pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
LAPA Flight 3142

LAPA Flight 3142 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-204C registration LV-WRZ. On August 31, 1999, it caused the fourth most serious accident in the history of Argentine aviation. 65 people were killed.
Background
It was to leave from the Jorge Newbery Airport in the city of Buenos Aires at 8:36 p.m. on that day. It was bound for the Ingeniero Taravella Airport in the city of Cordoba. They were carrying 98 passengers and 5 crew members. Due to some inconveniences in engine no. 1, 4 take-off positions were lost while the mechanics checked it and finally it was located at the head of the runway.
At 8:54 p.m. (local time), during the takeoff operation, the aircraft did not take off and continued its flight beyond the limits of the airport. It crossed the "Avenida Costanera Rafael Obligado" Street. The plane dragged a car that was circulating. It finally collided with road machines, an embankment and a gas regulating plant. The loss of fuel and the gas expelled by the rupture of the plant caused a fire that killed most of the passengers who had survived the crash.
Investigation
The Argentinean Civil Aviation Accident Investigation Board (JIAAC) established that the "immediate cause" of the accident was the pilot Gustavo Weigel's failure to extend the flaps to increase the aircraft's lift. In addition, the alarm that alerted about the wrong position of the flaps were ignored for 52 seconds. The pilots continued to taxi, and let the aircraft exceed V1 speed or decision speed, which once reached made it impossible to stop the takeoff.
The report found that there was serious negligence on the part of the captain Gustavo Weigel and first officer Luis Etcheverry, who died in the accident, as well as a series of shortcomings on the part of the airline.
References
Other websites
"Final accident report." (Archive) Junta de Investigaciones de Accidentes de Aviacion Civil - Available on Wikisource
Service history of the airplane
Website for the film Whisky Romeo Zulu (Archive)
1999 disasters
Hindu–Arabic numeral system

The Hindu-Arabic numeral system, sometimes known as Arabic number system, is the system of Latin-script numbers used by almost all the world today. It is a positional notation system. This system has ten basic symbols, they are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. It represent numbers in the decimal number system. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system was first developed by the Hindu and Arabs. Later in the 16th century in Germany, it was changed and introduced to the rest of the western world by Albrecht Durer. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is one of the few numeral systems that use a place value system. This system is now commonly used all over the world.
They originated in India in the 6th or 7th century and were introduced to Europe through the writings of Middle Eastern mathematicians, especially al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi, about the 12th century. They are very different from previous methods of counting, such as the abacus, and paved the way for the development of algebra. In the past many other systems were used. Fibonacci popularized the Hindu-Arabic numeral system to the western world.
References
Numbering systems
Burette

A burette is a vertical tube-like instrument, used to measure and separate known amounts of liquids in laboratories. Burettes are very precise and one can measure the volume of a fluid with the precision of +-0.05 mL with them.
History
Francois Antoine Henri Descroizilles developed the first burette on 1791. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac invented a more complete burette later.
References
Laboratory equipment
Bali (TV series)

Bali is an animated television series, based on a series of French children's books by Magdalena Richard and Laurent Richard that were published by Editions Flammarion. It was produced by Paris-based PlanetNemo Animation and Subsequence Entertainment, in association with CBC Radio-Canada, TVOntario, Knowledge Network, France 5, Disney Channel France and RTBF, and with the participation of the Shaw Rocket Fund, the Quebec Film and Television Tax Credit, Telefilm Canada, the Canadian Film or Video Production Tax Credit, and the Canadian Television Fund (or the Fonds canadien de television in French). PlanetNemo Animation has licensed the television program to more than 20 countries worldwide and has sold U.S. media and merchandising rights.
Characters
Bali
Bali's Dad
Bali's Mom
Lea
Madame Olga
Maman
Nanou
Tito
Tamara
Sacha
Charlie
Suan
Saba
Mateo
Episodes
Brrr! It's Cold!/Lollipops Everywhere!
I Need A Haircut/Nanou To The Rescue
I'm Not Scared/I Need To Keep Going
I'm the Cook/Go Team, Go!
I Want To Be Tall!/We Need to Stay Awake
Vroom, Vroom!/My Little Fish
Searching for Treasure/My Papili's Garden
A Present for Nana/I'm So Hot!
I Don't Want to Give it Back/Robo-Bear to the Rescue!
I'm Sleeping at Tamara's/I Don't Want New Shoes
A Surprise Adventure/Roll Camera, Action!
It's Wrong to Cheat/Too Many Stories
I'm Not Sharing!/You're Mean
My New Friend Mateo/Come on, Dad, Let's Go, Let's Go!
Splish, Splash, I'm Swimming!/Don't Cry, Tamara!
I'm So Upset/Oh No! I'm Lost
Look at That, and That, and That!/When I Grow Up
Welcome, Saba!/It Was an Accident!
What a Mess!/But We're Not Tired
Boo!/Quiet, Dad and Lea are Sick!
I Don't Like Parents Arguing/"Ow, It Hurts!
Nana and Papi are Lost!/I Want to Race
Old Toys Are Fun!/Yum Yum, It's Dinner Time!
It's A Fun Party!/I'm Not Having Fun
I'm Making New Friends/Wow! It's Not So Easy!
Nooo, I Want To See The Movie!/Yahoo! It's Christmas!
2006 television series debuts
Arab slave trade

Arab slave trade refers to the practice of slavery in the Arab world. It took place mainly in Western Asia, North Africa, Southeast Africa, the Horn of Africa. It also included parts of Europe (such as Iberia and Sicily), beginning during the era of the Muslim conquests and continuing into the 20th century.
The Arab slave trade was conducted through slave markets in the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Most of the slaves were from Africa's interior.
Historians estimate that between 650 AD and the 1960s, 10 million to 18 million people were enslaved by Arab slave traders. They were taken from Europe, Asia and Africa across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara desert.
History
One of the oldest slave trades in history was the Arab trade of Zanj (Bantu) slaves in Southeast Africa. This trade began 700 years before the European Atlantic slave trade. Men taken as slaves were often used as servants, soldiers, or workers. Women and children were mainly used as servants and concubines.
Most male slaves were castrated. It is estimated that as many as 6 out of every 10 boys bled to death during this process. Even so, castrating slaves was worthwhile because eunuchs sold for high prices. Over time, the Arab slave trade shifted to concentrate more on women and young girls for sexual purposes. This was different than the later Atlantic slave trade, which concentrated on enslaving men for labor.
Modern slavery in Africa
In Mauritania slavery was abolished legally in 1980. But Muslim Berbers still own an estimated 90,000 African slaves. This is despite the fact that African Mauritanians converted to Islam over a hundred years ago and the Qur'an does not allow Muslims to enslave other Muslims. Slaves are used for farm labor, concubines and domestic servants. The children remain the property of their masters. They can be bought, sold, or exchanged for trucks, camels or guns.
Slavery in Sudan is active again with the Muslim north waging war against Animists and Christians in the south. In these raids almost all slaves are taken from the tribes in the Nuba Mountains. Government sponsored Arab militias often kill the men and enslave women and children. Those taken slaves are forced to convert to Islam. Those that refuse are put to death. The trafficking in women and children in Western and Southern Africa violates the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
References
Other websites
Two Views of The History of Islamic Slavery in Africa
The East African Slave Trade
Slavery still haunts Africa, where millions remain captive
Historic slave trade
Arabia
President of Kazakhstan

The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Republic of Kazakhstan. The presidency was created on 24 April 1990, a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The first and, until March 2019, the only President of Kazakhstan was Nursultan Nazarbayev.
None of the presidential elections held in Kazakhstan have been considered free or fair by Western countries or international observers with issues noted including ballot tampering, multiple voting, harassment of opposition candidates and press censorship.
List of presidents
References
Government of Kazakhstan
Freddy Adu

Freddy Adu (born June 2, 1989) is an American soccer player from Ghana. He plays for Aris Thessaloniki and the American national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|DC United||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||30||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||5
|-
|2005||25||4||2||1||colspan="2"|-||27||5
|-
|2006||32||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||34||2
|-
|2007||Real Salt Lake||Major League Soccer||11||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|-
|2007/08||Benfica||Portuguese Liga||11||2||6||3||3||3||20||8
|-
|2008/09||Monaco||Ligue 1||9||0||1||0||1||0||11||0
|-
|2009/10||Os Belenenses||Portuguese Liga||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2009/10||Aris Thessaloniki||Super League||||||||||||||||
98||12||5||1||colspan="2"|-||103||13
14||2||6||3||4||3||24||8
9||0||1||0||1||0||11||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
121||14||12||4||5||3||138||21
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||9||1
|-
|2009||3||1
|-
!Total||15||2
|}
References
1989 births
Living people
American soccer players
Ghanaian footballers
Tenshō (Heian period)

was a after Daiji and before Chosho. This period started in January 1131 and ended in August 1132. The reigning emperor was .
Events of the Tensho Era
1131 (Tensho 1, 12th month): Fujiwara Yetada was promoted to the office of Minister of the Left (sadaijin); and Fujiwara no Munetada was given the office of Minister of the Center (nadaijin).
Related pages
Heian period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1131 establishments
1130s establishments in Japan
1132 disestablishments
1130s disestablishments in Japan
Laure Killing

Laure Killing (12 January 1959 - 18 November 2019) was a French actress and comedian. She appeared in more than fifty movies from 1986 until her death. In movies, she was known for her roles in Before the Winter Chill, The Teddy Bear, Love After Love, My Nights Are More Beautiful Than Your Days and Beyond Therapy.
Killing died on 18 November 2019 of cancer at the age of 60.
References
Other websites
1959 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
French comedians
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
French voice actors
Sol Tolchinsky

Sol Tolchinsky (January 2, 1929 - December 1, 2020) was a Canadian basketball player. He competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Tolchinsky was part of the Canadian basketball team, which finished ninth in the Olympic tournament.
Tochinsky died of COVID-19 in Montreal on December 1, 2020 at the age of 91.
References
1929 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
Canadian basketball players
Canadian Olympians
Sportspeople from Montreal
Copa América

Copa America (English: America Cup; previously called the South American Championship or South American Championship of Nations) is a tournament that has the teams from CONMEBOL (South America). It was founded in 1916, and it is the oldest tournament that only has teams from a certain continent.
The Copa America is one of the most watched sporting events in the world. The winner of the tournament goes to the FIFA Confederations Cup.
The current format has 10 South American teams and two other teams from other FIFA federations in each tournament. The most successful teams have been Uruguay and Argentina, with 15 titles. Argentina won the last tournament.
Results
*=hosts
^=invitees
Records
All-time top scorers
All-time table
Since the 2016 Copa America Centenario
References
CONMEBOL
1916 establishments
1910s establishments in South America
Lew Soloff

Lewis Michael Soloff (February 20, 1944 - March 8, 2015) was an American jazz trumpeter, composer and actor. Soloff was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied trumpet at the Eastman School of Music and the Juilliard School.
He worked with Blood, Sweat & Tears from 1968 until 1973. Prior to this, he worked with Machito, Gil Evans, Tony Scott, Maynard Ferguson and Tito Puente.
He died of a heart attack in New York City.
References
1944 births
2015 deaths
American composers
American movie actors
American jazz musicians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Musicians from Brooklyn
American trumpeters
Eugene McCarthy

Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy (March 29, 1916 - December 10, 2005) was a United States senator from Minnesota. He ran for President of the United States five times. He died from Parkinson's disease.
Other websites
Eugene J McCarthy Lectureship at Saint John's University
Eugene McCarthy (1916-2005): The Legacy of the Former Senator and Anti-War Presidential Candidate
Eugene J. McCarthy, Senate Dove Who Jolted '68 Race, Dies at 89 -- The New York Times
Minnesota senator shook world in '68 -- Star Tribune of Minneapolis
1968 United States presidential candidates
1972 United States presidential candidates
1976 United States presidential candidates
1992 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Minnesota
United States representatives from Minnesota
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
1916 births
2005 deaths
Jamie Campbell Bower

James Metcalfe Campbell Bower (born 22 November 1988) is an English actor, singer, and model. He is best known for his roles as Anthony Hope in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, Caius in The Twilight Saga, the young Gellert Grindelwald in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 and Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald.
References
Living people
1988 births
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
Models from London
Singers from London
Greene County, Alabama

Greene County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,730; it was the least populous county in Alabama. The county seat is Eutaw. It was named in honor of Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island. In the 2010 census, the county's population was 81.5% African-American.
References
Alabama counties
Geng Tan

Geng Tan (; born 1963) is a Canadian politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) as part of the Liberal Party between 2015 and 2019. He represents the riding of Don Valley North in Ontario. He is the first MP from Mainland China in the Parliament of Canada.
References
Other websites
1963 births
Living people
Politicians from Ontario
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
1936 North American heat wave

The 1936 North American heat wave was the most severe heat wave in United States history. It happened in the middle of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.
The heat wave began in late June. It created great human suffering. It also caused drought in the Midwest and Great Plains. The lack of moisture, along with heat, destroyed huge numbers of crops.
This heat wave set records in many states, including Iowa, Minnesota and Illinois. In some states, the 1936 records were not broken until 2012. In Ohio, the temperature reached , almost tying the 1934 temperature record there.
More than 5,000 people in the United States died from this heat wave.
The heat also affected Canada.
References
Droughts
1936 in North America
1930s in the United States
Andreas Möller

Andreas Moller (born 2 September 1967) is a former German football player for Germany national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1985/86||rowspan="3"|Eintracht Frankfurt||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||1||0
|-
|1986/87||22||1
|-
|1987/88||12||4
|-
|1987/88||rowspan="3"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||14||3
|-
|1988/89||29||11
|-
|1989/90||32||10
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Eintracht Frankfurt||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||32||16
|-
|1991/92||37||12
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||26||10
|-
|1993/94||30||9
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="6"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||30||14
|-
|1995/96||23||8
|-
|1996/97||26||5
|-
|1997/98||26||10
|-
|1998/99||30||7
|-
|1999/00||18||3
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Schalke||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||32||1
|-
|2001/02||32||4
|-
|2002/03||22||1
|-
|2003/04||Eintracht Frankfurt||Bundesliga||11||0
429||110
56||19
485||129
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||6||2
|-
|1990||7||1
|-
|1991||5||1
|-
|1992||7||1
|-
|1993||10||7
|-
|1994||12||2
|-
|1995||9||5
|-
|1996||12||6
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||10||4
|-
|1999||2||0
|-
!Total||85||29
|}
References
1967 births
Living people
German footballers
German football managers
Sportspeople from Frankfurt
E. M. Nathanson

Erwin "Mick" Nathanson (February 17, 1928 - April 5, 2016) was an American author. He was known as the author of the 1965 novel The Dirty Dozen. His book was made into a movie with the same name. He was born in The Bronx, New York.
Nathanson died at his home in Laguna Niguel, California from heart failure on April 5, 2016, aged 88.
References
1928 births
2016 deaths
American novelists
Deaths from heart failure
New York University alumni
Writers from the Bronx
Wahlern

Wahlern was a municipality in Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, Wahlern and Albligen joined together to become the new municipality, Schwarzenburg.
Former municipalities of Bern
Enchastrayes

Enchastrayes is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. The Enciastraia mountain is in the commune.
References
Communes in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Tony Hoare

Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (Tony Hoare or C. A. R. Hoare, born 11 January 1934) is an English computer scientist. He is probably best known for the development of Quicksort. Quicksort is the world's most widely used sorting algorithm. He also developed Hoare logic. Hoare received the Turing Award in 1980 "for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages".
Life
Hoare was born in Colombo, in Sri Lanka. He got his Bachelor's degree in Classics from the University of Oxford in 1956. He stayed in Oxford for one more year to study graduate-level statistics.
From 1956 to 1958, he served in the Royal Navy. He then studied computer translation of human languages at Moscow State University in the Soviet Union in the school of Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov.
References
1934 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British academics
English computer scientists
People from Colombo
Turing Award winners
Sri Lankan academics
Sri Lankan scientists
George IV

George IV (born as George Augustus Frederick on 12 August 1762, died on 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. The Regency, George's nine-year time as "Prince Regent", which started in 1811 and ended with George III's death in 1820, included winning the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. George IV's only daughter died before he did, so his younger brother became King William IV of the United Kingdom.
Ancestors
Other websites
1762 births
1830 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
People Buried in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
José Greci

Jose Greci (10 January 1941 - 1 June 2017) was an Italian movie, television and stage actress. She made her movie debut in 1959, playing the Virgin Mary in William Wyler's Ben-Hur.
Greci studied at Silvio D'Amico National Academy of Dramatic Art.
Greci died in Rome, Italy on 1 June 2017, aged 76.
References
Other websites
1941 births
2017 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Guitar World

Guitar World is a music magazine. A new issue is made every month. Articles in the magazine are usually about guitar players. The magazine has interviews, reviews, and information on how to play songs on guitar or bass guitar. The magazine started in July 1980. Johnny Winter was on the first front cover.
Other websites
Guitar World website
Music magazines
Henrietta Swan Levitt

Henrietta Swan Leavitt (; July 4, 1868 - December 12, 1921) was an American astronomer.
After she graduated from Radcliffe College, she worked at the Harvard College Observatory.
She examined photographic plates to measure and catalog the brightness of stars. She discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variables.
This gave astronomers with the first "standard candle" to measure the distance to faraway galaxies.
She discovered the period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables. Her work allowed astronomers to measure distances up to about 20 million light years. As a result of this, it is now known that our own galaxy, the Milky Way, has a diameter of about 100,000 light years.
After Leavitt's death, Edwin Hubble established that the universe is expanding (see Hubble's law). He used Leavitt's period-luminosity relation, and the galactic spectral shifts first measured by Vesto Slipher at Lowell Observatory.
References
American astronomers
Harvard University
1868 births
1921 deaths
Kenji Wakai

Kenji Wakai (born 22 September 1974) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1997||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||2||0||3||0
1||0||0||0||2||0||3||0
1||0||0||0||2||0||3||0
|}
References
1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
Australia's Next Top Model (season 4)

Australia's Next Top Model, Cycle 4 is the fourth cycle of Australia's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner was 16-year-old Demelza Reveley from Wollongong.
Contestants
In order of elimination
Names are in order of elimination from the competition.
Ages during the filming of episode 1 except for Leiden and Alyce.
Leiden's age during the filming of episode 2, when she turned 19.
Alyce's age during the filming of episode 6, when she turned 18.
References
Top Model television series
Euptoieta

Euptoieta is a genus of butterflies. Euptoieta belongs in the family Nymphalidae.
Species
Euptoieta bogotana Staudinger, 1885
Euptoieta claudia Cramer, 1775 - Variegated Fritillary
Euptoieta hegesia Cramer, 1779 - Mexican Fritillary
Euptoieta hortensia Blanchard, 1852
Euptoieta perdistincta A. Hall, 1930
Euptoieta poasina Schaus, 1913
Euptoieta sunides Hewitson, 1877
Euptoieta thekla A. Hall, 1919
References
Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.
Nymphalidae
Indo-Pacific sergeant

The Indo-Pacific sergeant (Abudefduf vaigiensis) is a species of damselfish in the family Pomacentridae. It may also be known as the Sergeant major although this name is usually reserved for the closely related species Abudefduf saxatilis. The closely related Abudefduf caudobimaculatus was formerly thought to be the same as this species and, according to some authorities, is synonymous.
Distribution
The Indo-Pacific sergeant is found in the Indo-Pacific including the Red Sea. Indian Ocean populations are found in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, Arabia, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Maldives, eastern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Sea, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia. Populations in the Pacific Ocean are found in the Gulf of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, the Yellow Sea, the Great Barrier Reef around Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific islands all the way to Hawaii. Likely introduced via Suez Canal in the Mediterranean Sea, where its distribution remains unclear due to possible confusion with Abudefduf saxatilis and Abudefduf troschelii.
Description
Abudefduf vaigiensis are white bluish with a yellow top. They have a black spot around their dorsal fin. It has yellow eyes. The dorsal fin on this fish has 13 dorsal spines and 11 to 14 dorsal soft rays. The anal fin on the Indo-Pacific sergeant has 2 anal spines and 11 to 13 anal soft rays. Its maximum recorded size is . Yong fish mature at . Males turn more blue during spawning. Many people confuse this fish for Abudefduf saxatilis, a closely related species found in the Atlantic Ocean.
Ecology
Diet
They feed on zooplankton, benthic algae, and small invertebrates.
Habitat
Adults live in coral reefs, tide pools, and rocky reefs. Larva of this species live in the open sea. It is found in tropical and subtropical waters. Depth ranges of are where people encounter this fish.
Behavior
These fish form large groups (aggregations). In the aggregations, individuals either feed in the midwater or tend their nests.
In the aquarium
This fish is found in the aquarium trade.
Hazards to humans
There have been reports of ciguatera poisoning from this fish.
Life Cycle
Early life
The larva hatch and drift out in to the pelagic zone. They drift in the waves and grow up until they go to a reef.
Breeding
Males turn more bluish during spawning. They build nests on rocks or coral ledges. Then, females lay their eggs in the nests and the male fertilizes them. Males guard and aerate the eggs until they hatch.
References
Further reading
External links
Fishes of Australia : Abudefduf vaigiensis
Indo-Pacific sergeant
Marine fish of Northern Australia
Indo-Pacific sergeant
Stephen Heller

Stephen Heller () (15 May 181514 January 1888) was a Hungarian pianist, teacher and composer. Heller was an important figure for later Romantic composers.
References
Other websites
Jewish Encyclopedia
1815 births
1888 deaths
Hungarian pianists
Hungarian educators
Hungarian composers
David Speirs

David James Speirs is a Scottish-born Australian politician. He has served as the Leader of the Opposition in the South Australian House of Assembly and the leader of the South Australian Liberal Party since 2022. He was the member for Bright from 2014 until 2018, when he was elected to the seat of Black.
References
Leaders of the Opposition (South Australia)
Riviera District

Riviera is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Biasca.
Circles and municipalities
Circle of Riviera: Osogna, Biasca, Cresciano, Claro, Iragna, Lodrino.
Districts of Ticino
Robert Smith (cabinet)

Robert Smith (November 3, 1757 - November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith.
1757 births
1842 deaths
United States Secretaries of State
United States Attorneys General
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Linda Nochlin

Linda Nochlin (nee Weinberg; January 30, 1931 - October 29, 2017) was an American art historian and feminist. She was a Professor Emerita of Modern Art at New York University Institute of Fine Arts. She was also a essayist. A well known feminist art historian, she became well known for her pioneering 1971 article "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?". She was born in New York City.
Nochlin studied at Vassar College, Columbia University and at New York University.
Nochlin was the co-curator of a number of landmark exhibitions exploring the history and achievements of female artists. Her works include "Global Feminisms" at the Brooklyn Museum and "Women Artists: 1550-1950" (with Ann Sutherland Harris) at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Nochlin died at age 86 on October 29, 2017.
References
1931 births
2017 deaths
American historians
American feminists
Educators from New York City
American essayists
American art critics
Writers from New York City
Vassar College alumni
John Ralston (American football)

John R. Ralston (April 26, 1927 -- September 14, 2019) was an American football player, coach, and sports executive. He was born in Oakland, California and raised in Norway, Michigan.
Ralston was the head football coach at Utah State University (1959-1962), Stanford University (1963-1971), and San Jose State University (1993-1996). He also coached the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL) from 1972 to 1976 and the Oakland Invaders of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1983.
Ralston was added into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1992.
Ralston died on September 14, 2019 in Sunnyvale, California at the age of 92.
References
1927 births
2019 deaths
American football linebackers
American football coaches
Sportspeople from Michigan
Sportspeople from Oakland, California
Niederraunau

Niederraunau is a quarter of the town Krumbach in Gunzburg (district), Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.
Geography
Niederraunau (Elevation 518 m) is in the valley of the little river Kammel two kilometres south of Krumbach in the natural region Lower Iller-Lech Gravel Plateau. The hills between the valleys of Kammel and the neighboring valleys of Gunz and Mindel are covered with wood in parts. Niederraunau has a station at the Mittelschwaben Railway and it is at the Bundesstrasse 16.
History
between 1100 and 1200: Niederraunau was founded
1494-95:the village got the right to hold a market
1613: the place got a coat of arms
1978: since this year Niederraunau is a quarter of the town Krumbach; before this time the village was an own municipality;
Sights and Attractions
castle of Niederraunau
Church Hlgst. Dreifaltigkeit (mentioned in the year 1067; was at the beginning romanic; between 1617 and 1629 the church got it today's look)
penitence cross from medieval times at the Bundesstrasse 16
Ecce Homo Kapelle
Gunzburg Rural District
Villages in Bavaria
Hamme

Hamme is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, 23368 people lived there.
It is at 51deg 05 North, 04deg 08 East.
References
Municipalities of East Flanders
Lynn Morley Martin

Lynn Morley Martin (born Judith Lynn Morley; December 26, 1939) is an American politician and businesswoman. She is a Republican. She was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1991 to 1993. She also served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 16th congressional district from 1981 to 1991.
Martin was born in Evanston, Illinois. She had two children with her first husband John Martin. In 1987, she married judge Harry Leinenweber.
References
Other websites
Appearances on C-SPAN
1939 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Evanston, Illinois
Politicians from Evanston, Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
United States Secretaries of Labor
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Styrian motorcycle Grand Prix

The Styrian motorcycle Grand Prix is a motorcycling event. It was introduced during the 2020 and 2021 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Official names and sponsors
2020: BMW M Grand Prix of Styria
2021: Michelin Grand Prix of Styria
Winners of the Styrian motorcycle Grand Prix
Multiple winners (manufacturers)
By year
References
2020 establishments in Austria
2020 in European sport
Motorcycling
Sport in Austria
Styria
Pineville, Louisiana

Pineville is a suburb of Alexandria. It is in Rapides Parish, Louisiana.
Cities in Louisiana
Settlements in Rapides Parish, Louisiana
Greater Kashmir

Greater Kashmir is an English-language newspaper published in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir. The newspaper started as a weekly newspaper in 1977. Since 1978, it is published daily. It is among the most widely read English-language newspapers in the territory.
References
Kashmir
Organizations based in Pakistan
Woburn Place

Woburn Place is a street in central London, England, named after Woburn Abbey. It is located in the Bloomsbury area of Camden.
Located to the north of the street is Tavistock Square and to the south-east of it is Russell Square. Past Tavistock Square the road becomes Upper Woburn Place until it reaches Euston Road. The British Medical Association building is located near Upper Woburn Place.
Buildings cost a lot in this area. For example, in 2005 a freehold office building at 19-29 Woburn Place (9,400 m2, 101,000 sq ft) was sold for PS22.6 million.
The nearest underground station is Russell Square to the south-east.
References
Other websites
London Online information
LondonTown.com information
London Borough of Camden
Roads in London
Anmol K.C.

Anmol K.C. () is a Nepali actor and producer. He rose to fame from his superhit Nepali Movies Hostel, Jerryy, Dreams, Gajalu and Kri. He is highest paid actor and listed as one of the top actor of Nepal.
Filmography
Superstar
Ma Timi Bina Marihalchu
Sathi Ma Timro
Hostel
Jerry
Dreams
Gajalu
Kri
Captain
Awards
Filmykhabar Award
FAAN Awards
LG Awards
NFDC Awards 2016
References
Other websites
Actors from Kathmandu
Living people
1994 births
Nepalese movie producers
Dmytro Zajciw

Dmytro Zajciw (Ukr. Dmitro Zaitsiv; 17 February 1897 - December 1976) was a Ukrainian and Brazilian entomologist, notable for his collectionand for his many beetle discoveries.
References
1897 births
1976 deaths
Entomologists
Ukrainian scientists
Brazilian scientists
Charlemagne

Charlemagne (, , , ) (c. 2 April 748 - 28 January 814) was the king of the Franks and the first Holy Roman Emperor. He was crowned as the Emperor on Christmas Day, 800. He was the older son of King Pippin III of the Carolingian dynasty. When Pippin died, Charlemagne and his brother Carloman ruled together. When Carloman died in 771 Charlemagne became the only ruler of the Franks.
Life
The Franks--one of the Germanic peoples who had moved their homes over the River Rhine into the Roman Empire as it was falling apart--were, by the year 700, the rulers of Gaul, and a lot of Germania east of the Rhine. They also protected the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. When their king Pepin the Short died, his sons, Charlemagne and Carloman were chosen to share the kingdom. They divided it into two parts: one half for Charlemagne, and the other for Carloman. Carloman died on December 4, 771, leaving Charlemagne as the leader of the whole Frankish kingdom.
He was king of the Franks from 768, and king of the Lombards from 774. He was crowned Imperator Augustus (Emperor) in Rome on Christmas Day by Pope Leo III in 800, starting the Holy Roman Empire, that they hoped would be a kind of second Western Roman Empire (while the Byzantines in Constantinople were still keeping up the Eastern Roman empire). With many wars, Charlemagne spread his empire across much of Western Europe.
Charlemagne fought in many wars over the course of his reign. He is known for using his sword, Joyeuse, in each of the thirty years of war and the 18 battles he fought in. He also finally managed to conquer Saxony, something the Roman Emperor Augustus could not do 800 years earlier. He was able to convert the Saxons to Catholic Christianity. He also had many schools built so his people could learn. However, he also killed thousands of those who failed to convert.
Death
Charlemagne's politics and plans failed, which led to low self-esteem. His last years were spent in bed in deep depression. He died in 814, leaving his kingdom to his only son, Louis the Pious. The descendants of Charlemagne are called Carolingians. His family line died out in Germany in 911 and in France in 987.
Battles and campaigns
Saxon Wars. The Saxon Wars, also called the Saxon War or Saxon Uprising were the campaigns and insurrections of the thirty-three years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer,
References
740s births
814 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Frankish rulers
Carolingian dynasty
9th century in Europe
Richard Hamilton (artist)

Richard Hamilton CH (24 February 1922 - 13 September 2011) was an English painter and collage artist. He was born in Pimlico, London.
Other websites
Richard Hamilton: Pop Daddy, from an interview by Hans-Ulrich Obrist, Tate Magazine
Companions of Honour
English painters
Artists from London
1922 births
2011 deaths
List of tallest buildings in Sydney

This is a list of the tallest buildings in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Spires on top of buildings count onto its height, but antennas do not.
Notes
A. Height for buildings is measured by spire height, or if there is no spire, roof height. Antenna height is not used.
B. Sydney Tower is not ranked because it cannot be occupied all the time by people. It is only used for observation.
Related pages
List of tallest buildings in Australia
List of tallest buildings and structures in Australia
Buildings and architecture of Sydney
Australian Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
References
Emporis (General database for Skyscrapers)
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Sydney
Lists of buildings in Australia
United Nations Human Rights Committee

The United Nations Human Rights Committee is a treaty body made of 18 experts, created by a 1966 human rights treaty, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
The Committee meets for three four-week sessions per year to talk about reports given to the 173 States parties to the ICCPR. The Committee is one of ten UN human rights treaty bodies, each responsible for supporting human rights.
References
United Nations
Human rights
Breckland District

Breckland District is a local government district in Norfolk, England. About 135,000 people live there. It was created on 1 April 1974. Its council is based in East Dereham.
Breckland District gets its name from the Breckland landscape region. That is a gorse-covered sandy heath of south Norfolk and north Suffolk. The term Breckland is ancient. It is found as early as the 13th century in the form Brakelond.
1974 establishments in England
John Gardner (British writer)

John Edmund Gardner (20 November 1926 - 3 August 2007) was an English spy and thriller novelist. He was best known for his James Bond novels, but also for his series of Boysie Oakes books and three continuation novels containing Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional villain, Professor Moriarty.
Gardner went on to write over fifty works of fiction, including fourteen original James Bond novels, and the novel versions of two Bond movie. He died from suspected heart failure on 3 August 2007.
Other websites
John-Gardner.com
1926 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
English novelists
James Bond writers
People from Northumberland
Pareto efficiency

Multi-criteria optimization, or multiobjective optimization is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called Pareto efficiency, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies.
In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient.
If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its Pareto Frontier or Production Possibility Frontier, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called resources or factors of production). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.
Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.
Welfare economics
Yuriy Bohutsky

Yuriy Petrovich Bohutsky (; 24 September 1952 - 14 May 2019) was a Ukrainian politician. He was the Minister of Culture three times, serving for four months in 1999, from 2001 to 2005 and finally from 2006 to 2007. He was born in Mykolaivka, Velyka Lepetykha Raion, Kherson Oblast.
On 14 May 2019, Bohutsky died of problems caused by surgery which left him in a coma. He was 66.
References
1952 births
2019 deaths
Ukrainian politicians
Gilberto Aceves Navarro

Gilberto Aceves Navarro (September 24, 1931 - October 21, 2019) was a Mexican painter and sculptor. He was a professor at the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas and Academy of San Carlos.
He had over 200 individual exhibits of his work with his murals found in Mexico, Japan and the United States. He received many awards for his work including grants as a Creador Artistico of the Sistema Nacional de Creadores de Arte, Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes and Bellas Artes Medal from the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes.
Aceves Navarro died in Mexico City from lung disease at the age of 88.
References
1931 births
2019 deaths
Mexican painters
Mexican sculptors
Deaths from lung disease
Artists from Mexico City
Chlorine monofluoride

Chlorine monofluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ClF. It has chlorine and fluoride ions in it. The chlorine is in its +1 oxidation state.
Properties
Chlorine monofluoride is a colorless gas. It can be cooled to a pale yellow liquid at low temperatures. Many of its properties are between the properties of chlorine and fluorine. It reacts with tungsten to make tungsten hexafluoride and with selenium to make selenium tetrafluoride. It reacts with carbon monoxide to add chloride and fluoride to it.
Related pages
Chlorine trifluoride
Chlorine dioxide
Bromine monochloride
Chlorine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Andrea Orlandi

Andrea Orlandi (born 3 August 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Swansea City.
Club career statistics
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006/07||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Swansea City||rowspan="2"|League One||8||0||4||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2008/09||11||1||2||0||2||0||15||1
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
19||1||6||0||2||0||26||1
20||1||6||0||2||0||27||1
|}
References
1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Barcelona
KDWB-FM

KDWB-FM (101.3 FM) is an American commercial radio station broadcasting in the Twin Cities region of Minnesota, licensed to suburban Richfield. KDWB's radio format is Top 40/CHR. Its transmitter is located in Shoreview, while its studios are in St. Louis Park. The station is owned by iHeartMedia.
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Minneapolis
WOW air

WOW air was a budget airline from Iceland.
History
WOW air began in November 2011. Its first flight was on 1 June 2012. The airline flew 11 airplanes from the Airbus A320 family to destinations in Europe, North America and the Middle East.
Wow air stopped operations on 28 March 2019. All flights were cancelled and thousands of stranded passengers were told to book with other airliners.
References
2011 establishments in Europe
2019 disestablishments in Europe
Low-cost airlines
Transport in Iceland
Establishments in Iceland
Defunct airlines of Europe
Organizations based in Iceland
Mark Shields

Mark Stephen Shields (May 25, 1937 - June 18, 2022) was an American political columnist, advisor, and commentator. He was a commentator for PBS NewsHour from 1988 to 2020. Shields was also a regular panelist on Inside Washington. Shields was moderator and panelist on CNN's Capital Gang for 17 years. Shields was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts.
Shields died on June 18, 2022 at his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland from kidney failure, aged 85.
References
1937 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American political commentators
American columnists
Writers from Massachusetts
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Civrieux

Civrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Communes in Ain
Sepang International Circuit

The Sepang International Circuit (SIC) is a racing circuit in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. It is near the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, about 60 km south of the capital city Kuala Lumpur. It is the venue used for the Formula One Malaysian Grand Prix, A1 Grand Prix as well as the Malaysian MotoGP. The circuit was designed by German designer Hermann Tilke.
Layout
The main circuit is 5.54 km long. It is raced in a clockwise direction. It is noted for its sweeping corners and wide straights. The layout is unusual, with a very long back straight separated from the pit straight by just one very tight hairpin corner.
The circuit may be set-up with other configurations. The north circuit is the first half of the main circuit. The course turns back towards the pit straight after turn 6 and is 2.71 km long.
The south circuit is the other half of the circuit. The back straight of the main circuit becomes the pit straight. It joins onto turn 8 of the main circuit to form a hairpin turn. This circuit is 2.61 km in length.
Sepang International Circuit also features kart racing and motocross facilities.
References
Other websites
Sepang F1 International Circuit
Official information about Sepang at the Formula 1 site
Google Maps location
Formula One circuits
Selangor
October Revolution

The October Revolution was a revolution in Russia that started on 1917 November 7 (October 25 o.s.). The Bolsheviks were led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Leon Trotsky. They overthrew the previous Russian Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky. Its uprising started on 24 October.
The Bolsheviks faced little or no opposition. The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which began on 25 October. After a single day of revolution eighteen people had been arrested and two had been killed. The Bolsheviks captured telegraph and telephone offices, railway stations, newspaper offices and government institutions. Red Guards (armed workers), sailors from the Baltic fleet, and parts of the army fought for the revolution.
The October Revolution inspired a revolutionary wave across the world, including the Hungarian revolution, the German revolution of 1918-1919, and the Chinese revolution of 1925-27.
October revolution
This was the second of two revolutions in the Russian Revolution. The first part was the February Revolution. The second was this October revolution.
Some Russians did not like the previous Tsarist government.
In the 1900s Russia was poor. It lost the Russo-Japanese War. They only recently ended serfdom, where peasants were forced to farm for nobles who owned the land. Since Russia is pretty far north, growing food was not easy, and they were often hit by famine and food shortages. The government was also corrupt: the tsar Nicholas did not listen to the parliament, and Rasputin was murdered. They industrialized later than western Europe and the US. So when Russia entered World War I, they lost a lot of soldiers fighting Germany, which was more industrialized. For all of these reasons, people got angry and blamed the tsar.
In the February revolution, some workers and peasants protested. Police shot and killed some, but more protestors kept coming. Nicholas gave up the throne. This ended centuries of Romanov rule. Alex Kerensky started a new provisional government. It was ruled by the bourgeoisie, or the wealthy upper-middle class. The war against the Germans continued. It drained food supplies. In the October revolution they overthrew the weak provisional government without that much of killing the people.
The leader Lenin wanted a new government ruled by the soldiers, peasants, and workers. Having lost power, the nobles of Alex's governments, as well as the of the previous tsar government, were not happy. They created the white army and fought Lenin and his red army. This was the Russian Civil War. Lenin won and so the communist Soviet Union was born.
This was the start of communist rule in Russia. It was a model Marxist revolution where the proletariat peasants and workers overthrew the bourgeoisie capitalist nobles. It inspired similar revolutions across Europe and in China. Communism forms the foundation of some of these nations today. The roots can be traced back to socialist ideas developed in the 19th century, and to the 1917 October revolution.
References
Russian Revolution
1917 in Russia
1910s conflicts