pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Wolong National Nature Reserve

Wolong National Nature Reserve is a national park in Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. It was established in 1963. The reserve has an area of about 200,000 hectares. There are over 4,000 different species recorded in the reserve. Wolong National Nature Reserve houses more than 150 endangered giant pandas.
In June 1980, the China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda was established. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Chinese government cooperated to establish the center. Researchers have made trials on how to breed the giant pandas. They have successfully bred 66 panda cubs.
A mountain stream runs through the Wolong Valley (where the Reserve is); the stream is heavily armoured with boulders and smaller rounded stones. Stream waters are rather alkaline with pH levels in the range of 8.91. (Hogan, 2007) Water quality turbidity is quite high due to extensive sand and gravel mining in stream.
According to a 2001 research by Dr. Jianguo Liu of Michigan State University, the rate of destruction is higher after the reserve's creation than before its creation. Using NASA's satellite images and records of the number of people there, Liu's research team concluded that due to tourism and the increase in the number of people, the reserve is facing an unprecedented threat. "Tourists do not think they have an impact on panda habitat, but indirectly each visitor has some impact," Liu said. "We do not see ourselves as a destructive force, but we are."
References
Other websites
Giant panda cubs at Wolong National Nature Reserve
Wolong Panda Club
Dutch informational website about Wolong
Biosphere reserves
Geography of the People's Republic of China
Hospital

A hospital is a place where a person goes to be healed when he or she is sick or injured. The difference between a hospital and other healthcare places like a clinic or a doctor's office is that a hospital will have beds where patients can stay overnight. These patients are called inpatients. The goal of inpatient treatment is to provide 24-7 medical stabilization, which is why this type of treatment has more of a hospital-like feel since patients are monitored by doctors, nurses, therapists, and social workers. Treatment is structured and has a schedule that can include individual therapy, group therapy, case management, and support groups.
Hospitals also treat people who do not stay overnight, called outpatients. Doctors and nurses work at hospitals. Doctors make use of advanced medical technology to heal patients.
Patients who are staying at the hospital will always be under the care of doctors and nurses who are always available for taking care of the injured or sick patients. Hospitals always have the tools and machines needed for treating the patients.
The word hospital originally meant "a place where people can stay". There have been hospitals for sick people since ancient times. They were often created and run by religious groups. In the early modern period, hospitals began to be funded by donations from rich people and by governments. Today, hospitals might get money from the government, from charging patients for treatments and check-ups, from patients' health insurance, from people giving to charity or a mixture of those things.
Related pages
Intensive care unit
References
Other websites
Basic English 850 words
True Crime (1999 movie)

True Crime is a 1999 American mystery thriller movie directed by Clint Eastwood. It is based on Andrew Klavan's 1995 novel of the same name. Eastwood also stars in the movie as a journalist covering the execution of a death row inmate, only to discover that the convict may actually be innocent. The movie also starts Isaiah Washington, James Woods, Denis Leary and LisaGay Hamilton.
The movie was released on March 19, 1999 to mixed reviews.
References
1999 mystery movies
1999 thriller movies
American mystery movies
American thriller movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Movies based on books
Warner Bros. movies
Harcourt, Iowa

Harcourt is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Webster County.
Cities in Iowa
Hans Olof Holmström

Hans Olof Holmstrom (15 October 1784, Osmno Parish, Sweden - 27 August 1855 in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden.. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1852-1855.
References
1784 births
1855 deaths
Swedish clergy
Archbishops of Uppsala
Bryson Spinner

Bryson Spinner (born November 7, 1980) was a former American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers.
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Virginia
People from Alexandria, Virginia
San Francisco 49ers players
Glasgow

Glasgow (Scottish: Glaschu, Lowland Scots: Glesga) is the biggest and busiest city in Scotland. It is on the banks of the River Clyde. People from Glasgow are known as "Glaswegians" (glas-wee-jans), which is a name also used for words that are used only in Glasgow - also known as "The Glasgow Patter".
The number of people living in Glasgow is 621,020 (2017 estimate) and
626,410 (2019 estimate). Many more people live in the areas round the city. There are 1,209,143 people living in the Greater Glasgow urban area. The wider metropolitan area is home to over 1,670,000 people, about 33% of Scotland's population.
The number of people living inside the city proper used to be much higher. Starting in the early 1960s the old tenements were pulled down and new housing built further out (high-rise blocks were the fashion of the day). Now there is nowhere near the number of people living in Glasgow as during the famous times of the shipyards on the River Clyde. It was said to be the second biggest city in the world after London at one point in the 1800s.
Many people from other countries visit Glasgow for holidays and trips; most of these people are from Europe France, America (the US and Canada) for weekend and week trips.
Two airports serve the city, Glasgow International Airport and Prestwick Airport. The main railway stations in the city are Glasgow Central and Queen Street stations. They provide rail links to the rest of Scotland, to the rest of the United Kingdom and Europe.
There are a number of theatres and concert halls in the city. These include the SECC (Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre), the Royal Concert hall, the King's Theatre, the Pavilion Theatre and the Theatre Royal.
Glasgow has several football teams - the best known are Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.. Partick Thistle, Clydebank, and Queens Park F.C. also play in the city.
Glasgow has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). The weather in Glasgow is almost always changing, and it is hard to say what the entire day's weather is like. Very often, the weather is worst in the morning when it is mostly damp and sometimes misty or even foggy; the Glasgow Patter also refers to dreich weather - damp and drizzly. However, the weather mostly improves through the afternoon and more often than not the weather stays dry and at an average temperature.
In summer it is popular as a base for tourists. They can stay in Glasgow and then travel to see Loch Lomond and the Western Isles. One of the oldest paddle-steamer boats is in Glasgow, and in the summer one can travel down the Clyde to visit other towns and islands.
Twinned cities
Marseille, France
Havana, Cuba
Turin, Italy
Bethlehem, Palestinian Territories
Nuremberg, Germany
Dalian, People's Republic of China
Lahore, Pakistan
Rostov-on-Don, Russia
References
Renato Mori

Renato Pietro Mori (29 May 1935 - 22 August 2014) was an Italian actor and voice actor. On television and film, he was best known for playing police officers and inspectors in crime films and TV dramas. As a dubber. He was a regular voice actor for Morgan Freeman, Gene Hackman, James Earl Jones and John Rhys-Davies. He retired in 2011.
Mori died in Rome after a long illness on 22 August 2014, aged 79. He was survived by his son Simone, who is also a voice actor.
References
Other websites
1935 births
2014 deaths
Italian voice actors
Italian stage actors
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Disease-related deaths in Rome
Actors from Milan
Unterland (electoral district)

Unterland () is an electoral district of Liechtenstein. It elects 10 members.
Geography
References
Electoral districts of Liechtenstein
Jamie Tarses

Sara James Tarses (March 19, 1964 - February 1, 2021) was an American television producer and television studio executive. Tarses was the President of ABC Entertainment from 1996 to 1999. She was the first woman and one of the youngest people to hold such a post in an American broadcast network. She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She helped produced Friends, My Boys and Happy Endings.
Tarses died of cardiac arrest caused by a stroke on February 1, 2021 at the age of 56.
References
1964 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from stroke
American television producers
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
Bluffdale, Utah

Bluffdale is a city in Salt Lake and Utah counties in the U.S. state of Utah.
Cities in Utah
Coniston

Coniston is a village and civil parish in South Lakeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 1058 people living in Coniston.
References
Villages in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Keine Sorgen Arena

The Keine Sorgen Arena ("No Worries Arena") is a football stadium in Ried, Austria. It is the homeground of SV Ried. The stadium is named after a slogan used by one sponsor of SV Ried, an upper Austrian insurance company. Since 2018 it is called Josko-Arena. Josko is another sponsor of SV Ried.
The stadium replaced the former stadium of SV Ried which had only 1 100 places and was a multipurpose stadium with a running track. The new stadium is only used for football and has 7 700 seats of whom 120 are a VIP-area. The weststand and the awaystand offer only standingroom.
Football stadiums in Austria
Upper Austria
Cubic metre

The cubic metre (symbol m3) is the SI unit of volume. It is a cube with a length, height, and width of one metre, with 1,000 litres of space.
In the many places it is spelled "cubic meter". Other names are stere and kilolitre or kiloliter.
Conversions
1 cubic metre equals:
1,000 litres
Approximately 35.3 cubic feet
Approximately 1.31 cubic yards
Approximately 6.29 oil barrels
A cubic metre of pure water at the temperature of maximum density (3.98 degC) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne. At 0 degC, the freezing point of water, it is slightly less, 999.972 kg.
It is sometimes abbreviated , , , , , when superscript characters or markup are not available/accessible (i.e. in some typewritten documents and postings in Usenet newsgroups).
Abbreviated CBM in the freight business and MTQ (or numeric code 49) in international trade.
Multiples and submultiples
Multiples
Cubic decametre
the volume of a cube of side length one decametre (10 m)
equal to a megalitre
1 dam3 = 1,000 m3 = 1 ML
Cubic hectometre
the volume of a cube of side length one hectometre (100 m)
equal to a gigalitre
1 hm3 = 1,000,000 m3 = 1 GL
Cubic kilometre
the volume of a cube of side length one kilometre (1,000 m)
equal to a teralitre
1 km3 = 1,000,000,000 m3 = 1 TL
Submultiples
Cubic decimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one decimetre (0.1 m)
equal to a litre
1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 = 1 L
Cubic centimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one centimetre (0.01 m)
equal to a millilitre
1 cm3 = 0.000001 m3 = 10-6 m3 = 1 mL
Cubic millimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one millimetre (0.001 m)
equal to a microlitre
1 mm3 = 0.000000001 m3 = 10-9 m3 = 1 uL
Units of volume
SI derived units
Time in India

The Republic of India uses one time zone, which is Indian Standard Time (IST). This is 5:30 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. India does not observe Daylight Saving Time (DST).
Other time zones
Bombay Time (UTC+04:51)
Madras Time (UTC+05:21)
Calcutta Time (UTC+05:54)
Chaibagaan Time (UTC+06:30)
Related pages
Daylight Saving Time
Time zones
India
Suttungr (moon)

Suttungr or Saturn XXIII, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 12.
Suttungr is about 5.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,667,000 km in 1029.703 days, at an inclination of 174deg to the ecliptic (151deg to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.131.
Suttungr may have formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe at some point in the past.
It was named in August 2003 from Norse mythology, where Suttung is a Jotun or giant who once owned the mead of poetry.
The name was said as Suttung in IAU Circular 8177. However, the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature later decided to add the nominative case ending -r to the base form Suttung.
References
IAUC 7548: S/2000 S 12 2000 December 23 (discovery)
MPEC 2000-Y33: S/2000 S 12 2000 December 22 (recovery/discovery and ephemeris)
IAUC 8177: Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus 2003 August 8 (naming the moon Suttung)
IAUC 8471: Satellites of Saturn 2005 January 21 (correcting the name)
Saturn's moons
Trenčín

Trencin (German: Trentschin; Hungarian: Trencsen; Latin: Laugaritio) is a town in western Slovakia (close to the Czech border) on the Vah river.
History
The site is inhabited since time immemorial. Trencin is best known for Roman writing below the Trencin castle. In the 13th century, the castle was home to the legendary Matthew Csak, "Lord of the river Vah and the Tatra mountains".
Partner towns
Cran-Gevrier, France
Uherske Hradiste, Czech Republic
Zlin, Czech Republic
Tarnow, Poland
Casalecchio di Reno, Italy
Bekescsaba, Hungary
Kragujevac, Serbia
Other websites
Official site
Cities in Slovakia
Now You See Me (movie)

Now You See Me is a 2013 American caper thriller movie. It was produced by Bobby Cohen, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci. The movie was directed by Louis Leterrier. Now You See Me was released on May 31, 2013 in North America and on July 31, 2013 in France. The movie gained mixed reviews from critics and hold a 50% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was a box-office success and gained a sequel.
Cast
Jesse Eisenberg as J. Daniel Atlas
Mark Ruffalo as Dylan Rhodes
Woody Harrelson as Merritt McKinney
Isla Fisher as Henley Reeves
Dave Franco as Jack Wilder
Melanie Laurent as Alma Dray
Morgan Freeman as Thaddeus Bradley
Michael Caine as Arthur Tressler
Michael Kelly as Agent Fuller
Common as Agent Evans
Jose Garcia as Etienne Forcier
Elias Koteas as Lionel Shrike (uncredited)
References
Other websites
Official website
2013 crime movies
2013 thriller movies
2010s mystery movies
American crime thriller movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
French crime movies
French thriller movies
Movies set in Las Vegas
Movies set in Louisiana
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Paris
Jeff Buckley

Jeffrey Scott "Jeff" Buckley (November 17, 1966 - May 29, 1997) was an American singer and guitarist. His father was Tim Buckley. He was also a musician.
Buckley died after drowning in the Wolf River in Memphis at the age of 30. His body was found on 4 June.
Life and death
Buckley was born in Anaheim, California. He was the only son of Mary Guibert, a Panama Canal Zonian and Tim Buckley (1947-1975). Buckley is of Greek, French, Irish and Panamanian descent. Buckley was known as Scott "Scotty" Moorhead as a child. This name was based on his middle name and his stepfather's surname. His father died when he was eight years old.
Buckley died at the age of 30 on the evening of May 29, 1997. His death was ruled as an accidental drowning after he went missing after going swimming in the Wolf River Harbor which is a slackwater channel of the Mississippi River. His body was found floating on the surface on 4 June.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Awards
April 13, 1995 - "Grand Prix International Du Disque" by the Academie Charles Cros.
1995 - MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in a Video for "Last Goodbye" (nominated).
1995 - Rolling Stone magazine for Best New Artist (nominated).
1995 - #14 best song of 1995 in the world's largest voting competition for "Last Goodbye" by Triple J Hottest 100.
2006 - Grace was named the #1 Modern Rock Classic of all Time by Mojo.
1998 - Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for "Everybody Here Wants You" (nominated).
2003 - Grace was ranked #303 of the 500 Greatest Albums by Rolling Stone.
2004 - His cover of "Hallelujah" was ranked #259 of the 500 Greatest Songs by Rolling Stone.
2008 - He was ranked #39 in Rolling Stone's 2008 list: The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.
2009 - His version of "Hallelujah" was voted in 3rd place, Last Goodbye was 7th, Lover, You Should've Come Over was 56th and Grace came in 69th on the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time.
Other websites
Jeff Buckley's Official website
Accidental deaths by drowning in the United States
American folk musicians
American guitarists
American rock musicians
Musicians from California
Singers from California
1966 births
Former Roman Catholics
1997 deaths
Chromatography

Chromatography is a method for separating the parts of a mixture for chemical analysis and identification. It works by using differences in the speed at which the mixed substances move through special media, or chemical substances. It uses a stationary phase (a solid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas). The fluid mobile phase flows through the stationary phase. Chromatography is much used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry.
Flat-plane chromatography
The stationary phase is a flat plane, such as paper, or a substance on glass.
Paper chromatography
Paper chromatography is an old technique for separating and identifying mixtures that are (or can be) coloured. It has been largely replaced by thin layer chromatography, but is still a powerful teaching tool. Double-way paper chromatography, also called 'two-dimensional chromatography', uses two solvents and rotates the paper 90deg in between. It is useful for separating complex mixtures of compounds having similar polarity, for example, amino acids. The compounds used initially ensures you to know whether the colour is pure, (one substance only) or mixtures (multiple substances.)
Thin layer chromatography
Thin layer chromatography (TLCC) is a common laboratory technique similar to paper chromatography. Instead of a stationary phase of paper, it uses a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a flat substrate. Compared to paper, it has the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different adsorbents. For even better resolution and to allow for quantification, high-performance TLC can be used.
Column chromatography
Column chromatography separates compounds using many chemical actions between the chemical being tested and the chromatography column (a rod with a blending of special chemicals). The column is run using either gravity or a pump.
The mixed substance to be tested is added in a small amount and is slowed by certain chemical or physical activity with the chemicals in the chromatography column. The amount of slowing depends on the type of chemicals in the substance being tested and the different phases. The time at which a certain chemical elutes (comes out of the end of the column) is called the "retention time" and there is thought to be only one for one chemical.
The most common stationary phase for column chromatography is silica gel, followed by alumina. Cellulose powder has been used in the past. The mobile phase is either a pure solvent or a mixture of solvents. It is chosen to
make the time and amount of solvent used as little as possible, while still clearly separating the chemicals being tested.
HPLC
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is also sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography. It is column chromatography run under pressure to raise the speed of the process.
Common solvents used in HPLC are mixes of water or various organic liquids (the most common are methanol, ethanol or acetonitrile).
Laboratory techniques
Analytical chemistry
Beugnies

Beugnies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 630 people lived there.
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord
John of Scotland

|children=Edward Balliol.
John King of Scots (c. 1248 - 1314) is usually known as John Balliol or, correctly, John de Balliol. He was born in 1248.
After the death of Margaret of Scotland in 1290, John Balliol was one of three major competitors for the throne. King Edward concluded that he was going to pick Balliol as king of Scotland at Scone, 30th November, 1292, St. Andrew's Day.
Edward I steadily undermined the authority of King John. He treated Balliol like a 'Puppet King' and the Scots were not happy. At the Battle of Dunbar King Edward's men slaughtered and wiped out the town of Berwick killing around 8000 people in the brutal killing.
He was stripped of his authority as king and was sent away to France by King Edward. He later died there.
His son Edward Balliol would later claim the Scottish throne from 1332 until 1356.
1248 births
1314 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
14th century in Scotland
13th century in Scotland
List of extinction events

An extinction event is a relatively fast drop in the number of species living on Earth. It occurs when the rate of extinction increases more than the rate of speciation. This is a list of the largest. Major extinction events are important to both geology and evolution.
The Phanerozoic
There are five major extinction events in the Phanerozoic eon, and many smaller events. In order of time, latest first:
1. K/T extinction event. The Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction event ended the Mesozoic era and started the Cainozoic era.
2. End-Triassic extinction event or events.
3. P/Tr extinction event. The Permian/Triassic extinction event ended the Palaeozoic era and started the Mesozoic era.
4. Late Devonian extinctions, at the Frasnian/Famennian junction.
5. End-Ordovician extinction event. After a series of lesser events, the end-Ordovician extinction resulted in an estimated 84% species loss.
Other extinction events in the Phanerozoic had significant impact on the evolution of the biota. Overall, it seems that climate changes caused some extinctions, and hits by asteroids sometimes caused extinctions.
Before the Phanerozoic eon, there were even larger extinction events, which are often forgotten:
The formation of the moon by a planet-sized body striking the Earth would probably have eliminated any early forms of life.
Pre-Palaeozoic ice ages would have been extinction events. They were:
The Huronian 2.5 to 2.2 billion years ago.
The Cryogenian which lasted for the whole of the second period of the Neoproterozoic.
References
Science-related lists
2022 Victorian state election

The 2022 Victorian state election was held on 26 November 2022 to elect the 60th Parliament of Victoria, including 87 of the 88 seats in the Legislative Assembly and all 40 seats in the Legislative Council. The seat of Narracan was not up for election, with the election there being postponed due to the death of a candidate, causing a by-election. The election was conducted by the Victorian Electoral Commission (VEC).
The incumbent Labor government, led by Premier Daniel Andrews, won a third term in government, opposed by the Liberal/National Coalition, led by Matthew Guy.
The election was referred to by many as a referendum on the Andrews government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which notably involved several unpopular lockdowns. However, the Andrews government was re-elected with the Labor Party's second highest number of seats in Victorian history, despite a two-party swing against them of 2.50%.
Notes
References
Elections in Victoria
2022 elections
Alella

Alella is a municipality of 9,904 people (2020). It is in the province of Barcelona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.
Municipalities in Catalonia
Legau

Legau is a municipality in Unterallgau in Bavaria, Germany.
References
Unterallgau
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape

The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape is a World Heritage site. It includes select mining landscapes in Cornwall and West Devon. The site was added to the on July 2006. Plans to restart mining at South Crofty, and to build a supermarket at Hayle Harbour, caused its status to be questioned.
The World Heritage Committee considered placing the site on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2014. This proposal was rejected. Instead, they agreed on a follow-up "Reactive Monitoring Mission".
History
Devon made around 25-40% of the amount of tin that Cornwall did up to the mid-16th century. However, the total amount of tin made in both Cornwall and Devon at this time was relatively small. After the 1540s, Cornwall's production took off while Devon's production was only about between a ninth to a tenth of that of Cornwall.
From the mid-16th century onwards, the Devon Stannaries were giving very little in income to the King. They were sidelined after the Supremacy of Parliament Act 1512.
The landscapes of Cornwall and West Devon were reshaped during the 18th and 19th centuries by the mining of copper and tin. The underground mines, engine houses, foundries, new towns, smallholdings, ports, harbours, and other supporting industries together meant the region produced two-thirds of the world's supply of copper.
During the late 19th century, arsenic production came to the east of Cornwall and West Devon. As a result, the region supplied half the world's demand.
Areas
The World Heritage site consists of individual but topical linked areas around Cornwall and West Devon. The areas (with the area codes from the site nomination) are:
A1 - St Just Mining District
A2 - Port of Hayle
A3i - Tregonning and Gwinear Mining District
A3ii - Trewavas
A4 - Wendron Mining District
A5i - Camborne and Redruth Mining District
A5ii - Wheal Peevor
A5iii - Portreath Harbour
A6i - Gwennap Mining District
A6ii - Devoran and Perran Foundry
A6iii - Kennall Vale
A7 - St Agnes Mining District
A8i - Luxulyan Valley
A8ii - Charlestown
A9 - Caradon Mining District
A10i - Tamar Valley
A10ii - Tavistock
Ancient rocks, rare heavy elements
Devon and Cornwall rocks were once in the core of huge volcanic mountains. Those rocks usually contain more heavy metallic elements than usually found on the Earth's surface. A recent news item says a new mineral was found in Cornwall called Kernowite.
Rocks from ocean floor mid-ocean ridges (oceanic lithosphere) may come to the surface under orogeny as ophiolites. Wherever there is a large ground-down mountain chain there may be a source of heavy metals.
Related pages
List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
References
Other websites
UNESCO listing
BBC - World Heritage site bid gets go-ahead
Cornish Mining - World Heritage Status
Mining
Cornwall
Devon
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Bioenergetics

Bioenergetics is the study of energy transfer within living systems. For living organisms to function, they must transfer energy within their systems and between other organisms. These transfers happen following the Laws of Bioenergetics, which are themselves restatements of laws of thermodynamics.
The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy must remain constant. Organisms cannot create energy, merely transform it from one form to another. For instance, plants do not create energy through photosynthesis, they convert energy from the sun into stored energy in food that can the be used to perform life functions.
Energy is able to move through the systems by undergoing these energy conversion. As an example, energy from the sun is converted from thermal energy into chemical energy by a producer; the producer is then eaten by a consumer; and the energy travels up the food chain. At each level the amount of energy is reduced, following the second law of bioenergetics that states that energy transfer will always proceed in the direction of increased entropy, and the release of "free energy." In this situation, most energy is lost as heat as it travels through the food chain.
In living organisms, the molecule that is the source of the stored energy used for cell functions comes in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate, or ATP. The energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates in the ATP. When energy is needed to do work, for instance moving materials across the cell membrane or for chemical reactions, the bonds are broken and energy is released. Cells therefore have to produce the ATP through the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
References
Biology
Djurgårdens IF Hockey

Djurgardens IF Hockey is the ice hockey section of sports club Djurgardens IF in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. The section was started in 1922. They won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1926, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1991, 2000, 2001 and 2001. The team also lost the Swedish national finals in the years of 1923, 1924, 1927, 1979, 1984, 1985, 1992, 1998 and 2010.
References
Other websites
Official website
1921 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
Sports clubs in Stockholm
Henry Ayers

Sir Henry Ayers GCMG (1 May 1821 - 11 June 1897) was the Premier of South Australia five times between 1863 and 1873.
Ayers was born at Portsea, Hampshire, England. He moved to Australia in 1840 with his wife, Elizabeth. He worked in the mining industry. His copper mine became very important to the economy of South Australia. Ayers later went into politics. He was elected to the South Australian parliament on 9 March 1857. He stayed a member for more than 36 years. Ayers first became premier on 15 July 1863.
Ernest Giles, an explorer, named Ayers Rock after him in 1872. In the same year, Ayers was knighted KCMG and raised to GCMG in 1894. He died in Adelaide on 11 June 1897.
References
Other website
SA Parliament - Ayers
Daguerreotype of Sir Henry Ayers, c.1848, State Library of South Australia
1821 births
1897 deaths
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Portsmouth
Premiers of South Australia
Candiru

Candiru (candiru) (Spanish, also known as canero or toothpick fish) are parasitic freshwater catfish and a member of the Trichomycteridae family. They can be found in the Amazon River and to the people who live there, they are the most feared fish in its waters, even over the piranha. They are eel-shaped and translucent, making them very difficult to see in the water. Some species have been known to grow to a size of 6 inches (~15 cm) in length.
The area that has the most of these fish is at the section between the Amazon River and the Rio Negro, near Brazil's inland city of Manaus.
Parasitism and food
Candiru are parasites. Their ability to find breath currents in the water allows them to swim into the gill openings of other aquatic species, where they feed on their prey's blood.
While the fish in the subfamily Vandelliinae feed on blood, fish in Stegophilinae may feed on scales, mucus, or carrion.
To hunt for its prey, the Candiru lies at the bottom of the river testing and sniffing the water for certain chemicals, such as urea and ammonia from the gills of other fish. Once they have found a fish nearby they rush with a burst of speed to the gill cavity and attaches itself with its spines. Then, it begins to gnaw a hole towards a major blood vessel and stuffs itself for no more than a few minutes, which usually causes the victim to die. It will then release itself and sink back to the river bed in order to digest its food and wait for its next meal.
Attacks on people
These smaller species are known for being thought to invade and make use of a person's urethra. Even with reports as old as the 1800s, the first written case of the removal of a candiru from a person did not occur until 1997, and even that incident is not believed by everyone. The idea that the fish are attracted by urine appears to be not right. The fish actually hunt by sight and do not like urine at all.
References
Other websites
Article on removal of candiru from a male patient with pictures .
Youtube Video of Animal Planet documentary detailing infestation by and surgical removal of candiru from penis.
The Candiru, cat fish Brazil vampire myth or reality
Catfish
Freshwater fish
th:plaakangcchiiruu
Highland Council

The Highland Council is the local government covering the Highland local authority. It was created in 1995. There are 21 wards, each electing three or four councillors by the single transferable vote system. There are 74 councillors. The main meeting place and main offices are at the Highland Council Headquarters in Glenurquhart Road, Inverness.
No political party has had a majority of the councillors since 2007.
Before 1995 there was a regional council and eight district councils. They were set up in 1973 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973
References
Highland
Local government in Scotland
Inverness
Samoa national football team

Samoa national football team is the national football team of Samoa.
References
Oceanian national football teams
2022 Fijian general election

The 2022 Fijian general election was held on 14 December 2022 to elect the 55 members of the Parliament of Fiji. It was conducted by the Fiji Electoral Commission (FEC) following some electoral changes that the opposition did not like.
The 15-year-incumbent centrist FijiFirst government, led by Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama, tried to win a fourth term in government. The election resulted in a hung parliament. While FijiFirst had a plurality of seats and the highest number of votes, the new centre-right People's Alliance party, led by former Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka, formed government and Rabuka became the next Prime Minister. The People's Alliance formed a coalition government with the two other parties that won seats: the centre-left National Federation Party (NFP; led by Biman Prasad) and the centre-right Social Democratic Liberal Party (SODELPA; led by Viliame Gavoka).
References
2022 elections
Elections in Fiji
Trinity County, California

Trinity County is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,112, making it the fifth least-populous county in California. The county seat and largest community is Weaverville. Trinity County was founded in 1850. The county takes its name from the Trinity River.
References
1850 establishments in California
Free verse

Free verse is a term for different styles of poetry that do not rhyme. Poets who have written in free verse include Rainer Maria Rilke, Saint-John Perse, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Carl Sandburg, William Carlos Williams, C.K. Williams, Charles Simic, and Giannina Braschi.
References
Related pages
Blank verse
Poetry forms
Suceviţa

Sucevita is a commune found in Suceava County, Romania.
Sucevita
Querétaro dusky rattlesnake

The Queretaro Dusky Rattlesnake (Crotalus Aquilus) also known as the "Vibora de cascabel", is a species of venomous Pit viper found usually on highlands of central Mexico. The scientific name "Aquilus" is a Latin word meaning "eagle", referring to the highlands on which it lives on. They are not a very well known species of rattlesnake, but the people in Mexico know much about them.
Description
Adult Queretaro Dusky Rattlesnakes are around 50 centimeters (20 in) in length, but some can be as long as 67.8 centimeters (26.7 in). They are usually green, yellow, dark gray, or dark brown in color, with dark brown or black blotches on them.
Where they live
They live mainly on highlands of central Mexico, but they also live in pine-oak forests, grasslands and grassy hills and mountains. The states of Mexico of which they live in are Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Mexico, Michoacan and San Luis Potosi.
Feeding
The Queretaro Dusky Rattlesnake eats mainly lizards, but they also eat frogs and many different types of rodents. Young ones also eat insects.
Venom
This rattlesnake is a type of venomous Pit viper, and one bite of it can harm a human. The poison of the Queretaro Dusky Rattlesnake is hemotoxic, meaning the poison effects the blood of a humans body. However the Queretaro Dusky Rattlesnake does not bite many people because it likes to be left alone; it will only bite a person if the person attacks it or annoys it.
References
Vipers
Snakes of North America
Monêtier-Allemont

Monetier-Allemont is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
References
Communes in Hautes-Alpes
Édouard Marquis

Edouard Marquis (17 August 1969 - 23 November 2020) was a French radio and television host, journalist, and producer. He was born in Paris. Marquis produced reports for France 2, Tele emploi, France 5, and MCM.
Marquis died on 23 November 2020 in Montlucon, France from a long-illness at the age of 51.
References
1969 births
2020 deaths
French radio personalities
French television presenters
French journalists
Television news anchors
Writers from Paris
Horatio Seymour

Horatio Seymour (May 31, 1810 - February 12, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the 18th Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant.
Seymour was born in Pompey Hill, New York on May 31, 1810. He studied at Geneva College. He was married to Mary Bleecker. They had no children. Seymour died on February 12, 1886 from an illness, aged 75. His wife, Mary Bleecker died a month later also from an illness.
References
Other websites
Mr. Lincoln and New York: Horatio Seymour
First Edition 1862 Report on Horatio Seymour Winning New York Governor's Race.
1810 births
1886 deaths
Lawyers from New York (state)
Governors of New York (state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Anteuil

Anteuil is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Alkali Ridge

Alkali Ridge, also known as Alkali Point, is a set of widely scattered archaeological remains of the earliest forms of Puebloan architecture. They represent a period of change from scattered, pit-style dwellings to a settled agricultural lifestyle. These multi-story buildings and kivas have yielded high-quality ceramics. They form the type location for the Pueblo II period (ca. 900 CE - ca. 1100 CE).
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
References
Other websites
BLM page on the Alkali Ridge area
History of Utah
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Archaeological sites in the United States
Uhart-Cize

Uhart-Cize is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
References
Uhart-Cize
Kurwai State

Kurwai state was a Muslim-ruled Princely state of British India, centered around the Kurwai town. The state was 368 km2 in area and had a population of 30,631 in 1892.
It was founded in 1713 by Mohammed Diler Khan, an Afghan soldier in the Mughal Army. Abida Sultan, the wife of the last ruler, gave up her right to the throne of Bhopal State and opted for the Muslim Nation state of Pakistan in 1950, eventually entering that country's Foreign service. Later, her son Shaharyar Khan became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and then the Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board.
Sources
Indian princely states
Christian de Quincey

Christian de Quincey, Ph.D., is an author and philosopher who teaches cosmology and spirituality at colleges in the United States and Europe. He is an internationally known author and speaker on consciousness. He is on the faculty of several U.S. universities and think tanks, and at Schumacher College, Devon, England. He has written 5 books on consciousness.
Books
Radical Nature: Rediscovering the Soul of Matter (Invisible Cities Press, 2002)
Radical Knowing: Understanding Consciousness through Relationship (Park Street Press, 2005)
Deep Spirit: Cracking the Noetic Code (Casablanca Press, 2008)
Consciousness from Zombies to Angels: The Shadow and the Light of Knowing Who You Are (Park Street Press, 2009)
Radical Nature: The Soul of Matter (2nd edition) (Park Street Press, 2010)
The Scientific Exploration of Consciousness (co-author with Willis Harman) (Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1996).
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chris Savino

Christopher Mason Savino (born October 2, 1971) is an American cartoonist, animator, director, writer, storyboard artist, comic book artist and producer. He is well-known as the creator of the animated series The Loud House. Savino has also worked on The Ren & Stimpy Show, Garfield and Friends, Rugrats, Timon and Pumbaa, Animaniacs, Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls, Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil, My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Mickey Mouse, The Owl House, and The Ghost and Molly McGee.
Filmography
Television
Film
Other works
Internet
1971 births
Living people
American cartoonists
American television producers
American television directors
American television writers
American Christians
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Screenwriters from Michigan
11 Parthenope

Parthenope (minor planet designation: 11 Parthenope) is a large, bright main-belt asteroid.
Parthenope was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on 11 May 1850. It is the second of his nine asteroid discoveries. It was named after Parthenope, who was one of the Sirens in Greek mythology. Parthenope founded the city of Naples. Two symbols were proposed for Parthenope: a fish and a star () and later a lyre (). Both are not used anymore.
On 6 August 2008, during a perihelic opposition, Parthenope had an apparent magnitude of 8.8.
In 1988, a UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories looked for it, but they never found it.
It has a rotation period of 13.722 +- 0.001 hours, Its brightness is anywhere from 0.10 +- 0.0s in magnitude.
Mass
In 2007, Baer and Chesley discovered that it is of 6.3 kg. It had a density of 3.3 g/cm3. In 2008, it was found that it could have a mass of 6.15 instead. In 1997 and 2001, it was thought that that it was 5 kg and had a density 2.7 g/cm3.
Related pages
Former classification of planets
Notes
Other websites
Lightcurve plot of 11 Parthenope, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2008)
IOTA (International Occultation Timing Association) occultation database
2011-Jan-26 Occultation / (2011 Asteroidal Occultation Results for North America)
Asteroids
Tyrrell County, North Carolina

Tyrrell County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,407 making it the least populous county in the state. Its county seat is Columbia. The county was created in 1729 as Tyrrell Precinct and gained county status in 1739.
Tyrrell County is included in the Kill Devil Hills, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area.
References
1730s establishments in North Carolina
1739 establishments
North Carolina counties
Armando Gama

Armando Antonio Capelo Diniz da Gama (1 April 1954 - 17 January 2022) was a Portuguese pop singer-songwriter and baritone opera singer. He was born in Luanda, Portuguese Angola. His career began in 1971. Gama performed at the 1983 Eurovision Song Contest, singing the song "Esta balada que te dou". He came in 13th place.
Gama died at a hospital from cancer in Lisbon, Portugal at the age of 67.
References
1954 births
2022 deaths
Portuguese singers
Portuguese writers
Pop singers
Singer-songwriters
Opera singers
Rubem Alves

Rubem Azevedo Alves (September 15, 1933 - July 19, 2014) was a Brazilian theologian, philosopher, academic, writer and psychoanalyst. Alves was one of the founders of liberation theology.
Alves was a Lutheran.
References
Other websites
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1933 births
2014 deaths
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Brazilian academics
Brazilian writers
Christian theologians
Lutherans
Psychoanalysts
Brazilian philosophers
Redmond Barry

Redmond Barry (1813--1880), was a judge in Victoria, Australia. He is famous for being the person who started the University of Melbourne and the State Library of Victoria. As a judge he is famous for sentencing bushranger Ned Kelly to death. He was also the judge in the trials of the rebel miners from the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, Victoria.
References
Australian judges
Ned Kelly
People from County Cork
1813 births
1880 deaths
Debbie Reynolds

Mary Frances Reynolds, better known as Debbie Reynolds (April 1, 1932 - December 28, 2016), was an American actress and singer. Reynolds was born in El Paso, Texas. She starred in many television programs and movies. She also had many songs and albums during her career.
On December 28, 2016, Reynolds died at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from a cerebral hemorrhage with hypertension being a factor, aged 84. This was one day after her daughter Carrie Fisher died.
References
Other websites
1932 births
2016 deaths
Actors from El Paso, Texas
American movie actors
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Singers from Texas
The Plague (1992 movie)

The Plague (original title: La Peste) is a 1992 Argentine British French drama movie directed by Luis Puenzo and was based on the 1947 novel of the same name by Albert Camus. It stars William Hurt, Sandrine Bonnaire, Raul Julia, Robert Duvall, Jean-Marc Barr, Horacio Fontova, Victoria Tennant, China Zorrilla, Norman Briski.
Other websites
1992 drama movies
Argentine drama movies
1990s British drama movies
French drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Luis Puenzo
1974 French presidential election

Presidential elections were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valery Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history.
Other websites
Radio-TV debate Valery Giscard d'Estaing/Francois Mitterrand
20th century in France
1974 in Europe
Presidential elections in France
Valery Giscard d'Estaing
Auxi-le-Château

Auxi-le-Chateau is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Eiwa

was a Japanese era name (Nian Hao , nengo, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho period after Oan and before Koryaku. This period started in February 1375 and ended in March 1379. The pretender in Kyoto was Go-En'yu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .
Events of the Eiwa era
1375 (Eiwa 1, 3rd month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu visits the Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu where he offers a sword for the shrine's treasury, gold foil for the shrine's decoration, and a racehorse for the shrine's stable.
1375 (Eiwa 2, 4th month): For the first time, Shogun Yoshimitsu is permitted to enter the Imperial quarters at the Imperial palace.
1377 -- Goryeo diplomatic envoy Jeong Mongju met with the in Kyushu, Imagawa Ryoshun. The diplomats discussed steps to control pirates (wako).
1378 (Eiwa 4, 3rd month): Yoshimitsu moved into his new home in Muromachi; and the luxurious house and grounds are called Hana-no-Gosho
Southern Court nengo
Tenju, 1375-1381
Related pages
Muromachi period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1375 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1379 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
Bauphal Upazila

Bauphal Upazila () is an upazila of Patuakhali District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh.
Educational institutes
There are a few educational institutions in Bauphal. Among them, 10 colleges, 1 polytechnic institute, 59 secondary schools, 122 primary schools, 72 madrasas.
Notable people
ASM Feroz, the Member of Parliament (MP) for constituency Patuakhali-6 from 1979 to 1982, and Patuakhali-2 from 1986 to 1987 and from 1991 until 2001, has been MP for Patuakhali-2 again since 2009.
KM Nurul Huda, Chief Election Commissioner of Bangladesh.
Abdul Malek, Information Commissioner of Bangladesh.
Abdul Aziz Khandaker, former member of parliament (Patuakhali -6)
Zobaydul Haq Rasel, Bangladeshi Politician
Khandaker Shamsul Haq (Reza), Former General Secretary, Bangladesh Krishak League.
Related pages
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
References
Upazilas of Patuakhali District