QWERTY

QWERTY is a certain typewriter or computer keyboard layout that is commonly used in some English-speaking countries. The term comes from the fact the first 6 letters of the top row of keys are Q, W, E, R, T, and Y. The QWERTY design was patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874 and sold to E. Remington and Sons during the same year.
History
The QWERTY layout was invented by Christopher Sholes, the inventor of the first modern typewriter. At first the letters on the typewriter were placed alphabetically. However, when the user of the typewriter learned to type quickly, the bars attached to letters became caught in one another. The typist had to stop and unstick the typebars with his hands. A business associate of Sholes named James Densmore suggested splitting up the keys to speed up typing by preventing the typebars from striking the typewriter roller at the same time and sticking together. Some people say the QWERTY layout was created to slow down typing speed, while others say it worked by separating series of English letters.
The alternative Dvorak Simplified Keyboard was invented in the 1930s to be more efficient than QWERTY but it remained rare.
Accents
The QWERTY layout was made to type in English, therefore it has no accent marks as they are not used in native English words. People from other countries whose own languages used accent marks (such as French, which has letters like "e", "i", and "c") had problems. Depending on the operating system and the application being used, one can type accents marks by holding down the Alt key while pressing several number keys in a row. As an example, holding the Alt key, pressing the number keys 1, 5, and 6, then releasing the Alt key will generate a character numbered 156 in some character set. The Control or Alt key can be also used together with a letter. In some word processors, like Microsoft Word, characters with accent marks could be found under a category named "Special Characters" or something similar. Windows also has a program called "Character Map" that can be used to find and copy characters that could be pasted into other applications later on.
International Variants
Some languages use the similar AZERTY layout. Some QWERTY keyboards for different languages and countries may look different..
Belgian and French
The keyboards made in Belgium and France switch the letters Q and W with the letters A and Z. They also move the letter M to the right of L. These types of keyboards are called AZERTY keyboards.
Czech
Some keyboards for the Czech language use QWERTZ keyboards. They switch the Z and Y like the German version, but use "u" to the right of L and u next to P. The row that normally has numbers has the accents e, s, c, r, z, y, a, i, e. The user of the keyboard uses the shift key to make numbers.
Scandinavia
Danish and Norwegian layouts switched AE, O, and A where Swedish and Finnish use the letters A and O.
Faroese
Faroese keyboards add AE and O next to L, and A and D next to P.
German
German keyboards add an U to the right of P--and O, A to the right of L--and switch the Z and Y keys both because Z is a much more common letter than Y in German.
Hungarian
Hungarian keyboard add an E and A after L, O above O, U above P, O after P, U after O, O above U, I under A, and switch Z and Y, like in German.
Icelandic
Icelandic layouts add D to the right of P, AE to the right of L, O to the right of 0 in the top row and Th to the rightmost place in the bottom row.
Italian
Italian typewriter keyboards use a QZERTY layout where Z is swapped with W and M is at the right of "L". Computers use a QWERTY keyboard with e to the right of P and o to the right of L.
Lithuania
Lithuanian keyboards typically use the standard QWERTY and utilize the numbers row + shift to insert the language specific symbols.
Portuguese
Portuguese keyboards maintain the QWERTY layout but add the key C after the L key. The Spanish version has the letter N, the C.
Romanian
Romanian keyboards have a QWERTZ layout, swapping Y with Z; a and i are added to the right of the letter P, while s and t are added to the right of the letter L; a replaces the backslash character. Changes are also made to the upper number keys, the numbers remain the same, but some of the symbols are shuffled. The most notable change is that hyphen (-) is swapped with slash (/).
Spanish
Spanish keyboards add n and N characters to the right of the L instead of the semicolon and colon.
Turkish
Turkish layouts add G and U to the right of P, S and I to the right of L, O and C to the right of M.
Related pages
Dvorak Simplified Keyboard
References
Writing tools
Typography
Computer keyboard