pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
President of India

The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the first citizen of the Republic and the commander in chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The current president, Droupadi Murmu, who was sworn in on 25 July 2022. She succeeded Ram Nath Kovind. The President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.
Qualifications
The President must be:
A citizen of India
At least 35 years old
A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.
The name of the candidate desiring to be the President must be proposed by at least 10 electors and seconded by another 10 of the Electoral College.
Vacancy of the place of "The President"
The Office of the President falls vacant in the following scenarios:
By reason of death
By reason of resignation
Removal by Supreme Court
Removal by impeachment
On the expiry of their term
The Vice-President of India will have to discharge the duties, if the Office falls vacant due to any reason other than expiry of the term. when vacancies occur in the offices of the President and of the Vice-President simultaneously, the Chief Justice discharges the functions of the President until a newly elected President.
List of presidents
Living former presidents
There are two living former Indian presidents:
References
DICE (company)

EA Digital Illusions CE AB (DICE) is a Swedish video game developer. Electronic Arts has been its parent company since 2006.
History
The company was founded in 1992 by Olof "Olle" Gustafsson, Markus Nystrom, Fredrik Liljegren and Andreas Axelsson.
It released such products as Battlefield, Mirror's Edge and Star Wars Battlefront series. DICE also develops the Frostbite game engine.
In 2000, DICE acquired the developer Refraction Games (developers of Codename Eagle).
Electronic Arts (EA) announced one of their intent to purchase all outstanding shares in DICE in November 2004 and in March 2006.
In 2020 DICE had 714 employees.
References
Other websites
Official website
DICE (company) at Curlie
Companies based in Stockholm
Video game companies of Europe
1992 establishments in Sweden
Lou Antonio

Lou Antonio (born January 23, 1934) is an American actor and TV director. He was best known for performing in the movies Cool Hand Luke and America America. He also starred in two short-lived TV series, Dog and Cat, and Makin' It.
Antonio was married to fellow Actors Studio member, Lane Bradbury;
References
Other websites
1934 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television directors
Actors from Oklahoma City
Judea and Samaria Area

Judea and Samaria (also known as the West bank, or Palestine) is a land spanning from the Jordan river in the east to Israel to the west. The total population of the West Bank surpasses 3.2 million, and is increasing at a rate of about %2.4.
Territorial disputes
The West bank is Controlled by the State of Israel, but at the same time has some autonomy over itself, with its own government called the Palestinian national authority.
Historical Conflicts
The territory of Judea and Samaria has a long history.
Palestine
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie

Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie is a 2005 American direct-to-video animated movie. It was produced by John A. Smith and was directed by Elliot M. Bour and Saul Andrew Blinkoff. It is a sequel to Pooh's Heffalump Movie which was released in February 11, 2005.
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie was released on September 13, 2005 in North America. The movie is about Lumpy the Heffalump's adventure with his friends during his first Halloween with them.
It is the first Winnie the Pooh movie since Paul Winchell's death and is the last movie to feature John Fiedler as the voice of Piglet, as Fielder died in 2005.
Cast
David Ogden Stiers as The Narrator
Jimmy Bennett as Roo
Kyle Stanger as Lumpy the Heffalump
Peter Cullen as Eeyore
Jim Cummings as Winnie-the-Pooh and Tigger
John Fiedler as Piglet
Ken Sansom as Rabbit
Kath Soucie as Kanga
References
Other websites
Official website
2005 movies
American animated movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Sequel movies
Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington

Brigadier Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington (2 July 1915 - 31 December 2014), styled Marquess of Douro between 1943 and 1972, was a senior British peer and a brigadier in the British Army. His main residence was Stratfield Saye House in Hampshire.
He was educated at Eton College and New College, Oxford.
He was a member of the House of Lords from 1972 until 1999, losing his seat by the House of Lords Act.
The 8th Duke died at the age of 99 at his home in Stratfield Saye House, Hampshire, England.
Titles and styles
2 July 1915 - 16 September 1943: Arthur Valerian Wellesley
16 September 1943 - 4 January 1972: Marquess of Douro
4 January 1972 - 31 December 2014: His Grace The Duke of Wellington
(Netherlands): His Highness The Prince of Waterloo (4 January 1972 - 31 December 2014)
(Spain): The Most Excellent The Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (4 January 1972 - 21 May 2010)
(Portugal): His Excellency The Duke of the Victory (4 January 1972 - 31 December 2014)
References
Other websites
The Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot
Debrett's People of Today
1915 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British Army people
British people of World War II
People educated at Eton College
People from Rome
2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash

On 8 December 2021, an Indian Air Force Mi-17 helicopter crashed in Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, at 1220 hours IST. The Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat and 13 others, including his wife and other family members were onboard the helicopter. As of 1630 hours IST, 11 bodies were recovered from the crash site.
References
2021 disasters in Asia
2020s disasters in India
Aviation accidents and incidents in Asia
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2021
December 2021 events
History of Tamil Nadu
2021 in India
MOX fuel

Mixed-oxide fuel (or MOX fuel) is nuclear fuel that contains an oxide of more than one element. Most nuclear fuel that is not of the MOX type only contains uranium dioxide. In most cases, the additional oxide will be plutonium dioxide, sometimes thorium dioxide. Any reactor that uses uranium-based fuel will produce plutonium dioxide. Mox fuel consists of about 93% uranium, and about 7% of thorium or plutonium dioxide.
One of the benefits of using MOX-type fuel is that the plutonium dioxide that is produced, can be re-used for energy generation. Certain types of nuclear power plants need plutonium to work properly.
Nuclear energy
Cabal

A cabal is a group of people who try to control things in a secret way. Cabals are often an important part of a conspiracy theory.
Sometimes people say "There Is No Cabal", or use the abbreviation TINC to mean "There Is No Cabal". The joke is that since a cabal is necessarily secret, only those who are in the cabal can know.
Politics
The former chief of staff, Lawrence Wilkerson, of the Secretary of State Colin Powell said that the foreign policy of George W. Bush's administration were run by a "Cheney-Rumsfeld cabal". With this word he meant that the President had not really the power that he is given by the constitution and that the Vice President and the Secretary of Defense had more influence than they should have.
references
Forms of government
Nanoparticle

A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is usually defined as a particle of matter between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter.
References
Angels of the Silences

"Angels of the Silences" is a 1996 song by the Counting Crows and is the leading single from their second studio album Recovering the Satellites. It went to number 8 in Canada, number 41 in the United Kingdom and number 77 in Australia.
Track listing
References
1996 songs
Counting Crows songs
Herat Province

Herat (Persian/Pashto: hrt) is one the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the south-western region of the country. The main city and capital is named Herat.
The region of Herat used to be part of Greater Khorasan. It was ruled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanates, Timurids, and Saffavids. In the early-18th century it became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty followed by the Durrani Empire.
Demographics
There are about 1,762,157 people living in Herat Province.
Population by districts
There are 16 districts within the province. These are listed in the table below.
Sport
Football (soccer) is the popular sport in Herat Province. Cricket is also getting popular.
References
Provinces of Afghanistan
Olive water-holding frog

The olive water-holding frog, spotted collared frog or Daly Waters frog (Ranoidea maculosa) is a frog from Australia. Scientists have only seen it in one place in the Northern Territory, with a few on the other side of the border in Queensland. This place is called Daly Waters.
This frog is 5.0 cm long. Most of the skin on its back is pale but it has very dark black marks.
References
Frogs of Australia
Todd Heap

Todd Benjamin Heap (born March 16, 1980 in Mesa, Arizona) is an American former football tight end. He played a total of 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens and Arizona Cardinals. Heap was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens out of Arizona State with the 31st pick in the first round of the 2001 NFL Draft.
Career
Heap wore #80 while playing college football and #86 as a professional. With Baltimore, Heap was known for his quiet personality. Heap's NFL career with the Ravens and Cardinals has been plagued by injuries. He has missed portions of most of his NFL seasons and huge parts of the 2004, 2007, and 2011 NFL seasons. However, he is the Ravens second all-time leader in receptions (the Ravens offense struggled much during Heap's stay there, and Heap was often the primary receiver), and all-time leader in yards and touchdowns. He was released by the Ravens in the 2011 offseason, and signed with the Cardinals, where he struggled to produce. Heap has also taken a number of big hits. He has been greatly popular with the Ravens fan base.
Heap retired from playing professional football in 2013. On May 13, 2014, the Ravens inducted Heap into their Ring of Honor.
Personal life
He is married to Ashley and they had five children. On April 14, 2017, Heap accidently killed his daughter Holly Alivia when he ran her over in his driveway while moving his truck. Heap created the Hugs from Holly campaign in her honor.
References
Other websites
Todd Heap at baltimoreravens.com
1980 births
Living people
Arizona Cardinals players
Baltimore Ravens players
American football tight ends
Sportspeople from Arizona
People from Mesa, Arizona
Hi Ho Silver Lining

"Hi Ho Silver Lining" is a 1967 song by band The Attack and failed to chart.
Jeff Beck version
A few days later it was covered by English singer Jeff Beck as his debut single and number 4 in New Zealand, number 12 in the Netherlands, number 14 in the United States, number 17 in Ireland and number 25 in Australia.
Formats and track listings
1967 7" single (UK/Holland: Columbia DB 8151, New Zealand: Columbia DNZ 10497, Portugal: Columbia 8E 006-93925)
A. "Hi Ho Silver Lining" (English, Weiss) 2:53
B. "Beck's Bolero" (Page) 2:52
1967 songs
Debut singles
Jeff Beck songs
Psychedelic pop songs
Bell 205

The Bell 205 is a US helicopter. It is the civilian variant of the famous military UH-1D & UH-1H Iroquois. Some were built under licence in Germany, Italy, and Japan. In Italian it is called Agusta-Bell AB-205.
205
Civil aircraft
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is an Indian public sector multinational crude oil and gas company. Its registered office is in New Delhi. It is owned by the Government of India, under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is the largest oil and gas exploration and production company in the country, and produces around 70% of India's crude oil (equivalent to around 57% of the country's total demand) and around 84% of its natural gas. In November 2010, the Government of India conferred the Maharatna status to ONGC.
In a survey by Government of India for fiscal year 2019-20, it was ranked as the largest profit making PSU in India. It is ranked 7th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by Platts. ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by the Government of India. It is involved in exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 ONGC has discovered 6 of the 7 commercially producing Indian Basins, in the last 50 years, adding over 7.15 billion tonnes of In-place Oil & Gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins. Against a global decline of production from matured fields, ONGC has maintained production from its brownfields like Mumbai High, with the help of aggressive investments in various IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) and EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) schemes. ONGC has many matured fields with a current recovery factor of 25-33%. Its Reserve Replacement Ratio for between 2005 and 2013, has been more than one.
References
Companies of India
New Delhi
Petrol companies
Approximation

An approximation is a version of a piece of information that does not describe it exactly, but is close enough to be used. An approximation may be used either when the exact piece of information is not known, or when it's too long or complicated and people need something simpler. The most common simple adjective for an approximation is "about".
For example, if you wanted to add 2.0002 and 2.0003, you can add 2 and 2, and it would be an approximation.
If you are left with a balance of Dollar 78.23 you might want to say you are left with 80 dollars. In mathematics, this is written using the symbol (e.g., ).
Archimedes used polygons to approximate a circle, and to calculate an approximation for as shown below:
Related pages
Approximation theory
Diophantine approximation
Estimation
References
Measurement
Mathematical approximation
Benson, Arizona

Benson is a city in Cochise County, Arizona.
Cities in Arizona
Szeged

Szeged is a city in Hungary. It is the fourth-largest city of the country by population.
Szeged and the surrounding area have been inhabited since ancient times. The University of Szeged is one of the most renowned universities in Hungary.
Landmarks
The town center is recognizable by two important landmarks:
Fogadalmi templom (Votive Church), a twin-spired church whose construction began in 1913, but due to the outbreak of World War I, it was not completed until 1930;
Viztorony (Water Tower), a water tower built in 1904 and one of the symbols of reinforced concrete construction in Hungary.
Other landmarks in Szeged:
Telefontorony (Telephone tower), a TV-tower in Rokus that is the tallest building in Szeged
Kiskundorozsmai szelmalom (Windmill of Kiskundorozsma), a windmill in the suburban region of Szeged
Connections
Two motorways and two national roads are connected with Szeged:
The terminal junction of M5 is located to the west of Szeged and heading north to Budapest.
The M43 starts from the M5 and heads towards the Romanian border.
The road 47 goes north from Szeged and eventually reaches Debrecen.
The road 55 goes west from Szeged, and spans into M6.
References
Other websites
Official website with cam (Hungarian)
Cities in Hungary
Charles Edward Stuart

Charles Edward Stuart (Prince Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart, 31 December 1720 - 31 January 1788; better known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or as 'The Young Pretender') was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. This claim was as the eldest son of James Francis Edward Stuart ('The Old Pretender') who was the son of James II and VII.
Charles is perhaps best known as the leading the unsuccessful Jacobite uprising of 1745. He led a rebellion which ended in a heavy defeat at the Battle of Culloden. That ended the Jacobite cause. Charles's escape from Scotland after the uprising made him a romantic figure of heroic failure. The Skye Boat Song remembers him.
He lived, and died, in Rome, where his father had been given a home by Clement XI.
References
1720 births
1788 deaths
House of Stuart
Jacobite pretenders
People from Rome
Ray Mathews

Raymond Dyral Mathews (February 26, 1929 - December 20, 2015) was an American football running back and wide receiver in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers (1951-59) and the Dallas Cowboys (1960). He played college football for Clemson University. He was born in Dayton, Pennsylvania.
Mathews died at his house in Marion, Pennsylvania from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 86.
References
Other websites
Ex-Steelers Mathews keeps low profile
1929 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Dallas Cowboys players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Far East Movement

Far East Movement is an American electro-hop band. The group was started in 2003. The members are Kev Nish, Prohgress, J-Splif, and DJ Virman. The band's original name was Emcee's Anonymous". The song "Round Round" was featured in the movie, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift.
Members
Kev Nish
Prohgress
J-Splif
DJ Virman
Discography
Studio albums
Folk Music (2006)
Round Round (2008)
Animal (2009)
Free Wired (2010)
Dirty Bass
Grzzly(2012)
Extended Plays
For the Folks n' Family (2006)
Mixtapes
Audio-Bio (2005)
Flavored Animal Droppings (2007)
Singles
Girls on the Dance Floor (with Stereotypes) (2010)
Like a G6 (featuring Cataracs and Dev) (2010)
Rocketeer (featuring Ryan Tedder) (2010)
Rocketeer (featuring Bruno Mars) (2010)
Live My Life (featuring Justin Bieber) (2012)
Turn Up The Love (featuring Cover Drive) (2012)
Other websites
Far East Movement's Official Site
2003 establishments in California
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups from Los Angeles
National Cherry Blossom Festival

The National Cherry Blossom Festival is a spring celebration in Washington, D.C.. It celebrates the March 27, 1912, gift of Japanese cherry trees from Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo City to the city of Washington, D.C. Ozaki gave the trees to show the growing friendship between the United States and Japan.
The festival has large and colorful helium balloons, floats, marching bands along with music and other events.
References
Washington, D.C.
Windows Aero

Windows Aero (Backronym: Authentic, Energetic, Reflective and Open) is a design language used in Windows Vista and Windows 7. It changed the appearance of many elements in the Windows interface, including the look and layout.
The Aero theme is the default on computers that meet certain hardware and software requirements, and includes animation and transparency effects. If the computer does not meet the requirements for Windows Aero it will default to a basic theme.
Other features enabled by Aero include enhanced taskbar previews, window switching with a 3D effect, and the ability to manipulate windows by dragging them to different parts of the screen. However, using Aero requires a video card with certain specifications and is not available on all versions of Windows.
Windows Aero can be enabled in Windows 8, but was later completely removed in Windows 10. Third-party software can be used to add the Windows Aero theme to later versions of Windows.
References
Web design
Microsoft software
Mary Kom

Mangte Chungneijang Mary Kom (b. 1 March 1983) is an Indian boxer. Kom is a member of the Kom tribe of north-east India. She was born in Kangathei, Churachandpur, Manipur.
Since childhood, Kom has liked athletics boxing and was good at them. She became interested in boxing after watching Dingko Singh in 2000. That same year, she began training with M. Narjit Singh (Manipur State Boxing Coach) at Khuman Lampak, Imphal.
Kom has won the World Boxing championship five times in a row. She is the only woman to get a medal and trophy in all six world championships. She is also the only Indian woman to qualify for boxing in the 2012 London Olympics. At the 2013 Games, she competed in the flyweight category 51kg and won a bronze medal. She had also been ranked as No. 1 AIBA World Women's Ranking Light Flyweight category.
Personal life
Kom is married to K Onler Kom. They have twin sons named Rechungvar and Khupneivar. She lives with her family in Manipur.
References
1983 births
Living people
Indian boxers
Indian Olympic bronze medalists
Indian Christians
Three-age system

The three-age system is how some historians and archaeologists divide up prehistoric times. The three ages are named after what early humans were making tools out of during each one. The first was the Stone Age. The second was the Bronze Age. The third was the Iron Age.
References
Ancient history
John Riggins

Robert John Riggins (born August 4, 1949 in Seneca, Kansas) is a retired American football running back who used to play for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins of the NFL. He was nicknamed "The Diesel". He won Super Bowl XVII with the Washington Redskins where he was also the MVP and is a member of the Redskins Ring of Fame. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1992.
1949 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kansas
New York Jets players
Washington Redskins players
1983 Beirut barracks bombings

The 1983 Beirut barracks bombings were a double terrorist attack that happened on 23 October 1983 during the Lebanese Civil War. Two suicide truck bombs hit buildings housing French and American troops. In total, 299 people were killed. A group called Islamic Jihad Organization claimed responsibility for the attacks.
1983 in Asia
1980s building bombings
20th century in Lebanon
Attacks on military installations
1983 barracks bombings
Building bombings in Asia
Car and truck bombings in Asia
Car and truck bombings in the 1980s
Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
Mass murder in Asia
Mass murder in the 1980s
October events
Suicide bombings in Asia
Suicide car and truck bombings
Terrorist incidents in Asia
Terrorist incidents in the 1980s
David Neilson

David Neilson (born 13 March 1949) is an English actor, best known for his role as Roy Cropper in the long-running British ITV soap opera Coronation Street from 1995 onwards.
He was born in Loughborough, Leicester, England.
Other websites
1949 births
Living people
English television actors
People from Leicester
Ascanio Sobrero

Ascanio Sobrero (12 October 1812 - 26 December 1888) was an Italian chemist, who discovered nitroglycerin in 1847. He was born in Casale, Monferrato and worked in Paris. He was made a professor of chemistry at Turino. His face was badly hurt during an experiment with nitroglycerin. He thought it was too dangerous to be of any practical use. He said that he was ashamed to have discovered something that killed people. He died in Turin, Italy.
References
1812 births
1888 deaths
Italian scientists
Betty Brant

Betty Brant is a fictional character created for Marvel Comics by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. She is a secretary of J. Jonah Jameson at the Daily Bugle and was once the love interest of Peter Parker and later of Flash Thompson.
Since her inception, the character has been featured in various media adaptations, such as feature movies, television series and video games. In movies, she was portrayed by Elizabeth Banks in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, and by Angourie Rice as a teenaged version in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021).
Marvel Comics characters
Tuusula

Tuusula is a town in Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and is part of the Uusimaa. Neighbouring municipalities are Vantaa, Nurmijarvi, Hyvinkaa, Sipoo, Jarvenpaa and Kerava.
Population growth
References
Other websites
Homepage
Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Uusimaa
I Don't Want to Spoil the Party

"I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" is a 1965 song by The Beatles and is the B-side from their single Eight Days a Week. It went to number 39 in the United States.
Rosanne Cash version
In 1989, Rosanne Cash recorded a cover of I Don't Want to Spoil the Party for her compilation Hits 1979-1989. It went to number 1 in the country charts in the United States and Canada.
References
The Beatles songs
1965 songs
Country rock songs
Hail! Minnesota

"Hail! Minnesota" (also simply called "Minnesota" in early years) is the state song of Minnesota. It began at the University of Minnesota in the early 1900s when some students decided to honor their graduating class with a new song. In 1945, the Minnesota State Legislature approved the tune as the state song.
Lyrics
Minnesota, Hail to Thee!
Hail to Thee, our state so dear,
Thy light shall ever be
A beacon bright and clear.
Thy sons and daughters true
Will proclaim Thee near and far.
They shall guard thy fame and adore thy name;
Thou shalt be their Northern Star!
Like the stream that bends to sea,
Like the pine that seeks the blue;
Minnesota, still for Thee
Thy sons are strong and true!
From thy woods and waters fair,
From thy prairies waving far.
At thy call they throng with a shout and song;
Hailing Thee their Northern Star!
References
Other websites
Minnesota Secretary of State with sheet music and recording.
Minnesota
1900s establishments in Minnesota
United States state songs
Homo sacer

Homo sacer (Latin for the 'sacred man' or 'accursed man') is a phrase taken from Roman law. It is
used to describe someone who is banished, and may be killed by anybody but not used in a religious killing
(sacrifice). Described by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben in his book Homo Sacer; 'sovereign
power and bare life' as a person who is living a 'naked life' and is an outcast of society.
Occurrence
Someone becomes Homo Sacer by breaking a legal agreement or oath; people who
illegally cross the borders between countries have often been referred to and treated as Homo
Sacer. In Shahram Khosravi's book Illegal traveller he talks about how someone
forced to leave their country to find a better life elsewhere can become 'homo sacer', which can
lead to a feeling of separation from the rest of society.
Consequences
This makes the person an outlaw; they have no civil rights and lose their protection
from the state. They are often victims of abuse and unfair treatment both through this loss of rights
but also from everyday citizens.
References
http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/homo-sacer/
http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/000374.php
Giorgio Agambens' 'Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (April 1, 1998)
Shahram Khosravi's 'illegal traveller' first published 2010 by Palgrave Macmillan
Legal terms
Society
2019 Dayton shooting

A mass shooting happened at a bar in Dayton, Ohio, United States, on August 4, 2019, at 1:05 a.m. Eastern Time. Ten people were killed, including the perpetrator, and at least 27 others were injured. The gunman was killed by police within 30 seconds of the first shots being fired.
A search into the shooter's home found writings that showed interest in killing people. The attack was the second mass shooting in the United States in 13 hours, following one in El Paso, Texas.
Police reported that all the fatalities occurred outside the bar on East 5th Street, and that the shooter's 22-year-old sister, Megan Betts, was among those killed.
References
2019 crimes in the United States
2010s in Ohio
2019 mass shootings in the United States
2019 murders in the United States
Attacks on bars
Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States
August 2019 events
Dayton, Ohio
Mass murder in 2019
Mass murder in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
Planck epoch

The Planck epoch is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, before the time passed was equal to the Planck time (tp) ; that is from zero to approximately 10-43 seconds. The Planck scale is the physical scale beyond which current physical theories may not apply and cannot be used to calculate what happened. At this time scale, all physical quantities like temperatures, energies etc were in the range of Planck units values. During the Planck epoch, the temperature and average energies within the universe were so high that even subatomic particles could not form and even the four fundamental forces that shape our universe were combined and formed one unified fundamental force.
Traditional Big Bang cosmology predicts a gravitational singularity before this time, but this theory relies on the theory of general relativity, which is thought to break down for this epoch due to quantum effects. Due to the extraordinarily small scale of the universe at that time, the quantum effects of gravity were the strongest and it is believed that cosmology and physics are assumed to have been dominated by the quantum effects of gravity. At this scale, the unified force is assumed to be unified with gravitation. Immeasurably hot and dense state of the Planck epoch is succeeded by the grand unification epoch, where gravitation force is separated from the unified fundamental force.
Related pages
Big Bang
ME
Cosmology
103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)

103rd Street is a station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 103rd Street and Lexington Avenue in East Harlem, it is served by the 6 train.
This station is for 6 trains.
After this station, the next stations will be 96th Street and 110th Street.
New York City Subway stations
Lee Tamahori

Lee Tamahori (born 17 June 1950) is a New Zealand movie director best known for directing the 1994 movie Once Were Warriors, the 2001 movie Along Came a Spider and the 2002 James Bond movie Die Another Day.
1950 births
Living people
New Zealand Maori people
James Bond movie directors
New Zealand movie directors
Super Bowl XXXIX

Super Bowl XXXIX was the thirty-ninth Super Bowl. The teams in the game were the Philadelphia Eagles from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC. New England won the game 24-21. Paul McCartney performed in the halftime show.
039
New England Patriots
2005 in sports
2005 in Florida
Scinax rossaferesae

Scinax rossaferesae is a frog. It lives in Brazil. Scientists have seen it in and around Guartela Canyon.
The adult male frog is 27.8-31.6 mm long from nose to rear end. The iris of its eye is gold or yellow in color. Parts of its legs are light brown.
The scientists who wrote the first paper about this frog named it after their friend Dr. Denise Rossa-Feres, a zoologist.
References
Frogs of South America
Dennis Haskins

Dennis Haskins (born November 18, 1950) is an American actor. He is known for his role as principal Richard Belding in the teen sitcom Saved by the Bell which ran from 1989 to 1993 on NBC. He then went on to star in Saved by the Bell: The New Class, which aired from 1993 to 2000. He also portrayed the role as a regular in Good Morning, Miss Bliss.
References
Other websites
Dennis Haskins Website
Dennis Haskins at The New York Times
1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Vitz-sur-Authie

Vitz-sur-Authie is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Peoria people

The Peoria (or Peouaroua) are a Native American people. They are in the federally recognized Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. Historically, they were part of the Illinois Confederation.
Traditionally, the Peoria spoke a dialect of the Miami-Illinois language. The name "Peoria" comes from their autonym (name for themselves) in the Illinois language, peewaareewa (modern pronunciation peewaalia). It first meant "Comes carrying a pack on his back." No speakers of the Peoria language are alive.
References
Other websites
Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, official website
Tribes of the Illinois/Missouri Region at First Contact (1673)
The Tribes of The Illinois Confederacy
Inoca Ethnohistory Project: Eye Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation, 1667-1700
Peoria Historical Society at Google Cultural Institute
Native Americans
Bill McDonagh

Joseph William James McDonagh (April 30, 1928 - August 17, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played four games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers in the 1949-50 season.
McDonagh was born in Rouyn, Quebec, but grew up in Ansonville, Ontario. He died on August 17, 2019 in Toronto at the age of 91.
References
1928 births
2019 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Quebec
Sportspeople from Toronto
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945-2001) players
Villé

Ville is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
The Subterraneans

The Subterraneans is a 1960 American drama movie directed by Ranald MacDoougall and based on the 1958 novel of the same name by Jack Kerouac. It stars George Peppard, Leslie Caron, Janice Rule, Jim Hutton, Roddy McDowall, Anne Seymour and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Other websites
1960 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Renato Iturrate

Hector Renato Iturrate Azocar (20 March 1922 - 7 June 2021) was a Chilean cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
Iturrate was married to track athlete Eliana Gaete. He was born in Los Angeles, Chile.
Iturrate died on 7 June 2021 in Santiago de Chile, aged 99.
References
1922 births
2021 deaths
Chilean Olympians
Cyclists
Asa Akira

Asa Akira (born January 3, 1986) is the stage name of an American pornographic actress and model. Akira has appeared in over 505 adult films as of May 2016.
Awards
References
Other websites
1986 births
Living people
Actors from Manhattan
American adult models
American pornographic actors
Models from Manhattan
American erotic dancers
American feminists
Actors from Tokyo
AVN Award winners
Erwin Eisch

Erwin Eisch (; 18 April 1927 - 25 January 2022) was a German artist. He worked with glass. He was also a painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. Eisch was known for his works with Harvey Littleton. Their works helped created the studio glass movement.
Eisch died in Zwiesel, Germany on 25 January 2022, at the age of 94.
References
1927 births
2022 deaths
German artists
People from Bavaria
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 9)

Season 9 of SpongeBob SquarePants began on July 21, 2012. It was the first season in widescreen high definition.
Previous season: 8
Next season: 10
Episodes
SpongeBob SquarePants seasons
2012 television seasons
2013 television seasons
2014 television seasons
2017 television seasons
Platonic solid

A Platonic solid is a kind of polyhedron (a three-dimensional shape). It has the following traits:
Each of their faces is built from the same type of polygons.
All the edges are the same, and all of them join two faces at the same angle.
There are the same polygons meeting at every corner of the shape.
The shape is convex, meaning the faces do not go through each other (intersecting), or span the same range (coplanar).
The Platonic solids
The following Platonic solids exist; there are only 5:
Triangular pyramid, or Tetrahedron, has 4 sides, is made of triangles, and is the simplest kind of polyhedron.
Cube, or Hexahedron, has 6 sides, and is made of squares. It is a kind of prism.
Octahedron, has 8 sides, and is made of triangles. It is a kind of antiprism.
Dodecahedron, has 12 sides, and is made of pentagons. It has the most vertices.
Icosahedron, has 20 sides, and is made of triangles. It has the most faces.
Uses
There are a lot of uses for Platonic solids, but some of the main reasons are:the shapes are often used to make dice, because dice of these shapes can be made fair. 6-sided dice are very common, but the other numbers are commonly used in role-playing games. Such dice are commonly referred to as D followed by the number of faces (d8, d20 etc.).
The tetrahedron (4 sided), cube (6 sided), and octahedron (8 sided), are found naturally in crystal structures. The dodecahedron (12 sides) is combinatorially identical to the pyritohedron (in that both have twelve pentagonal faces), which is one of the possible crystal structures of pyrite. However, the pyritohedron is not a regular dodecahedron, but rather has the same symmetry as the cube.
In meteorology and climatology, global numerical models of atmospheric flow are of increasing interest which use grids that are based on an icosahedron (20 sides,refined by triangulation) instead of the more commonly used longitude/latitude grid. This has the advantage of better spatial resolution without singularities (i.e. the poles) at the expense of somewhat greater numerical difficulty.
Geometry of space frames is often based on Platonic solids.
Other websites
Stella: Polyhedron Navigator Tool for exploring polyhedra
Paper Models of Polyhedra Many links
The Uniform Polyhedra
Virtual Reality Polyhedra The Encyclopedia o Polyhedra
London South Bank University Water structure and behavior
Book XIII of Euclid's Elements.
Interactive 3D Polyhedra in Java
Thierry Baudet

Thierry Henri Philippe Baudet (born January 28, 1983 in Heemstede) is a Dutch political activist and a politician of the Forum for Democracy (FVD). He has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2017.
He has been a member of the Second Chamber and parliamentary leader since 2017. Previously he was party chair.
Baudet studied law and history at the University of Amsterdam. He got his PhD at Leiden University and worked at the same university. He also had a column in Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad.
He is very negative about the European Union and has written several books on this topic.
Baudet with his Forum for Democracy was one of the people behind the referendum against a treaty of the European Union with Ukraine in 2016. Although the majority of the voters were against this treaty, the referendum had no results in the end.
He is partly of Walloon descent.
References
Bio at Parlement.com
Other websites
Bio at the House of Representatives of The Netherlands
1983 births
Living people
Dutch academics
Dutch columnists
Dutch historians
Dutch jurists
Dutch party chairs
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Politicians from North Holland
Writers from North Holland
Medialab Technology

Medialab Technology is a French animation technology 2D and 3D studio in Paris, France.
Animation studios
1272

Events
Mamluk sultan Baibars of Egypt invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south.
Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durres in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom.
Count Floris V of Holland makes an unsuccessful attack on Frisia in an attempt to recover the body of his father, Count William II.
King Edward I of England departs for England from the failed Ninth Crusade and becomes King when his father, King Henry III, dies.
November 21 - Edward becomes King of England.
King Alphonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro.
The city of Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers receives the right to regulate the leather trade in London, England.
In astronomy, the recording of the Alfonsine tables is completed.
The first recorded reference of cricket dates back to 1272.
Births
Bernardo Tolomei (died 1348)
King Frederick III of Sicily (died 1337)
Otto I of Hesse (approximate date; died 1328)
Deaths
March 17 - Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (born 1220)
March 18 - John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (born 1246)
April 2 - Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1209)
April 27 - Saint Zita
August 6 - King Stephen V of Hungary
November 16 - King Henry III of England (born 1207)
December 13 - Bertold von Regensburg, German preacher
William of Saint-Amour, French scholastic philosopher (born 1200)
1272
Flying fish

Flying fish are marine oceanic fishes of the family Exocoetidae. They are over 50 species, and they live worldwide in warm waters. They can glide in the air just above the water. They are all small, with a maximum length of about 45 cm (18 inches), and have winglike, rigid fins and an unevenly forked tail.
They do not fly actively: their fins do not flap. What they do is speed towards the surface and keep on going. When they leave the water they glide, sometimes for a surprising distance. It is generally thought to be an adaptation which helps them escape predators.
The glides are usually up to in length. Some have been observed soaring for hundreds of metres using the updraft on the leading edges of waves. The fish can also make a series of glides, each time dipping the tail into the water to produce forward thrust. The longest recorded series of glides, with the fish only periodically dipping its tail in the water, was for 45 seconds.
It has been suggested that the genus Exocoetus is on an evolutionary borderline between flight and gliding. It flaps its enlarged pectoral fins when airborne, but still seems only to glide, as there is no hint of a power stroke.
The earliest known flying fish were in the Middle Triassic.
References
Teleosts
Tephritidae

The Tephritidae are one of two fly families known as fruit flies. The other family is the Drosophilidae.
There are nearly 5,000 species of tephritid fruit fly in almost 500 genera of the Tephritidae. Description and genetic analyses are constantly changing the taxonomy of this family. To distinguish them from the Drosophilidae, the Tephritidae are sometimes called 'peacock flies'.
References
Flies
Money Bin

Money Bin is a fictional building that Scrooge McDuck owns. The building was constructed in 1902, after Scrooge entered the diamond market.
The building contains all of Scrooge's fortune, which is 'quadrillions' of dollars. The old duck also owns factories, mines, railroads, oil wells and spaceships.
The building appears on Ducktales, The Life and times of Scrooge McDuck, and Ducktales the movie.
Fictional buildings and structures
DuckTales
en:Duck universe#Money Bin
Hurricane Rick (2009)

Hurricane Rick was a Category 5 major hurricane in the year 2009. It was the third most intense hurricane ever recorded in the whole Pacific.
East Pacific hurricanes
Hurricanes in Mexico
2009 in weather
Anne Hathaway

Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an Academy Award winning American movie and stage actress. She played the princess in The Princess Diaries and The Princess Diaries 2. In Tim Burton's 2010 movie, Alice in Wonderland, she played the White Queen. She played Catwoman in Christopher Nolan's 2012 superhero movie The Dark Knight Rises and Fantine in Les Miserables.
References
Other websites
1982 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Former Roman Catholics
American LGBT rights activists
Musicians from Brooklyn
Colin Friels

Colin Friels (born 25 September 1952) is a Scottish-born Australian actor. He is best known for his role in the television series Water Rats which earned him a Logie Award. He also appeared in the movies Malcolm (1986), Dark City (1998) and Tomorrow, When the War Began (2010).
Friels was born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, Scotland. He moved to Australia in 1963, first living in Darwin, Northern Territory before moving to Melbourne, Victoria. He is married to actress Judy Davis. They have two children, son Jack and daughter Charlotte.
Friels is a pancreatic cancer survivor.
References
Other websites
1952 births
Living people
Actors from Melbourne
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Jilin University

Jilin University (; often abbreviated JLU or Ji Da ) is a national university. China's Ministry of Education controls the university directly.
References
Other websites
Jilin University (English)
Jilin University Official Application Online Site
Colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China
1946 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in China
Jilin
Kochas

Kochas is a town in the Rohtas District, Bihar, India. At the 2001 census, 119,576 people lived there. Many of the people are associated with defence jobs. Many people in Kochas are dependent on agriculture and agricultural products. Sometimes lack of rain creates problems for farmers.
The closest railway station to Kochas is in Sasaram, away. There are three other railway stations in the area. Kochas has everything needed to live a middle class life. Kochas is famous for Kanslilla
Towns in Bihar
Sian Rainsley

Sian Rainsley is a triathlete from Great Britain. She was born on 19 April 1997. Rainsley competed at the 2014 Youth Olympic Games and won a silver medal, 2021 European Triathlon Championships and won a bronze medal.
References
Other websites
1997 births
British athletes
Living people
Triathletes
Chasing Papi

Chasing Papi is a 2003 American romantic comedy movie directed by Linda Mendoza and starring Roselyn Sanchez, Sofia Vergara, Jaci Velasquez, Eduardo Verastegui. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
2003 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
Corona of glans penis

The corona of glans penis or penis crown is the rounded edge or flare that forms at the base of the glans (which is the end of the penis) in human males. The glans, and therefore the corona, are exposed (seen) when the foreskin (or prepuce) of the penis is pulled back (retracted.) The appearance of the glans penis is often slightly different between an uncircumcised and a circumcised male. A circumcised male has had the foreskin shortened or removed. This is a very common procedure (medical operation) done in many cultures or countries. It is often done shortly after birth. If the foreskin is completely removed, the corona will always be exposed. If the foreskin is just shortened, the corona may still be covered by the foreskin when it is in the forward (unretracted) position.
The corona overhangs a mucosal surface, called the neck of the penis, which separates the shaft (the long middle part of the penis) and the glans. The edge of the corona has a great number of nerve endings and is a very sexually sensitive part of the glans.
Anatomy
Development
During the embryonic development of the male fetus, a thickening on the epidermis (outer layer of skin) appears around the base of the developing glans. The thickening layer of skin separates from the glans, creating the foreskin.
Blood supply
The corona and the neck are highly vascularized areas of the penis, meaning they have many blood vessels providing a good blood supply.
Nerve endings
The circumference (edge) and the underside of the corona are densely innervated by several types of nerve endings. The corona is a highly erogenous (easily sexually stimulated) part of the penis. The area is very sensitive to stimulation and an area of intense sexual pleasure.
Anatomy of the male reproductive system