As of September 30, 1993, the District of Columbia's three defined benefit pension plans for police officers and firefighters, teachers, and judges had a total of about 24,000 participants. During 1993, the District contributed a total of about $292.3 million to the plans and the federal government paid about $52.1 million. The Congress created the three plans over a number of years beginning early in this century. Under the plans' enabling legislation, only the federal government paid into the plans and did so just for current annual retirement benefits (known as pay-as-you-go funding). The Congress did not authorize accumulating funds to meet the plans' normal costs--the amount of funds needed each year that would be sufficient to pay all retirement benefits of active plan participants when due. Effective with Home Rule in January 1975, the responsibility for making the pay-as-you-go payments was transferred to the District government. Because the plans' normal costs were not funded, the shortfall in funds needed to pay future retirement benefits--the plans' unfunded liability--increased each year. The Congress partly addressed the plans' unfunded liability with the District of Columbia Retirement Reform Act of 1979, which changed the District's payments to the plans to a modified pay-as-you-go basis and authorized annual federal payments to the plans of about $52.1 million. Consequently, the contribution requirements in the reform act did not provide for amortizing (paying off over a number of years) the plans' unfunded liability. In November 1992, we reported that the plans' unfunded liability had grown to about $5 billion and that they were not as well funded as other public plans. Our report also noted that the District faced an increasing demand on revenues from the three plans. We reported that by the year 2005 its contributions could grow to about 15 percent of revenues ($640.2 million), compared with about 8 percent ($234.9 million) in 1991. Similarly, as shown in figure 1.1, without changes to the current law the District's contributions to the three plans as a percentage of payroll will increase from 54 percent to a high of 71 percent in 2005, when federal contributions cease. Since our report, there has been much discussion about how to address these plans' continued underfunding. H.R. 3728, in conjunction with D.C. Act 10-239, has been proposed as one means to do so. The House bill and the District's act would eliminate the unfunded liability in the year 2035, mainly by increasing the obligations of the federal government, active plan participants, and retirees, and by placing the District's contributions on an actuarial basis. (See chapter 3 for a full discussion of these provisions.) Concern for the plans' underfunding was heightened by the District's recent cash flow difficulties. These difficulties caused the District to defer its contributions to the funds for the second and third quarters of fiscal year 1994 until fiscal year 1995. This action led to a lawsuit by the District of Columbia Retirement Board (DCRB) that required the contributions to be made. We reported in June 1994 that the District is faced with both unresolved long-term financial issues and continued short-term financial crises, such as a significant and continuing decline in its cash position. Placing the plans' funding on an actuarial basis and eliminating their unfunded liability would relieve the District of a significant financial burden. Such action would also help ensure that sufficient funds are available to pay future retirement benefits. To fully evaluate H.R. 3728, the Ranking Minority Member of the House Committee on the District of Columbia requested us to provide certain information related to the three plans and their unfunded liability. Specifically, he asked us to provide the history and current status of the plans' unfunded pension liability and the number of plan participants before Home Rule, including a comparison of the plans' unfunded liability with other state and local plans, and an analysis of the District's funding formula under the proposed legislation and alternative federal funding methods. To develop the history of the plans' unfunded liability, we reviewed the legislative history of the District of Columbia Retirement Reform Act of 1979, which established the pension funds for the three plans. We also reviewed the reports of commissions that had been established at various times by the Congress and the District government to evaluate the District's fiscal activities, including reviews of the plans' pension funds. In addition, we held discussions with and obtained information from District government and DCRB staff and officials, such as the number of plan participants before Home Rule. To compare the three plans' unfunded liability with other state and local plans, we obtained survey data published in March 1993 by the Public Pension Coordinating Council. We used these data to update the comparison of the funding status of the three District plans with 24 comparable defined benefit state and local governmental pension plans in our November 1992 report. To analyze H.R. 3728 and the companion District act we used, in part, a study of the bill that was done for DCRB by Milliman & Robertson, Inc., its actuarial consultants. In addition, we reviewed the actuarial model developed by the firm and used it to determine the potential effects of alternate funding methods for eliminating the three plans' unfunded liability. This model includes typical actuarial assumptions about rates of inflation, wage increases, and investment earnings. Our work was performed from January through October 1994 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. We did not obtain agency comments on this report. However, we discussed the history and status of the three pension plans with District officials to ensure that the report's descriptions were accurate and complete. When the Congress created the District's plans for police officers and firefighters, teachers, and judges, it provided for funding them on a pay-as-you-go basis. Beginning in the mid-1970s, congressional committees considered various proposals to fund the plans on an actuarial basis and to eliminate their unfunded liability. In 1978, the Congress passed one proposal that, however, was vetoed because the federal funding obligation was deemed too high. In 1979, compromise legislation was enacted that provided for lower federal funding and modified pay-as-you-go payments for the District. Because this legislation did not provide for eliminating the plans' unfunded liability, the liability had increased to $5 billion in 1993, with the plans continuing to be not as well funded as other comparable public plans. The Congress created defined benefit pension plans for District of Columbia police officers and firefighters, teachers, and judges at different times: police officers and firefighters in 1916; teachers in 1920; and judges in 1970. These plans were funded on a pay-as-you-go basis, which meant that they received only enough money to pay current annual retirement benefits but did not accumulate any funds with which to meet the constantly accruing future pension liabilities of their participants. In 1946, however, the funding of the teachers' plan was changed to an actuarial basis so that the District's contribution covered the normal cost of the plan as well as amortizing the accrued unfunded liability over a 20-year period. Subsequently in 1968, the District's commissioners requested and were granted permission by the Congress to fund only the normal cost of the plan each year because of the need to use revenues for other purposes. This change was enacted in 1970 by Public Law 91-263, which put the fund on a modified pay-as-you-go basis, covering only the normal cost each year. This law also froze the fund at its June 20, 1969, balance of $61.8 million and mandated that it remain at that level or the amount of the employees' equity, whichever was greater. Congressional concern with District operations led to the establishment of the Commission on the Organization of the Government of the District of Columbia (Nelsen Commission) in September 1970. The commission's charter was to analyze the District government's operations with the goal of promoting increased economy and efficiency. Accordingly, the scope of the commission's review included the District's pension plans for police officers and firefighters and teachers (the judges plan was not within its charter). The commission's August 1972 report recommended the creation of a separate pension fund for police officers and firefighters that would invest moneys not required for current operations and have periodic Department of the Treasury actuarial valuations. In addition, the commission recommended actions to reverse the increase in the unfunded liabilities in the police officers' and firefighters' and teachers' plans and to provide a means for financing any liberalization of their benefits that might be approved in the future. In May 1974, in response to the Nelsen Commission report, the Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Revenue and Financial Affairs, Committee on the District of Columbia, introduced H.R. 15139, intended to establish and finance a pension fund for police officers and firefighters. There was opposition from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the bill died in Subcommittee. The Congress took no further action on the pension funding issue until March 1976, when legislation was considered by the House Subcommittee on Fiscal Affairs, Committee on the District of Columbia. An objective of the legislation was to establish an actuarially sound basis for financing retirement benefits in the plans for police officers and firefighters, teachers, and judges. H.R. 14960 was reported out by the full Committee in August 1976, but was not considered by the House because of opposition by OMB. On April 6, 1977, the House Subcommittee on Fiscal Affairs, Committee on the District of Columbia, reported out H.R. 2465. Subsequently, the bill was reported out of the Committee on April 26, 1977; introduced in the full House as H.R. 6536; and passed in September 1977. This legislation authorized a total federal contribution of about $769 million over 25 years, starting at about $48 million in 1978 and declining to $2 million in 2003, to help finance the liabilities for retirement benefits incurred before Home Rule. Later that year, in November 1977, the Senate considered S. 2316, which differed somewhat from H.R. 6536. Among other things, the Senate bill required annual federal payments of $80 million for 25 years and included tougher standards for disability benefits. The federal payments were intended to amortize the unfunded liability of about $1.05 billion for retirements that had occurred before Home Rule; this liability was deemed to be the federal share of the total unfunded liability of about $2.09 billion that had been incurred up to that time. The remaining balance of $1.04 billion, which was attributable to nonretirees, was deemed to be the District's share of the total unfunded liability. (Subsequently, the Department of the Treasury calculated that the total unfunded liability was about $2.7 billion--see p. 19.) However, the formula in the Senate bill for computing the District's annual contributions did not provide for amortizing the District's share of the unfunded liability. While the Committee report on the bill recognized that actuarially based funding required the liability to be amortized, the report also stated that in the long run full funding of the District's share was fiscally impossible given its strained financial circumstances and competing claims on revenues. However, the Committee believed that the District could afford to pay--for an initial interim 25-year period, as the federal share was being amortized--the lesser of (1) the net normal cost plus interest on its share of the unfunded liability and (2) the net pay-as-you-go cost plus an amount that, paid annually to 2003, would allow the District's share of the unfunded liability to increase by no more than the rate of inflation. Thereafter, the District would pay the net normal cost plus interest on the unfunded liability. The Senate passed H.R. 6536, which had been amended to incorporate S. 2316. In October 1978, the House and Senate conference committee reported out H.R. 6536, which authorized a smaller federal contribution of $65 million annually over 25 years. In November 1978, then President Carter vetoed H.R. 6536. His veto message articulated two principal arguments: the federal contribution authorized by the Congress overstated the appropriate federal liability, largely because the existing liability was due to abuses of the disability retirement statutes before Home Rule; and the amount authorized ignored the continuing federal contribution for thousands of District employees covered by the federal Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). The Carter administration stated that it was willing to assume 60 percent of the cost of moving the affected District plans to an actuarially sound system. Under this proposal, the federal government would have contributed $462 million over 25 years. However, the veto message noted that with H.R. 6536 the Congress supported a more costly funding method that obligated the federal government to pay about $1.6 billion over the same time period. Following the veto, the Congress addressed the pension plans' funding issue again in 1979. The House and Senate agreed to S. 1037, which represented a compromise between the Senate's provisions for fully amortizing the federal share and the House's partial amortization provisions. The Senate bill provided for funds to cover the unfunded liability for all retirements--service and disability--before Home Rule; the House bill provided funds for 75 percent of the unfunded liability for service retirements and 33-1/3 percent of the unfunded liability for disability retirements before Home Rule. In November 1979, S. 1037, the District of Columbia Retirement Reform Act of 1979, was signed into law. The act notes that the retirement benefits--which Congress had authorized for the police officers, firefighters, teachers, and judges of the District of Columbia--had not been financed on an actuarially sound basis. Neither federal payments to the District nor District payments for pensions had taken into account the long-term financial requirements of these retirement plans. Consequently, the act established for the first time separate retirement funds for (1) police officers and firefighters, (2) teachers, and (3) judges. The act also established a retirement board to manage the funds, required that the funds be managed on an actuarially sound basis, and provided federal contributions to these funds to partially finance the liability for retirement benefits incurred before January 2, 1975, the effective date of Home Rule. At that time, the three plans had a total of 14,095 active participants and 7,657 retirees (see table 2.1). The act committed the federal government to pay $52.07 million annually beginning in fiscal year 1980 and continuing through 2004. This amount represented a compromise between the Congress and the administration in defining the appropriate federal share of the plans' unfunded liability. Under the act, the federal share was 80 percent of the service retirement unfunded liability and 33-1/3 percent of the disability retirement unfunded liability, as of October 1, 1979, for District employees who had retired as of January 2, 1975, the effective date of Home Rule. The present value of the total federal government obligation for the 25-year period was then $646 million, an amount anticipated to be sufficient to pay off the revised federal share of the unfunded liability by the year 2005. The 1979 reform act's provisions reflected the earlier congressional beliefs that (1) in the long term the District's financial condition would not enable it to pay off its share of the unfunded liability and (2) in the near future the District should not be burdened with having to pay the net normal costplus interest on its share of the unfunded liability. Therefore, an alternate method was adopted for the 25 years before 2005, providing for substantially lower contributions. Accordingly, the annual District contribution to the pension funds, as determined by DCRB based upon a formula in the act, consists of the sum of three items: The lesser of (1) the net pay-as-you-go cost or (2) the net normal cost plus interest on the unfunded actuarial liability. An amount necessary to amortize over 10 years the difference of (1) the actuarially projected unfunded liability in the year 2004 if no such amortization payments were made and (2) the actuarially projected liability in the year 2004 if the 1979 unfunded liability grew by the anticipated rate of inflation during the interim. However, any additional amount required under this provision may not exceed 10 percent of the net pay-as-you-go cost for the police officers' and firefighters' plan or 30 percent for the teachers' or judges' plans. An amount necessary to amortize over 25 years any liability due to plan changes. After the federal contribution ceases, the reform act provides that beginning with fiscal year 2005 the District's contribution to the three funds will be an amount equal to their net normal cost plus interest on their unfunded liability. On the effective date of the reform act in November 1979, the District's share of the unfunded liability was about $2 billion, based on Department of the Treasury calculations: Present value of total unfunded liability: $2,676,200,000; less present value of future federal payments: $646,400,000; equals present value of the District's unfunded liability: $2,029,800,000. In 1989, the District's concern with its financial condition resulted in the Mayor appointing an independent commission charged with developing a fiscal strategy for fiscal years 1992-96. As part of its charter, the commission reviewed the pension funds for police officers and firefighters, teachers, and judges. The commission's 1990 report noted that while the reform act's funding formula did not permit unfunded liabilities to accrue, it did permit the existing liability to grow. The report also pointed out that, under the District's funding formula, in 2005 the unfunded liability would be $8 billion and that the District's required contribution would be $795 million--about 85 percent of the payroll for the three plans. Accordingly, the commission made the following recommendations: Adoption of a funding policy that would include annual funding of the normal cost, amortization of the unfunded liability as a level percentage of payroll over 45 years, and an increase in the investment return assumption from 7 to 8 percent per year. Continuation of the annual federal contributions of $52.07 million per year for 49 (instead of 14) more years, with an annual 5-percent increase in the amount of the payment--the assumed rate of inflation used in determining pension costs. Reduction of 1 percent in the automatic cost-of-living increases for retirees. Our November 1992 report echoed the commission's observations about the unfunded liability for the three plans. We stated that the effect of the reform act was to allow the initial $2.0 billion unfunded liability to increase to about $4.9 billion in 1993, due mostly to interest accruing on it. Our report noted that because the reform act specified limitations on the level of amortization contributions the District could make, no amortization of the unfunded liability was possible. We also pointed out that in 2005 the District's annual contribution could represent about 15 percent of its revenues, compared with about 8 percent in 1991, and that the unfunded liability, which could be as high as $7.7 billion, would remain constant beginning in that year. The effect of the funding formula in the 1979 reform act has been to limit the funded status of the three plans. In our November 1992 report, we pointed out that the three District plans were not funded as completely as other comparable state and local governmental plans. In updating our data we found that this continues to be the case for the 24 plans. Of the three District plans, the police officers' and firefighters' plan has the lowest funding level compared with all the other plans, while the plans for teachers and judges are a little better funded but still at lower levels than comparable plans. Figures 2.1 through 2.3 compare the funded status of the three District plans with the same public plans that were included in our earlier report. (See app. III for a complete list of the plans.) In congressional deliberations leading up to the 1979 reform act, the appropriate federal responsibility for the three plans' unfunded liability as of the effective date of Home Rule was considered to be the portion that represented all retirees. However, to ensure presidential approval of the reform act, the Congress agreed to fund less than the full amount of these retirees' share: 80 percent of service retirements and 33-1/3 percent of disability retirements. It was anticipated that the authorized annual federal payments of $52.07 million would amortize this share by the year 2005. Congressional deliberators recognized the need to amortize the District's share of the plans' unfunded liability as of the effective date of Home Rule. However, they believed that the District's financial resources (1) would never enable its share to the amortized, (2) would eventually enable it to pay the annual net normal cost and interest on its share, and (3) should not be overly burdened with paying the latter amounts during the 25-year period in which the federal share was being amortized. Accordingly, the formula for calculating the District's annual contribution was devised to limit its payments to amounts that essentially allow its share of the unfunded liability to increase with the rate of inflation to the year 2005 and to remain constant after that time. In that year, the unfunded liability could be about $6.1 billion and the District's contribution could be about 15 percent of its revenues, compared with about 8 percent in 1993--a significant financial burden. The effect of the reform act's funding formula has been to limit the three plans' funded status compared with other public plans. Given the District's current financial condition, the congressional concerns about the District's financial capability appear to have been appropriate. Unless the District's financial condition improves significantly, the District will not likely be able to eliminate the plans' unfunded liability without federal financial assistance. The District government deliberated the issue of the three plans' unfunded liability and enacted legislation to eliminate it. The District's act, however, will not take effect until companion federal legislation is enacted. Without such a federal law, the plans' unfunded liability will continue to grow and the District's annual contributions will consume an increasing portion of its revenues. The three plans' unfunded liability would be eliminated under proposed companion legislation that was introduced in the District of Columbia Council in December 1993 (Council Bill 10-515) and in the House of Representatives in January 1994 (H.R. 3728). Both bills contained the same provisions, except for District contribution requirements that were only in the Council's bill. Both bills included provisions for increasing the federal government's and employees' obligations and placing the District's contributions on an actuarial basis. The District's bill was enacted into law on May 4, 1994, as D.C. Act 10-239, the Full Funding of Pension Liability Retirement Reform Amendment Act of 1994, but it will not take effect until H.R. 3728 or comparable companion federal legislation is enacted. Thus, the House bill is a companion to the District's law and should be considered in conjunction with it. A study of H.R. 3728 conducted by an actuarial consulting firm for DCRB concluded that it would effectively eliminate the unfunded liability for the three plans in the year 2035. This would be accomplished through placing additional obligations on the federal government and active and retired employees and putting the District's contributions on an actuarial basis, while also mandating a minimum annual District payment. The basic approach is to stabilize the District's contributions at 45 percent of payroll through year 2035, as shown in figure 3.1. At 45 percent of payroll, the annual contributions would range from $403.5 million in year 2005 to $1.7 billion in year 2035. Maintaining pension contributions as a level percentage of payroll is the most common funding method used by public sector pension plans. The federal contribution to the plans would significantly increase under H.R. 3728. Under current law, the annual federal payments of $52.1 million, which have a present value of about $392 million, cease as of 2005. The bill proposes increasing the federal payment by 5 percent each year, beginning with fiscal year 1996, and extending it for 30 additional years, from 2005 through 2035. The federal payment would increase substantially in the latter part of the 40-year period, rising to about $367 million in the 40th year (see fig. 3.2). Overall, the present value of the total federal obligation would be increased by about $1.1 billion. (See app. I.) The obligations of the plans' active participants would increase and the retirees' benefits would decrease. All three plans' active participants would be required to contribute an additional 1 percent of pay: police officers', firefighters', and teachers' contributions would rise from 7 to 8 percent, and judges' would go from 3.5 to 4.5 percent. In addition, retirees' cost-of-living adjustments would be reduced from two to one each year. Also, police officers and firefighters who retired before February 15, 1980, would receive cost-of-living adjustments based on the consumer price index rather than on the active participants' pay raises. Finally, H.R. 3728 requires several changes in the District's responsibilities. In particular, the formula for determining the District's payment would be changed to one that is actuarially based; this approach adjusts the District's contributions to a level percentage of payroll and is most commonly used by public sector plans. Under this formula, the District's contribution would be stable as a level percentage of payroll and consist of several components: (1) the plans' net normal cost; (2) the amortization of their unfunded liability as of October 1, 1995, over 40 years; and (3) the amortization of actuarial gains and losses as well as benefit increases over 15 and 25 years, respectively. However, the bill specifically provides that the District's annual contribution must be at least $295.5 million, the amount of its certified contribution for 1995. Using this approach, the District's contributions would be slightly lower than current costs in the first few years, then increase in step with payroll. The percentage of payroll contribution for these groups will gradually fall from the current 53.8 percent to 44.8 percent after 2005. The District's contributions from 1996 through 2020 would be less than the current law requires and would be greater thereafter (see fig. 3.3). The present value of the District's contributions under current law through 2035 is about $8.2 billion and decreases to about $7.0 billion under the bill. We note that under the District's act, its contributions would be at the mandatory $295.5 million minimum for fiscal years 1996 through 1998. Our analysis shows that this provision results in the District paying a total of about $58 million more in annual dollars than would be required actuarially. As table 3.1 shows, for example, the 1996 payment is $32.7 million more than the actuarially determined amount. The plans' current funding method and their unfunded liability represent a significant and increasing financial burden to the District. For this reason, we support timely action on eliminating the unfunded liability and placing the plans' funding on a sound actuarial basis. H.R. 3728 sets forth one approach that would resolve these matters along the foregoing general lines. However, we are concerned with the proposed federal funding method because the annual 5-percent increase is inequitable to future generations of taxpayers--particularly in the latter part of the 40-year period--because it requires them to help eliminate a greater share of a liability incurred by much earlier generations. A more equitable federal funding method, which shifts less of the burden to the future, would be a constant annual payment, as under current law (see further discussion in ch. 4). We also note that the District's payments would be about $58 million higher for the first 3 years under D.C. Act 10-239 than actuarially required. Under H.R. 3728, federal contributions to the three District plans would increase by 5 percent annually, going from $54.7 million in 1996 to $366.6 million in 2035. In lieu of these increasing payments, we analyzed the effect of various constant annual federal payments. Our analysis shows that total federal obligations would be less than under H.R. 3728 with level annual payments ranging from $52.1 million to $92.1 million. The federal obligation would be about one-half of the amount under the bill if the current annual payment of $52.1 million is continued through the year 2035. Somewhat smaller federal savings would be attained under the bill with higher constant annual payments up to $92.1 million but in these circumstances the District's overall burden would be increased. However, an annual federal payment of $102.1 million would have about the same effect on District contributions as the bill. In lieu of the incremental federal payments proposed by H.R. 3728, we analyzed the effect of constant federal payments of various amounts through the year 2035. Our analysis shows that the greatest federal savings--about one-half of the amount that would be paid under H.R. 3728--would be realized by extending the current federal payment of $52.1 million. (These data are summarized in table 4.1 below and detailed in app. II.) This change would also increase the District's contributions by about 10 percentage points in today's value (present value). Somewhat smaller federal savings under the bill would be obtained with annual payments of $72.1 million and $92.1 million. In terms of the District's contributions as a percentage of payroll, the changes are less dramatic (see table 4.2). The effect of a constant federal payment of $52.1 million would be to increase the District's contributions as a percentage of payroll by about 5 percentage points from the 45 percent under H.R. 3728. Given the District's current fiscal situation, however, a question arises as to the amounts that the District could realistically be expected to contribute in future years. For example, the 5-percentage point increase in the District's percentage of payroll in 2005, with a constant $52.1 million federal payment, equates to an additional District contribution of about $45 million that year, for a total of $448.2 million. In contrast, the comparable increases under a constant federal payment of $92.1 million amount to a much more modest $13.1 million. (See app. II.) However, an annual federal payment of $102.1 million--present value of about $1.46 billion--would also stabilize the District's contributions at about 45 percent of payroll. H.R. 3728 proposes a substantial increase in the federal obligation to the three District pension plans to help eliminate their unfunded liability by extending and escalating the current annual federal payment of $52.1 million to year 2036. This approach, however, inequitably burdens future taxpayers by requiring them to help eliminate a greater share of a liability incurred by much earlier generations. Instead, the unfunded liability could be eliminated with annual federal payments of a constant amount. Constant annual federal payments of about $102.1 million through 2035 would achieve the same results as the bill in terms of stabilizing the District's contributions at about 45 percent of payroll from the year 2005 through 2035. Also, such payments would cost the federal government $40 million less overall than the total federal payments under H.R. 3728. If the Congress wishes to change the law to increase federal payments to the three District pension plans, it should consider authorizing a constant annual payment rather than the escalating payments provided for in H.R. 3728. A constant annual approach would be more equitable because it would avoid shifting to future taxpayers a disproportionate share of the burden of financing the three plans. In addition, if the Congress concludes that the federal share should be increased in total by the amount authorized in H.R. 3728--calculated at about $1.1 billion in value today--the appropriate constant annual federal payment would be $102.1 million.

Summary:
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the District of Columbia's pension plans for certain employees, focusing on: (1) the history and status of the plans' unfunded pension liability and the number of plan participants prior to Home Rule; (2) a comparison of the plans' unfunded liability with other state and local plans; and (3) the District's funding formula under the proposed legislation and alternative federal funding methods. GAO found that: (1) the District's pension plans were originally funded on a pay-as-you-go basis with no accrual of monies for future liabilities; (2) even when the plans were put on an actuarial basis, the District's contributions to the pension funds were lower than needed to eliminate the unfunded liabilities; (3) the District's pension plans are not as well funded as some comparable state and local plans; (4) the proposed legislation would eliminate the plans' unfunded liability in 2035 by increasing federal payments, decreasing benefits and cost-of-living adjustments, and placing the District's contributions on an actuarial basis; (5) under the proposed funding method, the federal government would assume about $1 billion of the District's obligations, most of which would be paid in future budget years because of the 5-percent annual increase in the federal payments; (6) the District's contributions for the first 3 years would be at the required minimum and would be higher than the actuarially determined amounts; (7) a constant federal payment of about $102.1 million would shift less of the contribution burden to future federal budgets and taxpayers and would help eliminate the unfunded liability; and (8) options to lower annual federal payments would eliminate the unfunded liability but increase the District's contributions.