||0||0
|-
|1977||0||0
|-
|1978||24||1
|-
|1979||5||1
|-
|1980||16||2
|-
|1981||2||0
|-
|1981||rowspan="3"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="3"|Serie A||0||0
|-
|1982||15||2
|-
|1983||19||2
|-
|1983-84||rowspan="3"|Catania||Serie A||27||3
|-
|1984-85||rowspan="2"|Serie B||35||7
|-
|1985-86||26||0
|-
|1986||Vasco da Gama||Serie A||18||0
|-
|1987||rowspan="2"|Bangu||rowspan="2"|Serie A||13||0
|-
|1988||0||0
112||8
88||10
200||18
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1979||3||0
|-
|1980||3||0
|-
|1981||1||0
|-
|1982||1||0
|-
|1983||5||1
|-
!Total||13||1
|}
References
1957 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Malakoff

Malakoff is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 30,720 people lived there.
References
Communes in Hauts-de-Seine
Jean Marsh

Jean Marsh (b. London, 1 July 1934) is an English actress and screenwriter who appeared mostly on television.
Marsh co-created and starred in the television series Upstairs, Downstairs and created The House of Elliot. She also starred in Doctor Who, and appeared in many other series, and in films. She got an Emmy Award for the Outstanding Lead Actress for the role of the parlourmaid Rose Buck in Upstairs, Downstairs.
References
English television actors
1934 births
Living people
Actors from London
Emmy Award winning actors
Maitenbeth

Maitenbeth is a municipality in Muhldorf in Bavaria in Germany.
Maitenbeth consists of 58 official districts:
References
Muhldorf (district)
Mehdi Huseynzade

Mehdi Hanifa oglu Huseynzade (December 22, 1918, Novxani, Azerbaijan - November 2, 1944, Vitovlje, Slovenia) was an Azerbaijani guerrilla and scout during World War II. After he died he was given the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on April 11, 1957.
Huseynzade attended the Azerbaijan University of Languages.
His life and heroism during World War II was described in Imran Gasimov's book On Distant Shores.
References
Azerbaijani military people
Azerbaijani communists
1918 births
1944 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Glen Lyn, Virginia

Glen Lyn, Virginia is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Towns in Virginia
Monica Roberts

Monica Roberts (May 4, 1962 - October 5, 2020) was an African-American blogger, writer, and transgender rights activist. She was the founding editor of TransGriot, a blog focusing on issues about to trans women, many of which minorities. She was born in Houston, Texas.
Roberts died on October 5, 2020 in Houston from a pulmonary embolism at the age of 58.
References
1962 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
American LGBT rights activists
Journalists from Texas
Writers from Houston
American bloggers
Groveton, Texas

Groveton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Trinity County.
References
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Brazos Country, Texas

Brazos Country is a city in Austin County, Texas. It had a population was 289 people in 2006.
References
Cities in Texas
Vivek (actor)

Vivekanandan (19 November 1961 - 17 April 2021), known professionally as Vivek, was an Indian actor, comedian, television personality, playback singer and social activist. He was known for his roles in Run (2002), Saamy (2003) and Perazhagan (2004).
Vivek died on 17 April 2021 from cardiac arrest in Chennai at the age of 59.
References
1961 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Indian comedians
Indian activists
Indian singers
Actors from Tamil Nadu
Accrington

Accrington is a town in Lancashire, England. It is in North West England. The town had a population of 35,203 in the 2001 census. The Accrington Stanley Football Club play here.
Towns in Lancashire
Meganisoptera

The Meganisoptera were the giant dragonflies from the Palaeozoic era. They lived in the Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous) epoch to the late Permian period. The group used to be called Protodonata.
The largest of these dragonflies was Meganeuropsis from the early Permian. It had a wingspan of 28 inches (71 cm). Not all this group had giant size, but they were all larger than modern dragonflies.
The modern classification is as follows:
superorder Odonaptera
Order Meganisoptera
Order Odonata
Odonata
2017 Fresno shootings

On April 18, 2017, a shooting spree occurred in Fresno, California, leaving three men dead. The prime suspect, identified as Kori Ali Muhammad, was then arrested by police and charged with murder and assault with a deadly weapon. Muhammad, who was believed to have been motivated by a hatred of white people, was already wanted in connection with the murder of a security guard at a local Motel 6 that had occurred four days earlier.
References
2017 in California
2017 murders in the United States
2010s crimes in California
April 2017 events
History of Fresno, California
Murders by firearm in California
Racially-motivated violence in the United States
Steak

Steak is a slice off a larger piece of meat, usually beef. In North America, steaks are usually grilled. They are also often pan fried or baked. The most tender (softest) cuts of the animal are usually used for steak. This also means that steaks have a high price. The pieces of meat used for steaks are usually cut across the muscle fiber, not along it. This makes them look more tender.
A restaurant that mainly makes steaks is known as a steakhouse. A well-known side dish to steak is prawns or a cooked lobster tail. This combination is often called surf and turf or reef and beef (the words "surf" and "reef" refer to the seafood and "turf" and "beef" refer to the steak). Special steak knives are used to cut steak. A steak knife is sharper than most table knives and is usually serrated.
Fish is not the only side dish for steak. Other common side dishes are baked potatoes, dinner rolls, salad, and corn on the cob. In France, steaks are often served with french fries. This combination is known as steak fries or steak-frites. They do not come with vegetables, but sometimes a salad is served with them.
Seasoning
Steaks are seasoned with salt and black pepper. Some additional seasonings are garlic, rosemary, and other herbs and spices. Marinades are also an option depending on the cut. Butter can also be used for basting steaks for a milky flavor. Often, steaks are served with a special sauce called "steak sauce", but sometimes steaks are served with a spicy sauce called horseradish.
Cuts of steak
Steak comes in a wide variety of cuts, which come from different parts of the cow.
Some different cuts are:
Filet Mignon
Strip steak
Rib eye
Flank steak
Sirloin
Chuck
Skirt steak
Flap steak
Degrees of cooking
Meat that is cooked less will appear to be more tender and soft. The usual degrees of cooking for steaks (and some other meats) are:
Raw/Uncooked - for example in tartare.
Rare - cooked very quickly, mostly red inside.
Medium Rare - cooked quickly, mostly pink inside with some red.
Medium - moderately cooked, mostly pink inside, but no red.
Medium-Well - Mostly cooked, with some pink remaining inside.
Well-done- thoroughly cooked. No pink remains inside, may be blackened on the outside.
References
Meat dishes
Scenario (song)

"Scenario" is the third single off of American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest's second studio album The Low End Theory. The song was released on March 13, 1992. It also features American hip hop group Leaders of the New School
The song was able to make it to #6 on the Hot Rap Tracks, #34 on the Dance Singles Sales, #42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and #57 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. It was also certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Time included the song on their list of All-TIME 100 Songs. It is considered one of the greatest posse cuts of all time.
A music video for the song was released. In the video, computer effects cover the screen and the group performs in front of a green screen. Shots of them performing in concert and in the streets of New York are shown. In the video, filmmaker and actor Spike Lee, Yo! MTV Raps host Fab Five Freddy, and musicians De La Soul, Kid Capri, Brand Nubian, and Redman all make cameos.
References
Other websites
1991 songs
Hip hop songs
A Tribe Called Quest songs
Paavo Lipponen

Paavo Tapio Lipponen () (born 23 April 1941) is a Finnish politician and former reporter. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1995 to 2003, and Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1993 to 2005.
References
1941 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Council
Prime Ministers of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians
Andean condor

The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), is a vulture-like bird species found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America. It is the largest flying land bird in the Western Hemisphere and the heaviest member of the order Accipitriformes. The condor is primarily a scavenger, feeding on carrion, and belongs to the New World vulture.
Although about 5 cm shorter (beak to tail) on average than the California condor, the Andean condor is undoubtedly larger in wingspan: 108-122 in (274-310 cm). It is also heavier: up to 24-33 lb (11-15 kg) for males and 16-24 lb (7.5-11 kg) for females. Overall length can range from 46 to 53 inches (117 to 135 cm). Measurements are usually taken from specimens reared in captivity.
Birds of South America
Vultures
Cathartidae
National symbols of Bolivia
National symbols of Chile
National symbols of Colombia
Psychedelic rock

Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music. It was very popular in the 1960s when it started, and still has many fans today. It was first made in San Francisco, but it also was made in other cities such as New York City, and in other countries including England.
Psychedelic rock songs sometimes have lyrics describing the effects of drugs, if any words at all. Songs were sometimes very long (10-15 minutes), and much of this time might be taken up by a solo, like a drum solo or a guitar solo. Some major groups that made psychedelic rock included: The Beatles, The Doors, The Byrds, The Grateful Dead, The Who, Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson Airplane, Pink Floyd, Frank Zappa and The Animals.
Psychedelic rock was popular music for listening to when getting high with hashish or LSD, or both. During Grateful Dead concerts, some people actually sat inside the huge speakers that the Grateful Dead brought to their concerts.
Other websites
Rock music
Music in San Francisco
Per Aage Brandt

Per Aage Brandt (26 April 1944 - 11 November 2021) was a Danish writer, poet, translator, linguist and musician. He was born in Buenos Aires. Brandt published a large number of books about linguistics, culture, and music as well as poetry. His career began in 1969. He translated the works of Moliere and Marquis de Sade.
Brandt died on 11 November 2021 in Copenhagen, Denmark at the age of
References
1944 births
2021 deaths
Danish poets
Danish musicians
Translators
Linguists
Writers from Buenos Aires
Writers from Copenhagen
Walter Isaacson

Walter Isaacson (born May 20, 1952) is an American businessman and journalist. In 2001 he became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of CNN. In 2003 he became the President and CEO of the Aspen Institute. He also has been the editor of Time Magazine.
Isaacson has written biographies of Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein, Steve Jobs and Henry Kissinger. He also co-authored the book The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made. In 2012 Time Magazine named him one of the top 100 most influential people in the world.
Early life and education
Isaacson was born on May 20, 1952 in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father Irwin was an engineer. His mother Betsy was a Realtor. Isaacson grew up in New Orleans. He graduated from Harvard University in 1974. Isaacson attended Pembroke College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar.
Career
He started as a journalist at The Sunday Times of London. He returned home to write for New Orleans Times-Picayune/States-Item. In 1978 he started as a political correspondent for Time Magazine. He became the editor of Time in 1996. After 23 years at the magazine he joined CNN as CEO in 2001. He left in 2001 to head up the Washington DC think tank, The Aspen Institute.
Isaacson is the chairman emeritus of Teach for America. Since 2012 he is the chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors. Isaacson is a member of the board for United Airlines and Tulane University. In 2010 he was elected to the Board of Overseers of Harvard University. On 12 May 2014 Isaacson delivered the Jefferson Lecture at the Kennedy Center in Washington DC. It was established by the National Endowment for the Humanities. The high honor is given "for distinguished intellectual achievement in the humanities".
References
1952 births
Living people
Rhodes scholars
American journalists
American chief executives
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Writers from New Orleans
Set Fire to the Rain

"Set Fire to the Rain" is the second hit song from Adele's second album 21. It was her third number-one single in the United States. It hit #1 on Billboard Hot 100, becoming her third song to do so. It reached number 12 on the year-end chart of 2012 in the US. It has also been certified quadruple-Platinum for shipments of over four million copies in the US.
Music video
No proper music video was shot for "Set Fire to the Rain" (as well as other singles from 21, "Rumor Has It" and "Turning Tables") as Adele had recently undergone vocal surgery. Instead, a live performance video was uploaded to her Vevo account and has received more than 380 million views as of October 2017.
Awards
Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from 21 liner notes.
Adele - Songwriting, vocals
Fraser T. Smith - Songwriting, production, mixer, bass guitar, piano
Eleanor Mathieson, Hayley Pomfrett, Jenny Sacha, Jo Allen, Kotono Sato, Natalia Bonner, Rustom Pomeroy, Stephanie Cavey, Wired Strings - violin
Amy Stanford, Emma Owens, Jane Oliver, Lucy Shaw - strings
Isabel Seeliger-Morley, Beatriz Artola, Steve Price - engineers
Ash Soan - drums
Rosie Danvers - string arrangement, strings
Release history
References
Other websites
"Set Fire to the Rain" Lyrics
Pop songs
2011 songs
Adele songs
1021

1021 (MXXI) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-first year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
Events
The Moorish taifa (state) of Valencia (in modern Spain) becomes independent, after being ruled by Slavic soldiers for about ten years.
Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni, king of Vaspurakan (Greater Armenia), surrenders his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire. He receives in return Sebasteia and becomes governor of Cappadocia.
References
Text grammar

A text grammar is the study of texts above the level of the sentence. It shows how texts are put together so as to convey ideas, facts, messages, and fiction.
A similar term is discourse analysis. Both are mostly concerned with natural language use; discourse analysis would include spoken language. Speech is also the parent of rhetoric, the ancient study of persuasive speaking. In a similar way, literary criticism parallels text grammar, because both concentrate on the printed word. A text grammar approach puts emphasis on the linguistic structure of a text, rather than its cultural or symbolic meaning.
A text is a coherent body of sentences. Coherent means they are linked by a consistent theme. The text ends when completion is signalled. For example, when a problem introduced at the start is solved, or when a promised discussion has reached a conclusion.
Text types
Each text focuses on certain things. If texts are grouped by what they are doing, then there are five basic text types:
Description. Common in science and technology.
Narration. Covers the passage of time, and is common in the humanities.
Exposition. In which the narrator or writer offers a detailed analysis and explanation of some issue.
Argumentation. In which the communicator compares alternative points of view, judges and persuades.
Instruction. In which the communicator tells readers what to do. Uses "action-demanding sentences in sequence".
Many texts, of course, can and do have a mixture of two or more of these types.
References
Grammar
Literature
Linguistics
Suwa Province

is an old province in the area of Nagano Prefecture on the island of Honshu. The history of the province started in 721 and ended in 731.
History
Suwa Province was created during the reign of Empress Gensho.
According to Shoku Nihongi, Suwa only lasted for ten years after it was established in 721.
Gallery
Related pages
Provinces of Japan
Prefectures of Japan
List of regions of Japan
List of islands of Japan
References
Other websites
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Former provinces of Japan
Nagano Prefecture
Dominic Cooper

Dominic Edward Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor. He is known for his roles in Mamma Mia! and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again.
He played Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016-2019). He has also appeared as the young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, including in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), a cameo in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and the TV series Agent Carter (2015-16).
References
1978 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Greenwich
I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry

I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (a.k.a. Chuck and Larry) is a 2007 American comedy movie. It was directed by Dennis Dugan and stars Adam Sandler and Kevin James. It is about two heterosexual male firefighters in New York City who marry each other.
Release dates
Cast
Adam Sandler as Charles Todd "Chuck" Levine
Kevin James as Lawrence Arthur "Larry" Valentine
Jessica Biel as Alex McDonough
Ving Rhames as Fred G. Duncan
Nick Swardson as Kevin McDonough
Steve Buscemi as Clinton Fitzer
Dan Aykroyd as Captain Phineas J. Tucker
Nicholas Turturro as Renaldo Pinera
Richard Chamberlain as Councilman Banks
Mary Pat Gleason as Teresa
Rachel Dratch as Sara Powers
Matt Winston as Glen Aldrich
Peter Dante as Tony Paroni
Cole Morgen as Eric Valentine
Shelby Adamowski as Tori Valentine
Other websites
2007 comedy movies
2000s LGBT movies
2000s sex comedy movies
American LGBT movies
American sex comedy movies
English-language movies
LGBT comedy movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Dennis Dugan
St. Marys, Pennsylvania

St. Marys is a city in Pennsylvania in the United States. According to the US 2010 census, 13,070 people lived there.
Cities in Pennsylvania
Gremlins

Gremlins is a 1984 American comedy horror movie written by Chris Columbus and directed by Joe Dante.
The movie is about a kid who receives a strange creature called a mogwai as a pet, which then turns other creatures who transform into small, destructive, evil monsters. The movie stars Zach Galligan and Phoebe Cates, with Howie Mandel. Steven Spielberg was the movie's executive producer.
It was followed by a sequel, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, in 1990.
Despite being a critical and commercial success, the movie had mixed reviews. This movie is one of the reasons why the PG-13 rating was created because it was made as a family movie, but had some violence and bloody scenes.
References
1984 horror movies
1984 comedy movies
American horror movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by Joe Dante
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Julie Payette

Julie Payette (born October 20, 1963) is a Canadian businesswoman, former astronaut, engineer, and was the 29th Governor General of Canada.
Payette has completed two spaceflights, STS-96 and STS-127, logging more than 25 days in space. She served as chief astronaut for the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and has served as capsule communicator at NASA Mission Control Center in Houston.
She resigned on January 21, 2020. She was the first Governor General to leave office due to scandal.
References
1963 births
Living people
Governors General of Canada
Canadian businesspeople
Canadian astronauts
Canadian engineers
Politicians from Montreal
University of Toronto alumni
Aerospace engineers
Noasaurus

Noasaurus was a small meat-eating dinosaur. It lived at a time when some of the biggest dinosaurs ever to live were roaming South America. Although it had some of the same characteristics as raptors that lived in North America and Asia, it was not a close relative. This little hunter is a good example of how dinosaurs filled lots of roles in the environment. Not only were dinosaurs the biggest hunters, but they were also among the smallest.
It was discovered by Jaime Powell and Jose Bonaparte in northwestern Argentina. Its unique foot claw has caused a great deal of discussion regarding the evolutionary lineage of this dinosaur.
Ceratosaurs
Dinosaurs of South America
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Salt

In chemistry, a salt is any neutral chemical compound made of cations (positive ions) attached to anions (negative ions). The main kind of salt is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. It is formed when hydrochloric acid is added in sodium hydroxide. The reaction is as follows
HCl+NaOH2 gives NaCl+H20+heat
Mixtures of salts in water are called electrolytes. Electricity is able to pass through electrolytes, as well as molten salts.
Salts can melt ice, because salts lower the temperature needed for liquid to freeze. Because of that, streets are sometimes treated with salt in winter, if the temperature is only a little below freezing.
A salt can also be explained as an ionic compound which dissociates, forming a positive ion other than hydrogen ion, and a negative ion other than hydroxyl ion.
History
Because many germs cannot live in salt, it has been used to preserve food. Its use as a food preservative helped large amounts of food to be stored, sent a long way, and eaten all through the year. This helped populations to grow, cities to develop, and soldiers in wars to be fed. Salt was probably used in Egypt as long ago as 4000 BC. In ancient times, salt was more valuable than it is now, because it was hard to get in many places, and could be used not only to give foods flavor, but also to make them last longer. It allowed food to be kept past its season, and taken on long trips.
People often traded salt for other things. It was of high value in China, Turkey, the Middle East, and Africa. In the Mediterranean area, including Ancient Rome, salt was even used for money. The word salary comes from the Latin word for salt, because they paid people in salt. After people learned how to get salt from the ocean, salt became cheaper. The Phoenicians were some of the first to figure out how to do this, by pouring seawater on dry land. Then when it dried, they collected the salt and sold it.
Another use of salt was in war, as a way to punish a city by ruining its crops. This is called "salting the Earth". The Assyrians are said to have been one of the first to have done this to their neighbours.
Looks
Color
Salts can be found in all different colours: yellow (sodium chromate), orange (potassium dichromate), red (mercury sulphide), mauve (cobalt chloride hexahydrate), blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate), green (nickel oxide), colorless (magnesium sulphate), white (titanium dioxide), and black (manganese dioxide). Most minerals and inorganic pigments, as well as many synthetic organic dyes, are salts.
See also Table salt
References
Basic English 850 words
Sodium compounds
Chemical compounds
2012 Mount Salak Sukhoi Superjet crash

On 9 May 2012, a Sukhoi Superjet 100 airliner on a demonstration tour in Indonesia crashed into Mount Salak, in the province of West Java, The crashed aircraft, a Sukhoi Superjet 100 belonging to the Russian aircraft manufacturer Sukhoi Corporation, had taken off from Halim Perdanakusuma Airport for a demonstration flight in Indonesia to potential customers in that country.
Investigation
The subsequent investigation concluded that the flight crew, led by pilot Alexander Yablontsev, was unaware of the presence of high ground in the area and ignored signals indicating danger from the terrain warning system, incorrectly attributing them to a system malfunction. Also, his view was obstructed due to thick cloud cover.
In addition, it was found that in the minutes prior to the accident, the crew, including the captain, were chatting with potential customers present in the cabin.
Victims
References
Other websites
National Transportation Safety Committee
, 18 December 2012
2012 disasters
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
2012 in Asia
History of Java
May 2012 events
West Java
Sewage

Sewage or domestic wastewater is the liquid waste produced by people when using the toilet, having a bath or shower or washing clothes and dishes. In some places, it also includes rain-water falling on houses and roads. It can also have liquid waste from factories in it. It flows in pipes called sewers to be cleaned up at a sewage treatment works.
Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful. It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans. Most sewage in poor counties is not treated and may spread disease. A problem that occurs sometimes is a sewage spill which can be damaging to health and wildlife.
Apperenace
The temperature of sewage tends to be slightly higher than in drinking water but it is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black. The odor of fresh sewage is "oily" and unpleasant. Older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to hydrogen sulfide gas and other decomposition by-products. Sewage can have high turbidity from suspended solids.
References
Waste management
Classical Greece

Classical Greece was the period in ancient Greece from about 500-323 BC. It had a civilisation and style which was considered by later observers to be outstanding. Politically, the classical period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century, or from the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars to the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. It is considered to have ended in 323 BC with the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent collapse of the Macedonian Empire.
Classical Greece was followed by the Hellenistic period of history.
Ancient Greece
Lina Cheryazova

Lina Anatolyevna Cheryazova (, 1 November 1968 - 23 March 2019) was an Uzbek freestyle skier. She won a gold medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics. Cheryazova was born in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Cheryazova died on 23 March 2019 in Novosibirsk, Russia from complications of ALS, aged 50.
References
1968 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
Olympic gold medalists
Uzbekistani sportspeople
Skiers
Lenape

The Lenape, Lenappe, Lenapi or Lenni Lenape (meaning "the people" or "true people") are a group of several bands of Native American people who share cultural and linguistic traits. They are also known as the Delaware Indians. They spoke two similar languages known as the Delaware languages: Unami and Munsee. The three subtribes of the Lenape are Munsee, Unami and Unalachtigo. They lived in different regions in Pennsylvania.
The Lenape lived in the part of the Northeast Woodlands called Lenapehoking, roughly the area around and between the Delaware and lower Hudson Rivers. These areas are known today as the U.S. states of New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania around the Delaware and Lehigh valleys. They also lived on the north shore of Delaware and much of southeastern New York, mostly the lower Hudson Valley and Upper New York Bay. Nowadays most live in Oklahoma, Wisconsin and Ontario.
References
Native Americans
Private Ivan

Private Ivan () is a 1955 Soviet comedy movie directed by Ivan Lukinsky. It stars Leonid Kharitonov, Sergey Blinnikov, and Tatyana Pelttser.
Actors
Leonid Kharitonov - Ivan Romanovich Brovkin
Sergey Blinnikov - Timothy Kondratievich Koroteev
Tatyana Pelttser - Evdokia Makarovna Brovkina, Ivan's mother
Anna Kolomiytseva - Elizabeth Nikitichna, Koroteev's wife
Daya Smirnova - Lyubasha, daughter of Koroteev
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1955 movies
Soviet comedy movies
The Phantom Carriage

The Phantom Carriage (, literally "The Wagoner") is a 1921 Swedish fantasy horror movie directed by Victor Sjostrom (who also stars) and based on the 1912 novel Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness! (Korkarlen) by Selma Lagerlof. It stars Hilda Borgstrom, Tore Svennberg, Astrid Holm, Concordia Selander and was distributed by AB Svensk Filmindustri. It was remade in 1958.
Other websites
1921 movies
1920s fantasy movies
1920s horror movies
Swedish silent movies
Swedish fantasy movies
Swedish horror movies
Movies directed by Victor Sjostrom
Movies about alcoholism
Movies about death
Vimmerby Municipality

Vimmerby Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vimmerby.
References
Other websites
Vimmerby Municipality
Municipalities of Kalmar County
Messier 52

Messier 52 or M52 is also known as NGC 7654. It is an open cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Charles Messier on September 7, 1774. M52 can be seen from Earth with binoculars.
Open star clusters
Convection

Convection is the movement of heat because of the movement of warm matter.
For example, atmospheric circulation moves warm air to cool places, causing wind. Wind, in turn, can enter and cool a room if the window is open. The movement of the clouds, the ocean currents and many types of heaters are examples of convection.
Forced convection and natural convection
Convection can happen naturally ("natural convection") or because of a moving device ("forced convection").
The fan is a device that produces the movement of the air artificially. The air in this case is moving because of the rotation of the fan. This is an example of "forced convection".
Natural convection happens because a fluid is lighter if is hot and it is heavier if is cold, so if a fluid has a hot part and a cold part, the hot part will naturally move upward and the cold part naturally moves downward. For example, if the water in a pot is hotter near the bottom because of the fire, it moves from the bottom to the surface. At the same time the water near the surface is colder so it moves to the bottom.
Convection currents
Convection currents occur when there are significant differences in temperature between two parts of a fluid. When this happens, hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink. This causes movements or currents in the fluid. Atmospheric circulation, for example, is made by convection currents.
Related pages
Heat transfer
Heat conduction
Thermal radiation
References
Basic physics ideas
Fluid mechanics
Heat transfer
Jacques Cloutier

Jacques Cloutier (born January 3, 1960 in Noranda, Quebec) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender. He currently works as the associate coach for the Calgary Flames.
Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Cloutier played 4 seasons in the QMJHL with the Trois Rivieres Draveurs.
He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres with the 55th overall pick in the 1979 NHL Entry draft. He played 144 games with Sabres and 136 games with their AHL affiliate, Rochester Americans. After his time with Sabres, he played 2 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks and 58 games with the Quebec Nordiques. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1994.
After retiring, Cloutier became the assistant coach of the Cornwall Aces for 2 seasons, the assistant coach for the goaltending coach for the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche for 12 seasons and is the current associate coach of the Calgary Flames.
References
Other websites
1960 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Quebec Nordiques players
Rochester Americans players
Trois-Rivieres Draveurs players
Chukchi Sea

Chukchi Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the De Long Strait, off Wrangel Island, and in the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, beyond which is the Beaufort Sea. The Bering Strait forms its southernmost limit and connects it to the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The main port on the Chukchi Sea is Uelen in Russia. The International Date Line crosses the Chukchi Sea. It is moved east to avoid Wrangel Island as well as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on the Russian mainland.
The sea has an area of about 595,000 km2 (230,000 mi2). It can only be travelled about four months of the year. The Chukchi Sea has very few islands compared to other seas of the Arctic. Wrangel Island is at the northwestern limit of the sea, Herald Island is near its northern limit, and a few small islands are along the Siberian and Alaskan coasts.
The sea is named after the Chukchi people. The live on its shores and on the Chukotka Peninsula. The Chukchi worked at fishing, whaling and the hunting of walrus in this cold sea.
In Siberia places along the coast are: Cape Billings, Cape Schmidt, Amguyema River, Cape Vankarem, the large Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Neskynpil'gyn Lagoon, Cape Serdtse-Kamen, Enurmino, Chegitun River, Inchoun, Uelen and Cape Dezhnev.
In Alaska, the rivers flowing into the Chukchi Sea are the Kivalina, the Kobuk, the Kokolik, the Kukpowruk, the Kukpuk, the Noatak, the Utukok, the Pitmegea, and the Wulik, among others. The most important rivers flowing in from its Siberian side are the Amguyema, Ioniveyem, and the Chegitun.
Other websites
Geography of Alaska
Seas of Russia
Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Sei Shōnagon

was a Japanese writer. She was a court lady who served the Empress Teishi (Sadako) during the middle Heian period. She is best known as the author of . She also wrote diaries and poems.
The Pillow Book
The Heian period of Japanese history lasted from 794 to 1185 CE. Sei Shonagon lived and died during this time. Not a lot is known about her as a child. We only know about her personality by her writing, especially The Pillow Book. This book contains a lot about her life at the imperial court and her feelings. It is a collection of lists, poetry, gossip and observations from her years in the court (things she saw and how she felt about them). The Pillow Book became very well-known during the Heian period. It revealed an interesting view on life at court.
The name Pillow Book came from an event where the empress was given a bundle of notebooks. The empress did not know what to use the notebooks for so Sei Shonagon asked Empress Sadako if she could have them. Sei Shonagon told the empress that she wanted to use them to make a pillow.
The book has about 320 entries. She also wrote lists in her diaries. There are about 164 lists. Some of the lists that were included in her diary were: "Depressing things" and "Things that arouse a fond memory of the past". Sei Shonagon completed this book some time between 1000 and 1010 CE. Some people believe that a copy of Sei Shonagon's book was given to Empress Sadako's daughter.
References
Hackney, Ryan. "Sei Shonagon." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
966 births
1017 deaths
Japanese writers
Solliès-Toucas

Sollies-Toucas is a commune of 5,753 people (2019). It is in Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France.
Communes in Var
Educational Testing Service

Educational Testing Service (ETS) was founded in 1947. It is the world's largest private nonprofit educational testing and assessment organization. Its headquarters are in Lawrence Township, New Jersey, near Princeton.
ETS develops various standard tests in the United States for K-12 and higher education. It also administers tests in more than 180 countries, and in over 9,000 places worldwide. These tests include the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication), Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General and Subject Tests, and the Praxis test series.
Many of these assessments are for entry to US undergraduate education and graduate schools. ETS also develops K-12 assessments used for accountability testing in many states, including California, Texas, Tennessee and Virginia. In total, ETS annually administers 20 million exams in the U.S. and in 180 other countries.
References
Companies based in New Jersey
Educational organizations based in the United States
La Bataille

La Bataille is a former commune. It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Deux-Sevres department in west France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Chef-Boutonne.
References
Former communes in Deux-Sevres
Nikolai Tsukanov

Nikolai Nikolaevich Tsukanov (Russian: Nikolai Nikolaevich Tsukanov) (born March 22, 1965 is a Russian politician. He is from the village Lipovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia). In September 2010, he became governor of the Kaliningrad oblast. He became Secretary of the Kaliningrad regional council of the party "United Russia" in 2010. He was also the mayor of the municipality "Gusev City District" in 2005-2010.
References
1965 births
Living people
Russian politicians
Kaliningrad Oblast
Yulia Nachalova

Yulia Victorovna Nachalova (; 31 January 1981, Voronezh, Russian SFSR, USSR - 16 March 2019, Moscow, Russia) was a Soviet and Russian singer, actress and television presenter.
Personal life
From 2001 to 2004 Yulia was married to Dmitry Lanskoy. Then, from 2006 to 2011, Nachalova was married to Eugeny Aldonin. Had one child with Aldonin, a daughter Vera Aldonina (b.December 1, 2006).
In October 2011, she was in a relationship with Alexander Frolov.
On morning of July 27, 2012, during her flight from Moscow to Los Angeles, Yulia became ill. Upon arrival in Los Angeles, Nachalova was hospitalized in critical condition.
In March 2019, Nachalova was hospitalized due to a sharp rise in her blood sugar level. She died of a cerebral edema in a Moscow hospital on March 16, 2019, aged 38.
References
Other websites
1981 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cerebral edema
Russian singers
Russian actors
Voronezh
Villanière

Villaniere is a commune of 137 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
References
Other websites
Communes in Aude
1190

1190 (MCXC) was .
Events
March 16 -- Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.
June 10 -- Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem.
October 4 -- Richard I of England threatens war against Tancred of Sicily, and captures Messina
"On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy" (ar. Kitab fasl al-maqal) first published.
Coronation of Richard I of England (the Lion-Hearted)
Anti-Jewish riots in England.
In Myanmar, Anawrahta's lineage regains control with the assistance of Sri Lanka. Pagan has been in anarchy. The new regime reforms Burmese Buddhism on Sri Lankan Theravada models.
Henry I becomes Duke of Brabant.
Richard I of England and Philip II of France meet at Vezelay, beginning the Third Crusade.
Stevan Nemanja founds the Studenica monastery in Serbia.
The feudal era of Japan begins.
Cartmel Priory founded
Births
Vincent of Beauvais, Dominican friar and encyclopedist (d. 1264)
Peter I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1251)
William III of Sicily (d. 1198)
William of Sherwood, English logician (d. 1249)
Deaths
March 15 Isabelle of Hainaut, queen of Philip II of France (b. 1170)
June 10 -- Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, (drowned) (b. 1122)
July 25 -- Sibylla of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem (b. c. 1160)
William Fitzstephen, servant of Thomas a Becket and sheriff of Gloucester
Ranulf de Glanvill, chief justiciar of England
Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester
1190
Arcomps

Arcomps is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. It has a population of around 283 as of January 2019.
References
Communes in Cher
Charadrahyla esperancensis

The esperanza tree frog (Charadrahyla esperancensis) is a frog that lives in Mexico. Scientists have seen it in Oaxaca at 1640 meters above sea level.
Appearance
The adult male frog is 44.3 to 48.9 mm long from nose to rear end.
This frog has smooth skin on its back and legs. It has bumpy skin on its belly. The top of the head and top of the back are either light brown or green-brown in color. The sides of the head has dark brown color from the nose to the eardrum. The sides of the frog's body are dark brown with yellow spots. The spots are not perfectly round. The tops of the legs are light brown with darker brown stripes going across. The legs have yellow spots. This frog has disks on its toes for climbing. The disks are darker in color than the rest of the toe. The belly is light in color.
Name
"Esperanza" is "hope" in Spanish. Scientists named after the place where they saw the frog: La Esperanza in Sierra Juarez.
Threats
This frog is in some danger of dying out. This is because human beings change the places where it lives by cutting down trees to have wood or make towns and cities. This cuts the place where the frog lives into small pieces, where frogs in different places cannot go to each other. This makes them make young only with other frogs nearby, and they may be too closely realted to each other. These frogs also die from disease and climate change.
Human beings who live near La Esperanza have saved 4000 hectares of land to save this frog and other animals that live there.
References
Frogs of North America
Fumimaro Konoe

Prince was a Japanese politician and prime minister from 1937 to 1939 and again from 1940 to 1941.
References
Other websites
Konoe biography from Spartacus Educational
Annotated bibliography for Fumimaro Konoe from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Fumimaro Konoe and Asian Pacific War
1891 births
1945 deaths
Drug-related suicides
Prime Ministers of Japan
Politicians from Tokyo