pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pamlico County, North Carolina

Pamlico County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 13,144 people lived there. Its county seat is Bayboro.
References
19th-century establishments in North Carolina
1872 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Hitler Nababan

Hitler Nababan (born 1964) is an Indonesian politician from the Democratic Party. He was a member of the Karawang Regional People's Representative Council (the city's legislative body) from 2014 until 2019. He was born in 1964, moved to Karawang in 1994. Before he was a member of parliament, he worked as a moneylender.
References
1964 births
Living people
Democratic Party (Indonesia) politicians
Batak people
Jack White

John Anthony Gillis (born July 9, 1975), known as Jack White,
is an American singer, guitarist, composer and actor. He is best known as one half of The White Stripes with his ex-wife Meg White.
Because of his successful career with The White Stripes, he has gotten the chance to work many other famous musicians, including Bob Dylan and Loretta Lynn. He has performed many different genres of music, including blues music, folk music, alternative rock, garage rock, and indie music, among other music, in his songs.
He married model Karen Elson in 2005. They currently have two children, Scarlett Teresa White and Henry Lee White. As of today, they live in Nashville, Tennessee.
Other websites
1975 births
Living people
American guitarists
American songwriters
American composers
American movie actors
Actors from Detroit
Singers from Detroit
Richard Benjamin

Richard Samuel Benjamin (born May 22, 1938) is an American actor and movie director. He directed City Heat (1984), The Money Pit (1986) and Made in America (1993).
References
1938 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Actors from New York City
Huguette Tourangeau

Huguette Tourangeau (August 12, 1940 - April 21, 2018) was a Canadian operatic mezzo-soprano. She was born in Montreal, Quebec. She was made Order of Canada in July 1997. In 1967 and 1968, Tourangeau appeared with the New York City Opera, as Carmen. She made her formal Metropolitan Opera debut on November 28, 1973, as Nicklausse in The Tales of Hoffmann.
Other notable roles included Bertario in Rodelinda, at the Holland Festival; in Semiramide (as Arsace), Mignon (as Mignon), and Le roi de Lahore (as Kaled), at the Vancouver Opera; and La Grande-Duchesse de Gerolstein, at the Santa Fe Opera.
Tourangeau died on April 21, 2018 at the age of 77.
References
Other websites
On Huguette Tourangeau at The Canadian Encyclopedia
1940 births
2018 deaths
Canadian singers
Sopranos
People from Montreal
Frances Footman

Frances Emma Footman (20 July 1888 - June 1982) was a British swimmer and diver in the early 20th-century from London. She was one of the earliest British female international swimmers. Footman was a member of the Battersea Swimming Club and was trained by professor Barrows.
Biography
Footman won in 1902-1903 the Battersea School Campionship and in 1903-1904 the Battersea Ladies Championship. In 1906 she finished second at the Southern Countries Ladies Championship.
In 1907 she competed at the 1907 international Ondine de Paris swimming competitions in Paris, France. She won the international 120 metre event in a time of 5:39 and the diving event. She also competed in the international 60 metre event with handicap. On 19 October 1907 she competed in a Franco-English match against Alice Sadoux at an aquatics gala organized by Hanover House in Westminster Baths in London. Between 1909 and 1911 she became swimming champion of London. In 1911 she competed at the 1911 international Ondine de Paris swimming competitions. She finished third in the international 120 metre event. As of 1907 she had won 24 major events.
In 1910 Footman was awarded two lifesaving awards for diving into the Thames from Chelsea Bridge to save a woman from drowning on 12th September 1910. The Royal Humane Society Bronze Medal and Carnegie Hero Fund medal and life-time pension.
Personal life
Footman was born on 20 July 1888 in London in Stepney. Her parents were Mary Ann Shepherd and Michael Francis Footman. Her younger sister Mary Footman (born 1897) was also an international swimmer. Together with John Shelmerdine she had four children, including Violet Margaret Shelmerdine (1920-2009) and a son John Shelmerdine (1922-2002). She died in June 1982 in Haywards Heath.
References
British swimmers
British divers
Sportswomen
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Sportspeople from London
DigitaOS

DigitaOS is a operating system for digital cameras made by Flashpoint Technology. The first device to use it is the Kodak DC220, released on . It was known for being able to run third party software, which was not common until ones running Android came out in the early 2010s.
Programs can be written in a scripting language named Digita Script, which is JIT compiled, or compiled, written in C using an official SDK. Abstraction is used so programs can run on most cameras, despite any camera model differences. DigitaOS runs the GUI and basic camera functionality.
Doom and MAME are the best known ports.
Cameras
Kodak DC220
Kodak DC260
Kodak DC265
Kodak DC290
Minolta Dimage 1500 EX
Minolta 1500 3D
HP C500 Photosmart
HP C618 Photosmart
HP C912 Photosmart
PENTAX EI-200
PENTAX EI-2000
References
Operating systems
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th president of the United States. The museum contains many important files, his birthplace, his presidential helicopter, and his tomb. It is located in Yorba Linda, California. It was dedicated on July 19, 1990, when it was called the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. It was then rededicated on July 11, 2007.
References
Other websites
Richard Nixon Presidential Library
Richard Nixon Foundation
Video of the dedication of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, 1990
"Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon", broadcast from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
Nixon
Richard Nixon
Buildings and structures in California
1990 establishments in California
Greenwald, Minnesota

Greenwald is a city in Stearns County, Minnesota, United States.
Cities in Minnesota
What the World Needs Now Is Love

"What the World Needs Now is Love" is an American 1965 pop song by Jackie DeShannon. It was first recorded and made popular by DeShannon. It was released on April 15, 1965. It peaked at number 7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
The song is about wanting love and dealing with prejudice.
Other singers have recorded the song. They include Dionne Warwick.
Quotation
The song contains the memorable lines:
"What the world needs now is love, sweet love
It's the only thing that there's just too little of..".
Pop songs
1965 songs
Dionne Warwick songs
Jackie DeShannon songs
Rick Astley songs
Billie Jo Spears songs
Theory of the Earth

Theory of the Earth was a publication by James Hutton which laid the foundations for geology. In it he showed that the Earth is the product of natural forces. What could be seen happening today, over long periods of time, could produce what we see in the rocks. This idea, uniformitarianism, was a major step in the History of the geologic time scale. It was used by Charles Lyell in his work, and Lyell's textbook was an important influence on Charles Darwin.
Hutton recognized that rocks record the evidence of the past action of processes which still operate today. He also anticipated natural selection, as follows:
"Those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race".
Hutton's prose hindered his theories. John Playfair in 1802 restated of Huttton's geological ideas in clearer English. However, he left out Hutton's thoughts on evolution. Charles Lyell in the 1830s popularised the idea of an infinitely repeating cycle (of the erosion of rocks and the building up of sediment). Lyell believed in gradual change, and thought even Hutton gave too much credit to catastrophic changes.
Hutton's work was published in different forms and stages:
1788. Theory of the Earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution, and restoration of land upon the Globe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 1, Part 2, pp. 209-304.
1795. Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations. 2 vols, Edinburgh: Creech.
1899. Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations, vol III. Edited by Sir Archibald Geikie. Geological Society, Burlington House, London.
References
Science books
Geology
1780s books
Habilitation

In some countries, Habilitation is a step toward becoming a professor that comes after people receive their Ph. D. (doctor of philosophy or "doctorate"). The term habilitation is derived from the Medieval Latin habilitare, meaning "to make suitable, to fit", from Classical Latin habilis "fit, proper, skillful".
Education
Academia
A Head Full of Dreams

A Head Full of Dreams is the seventh hit studio album by rock-pop band Coldplay. Coldplay recorded A Head Full of Dreams from summer 2014 to autumn 2015. The single "Adventure of a Lifetime" is featured in the album. The album was released on December 4, 2015.
Track listings
Original track list for A Head Full of Dreams
"A Head Full of Dreams"
"Birds"
"Hymn for the Weekend"
"Everglow"
"Adventure of a Lifetime"
"Fun"
"Kaleidoscope"
"Army of One"
"X Marks the Spot" (Hidden track)
"Amazing Day"
"Colour Spectrum"
"Up&Up"
Japanese Version bonus track
"Miracles"
Coldplay albums
2015 albums
Alan Zweibel

Alan Zweibel (born May 20, 1950) is an American producer and writer. He was one of the original writers on Saturday Night Live. He and Garry Shandling were the co-creators of Showtime's It's Garry Shandling's Show. Zweibel was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn and grew up in suburbs of Wantagh and Woodmere on Long Island. Zweibel graduated from George W. Hewlett High School and the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. In 2006, Zweibel won the Thurber Prize for American Humor for his book The Other Shulman.
References
Other websites
Official website
Alan Zweibel on Twitter
Alan Zweibel on Facebook
1950 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television personalities
American television producers
American television writers
Emmy Award winners
Writers from Brooklyn
Yellow-dog contract

A yellow-dog contract (a yellow-dog clause of a contract, or an ironclad oath) is an agreement between an employer and an employee. The employee agrees not to be a part of a trade union. This was part of a contract which employers and employees signed when employees were hired. In the United States, yellow-dog contracts or yellow-dog clauses were often used by employers to stop the creation of unions. It let employers take legal action against union organizers. In 1932, yellow-dog contracts were made illegal in the United States under the Norris-LaGuardia Act.
The term yellow-dog clause can also have another meaning: non-compete clauses inside of or added to a non-disclosure agreement to stop an employee from working for other employers in the same industry.
References
Employment law
Roger Ramjet

Roger Ramjet is an American children's animated comedy. It first aired in 1965. It last aired in 1997 on the Cartoon Network.
1965 television series debuts
Wadō (era)

was a after Keiun and before Reiki. This period started in January 708 and ended in September 715. The reigning empress was .
Events of the Wado era
5 May 708 (Wado 1, 11th day of the 4th month): A sample of copper from Musashi Province was given to the empress.
708 (Wado 1, 3rd month): is named Minister of the Right (udaijin). Iso-kami Maro is given the office of Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
709 (Wado 2, 3rd month): There was an uprising in Mutsu Province and in Echigo Province.
709 (Wado 2, 5th month): An ambassador was received from the Korean kingdom of Silla.
710 (Wado 3): Japan's capital city was established in Nara (Heijo-kyo).
712 (Wado 5): The Kojiki was finished.
712 (Wado 5): Dewa Province and Mutsu are separated.
713 (Wado 6, 3rd month): Tamba Province was separated from Tango Province. Mimasaka Province was divided from Bizen Province. Hyuga Province was divided from Osumi Province.
Wado 6, 5th month, 2nd day (713): Empress orders work to begin on official reports (fudoki} about the history and geography of the provinces.
713 (Wado 6): Road between Mino Province and Shinano Province was made wider. Also, the road was made wider the Kiso District of what is today Nagano Prefecture.
715 (Wado 8): Empress Gemmei abdicated in favor of her daughter.
Gallery
Related pages
Asuka period
Nara period
References
Other websites
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
700s establishments in Japan
710s disestablishments in Japan
708 establishments
715 disestablishments
Anna M. Valencia

Anna M. Valencia (born January 16, 1985) is an American politician. She is the City Clerk of Chicago since 2017. She replaced Susana Mendoza. She was elected to a full term as City Clerk in 2019.
Valencia unsuccessfully ran in the 2022 election for Illinois Secretary of State.
References
1985 births
Living people
Politicians from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Heo Young-ji

Heo Young-ji (born August 30, 1994), known as Youngji, is a South Korean singer, actress and television personality. She is best known as a member of girl group Kara after winning the TV show Kara Project in 2014.
Heo began her solo music career in August 2017 with her first single, "Memory Clock".
Singles
References
Other websites
1994 births
Living people
South Korean movie actors
South Korean television actors
South Korean singers
K-pop singers
Willis McGahee

Willis Andrew McGahee, III (born October 21, 1981) is a former American football running back. He played college football for the University of Miami, and was recognized as an All-American. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos and Cleveland Browns.
Early years
McGahee was born in Miami, Florida. He attended Miami Central High School, and played for the Miami Central Rockets high school football team.
College
McGahee played college football as a runningback for the Miami Hurricanes. He had 2,067 career rushing yards on 349 carries (5.9 avg.) for 31 touchdowns, which ranked 5th on school's all time records list. He also caught 25 passes caught for 355 yards on a 13.1 average.
Professional career
Buffalo Bills
McGahee was drafted by the Buffalo Bills with the 23rd pick in the 2003 NFL Draft. McGahee did not play at all in his first season. This was because McGahee was only a rookie, was dealing with injuries, and Travis Henry was already a starter. However, McGahee passed 1,000 yards the next two seasons and scored 13 total times in 2004. In 2006, McGahee's rushing total dropped to 990 yards on 259 carries, plus six touchdowns. He wore #21.
Baltimore Ravens
The Bills traded McGahee to the Baltimore Ravens. McGahee was voted to his only Pro Bowl in 2007 for Baltimore after rushing for 1,207 yards on 294 carries and eight total touchdowns. However, the Ravens missed the playoffs on a 5-11 mark. McGahee was about the only offensive brightspot for the Ravens that year, wearing #23.
In 2008, McGahee struggled with injuries. His statistics dropped to 170 attempts, 671 yards, and 7 scores, including a 77 yard touchdown to help win a game against the Dallas Cowboys. He was carted off the field after colliding (hitting into) Pittsburgh Steelers safety Ryan Clark in an AFC Championship loss.
McGahee's playing time was limited by Ray Rice and Le'Ron McClain in 2009 and 2010.
On July 26, 2011, McGahee (and Kelly Gregg, Derrick Mason, and Todd Heap) were released to help give younger players a chance and save salary cap space.
Denver Broncos
McGahee signed with the Denver Broncos. He rushed for 249 yards, 1,999 yards, and five total touchdowns for Denver.
Cleveland Browns
In 2014, McGahee played for the Cleveland Browns.
Other websites
Willis McGahee at baltimoreravens.com
Official Site
References
Bills hoping Lynch will run ball, not his mouth
Ravens to cut McGahee, Gregg, Mason, and Heap
1981 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Buffalo Bills players
American football running backs
Sportspeople from Miami
Denver Broncos players
Cleveland Browns players
Luyang District

Luyang is a district in the province of Anhui in China. It has 609,239 people.
References
Districts of China
Anhui
Gaet'ale Pond

Gaet'ale pond is a small hypersaline lake found near the Dallol crater in the Danakil Depression (Afar, Ethiopia). It is found over a hot spring. It has no inlet or outlet streams. The water of Gaet'ale Pond has a salinity of 43%, making it the saltiest body of water on Earth.
Location and origin
Gaet'ale pond is the largest of a series of small ponds found approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southeast of Dallol springs. It is shaped like a crescent. It has a diameter of about 60 metres (200 ft).
Composition
The salts in the water of Gaet'ale Pond are mainly made up of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). It also contains small amounts of Na+, K+ and NO2- ions. It also contains traces of Fe3+ that form a complex with Cl-, making the water yellow.
Bubbles of odourless gas are released from the lake. It is likely volcanically produced CO2. It has been proposed that the gas may be harmful for small animals or humans because dead birds and insect have been found around the pond.
References
Bodies of water of Africa
Ponds
Geography of Ethiopia
Geney

Geney is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
References
Communes in Doubs
Shispare

Shispare is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is the 38th highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were H. Bleicher, L. Cichy, M. Grochowski, J. Holnicki-Szulc, A. Mlynarczyk, H. Oberhofer, and J. Poreba, in 1974.
References
Mountains of Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Karakoram
Lalbabu Raut

Lalbabu Raut Gaddhi is the first Chief Minister of Madhesh Province, one of the seven federal Provinces of Nepal. He is the parliamentary party leader of People's Socialist Party, Nepal for Madhesh Province. Recently, he lost his home town, Jagarnathpur to Shreekant Prasad Yadav of Nepali Congress while his wife lost as deputy chairperson candidate.
References
Living people
Nepalese politicians
Davide Astori

Davide Astori (7 January 1987 - 4 March 2018) was an Italian professional footballer. He played as a central defender. He was born in San Giovanni Bianco, Italy.
Astori started his senior career with Milan, spending loan spells with Pizzighettone and Cremonese. In 2008 Cagliari signed him. He played youth football for Pontisola. He made his international debut for Italy in 2011 and represented his country 14 times, scoring one goal.
Astori died in a hotel room in Udine, Italy of a heart attack on 4 March 2018 at the age of 31.
References
Other websites
Profile at official club website
Profile at Assocalciatori.it
International caps at FIGC.it
1987 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Italian footballers
HJK Helsinki

Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi (translation: The Football Club of Helsinki), commonly known as HJK Helsinki, or simply as HJK, is a professional football club based in Helsinki, Finland. The club competes in the Finnish Veikkausliiga. The club's home stadium is the Bolt Arena, with a capacity of 10,770.
European campaigns
UEFA club competition record
As of 6 August 2019.
UEFA Club Ranking
This is the current UEFA Club Ranking.
Last update: 8 July 2019
Players
First team squad
Out on loan
Managers
Yrjo Larha (1933-1944)
Eino Nuutinen (1945-1947)
George Duke (1948-1949)
Eino Nuutinen (1950)
Janos Nagy (1951)
Eino Nuutinen (1952)
Niilo Nordman (1953-1955)
Aatos Lehtonen (1956-1958)
Aulis Rytkonen (1960-71)
Raimo Kauppinen (Jan 1, 1972-74)
Kai Pahlman (1973-74)
Aulis Rytkonen (July 1, 1975-79)
Raimo Kauppinen (1975 - Dec 31, 1979)
Martti Kuusela (Jan 1, 1980 - Dec 31, 1981)
Raimo Kauppinen (Jan 1, 1981-82)
Thure Sarnola (1982)
Miikka Toivola (1983-1984)
Jyrki Heliskoski (Jan 1, 1985 - Dec 31, 1989)
Martti Kuusela (Jan 1, 1990 - Dec 31, 1990)
Jyrki Nieminen (Jan 1, 1991 - Dec 31, 1991)
Jari-Pekka Keurulainen (Jan 1, 1992 - Dec 31, 1994)
Bo Johansson (Jan 1, 1995 - Dec 31, 1995)
Tommy Lindholm (Jan 1, 1996 - July 8, 1996)
Jari-Pekka Keurulainen, Martti Kuusela (July 8, 1996 - Dec 31, 1996)
Antti Muurinen (Jan 1, 1997 - Dec 31, 1999)
Jyrki Heliskoski (Jan 1, 2000 - Dec 31, 2001)
Keith Armstrong (Jan 1, 2002 - Sept 5, 2007)
Aki Hyrylainen (Sept 6, 2007 - Oct 10, 2007)
Antti Muurinen (Oct 10, 2007 - Dec 31, 2012)
Sixten Bostrom (Jan 1, 2013 - April 28, 2014)
Mika Lehkosuo (April 29, 2014 - May 22, 2019)
Toni Koskela (May 22, 2019-)
Honours
Veikkausliiga:
Winners (30): 1911, 1912, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1923, 1925, 1936, 1938, 1964, 1973, 1978, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2020
Runners-up (14): 1921, 1933, 1937, 1939, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2016
Finnish Cup:
Winners (14): 1966, 1981, 1984, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2016-17, 2020
Runners-up (5): 1975, 1985, 1990, 1994, 2010
Finnish League Cup:
Winners (5): 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2015
Runners-up (3): 1995, 2009, 2012
References
Other websites
Official website
Klubipaaty - supporters
Forza HJK - fan club
20th-century establishments in Finland
1907 establishments in Europe
European football clubs
Football in Finland
Sport in Helsinki
Organizations based in Finland
Donald Evans

Donald Louis Evans (born July 27, 1946) is an American businessman and politician. He was the 34th U.S. Secretary of Commerce from 2001 to 2005 during the George W. Bush administration. He was a longtime friend of Bush and helped run his 2000 presidential campaign.
References
1946 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Commerce
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Houston
Businesspeople from Houston
2001 Pittsburgh Steelers season

The 2001 season was the Pittsburgh Steelers' 69th season in the National Football League.
Roster
Schedule
Preseason
Regular season
Standings
References
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pitts
2001 in the United States
2001 in sports
Shrimad Vidyadheesh Teerth Swamiji

Shrimad Vidhyadheesh Teerth Swami (born 10 October 1995), also referred to as Shri Vidhyadhish Teerth Swamiji, became head (Mathadipathi) of the Gokarna Partagali Math in July 2021. He is the 24th successive person of Gokarna Math according to Guru Parampara.
Head of Gokarna Partagali Math
Shrimad Vidhyadhish Teerth Swamiji, the predecessor Shrimad Vidyadhiraj Teerth Swamiji as mathadipathi, attained moksha on 19 July 2021. In accordance with the guru-shishya tradition followed by the math, He had initiated Vidhyadhish Teerth as the shishya who would succeed him upon his death and thus Vidhyadhish Teerth became the new mathadipathi. He officially took charge on 30 July 2021 at Partagali, Poinginim, Canacona, Goa.
References
1995 births
Living people
Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough

Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough is a 2005 book by Professor Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss. Affluenza suggests that Western society consumes too many products and services. Hamilton and Denniss argue that people "aspire to the lifestyles of the rich and famous". They state that rates of stress, depression and obesity are high as people try to cope with the emptiness and disappointments of consumer life.
References
Non-fiction books
2005 books
Social issues
Nord Region (Burkina Faso)

Nord is a region in Burkina Faso. The capital city is Ouahigouya.
It was created on 2 July 2001. Four provinces make up the region -- Loroum, Passore, Yatenga, and Zondoma.
Regions of Burkina Faso
2001 establishments in Africa
Principle of double effect

The principle of double effect or doctrine of double effect is an idea in philosophy. It says that it can be morally good to do something that has a bad effect so long as it also has a larger good effect. Here, "double effect" means "second effect" or "side effect." In plain English, the principle of double effect means, "It is acceptable for actions to have bad side effects so long as the good effect is much larger."
History
Historians think Thomas Aquinas was the first person to write about the principle of double effect but they are not sure. Thomas Aquinas lived in the 1200s. He wrote about killing in self-defense. Philosophers from before Thomas Aquinas, for example Augustine of Hippo, said it was never acceptable to kill another person, not even in self-defense. Thomas Aquinas said it was so long as the person did not kill their attacker on purpose and so long as the person does not fight harder than they need to. Here, the first effect is saving one's own life. The double effect (side effect) is killing the attacker. He wrote this in Summa Theologica.
Rules
In the principle of double effect, it is okay to foresee a bad effect but not to intend it. This means a person who knows their action will cause something bad might still be acting within the principle of double effect, but a person who wants the bad effect definitely is not.
The New Catholic Encyclopedia says that for an action to follow the principle of double effect:
The action itself must be neutral; it must not be good or bad.
The person must not want the bad thing to happen; if there is another action that would cause the good effect without the bad one, then the person must do that instead.
The good effect must happen before or at the same time as the bad effect. It must not happen after the bad effect. Then, it might have been caused by the bad effect.
The good effect must be bigger or more important than the bad effect, enough to be worth the bad effect.
Uses
The principle of double effect is part of Roman Catholic philosophy. Medical doctors can also use it when deciding how to treat patients, especially patients who are in pain and want to die.
Differences
The principle of double effect is not the same as "the ends justify the means." In the principle of double effect, the goal is to make something good happen, and something bad happens too. The good and bad thing both come from the same action. In the ends justify the means, the person does something bad to make a good thing happen. The good thing comes from the bad action.
Criticism
Some philosophers say that foreseeing a bad effect (knowing it will happen) and intending a bad effect (wanting and meaning it to happen) are not different enough for the principle of double effect to be real. Philosophers have used the trolley problem to study the principle of double effect.
Related pages
Trolley problem
Absolutism
Consequentialism
References
Philosophy
Feri Horvat

Feri Horvat (; 26 September 1941 - 1 August 2020) was a Slovenian manager and politician. He was one of the founders of the United List of Social Democrats. Between July and October 2004, he served as speaker of the Slovenian National Assembly.
References
1941 births
2020 deaths
Slovenian politicians
Wayne County, Iowa

Wayne County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,497, making it the sixth-least populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Corydon. Wayne County was founded in 1846 and named after General Anthony Wayne.
References
1846 establishments in Iowa Territory
Iowa counties
Hortolândia

Hortolandia is a municipality in the state of Sao Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. 234,259 people lived here in 2020.
References
Municipalities in Sao Paulo (state)
Hanne Sørvaag

Hanne Margrethe Sorvaag (December 27, 1979) is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She later moved to Stockholm, Sweden. She released her first studio record You Know Me under the name Paris in 2002. That gave her three hits in Norway. Her second record, Talk of the Town, was released in 2006 under her own name. She also writes songs for other musicians.
References
Norwegian singers
1979 births
Living people
All-Russia Exhibition Centre

The All-Russia Exhibition Centre ( -- called also: "All-Russian Exhibition Center"), or Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy is one of the largest exhibition centers in the world. The center is in Moscow, Russia and was opened in 1935 as a Soviet exhibition center.
Other websites
All-Russia Exhibition Centre - official website
map of the VVC in infoservices website
general information in russianmuseums website
virtual tours and panoramas of the VVC
Editing All-Russia Exhibition Centre in WikiMapia website
Convention and exhibition centers in Moscow
Gold Star family

Gold Star families (or Gold Star American families) are the relatives of US military members who died in battle.
History
Starting in World War I, the families of US soldiers and sailors often flew flags that had a blue star for each member of the family that was serving in the military. If one of them died in battle, the blue star was changed to a gold star. In August of 1947, the United States Congress authorized the military to present a gold star lapel pin to the family members of those killed in action. That first pin was a simple gold star on a purple background with a laurel wreath around the star. Another pin--this time a gold star with a gold background and four oak sprigs around the star--was authorized by Congress in 1973. It was awarded to the next of kin of service members who die during military service.
Modern use
The military continues to award Gold Star lapel pins to the family members or next of kin of service members who die during military service.
Famous Gold Star families
Khizr Khan
General John F. Kelly
Jose Gonzalez Carranza
References
United States Army
Saint-Paterne

Saint-Paterne is a former commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Paterne - Le Chevain.
References
Former communes in Sarthe
Bernard Frénicle de Bessy

Bernard Frenicle de Bessy (about 1605-1675), was a French mathematician. He was born in Paris. He wrote many papers about mathematics, number theory and combinatorics. The Frenicle standard form, a standard representation of magic squares, is named after him. He solved many problems created by Fermat. He also discovered a taxicab number and in 1693, he described all 880 essentially different normal magic squares of order 4.
Like Fermat, Frenicle was an amateur mathematician, but he wrote letters to famous people such as Descartes, Christiaan Huygens, Mersenne and also Fermat, who was his friend. He is mainly remembered for his discoveries about number theory.
Other websites
1600s births
1675 deaths
Scientists from Paris
French number theorists
Jemison, Alabama

Jemison is a city in Chilton County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 2,585.
References
Other websites
City of Jemison official website
History of the City of Jemison
Cities in Alabama
Beach City, Texas

Beach City is a city of Chambers County in the state of Texas in the United States.
References
Other websites
Beach City official website
Cities in Texas
Jumping Someone Else's Train

"Jumping Someone Else's Train" is a song by English gothic rock band The Cure. It was released as a stand-alone single in the United Kingdom. It is taken from the band's 1980 album Boys Don't Cry. It did not chart in the United Kingdom and the United States.
Music video
The music video shows a speeded up view from the driver's cab of a train journey from London Victoria to Brighton Station.
Track listing
7" vinyl
"Jumping Someone Else's Train"
"I'm Cold"
References
1979 songs
The Cure songs
Epistle of Jude

The Epistle of Jude is the sixty-fifth book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-sixth in the New Testament. It is one of the shortest books in the Bible, at only 25 verses long.
Who wrote it
The writer calls himself Jude. This may not be the same person as Jude the Apostle. This Jude calls himself a brother of James, who was a leader in the church at Jerusalem. Both Jude and James were probably half brothers of Jesus. They did not believe that he was the Christ, until after the Resurrection. (John chapter 7, verse 5) The book may have been written between 60 and 80 A.D. and was sent to many places. This is called a "General" epistle.
The content of the letter
The writer of this book seems to have a good knowledge of the Old Testament books and also of some of the other books that were known as Jewish writings, but which are not in the bible.
He warns of "people who change the message about the grace of God in order to excuse their immoral ways" (verse 4). He says this is not the faith "once delivered to the saints". He warns that we have stories in the bible of people who turned from trusting God to evil. He lists the fallen angels, those saved from slavery in Eqypt and the people of Sodom and Gomorrah. He also mentions individuals such as Cain who killed his brother, Balaam, and Korah.
He tells everyone to keep their faith, keep praying, love others, and wait for the second coming of Jesus. The letter closes with a blessing that is sometimes used to end church meetings. "Now to the one who is able to keep you from falling, and to cause you to stand, rejoicing, without blemish before his glorious presence, to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, power, and authority, before all time, and now, and for all eternity. Amen." ( Verses 24 and 25)
Other websites
Jude (NIV)
Jude (KJV)
New Testament books
General Epistles
FC Juniors OÖ

FC Juniors OO. is an Austrian association football club, from Pasching, Upper Austria. It was newly founded after the move of ASKO Pasching to Carinthia and the renaming in SK Austria Karnten in 2007 as FC Superfund Pasching. The greatest success of the club is winning the OFB-Cup as the first third division club in history.
Since the 2014-15 season they played under the name LASK Juniors OO playing together with the second men's team of LASK Linz in the Regionalliga Mitte. With the return to the 2nd League for the 2018-19 season the club is again an independent team and named FC Juniors Oberosterreich.
After the 2021-22 season LASK decided to go back to the Regionalliga and form again a second team of LASK Linz.
Current squad
References
Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Upper Austria
Rinca

Rincah, is a small island near Komodo island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The island is famous for giant lizards called Komodo dragons. Rincah also has many other animals such as wild pigs, buffalos, and birds. The island may also be called Rinca and Rindja.
Rincah is less popular than Komodo Island, so it is an excellent place to see the Komodo Dragon in nature with fewer people around. Day trips can be arranged from Labuanbajo on Flores by small boat at the park headquarters.
Related pages
Komodo National Park
Islands of Indonesia
Teenager

A teenager, or teen, is someone who is 13 to 19 years old. They can also be described with the term "adolescent". The laws on what teenagers may do varies between countries.
The term "teenager" became widely used to indicate people who are old enough to have their own money to spend, but are not yet adults, after the scientist Mark Abrams wrote a research paper called "The Teenage Consumer" in 1959, which defined this group to be people 13-25 years old (despite ages 20-25 not being within the teens anymore).
The brain is still developing into a person's early or mid-20s. A person becomes a teenager when they become 13 years old. It ends when they become 20 years old. Teenagers who are between 13 and 18 years old are considered both children and teenagers in most countries. Teenagers who are 19 years old may be regarded as both teenagers and adults.
The way the word is used varies. Some societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies may be quite elaborate. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development can occur. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.
"Teenager" is mainly an English word, as many foreign languages do not include a suffix "teen" in their translations of the numbers 13 to 19. In non-English speaking countries, people between these ages may be called adolescents, youths, young adults, or just children, depending on the culture.
The law of each country may set dates when teenagers can do things. So, in the United States, alcoholic drinks are not served to young people under 21, and younger people on licenced premises (such as bars) need to carry identity cards (ID cards) to verify their age.
The life of a teenager can be subject to daily change. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests during this time of great change. Before their teenage years, these adolescents focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents.
Changes in time
If by "teenager" we mean adolescents, then we have to realise that children today develop faster on average mainly because of modern nutrition. No matter where the "teens" start linguistically, their sexual development starts earlier than it did a century ago. That effects quite a lot of things. An example is the change from primary education to secondary education. In many countries children go to different schools when they are 11 or 12. The change to single-sex classes is often done at the age of 11. If a country decides to educate girls and boys separately after puberty, then it may be necessary to change schools a year earlier than previously.
References
Human life stages
Tayap

Tayap is a small village in Cameroon. It is from Yaounde, the capital city. It is from Douala, the biggest city of the country.
The climate is equatorial. It is usually hot, . It is often wet. There are four different seasons.
In 2005, 272 people lived in Tayap. The village has a primary school. It has 4 classrooms.
Most people work in agriculture. They produce manioc, bananas, oranges, mangoes, vegetables, peanuts, cocoa and palm oil.
The village is surrounded by a large forest but deforestation is a major problem in this area.
Since 2011 Tayap focuses on biodiversity and ecology. It tries to develop new activities such as tourism.
References
Other websites
Agripo
Settlements in Cameroon
Villages in Africa
Larry McMurtry

Larry Jeff McMurtry (June 3, 1936March 25, 2021) was an American novelist, essayist, bookseller, and screenwriter. His novels included Horseman, Pass By (1962), The Last Picture Show (1966), and Terms of Endearment (1975). Movies inspired by McMurtry's works earned 34 Oscar nominations (13 wins).
His 1985 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, Lonesome Dove, was made into a television miniseries that earned 18 Emmy Award nominations (seven wins).
McMurtry died on March 25, 2021, at his home in Archer City, Texas from congestive heart failure, aged 84.
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
American novelists
American essayists
American screenwriters
American television writers
Writers from Texas
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Bora Bora

Bora Bora is a small island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Vaitape is the largest city on the island with 4,000 people. There is an airport on an islet where residents can fly to other islands in French Polynesia.
Bora Bora has one main road which runs around the island.
Other websites
Bora Bora Pictures Bora Bora Photos
Bora Bora entry on WorldAtlas.com
Bora Bora Islands Pictures Pictures of the Islands
Islands of French Polynesia
The Exception

The Exception is a 2016 romantic war movie directed by David Leveaux and written by Simon Burke. It is based on Alan Judd's 2003 novel The Kaiser's Last Kiss. The movie stars Jai Courtney, Lily James, Janet McTeer, and Christopher Plummer.
References
2016 romantic drama movies
2010s war movies
British romantic drama movies
British war movies
American romantic drama movies
American war movies
Femtosecond

A femtosecond is one billionth of one millionth, or one quadrillionth of a second. It can be written as 10-15 second. Even shorter than this is an attosecond.
200 femtoseconds - the fastest chemical reactions
300 femtoseconds - how long it takes for the atoms of an iodine molecule to vibrate
Orders of magnitude
Units of time
Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)

Stuart McPhail Hall (3 February 1932 - 10 February 2014) was a Jamaican-born cultural theorist and sociologist.
Hall, with Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, was one of the founding figures of British Cultural Studies. He was President of the British Sociological Association 1995-97. In the 1950s Hall was a founder of the influential New Left Review.
Hall become a Professor of Sociology at the Open University. Hall retired from the Open University in 1997 and was a Professor Emeritus. British newspaper The Observer called him "one of the country's leading cultural theorists".
Hall died on 10 February 2014, from complications following kidney failure a week after his eighty second birthday.
Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe
References
Other websites
Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson
John O'Hara interview with Stuart Hall for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Doubletake program, originally broadcast 5 May 1983: The Narrative Construction of Reality - Stuart Hall . Republished in centerforbookculture.org's "Context" online edition, No. 10. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
Mitchell, Don. Chapter 24: Stuart Hall. In: Key Thinkers on Space and Place. Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine (2004), pp. 160ff. .
Marxist Media Theory
A brief biography
1932 births
2014 deaths
British sociologists
British academics
Jamaican writers
Marxists
Hugh O'Leary

Hugh O'Leary (born 19 July 1974) is a British accountant who is the spouse of the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Liz Truss.
He ran multiple times for a seat in the city council of Greenwich, last being in 2006.
References
1974 births
Living people
Spouses of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
People from Merseyside
Conservative Party (UK) people
Politicians from London
Theodosius (Lazor)

Metropolitan Theodosius (secular name Frank Lazor; October 27, 1933October 19, 2020) was the primate of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA) from 1977 until his retirement in 2002. He retired due to bad health. He was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.
Theodosius died in Canonsburg from problems caused by multiple strokes on October 19, 2020, aged 86.
References
1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from stroke
People from Pennsylvania
Elba

Elba () is third largest island of Italy, after Sardinia and Sicily. The land area of the island is about . The coastline is about 147 km. The highest mountain is Monte Capanne at 1018 metres (3340 feet). Elba and the other islands (Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, Giglio and Giannutri) of the Tuscan Archipelago are protected in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. The French island of Corsica lies about 50 km to the west. Recently, the island has become famous for its wine.
The island is divided into eight communes: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina and Rio nell'Elba. The island has a population of about 30 000 people.
History
The island was well known in to the last century for the iron resources. Mines were created by the Etruscans first and (after 480 BC) the Romans. After the end of the Roman Empire, the island knew barbarians and Saracens. In the early 11th century it became a part of the Republic of Pisa. In 1398, was sold to the Visconti family of Milan. After a few years, the island was acquired by the Appiani, Lords of Piombino, who kept it for two centuries. In 1546 part of the island was controlled by Cosimo I de' Medici. He fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli". In 1577, the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani. In 1603 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and built two fortresses there.
In 1802 the island became a part of France. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814 and arrived at Portoferraio on May 3, 1814 to begin his exile there. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days before he escaped and returned to France on February 26 for the Hundred Days. Thanks to Napoleon Elba is well known around the world. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy.
French troops landed on Elba on June 17 1944, freeing the island from the Germans in World War II.
Airport
There is an airport on the island, the "Airport Marina di Campo", that can connect the island with the big cities of: Friedrichshafen, Munich and Zurich.
Other websites
Elba Geology a site about Elba's Geology.
War story about the WWII battle
Elba Island All information for your holiday on Elba Island
Islands of Italy
Wine regions
Lucmau

Lucmau is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Communes in Gironde
I Hate Myself and Want to Die

"I Hate Myself and Want to Die" is a song by American grunge band Nirvana. It appears on the 1993 compilation album The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience. It also appears on the 2004 box-set With the Lights Out. The song was released on November 23, 1993. It is the B-side to the song "Pennyroyal Tea".
In a Rolling Stone interview, Cobain said that he wrote the song as humor. Saying it was "As literal as a joke can be. Nothing more than a joke." Also that "It was totally satirical, making fun of ourselves".
On The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience, the two main characters appeared in an intro before the song. They also appeared at the end where they said the song "kicked ass" and "ruled".
Cobain was first going to use the name for Nirvana's third and final studio album In Utero but he didn't think that people would understand the dark humor of it. Cobain said that he meant the title "as literally as a joke can be", saying that it was funny and said that it was a reference to people thinking that he was "this pissy, complaining, freaked-out schizophrenic who wants to kill himself all the time.
References
Other websites
1993 songs
Nirvana (band) songs