pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hammer

A hammer is a tool for putting nails into objects such as wood. It has a long handle, and a tip with a flat end for hitting nails. The most common type of hammer (sometimes called a claw hammer) has a curved end (on the other side of the hitting end) for pulling nails out.
A sledgehammer is a hammer that has a longer shaft, and a more massive head. The user can swing it with two hands and apply more force.
History
Hammers were used around 3.3 million years ago. The first hammers were made without handles. Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used. Hammers with handles were made in 30,000 BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age. The hammer was used for building, food and protection.
Classification of hammers
Hammers can be classified into two. They are:
Hand-powered hammers
Hand-powered hammers are hammers that are used with the hand. Examples include:
Ball-peen hammer
Boiler scaling hammer
Brass hammer
Bricklayer's hammer
Carpenter's hammer
Cow hammer
Cross-peen hammer
Dead blow hammer
Demolition hammer
Drilling hammer
Electrician's hammer
Engineer's hammer
Gavel
Geologist's hammer
Knife-edged hammer
Lathe hammer
Lump hammer
Magnetic double-head hammer
Magnetic tack hammer
Mallet
Railway track keying hammer
Rock climbing hammer
Rounding hammer
Shingler's hammer
Sledgehammer
Soft-faced hammer
Splitting maul
Strike Tack hammer
Stonemason's hammer
Tinner
Upholstery hammer
Warrington hammer
Welder's chipping hammer
Mechanically-powered hammer
Mechanically powered hammers are hammers that are used with a machine. Examples include:
Hammer drill
High Frequency Impact Treatment hammer
Jackhammer
Steam hammer
Trip hammer
Hammers as weapons
Big hammers were sometimes used as weapons. A tiny hammer is also used inside most small arms.
References
Basic English 850 words
Tools
Laurel, Maryland

Laurel is a city in northern Prince George's County, Maryland, in the United States. It is located almost midway between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore on the banks of the Patuxent River. As of the census of 2010, there were 25,115 people.
References
Cities in Maryland
Baldheri

Baldheri is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, the union council of Baldheri is named after the main village of the area.
People
The population of Baldheri Union Council is 14,796.
Location
The village of Baldheri itself is at 34deg15'0N 73deg12'0E which is about 11 km east of Abbottabad city centre on the route towards Mansehra city on the main Mansehra Road. Mansehra is directly to the north, but because it is a very hilly area the roads do not go straight - so Baldheri is on the road from Mansehra to Abbottabad city.
Baldheri has a height of 1143 metres (3753 feet), the Union Council is between Ferozabad village to Tanan Village and Mangal to Halmaira.
Subdivisions
The Union Council of Baldheri is made up of the following areas:
Baldheri, Gojri, Hal Maira Uta, Hal Maira Tarta, Jalalpura, More Kalan, Sajikot and Tannan
Qalandarabad
Qalandarabad is major town in Baldheri Union Council and is famous throughout Hazara for its Chapal Kebabs. The Bach Christian Hospital is in the town.
Villages
The Union Council of Baldheri consists of the following villages:
Baldheri
Gogri
Halmaira
Mangal
Morkalaan
Neelay Pair
Qalandarabad
Sajikot
Ferozabad
Tannan
Tarhana Malik
Tarhana Mistri
Geography
Like much of the Abbottabad area it is a very beautiful place, with fresh water streams running down from the hills and mountains. The main steam is called Mangal, and its water is very important for farming. There are primary schools almost in every village. Bach Christian Hospital is also here in Baldheri UC, this hospital was very important during the 2005 Pakistan earthquake that struck the area, due to its location on the Karakoram Highway.
References
Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Jimmy Dickinson

Jimmy Dickinson (1925-1982) was a football player who played a lot of games for Portsmouth.
Dickinson was from Alton and joined Portsmouth after the war. He was a defender and won medals in 1949 and 1950 when his team were top of the First Division. He played for England in the 1950s. When he retired he became Secretary of Portsmouth. In 1977 he became Portsmouth's manager. He had a heart attack in 1979 and retired. His face is shown in the seats at Portsmouth's home, Fratton Park.
References
1925 births
1982 deaths
Jolbon

Jolbon was the capital city of the ancient Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo.
The city was established in 37BCE by Jumong.
References
Related pages
Goguryeo
Capital of Korea
History of Korea
30s BC establishments
Capel St. Mary

Capel St Mary is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 2,993 people living in Capel St Mary.
References
Settlements in Babergh
Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Knollwood, Texas

Knollwood is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas
Hausen bei Brugg

Hausen bei Brugg is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Municipalities of Aargau
Lennart Carleson

Lennart Axel Edvard Carleson (born 18 March 1928) is a Swedish mathematician. He is known as a leader in the field of harmonic analysis and for his proof of Lusin's conjecture. He was awarded the Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 1992, the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 2002, the Sylvester Medal in 2003, and the Abel Prize in 2006.
He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
References
Living people
1928 births
Wolf Prize winners
Abel Prize winners
Mathematicians
Scientists from Stockholm
Igor Moskvin

Igor Borisovich Moskvin (; 30 August 1929 - 10 November 2020) was a Russian figure skating coach and competitor. He represented the Soviet Union in pair skating with his partner Maya Belenkaya. He became a three-time Soviet national champion from 1952 to 1954.
He was an Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR and Honored Coach of the USSR. He was born in Bezhitsa, Bryansk Oblast.
Moskvin died in Saint Petersburg, Russia on 10 November 2020 after a serious illness at the age of 91.
References
1929 births
2020 deaths
Russian figure skaters
Boron

Boron is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol B. It has the atomic number 5. It is a metalloid (it has properties of a metal and a non-metal). Much boron is found in chemical compounds in its ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature.
Two types of boron are found (allotropes). Amorphous boron is a brown powder and metallic (crystalline) boron is black and hard and a weak conductor at room temperature. Boron is the 5th element in the periodic table and is part of the earth's surface.
Pure boron is used as a dopant (a substance added to semiconductors to change how it behaves with electricity) in the semiconductor industry. Chemical compounds of boron are important as to make strong materials not weigh very much, as nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and for chemical synthesis.
Plants need boron in them to live. Very small amounts of boron are needed in animal's bodies so that they are very healthy. How it keeps animals healthy is not known in a lot of detail.
Boron was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808.
Boron melts at 2075 degC (3767 degF), and boils at 4000 degC (7232 degF).
References
Semimetals
Wound Badge

The Wound Badge (German: Verwundetenabzeichen) was a German military decoration.
Before WW2
It was first awarded to soldiers of the German Army who were wounded during World War I. Between the world wars, it was awarded to members of the German armed forces who fought on the Nationalist side of the Spanish Civil War, 1938-39.
During WW2
It was awarded to members of the Reichswehr, the Wehrmacht, SS, and the service organizations during World War II. After March 1943, due to the increasing number of Allied bombings, it was also awarded to civilians wounded in air raids. It was awarded when the wound was the result of enemy actions.
After WW2
In 1957, the West German government authorized a non-Nazi version of the basic (black, silver, & gold) badges for wear on the Bundeswehr uniform, among other certain Nazi-era wartime awards.
Military honors
Rudy Bond

Rudolph Bond (October 10, 1912 - March 29, 1982) was an American actor. He acted from 1947 till his death. He did theater, movies and Television. He played Don Carmine Cuneo in The Godfather.
Movies
1950: With These Hands - Business Agent (uncredited)
1951: A Streetcar Named Desire - Steve Hubbel
1953: Miss Sadie Thompson - Pvt. Hodges
1954: On The Waterfront - Moose
1957: Nightfall - Red
1957: 12 Angry Men - Judge (uncredited)
1957: The Brothers Rico - Charlie Gonzales
1957: The Hard Man - John Rodman
1958: Run Silent, Run Deep - Sonarman 1st Class Cullen
1959: Middle of the Night - Gould
1960: Because They're Young - Chris
1960: The Mountain Road - Sgt. Miller
1960: BUtterfield 8 - Big Man (uncredited)
1970: Hercules in New York - Ship's Captain
1970: Move - Detective Sawyer
1971: Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me? - News Dealer
1971: Mr. Forbush and the Penguins - 3rd Pilot
1972: The Godfather - Don Carmine Cuneo
1974: The Super Cops - Policeman (uncredited)
1974: The Taking of Pelham One Two Three - Phil, Police Commissioner
1979: The Rose - Monty
New York stage credits
1947: O'Daniel
A Streetcar Named Desire
1950: The Bird Cage
1951: Romeo and Juliet
Glad Tidings
1952: Golden Boy
Fiorello!
After the Fall
1967: Illya Darling
1968: A Mother's Kisses
1972: Night Watch
References
1912 births
1982 deaths
Actors from Philadelphia
Csaba Ali

Csaba Ali (4 November 1946 - 27 December 2020) was a Hungarian swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was born in Eger, Hungary.
Ali died on 27 December 2020 at the age of 74.
References
1946 births
2020 deaths
Hungarian Olympians
Hungarian swimmers
Johann Kuhnau

Johann Kuhnau (6 April 1660 5 June 1722) was a German composer. He was the cantor of the Thomaskirche before Johann Sebastian Bach.
Life
Kuhnau was born in Geising. His family came from Bohemia. He studied in Dresden and Zittau. He went to the Leipzig University to study law. He became an organist at the Thomaskirche in 1684. He became the cantor of the Thomaskirche in 1701. However, he was often sick. He couldn't write a lot of music. So, the town council let Georg Philipp Telemann write music for the Thomaskirche. This was normally Kuhnau's job. Kuhnau was not happy because of this. He died in Leipzig.
References
1660 births
1722 deaths
17th-century German composers
Baroque composers
18th-century German composers
Aemilianus

Aemilianus or Aemilian (-253) was Roman emperor for eighty-eight days in 253 AD.
Early life
Aemilianus was born around 207 or around 214. The Epitome de Caesaribus (a Latin history) and Zonaras (a Greek historian) say that Aemilianus was born at this time and at Djerba, an island in the Mediterranean Sea near Africa, part of the Roman Empire.
Aemilianus was not from the nobility, and may have been from among the Moorish people.
Aemilianus was a senator and was a Roman consul, either in 252 or 253. He was also governor () for the Roman province of Moesia Superior.
Emperor
The Roman army made Aemilianus emperor in Moesia in July or August 253. The Roman Senate agreed that Aemilianus was emperor after the emperor Trebonianus Gallus died in August 253.
After defeating the Goths (a barbarian tribe) in modern-day Bulgaria, his soldiers proclaimed him as an emperor instead of Trebonianus Gallus, the emperor at the time. After defeating Gallus in battle at Interamna (Northern Italy), he captured the capital city of the empire, Rome.
When the governor of Roman Germany, Valerianus, arrived in Italy bringing troops to help Trebonianus Gallus, Aemilianus's own troops killed Aemilianus. They did not want a civil war and Valerian had a bigger army than Aemilianus.
Death
Soldiers in Aemilianus's army killed Aemilianus at Spoletum in the Italian Peninsula (Spoleto, Italy).
Family
Aemilianus's wife was Cornelia Supera. She became augusta (empress) in around August 253. Cornelia Supera may have died in September or October 253, at which time the soldiers killed Aemilianus.
References
200s births
253 deaths
3rd-century Roman emperors
Värnamo FK

Varnamo FK is a sports club in the town of Varnamo in Sweden. The club won the Swedish women's national volleyball championship in the years of 1970, 1972, 1973 and 1974.
References
Other werbsites
Official website
Volleyball clubs in Sweden
Elisabeth Rehn

Marta Elisabeth Rehn (nee Carlberg; born 6 April 1935) is a Finnish politician. She is a Swedish-speaking Finn, and was a member of the Swedish People's Party. She was the Minister of Defence from 1990 to 1995. She was also an Undersecretary General of the United Nations from 1995 to 1999.
Rehn was born in Helsinki. She was married to Ove Rehn from 1955 until his death in 2004. They had four children. She has survived cancer twice.
References
Other websites
1935 births
Living people
Politicians from Helsinki
Flag of Palau

The flag of Palau was created in 1981.
Appearance
It is a light blue field, it is the large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist-side of center.
Palau
Palau
Under Fire (1957 movie)

Under Fire is a 1957 American war drama movie directed by James B. Clark and starring Rex Reason, Harry Morgan, Steve Brodie, Peter Walker, Robert Levin, Jon Locke. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1957 war movies
1957 drama movies
American war movies
1950s American drama movies
Giuseppe Dossena

Giuseppe Dossena (born 2 May, 1958) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italy national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1976-77||Torino||Serie A||0||0
|-
|1977-78||Pistoiese||Serie B||28||1
|-
|1978-79||Cesena||Serie B||28||0
|-
|1979-80||rowspan="2"|Bologna||rowspan="2"|Serie A||28||2
|-
|1980-81||29||5
|-
|1981-82||rowspan="6"|Torino||rowspan="6"|Serie A||30||4
|-
|1982-83||30||3
|-
|1983-84||30||5
|-
|1984-85||30||5
|-
|1985-86||28||1
|-
|1986-87||29||2
|-
|1987-88||Udinese||Serie B||28||6
|-
|1988-89||rowspan="4"|Sampdoria||rowspan="4"|Serie A||34||5
|-
|1989-90||34||3
|-
|1990-91||34||1
|-
|1991-92||6||0
|-
|1991-92||Perugia||Serie C1||26||3
452||46
452||46
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1981||6||1
|-
|1982||5||0
|-
|1983||6||0
|-
|1984||9||0
|-
|1985||3||0
|-
|1986||3||0
|-
|1987||6||0
|-
!Total||38||1
|}
References
1958 births
Living people
Italian football managers
Footballers from Milan
Eaman al-Gobory

Eaman al-Gobory (Arabic language:ymn ljbwry ) is a doctor from Iraq. In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Life
A-Gobory graduated from Baghdad Medical School. Then she went to work in Yemen, because she did not want to be in Saddam Hussein's Baath Party in Iraq. She returned to Iraq in 2003, after the war started. She wanted to help the Iraqi people.
Work
Al-Gobory is the National Medical Officer for the International Organization of Migration, an international organization that helps people. She helps Iraqi children get medical care in the U.S. and around the world. The children receive plastic surgery, prosthetic limbs and heart surgery. The International Organization of Migration helped 300 men, women and children to go to hospitals in 19 countries.
Al-Gobory also helped build the Iraqi health care system with education. She worked with Project Hope, Operation Smile, the National Spinal Cord Injury Association, and Operation Give. She was also a senior advisor to Taha group, a member of the UNDC (Uniited Nations Global Compact), that helps with health and staff development.
In 2011, al-Gobory became the Iraqi Director of Wamar Medical Services, a part of Wamar International, LLC. Wamar Medical Services works with NATO, the United States Department of State, and the International Office for Migration to bring medical care to Iraq and Afghanistan.
Publications
"Maintaining Baseline, Corrective Surgical Care during Asymmetrical Warfare: A Case Study of a Humanitarian Mission in the Safe Zone of a Neighboring Country", Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, February 2007, K.A. Kelly McQueen, Frederick M. Burkle, Eaman T. Al-Gobory and Christopher C. Anderson.
References
20th-century births
Iraqi people
Living people
Physicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Amphora

In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, amphoras were used to transport liquids or grain. Amphores had two handles, used for carrying. Amphoras existed in different sizes, between 5 litres and 50 litres. They were made of clay, or metal. Cargo ships for liquids were full of amphorae.
Most of the amphoras that now exist were made in old times of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. However, many were made long before then. Some amphoras date from as far back as 4500 BCE. Some varieties have been found in ancient China.
References
Ancient Rome
Ancient Greek pottery
Montreuil-en-Auge

Montreuil-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
Bobby Seale

Robert George "Bobby" Seale (born October 22, 1936) is an American political activist. He was born in Dallas, Texas. He and fellow activist Huey P. Newton co-founded the Black Panther Party. He was briefly a member of the Chicago Eight.
References
Other websites
Interview in Detroit, 1978, American Black Journal
1936 births
Living people
American political activists
People from Dallas
Gamboma

Gamboma is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Plateaux departement. It has an military airport, a diocese and a stadium.
It is located 273 km from Brazzaville, the capital of the country and founded in 1909.
Settlements in the Republic of the Congo
Saikai, Nagasaki

Saikai is a city in Nagasaki Prefecture Japan, formed in 2005 from the merger of several smaller towns including Oshima.
Cities in Japan
Settlements in Nagasaki Prefecture
Computer assisted language learning

Computer assisted language learning (Acronym CALL) is an method of teaching and learning languages. Teachers and learners use computers, software, and Internet communication technology to improve language learning. Many instructors use a Learning Management System (LMS) or Course Management System (CMS) to organize teaching with these technologies. Since other tools such as mobile phones, tablets, and interactive whiteboards are now also used, some people use the phrase Technology enhanced language learning or TELL to describe this way of teaching.
Learning
Computer science
National Maritime Day

In the United States, National Maritime Day is held every May 22 to honor people who have served in the United States Merchant Marine service.
The first National Maritime Day was May 22, 1933, based on a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress on May 20, 1933. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first President to issue a proclamation about the day.
The biggest National Maritime Day celebration was in 1946, the first National Maritime Day after the Allied Powers won World War II. That year, governors of many U.S. states also officially named the day National Maritime Day or Maritime Day for their state. The first National Maritime Day after the end of the Korean War, in 1954, was also more widely celebrated than most.
In the 2006 annual proclamation by president George W. Bush, he made special mention of the Merchant Marine service's hurricane aid work following Hurricane Katrina and the other hurricanes of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
References
Joint Resolution of Congress text
List of 1946 state and city proclamations
Text of Bush proclamation
Holidays of the United States
Beijing Normal University

Beijing Normal University is a public university in Beijing, China It is one of the most highly ranked universities in China, and focuses on teaching humanities and sciences. It was first opened in 1902, which makes it one of the oldest universities in China. Its nickname is Beishida.
Originally, it was called a "normal school" because it was only a school for teachers, and all teacher schools were named the same way. It was attached to the Imperial University of Peking. Later, it became a university on its own, teaching subjects other than education, but kept its name the same.
Rankings
QS World University Ranking: 292nd, 7th in China
Academic Ranking of World Universities: 201-300th, 7th-12th in China
Humanities and Social Sciences overall ranking in China: 3rd
Nobel laureates
Liu Xiaobo (Peace)
Mo Yan (Literature)
References
Other websites
University website
Colleges and universities in Beijing
1902 establishments in Asia
1900s establishments in China
Korean Americans

Korean Americans (Korean: ; Hanja: ; Hangukgye Migukin) are Americans of Korean descent. They are mostly from South Korea. A small amount are from North Korea. The Korean American community comprises about 0.5% of the United States population or about 1.6 million people and is the fifth largest Asian American subgroup, after the Indian American, Chinese American, Vietnamese American and Filipino American communities. The U.S. has the second-largest Korean community in the world. The largest is in the People's Republic of China.
References
Ethnic groups in the United States
Tunis

Tunis (, Tunis) is the capital city of Tunisia. As of 2004, 728,463 people lived in the city. About 1.6 million live in the metropolitan area.
Other websites
Masi Oka

(born December 27, 1974) is a Japanese and American actor and digital effects artist. He is best known for his role as Hiro Nakamura on NBC's Heroes (2006-10).
Oka was born in Tokyo, Japan. He moved to Los Angeles, California at a young age, before he settled in New York City, New York. His IQ is reported to be 180.
References
Other websites
1974 births
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from New York City
Actors from Tokyo
American artists
American movie actors
American television actors
Japanese artists
Japanese movie actors
Japanese television actors
Rajnath Singh

Rajnath Singh (born 10 July 1951) is an Indian politician. He became the Defence Minister in 2019. He was the Home Minister of India from 2014 until 2019. He was the President of Bharatiya Janata Party twice from 2005 to 2009 and 2013 to 2014. He was also Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2000 to 2002. He was a cabinet minister in Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Government.
References
1951 births
Living people
Politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians
Indian Hindus
Lespinassière

Lespinassiere is a commune of 133 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Communes in Aude
Bournemouth West (UK Parliament constituency)

Bournemouth West is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It is represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Conor Burns.
As of 2011, the population is 98,968.
Election results
References
Westminster Parliamentary constituencies in England
María José Alvarado

Maria Jose Alvarado Munoz (19 July 1995 -13 November 2014) was an Honduran beauty queen and Miss Honduras World 2014. She was scheduled to compete at the Miss World 2014 contest in London in December 2014, but was murdered before to the event.
Alvarado was found dead on November 19, 2014 in Cablotales, Honduras. She was 19 years old.
References
Other websites
Maria Jose Alvarado, Miss Honduras Mundo (1995-2014) (Obituary) - El Heraldo
1995 births
2014 deaths
Murder victims
Honduran people
Beauty pageant winners
DWAD

DWAD (1098 AM) Now Radio is a radio station in the Philippines. Crusaders Broadcasting System owns DWAD. Crusaders Broadcasting System is a subsidiary of Audiovisual Communicators. Its studio is at 304 Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong City and its transmitter is at 209 E. De la Paz Street, Mandaluyong City.
History
On March 5, 2021 DWAD's studio moved to Dulmao Sports Center in Mandaluyong. It was formerly at 209 E. Dela paz street, Mandaluyong.
Related pages
DWCD-FM
DWRX
Audiovisual Communicators
References
Radio stations in the Philippines
Susannah Mushatt Jones

Susannah Mushatt Jones (July 6, 1899 - May 12, 2016) was an American supercentenarian who was, at the age of 116, the world's oldest living person. Jones was the last living American person born in the 19th century.
At the time of her death in May 2016, she was considered as the 3rd-oldest person ever from the United States, after Sarah Knauss and Lucy Hannah. After Hannah's age was debunked in 2020, it turned out that she was the 2nd-oldest person ever from the United States at the time of her death behind only Sarah Knauss. However, in April 2023, Delphia Welford (1875 - 1992) has been validated, so Jones was in fact the 3rd-oldest person ever from the United States.
She has received tributes from the United States House of Representatives and from the Alabama House of Representatives "for a remarkable lifetime of exceptional achievement lived during three centuries".
References
1899 births
2016 deaths
African-American supercentenarians
People from Alabama
Agusta A.104

The Agusta A.104 Helicar was an Italian prototype light commercial helicopter first flown in December 1960. It's engine is an Agusta GA.140
Surviving aircraft
An example of the A.104 is showed in the Museo Agusta which is maintained by the Agusta company and is located just south of Milan Malpensa Airport.
Helicopters
Mohamed Sahnoun

Mohamed Sahnoun (8 April 1931 - 20 September 2018) was an Algerian diplomat.
Sahnoun was an ambassador of Algeria to Germany, France, the United States and Morocco as well as permanent representative of Algeria to the United Nations.
Sahnoun also was the Organisation of African Unity's Assistant Secretary General, the Arab League's Assistant Secretary-general, the Secretary-General of the United Nations's Special Representative for Somalia in 1992 and the Secretary-General of the United Nations's Special Representative for the Great Lakes region of Africa in 1997.
References
1931 births
2018 deaths
Algerian politicians
Ambassadors of Algeria
Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi

"Mlungu dalitsani Malawi" (; "O God bless our land of Malawi") is the national anthem of Malawi. It was composed by Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka, who also wrote the words. It was adopted in 1964 as a result of a competition.
Lyrics
References
1964 works
National symbols of Malawi
African anthems
Chitwan frog

The Chitwan frog (Papurana chitwanensis) is a frog from Nepal. Scientists think it may live in India too.
References
Frogs of Asia
Near threatened species
Grodno

Grodno or Hrodna is a city in the west of Belarus, Europe. It is on the Neman River, close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania. It is the capital of Grodno Region. About 365 thousand people live in the city.
Cities in Belarus
Grodno Region
Alfriston

Alfriston (pronounced All-friston) is a village and civil parish in the Sussex district of Wealden, England. The village is in the valley of the River Cuckmere, about four miles (6 km) north-east of Seaford and south of the main A27 trunk road and part of the large area of Polegate. Alfriston has a population of 764.
Villages in East Sussex
Civil parishes in East Sussex
Lino Esterino Garavaglia

Lino Esterino Garavaglia (9 September 1927 - 12 June 2020) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop. He was made a priest in 1954. From the 1980s to the 2000s he was the bishop of the dioceses of Tivoli and Cesena-Sarsina. He was born in Milan.
On 4 October 1945, Garavaglia joined the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. On 5 December 1954, he was ordained as a priest in the Milan Cathedral.
On 12 June 2020, Garavaglia died in a nursing home in Cesena, Italy, at the age of 92.
References
1927 births
2020 deaths
Italian Roman Catholic bishops
People from Milan
Ghanzi District

Ghanzi (sometimes Gantsi) is a district in western Botswana. The capital city is also named Ghanzi.
Most of the eastern half of Ghanzi is the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Deception Valley, Ghanzi Craft, and Khutse Game Reserve are other major tourist attractions.
Ghanzi is divided into Charles Hill Sub-District and Ghanzi Sub-District.
References
Districts of Botswana
Japan women's national under-17 football team

The Japan women's national under-17 football team is a national association football youth team of Japan and is controlled by the Japan Football Association.
Competitive record
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
Other websites
Japan Football Association website ;
Asian national football teams
Football in Japan
National youth sports teams of Japan
Market capitalization

Market capitalization (often market cap) is a measurement of the size of a business corporation. It is equal to the price of one share of stock, times the number of shares of stock in a public company. Owning stock in a company is owning a part of the company. Market capitalization shows the public opinion of a company's value. The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world was US$51.2 trillion in January 2007. In May 2008 it rose to US$57.5 trillion, but by September 2008 had dropped to a little more than US$40 trillion.
Valuation
Market capitalization represents the public opinion of the value of a company's equity. A public corporation, including all of its assets, may be bought and sold as stock. These purchases and sales will define the price of the company's share price. Market capitalization is the share price times by the number of shares in issue. This provides a total value for the company's shares and the value the company.
Some companies have stock that is privately owned, and not publicly traded. Many Stock markets adjust the market cap on the value of the publicly traded part of the company. In this case, market capitalization is based on the publicly traded stocks.
Note that market capitalization is a market estimate of a company's value. It is based how the public believes the company will perform in the future. There are many things that can affect the stock price. These include economic conditions and mergers and acquisitions.
Categorization of companies by capitalization
In the past, companies were separated into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. New categories 'micro-cap' and 'nano-cap' have been added. There are general guidelines to know what category a company is in. These guidelines are adjusted over time due to changes in the market and the economy. For example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950 but it is not very large now.
Different numbers are used by different stock markets. There is no official definition of the exact cutoffs. They also may be done by percentiles rather than fixed cutoffs.
Related measures
Market cap reflects only the equity value of a company. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value (EV), which includes debt and other factors.
Insurance firms use a value called the embedded value (EV).
References
Other websites
How to Value Assets - from the Washington State (U.S.) government web site
Business
Bowling Green, Maryland

Bowling Green is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Allegany County, Maryland, United States.
Census-designated places in Maryland
Võ Chí Công

Vo Chi Cong (born Vo Toan; 7 August 1912 - 8 September 2011) was a Vietnamese politician, a founding member of the Viet Cong and former President of Vietnam.
Early life
In 1912, Cong was born Vo Toan in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam, in 1912.
Career
In 1930, he first became active in politics.
In 1935, he joined the Communist Party of Indochina; and he rose through the ranks of the party.
From 1987 through 1992, he was the Chairman of the Council of State of Vietnam which was like the current office of the President of Vietnam.
Death
Cong died in Ho Chi Minh City on 8 September 2011, aged 99. His state funeral was broadcast on television.
References
1912 births
2011 deaths
Presidents of Vietnam
Minnesota Territory

The Territory of Minnesota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota.
Territorial Governors
Territorial Secretaries
Charles K. Smith, 1849-1851
Alexander Wilkin, 1851-1853
Joseph Rosser. 1853-1857
Charles L. Chase 1857-1858
Congressional Delegates
Henry Hastings Sibley, 31st Congress, 32nd Congress, 1849-1853
Henry Mower Rice, 33rd Congress, 34th Congress, 1853-1857
William W. Kingsbury, 35th Congress, 1857-1858
Other websites
Minnesota historic documents (incl. Organic Act, Enabling Act, Act of Admission and territorial maps)
1849 establishments in the United States
1850s disestablishments in the United States
1840s in the United States
History of Minnesota
1858 disestablishments
Former territories of the United States
Boom, Belgium

Boom is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007, 16326 people lived there.
It is at 51deg 05 North, 04deg 22 East.
References
Municipalities of Antwerp
Seer Gharbi

Seer Gharbi is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of the country of Pakistan. It is in the southeastern part of the province, bordering the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province.
Meaning
Seer Gharbi means Western Seer. This is because there are two towns called Seer and are very near to each other. The other Seer is known as Seer Sharqi, which means Eastern Seer.
2005 earthquake
On October 8, 2005, Seer Gharbi, like much of Abbottabad District, was affected by an earthquake. However the number of people killed or injured was low, the damage was largely to buildings and damage to water supplies.
Subdivisions
The Union Council of Seer Gharbi is subdivided into three areas: Basbher, Malmola and Seer Gharbi.
References
Union Councils of Abbottabad District
NGC 6357

NGC 6357 is a H II Region diffuse nebula near NGC 6334 in the constellation Scorpius. The nebula contains many proto stars that are protected by dark discs of gas. It also contains young stars wrapped in expanding "cocoons" or expanding gases surrounding these small stars. The nebula is also known as the Lobster Nebula. It was given the name War and Peace Nebula by the Midcourse Space Experiment scientists because of its look. In infrared images the bright, western part looks like a dove and the eastern part looks like a skull. Anime fans tried to get NASA to rename it as the Madokami nebula because it was like a character from the Madokami anime, The name was not changed.
Distance
The nebula is about 5,500 light years from Earth.
Associated open clusters
Pismis 24
This nebula includes the open cluster Pismis 24. There are many massive stars in this cluster. One of the brightest stars in the cluster i, Pismis 24-1, It was thought to be the most massive star on record. The star measures almost 300 solar masses. It was later learned that it was a multiple system of at least three stars. These three stars are each near 100 solar masses. This makes them among the more massive stars on record.
G353.2+0.7
The young stellar cluster G353.2+0.7 lies at the east of Pismis 24. It was revealed by a Chandra X-ray image showing about 800 stars.
G353.1+0.6
The young stellar cluster G353.1+0.6 lies at the southeast of Pismis 24. It has about 800 stars that were detected by X-ray. The region includes many O-type stars, including [BDSB2003] 10.
References
Nebulae
Fitzgerald River

The Fitzgerald River is in Western Australia. The river was explored by John Septimus Roe in 1848. Roe named the river after Charles Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald was the governor of Western Australia.
The river rises near the Lake Magenta Nature Reserve. It is 300 m above sea level. The river flows south through farmland to the Fitzgerald River National Park. The tributaries of the river are the Sussetta River, Jacup Creek, Tertup Creek, Tooartup Creek, and Martin Creek.
References
Rivers of Western Australia
Gavin Newsom 2018 gubernatorial campaign

The 2018 gubernatorial campaign of Gavin Newsom was a successful gubernatorial campaign officially announced and launched in 2018 by Gavin Newsom, the 49th Lieutenant Governor of California from 2011 to 2019.
He announced his candidacy for the 2018 California gubernatorial election to succeed term limited governor Jerry Brown.
Background
Newsom was previously serving as lieutenant governor when he announced in February 2015, he would run for governor in the 2018 election to succeed term limited governor Jerry Brown.
Newsom later chosen former U.S. ambassador Eleni Kounalakis as his running mate for lieutenant governor.
In June 2018, he formally won the democratic nomination and primary.
Election results
On November 6, 2018, Newsom defeated his rival republican candidate and businessman John H. Cox in the gubernatorial race.
Inauguration
Newsom was officially sworn in as the 40th Governor of California on January 7, 2019.
2018 in California
2018 in the United States
Politics of California
Udit Narayan

Udit Narayan (Hindi: udit naaraaynn jhaa) (born 1 December 1955)
is an Indian playback singer. Udit Narayan is famous for singing in Hindi, where his songs have been featured mainly in Bollywood movies of Hindi language. He has sung more than 25000 songs in 36 languages languages including Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri. In 1978 he travelled Bombay(Now Mumbai), India on a music scholarship from Indian Embassy in Kathamandu,Nepal .His debut in Bollywood was in year 1980 from movie Unees-Bees. He has won 5 National Film Awards (of which 4 as a singer, for 2 songs in 2001, 1 each in 2002 and 2004 along with 1
as a producer in 2005) and 5 Filmfare Awards with 20 nominations and many other awards. He finally made his mark in 1988 movie Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak starring Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla, his song Papa Kehte Hai was his notable performance which earned him his first Filmfare Award in the 1980s and he established himself in Bollywood Playback Singing. He is the only male singer in the history of the Filmfare Awards to have won in over three decades (the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s)
After the success of the movie Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak in 1988 which turned out to be All Time Blockbuster movie in Bollywood with more than 8 million sales of the sound track being one of the highest selling albums in the 1980s. The soundtrack was a breakthrough for the careers of Anand-Milind, as well as T-Series, one of India's leading record labels. after which he was one of the favourites of music directors. His originality of voice was appreciated by all of the music lovers across the globe. Since his childhood he had idols such as Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi, Kishore Kumar whom he'd listen on his radio. In the 1990s he sung for thousands of songs including Hindi and Nepali languages. Recognising his contribution, his majesty King of Nepal Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev awarded him with the Prabal Gorkha Dakshin Bahu in 2001 after which for his contribution to Indian cinema and music he was awarded the Padma Shri in 2009, and in 2016 he was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India, an honour that has been awarded to only a handful of singers, in recognition of his achievements in various film industries across India. and Chitragupta Cineyatra Samman 2015 for Bhojpuri Cinema. As many as 21 of his tracks feature in BBC's "Top 40 Bollywood Soundtracks of all time".
Early life
Udit Narayan was born in 1955 to Nepali father Hare Krishna jha and Indian mother Bhuwaneshwari jha. Narayan was born in India.
References
Other websites
Living people
1955 births
Nepalese movie actors
Indian singers
Nepalese singers
People from Bihar
Bollywood playback singers
Manx language

Manx, or Manx Gaelic, (known in Manx as "Gaelg" or "Gailck"), is a language spoken in the Isle of Man.
It is a Celtic languages of the Gaelic language family. It is in the same family as Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.
Manx is spoken mainly by people who learn it through interest. It died out as a natural community language in the 20th century. The last of the old native speakers died in 1974.
Manx is protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
History
Manx began to separate from Middle Irish in about 900-1600 AD, and it is called Yn Ghaelg / Yn Ghailck by its speakers. There became fewer and fewer speakers during the 19th century, when the language was replaced by English. In 1901, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx, but in 1921, the number had dropped to only 1%.
Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man's preschools. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Isle of Man's primary and secondary schools.
Today
There is now a school that teaches all of its lessons in Manx. The census of 2001 said that 2.2% of the population of the island could speak the language. There are currently 54,000 second-language speakers, mainly on the Isle of Man.
References
Celtic languages
Languages of Europe
Yaacob I ben Aaharon ben Shalma

Yaacob I ben Aaharon ben Shalma was the 120th Samaritan High Priest from 1874 to 1916.
Samaritan high priests
Nicholas Bett

Nicholas Kiplagat Bett (27 January 1990 - 8 August 2018) was a Kenyan track and field athlete who competed in the 400 metres hurdles. His personal best for the event is 47.79 seconds. He was a world champion in the event, having won in 2015 and a two-time bronze medallist at the African Championships in Athletics. He was born in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya.
Death
Bett was killed in a car crash in Nandi Hills, Kenya on 8 August 2018, aged 28.
References
1990 births
2018 deaths
Road accident deaths
Kenyan athletes
Kenyan Olympians
Sprinters
Hurdlers
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Lomavren language

Lomavren is the native language of the Lom people, and belong to Indo-Aryan languages with Armenian and Iranian loanwords.
References
Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Azerbaijan
Languages of Russia
Languages of Asia
Season (disambiguation)

A season is one of the major divisions of the year.
Season may also mean:
Season (sports), the part of the year when games are played
Season (television), or series, a cycle or set of episodes of a television program
Seasoning, spices on food
Seasons, Suffolk a listed building in Suffolk, England
Swiss Super League

Swiss Super League is a football league which is top division in Switzerland.
2022-23 season
Participating clubs
The teams competing in the 2022-23 season are
Champions
Former champions
1897/98 : Grasshopper Zurich
1898/99 : Anglo-American Zurich
1899/00 : Grasshopper Zurich
1900/01 : Grasshopper Zurich
1901/02 : Zurich
1902/03 : Young Boys
1903/04 : St. Gallen
1904/05 : Grasshopper Zurich
1905/06 : Winterthur
1906/07 : Servette
1907/08 : Winterthur
1908/09 : Young Boys
1909/10 : Young Boys
1910/11 : Young Boys
1911/12 : Aarau
1912/13 : Lausanne-Sport
1913/14 : Aarau
1914/15 : Bruhl St. Gallen
1915/16 : Neuchatel Xamax
1916/17 : Winterthur
1917/18 : Servette
1918/19 : Etoile-Sporting
1919/20 : Young Boys
1920/21 : Grasshopper Zurich
1921/22 : Servette
1922/23 : Bern
1923/24 : Zurich
1924/25 : Servette
1925/26 : Servette
1926/27 : Grasshopper Zurich
1927/28 : Grasshopper Zurich
1928/29 : Young Boys
1929/30 : Servette
1930/31 : Grasshopper Zurich
1931/32 : Lausanne-Sport
1932/33 : Servette
1933/34 : Servette
1934/35 : Lausanne-Sport
1935/36 : Lausanne-Sport
1936/37 : Grasshopper Zurich
1937/38 : Lugano
1938/39 : Grasshopper Zurich
1939/40 : Servette
1940/41 : Lugano
1941/42 : Grasshopper Zurich
1942/43 : Grasshopper Zurich
1943/44 : Lausanne-Sport
1944/45 : Grasshopper Zurich
1945/46 : Servette
1946/47 : Biel-Bienne
1947/48 : Bellinzona
1948/49 : Lugano
1949/50 : Servette
1950/51 : Lausanne-Sport
1951/52 : Grasshopper Zurich
1952/53 : Basel
1953/54 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1954/55 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1955/56 : Grasshopper Zurich
1956/57 : Young Boys
1957/58 : Young Boys
1958/59 : Young Boys
1959/60 : Young Boys
1960/61 : Servette
1961/62 : Servette
1962/63 : Zurich
1963/64 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1964/65 : Lausanne-Sport
1965/66 : Zurich
1966/67 : Basel
1967/68 : Zurich
1968/69 : Basel
1969/70 : Basel
1970/71 : Grasshopper Zurich
1971/72 : Basel
1972/73 : Basel
1973/74 : Zurich
1974/75 : Zurich
1975/76 : Zurich
1976/77 : Basel
1977/78 : Grasshopper Zurich
1978/79 : Servette
1979/80 : Basel
1980/81 : Zurich
1981/82 : Grasshopper Zurich
1982/83 : Grasshopper Zurich
1983/84 : Grasshopper Zurich
1984/85 : Servette
1985/86 : Young Boys
1986/87 : Neuchatel Xamax
1987/88 : Neuchatel Xamax
1988/89 : Luzern
1989/90 : Grasshopper Zurich
1990/91 : Grasshopper Zurich
1991/92 : Sion
1992/93 : Aarau
1993/94 : Servette
1994/95 : Grasshopper Zurich
1995/96 : Grasshopper Zurich
1996/97 : Sion
1997/98 : Grasshopper Zurich
1998/99 : Servette
1999/00 : St. Gallen
1890s establishments in Switzerland
1897 establishments in Europe
Football leagues in Europe
Football in Switzerland
Sports organizations of Switzerland
Valea Doftanei

Valea Doftanei is a commune in Prahova County, Romania.
Valea Doftanei
Hansel and Gretel

"Hansel and Gretel" () is a fairy tale from Germany. The Brothers Grimm heard it from Dortchen Wild in Cassel and published it in their Children's and Household Tales in 1812. The Grimms revised the tale over the years. They gave the children names, changed the mother to a stepmother, and introduced Christian motifs. Their final version is dated 1857. The tale has been adapted to many media, most notably the opera Hansel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck. A stop-motion animated movie based on the opera was made in the 1950s.
Story
Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister who learn their parents intend to abandon them in the forest. Despite their situation, Hansel and Gretel's spirits remained high.They find their way home by leaving a trail of pebbles. One day, however, their parents succeed. The children wander the forest and come upon a house made of cake and candy. It belongs to an old woman who makes the children prisoners. Although, she intends to eat them, she fails. Gretel outwits her. She pushes the old woman into the oven and slams the door. The two poor kids scaped and lived happily ever after.
References
Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 236-7.
Tatar, Maria. 2002. The Annoted Classic Fairy Tales. Norton. pp. 44-5.
Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2002. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Norton. pp. 225-6.
Grimms' Fairy Tales
2010–11 FC Barcelona season

The 2010-11 season was FC Barcelona's 111th season since the club was founded in 1899. Barcelona started the season with a new President, Sandro Rosell.
Many people consider this season to be one of the best in Barcelona's history.
Players
Youth System
Transfers
Supercopa de Espana
League
Copa del Rey
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
UEFA Champions League
Group stage
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
References
Football in Spain
2011 in association football
2010 in association football
2010 in Europe
2011 in Europe
2010s in Barcelona
FC Barcelona
Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Pottawatomie County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. 65,521 people lived there at the 2000 census. Its county seat is Shawnee.
Oklahoma counties
1891 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Hansford T. Johnson

Hansford Tillman Johnson (born January 3, 1936) is a retired four-star general in the U.S. Air Force. He served as the Acting United States Secretary of the Navy in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. He is the only retired Air Force officer to ever hold that position.
References
Other websites
Official United States Navy bio
Living people
1936 births
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Secretaries of the Navy
Military people from South Carolina
Ford Flex

The Ford Flex was a full size crossover which was manufactured by Ford Motor Company. Its styling was based on the concept of the Ford Fairlane. The vehicle made its debut in 2007 at the New York International Auto Show. It replaced the Ford Freestar as well as its sibling, the Mercury Monterey and the Ford Taurus X and began sales in June 2008 as a 2009 model. It was facelifted for the 2013 model year and ended production in 2019.
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Flex