pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Frida Kahlo

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderon (6 July 1907 - 13 July 1954), usually known as Frida Kahlo, was a Mexican painter. She was known for her surreal and very personal works. She was married to Diego Rivera, also a well-known painter.
She was born in Coyoacan, Mexico. She had polio that left her disabled when she was 6 years old and some think that she may have had spina bifida (a birth defect affecting the development of part of the spine) as well. She studied medicine and was going to become a doctor. Because of a traffic accident in a tram at age 18 which badly injured her, she had periods of severe pain for the rest of her life. After this accident, Kahlo no longer continued her medical studies but took up painting. She used ideas about things that had happened to her. Her paintings are often shocking in the way they show pain and the harsh lives of women, especially her feelings about not being able to have children. Fifty-five of her 143 paintings are self-portraits. She was also influenced by native Mexican culture, shown in bright colors, with a mixture of realism and symbolism. Her paintings attracted the attention of the artist Diego Rivera, whom she later married. She was openly bisexual and was a communist. She died of a pulmonary embolism caused by bronchopneumonia in Coyoacan.
Kahlo's work is sometimes called "surrealist", and although she organized art shows several times with European surrealists, she herself did not like that label. Her attention to female themes, and the honesty in her painting them, made her something of a feminist cult figure in the last decades of the 20th century. Some of her work is seen at the Frida Kahlo Museum, found in her birthplace and home in suburban Mexico City.
Related pages
List of Mexican painters
References
1907 births
1954 deaths
Bisexual people
Communists
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Mexico
LGBT artists
Mexican painters
People with disabilities
Urban sprawl

Urban sprawl is the name of a city growing in areas which have been unpopulated so far. This growth happens once the city has reached a certain size. In general, this growth also happens without regard for the planned growth, called urban planning. In the Middle Ages, there was the benefit of being protected when people lived inside the city. In modern times, there is no such benefit, and the only disadvantage is that it takes longer for people to get to the city center. People disagree about the exact definition of urban sprawl and how to measure it.
The term urban sprawl is a political one, and almost always has a negative connotation (usually that of the uncontrolled growth of a city).
Urban geography
Urban planning
Quantum computer

A quantum computer is a model of how to build a computer. The idea is that quantum computers can use certain ideas from quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. The basic principle behind quantum computation is that quantum properties can be used to represent data and perform operations on it. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer.
The idea of quantum computing is still very new. Experiments have been done. In these, a very small number of operations were done on qubits (quantum bit). Both practical (meaning in the real world) and theoretical (meaning just thinking) research continues with interest, and many national government and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and military purposes, such as cryptanalysis, or breaking codes.
Today's computers, called "classical" computers, store information in binary; each bit is either on or off. Quantum computation use qubits, which, in addition to being possibly on or off, can be both on and off, which is a way of describing superposition, until a measurement is made. The state of a piece of data on a normal computer is known with certainty, but quantum computation uses probabilities. Only very simple quantum computers have been built, although larger designs have been invented. Quantum computation uses a special type of physics, quantum physics.
If large-scale quantum computers can be built, they will be able to solve some problems much more quickly than any computer that exists today (such as Shor's algorithm). Quantum computers are different from other computers such as DNA computers and traditional computers based on transistors. Some computing architectures such as optical computers may use classical superposition of electromagnetic waves. Without quantum mechanical resources such as entanglement, people think that an exponential advantage over classical computers is not possible. Quantum computers cannot perform functions that are not theoretically computable by classical computers, in other words they do not alter the Church-Turing thesis. They would, however, be able to do many things much more quickly and efficiently.
References
Other websites
Qubit.org (Centre for Quantum Computation)
Institute for Quantum Computing
QubitNews
TechTudum (What is quantum computing?)
Articles about quantum physics (free access)
Computers
Quantum mechanics
Ahmed Chalabi

Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi (; 30 October 1944 - 3 November 2015) was an Iraqi politician. He was interim Minister of Oil in Iraq serving from 16 April 2005 to 1 January 2006. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1 May 2005 to 20 May 2006. Chalabi failed to win a seat in parliament in the December 2005 elections.
Chalabi died on 3 November 2015 from a heart attack at his home in Kadhimiya, Baghdad, aged 71.
Related pages
List of scientists from Asia
References
Other websites
1944 births
2015 deaths
Iraqi politicians
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Jason Done

Jason Done (born 5 April 1973) is an English actor and narrator, best known for his role as Tom Clarkson in the BBC school-based drama series Waterloo Road, which he played from 2006 to 2013; making him the second longest-serving cast member in the show. He also portrayed Mordred in the 1998 mini-series Merlin and Stephen Snow in the ITV drama series Where the Heart Is (1999-2001). As well as narrating various programmes, he has also made appearances in television series such as Peak Practice, Coronation Street, Casualty, Vera and Death in Paradise.
Other websites
1973 births
Living people
English child actors
English television actors
Actors from Greater Manchester
People from Salford
Angle grinder

An angle grinder is a handheld power tool. It is also known as a disc grinder or side grinder. They are commonly used in machine shops and metal workshops. Most angle grinders today are powered by electricity. They can be corded or battery-powered. Angle grinders can be used for cutting, grinding, and polishing objects.
There are different kinds of discs that are used for various materials and tasks. Angle grinders can use grinding stones, sanding discs, wire brush wheels, cut-off discs, abrasive grinding discs, and polishing pads. Angle grinders come in different disc sizes and motor specifications. Other differences include a power source, rpm, and arbor size. Generally disc size and power increase together. Disc size is measured in imperial or metric units. Pneumatic grinders are generally used for lighter duty jobs where more precision is required. Electric grinders are more commonly used for larger, heavy-duty jobs.
Angle grinders generate sparks when cutting ferrous metals. The blades on the angle grinder may also break during operation. Proper personal protective equipment must always be worn when using an angle grinder. Angle grinders should never be used without their guard or handle attached. Inspect the discs for cracks, defects, and wear before using an angle grinder.
Cutting tools
Shaka

Shaka kaSenzangakhona (sometimes spelled Tshaka, Tchaka or Chaka; ca. 1787 - ca. 22 September 1828) was the most important leader of the Zulu Empire. He joined the Zulu tribal groups together into the beginnings of a nation. This Zulu nation ruled a large area of southern Africa, between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers. His leadership and his energy make him one of the greatest Zulu chieftains. He has been called a military genius for his changes and new ideas. However, there were also brutal and cruel things that happened when he was in charge.
Zulu leader
Shaka maintained a good relationship with the Europeans in Africa, including the Colonial leaders. He was disliked by other Africans, including his own people, who hated his constant wars.
Ten years of warfare placed incredible strains on the Zulu nation. Shaka, unstable and worried about being replaced by an heir, finally snapped into madness after the death of his mother in 1828. He imposed a year of celibacy on his people. He killed anyone who did not show enough sadness at the death of his mother. He was killed within the year by his half-brother, Dingane, who succeeded him as ruler.
Even though he created brutal conditions for his subjects, he created the powerful Zulu Kingdom.
References
1781 births
1828 deaths
African people
History of South Africa
Assassinated people
PC bang

PC bang is a type of gaming center in South Korea where people can play multiplayer computer games. It is like a LAN gaming center. became very popular when Starcraft came out in 1998.
PC-bang users are usually young South Koreans. Most PC-bang users are students in grade school or college, mostly male. Inside PC bangs, people may smoke, eat, and drink. Most PC bangs sell ramen noodles, canned coffee, energy drinks, and other snacks.
Related pages
Internet cafe
LAN gaming center
References
South Korean culture
Internet
Vermont Route 279

Vermont Route 279 (VT 279, also known as the Bennington Bypass), is a highway bypass of Bennington, Vermont. The highway is long. At the highway's west end, VT 279 continues into New York as New York State Route 915G (NY 915G), which goes to NY 7 in Hoosick, New York.
Geography of Vermont
Roads in the United States
Coorparoo Ward

Coorparoo isa a ward of Brisbane.
Election results
References
Wards of Brisbane
Fortuna (disambiguation)

Fortuna (Latin and Spanish: "fortune") can mean:
Fortuna, the Roman goddess of luck (from the Greek Tyche)
Geographical
19 Fortuna, an asteroid
Fortuna, California, a town on the north coast of California
Fortuna, North Dakota, a town in the northwest of North Dakota, near the Canadian border.
Fortuna (SEPTA station)
Fortuna, Murcia, a town in the province of Murcia in Spain
People
Fortuna (Brazilian singer), a female singer and composer from Brazil of Jewish origin
Wojciech Fortuna, a former ski jumper and Olympic gold medallist
Sports
Fortuna Dusseldorf
Fortuna Koln
Fortuna Sittard
Other
Fortuna (philosophy), Philosophy of the Fellowship of Fortuna Movement
Fortuna (PRNG), a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator design by Niels Ferguson and Bruce Schneier
Fortuna, a fictional planet from the Star Fox series of video games
Fortuna (cigarette), a cigarette brand owned by Altadis
"O Fortuna", widely recognizable opening movement of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana
Fortuna Saga, an original sprite-based webcomic set in the world of Final Fantasy VI.
A name for bagatelle, a game developed from billiard
Palmerston (cat)

Palmerston is a cat who served as the resident Chief Mouser to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom. He began his role on April 13, 2016 after being adopted from the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home. He is named after Lord Palmerston. Palmerston was known to have a rivalry with Larry, resident cat of 10 Downing Street. On 7 August, 2020, he "retired" from his position and moved to the countryside.
Chief Mouser
Irvine Welsh

Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958) is a Scottish writer. He is a novelist, playwright and short story writer. He is best known for his novel Trainspotting (1993). It was made into a 1996 movie of the same name. He has also written novels such as Filth (1998), Glue (2001), Porno (2002), The Bedroom Secrets of the Master Chefs (2006), Crime (2008), Skagboys (2012) and The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins (2014). His 2008 novel Crime was adapted into a British TV series in 2021. This was the first TV adaptation ever made out of a book by Irvine Welsh.
Welsh was born in Leith, Edinburgh. He has been married twice. Both marriages ended in divorce. He lives in the United States.
References
Other websites
1958 births
Living people
British playwrights
Writers from Edinburgh
Scottish novelists
British short story writers
Heimertingen

Heimertingen is a municipality in Unterallgau in Bavaria, Germany. The town has a municipal association with Boos, Bavaria.
References
Unterallgau
Valentin Kozmich Ivanov

Valentin Kozmich Ivanov (November 19, 1934 - November 8, 2011) was a former Russian football player. He played for Torpedo Moscow and Soviet Union national team. He died on November 8, 2011 of Alzheimer's disease.
Club career statistics
|-
|1953||rowspan="14"|Torpedo Moscow||rowspan="14"|Top League||19||4
|-
|1954||22||7
|-
|1955||13||5
|-
|1956||21||13
|-
|1957||22||14
|-
|1958||18||14
|-
|1959||21||6
|-
|1960||17||8
|-
|1961||23||9
|-
|1962||13||4
|-
|1963||36||17
|-
|1964||30||14
|-
|1965||22||7
|-
|1966||11||2
287||124
287||124
|}
International career statistics
|-
!Total||59||26
|}
References
1934 births
2011 deaths
Russian footballers
Remies

Remies is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne
Springerville, Arizona

Springerville is a town of Apache County in the state of Arizona in the United States. As of the 2010 census, 1,961 people lived there.
References
Other websites
Town of Springerville official website
Round Valley History
Springerville News
"Springerville, Arizona", at City-Data.com
Springerville & Eagar Scenic Attractions
Madonna of the Trail | August Leimbach website
Towns in Arizona
Thiotrichales

Thiotrichales is a large order of Bacteria. That includes Francisella tularensis in the cause of Tularemia and Thiomargarita nambiensis, the largest known bacterium.
Gram-negative bacteria
Scarborough, Maine

Scarborough is a town in Maine. It has a harness racing event called the Scarborough Downs. Scarborough High School is here.
References
Towns in Maine
Lamella (zoology)

A Lamella (plural: lamellae) is a soft, thin plate that is attached to the bony gill arches in a fish's gills.
Lamellae also appear in other animals, for example water birds and ducks, as a filter when feeding for organisms or plant matter.
Animal anatomy
Peldon

Peldon is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 501 people living in Peldon. Peldon has a church called St Mary the Virgin.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Yat

Yat (E e) is a letter used in old Slavic languages. Yat was a common Slavic long vowel.
Cyrillic letters
St Edmund's College, Cambridge

St Edmund's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only has students who are at least 21 years old. They can be both undergraduates or postgraduates. It was created in 1896 and is named after St Edmund of Abingdon who was an Archbishop of Canterbury.
The college is found northwest of the city of Cambridge. It has about 450 students. At the beginning, it mainly had Roman Catholic students because it was built a short time after they were allowed back again in the University. Now it has a very international feeling. It was only in 1998 that St Edmund's was given full college status. Before, it was only considered a "House of Residence" by the University.
Some important people have studied here, like Georges Lemaitre, an astronomer. Sir Martin Evans and Amartya Sen, who both won Nobel Prizes, were Fellows (teachers) here. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was an Honorary Fellow.
Other websites
Official website
Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1896 establishments in England
Mastung District

Mastung District () is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province. Pakistan. Prior to 1991 Mastung was part of Kalat District. For administrative purposes Mastung was separated from Kalat and made a new district in 1991.
Tehsils
Dasht Tehsil
Kardigap Tehsil
Mastung Tehsil
References
Districts of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Club Universitario de Deportes

Club Universitario de Deportes, also known as Universitario and La "U", is a Peruvian football club from Lima.
Honours
National
Peruvian Primera Division: 26
Winners (26): 1929, 1934, 1939, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2009, 2013
Runner-up (15): 1928, 1932, 1933, 1940, 1955, 1965, 1970, 1972, 1978, 1984, 1988, 1995, 2002, 2008, 2020
Torneo Apertura: 5
Winners (5): 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2008
Runner-up (1): 2005
Torneo Clausura: 1
Winners (1): 2000
Runner-up (4): 1997, 1999, 2006, 2007
Torneo Regional: 4
Winners (4): 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990-II
Runner-up (3): 1981, 1989-II, 1990-I
Torneo Placido Galindo: 0
Runner-up (1): 1989
International
Copa Libertadores: 27 appearances
Runner-up (1): 1972
U-20 Copa Libertadores: 1
Winners (1): 2011
Peruvian football clubs
1924 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Peru
José Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins

Jose Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins (2 June 1930 - 27 March 2018) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic bishop.
Garaycoa Hawkins was born in Callao, Peru and was ordained to the priesthood in 1961. He served as titular bishop oh Horaea and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima, Peru, from 1982 to 1991. He then served as Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna y Moquegua, Peru, from 1991 to 2006.
Garaycoa Hawkins died on 27 March 2018 in Lima, Peru at the age of 87.
References
1930 births
2018 deaths
Peruvian Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic bishops
Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a record of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. The instrument that makes the record is the ECG machine or Electrocardiograph. Willem Einthoven invented it. It works by attaching electrodes to the outer surface of the skin.
An electrocardiogram monitors the heart. Each beat of the heart is triggered by an electrical impulse, normally generated from special cells in the upper right chamber of the heart. An electrocardiogram records these electrical signals as they travel through the heart. Doctors can use an electrocardiogram to look for patterns among these heartbeats and rhythms to diagnose various heart conditions.
ECG is used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats, the size and position of the chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart, and the effects of drugs or devices used to regulate the heart, such as an artificial pacemaker.
An electrocardiogram is a painless test. The results of your electrocardiogram will likely be reported the same day it is done.
Cardiology
Machines
Ahirwar

The Ahirwar, Ahirwal or Aharwar are members of a North India Yadava/Ahir caste. The Ahirwar Kshatriya were derived from Yaduvanshi Kshatriya Ahir clan. The Ahirs are one of the most ancient martial tribes of India, who ruled over different parts of India and Nepal since ancients times. They stand on an equal footing with the Rajputs and Jats in the caste hierarchy, however they do not usually inter marry. It is considered as a very progressive caste.
References
Yadav
Co-factor

A co-factor (or cofactor) is a chemical compound which is not a protein, but is attached to a protein. The compound is needed for the protein's biological activity. In most cases, the protein will be an enzyme, and the cofactor will help the enzyme work. If so, the cofactors are also called coenzymes.
Cofactors which are complex organic molecules are often called coenzymes. If connected by a covalent bond they are a prosthetic group. But if they are just temporarily connected then the cofactor is a cosubstrate.
Some enzymes need several cofactors. Organic cofactors are often vitamins, or made from vitamins. Metallic ions are often cofactors, but many cofactors have both inorganic and organic parts.
References
Enzymes
Ecnomiohyla

Ecnomiohyla, or fringe-limbed treefrogs or marvelous frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Hylidae. A genus is a group of species. It is part of taxonomy, which is the way scientists put living things in groups.
Scientists invented this group in 2005 after looking very closely at which frogs they had put in Hylidae. At first, scientists had put ten species in this genus. Before that, those frogs had been in Hyla. Two more species, E. rabborum and E. sukia, were discovered later.
Name
The name Ecnomiohyla comes from the Greek word ecnomios ("marvelous" or "unusual") and Hylas. In Greek mythology, Hylas was Hercules' friend.
Appearance
Frogs in Ecnomiohyla are middle-sized or large. They have fringes of skin on their legs. They have very large front and back feet. They live in canopies in wet forested highlands in southern Mexico through Central America to Colombia. They are capable of gliding using their webbed hands and feet.
Species
The genus has 12 species in it,
AmphibiaWeb lists the same species but also includes Rheohyla miotympanum in this genus.
Related pages
Flying frog
References
Frogs of North America
Wade MacLauchlan

H. Wade MacLauchlan (born December 10, 1954), is a Canadian academic and politician. He was 32nd Premier of Prince Edward Island from February 23, 2015 through May 9, 2019.
MacLauchlan is openly gay.
References
1954 births
Living people
Canadian LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT academics
LGBT politicians
Premiers of Prince Edward Island
Myersiohyla inparquesi

Marahuaca odorous frog (Myersiohyla inparquesi) is a frog. Scientists have seen it on Tepui Marahuaca Sur in Amazonas, Venezuela. Scientists have seen between 2600 meters above sea level.
References
Frogs of South America
Crawford County, Georgia

Crawford County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 12,130 people lived there. The county seat is Knoxville.
References
1820s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
1822 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Robert Menzies

Sir Robert Gordon Menzies (20 December 1894 - 14 May 1978) was the 12th Prime Minister of Australia.
Australia
He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history. After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939. He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism. In 1944 he helped form the new Liberal Party. In 1949 he was re-elected Prime Minister. He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.
Commonwealth
According to his biography in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, "Menzies belonged to a generation for whom to be Australian was automatically to be British."
Honours
Knight of the Thistle, 1963
Constable of Dover Castle, 1965
Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1965
References
1894 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Attorneys General of Australia
Monarchists
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
United Australia Party politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Cortaillod

Cortaillod is a municipality of the district Boudry in the canton of Neuchatel in Switzerland.
The neolithic Cortaillod culture was named after Cortaillod, where four neolithic villages have been discovered.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Neuchatel
Villages in Neuchatel
M1 carbine

The M1 carbine is a short, lightweight semi-automatic rifle, or a carbine, used in the United States military from World War II until late in the Vietnam War. It was made to arm soldiers with less of a combat role and more of a support role, such as medics and radiomen. The kind of weapon the military wanted was a gun that would be more powerful and accurate than the M1911, but shorter and lighter than the M1 Garand. The M1 Garand was too long and heavy for support troops to carry, especially since combat was not their main job.
Even though the M1 carbine looks similar to the M1 Garand, the two guns are actually very different. First, the M1 carbines bullets, the .30 Carbine, are much smaller and lighter than the Garand's .30-06 bullets. Second, the gun itself is much lighter, smaller, and shorter range than the Garand. The M1 carbine weighs less than half of the Garand. Third, the M1 carbine is loaded with box magazines that holds 15 bullets, while the M1 Garand is loaded with clips that hold 8 bullets.
Even though it is not used by the military anymore, it is still popular with civilians.
The M2 carbine is a selective fire version of the M1, which means it can switch between semi-automatic and full automatic fire.
References
Rifles
Saint-Hilaire, Aude

Saint-Hilaire is a commune of 773 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
References
Communes in Aude
Hubert Ingraham

Hubert Alexander Ingraham (born 4 August 1947) is a Bahamian politician. He was Prime Minister of the Bahamas from August 1992 to May 2002 and again from May 2007 to May 2012. He is a member of the Free National Movement Party (FNM).
References
1947 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of the Bahamas
Giuseppe Bertini

Giuseppe Bertini (11 December 1825 - 24 November 1898) was an Italian painter, active in Milan. Most of his early paintings were on historical subjects. Later in life, he specialised in portraits. Some of his most famous paintings were frescos. He also designed several stained glass windows made by his brother Pompeo.
Life
Bertini was born in Milan. He studied at the Brera Academy under Luigi Sabatelli and Giuseppe Bisi. In 1845 was awarded the Brera's Grand Prize in Painting for his picture of the meeting between Dante and Fra Ilario. Between 1848 and 1860 Bertini sometimes taught painting at the Brera Academy. When the academy was reorganized in 1860, he was made a permanent professor there. He was in charge of one of the academy's two schools of painting. Francesco Hayez was in charge of the other one. Bertini remained a professor at the academy until the end of the 19th century. Francesco Filippini was one of his students.
Gallery
Related pages
List of Italian painters
References
Other websites
}
Painters from Milan
1825 births
1898 deaths
Tor (software)

Tor is a group of computer servers that keep users anonymous on the Internet. It works by moving data across many Tor servers, called "hops". The role of each server is to only move that data to another server. With the final hop moving data to the end site. As a result, information transmitted in this way is hard to trace.
Tor is also the name that some people give to the web browser used to access the Tor server, the Tor Browser Bundle. The browser is actually a specific version of Mozilla Firefox that has been changed so that it is extremely safe and secure.
Operation
Tor is used to hide Internet users. People who run the Tor network run a network of onion routers. This makes the location of the user secret. Services can also be hosted from "secret" locations using the Tor "Hidden services" feature. A hidden service is an anonymous website that search engines like Google don't know about, and it uses an Onion address as its URL. Onion addresses are URLs that looks like 16 random letters and numbers and ends with .onion. People usually use the Tor browser to go to those sites.
Unlawful use
The Tor network can be used for purposes that are against the law in some places. This can be criticizing leaders of state, P2P sharing of copyrighted files, moving child pornography., or buying and selling illegal drugs.
References
Other websites
The Tor Project
Cross-platform software
Pennsylvanian

The Pennsylvanian is the Upper Carboniferous epoch in the strata of North America. It comes after (above) the Mississippian, and before the Permian. The Pennsylvanian started about 323 million years ago (mya), and ended about 299 mya.
The coal measures, which give the Carboniferous its name, are the remains of peat formed by dense tropical wetland forests. They were formed in the Pennsylvanian, from about 315-300 million years years ago.
These forests were on the equator, and the wetlands, which are always low-lying, stretched from North America in the west, through what is now Europe to China in the east, because these continents were all together at the time (Laurussia). The river plain which was the heart of the wetland stretched 5000km from eastern Canada to Ukraine, and was 700km wide.p6 This would make the Pennsylvanian basin larger than any wetlands on Earth today.
The characteristic vertebrates of the coal measures were amphibia, and the plants were mostly giant clubmosses such as Lepidodendron.
Change of climate
The rainforest system collapsed about halfway through the Pennsylvanian, and was replaced by a cooler, drier climate. The wetland forests ended when the land level was raised by the pressure of the Gondwana continent against Laurussia, causing the zone of contact to be raised. The end of the Coal Measures marks the end of the Carboniferous period. China was too far away to be affected, and there the wetland forests continued for another 50 million years, into the early Permian.p30
As the climate became drier, egg-laying amniotes (Synapsids and Sauropsids) became more common than amphibia. These are the lines that would lead to reptiles and mammals. These egg-laying land vertebrates probably split from the early amniotes in the Mississippian.
References
Carboniferous
N-Dubz discography

The discography of English hip hop trio N-Dubz consists of twenty-one singles, three studio albums, two extended plays, 28 music videos, five video album and one compilation album.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation album
Video albums
ZeeTVD: Behind the Scenes (2009)
N-Dubz Video EP (2010)
The Making of Love.Live.Life (2011)
Before They Were Dubz (2011)
Love.Live.Life Live at the O2 Arena (2011)
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Music videos
Other appearances
References
Notes
Discographies of British artists
Sid Ramin

Sidney Norton Ramin (January 22, 1919 - July 1, 2019) was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. With Leonard Bernstein and Irwin Kostal, he co-orchestrated the music for West Side Story. He is the composer of the famous hit "Music to Watch Girls By". He won an Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture in 1962.
Ramin died on July 1, 2019 in New York City from natural causes at the age of 100.
References
Other websites
Academy Award winning composers
Grammy Award winners
Emmy Award winners
1919 births
2019 deaths
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American centenarians
American composers
Musicians from Boston
Siberia

Siberia is the part of Russia that is in Asia. It covers wide landscapes, and stretches from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific. It goes from the Arctic Ocean to the border with China, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia.
The Yenisei river is sometimes called the border between east Siberia and west Siberia. Siberia covers about 70% of all Russian territory, but only 26% of Russians live there. It is one of the coldest places on Earth where people live. 70% of people in Siberia live in cities.
Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, with a population more than . It is on the Eastern coast near to Japan.
Omsk and Krasnoyarsk also have populations of over a million people. Tomsk and Kemerovo have populations of over a 500 thousand population.
Tomsk is one of the most beautiful places in Siberia. It is said to have the best education in Siberia.
Omsk has got very polluted air. This is quite common in Russia, where civilian protests are less effective than in Western countries.
Siberian people
Many different ethnic groups live in Siberia. They are sometimes called Sibiryak (Russian: sibiriak) or Sybirak (Russian: sybirak, from Polish) people. Most people in Siberia who are not Slavic, are Turkic peoples. The first Slavic settlers, from European Russia, arrived in the 17th century.
Related pages
Siberian languages
Russian Far East
Sources
Russian Siberia: Ethnic History and Traditional Culture
Groups of Russians of Siberia
Russians in Siberia
Russians: ethnographic description
History of Russians in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
June Bacon-Bercey

June Esther Bacon-Bercey (nee Griffin, October 23, 1928 - July 3, 2019) was an American international expert on weather and aviation. She worked for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Weather Service and the Atomic Energy Commission.
She was believed to be the first African-American woman to gain a degree in meteorology and was confirmed to be the first African-American woman to be a televised meteorologist.
Bacon-Bercey died under hospice care in Burlingame, California from frontotemporal dementia on July 3, 2019 at the age of 90.
References
1928 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from frontotemporal dementia
Disease-related deaths in California
American meteorologists
Scientists from Wichita, Kansas
Rampage (2018 movie)

Rampage is an American science fiction monster movie directed by Brad Peyton. It is loosely based on the video game series of the same name by Midway Games. The movie stars Dwayne Johnson, Naomie Harris, Malin Akerman, Joe Manganiello, Jake Lacy, P. J. Byrne, Marley Shelton, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan.
It is produced by Warner Bros. and set in Chicago, Illinois.
New Line Cinema will release the movie on April 20, 2018 in 3D and IMAX.
References
Other websites
2018 science fiction movies
2018 action movies
2010s monster movies
2010s English-language movies
2010s American action movies
American monster movies
American science fiction movies
Movies set in Chicago
Movies shot in Chicago
Warner Bros. movies
Movies about animals
Giant gorilla movies
Movies about giants
Movies about genetic engineering
Albion, Indiana

Albion is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States.
Other websites
Towns in Indiana
County seats in Indiana
Minnehaha County, South Dakota

Minnehaha County is a county in South Dakota in the United States. As of the 2010 census, 169,468 people lived there. It is the most populous county in South Dakota. The county seat of Minnehaha County is Sioux Falls. The county took its name from the Sioux Indian word "Mnihaha" which means "rapid water" or "waterfall." The word is often incorrectly translated as "laughing water." The word was changed to its current spelling to make it easier to pronounce. Minnehaha County is part of the Sioux Falls, SD, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
In the 1870 census there were 355 people living in the county.
Geography
The county has a total area of . Of this, is land and (0.49%) is water. The Big Sioux River flows through the county.
Townships
The county is divided into twenty-four townships: Brandon, Benton, Buffalo, Burk, Clear Lake, Dell Rapids, Edison, Grand Meadow, Hartford, Highland, Humboldt, Logan, Lyons, Mapleton, Palisade, Red Rock, Sioux Falls, Split Rock, Sverdrup, Taopi, Valley Springs, Wall Lake, Wayne, Wellington.
Adjacent Counties
Moody County, South Dakota - north
Rock County, Minnesota - east
Lyon County, Iowa - southeast
Lincoln County, South Dakota - south
Turner County, South Dakota - southwest
McCook County, South Dakota - west
Lake County, South Dakota - northwest
Lakes
Beaver Lake
Buffalo Lake
Clear Lake
Covell Lake
Fenstrman Slough
Grass Lake
Loss Lake
Lost Lake
Rehfeldt Slough
Scott Lake
Wall Lake
Cities and towns
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Settlement!!Population
||
|-
|Sioux Falls ||156,592
|-
| Brandon||8,908
|-
| Dell Rapids||3,684
|-
| Hartford||2,570
|-
| Crooks||1,285
|-
| Garretson||1,182
|-
| Baltic||1,104
|-
| Valley Springs||770
|-
| Colton||697
|-
| Humboldt||597
|-
| Sherman||78
|-
|colspan=2|2011 estimate population
|}
Other places in Minnehaha County
Benclare
Booge pop. 6
Corson pop. 70
Ellis
Lyons
Midway
Morefield
Renner
Rowena
Historical Townsites
East Sioux Falls
Eminija
Huntimer
South Sioux Falls
West Sioux Falls
Wingert
NotesA.''' Sioux Falls is located in both Minnehaha and Lincoln counties.
References
Other websites
Minnehaha County, SD government website
South Dakota counties
1862 establishments in Dakota Territory
Prime Minister of Afghanistan

The Prime Minister of Afghanistan (, ) is a post within the cabinet of Afghanistan. It was created in 1927 and later abolished after the US invasion
.
After the Fall of Kabul, on September 7, 2021 the Taliban officials re-created the office.
List
References
Paro Chhu

The Paro Chhu is a river in the western Bhutan. It is the tributary of Wong Chhu, which is known as Raidak river in its lower reaches.
References
Rivers of Bhutan
James Van Der Beek

James William Van Der Beek, Jr. (born March 8, 1977) is an American television and movie actor. He was born in Cheshire, Connecticut. He is best known for his role as Dawson Leery in Dawson's Creek. Was also cameo ed in the show (Inside job) as one of the protagonist "Bret"
Other websites
1977 births
Living people
Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
American television actors
Galleh Dar

Galleh Dar (, also Romanized as Galleh Dar and Galehdar; also known as Gilehdar and Kaleh Dar) is a city and capital of Galleh Dar District, in Mohr County, Fars Province, Iran.
References
Cities in Iran
Fars Province
Särkänniemi

Sarkanniemi is a theme park in Tampere, Finland. It covers . It opened in 1969.
Other websites
Website
Theme parks in Europe
Finnish culture
Tampere
1969 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
Niederstetten

Niederstetten is a town in the Main-Tauber district in the state of Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. It is southeast of Bad Mergentheim, and west of Rothenburg ob der Tauber.
References
Other websites
Barringer Crater

The Barringer Crater was the first meteorite crater to be recognised for what it is. It is a young crater, made about 50,000 years ago in Arizona.
Daniel Barringer (May 25, 1860 - November 30, 1929) was a geologist. He was the first person to prove the existence of an impact crater on the Earth. The site has been renamed the Barringer Crater in his honor, and this is the preferred name used by scientists.
The crater is a popular tourist attraction. It is privately owned by the Barringer family through the Barringer Crater Company. There is an admission fee charged to see the crater. The Meteor Crater Visitor Center is on the north rim. It displays a fragment of the meteorite.
The crater was made by a a nickel-iron meteorite about 160 feet (50 meters) across.
References
Impact craters
Geography of Arizona
FuboTV

FuboTV Inc. is an American television streaming service. It serves customers in the United States, Canada and Spain. The service focuses mainly on channels that deal with live sports. Depending on country, the channels offered by Fubo may include access to EPL, NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, MLS and international soccer, The service also provides news, network television series and movies
References
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Eurolang

Eurolang is an international planned language created by Philip Hunt between 1995 and 1998 in order to be a language for the European Union. The author stated as a principle of the design that the language should be very easy to learn for Europeans. In contrast with other languages like Esperanto, Eurolang includes many words directly borrowed from English.
At present there's no known community of active speakers of Eurolang. The website of the author in which he described the language has disappeared from the net.
Eurolang example
Eurolang est actifacta lang, qui me creatab estar comuna 2a lang per la Europa Unized (EU). Its word-list est baseda super England-lang, Deutsh-lang, France-lang, Italia-lang, Espanja-lang et Latin. Me desinab it estar facila lernar et usar.
Detail est, que lernabera Europa person, qui deja sav un or plus un de da langs, probablae pos lectar Eurolang (no tropa usation de dictionary), si ge est lernabera it per 2 days. Evidentae, facation it est plus unfacila rel lection it.
Other website
Website of Eurolang by the author (not longer existing; link to the archive Wayback Machine)
Constructed languages
Grand Forks International Airport

The Grand Forks International Airport is an airport that performs service for the Upper Midwest and is based in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The GFK does not have scheduled passenger airline service for leaving the United States, though gets its international title because it carries customs services for general aviation aircraft arriving from Canada and from certain other countries.
Airports in the United States
Grand Forks, North Dakota
AirTran Airways

AirTran was a low-cost American airline formerly known as ValuJet. It's hub was in Atlanta, Georgia and it operated routes throughout the Americas.
History
ValuJet's first flight was in 1993. In 1996, ValuJet Flight 592, a DC-9 aircraft, crashed into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, after a fire on board. 110 people died in the crash. The NTSB blamed Valujet's maintenance contractor, SabreTech for improper maintenance.
After the large amount of negative publicity surrounding this tragedy, ValuJet suffered serious financial problems and nearly went bankrupt. It merged with a smaller airline called AirTran and assumed its name in 1997.
After management turnover and some replacement of older airplanes, AirTran appears to have turned around financially and has become profitable, even in the very difficult business environment encountered by all U.S. airlines since the September 11 Attacks.
In 2011, AirTran merged with Southwest Airlines. The merger was completed in 2014 and the AirTran name was no longer used.
Gallery
References
Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Dallas
1993 establishments in the United States
2014 disestablishments in the United States
DNA damage theory of ageing

The DNA damage theory of ageing is that ageing happens because damage happens in the individual's DNA. The damage accumulates (builds up) even though there are cell mechanisms that repair most of the damage.
Although both mitochondrial and the cell nucleus may have DNA damage, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this analysis.
References
DNA
Gerontology
1969 European Cup Final

The 1969 European Cup Final was a football match held at the Santiago Bernabeu, Madrid, on 28 May 1969. Milan of Italy played against Ajax of the Netherlands to be the champions of Europe that season. Ajax made history by becoming the first Dutch side to reach the final. Although they were beaten by their Italian opponents 4-1.
As of 2022, Pierino Prati is the most recent player to score a hat-trick in a European Cup or Champions League final.
Route to the final
Milan had a bye in the second round due to the withdrawal of a number of Eastern European clubs from the competition.
In the quarter-finals, eventual finalists Ajax were deadlocked 4-4 on aggregate against Portuguese side Benfica after two legs, forcing a replay. The Dutch champions won 3-0 in the replay. It took extra time to do so.
Match
Details
Related pages
1968-69 European Cup
1995 UEFA Champions League Final - contested by the same teams
A.C. Milan in European football
AFC Ajax in European football
References
Other websites
1968-69 season at UEFA.com
European Cups Archive at the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
1968-69 season at European Cup History
European Cup Final
European Cup Final
European Cup Final
Madrid
A.C. Milan
AFC Ajax
Football in Spain
History of the France national football team

France won their first world cup in 1998 at France and the latest one is in 2018 at Russia. France has 2 world cups.
History of France
Football in France
Islamic calligraphy

Islamic calligraphy, also known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of artistic handwriting, and by extension, of bookmaking. It is both an art, and a practical way of writing.
Arabic calligraphy may be found on tiles and other ornaments. The text usually comes from the Koran (Qur'an).
Styles
The different styles of Arabic writing mostly derive from early versions of the Koran. There are geometric styles such as Kufic, and cursive (flowing) styles like Naskh, Thuluth, and Muhaqqaq.
Gallery
References
Wolfgang Kosack: Islamische Schriftkunst des Kufischen. Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen. Deutsch - Kufi - Arabisch. Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014, .
Islamic culture
Calligraphy
Fred Robsahm

Fred Otto Robsahm (29 June 1943 - 26 March 2015) was a Norwegian movie actor. He worked on a few Italian spaghetti westerns in the 1960s and 70s. He was married to Italian movie actress Agostina Belli for 15 years.
Movies
1968 Barbarella
1969 Flashback
1969 Nel giorno del signore
1971 Black Killer
1973 Sepolta viva
1973 Ingrid sulla strada
1974 Il figlio della sepolta viva
1974 Lucrezia giovane
1974 Carambola
1975 So Young, So Lovely, So Vicious...
2007 Natural Born Star
Other websites
Dagbladet - Fred was once a film star
Norwegian film foundation on Natural born star
1943 births
2015 deaths
Entertainers from Oslo
Norwegian actors
Gowro language

Gowro is a Dardic language spoken in Kohistan District, Pakistan. There are around 1,000 speakers.
References
Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Dardic languages
Pulp (fruit)

The pulp of a citrus fruit is the stringy content of the fruit's endocarp. The pulp contains the juice of the fruit. The pulp is usually removed from fruit juice by filtering it out.
The color of the pulp can change, depending on the species and the ripening stage. Usually, it has the color of the fruit's peel.
The juiciness of the pulp depends on the species, variety, season, and even the tree on which it grew.
Related pages
Juice
Citrus
Rongères

Rongeres is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
References
INSEE
Communes in Allier
Nellore

Nellore is a city in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the banks of Penna River. It is the fourth most populous city in Andhra Pradesh. The city is well known for agriculture and aquaculture.It is the headquarters of the Nellore district. The total population of the city is 600,869.Density is 4000/km2.
The name is said to be taken from Purana that depicts, a linga under the Nelli tree(Amla or Indian gooseberry). From then the place is called as Nelli-ooru then the name emerged as Nellore. It is said that the city existed since the Mauryan dynasty.
The main economy of the city is based on agriculture and aquaculture. The main productive is Shrimp culturing.The Nellore city is located near the coastal region of Bay of Bengal.
Reference
Cities in Andhra Pradesh
Poltergeist

(from German poltern, meaning to rumble or make noise, and Geist, meaning "ghost", "spirit", or "embodiment") is a spirit or ghost that is able to move and influence objects. Poltergeists are said to be invisible.
Poltergeists are said to bother only one person at a time. This person is called their "focus". Poltergeists will bother only their focus. They are said to only last a few weeks, then will move on to another target. Often poltergeists are reported around children and adolescents. Some scientists think that poltergeists only exist in a person's head as a result of psychokinesis. They think that the "poltergeist effect" is a result of mental trauma.
Media
There is a 1982 movie called Poltergeist.
In Harry Potter there is a poltergeist named Peeves. However, Peeves is not a classic poltergeist. He can be seen and does not focus on bothering just one person.
References
Other websites
Poltergeist: The Legacy Website
Dehaunting Techniques
International Journal of Parapsychology
Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research
Skeptic's Dictionary
1926 silent short film of the Eleonora Zugun poltergeist case On YouTube, with German title cards.
Folklore