pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Idiot

Idiot is a word used to describe someone who is not very smart.
Modern usage
Today "idiot" is often used to show that someone has done something which was not very clever:
"You idiot, look at what you just did!" (using the word as a noun)
"I think that idea is perfectly idiotic." (using the word as an adjective)
In literature and folklore
The word "fool" is similar to "idiot", but it is not as strong. In the history of drama a "fool" was a jester: someone who made people laugh. Kings often had jesters in real life. A court jester had the job of making the king feel happy when he was sad. Jesters often pretended to be stupid, but were actually very clever. There are jesters and fools in a lot of Shakespeare's plays.
The word simple can also be similar to "idiot". Someone who is simple is a person who is not very clever or "streetwise". They are naive and can easily be made to believe things because they are kind and expect everyone else to be kind as well. Such people are often called simpletons.
Idiots or simpletons are commonly used in literature. In German literature (and in Wagner's opera), Parsifal is described as "perfect fool" because he does not understand the evil ways of the world and is therefore completely good. That is why he can break the magic spell cast by Klingsor. The idiot often appears in Russian literature. Because the idiot is so simple he (it is always a male) is often able to express the truth which other people cannot see. Dostoevsky wrote a novel called The Idiot. It is about a man who is simple and trusting. At the end of the opera Boris Godunov by Mussorgsky the crowd of poor people gather round the simpleton who is the last person to sing in the whole opera. His moans express the fact that Russia will continue to be ruled by cruel dictators and the people will remain poor.
In humorous parlance
The word "idiot" refers to a genetically incompetent human who is mentally inert on exposure to others - may have dampened senses and mental acuity when applied to any relatively simple task from long periods spent in a dark cave: the idiot's "natural habitat". Idiots tend to be ignorant of any metal and physical deficiency within themselves, simply because they do not want to believe it exists (even though it does, and they are aware of it). Mental deficiencies of others however, are overtly proclaimed by the idiots in order for them to separate themselves from habitual human tendencies, though they succumb to them more than they intend. They make no effort to rectify these though, as they view themselves in the best possible light.
Pejoratives
Intelligence
Tom Jordan (baseball)

Thomas Jefferson Jordan (September 5, 1919 - August 26, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He appeared in 39 major league games over three seasons for the Chicago White Sox (1944; 1946), Cleveland Indians (1946), and the St. Louis Browns (1948).
Jordan died at his home in Roswell, New Mexico on August 26, 2019 from heart attack-related problems, aged 99.
References
Other websites
, or Retrosheet
1919 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Baltimore Orioles players
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
Dawson, Georgia

Dawson is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Terrell County.
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
San Vincenzo, Tuscany

San Vincenzo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region of Tuscany.
Settlements in Tuscany
Jodie Sweetin

Jodie Lee Ann Sweetin (born January 19, 1982) is an American actress. She is well known for her role as Stephanie Tanner in the sitcom Full House from 1987 to 1995. She has also performed in other television programs.
References
Other websites
Actors from Los Angeles
American television actors
1982 births
Living people
Talal of Jordan

Talal bin Abdullah (, ; 26 February 1909 - 7 July 1972) was King of Jordan from the assassination of his father, King Abdullah I, on 20 July 1951, until he was forced to abdicate on 11 August 1952.
He ruled for less than thirteen months until he was forced to abdicate by Parliament due to his schizophrenia. Talal spent the rest of his life at a sanatorium in Istanbul and died there on 7 July 1972.
References
1909 births
1972 deaths
People with schizophrenia
Kings of Jordan
Daniela Mercury

Daniela Mercuri de Almeida (born July 28, 1965), known by her stage name Daniela Mercury, is a Brazilian singer, songwriter and record producer. She is one of the best known Brazilian female singers, selling over 20 million albums worldwide.
Early life
Mercury was born on July 28, 1965, in Salvador, Bahia. Her mother is Liliana Mercuri, a social worker of Italian descent. Her father is Antonio Fernando de Abreu Ferreira de Almeida, a Portuguese-born industrial mechanic. Her four siblings include Tom, Cristiana, Vania, and Marcos. She attended both the Ana Neri School and the Colegio Baiano.
When Mercury was eight years old, she began taking dance lessons,. At age 13, influenced by Elis Regina, she decided to become a singer. She started singing in local bars in 1980. Mercury went to the Universidade Federal da Bahia, where she enrolled in the Dance School in 1984. A year later she married electronic engineer Zalther Povoas. She has two children in this marriage, Gabriel Almeida Povoas. and Giovana Almeida Povoas born in 1985 and 1986 respectively.
Discography
Studio albums
Daniela Mercury
O Canto da Cidade
Musica de Rua
Feijao com Arroz
Sol da Liberdade
Sou de Qualquer Lugar
Carnaval Eletronico
Bale Mulato
Canibalia
Live albums
Eletrica
MTV ao Vivo - Eletrodomestico
Classica
Bale Mulato - Ao Vivo
Canibalia: Ritmos do Brasil
Compilations albums
Swing Tropical - Grandes Exitos
20 Grandes Exitos
XXI - Vinte um Grandes Exitos
The Very Best Gold
O Canto da Cidade - 15 Anos
Concert tours
Canibalia
Videography
References
1965 births
Brazilian singers
Living people
People from Salvador, Bahia
Bisexual people
Kirsty Sword Gusmão

Kirsty Sword Gusmao was the first lady of East Timor from 2000 to 2015. Gusmao wanted kids to be able to learn. Gusmao started the Alola Foundation. The Alola Foundation helps girls, their families and helps poor people. She helped free East Timor from Indonesia. Gusmao was a spy for twenty years.
Early life
Gusmao was born in Melbourne, Australia, in 1966. She went to Melbourne University and studied education.
East Timor
Gusmao first traveled to the East Timor part of Indonesia in 1991. She was finding information for a movie on the area and was the interpreter for the movie maker. She became a teacher in Jakarta, Indonesia. She worked there from 1992-1996. She was worried about human rights in East Timor. While she fought for human rights she met the East Timor independence leader, Xanana Gusmao. He was in prison. She met him through going to his jail cell. She married him in 2000.
She moved back to Melbourne, Australia , for cancer treatment in 2012. In 2015, Sword Gusmao and Gusmao announced their separation.
References
1966 births
Living people
Human rights activists
East Timorese people
Australian educators
Annaberg district

Annaberg was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended on August 1, 2008.
History
The district of Annaberg was established in 1874. The capital city was formed in 1945 when the towns of Annaberg and Buchholz were joined to form Annaberg-Buchholz.
Coat of arms
Towns and municipalities
Other websites
Official website (German, requires Java for navigation)
Inofficial website (German)
Old Rural District of Saxony
1874 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in Germany
2008 disestablishments in Germany
Aitrang

Aitrang is a municipality in Ostallgau in Bavaria in Germany.
Geography
Aitrang is in the south Bavarian Region Allgau.
It surrounds districts of: Aitrang, Huttenwang, Wenglingen. Administrative responsibility also extends to the distant villages of Binnings, Goerwangs, Krahberg, Neuenried, Wolfholz, Munzenried and Umwangs as well as several Farms. Aitrang also covers the Eibsee (lake).
Picture Gallery
References
Other websites
Website of the municipality Aitrang
Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of the interior of St Alban's church)
Ostallgau
Banaba (constituency)

Banaba is a constituency of Kiribati, electing one member. It includes the island of Banaba.
Election results
References
Kiribati parliamentary constituencies
Cosham

Cosham is a northern suburb of Portsmouth. Cosham High Street is the main shopping centre, where you will find lots of shops and amenities. There is a police station and fire station close to the high street. Cosham train station is close by and there is a frequent bus service too.
References
Portsmouth
Hip dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is the incorrect growth of the hip socket in dogs that, at its worst, can cause painful arthritis of the joints and it can stop a dog from being able to walk. It can be found in many animals and sometimes in people, but is seen most with dogs usually in larger breeds.
Dogs
Diseases and disorders of joints
Malans, Doubs

Malans is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Miss Earth

Miss Earth is an annual international beauty pageant promoting environmental awareness.
The reigning titleholders dedicate their year to school tours, tree planting activities, street campaigns, coastal clean ups, speaking engagements, shopping mall tours, media guesting, environmental fair, storytelling programs, eco-fashion shows, and other activities.
Titleholders
References
Other websites
Miss Earth official homepage
Earth
Danny Havoc

Grant Amos Berkland, better known as Danny Havoc (May 19, 1986 - May 31, 2020) was an American professional wrestler. He was born in Cylinder, Iowa. He wrestled for Game Changer Wrestling (GCW), and was best known for his work in Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW).
He announced his retirement and on September 9, 2017. Two years later, Havoc came out of retirement for Matt Tremont's H2O Wrestling at a benefit show.
In February 2020, he returned to Game Changer Wrestling (who he had made special appearances from 2015 to 2017) for their Tokyo tour.
His death was announced on May 31, 2020 at the age of 34.
References
American professional wrestlers
1986 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Iowa
Celtic F.C.

Celtic Football Club is a professional football club based in Glasgow, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premiership and are one of the most successful Scottish teams.
Old Firm
Celtic used to be half of the Old Firm, alongside Rangers F.C.. This is a term that used to describe both Rangers and Celtic together until rangers fc died in 2012.
References
Scottish Premier League clubs
1888 establishments in the United Kingdom
1880s establishments in Scotland
Sports organisations based in Glasgow
Sebastien Centomo

Sebastien Centomo (born March 26, 1981 in Laval, Quebec is a professional ice hockey player who played one game with the Toronto Maple Leafs.
Career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Other websites
1981 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Living people
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Richard David Precht

Richard David Precht (born December 8, 1964) is a German philosopher and author. Wer bin ich - und wenn ja, wie viele? (Who am I - and if so, how many?) is a famous book that was written by him. He has a son. He is for a basic income. He does not like the school system in Germany.
Awards
2011: IQ Award
References
Other websites
Richard David Precht: Natural Sciences and Humanities: Genesis of two Worlds, Webvideo, ZAKlessons 2013
Literature from and about Richard David Precht in the German National Library
1964 births
German philosophers
Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Solingen
Living people
Virtual image

In optics, a virtual image is an image formed when the outgoing rays from an object always diverge (move apart). A plane mirror forms a virtual image positioned behind the mirror. Light from the source only exists in front of the mirror. The image in a plane mirror appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.
In contrast, a real image is one that is formed when the outgoing rays form a point converge at a real location. Real images can be projected onto a diffuse reflecting screen, but a screen is not necessary for the image to form.
References
Light
Geronimo

Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaale 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829-February 17, 1909) was a well-known Native American leader, but not chief, of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, but he was a Bedonkohe Apache. He was born in what is now the state of New Mexico and was also a respected medicine man. The name Geronimo was given to him by Mexican soldiers who either called to Saint Jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into Spanish wrong. He led 38 Apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the United States government or being captured by the Mexican Army. He surrendered in 1886. After that, he was moved to many different forts in the United States. In 1904 during the world fair in St. Louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself. He died in 1909 from pneumonia.
1829 births
1909 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Native American people
People from Oklahoma
People from New Mexico
Dave Parks

David Wayne Parks (December 25, 1941 - August 8, 2019) was an American football wide receiver/end in the NFL. He played for the San Francisco 49ers from 1964 to 1967, the New Orleans Saints from 1968 to 1972 and for the Houston Oilers in 1973. He was born in Muenster, Texas.
Parks died on August 8, 2019 in Austin, Texas at the age of 77.
References
1941 births
2019 deaths
American football wide receivers
American inventors
San Francisco 49ers players
New Orleans Saints players
Tennessee Titans players
Businesspeople from Texas
Davis, California

Davis is a city in Yolo County, California, United States. It was founded in 1868 and incorporated on March 28, 1917. It is where the University of California, Davis is located. In 2020, 66,850 people lived there.
References
Cities in California
Settlements in Yolo County, California
1868 establishments in California
Mümtaz Soysal

Osman Mumtaz Soysal (15 September 1929 - 11 November 2019) was a Turkish professor, political scientist, politician, human rights activist, ex-prisoner of conscience, senior advisor, columnist and author.
Soysal was the 30th Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1994. He was a Member of Parliament at Constituent Assembly in 1961 and Grand National Assembly from 1991 to 1999.
He was elected to Amnesty International International Executive Committee in September 1974. He was the vice-chairman of Amnesty International from 1976 to 1978. He became the first winner of the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education in 1978.
Soysal died at the age of 90 on 11 November 2019 at his home in Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey.
References
Other websites
Who is Who database - Biography of Prof. Dr. Mumtaz Soysal
Biyografi.net - Biography of Mumtaz Soysal
1929 births
2019 deaths
Turkish writers
Turkish politicians
Political writers
Human rights activists
Turkish academics
Turkish criminals
Columnists
Political scientists
Political prisoners
LANSA Flight 508

LANSA Flight 508 was a plane crash that occurred on December 24, 1971 over the Peruvian Amazon jungle with a balance of 91 dead and with only one young survivor, Juliane Kopcke.
It is the deadliest lightning strike disaster in history.
Accident
Flight 508 took off late around noon heading to Pucallpa and then continued to the city of Iquitos in the middle of the Peruvian jungle.
It crossed the Peruvian Andes at 7000 m in good weather, having made its last report when it flew over Oyon in the Sierra de Lima, entering 40 minutes after takeoff in Amazonian skies where a bad weather front was germinating. The plane lost height to 6,000 m and began to shake, causing concern among the passengers.
The developing storm was a Cumulonimbus type with intense electrical activity and the aircraft was subjected to turbulent air currents.
The voice of a Flight attendant was heard over the loudspeakers:
The shakes became more and more violent and the carry-on luggage spilled out of their cubicles. The plane descended about 4,000 m and the pilot was looking for denser air to make an emergency landing.
At about 12:36 p.m., a lightning bolt is said to have struck the plane over the right wing and set fire to the fuel tank (a fact that was never actually proven with certainty), the fire causing general structural failure. that departed the aircraft at tail level:
Juliane Koepcke, the only survivor, fell from an altitude of 2,000 meters, next to the burning wreckage of the plane, into the jungle.
References
1971
Blandouet-Saint Jean

Blandouet-Saint Jean is a commune of 605 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Saint-Jean-sur-Erve (the seat) and Blandouet.
References
2017 establishments in France
Communes in Mayenne
Quthing District

Quthing is a district of Lesotho. The capital is Moyeni/Quthing.
Districts of Lesotho
Lil' Chris

Christopher James Hardman (26 August 1990 - 23 March 2015), known by the stage name Lil' Chris, was an English singer-songwriter, actor, and television personality. His career began in 2006, after appearing on the Channel 4 series Rock School. Later that year, he released the single "Checkin' It Out", which charted at number 3, and a self-titled album.
Chris committed suicide (killed himself) by hanging on 23 March 2015 at his home in Lowestoft, aged 24.
References
1990 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Suffolk
English singer-songwriters
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Yevgeny Prigozhin

Yevgeny Viktorovich Prigozhin (1 June 1961 - 23 August 2023) was the leader of the Wagner Group and a Russian oligarch. He was also a close confidant of Russian president Vladimir Putin until he launched an alleged coup in June 2023.
Prigozhin controls companies such as the Wagner Group, a Russian state-backed mercenary group operating in most notably Ukraine and Syria. He also controls three companies that were accused of interference in the 2016 and 2018 U.S. elections. Prigozhin denied any connection to Wagner, however, in September 2022, a video surfaced showing Prigozhin in a Mari El prison promising inmates freedom if they served six months with the Wagner Group.
Early life
Prigozhin was born in Leningrad on 1 June 1961, to Violetta Prigozhina, who raised him as a single mother.
Criminal charges
Prigozhin himself spent nine years as a convict in prisons in the Soviet Union.
Prigozhin and his companies face criminal charges in the United States, with the FBI is offering a reward of up to $250,000 for information leading to the arrest of Prigozhin.
2023 rebellion
On 23 June 2023, Prigozhin launched a rebellion against the Russian military leadership and announced he was moving his forces into Russia, capturing Rostov-on-Don before marching on Moscow. A criminal case was raised against him but dropped on the same day. Prigozhin will go to Belarus as part of the negotiated settlement of his PMC's rebellion.
Death
Prigozhin was killed in a plane crash on 23 August 2023, according to Russia's emergency ministry. The flight was en route from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. All 10 people on board the plane died.
BBC has told about a claim on social media that the jet that Prigozhin was in was shot down by Russian air defenses in the Tver Oblast. His funeral was held on 29 August 2023.
Awards
He was awarded Hero of the Russian Federation in 2022.
He was also awarded the 2022 Corrupt Person of the Year by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project.
He was awarded Hero of the Donetsk Republic.
He was also awarded Hero of the Luhansk Republic.
He was awarded Sudan's Order of the Republic.
He was also awarded Order of the Two Niles.
Related pages
Wagner Group rebellion
References
1961 births
2023 deaths
Russian military people
People from Saint Petersburg
Russian businesspeople
Aviation deaths
Telluride

Telluride is an ion. Chemical compounds containing this ion are called tellurides. Examples are sodium telluride and hydrogen telluride. The chemical formula is Te2-. Tellurides are strong reducing agents. Some tellurides are impure, making them weaker reducing agents. Tellurides are the main source of tellurium in the ground. It only exists at very high pH. At lower pH's, hydrogen telluride, HTe-, is made. When it is acidic (very low pH), hydrogen telluride gas is made.
Related pages
Tellurite
Tellurate
Tellurium compounds
Ions
Amber Skyrpan

Amber Skyrpan (born 26 April 1992) is a Canadian sitting volleyball player. She is a member of the Canada women's national sitting volleyball team playing as an attacker.
With the national team she won the bronze medal at the 2015 Parapan American Games, and 2019 Parapan American Games. She competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, and 2020 Summer Paralympics.
She graduated from Macewan University.
References
1992 births
Canadian sitting volleyball players
Living people
Avançon, Hautes-Alpes

Avancon is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
Population
Transport
Road
The D6, D6B, D11, D11A, D111 and D942 roads pass through the commune.
References
Communes in Hautes-Alpes
2010 Brazilian general election

General elections were held in Brazil on 3 October 2010 to elect the president, National Congress and state governors. As no presidential candidate received more than 50% in the first round of voting, a second round was held on 31 October to choose Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva's replacement as President of Brazil. Lula da Silva had already served two terms after winning the elections in 2002 and being re-elected in 2006.
Candidates
With the support of Lula, the Workers' Party (PT) nominated Dilma Rousseff, a former member and co-founder of the Democratic Labour Party. For her vice presidential running mate, Dilma chose Michel Temer, a member of the centre-right Brazilian Democratic Movement, who was President of the Chamber of Deputies.
The centre-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) nominated Jose Serra, who resigned as Governor of Sao Paulo to run for president. He had been the presidential nominee of his party in 2002. For his vice presidential running mate, Serra chose Indio da Costa, a conservative Federal Deputy.
Marina Silva, a Senator from the northwestern state of Acre and former Minister of the Environment under Lula, left the PT to run for president as a member of the Green Party. Silva, became popular with younger voters and won almost 20% of the vote in the first round.
The main three candidates were:
Results
In the first round, Dilma won 47% of the vote, Serra 33% and Silva 19%. Dilma went on to beat Serra in the second round, becoming the first female President of Brazil. Dilma won 56.05% of the vote against Serra's 43.95% of the vote.
References
2010 elections
2010s in Brazil
General elections
Māori mythology

Maori mythology are the mythology of New Zealand's Maori.
mythology
Maori
Creation myths
Early Christian councils

The early councils of Christian churches often set the theological boundaries of what came to be considered statements of Christian belief. The first council was in Jerusalem in 49AD. The issue which led to the meeting was the result of the work of Paul, leading people to faith in Jesus and planting churches in Asia Minor. Paul wanted the new believers and their churches to be accepted by the original church in Jerusalem and to be known in faith and fellowship as true churches. After discussion, Peter concluded that the churches and their faith should be recognized as being on equal with the believer in Jerusalem. James concluded the same and the church issued a letter affirming the same faith in both sets of churches. The letter is found in the book of Acts 15:23-29. The affirmation was to accept their biblical faith, as reported by Paul and Barnabas, and to ask them to not offend their brothers in Jerusalem.
In the history of Christianity in the West (Roman empire) there were seven ecumenical councils include the following: the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The near Eastern churches attend the first three councils. The African and far eastern orthodox churches did not attend after Nicaea.
Church councils
History of Christianity
The Eiger Sanction (movie)

The Eiger Sanction is a 1975 American action thriller movie directed by Clint Eastwood (who also stars) and was based on the 1972 novel of the same name by Trevanian. It also stars George Kennedy, Jean-Pierre Bernard, Vonetta McGee, Jack Cassidy, Thayer David, Gregory Walcott, Heidi Bruhl and was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Other websites
1975 action movies
1975 thriller movies
American action movies
American thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Universal Pictures movies
Movies set in Switzerland
Plympton Hundred

Plympton Hundred was the name of one of thirty two ancient administrative units of Devon, England.
The parishes in the hundred were:
Brixton, Plympton St Mary, Plympton St Maurice, Plymstock, Revelstoke, Shaugh Prior, Wembury and Yealmpton
References
Devon
Chevrolet Tracker

The Chevrolet Tracker was a subcompact SUV made in Canada. It is sold by General Motors. It was introduced in 1989 as a Geo model. It derives from Suzuki's Escudo model. The Tracker was built at CAMI Automotive which was jointly owned by GM and Suzuki til 2010.
In Canada, it was sold under various names such as GMC Tracker and Asuna/Pontiac Sunrunner. The Sunrunner was replaced in 2001 by the minivan-based Aztek CUV. In 1998 the Tracker became an official Chevrolet brand due to GM consolidating the Geo brand. The United States/Canadian version of the Tracker continued until 2004 where it was discontinued and replaced by the Chevrolet Equinox. The Tracker was still made in Mexico and Brazil until the late 2000s where it was replaced by the Chevrolet Captiva and the Chevrolet Captiva Sport. In 2015 Chevrolet introduced Trax model to the U.S. and it serves as a secondary replacement for the Tracker.
References
Tracker
Sport utility vehicles
Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux

Chateauneuf-de-Vernoux is a town and commune of the Ardeche departement, in the southern part of France.
Population
References
Communes in Ardeche
Don Bacon (microbiologist)

Donald Frederick Bacon (6 April 1926 - 28 August 2020) was a New Zealand microbiologist. In 1966, he was appointed the inaugural professor of microbiology at Massey University, where he remained until his retirement in 1989. Bacon was born in Gisborne, New Zealand. He was known for his works relating to the genetics of E. coli and associated bacteriophages. He retired in 1989.
Bacon died in Palmerston North, New Zealand on 28 August 2020 at the age of 94.
References
1926 births
2020 deaths
New Zealand academics
New Zealand scientists
Microbiologists
Laranjeiras (Lisbon Metro)

Laranjeiras station is part of the Blue Line of the Lisbon Metro and is located in the Palma de Baixo neighbourhood.
Lisbon Metro stations
1925 serum run to Nome

The 1925 serum run to Nome was when dog sled teams transported medicine to the sick children of Nome. It is also called the Great Race of Mercy and The Serum Run. Leonhard Seppala and his dog Togo travelled the longest and most dangerous part of the journey. But a musher named Gunnar Kaasen and Balto became the most famous because they did the last part.
An epidemic of diphtheria started in Nome, Alaska. It threatened the lives of many, mostly children. The medicine to treat the disease was called diphtheria antitoxin. Doctor Curtis Welch only had a supply of expired medicine. The weather conditions made it very hard to deliver any new medicine. It was decided that dog sled teams were need to bring it to Nome.
References
1925
Dogs
History of Alaska
Oude IJsselstreek

Oude IJsselstreek is a municipality in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 39,000 people were living there in 2021.
The western part of Oude IJsselstreek lies in the Liemers region, the eastern part in the Achterhoek region. It borders Germany.
Oude IJsselstreek was created from the former municipalities of Gendringen and Wisch on 1 January 2005. It is named after the Oude IJssel river.
References
Plaatsengids.nl
2005 establishments in the Netherlands
Municipalities of Gelderland
Achterhoek
Liemers
Mario Kart 8

Mario Kart 8 (stylized as MARIOKART8) is a racing video game released on May 30, 2014 for the Wii U game console. It is part of the Mario Kart series.
The game is like the other Mario Kart games, where characters from the Mario series race each other in go-karts. Players are able to use items from item boxes to keep their opponents from winning. Along with go-karts, the game also has motorcycles. There are 12 players in a race. Like in Mario Kart 7, karts have hang-gliding attachments, and players are able to drive underwater. For the first time in the series, players are able to drive on walls and ceilings. There is one new types of vehicles: and four-wheel buggies. There is local and online multiplayer for up to 12 players. Players include Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, etc. The first DLC track pack was revealed in October 2014.
A port remake titled Mario Kart 8 Deluxe was released on the Nintendo Switch in 2017, having pre-installed and changed some in-game mechanics such as the battle mode. All characters are unlocked from the start except Gold Mario. The port received widespread critical acclaim due to big improvements over the original game.
Mario Kart 8 sold 8.45 million copies and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe sold 33.41 million copies.
References
2014 video games
2017 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Mario Kart games
Reuven Hammer

Reuven Hammer (1933 - 12 August 2019) was an American-Israeli Conservative rabbi, scholar of Jewish liturgy, author and lecturer. He was born in Syracuse, New York. He was a founder of the "Masorti" (Conservative) movement in Israel. He was president of the International Rabbinical Assembly. For many years, he was head of the Masorti Beth Din in Israel. He was a regular columnist for The Jerusalem Post "Tradition Today" column.
Hammer died of brain cancer on 12 August 2019 in Jerusalem at the age of 86.
References
1933 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
American political writers
American columnists
Educators from New York (state)
American rabbis
Jewish American writers
Israeli writers
Israeli educators
Israeli rabbis
Writers from New York (state)
People from Syracuse, New York
Ethnic group

An ethnic group is a group of people who are considered to be the same in some or multiple ways. They may all have the same ancestors, speak the same language, or have the same culture, which could sometimes include religion. They often live in the same or surrounding area.
Sometimes almost all of the people in one country are of the same ethnic group, but not always. Often one country may have several different ethnic groups, or the people of one ethnic group may live in several different countries.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ensures the rights of ethnic groups in Article 27 and also gives them the right to use their own language.
An example of an ethnic group is the Slavic peoples.
Related terms
Supraethnicity or supra-ethnicity: a grouping of several interrelated ethnicities that have similar but unique cultures.
Related pages
Ethnic groups of the United States
Minority group
References
Billens-Hennens

Billens-Hennens is a municipality of the district Glane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 1998 from the former municipalities of Billens () and Hennens ( or Innin) merged into the municipality of Billens-Hennens.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Fribourg
Glenn Wheatley

Glenn Dawson Wheatley (23 January 1948 - 1 February 2022) was an Australian musician, talent manager and music promoter. Wheatley began his career as a musician in the mid-1960s. He played for the pop rock band the Masters Apprentices as bass guitarist. He was later a manager for Little River Band and John Farnham.
Wheatley died on 1 February 2022 in Melbourne at the age of 74 from problems caused by COVID-19.
References
Other websites
1948 births
2022 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Musicians from Queensland
Musicians from Melbourne
Australian rock musicians
Australian pop musicians
Australian guitarists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic
Fur

Fur is the hair of mammals. Different species may have quite different styles of hair, making them more or less suitable to the fur trade, but many are as follows:
Fur usually consists of two main layers:
Down hair (known also as undercoat or ground hair) -- the bottom layer. They are wool hairs, usually wavy or curly without straight portions or sharp points; down hairs tend to be shorter, flat, curly, and more numerous than the top layer. Its principal function is thermoregulation; it keeps a layer of dry air next to the skin and repels water, thus providing thermal insulation.
Guard hair -- the top layer is longer, coarser, nearly straight shafts of hair. This protrudes through the down hair layer. The top ends of the guard hairs are visible. This top layer displays the most colour and gloss, including coat patterns adapted to display or camouflage. It is also adapted to shedding water and blocking sunlight, protecting the undercoat and skin from external factors such as rain and ultraviolet radiation. Many animals, such as domestic cats, erect their guard hairs as part of their threat display when agitated.
Many large mammals have little hair, because their body mass radiates proportionately less heat (elephants, rhinoceros, hippopotamus). When elephants lived in arctic conditions they did have fur (woolly mammoths).
Marine mammals usually have little or no fur: the fur would become waterlogged. They have a layer of fat (blubber) underneath their skin. A special case is the naked mole-rat, whose hairlessness is probably an adaptation to their underground life-style.
Animal anatomy
Mammals
Hair
Louis XIII

Louis XIII (27 September 1601 - 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 to 1643. He was the son of Henry IV and Marie de' Medici. He lived during the time of the Thirty Years War and had to deal with many rebellions. He was proud of his country, and tried to encourage French artists to stay in France instead of going off to Italy. He did this by giving them work in the Louvre.
Although he was married, many people thought that he would never produce an heir. Then, after 23 years of marriage, his wife Anne gave birth to a baby boy. He was to become King Louis XIV of France.
He died of Crohn's disease in 1643 and was later buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis, France. His oldest son would succeed him on the throne.
Children
King Louis XIV of France (5 September 1638-1 September 1715) married Marie Therese of Austria.
Philippe of France, Duke of Orleans (21 September 1640 - 9 June 1701) married Henrietta of England then Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.
References
1610 births
1643 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Princes of Andorra
Schillersdorf

Schillersdorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Communes in Bas-Rhin
Taxing and Spending Clause

The Taxing and Spending Clause contained in Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, grants the federal government of the United States its power of taxation. It authorizes Congress to levy taxes for two purposes: to pay the debts of the United States and to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Contained in the Taxing and Spending Clause are two additional clauses: the General Welfare Clause and the Uniformity Clause.
Text
Background
The Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) did not grant the central government the power to levy taxes. Only the states had this power. Congress could get money only by asking the states for funds. They could also borrow money from foreign governments or sell off western lands. This was designed to keep a weak central government with the majority of the governing powers reserved for the independent states. Congress had no revenues to pay its debts or to enforce its laws and treaties. This was one of the issues taken up by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and changed in the Constitution.
Kinds of taxes
The power of Congress to levy taxes has an exception and two qualifications in the Constitution. Any goods exported from any state may not be taxed. Direct taxes must follow the rule of apportionment
General Welfare Clause
The power granted to "provide . . . for the general welfare" is granted by the Constitution. In 1791 Thomas Jefferson wrote:
He was writing about the constitutionality of having a national bank. Here he was making the point that the clause was not an independent power granted to Congress, but was intended to qualify that taxing power. The Supreme Court has not since had any occasion to make a formal ruling on the point.
There was a different of opinion on the meaning of "the general welfare" between the two authors of this clause. Alexander Hamilton adopted a very plain view that the clause meant just what it said. The general welfare meant for every citizen's benefit. James Madison took a more limited view. He believed the clause gave Congress the power of taxation just to support itself and remain in power. Congress has followed Hamilton's view from the start. They have made increasing appropriations for spending for the general welfare often requiring matching funds from the states.
Uniformity clause
Indirect taxes are subject to the rule of uniformity. This states "all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States". At first, the Supreme court declared that a tax is uniform "if it "operates with the same force and effect in every place where the subject of it is found." In United States v. Ptasynski (1983), the Court concluded unanimously that any tax in which the subject is defined in non-geographic terms satisfies the Uniformity Clause. Secondly, where a subject is defined geographically, the tax needs to carefully look for any "actual geographic discrimination."
Notes
References
Other websites
Taxing and Spending Power, YouTube
United States Constitution
1787 establishments in the United States
James Blake

James Blake Litherland (born 26 September 1988), known as James Blake, is an English singer-songwriter and electronic music producer. In 2013 Blake was nominated for a Grammy Award for the first time. He was nominated for Best New Artist.
Early life
Blake was born in London. He went to The Latymer School.
Career
Blake released his first album James Blake on 4 February 2011. It got good reviews. Pitchfork gave it a score of 9 out of 10. It was nominated for the Mercury Prize.
On 5 April 2013, Blake released his second album Overgrown. Brian Eno produced the song "Digital Lion". On October 30th 2013, Overgrown won the Mercury Prize.
Personal life
In 2013, Blake said that he was dating Theresa Wayman from the band Warpaint.
References
Other websites
Official website
1988 births
English singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from London
Lake Mills, Iowa

Lake Mills is a city of Winnebago County in the state of Iowa in the United States. 2,140 people were living in Lake Mills as of 2000.
Cities in Iowa
Hacienda Heights, California

Hacienda Heights is an unincorporated suburban community in Los Angeles County, California, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Helene Vannari

Helene Vannari (20 March 1948 - 16 March 2022) was an Estonian actress. Her career began in 1970 and she retired in 2021. She was honored with the Order of the White Star. She began working on stage with the Tallinn City Theatre in 1976.
Vannari died on 16 March 2022 in Tallinn, Estonia, four days before her 74th birthday.
References
Other websites
1948 births
2022 deaths
Estonian movie actors
Estonian television actors
Estonian stage actors
Commercial aviation

Commercial aviation is the part of civil aviation (both general aviation and scheduled airline services) that involves working aircraft for hire to transport passengers or multiple loads of cargo.
The Air Commerce Act of 1926 began to allow commercial aviation by creating standards, facilitation, and promotion.
References
Aviation
Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte

The Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte (German for: House of Bavarian History) or HdBG was established in 1983 as an rule of Bavaria, Germany and, since 1993, has had its permanent headquarters at Augsburg. On 6 October 1998 it was incorporated into the Bavarian State Ministry for Science, Research and Art (Bayerisches Staatsministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst). The German historian Claus Grimm was director from 1983 until 2007.
Sources
Ulla-Britta Vollhardt: Geschichtspolitik in Bayern. Das Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte: Idee - Debatte - Institutionalisierung. Utz, Munchen 2003, .
Other websites
Official website of the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
Photo archive of the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
Bavarias towns and villages. History - Coats of arms - Links.
Castles in Bavaria. History - Architecture - Photographs - Plans
Abbeys in Bavaria. History - Photographs - Writing
History of Bavaria
PSR B1257+12 B

PSR B1257+12 B is an extrasolar planet in the constellation of Virgo. It is around 980 light years away from Earth. It was the first planet ever discovered outside of the Solar System. It is over four times bigger than Earth. It orbits the pulsar PSR B1257+12, going around it approximately every 66 days at a distance of 0.36 AU.
References
Other websites
extrasolarplanet.net data
Pulsar Planets
Exoplanets
The Cars

This article is about the American rock band. For the Irish rock band, see The Corrs.
The Cars are an American rock band from Boston. The band was formed in 1976. Their music is driven by rhythm guitar and features keyboards.
Members
Ric Ocasek (died 2019) - Lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Elliot Easton - Lead guitar, backing vocals
Greg Hawkes - Keyboards, saxophone, backing vocals, percussion
Benjamin Orr (died 2000) - Bass, Lead vocals
David Robinson - Drums, syndrums, percussion, backing vocals
Albums
The Cars (1978)
Candy-O (1979)
Panorama (1980)
Shake It Up (1981)
Heartbeat City (1984)
Door to Door (1987)
Move Like This (2011)
They also released six compilation albums.
American rock bands
American pop music groups
New wave bands
Musical groups from Boston
Musical groups established in 1976
1976 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Massachusetts
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
1988 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Massachusetts
Avery Waddell

Avery Kidd Waddell is an African-American actor. He has acted in many movies and been a guest star on programs including Law & Order, Angel and Weeds. He has also been a voice actor in several video games. He has been in the movies Road Trip and The New Guy
References
Other websites
actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Living people
1962 births
Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore

Sacred Heart Cathedral () is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lahore, located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. A special commemorative postage stamp was released on the Centenary Day of the Cathedral by the Government of Pakistan. Benedict XVI also sent a message for the jubilee of the Lahore cathedral. Archbishop Adolfo Tito Yllana, Apostolic Nunciature of Pakistan, read out the special message from the Pope to the local congregation in Lahore.
In 2007 Father Andrew Nisari was the Rector of the Cathedral. This Holy Church is to be considered as the "National Church of Pakistan", for the minority Pakistani community within the country respectively.
References
Buildings and structures in Lahore
Roman Catholic cathedrals
Airan

Airan is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Valambray.
References
Former communes in Calvados
Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma (; plural adenocarcinomas or adenocarcinomata ) (AC) is a type of cancerous tumor that can happen in several parts of the body. It mainly happens in the glandular area.
References
Cancer
NFL International Series

The NFL International Series is a chance for Europeans to see how football is really played. Opportunities are given to youth to take part in hitting drills, and learn about Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). It is a great way to share American culture and build friendship amongst Nations.
American football
Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura (; December 4, 1925 - July 26, 2021) was a Canadian-American psychologist. He was a Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. He was born in Mundare, Alberta. He was of influence in the transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology. His later work focused on social cognitive theory, therapy, and personality psychology.
He was known for creating social learning theory and the theoretical construct of self-efficacy. He was also responsible for the creation of the 1961 Bobo doll experiment.
Bandura died on July 26, 2021 in Stanford, California from congestive heart failure, aged 95.
References
1925 births
2021 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian psychologists
American psychologists
Stanford University faculty
Canadian academics
Scientists from California
People from Alberta
Wolverine (character)

Wolverine (birth name James Howlett; alias Logan and Weapon X) is a fictional character which is today one of the most famous superhero character. He is create by Len Wein, Roy Thomas and John Romita Sr..
Wolverine family
Thomas Logan (father)
Elizabeth Howlett (mom)
Sabretooth (brother)
Dog Logan (brother)
Viper (X wife)
X-23 (clone of Logan)
Jean Grey (girlfriend)
Jimmy Hudson (son)
Portrayals
He was portrayed by Hugh Jackman in nine movies from 2000 to 2017.
Comic books
Fictional Canadian people
Fictional characters introduced in the 1970s
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
X-Men characters
Avengers (comics) characters
Tony Hawk's (series) guest characters
Marvel Comics superheroes
Mesnil-Lettre

Mesnil-Lettre is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
References
Mesnil-Lettre
La Chapelle-Glain

La Chapelle-Glain is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Scotty Bowers

George Albert "Scotty" Bowers (July 1, 1923 - October 13, 2019) was an American prostitute pimp and Marine. From the 1940s to the 1980s, a Hollywood pimp. His life was the purpose of the Hollywood Babylon. Bowers finally decided to talk publicly about his life when most of the people involved were dead and, in his words, "The truth can't hurt them anymore."
Bowers died at his home in Los Angeles, aged 96, on October 13, 2019. The cause of death was kidney failure.
References
1923 births
2019 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
American sex industry businesspeople
Deaths from renal failure
Entertainers from Illinois
Military people from Illinois
Prostitution
Writers from Illinois
Angels & Demons

Angels & Demons is a book by American author Dan Brown. This book follows the story of Robert Langdon, the professor who studies about mysterious codes and ancient societies.
The main subject of the book is how Robert Langdon, with the help of the beautiful scientist Vittoria Vetra, search for the container of a dangerous substance named antimatter that would destroy the Vatican city at midnight, and rescue the four cardinals in the day of the Conclave. To find the container and rescue the cardinals, Langdon and Vittoria have to follow the "Path of Illumination", that is marked by sculptures made by a member of illuminati - Bernini, each of them representing one of the elements of science, Earth, Air, Fire and Water. In the end they are able to rescue only 1 cardinal and the antimatter is lifted into the sky where it explodes harmlessly.
20th-century American novels
English-language novels