pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pompeii

Pompeii was an ancient Roman city that was buried by Mount Vesuvius. It is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The preserved site features excavated ruins of streets and houses that visitors can explore.
On 24 October 79 AD, a volcano called Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city and its people, killing 2,000 of them.
Pompeii is now considered one of the world's most important historical sites because of the way the volcanic ash preserved the city and its people. This gives historians and archaeologists a vivid picture of life in the Roman Empire around 2,000 years ago.
Archaeologists have found graffiti written by the people who lived in the town. People often wrote on walls, and archaeologists have been able to read some of what they wrote.
History
The town was started around the year 600 BC. It was started by a group from central Italy, the Osci. They chose to start it in this location because it was already an essential location for trade by both land and sea. By the 5th century BC, Pompeii had become part of Rome. While under Roman control, Pompeii improved a lot. The Romans built Aqueducts, and these were used to provide the citizens with water.
Before the eruption, Pompeii was a beautiful and wealthy city. At the time of the eruption, the town may have had about 11,000 people living there. It was in an area where Romans had holiday villas. Modern professor William Abbott said, "At the time of the eruption, Pompeii had reached its high point in society as many Romans frequently visited Pompeii on vacations."
Witnesses
Pliny The Younger was a witness to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. He sent letters to a friend describing the eruption. For he was much too scared to go any closer, he stayed where he was. He was far from the sight, but close enough to see the eruption.
Dating
Recent research has questioned the day of the eruption, with some scholars arguing for an autumn date.
Related pages
Herculaneum
Ascalabos
References
Cities and towns in Italy
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Ancient Roman cities
Cities affected by the eruption of mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
Division of Makin

The Division of Makin is an electoral division for the Australian House of Representatives. It covers the northeastern suburbs of Adelaide, including Banksia Park, Fairview Park, Golden Grove, Greenwith, Gulfview Heights, Ingle Farm, Mawson Lakes, Modbury, Para Hills, Para Vista, Pooraka, Redwood Park, Ridgehaven, Salisbury East, Salisbury Heights, St Agnes, Surrey Downs, Tea Tree Gully, Valley View, Vista, Walkley Heights, Wynn Vale, Yatala Vale, and parts of Gepps Cross and Hope Valley.
It was set up in 1984 and named after Norman Makin, a former member of Parliament, Speaker and diplomat.
Members
Election results
References
ABC profile for Makin: 2013
AEC profile for Makin: 2013
Poll Bludger profile for Makin: 2013
Other websites
Tony Zappia's website: http://sa.alp.org.au/alp/federal-mps/tony-zappia
Electoral divisions of Australia
South Australia
1984 establishments in Australia
Fluminimaggiore

Fluminimaggiore (Frumini Majori) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,882 people lived there. Its area is 108.18 km2. It is 63 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
Tropical Storm Agatha (2010)

Tropical Storm Agatha was a weak but devastating tropical cyclone which brought severe flooding across Central America. It was the deadliest Eastern Pacific storm since Hurricane Pauline in 1997. Agatha was the first storm of the 2010 Eastern Pacific hurricane season. The storm caused 190 deaths and $1.1 billion in damage across Central America.
East Pacific tropical storms
Deadly storms
2010 in weather
History of Central America
2010 in North America
Akron, New York

Akron is a village in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 2,868 at the 2010 census.
Akron is located at (43.019309, -78.494644). The village is northeast of Buffalo.
References
Villages in New York (state)
Janus (moon)

Janus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966. Astronomers were first mistaken that another moon, Epimetheus, was the same as Janus. Voyager 1 confirmed in 1980 that there were two moons that share the same orbit.
Saturn's moons
Bannu District

Bannu District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Bannu is the capital.
Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
sv:Bannu District
sv:Surani Panak Zai Bannu
The Left Hand of Darkness

The Left Hand of Darkness is a science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1969. It won the 1969 Nebula and 1970 Hugo awards.
Translations
, 1985, 1997
, 2004 (ISBN 978-953-203-182-9)
, also known as Winterplanet (Heyne-Verlag paperback edition, translated by Gisela Stege)
and later as
, 1979, 2015
1995, 2002
, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2006
Notes
References
Further reading
Other websites
Bibliography: The Left Hand of Darkness at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Audio review and discussion of The Left Hand of Darkness at The Science Fiction Book Review Podcast
1969 books
Hainish Cycle
Hugo Award winning books
Juan Sol

Juan Cruz Sol Oria (13 September 1947 - 10 November 2020) was a Spanish footballer.
Career
He played as a defender. He has played for Valencia, Real Madrid, and the Spanish national team.
He played 28 matches for Spain national football team, and scored 1 goal.
Statistics
Death
Sol died on 10 November 2020 at the age of 73.
References
Other Websites
National team data
Valencia CF biography
1947 births
2020 deaths
Spanish footballers
Association football defenders
Pangolin

Pangolins (or scaly anteaters) are mammals which live in Africa and Asia. They have scales on their skin. They are the only mammals which have this adaptation.
There are three genera of pangolin, all of which eat ants and termites. They catch their food using their tongues, and they do not eat anything else. These scaled mammals are one of the most threatened groups of mammals.
Unfortunately we know very little of their distribution in West African countries. Evidence of the white bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) has been found. No evidence of the giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantic) was found. Perhaps the giant pangolin no longer appears in West Africa.
Pangolins have features of armadillos (long, ant eating tongue and broad tail) and sloths (claws), but the pangolin is in a completely different order. The pangolin belongs to the order Pholidota.
Pangolins have large, hardened, overlapping plate-like scales. The pangolin scales are made of keratin. and are attached to muscles under the skin. and can be moved to point towards predators. Hair grows between the scales and near the rear of the animal.
The pangolin's scaled body is a bit like a pine cone or globe artichoke. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting like armour while it tucks its face under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defence from predators.
A pangolin's main predators are wild cats, hyenas and humans.
A mother pangolin's gestation period is between 120 and 180 days. Young pangolin are born with scales, and they harden by the second day the pangopup is out of the womb.
When walking on a level surface the pangolin is bipedal. It walks on the back legs. Its body is held horizontal, and is balanced by its heavy tail at the back.
Sometimes pangolins are smuggled into China on the black market. Their scales are used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.
Pangolins are a critically endangered species and have been hunted and trafficked all across Asia and Africa. They are usually sought for their scales, meat and medical properties. This creature is a host for SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses.
References
Other websites
Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
A photograph of a pangolin
Paul Kuniholm Pangolin Mural
Mammals
Doug Jackson

Douglas Jackson (December 12, 1924 - April 26, 1980) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League during the 1947-48 NHL season and played in six games. From 1944 to 1945, Jackson served with the Canadian Army in World War II.
References
1924 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
1980 deaths
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Non-commissioned officer

A non-commissioned officer (sometimes spelled noncommissioned officer and shortened to NCO or non-com (US)), called a sub-officer in some countries, is a military officer who has not been given a commission. Non-commissioned officers, in the English-speaking world, usually obtain their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks.
NCOs usually include all grades of corporal and sergeant; in some countries, warrant officers also do the same things as NCOs. In the navy and depending on the country, some or all grades of petty officer may be counted as NCO's. There are different classes of non-commissioned officer, including junior non-commissioned officers (JNCO) and senior (or staff) non-commissioned officers (SNCO).
Related pages
Military ranks
References
Other websites
A Short History of the NCO (United States)
Military ranks
Al Plastino

Alfred John Plastino (December 15, 1921 - November 25, 2013) was an American comic book artist. He was best known as one of the most important Superman artists of the 1950s, along with his DC Comics colleague Wayne Boring. Plastino also worked as a comics writer, editor, letterer and colorist.
He co-created the DC characters Supergirl and Braniac, as well as the teenage team the Legion of Super-Heroes.
Plastino lived for many years in Shirley, New York, on Long Island. At the time of his death on November 25, 2013, after suffering from prostate cancer, aged 91.
References
Other websites
Cadigan, Glen. The Legion Companion (TwoMorrows Publishing, 2003)
1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
American comics writers
American comics artists
Writers from New York City
Sean Reinert

Sean Reinert (May 27, 1971 - January 24, 2020) was an American musician, songwriter and drummer of AEon Spoke. He was also the drummer and founding member of Cynic, until leaving the band in September 2015.
In May 2014, he came out as gay.
Reinert died on January 24, 2020 in San Bernardino, California at the age of 48.
References
1971 births
2020 deaths
American drummers
American heavy metal musicians
American songwriters
LGBT musicians
LGBT writers
Gay men
LGBT people from California
Musicians from Long Beach, California
Lakona of Oahu

Lakona was High Chief of Oahu, a Hawaiian island.
Life
Lakona was born on O`ahu around 1340. He was the son of High Chief Nawele and his wife, Kalanimoeikawaikai. Because of his father, Lakona is also known as Lakona-a-Nawele, which means "Lakona, son of Nawele". After the death of his father, Lakona became the ruler of his island. He ruled together with his female cousin, Maelo.
The wife of Lakona was called Ala`ikauakoko, who is also known as Kanakoko. They had a son, Kapaealakona, who succeeded Lakona after Lakona's death.
References
Royalty of Oahu
1340s births
NTN24

NTN24 (acronym for Nuestra Tele Noticias 24) is a Colombian free-to-air (only on digital terrestrial television) and cable television news channel, owned by Grupo RCN and operated by RCN Television.
NTN24 was launched on 3 November 2008 with journalist Claudia Gurisatti appointed as the channel's first editorial director. Its main headquarters are in Bogota, Colombia.
Other websites
Official Site
Television networks
Television channels in South America
Television stations
2008 establishments
Farmington, Michigan

Farmington is a city in Oakland County, Michigan, United States.
Cities in Michigan
Daryl (magician)

Daryl Easton (August 13, 1955 - February 24, 2017) known professionally as Daryl and born Daryl Martinez, was an American magician. He was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. He would call himself "The Magician's Magician." Daryl usually went by his forename only. He specialized in card tricks, close-up and parlor magic.
Two of his most famous contributions to magic were the "Hot Shot Cut", a knuckle-busting sleight where the spectator's chosen card spins like a boomerang out of the deck, and the "Ultimate Ambition" trick which allows a card to be inserted fairly into the middle of a deck and yet appear back on top.
Daryl accidentally hanged himself in the closet of his hotel room in Hollywood, California on February 24, 2017. He was 61.
References
Other websites
Daryl's official site
Interview with Daryl on the Magic Bunny website
1955 births
2017 deaths
American magicians
Accidental deaths in California
Entertainers from Nevada
People from Las Vegas
Broadway (1942 movie)

Broadway is a 1942 American crime drama movie directed by William A. Seiter and is the second version of the 1926 play of the same name. It stars George Raft, Pat O'Brien, Janet Blair, Broderick Crawford, Marjorie Rambeau, Anne Gwynne, Edward Brophy, Gus Schilling, Arthur Shields, Iris Adrian and was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Other websites
1942 crime movies
1942 drama movies
1940s American crime drama movies
Movies based on plays
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by William A. Seiter
Movies set in New York City
FNaF World

FNaF World is an indie based role-playing game (RPG) produced by Scott Cawthon. It was a spin-off of the popular horror video game series, 'Five Nights at Freddy's'. FNaF World was released on January 21, 2016 for Microsoft Windows and first announced on the gaming website/software Steam on September 15, 2015. The game was taken off of Steam because Scott Cawthon was not happy with the negative reviews and ratings it had received, although the game wasn't necessarily hated. It was republished to the Steam Store after being updated, and it is still available today as a free-to-play title.
References
Role-playing video games
Zearing, Iowa

Zearing is a city in Iowa in the United States.
References
Cities in Iowa
Moscow-Cassiopeia

Moscow-Cassiopeia () is a 1974 Soviet movie directed by Richard Viktorov.
Actors
Innokenty Smoktunovsky as S.S.E. (Special Service Executive)
Vasili Merkuryev as academician Blagovidov
Lev Durov as academician Filatov
Yuri Medvedev as academician Ogon-Duganovsky
Pyotr Merkuryev as academician Kurochkin
Mikhail Yershov as Victor Sereda
Aleksandr Grigoryev as Pavel Kozelkov
Vladimir Savin as Mikhail Kopanygin
References
Other websites
Soviet movies
1974 movies
Divine grace

In Christianity Divine Grace means a favour of God for humankind. God favours every person, without looking at what they did or how much they are worth. This grace of God to humans may happen in the gifts that God gives him, such as creation or salvation.
Types of Grace
Common Grace
Common grace refers to blessings which God gives to everyone. Jesus said that God "sends the rain upon the just and the unjust. This idea is found in Greek philosophy. Plato spoke of God's "gifts". The Reformers listed many ways in which God gives undeserved gifts to mankind. These include life itself, food and earthly pleasures. God also restrains evil so that people will not destroy themselves in wars and conflict.
Prevenient Grace
Prevenient grace (or enabling grace) is a Christian teaching in Arminian theology. It appeared earlier in Catholic and early Anabaptist teaching. It is divine grace that goes before human decision. In other words, God will start showing special love to a person at a certain time of his life.
Prevenient grace is taught by Christians who are influenced by the theology of Jacob Arminius or John Wesley. Wesleyan Arminians believe God helps people to accept the gift of salvation.
Saving Grace
This refers to the good things that God gives to those who believe in Jesus. The gifts include forgiveness of sin, eternal life, and the power to live a good and holy life.
In Popular Culture
"Grace" is a common girl's name in many countries.
"Amazing Grace" is a song that became very popular. It is played at funerals, sometimes on a bagpipe. This song was written by John Newton who was an evil slave trader. His life was changed when he became a Christian. He later worked to stop the practice of slavery. His story is told in a 2006 movie.
References
Christian theology
Draft evasion

Draft evasion is any attempt to escape a government-forced legal requirement to serve in the military forces of one's nation. Sometimes draft evasion involves refusing to work with the military draft laws (formally known as conscription laws) of one's nation.
Illegal draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries. Such evasion is generally considered to be a criminal offense. On the other hand, there is evasion out of religious or ethical beleif called conscientious objector.
Notes
Activism
Georges Appert

Georges Appert (1850 - 1934) was a French historian, writer and Japan studies expert. He was a professor of law at the University of Tokyo.
Career
Appert was a government advisor in Japan from 1879 to 1889.
Select works
In an overview of writings by and about Appert, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 26 works in 43 publications in 5 languages and 132 library holdings. Some of the works are:
Ancien Japon, 1888
Du terme en droit romain et en droit francais, 1876
Dictionnaire des termes de droit, d'economie politique et d'administration, 1885
Ri Ben Li Fa Zi Liao Quan Ji (Japanese legislation Complete Works). Bie Juan 337, Fo Guo Xiang Xu Fa Jiang Yi , 2005
Un code de la feodalite Japonaise au XIIIe siecle, 1900
Jing Ji Xue Jiang Yi (Economics lecture), 1883
Related pages
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan
References
1850 births
1934 deaths
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Japanologists
French writers
Darling Harbour

Darling Harbour is a harbour in Sydney, Australia. It has many shops and places to eat, and people like visiting it. It also has the Sydney Aquarium.
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Transport in Sydney
Montancy

Montancy is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Pascagoula, Mississippi

Pascagoula is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi, United States. It is the main city of the Pascagoula, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, as a part of the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area. The population was 22,392 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Jackson County.
References
County seats in Mississippi
Cities in Mississippi
Noord-Beveland

Noord-Beveland, Zeelandic: Noord-Beveland or Noord-Beveland, is a (former) island and municipality of the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands. In 2016 the municipality had about 7,400 people. The municipality covers an area of 122 km2, the island an area of 86 km2.
Other websites
Zeelandic Islands
Municipalities of Zeeland
The little girl found in Venice (Rotta)

The little girl found in Venice (also known as La bambina ritrovata a Venezia) is a 19th-century painted in oil by Antonio Rotta, in 1870, in Venice, Italy, exhibited at the Civici Musei di Storia ed Arte in Trieste, Italy.
Description
Representations of interior scenes about Venice life are rare, and this is one of the most historical images of everyday life. The scene portrays the hall of a Venetian palace, as can be deduced from the view in the area of Piazza San Marco, the Doge's Palace (in Italian: Palazzo Ducale), also known as the Doge's Palace, a symbol of the city of Venice and the Belfry of Sao Marcos, in addition to the open window. It is not easy to interpret the theme of the painting, wrapped in the story of a mystery of the Republic of Venice: perhaps the lady, who turns a stunned and grateful look at the sky at the same time, recognizes in the child of the clothes dispensed a girl dear to her, whose physiognomy is mentioned in the picture on the console to the right of the painting. On the same island there is a large Chinese pink porcelain vase of the family, to connote the richness and refinement of the furniture and the testimony of the importance of the commercial relations between the Republic of Venice and China at the time. The Chinese porcelain vase, is a piece of furniture that signals the widespread passion that collectors showed in those years for chinoiserie and for Chinese art and culture. Rotta is interested in the representation of true everyday life, finding in it a deep introspection of the human soul. It is still life according to the realism that impresses the first moment when the innocence of children dies along with the knowledge of life.
Stilistic analysis
Rotta is interested in the representation of true everyday life, finding in it a deep introspection of the human soul. It is still life according to the realism that impresses the first moment when the innocence of children dies along with the knowledge of life. It is not easy to interpret the subject of the painting: perhaps the lady, who at the same time looks astonished and grateful to the sky, recognizes in the girl in disheveled clothes a beloved girl, whose physiognomy is suggested in the frame of the console to the right of the screen. painting. On the same console, there is a large Chinese porcelain vase of the famille rose type, to connote the richness and refinement of the furniture.
A rich and rich girl who is lost in the world and for the first time has a feeling of dismay. The paintings of works that offer scenes of life in rich environments are rare and precious, because Rotta was the intense singer of the popular soul, of the humble people, of the places and of the poor and everyday domestic atmospheres of Venice that he knew in his intimacy essence.
Exhibitions
Museo d'arte orientale, Trieste, 2013
Related pages
The Hopeless Case (Rotta)
Notes
Paintings by Antonio Rotta
1870s paintings
Paul Sherwen

Paul Sherwen (7 June 1956 - 2 December 2018) was an English professional racing cyclist and later a broadcaster on cycling. He worked with NBC and commentated on the Tour de France. He raced in seven editions of the Tour, finishing five. He raced for the Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt and for the Raleigh Bicycle Company.
Sherwen was born in Widnes, Lancashire. He died on 2 December 2018 at his home in Kampala, Uganda from heart failure at the age of 62.
References
1956 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
British cyclists
English sports commentators
Sportspeople from Lancashire
Bisection method

The bisection method is a way to estimate solutions for single equations. When we solve one equation, this method can help us to get a number that is very close to the real solution.
Think about a continuous function F(x). If the curve of F(x) passes through the x-axis, it means that there must be one specific x number which makes F(x) = 0, in other words, a solution. But how to judge whether the curve passes the x-axis or not? We pick one section with lower boundary a1 and upper boundary b1. Then we calculate F(a) and F(b). If F(b) has different signal with F(a) (or F(a)*F(b) < 0), the F(x) curve will pass through the x-axis in this section, which means F(x) must have a solution in this section. In this way, we can estimate a range of the solution.
To make our estimation more precise, we need to shorten the range which contains the solution. We divide this section into two equal parts: ( a , a/2+b/2) and (a/2+b/2, b). Then we apply the same method to judge whether there is a solution in each section. If there is no solutions in one section( F(a)*F(a/2+b/2) > 0 or F(a/2+b/2)*F(b)> 0), we ignore this section. If there is a solution in one section (F(a)*F(a/2+b/2) < 0 or F(a/2+b/2)*F(b) < 0), we continue to shorten the range until the range is smaller than the error of estimation we expected. Finally, we take the middle point of the final range as a solution of F(x).
Calculus
Algorithms
Nyborg

Nyborg is a locality in Kalix Municipality in Norrbotten County in Sweden. In 2010, 833 people lived there 2010.
References
Settlements in Norrbotten County
Marl

Marl is an earthy material rich in carbonate minerals, clays, and silt. When hardened into rock, it becomes marlstone. It is created in marine or freshwater environments. Usually it is found through the activities of algae.
Marl makes up the lower part of the cliffs of Dover. The Channel Tunnel follows these marl layers between France and the United Kingdom. Marl is also a common sediment in post-glacial lakes. An example of this would be the marl ponds of the northeastern United States.
Sedimentary rocks
Bill Kurtis

William Horton "Bill" Kurtis (born September 21, 1940) is an American television journalist, producer, narrator, news anchor, and historian who anchored CBS Morning News. He has also narrated crime shows and in movies.
Kurtis mostly spent his childhood in Chicago, Illinois. He studied his B.S. degree at the University of Kansas and his J.D. degree at Washburn University of Law. He was married to Helen Kurtis from 1966 until her death in 1977, they had two children (one who died). He is currently partners with Donna La Pietra.
References
Other websites
1940 births
Living people
American journalists
American television news anchors
American television presenters
American television producers
American historians
American television personalities
Writers from Florida
Writers from Chicago
People from Pensacola, Florida
Débora Falabella

Debora Lima Falabella (born February 22, 1979 in Belo Horizonte) is a Brazilian actress.
Falabella started acting in 1998 on Rede Globo's teen telenovela Malhacao, as Antonia. She's also appeared in other Rede Globo telenovelas like Um Anjo Caiu do Ceu, O Clone and Senhora do Destino. In cinema, she's acted in Brazilian movies like Cazuza - O Tempo Nao Para, Dois Perdidos numa Noite Suja and A Dona da Historia.
In the miniseries JK she played the role of Sarah Kubitschek, wife of Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek. In 2006, she was cast to the leading role in the telenovela Sinha Moca.
References
Other websites
1979 births
Living people
Brazilian actors
People from Belo Horizonte
Queen Seondeok of Silla

Queen Seondeok of Silla (606 - 8 January 647) was 27th ruler of Silla, one of the three ancient kingdoms of Korea. She was a daughter of King Jinpyeong and Lady Maya of the Kim clan. Because King Jinpyeong did not have any sons, Queen Seondeok became the first female ruler in Korean history after her father died. Besides the name Seondeok, she was also called Sung-Jo Hwang-Go which means "sacred and dedicated queen".
Queen Seondeok was an intelligent and capable ruler who established the foundation of Silla's unity of Korea peninsula. She ruled her kingdom wisely and improved her people's life. Also, she made a lot of effort to accept advanced culture of ancient China by sending international students and monks. The star-gazing tower named Cheomseongdae and wooden tower with nine floors in Hwangnyongsa temple are the results of her effort.
According to some legend (in Korean history book Samguk Sagi) related to her, Queen Seondeok had great intuition and foresight. She noticed where the enemy was hiding by natural phenomena, predicted many incidents before it happened, and even knew when she would die a couple of days ago and left her will before death. Because of her extraordinary and heroic life, many Korean people make novels, plays, musicals and so on till now.
606 births
647 deaths
Kings and queens
Korean monarchs
Thomas L. Patrick

Thomas L. Patrick (1896 - January 10, 1957) was a farmer and politician in Ontario. He served as a Conservative MPP in the Ontario legislature for the riding of Middlesex North from 1943 until his death in 1957, at the age of 60. Patrick was a farmer and livestock exporter and died of a heart attack during a business trip to Springfield, Illinois. In the legislature, he served as chairman of the Agriculture Committee. He was first elected in the 1943 Ontario general election, defeating incumbent Liberal MPP John Willard Freeborn by 910 votes.
References
1896 births
1957 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
Phenomenon

A phenomenon (Greek: , pl. ) is an observable event or, quite literally, something that can be seen.
It comes from the noun (phainomenon, df. appearance) and is also related to the verb (phainein, df. to show). Its plural is phenomena. Its antonym is lathomenon, meaning "something lying beneath the surface".
Phenomenon can also mean a "surprising development" or "unusually successful person".
Use in science & technology
In science, phenomenon stands for any event which we can sense or detect or record. In science, the word "observe" means more than just "visible to the naked eye". It means "sensible", available to our senses. The senses we are born with are extended by a whole range of instruments which record things we cannot see, and make them visible to us.
So, while some events are easy to observe, others need technology to make observation possible.
References
Science
Criticism

Criticism is a word used in two senses. Originally, it meant "a scholarly analysis and balanced judgement". Later (mid-20th century) it came to mean "a hostile attack" pointing out the bad features of the topic.
Constructive criticism: criticism to evaluate and improve. This is an important activity, especially when dealing with young people. Parents and teachers often use this kind of criticism. In adult life it is widely used in literature, the arts and science.
Negative or destructive criticism: criticism as an attack on a person or idea. Negative criticism is often interpreted as an attack against a person (ad hominem), and appears often in debates between political opponents.
History of the word
In ancient Greek kritos meant judge, and kritikos meant the critic. Related Greek terms are krinein (separating out, deciding), krei- (to sieve, discriminate, or distinguish). The word moved from Greek to Latin (Criticus, a judge) to French (critique) to English. The words "critic" and "critical" existed in the English language from the mid-16th century, and the word "criticism" first made its appearance in English in the early 17th century.
Related pages
Art critic
Critic
Critical thinking
Textual criticism
References
Toppesfield

Toppesfield is a village and civil parish in Braintree, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 533 people living in Toppesfield.
References
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Mountain range

A mountain range (mountain chain, mountain belt) is a geographic area with many mountains. A 'mountain system' or 'system of mountain ranges' includes geological features that are in the same region as a mountain range.
Mountain ranges usually include highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains in the same range do not always have the same geology or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terrains, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms. This results in a variety of rock types.
Major ranges
Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either in the Pacific Ring of Fire or the Alpide Belt. The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the Andes of South America, extends through the North American Cordillera along the Pacific Coast, the Aleutian Range, on through Kamchatka, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, to New Zealand. The Andes is long and is often described as the world's longest mountain system.
The Alpide belt includes Indonesia and southeast Asia, through the Himalayas, and ends in the Alps. The belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest, at of elevation.
Mountain ranges outside of these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the world's northernmost mountain system. If the definition of a mountain range includes underwater mountains, then the ocean ridges form the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of .
Divisions and categories
Many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them. It can be thought of as a parent-child relationship. For example, the Appalachian Mountains range is the parent of its own ranges, two of which are the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains. The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites, like the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range.
Climate
The position of mountains influences climate, such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing precipitation (rain or snow). As the air descends on the leeward side, it warms again and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a rain shadow will occur on the leeward side of a range.
Erosion
Mountain ranges are always being eroded. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long after until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. The basins next to an eroding mountain range are filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock.
The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are an example. As the uplift was occurring some of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east. This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift.
References
Other websites
Peakbagger Ranges Home Page
Bivouac.com
Alberto Estella Goytre

Alberto Estella Goytre (23 September 1940 - 1 April 2022) was a Spanish politician. She was a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre and the People's Party. She was in the Congress of Deputies from 1977 to 1982.
Estella Goytre died in Salamanca, Spain on 1 April 2022 at the age of 81.
References
1940 births
2022 deaths
People from Salamanca
Spanish politicians
Vatnajökull

Vatnajokull (English: Glacier of Lakes) () is the largest glacier in Iceland. It lies in the south-east of the island, covering more than 8% of the country.
The average thickness of the ice is 400 m, with a maximum thickness of 1,000 m. Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnukur (2,110 m), is located at the southern tip of Vatnajokull, near Skaftafell National Park. It is classified as an ice cap glacier.
Vatnajokull has been shrinking for some years now, possibly because of climatic changes and recent volcanic activity. Until 1930 it was growing.
According to Guinness World Records Vatnajokull is the object of the world's longest sight line, 550 km from Slaettaratindur, the highest mountain in the Faroe Islands. GWR state that "owing to the light bending effects of atmospheric refraction, Vatnajokull (2119m), Iceland, can sometimes be seen from the Faroe Islands, 340 miles (550 km) away". This may be based on a claimed sighting by a British sailor in 1939. The validity of this record is analysed/undermined in mathematical and atmospheric detail by J.C. de Ferranti
Other websites
Photos of Vatnajokull from www.islandsmyndir.is
Search engine and map of Iceland
Viewfinder Panoramas
What it's like to explore the ice cap in winter.
Geography of Iceland
Bill Ramsey (rugby league)

William "Bill" Ramsey (25 April 1943 - 7 July 2020) was an English professional rugby league footballer. He was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire.
He played in the 1960s and 1970s, and coached in the 1970s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, Yorkshire, and Commonwealth XIII, and at club level for Hunslet, Leeds, Bradford Northern, Hull FC and Widnes.
Ramsey died on 7 July 2020, aged 76.
References
1943 births
2020 deaths
British rugby league players
Sportspeople from Leeds
Gorton's of Gloucester

Gorton's of Gloucester is a company that makes fishsticks and other frozen seafood in the United States. It has been based in Gloucester, Massachusetts, since 1849.
American food companies
Companies based in Massachusetts
1849 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Massachusetts
Chamín Correa

Benjamin "Chamin" Correa (4 December 1929 - 14 January 2020) was a Mexican guitarist and record producer. He was born in Mexico City. He was known for recording romantic music. He was a member of the Los Tres Caballeros alongside Roberto Cantoral and Leonel Galvez, beginning in 1954. In 1957, they earned four golden discs.
He also recorded with many famous artists, including Dave Brubeck, Joan Baez, Gloria Estefan, Jose Jose, Enrique Guzman, Luis Miguel, Victor Yturbe El Piruli, and Marco Antonio Muniz.
His most popular songs include 'El reloj', 'La barca', 'Donde estas', 'Poquita Fe', 'Regalame esta noche', 'Alma de Cristal' and 'Noche no te vayas'.
Correa died of a heart attack in Cuernavaca, Morelos on 14 January 2020, aged 90.
References
Other websites
Romaproducciones
Chamin Correa Timeline
1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mexican guitarists
Record producers
Musicians from Mexico City
Mortadella di Bologna

Mortadella di Bologna is an Italian kind of sausage. It is made of ground pork meat. Salt, pepper, sugar as well as small cubes of pork fat are added. It is then made into big sausages. It is then cooked in special ovens at 90degC (194deg Fahrenheit). Some kinds of Mortadella have other spices in them.
As a Protected Geographical Status food, Mortadella di Bologna must come from the Bologna province.
Outside Italy
Mortadella is also produced and consumed in other countries. It is very popular in Spain, and Portugal.
Many Italians emigrated to South America in the early 20th cenury. For this reason, Mortadella is also very popular in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay and Venezuela. In these countries it is spelled ''mortadela'', and its recipe is quite similar to the traditional Italian, with additional pepper grains.
Sausage
Italian food
Chilean food
Bob Irwin

Robert Irwin (born 8 June 1939) is an Australian naturalist, animal conservationist, zookeeper and herpetologist. He is also famous for his conservation and husbandry work with apex predators and reptiles. In 1970, Irwin founded the Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park (now known as Australia Zoo). He is the father of the late conservationist and television personality Steve Irwin.
Irwin was born in Melbourne, Victoria. He was married to Lyn Hakainsson until her death in a car accident in 2000. The couple had three children; daughters Joy and Mandy, and son Stephen Robert. Steve died of a stingray injury in 2006.
References
1939 births
Living people
Australian biologists
Inventors
People from Melbourne
Naturalists
Zoologists
Carmen Gómez

Carmen Gomez is a former swimmer from Colombia. She was born on September 17, 1954. Carmen competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
Other websites
1954 births
Living people
Colombian Olympians
Swimmers
People from Cali
Iselsberg-Stronach

Iselsberg-Stronach is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
List of heads of state of the Free City of Danzig

The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdansk) existed between 1920 and 1939.
The City had its own post office, currency and citizenship, but it was not independent: it was administered directly by the League of Nations, represented by a High Commissioner. The city was governed by the Senate. The head of state was the President of the Senate. The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors.
League of Nations High Commissioners
League of Nations mandated territories, were run by member countries on behalf of the League. But Danzig and the Saargebiet were run by the League of Nations itself, with representatives of various countries being the High Commissioner:
Politics
Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig
Related pages
Free City of Danzig
References
Free City of Danzig
Danzig
Hydra the Revenge

Hydra the Revenge (sometimes simply shortened to Hydra) is a steel Floorless Coaster at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the only Floorless Coaster in Pennsylvania and was opened on May 7, 2005. Hydra was built on the site of the former wooden roller coaster Hercules, which was closed and demolished at the end of the park's 2003 season. Its name comes from the Greek Mythology story where Hercules battled the Hydra.
History
Site preparation began in late 2003, when on September 1, 2003, Hercules, a wooden roller coaster that sat in the current location of Hydra the Revenge, was closed and demolished. On September 14, 2004, the $13 million Hydra the Revenge was announced. Construction began in the spring of 2004 and continued through the winter. Hydra the Revenge was topped off (highest piece of the lift hill) on August 20, 2004 and the entire track layout was completed on December 4, 2004. The first cars for the coaster arrived at Dorney Park on December 10, 2004 and the first ride with people on a train took place on March 24, 2005. The roller coaster officially opened to the public on May 7, 2005.
References
Other websites
Hydra the Revenge's official page
Steel roller coasters
2005 establishments in the United States
Roller coasters by name
2000s establishments in Pennsylvania
Strumica

Strumica () is a city in southeastern North Macedonia. About 35,000 people lived there. It is near the border with Bulgaria and Greece. The city is named after the Strumica River which runs through it.
Cities in North Macedonia
Voiced labial–palatal approximant

The voiced labial-palatal approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in French.
Consonants
Eva Hesse

Eva Hesse (January 11, 1936 - May 29, 1970) was a German-born and American-raised sculptor and painter. Her career was short. She worked with fiberglass and plastics. She also sculpted with other materials. Hesse was born near Hamburg, Germany. She moved to New York City.
Hesse died in 1970 from a brain tumor diagnosed the previous year.
References
People from New York (state)
American sculptors
1936 births
1970 deaths
Barnes County, North Dakota

Barnes County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, 10,853 people lived there. The county seat is Valley City.
References
North Dakota counties
Congressional caucus

A congressional caucus is a group of members of the United States Congress. They meet to try to make common legislative goals. Caucuses are created as congressional member organizations (CMOs) through the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. They are governed under the rules of these chambers. They are sometimes called conferences (especially Republican ones), coalitions, study groups, task forces, or working groups. Many other countries use the term parliamentary group. For example, the Parliament of the United Kingdom has many all-party parliamentary groups.
References
Legislative branch of the United States government
Economy of Pakistan

Pakistan is a nation with a diverse economy that include textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. It is the 25th largest economy in the world.
Other websites
bn:paakistaaner arthniiti
Noli me tangere

According to the evangelist, John 20.17, noli me tangere is a phrase Jesus says to Mary Magdalene, when she recognises him after the resurrection. The phrase is commonly translated as don't touch me. In Koine Greek, the phrase reads Me mou aptou (me mou haptou), which is translated differently, as cease holding on to me or stop clinging to me. Many artists and painters have been inspired by the phrase.
Text
In the translation of Saint Jerome, the text is as follows:
"11. Maria autem stabat ad monumentum foris, plorans. Dum ergo fleret, inclinavit se, et prospexit in monumentum" - Mary [on the other hand] was near the tomb and wept. While she was weeping, she bent forwards and looked inside the tomb
"12. et vidit duos angelos in albis sedentes, unum ad caput, et unum ad pedes, ubi positum fuerat corpus Jesu. - And she sees two angels, [dressed in] white, which were sitting, where the corpse of Jesus had been; one at the head, the other at the feet.
"13. Dicunt ei illi : Mulier, quid ploras ? Dicit eis : Quia tulerunt Dominum meum : et nescio ubi posuerunt eum." - They ask her: woman, why do you weep - she answers them: They have taken my lord, and I don't know where they have put him
"14. Haec cum dixisset, conversa est retrorsum, et vidit Jesum stantem : et non sciebat quia Jesus est." - When she had said this, she turned around, and she sees Jesus standing [there], and she did not know that it was Jesus
"15 . Dicit ei Jesus : Mulier, quid ploras ? quem quaeris ? Illa existimans quia hortulanus esset, dicit ei : Domine, si tu sustulisti eum, dicito mihi ubi posuisti eum, et ego eum tollam." - Jesus asked her: Woman, why do you weep? Who are you looking for? - She answered him, thinking he was the gardener: My lord, if it was you who took him, you should tell me where you put him, and I will remove him.
"16: Dicit ei Jesus : Maria. Conversa illa, dicit ei : Rabboni (quod dicitur Magister). - Jesus said to her "Maria" - she turned around, and said "Raboni", which means master
"17. Dicit ei Jesus : Noli me tangere, nondum enim ascendi ad Patrem meum : vade autem ad fratres meos, et dic eis : Ascendo ad Patrem meum, et Patrem vestrum, Deum meum, et Deum vestrum. - Jesus told her: Don't touch me, because I have not risen towards my father. Go, to my brothers, and tell them: I rise twords my father and your father, my god and your god.
"18. Venit Maria Magdalene annuntians discipulis : Quia vidi Dominum, et haec dixit mihi. - Maria of Magdala comes, and she tells the disciples: I have seen the lord, and that's what he told me.
Art
Latin words and phrases
Aulonemia patriae

Aulonemia patriae is a species of Aulonemia genus of bamboo.
It is part of the grass family and endemic to Latin America.
References
Bamboo species
Whistle (Flo Rida song)

"Whistle" is an electropop song by American rapper Flo Rida and is the third single from his fourth studio album Wild Ones. The song was released on April 24, 2012. It topped the single charts in Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. It also went to number 2 in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Lebanon and the United Kingdom and number 3 in Denmark, Finland and Italy.
Track listing
Digital download
"Whistle" - 3:45
CD single
"Whistle" - 3:48
"Wild Ones" (Alex Guesta remix) - 6:59
References
2012 songs
Flo Rida songs
Electropop songs
Rap songs
Birth of Christianity

The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, Christian countries, and the Christians with their various denominations, from the 1st century to the present.
Christianity originated with the ministry of Jesus, a Jewish teacher and healer who proclaimed the imminent kingdom of God and was crucified c. AD 30-33 in Jerusalem in the Roman province of Judea. His followers believe that, according to the Gospels, he was the Son of God and that he died for the forgiveness of sins and was raised from the dead and exalted by God, and will return soon at the inception of God's kingdom.
The earliest followers of Jesus were apocalyptic Jewish Christians. The inclusion of gentiles in the developing early Christian Church caused a schism between Judaism and Jewish Christianity during the first two centuries of the Christian Era. In 313, Emperor Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan legalizing Christian worship. In 380, with the Edict of Thessalonica put forth under Theodosius I, the Roman Empire officially adopted Trinitarian Christianity as its state religion, and Christianity established itself as a predominantly Roman religion in the state church of the Roman Empire. Christological debates about the human and divine nature of Jesus consumed the Christian Church for two centuries, and seven ecumenical councils were called to resolve these debates. Arianism was condemned at the First Council of Nicea (325), which supported the Trinitarian doctrine as expounded in the Nicene Creed.
History of Christianity