pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1209

1209 is a common year in the 13th century.
Events
Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209-1218)
the Franciscans are founded
Cambridge University founded.
London Bridge completed
In August, Simon De Monfort, leader of Albigensian Crusade, takes over Carcassonne
Genghis Khan conquers Turkestan
Births
January 5 - Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1272)
Hajji Bektash Wali, Turkish mystic (died 1271)
Deaths
November 12 - Phillipe de Plessis, Grand Master of the Knights Templar (born 1165)
Walter Map, Welsh writer (born 1137)
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Persian theologian and philosopher (born 1149)
Farmingdale, New York

Farmingdale is an incorporated village on Long Island within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 8,189 at the 2010 Census.
Other websites
Farmingdale official website
Village history
Villages in New York (state)
Zeulenroda-Triebes

Zeulenroda-Triebes is a German town in the rural district of Greiz in Thuringia.
It has about 18,000 inhabitants. Most famous sight of the town is the beautiful town hall.
Other websites
Official website of Zeulenroda-Triebes
Landkreis Greiz
Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Thuringia
Greiz Rural District
Euler's formula

In complex analysis, Euler's formula, also sometimes called Euler's relation, is an equation involving complex numbers and trigonometric functions. More specifically, it states that
where x is a real number, e is Euler's number and i is the imaginary unit.
It makes a relation between trigonometric functions and exponential functions of complex numbers. It is named after Leonhard Euler, who published it in 1748. When he published it, Euler said that the angle must be a real number. Later, it turned out that the formula also works if the angle is not a real number, but a complex one.
When the angle is and , Euler's formula becomes and , respectively.
Related pages
Euler's identity
References
Complex analysis
Trigonometry
Lusaka Province

Lusaka Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Lusaka, which is also the national capital. It is the smallest province in Zambia, with an area of 21,896 km2. It is also Zambia's most populated and most densely populated province, with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per km2 as of 2010.
The province is bordered by Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and separated by the Lower Zambezi National Park. Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (in Chongwe District) and Lusaka City Airport (in Lusaka) are the two airports in the province.
Provinces of Zambia
Lodano

Lodano is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo merged into the municipality of Maggia.
2004 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Black start

Black start is the process to start up in a power station from zero, without the help of power from the grid connected to the station.
Usually, a power station uses its own set of electrical generator to start the plant. This is a diesel generator called the Black start diesel generator (BSDG). This powers up all electrical panels which control the station.
Electricity
Frans B. Van Zaelen

Frans B. Van Zaelen (12 June 1930 - 27 December 2022) was a Belgian visual artist.
Biography
Van Zaelen was born in Muizen in 1932, where he grew up. He received in 1971 the first prize of Biesme. He had an exposition of his works in from 21 October to 2 November at the "V.T.B. - Hendrik de Braekeleergalerie' in Antwerp. However, his works of art received little recognition in his home city, but received recognition in France. Between 1980 and 2010 he lived intermittently in Vaison-la Romaine, France. He received the "Gold Medal of the French Republic". In 2012 he had a traffic accident where he was hit by a truck. Due to the accident, he was not able to make new works of art. He transferred his works and his home to a self-named foundation to help new artists and poor families.
The last years of his life he lived at the residential care center Damiaan in Tremelo. He died there on 27 December 2022, at the age of 92.
References
Belgian artists
1932 births
2022 deaths
Chloroacetic acid

Chloroacetic acid is an organochloride which results from replacing one hydrogen atom of acetic acid with one chlorine atom. Chloroacetic acid is used in industrial chemical processes, for example in the production of dyes. It was used as poison gas in the First World War, as a so-called Yellow Cross agent. It is still used to treat warts today. Chloroacetic acid is a very strong acid that causes immediate damage to the skin. Exposing between 5% and 10% of the skin to a solution of 80% chloroacetic acid will lead to death.
Chloroacetic acid,industrially also known as Monochloroacetic acid (MCA or MCAA) is a white or pale yellow crystal chemical with irritant smell mainly used in manufacturing a variety of products including herbicides, pharmaceuticals, anesthetics, tranquilizers and amphoteric surfactants as one of the fine chemical intermediates.
Acids
Chemical warfare
2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption

The 2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption was a volcanic eruption of Cumbre Vieja on the island of La Palma, one of the most active volcanoes in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is the first volcanic eruption on the island since the eruption of Teneguia in 1971. At 85 days, it is the longest known eruption of a volcano on La Palma.
The eruption began at 16:12 UTC on 19 September 2021 in a forested area called Cabeza de Vaca.
An earthquake swarm started on 11 September, which led to the volcanic eruption on 19 September.
Around 300 people from the local area were evacuated shortly after the eruption.
The eruption led to the evacuation of more than 8,000 people, and the lava has destroyed more than 3,000 buildings.
It is the most damaging volcanic eruption on La Palma since records began.
Initially, when the eruption started, it had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 0, when it was a purely lava eruption. But with the ashfall that began a week later, the Volcanic Explosivity Index of the eruption rose to 2.
On 28 September, at around 23:02 UTC, the lava flow reached the sea at the Perdido Beach.
On 20 November, the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) was upgraded from VEI 2 to VEI 3, when the ashfall reached 10 million m3.
On 12 December, the volcanic eruption broke the local record, when it reached 85 days of continuous activity. The eruption is the longest known eruption of a volcano on La Palma. Previously, the eruption of the Tajuya volcano in 1585 was the longest at 84 days. No reliable data is available about earlier volcanic eruptions, before Spanish colonization of La Palma in the 15th century.
On 13 December, the volcanic eruption stopped. Noting weak seismicity and zero tremors, scientists said that a resumption of the eruption is highly unlikely, giving locals hope that it is over.
On 25 December 2021, after 12 days with no activity from the volcano, the eruption was officially declared to have ended.
References
2021 disasters in Africa
2021 in Spain
Canary Islands
September 2021 events
October 2021 events
November 2021 events
December 2021 events
Volcanic eruptions
Lothar Bisky

Lothar Bisky (17 August 1941 - 13 August 2013) was a German politician. He was the chairman of the Left Party.PDS, a socialist political party with its base in the east of Germany. In June 2007 he became of the leaders of The Left, formed by a merger of Left Party.PDS and Labour and Social Justice - The Electoral Alternative.
Bisky was born in Zollbrueck, Pomerania. As a child he was very poor, so when he was 18 he moved from northern West Germany to GDR. He was allowed to join the Socialist Unity Party in 1963, but did not became a leader of the party until just after the fall of communism and the old hardliners were thrown out of the party.
He was rector of the University of Film and Television (Potsdam-Babelsberg) from 1986 to 1990. In 1991 he became a member of the board of directors of regional television channel ORB (now part of RBB.)
In 1990 he was a member of the Volkskammer and since 1990 he has been a member of the state parliament in Brandenburg.
He was chairman of the PDS from 1993 until his resignation in 2000. He was re-elected chairman in 2003. Bisky was seen to be on the moderate, social democratic wing of the party and he was a long-time close ally of the party's most prominent figure, Gregor Gysi.
The party returned strongly to the Bundestag in the 2005 election. Bisky, one of 54 Left MPs, was going to become one of the six vice presidents of the Bundestag. When the new Bundestag met on October 18, however, he failed three times to be elected. Some MPs explained this with allegations (denied by Bisky) that he was an informant of the Stasi. Later, he failed a fourth time, and gave up his bid to be elected.
Lothar Bisky was married and the father of three sons. The oldest son, Jens Bisky, is a journalist and writer and the middle, Norbert Bisky, is a painter. The youngest died in 2008 in Edinburgh.
Bisky died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 13 August 2013.
References
Other websites
Homepage from Lothar Bisky
Biography of party Die Linke Brandenburg
1941 births
2013 deaths
Members of the German Bundestag
German politicians of the Left Party
Members of the Volkskammer
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Platymantis quezoni

The Quezon limestone forest frog (Platymantis quezoni) is a frog. It lives in the Philippines on Luzon Island. Scientists have seen it in one place: the Bicol Peninsula. But they think it may live in other places too.
The adult male frog is 22.1-33.9 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 32.4-39.7 mm long. It is tan to brown in color with darker marks. It lives in places where there is limestone karst rock in the ground.
References
Frogs of Asia
Sebastià Alzamora i Martín

Sebastia Alzamora i Martin (born in Mallorca, 6 March 1972) is a writer and literary critic.
Biography
Alzamora studied from Balearic Islands University with a degree in Catalan philology. He gained popularity after releasing a book of poetry called Rafel (1994). Rafel won the Premi Salvador Espriu. He is also the author of Apoteosi del Cercle (1997), Mula Morta (2001), and El Benestar (2003).
As a narrator, he has published L'extincio (1999), Sara i Jeremies (2002), La Pell i la Princesa (2005), Nit de L'anima (2007), Miracle a Llucmajor (2010), and Dos Amics de Vint Anys (2013). He wrote an essay about Gabriel Janer Manila called L'escriptura del Foc (1998). He also helped create Imparables, Una antologia (2004), and published Dogmatica Imparable (2005) with Hector Bofill and Manuel Forcano. Since December 2007, he has been director of the magazine Cultura.
Awards
1994: Premi Salvador Espriu for Rafel
1996: Premi Bartomeu Rossello-Porcel of Premis 31 de desembre of Obra Cultural Balear.
1999: Premi Documenta de narrativa
2002: Premi Ciutat de Palma for Sara i Jeremies
2003: Premi Jocs Florals de Barcelona for El Benestar
2005: Premi Josep Pla de narrativa for La pell i la princesa
2008: Premi Carles Riba de poesia for La part visible
2011: Premi Sant Jordi, for Crim de sang
References
Living people
Eddington, Maine

Eddington is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States.
Towns in Maine
Hörgertshausen

Horgertshausen is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Freising (district)
Palm Jumeirah

Palm Jumeirah is an artificial island on the coast of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Nakheel is the real estate developer of this artificial island. It is the site of numerous private residences and hotels. From the air, the archipelago resembles a stylized palm tree within a circle. The creation of the island started in 2001 ending around 2006/2007 and was financed mainly from Dubai's income from petroleum. By 2009, 28 hotels were opened on the site. The Atlantis is the largest hotel currently constructed on Palm Jumeirah. There are currently over 18,000 thousand living on the island. It was built entirely from sand and rocks, no concrete or steel was used to build the island. This was done in accordance with the order of the Ruler of Dubai, who came up with the idea and the design.
Purpose
Dubai built the Island to increase the coastline for tourists. Dubai is known for its sunny weather and beaches, but the existing 72 Km coastline was not enough to accommodate the goal of tripling the number of tourists to 15 million annually. The solution was to construct a massive island shaped like a Palm Tree, which upon completion in 2006, would add 56 Km to the coastline. The island was designed to be a city within itself, featuring shopping centers, restaurants, hotels, and residential properties.
References
Artificial islands
Dubai
Geography of the United Arab Emirates
2001 establishments in Asia
Blend word

Blend words are two words combined to make a new word. They are formed from two or more other words. At least one word, or part is a morpheme.
Words
Brampton, Carlisle

Brampton is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 4361 people living in Brampton.
References
Villages in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Mary Akrami

Mary Akrami is an activist from Afghanistan. She started the Afghan Women Skills Development Center, a women's shelter in Kabul. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Life
Akrami grew up in Kabul, Afghanistan. During the war with the Taliban, her family left Afghanistan and went to live in Pakistan. Akrami got a BBA degree in Administration and Economy from Peshawar in Pakistan.
Work
Akrami worked with a group of women to start classes in English and computer literacy for Afghan women in refugee camps. They got help from the Aurat Foundation (an NGO in Pakistan) and the Afghan Women Skills Development Center (AWSDC).
In 2001, Akrami went to the Afghan Civil Society meeting in Bonn, Germany. After the war, she went back to
Afghanistan and started an economic development project for women in the small village of Ghazni. In April, she started a women's shelter with the help of Norwegian church Aid (NCA). The shelter provides psychological counseling and legal aid.
To promote human rights for women, they started a peace building program in the Parwan province. They started 12 peace committees 6 and 1 central Shura in each district. Women have 50% representation in the peace committees.
References
1970s births
Living people
BBC 100 Women
Bernard and the Genie

Bernard and the Genie is a 1991 British fantasy comedy-drama television film directed by Paul Weiland and written by Richard Curtis. Co-produced by Attaboy and Talkback for BBC Television, the film was first shown on BBC1 on 23 December 1991. A comic fantasy that takes its inspiration from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, it follows Alan Cumming as an art dealer who ain't not having no good day.
Cast
Lenny Henry as Josephus
Alan Cumming as Bernard Bottle
Rowan Atkinson as Charles Pinkworth
Dennis Lill as Frank Kepple
Angie Clarke as Carrie
Kevin Allen as Kevin Bell
Andree Bernard as Judy
Melvyn Bragg as himself
Janet Henfrey as Miss Purse
Marcia Ashton as Miss Temple
Sheila Latimer as Bernard's mother
Bob Geldof as himself
Gary Whelan as Officer
Gary Lineker as himself
Trevor McDonald as Newscaster
Vincent Hanna as himself
Sally Geoghegan as Waitress
1991 movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Paul Weiland
101955 Bennu

101955 Bennu (provisional designation ) is a carbonaceous asteroid in the Apollo group discovered by the LINEAR Project on 11 September 1999.
Bennu has a 1 in 2,700 chance of hitting Earth between the year 2175 and 2199.
It is named after the Bennu, the ancient Egyptian mythological bird associated with the Sun, creation, and rebirth.
Bennu has an average diameter of .
Bennu is the target of the OSIRIS-REx mission which is intended to return samples to Earth in 2023 for further study.
Bennu is the second-highest on the cumulative rating on the Palermo technical impact hazard scale.
It is believed that Bennu broke off from another asteroid in the asteroid belt, but the gravitational pull of Saturn dislodged it into the range of Earth.
Bennu orbits the Sun every 1.2 years. It comes within 0.002 astronomical units of the earth every 6 years.
Some believe that if Bennu enters a specific hole between the earth and the moon its orbit could change in a way that would make it likely to hit Earth.
References
Asteroids
Almaty Region

Almaty (, Almati oblisi, lmt~ wbl~s~; ) is a region of Kazakhstan. Capital of this region is Taldykorgan, which has a population of 123,000. Population of the region: 1,807,894 (2009); 1,557,269 (1999).
Geography
Almaty Region is the province which surrounds the city of Almaty. The province borders Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang (East Turkestan) autonomous province in China. The province also touches three other Kazakh provinces: Jambyl Province to the west, Karagandy Province to the northwest and East Kazakhstan Province to the north. Almaty Province has an area of 224,000 square kilometres.
History
Alma-Ata Province, the predecessor of today's Almaty Province, was created from the historical region of Zhetysu on March 10, 1932. Its capital was Alma-Ata (Almaty). Several times during the Soviet period, the north-eastern part of the province, centered on Taldykorgan, was separated from Alma-Ata Province, forming a separate Taldy-Kurgan Province, only to be merged into Alma-Ata Province again several years later.
In April 2001 the administrative center of Almaty Province was moved from Almaty to Taldykorgan. Thus Taldykorgan has become a provincial capital again - this time without splitting a province.
Demographics
In the 1989 census (excepting Alma-Ata)
Kazakhs 54.2%
Russians 28.6%
Uigurs 7.8%
Others 9.4% .
In the 1999 census (excepting Almaty)
Kazakhs 66.4%
Russians 23.8%
Uigurs 7.0%
Others 4.6% .
In the 2009 census (excepting Almaty)
Kazakhs 68.2%
Russians 22.8%
Uigurs 6.2%
Other 3.8%
Sights
Besqaynar - Ski resorts located 1500 metres above sea level
Tamgaly - a World Heritage Site (petroglyphs)
Charyn Canyon - Charyn National Park
Talgar - a region where the Issyk kurgan is located
Medeo - one of the most famous ice rinks in the world
Dostyk - a point of entry from China to Kazakhstan
Kapchagay Dam on the Ili River
References
Other websites
Official regional website
Regions of Kazakhstan
Sahibzada Ishaq Zafar

Sahibzada Ishaq Zafar was an Azad Kashmiri politician. He was interim President of Azad Kashmir from 20 to 29 July 1991. He died in 2006.
References
Presidents of Azad Kashmir
Pakistani politicians
Year of birth missing
2006 deaths
Inga Brand

Inga Lilian Marianne Brand (born 7 January 1929) is a Swedish textile artist and painter. She was born in Gothenburg. From 1965 to 1973, Brorson worked at School of Design and Crafts. Many of her works were seen at Nationalmuseum and at Gothenburg Museum of Art.
Brorson was married to artist Erland Brand from 1954 until his death in 2020.
References
1929 births
Living people
Swedish painters
People from Gothenburg
Monoplacophora

Monoplacophora is a class of molluscs. They have a cap-like shell and live on the bottom of the sea.
They were well-known as a fossil group from the Cambrian to the Devonian. One species was dredged up from the Pacific Ocean off Mexico in 1952. It was found to be a Monoplacophoran, and given the genus of Neopilina. This was one of the most remarkable modern discoveries of a 'living fossil', and a Lazarus taxon.
More than that, they are the most extreme example of the pull of the recent, which is a term in palaeontology. All fossil groups have a first and last appearance in the fossil record but, for living species, their last appearance is the present day. This may be very much later than their last appearance as a fossil. The discovery of the living monoplacs extended their time range by 400 million years.
The anatomy of Neopilina shows "serially repeated structures" such as gills. Serial repetition of anatomical structures such as gills and muscles may have evolved once in the common ancestor of chitons and monoplacophorans. It suggests the ancient ancestor of molluscs had bilateral symmetry, and segments.
Reference
Molluscs
Regional Representative Council

The Regional Representative Council (, DPD; alternatively translatable as the House of Regions or the House of Regional Representatives or the Senate of Indonesia), is one of two parliamentary chambers in Indonesia.
With the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, (DPR), it makes up the Indonesian national legislative body, the Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR).
Under Indonesia's constitution, the authority of the DPD is limited to areas related to regional governments and can only propose and give advise on bills to the DPR.
References
Politics of Indonesia
Lee County, North Carolina

Lee County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 57,866 people lived there. Its county seat is Sanford.
References
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
1907 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Hiroshi Amano

is a Japanese physicist, engineer and inventor. His work focused on semiconductor technology. He won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Isamu Akasaki and Shuji Nakamura for "the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources".
References
1960 births
Living people
Japanese physicists
Japanese engineers
Japanese inventors
Nagoya University alumni
Electronic engineers
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt is the fertile Nile Delta region, which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Dahshur, south of modern-day Cairo, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Lower Egypt was known as Ta-Mehu which means "land of papyrus." It was divided into twenty districts called nomes. Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, undeveloped for human life and filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs.
The climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt. Temperatures are less extreme and there is more rainfall.
The capital of Lower Egypt was Buto. Its patron goddess was the cobra goddess Wadjet. Lower Egypt was represented by the Low Red Crown Deshret, and its symbol was the papyrus.
Related pages
Upper Egypt
Nomes of Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Mittellandkanal

The Mittelland Canal is a major canal in central Germany. It is the main east-west inland waterway. It also links France, Switzerland and the Benelux countries with Poland, the Czech Republic and the Baltic Sea. At 325.7 kilometres (202.4 miles) it is the longest artificial waterway in Germany. It goes from the Dortmund-Ems Canal to the Elbe River near Magdeburg, where it joins the Elbe-Havel Canal.
Building was started in 1906, and the final section to Magdeburg was opened in 1938.
References
Canals in Germany
Vorpommern-Rügen

Vorpommern-Rugen is a district in the north of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
The Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and Jasmund National Park are in the district. The largest island in Germany, Rugen, is also in the district.
The district has a number of lakes, which include:
Towns and municipalities
References
Districts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Going Inside a Storm

Going Inside a Storm () is a 1966 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Mikaelyan. It stars Aleksandr Belyavskiy, Vasili Lanovoy, and Rostislav Plyatt.
Actors
Aleksandr Belyavskiy as Sergei Krylov
Vasili Lanovoy as Oleg Tulin
Rostislav Plyatt as Dankevich
Mikhail Astangov as Golitsin
Zhanna Prokhorenko as Lena
Viktoriya Lepko as Zhenya
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1966 movies
Soviet drama movies
Pakuranga (New Zealand electorate)

Pakuranga is an electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It is in Auckland.
Election results
References
New Zealand electorates
Illiat

Illiat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Communes in Ain
Moscow City Duma

The Moscow City Duma (, Moskovskaya Gorodskaya Duma) is the Russian regional parliament in Moscow, the unicameral City Duma (city council, a local parliament) of the Russian capital city of Moscow.
Moscow
Government of Russia
Têt (river)

The Tet () is the largest river in Roussillon, southeastern France. The valley formed by the river, the Valley of the Tet (), was named as Region of Art and History () by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication.
Geography
The Tet river is . Its source is on the northeastern side of Pic Carlit at an elevation of , in the municipality of Angoustrine-Villeneuve-des-Escaldes.
It crosses the Pyrenees-Orientales departement (Northern Catalonia) from West to East and ends in the Mediterranean Sea, near Perpignan ().
Tributaries
The Tet has 43 tributaries; some of them are:
Right tributaries:
Riberola (or Torrent de la Valleta),
Caranca,
Mantet (or Riviere du Ressac, Ruisseau d'El Callau),
Rotja,
Cady, 19.2 km, flowing from the Le Canigou mountain.
Lentilla,
Lliscou,
Boules (or Boles),
Basse,
Left tributaries
Castellane,
Caillan,
Towns along the river
Some towns and cities found along the river, with the Catalan name in parentheses, are:
Mont-Louis (Mont-Lluis)
Olette (Oleta)
Villefranche-de-Conflent (Vilafranca de Conflent)
Prades (Prada de Conflent)
Perpignan (Perpinya)
Gallery
References
Other websites
Station: 70474030, Option: Synthese
La Tet
Rivers of Pyrenees-Orientales
Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon

Saint-Saturnin-les-Avignon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Communes in Vaucluse
360

360 (CCCLX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Iulianus (or, less often, year 1113 Ab urbe condita). The number 360 for this year has been used since the early Middle Ages, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Roman Empire
February - Julian, Roman Caesar, is proclaimed emperor by the Gallic legions in Lutetia (modern Paris) at the Thermes de Cluny. They refuse to support the eastern campaign against king Shapur II of Persia and revolted.
The Alamanni raid Raetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind the Rhine and into the Black Forest by Julian.
King Shapur II continues his campaign against the Roman fortresses. His armies capture Singara, Bezabde and Nisibis.
Emperor Constantius II and Julian send several letters to each other. They are both hoping to avoid a civil war.
Europe
Thousands of Huns invade Europe. They spread terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths.
Asia
Japan begins a 30-year period of great influence in Korea.
By topic
Agriculture
Roman authorities in Britain export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine. They have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.
Religion
First Council of Constantinople: Emperor Constantius II requested a church council, at Constantinople, and both the eastern and western bishops attend the meeting. Wulfila also attends the council and endorses the resulting creed. After the council, several homoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, including Macedonius I of Constantinople and Cyril of Jerusalem.
Births
John Cassian, Desert Father and Christian saint (approximate date)
Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk and theologian (approximate date)
Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland (approximate date)
Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar (approximate date)
Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty (d. 380)
Deaths
Eustathius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date)
Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan (b. 319)
Desmond Doss

Desmond Doss (February 7, 1919 - March 23, 2006) grew up in Lynchburg, Virginia and was a Seventh-day Adventist, which meant he was a pacifist. He did not believe in violence and chose not to use or carry weapons. He vowed not to kill.
He was a combat medic in the United States Army during World War II. During the Battle of Okinawa, he saved 75 soldiers that were left behind and wounded. He tied them in a special knot and lowered them safely down the ridge. After the war, Desmond Doss was awarded with many medals. He was the first pacifist to receive the Medal of Honor. He received the purple heart.
References
1919 births
2006 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Virginia
Provinces of Vanuatu

Vanuatu is divided into six provinces. It has been divided this way since 1994.
Municipalities
The provinces are divided into municipalities (usually consisting of an individual island) headed by a council and a mayor elected from among the members of the council.
Island Regions (historical)
From 1985 to 1994 Vanuatu was divided into eleven island regions:
Districts (historical)
During the Condominium era, specifically from 1968 to 1984 the group was divided into four administrative districts:
Vanuatu
Vanuatu
Communes of the Meuse department

The following is a list of the 500 communes of the Meuse departement, in France.
Meuse
Karsbach

Karsbach is a municipality in Main-Spessart in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (Administrative Community) of Gemunden am Main.
Geography
Location
Karsbach is in the Wurzburg Region.
The community has the following Ortsteile and Gemarkungen (traditional rural cadastral areas): Hessdorf, Hollrich, Karsbach, Weyersfeld.
References
Main-Spessart
Brock Lesnar

Brock Edward Lesnar (born July 12, 1977) is an American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist.
Professional wrestling
Lesnar wrestled professionally for World Wrestling Entertainment from 2002 to 2004. When he was in the WWE, he won the WWE Championship three times, the King of the Ring tournament in 2002 and the Royal Rumble in 2003. He left the WWE in 2004 and travelled to Japan to wrestle for New Japan Pro Wrestling. While in Japan he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Lesnar retired from professional wrestling to pursue a career in the UFC.
Lesnar made his return to WWE on April 2, 2012, delivering his finishing move the F5 to John Cena. He began a feud with Triple H and faced him at SummerSlam on August 19, 2012 and won by submission and broke Triple H's arm. He released a tout and said that he was quitting the WWE because he had conquered everything in the WWE.
He returned to the WWE again on January 28, 2013 and delivered an F5 to Vince McMahon as McMahon was about to fire Paul Heyman. The F5 resulted in McMahon's pelvis breaking.
Mixed martial arts
He fought in the UFC from 2008 to 2011, winning the UFC Heavyweight Championship before retiring from the UFC after losing his last match against Alistair Overeem at UFC 141.
References
Other websites
Brock Lesnar's profile on UFC.com
1977 births
Living people
American mixed martial artists
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from South Dakota
WWE wrestlers
Thor: Ragnarok

Thor: Ragnarok is a 2017 fantasy-comedy superhero movie directed by Taika Waititi and a sequel to Thor: The Dark World.
Despite receiving positive reviews from film critics, the film was welcomed with a mixed reaction by fans: they praised it for its story, emotional weight, musical score and action scenes but critizied it for being too comical.
Cast
Chris Hemsworth as Thor Odinson
Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / The Hulk
Tom Hiddleston as Loki Laufeyson
Anthony Hopkins as Odin Borson
Cate Blanchett as Hela
Jeff Goldblum as the Grandmaster
Tessa Thompson as Valkyrie
Taika Waititi as Korg and Surtur
Clancy Brown as the voice of Surtur
References
Other websites
2017 movies
2010s superhero movies
American superhero movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Movies shot in Brisbane
Thor movies
Superhero crossover movies
Apocalyptic movies
Movies set in 2018
Movies directed by Taika Waititi
Larry Coryell

Larry Coryell (April 2, 1943 - February 19, 2017) was an American jazz guitarist. He was known as the "Godfather of Fusion". His career began in 1965.
In the early 1970s, he led a group called Foreplay with Mike Mandel although the albums of this period--Barefoot Boy, Offering, and The Real Great Escape--were credited only to "Larry Coryell." He formed the group The Eleventh House in 1973.
Coryell was born in Galveston, Texas. He was raised in Richland, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Coryell died on February 19, 2017 in his hotel room in New York City from cardiac arrest, aged 73.
References
Other websites
Official site
1943 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
American jazz musicians
American guitarists
Musicians from Texas
Musicians from Washington
Musicians from New York City
People from Galveston, Texas
Torture

Torture is when someone puts another person in pain as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something. This pain may be physical or psychological. People who have been tortured often suffer from long term physical problems or mental health issues and the person may even die.
Reasons for torture
Reasons for torture can include punishment, revenge, political re-education, deterrence, and interrogation. Victims or third parties may be forced to take actions against their will. Torture may for the sadistic gratification of those watching the torture.
Torture for information
A common reason for torture is to get information from the victim, for example, to get confessions or the names of accomplices. Information got by torture is unreliable, because people suffering tend to say whatever the questioner wants them to say. Nevertheless, it was used for centuries by all kinds of societies. It was authorised by the Christian Church during the Inquisition from 1252 to 1816.
In 1600 Anton Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches.
Present day
Almost all countries agree that torture is a violation of human rights and one of crimes against humanity. On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Article 5 states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". To ensure human rights protection against torture, the Convention against Torture has adopted by United Nations in 1984.
Amnesty International is the leading non-governmental organisation against the use of torture. It has regularly reported on which countries it thinks still use torture. It says "Over the last five years, Amnesty has reported torture in at least three quarters of the world - 141 countries".
References
War crimes
Reggio Emilia

Reggio Emilia is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It has 167,013 people living in it.
References
Cities in Emilia-Romagna
Capital cities in Italy
List of women lawyers

This is an alphabetical list of women lawyers.
A
Eva Abu Halaweh
Samira Salih al-Nuaimi
B
Maria Bashir
Cherie Blair
C
Zuzana Caputova
Eugenia Charles
D
Teresita de Castro
Leila de Lima
Clarissa Dickson Wright
E
Shirin Ebadi
F
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner
G
Noura Ghazi
H
Sara Hossain
L
Marine Le Pen
Michelle Lujan Grisham
M
Fatimata M'baye
Janet T. Mills
Rosa Julieta Montano Salvatierra
Marisela Morales Ibanez
Nicky Morgan
Mia Mottley
Beatrice Mtetwa
O
Adriana Olguin
S
Maria Lourdes Sereno
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Christine Stix-Hackl
Hanna Suchocka
T
Margaret Thatcher
W
Edith Wilmans
Z
Margarita Zavala
lawyers
Lists of people by occupation
Smooth-coated otter

The smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is a type of otter. It is found in India and Southeast Asia, and in Iraq. It is a vulnerable species. It is threatened by habitat loss, pollution of wetlands and poaching.
References
Mustelids
Mammals of Asia
Vulnerable species
Gros Ventre Range

The Gros Ventre Range ( ) is part of the Central Rocky Mountains and is located west of the Continental Divide in U.S. state of Wyoming. The highest summit in the range is Doubletop Peak at . The Gros Ventre Range is mostly within the Gros Ventre Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest.
References
Mountain ranges of the United States
Geography of Wyoming
Porrentruy

Porrentruy () is a Swiss municipality in the canton of Jura. It is the seat of the district of the same name.
References
Municipalities of Jura
Cities in Switzerland
Türkheim

Turkheim is a municipality in Unterallgau in Bavaria, Germany. The neighboring places of Turkheim are Ettringen, Berg, Rammingen, Irsingen, Wiedergeltingen and Amberg. The administrative collectivity of Turkheim administrate Turkheim and Irsingen. The town is seat of a municipal association with Amberg, Rammingen and Wiedergeltingen.
A subcamp of Dachau was once placed here.
References
Unterallgau
Frederick William II of Prussia

Frederick William II (; 25 September 1744 - 16 November 1797) was the fourth King of Prussia. He ruled from 1786 until his death. He was a successor and grandson of Frederick I, the first king of Prussia.
1744 births
1797 deaths
Kings and Queens of Prussia
House of Hohenzollern
Crown Princes and Princesses of Prussia
Komeijan County

Komeijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Komeijan.
Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Felipe Pereyra

Felipe Pereyra was a boxer from Argentina. Pereyra competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was born on 22 September 1942 and died in 2015.
References
Other websites
1942 births
2015 deaths
Argentine boxers
Argentine Olympians
Fannie Mae

The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), commonly known as Fannie Mae, is a United States government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) and, since 1968, a publicly traded company. It founded in 1938 during the Great Depression as part of the New Deal.
Its sister organization is the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), better known as Freddie Mac. As of 2018, Fannie Mae is ranked number 21 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.
References
1938 establishments in the United States
Louis Van Beeck

Louis Van Beeck was an archer from Belgium. Van Beeck competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
Belgian archers
Belgian Olympians
Brunet, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

Brunet is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. The Asse River forms the northern border.
References
Communes in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Francisco X. Alarcón

Francisco Xavier Alarcon (February 21, 1954 - January 15, 2016) was an American poet and educator. He was awarded the American Book Award for Snake Poems in 1993. He taught at University of California, Davis. He published over twenty works of poetry between 1985 and 2010. He wrote poetry in English, Spanish and Nahuatl. His works were often translated into other languages including Gaelic and Swedish.
Biography
Alarcon was born in Wilmington, Los Angeles, California. He grew up in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. He studied at Stanford University and California State University, Long Beach. He was openly gay.
Alarcon died from cancer on January 15, 2016 in Davis, California, aged 61.
References
1954 births
2016 deaths
Educators from Los Angeles
American poets
Gay men
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT poets
Stanford University alumni
People from Guadalajara
Ugli fruit

An ugli is a type of citrus fruit. It is related to the lemon. It started to grow quickly all across Jamaica over 80 years ago and was quickly discovered by the natives there. It became popularly known, but it did not have a name. The natives on Jamaica named it the ugli fruit because of its ugly appearance. It was shipped to the United States and South America on cargo ships and after it arrived in the Americas, its popularity only grew. The original fruit is believed to have been a hybrid formed from the Seville orange, the grapefruit, and the tangerine families. It's rich in vitamin C and other nutrients, low in calories, and contains powerful anti-inflammatory antioxidants called flavonoids. Most tangelos are free of furanocoumarins, which means they may be safe for those taking certain medications. Ugli fruit is a tasty way to enjoy the many benefits of citrus fruit.
Other websites
Ugli(R) official web site
5 recipes with Ugli fruits
Health benefits from eating Ugli fruits
Citrus
Ama, Louisiana

Ama is a census-designated place (CDP) in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Census-designated places in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
Rich Peverley

John Richard Peverley (born July 8, 1982 in Guelph, Ontario) is a former Canadian ice hockey center.
Peverley played hockey in the ECHL for 2 seasons with the South Carolina Stingrays and Reading Royals. He has formerly played for the Nashville Predators for 3 seasons, the Atlanta Thrashers for 3 seasons and the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0.
On March 10, 2014, during a game against the Columbus Blue Jackets, he collapsed on the team bench. He has had heart conditions in the past and missed a few games the week earlier when he didn't feel well after a game. He is in stable condition. The NHL released a state on Peverley's health saying: "Dallas player Rich Peverley is doing well and is in stable condition. He was transported to the hospital." As a result of the emotional state of the players on both teams caused by the medical emergency, the game was rescheduled to April 9.
References
Other websites
1982 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Nashville Predators players
Stanley Cup champions
People from Guelph
ECHL players
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct

The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct () is a canal aqueduct in north east Wales. It took 10 years to design and build. It was completed in 1805. It is the longest aqueduct in Great Britain, and is the highest canal aqueduct in the world. The 18-arched stone and cast iron structure is designed for narrowboats.
The aqueduct was part of a grand plan which was never completed. It was part of the proposed Ellesmere Canal. It would have been an industrial waterway which made a link between the River Severn at Shrewsbury and the port of Liverpool on the River Mersey.
The westerly high-ground route across the Vale of Llangollen was chosen. A less expensive route was surveyed to the east, but the route chosen would have taken the canal through a mineral-rich area. It would have taken the canal through the coalfields of North-East Wales. However, only parts of the canal route were completed. The plan fell through because the money ran out. The capitalist system at the time was primitive and unreliable. Most major work on the canal stopped after the completion of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct in 1805.
The structure is a Grade I listed building. It is recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Name
The name Pontcysyllte is Welsh for "Cysyllte Bridge", or "Bridge of Cysyllte". Cysyllte is the township of the old parish of Llangollen, where the southern end of the bridge lies.
World Heritage Site
In 1999, the aqueduct and its surrounding lands were submitted to the "tentative list" of properties being considered for UNESCO World Heritage Site status. The aqueduct was suggested as a contender in 2005, its 200th anniversary year. It was finally announced in 2006 that a larger proposal, which covers a section of the canal from the aqueduct to Horseshoe Falls would be the United Kingdom's 2008 nomination.
Parts of the site including the length of canal from Rhoswiel, Shropshire, to the Horseshoe Falls, Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, and Chirk Aqueduct were visited by inspectors from UNESCO in October 2008. It was carried out to analyse and confirm the site management and authenticity. The aqueduct was named by UNESCO on the World Heritage List on 27 June 2009.
Gallery
References
Further reading
Memories of Pontcysyllte by Amy Douglas and Fiona Collins (2006)
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal Nomination as a World Heritage Site: Nomination Document (Wrexham County Borough Council and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, 2008)
Other websites
The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct website
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Bridges in Wales
Grade I listed buildings in Wales
Lugworm

The lugworm (Arenicola marina), also known as the sandworm, is a large marine worm of the phylum Annelida. Lugworms make the coiled tubes of sand that are a familiar sight on a beach at low tide. The lugworm itself is not seen except by people who dig them up from curiosity or to use as fishing bait.
The lugworm lives in a U-shaped tube in the sand, and filters out its food from the water.
Arenicola marina can grow to about 5 inches long (13 cm). Its body is segmented, like that of an earthworm. It has bristles in the middle of its body. It is a polychaete. It also has well-developed blood-vessels, and gills to breathe in the water.
Although the textbook example is usually Arenicola marina, there is a second species, Arenicola defodiens, which lives a similar life. It grows to about 9 inches long (23 cm)
References
Annelids
St. Joseph, Louisiana

St. Joseph, often called St. Joe, is the parish seat of Tensas Parish in northeastern Louisiana, United States. It is in the delta of the Mississippi River. The population was 1,176 at the 2010 census. The town had an African-American majority of 77.4 percent in 2010.
References
Towns in Louisiana
Parish seats in Louisiana
Settlements in Tensas Parish, Louisiana
Grupo Telefe

Grupo Telefe (legally Television Federal S.A.) is an Argentine conglomerate dedicated to the production of audiovisual content and the operation of terrestrial television licenses. The company, created in 1989, belongs to the multinational Paramount Global since November 2016.
History
On December 6, 2012, Telefe presented its voluntary adaptation plan before the Argentinean Federal Authority for Audiovisual Communication Services in order to adapt to the Audiovisual Communication Services Law, where it proposed to put Neuquen channels 7 and 9 up for sale in Bahia Blanca. The plan was approved two years later on December 16, 2014, leaving the two channels for sale. On December 29, 2015, changes were made to several articles of the law (among them Article 45, which indicated that the licensee could not cover with its open media more than 35% of the country's population); as a result of the elimination of the limit percentage of national coverage, Telefe would no longer have the obligation to sell the two channels, being able to keep the 8 channels from the interior in its possession. On February 2, 2016, the National Communications Entity (successor to AFSCA) decided to file all adaptation plans (including Telefe's) as a consequence of this, Telefe no longer has the obligation to sell any of its television channels.
On November 3, 2016, it was announced that the US group Viacom had reached an agreement to buy Telefe and its channels for US$345 million. The purchase was finalized on November 15. The ENACOM approved the transfer of Telefe and its licenses to Viacom on March 30, 2017.
On August 13, 2019, CBS Corporation and Viacom announced that they had reached an agreement to merge their respective business units (including Grupo Telefe) under the umbrella of the former (to be renamed ViacomCBS).The merger was completed on December 4.
As of February 16, 2022, ViacomCBS was renamed Paramount Global.
Other websites
Official website
References
Telefe
Nintendo Entertainment System (Model NES-101)

The NES-101 model is a model of the NES. It loads cartridges from the top, like the SNES.
Nintendo video game consoles
Coby Bryant

Coby Bryant (born March 29, 1999) is an American football cornerback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Cincinnati.
Living people
1999 births
Seattle Seahawks players
Charlene Tilton

Charlene Tilton (b. December 1, 1958 in San Diego) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She has also acted in a few movies. She is best known for playing Lucy Ewing on the CBS television series Dallas.
References
Actors from San Diego, California
American television actors
American movie actors
1958 births
Living people