FISMA sets forth a comprehensive framework for ensuring the effectiveness of information security controls over information resources that support federal operations and assets. Its framework creates a cycle of risk management activities necessary for an effective security program; these activities are similar to the principles noted in our study of the risk management activities of leading private sector organizations--assessing risk, establishing a central management focal point, implementing appropriate policies and procedures, promoting awareness, and monitoring and evaluating policy and control effectiveness. In order to ensure the implementation of this framework, FISMA assigns specific responsibilities to agency heads, chief information officers, inspectors general, and the National Institute for Science and Technology (NIST). It also assigns responsibilities to OMB, which include developing and overseeing the implementation of policies, principles, standards, and guidelines on information security and reviewing, at least annually, and approving or disapproving, agency information security programs. FISMA requires each agency, including agencies with national security systems, to develop, document, and implement an agencywide information security program to provide security for the information and information systems that support the operations and assets of the agency, including those provided or managed by another agency, contractor, or other source. Specifically, FISMA requires information security programs to include, among other things periodic assessments of the risk that could result from the compromise of information or information systems; risk-based policies and procedures that cost-effectively reduce information security risks to an acceptable level; subordinate plans for providing adequate information security for networks, facilities, and systems or groups of information systems; security awareness training for agency personnel, including contractors; periodic testing and evaluation of the effectiveness of information security policies, procedures, and practices; a process for planning, implementing, evaluating, and documenting remedial action to address any deficiencies; procedures for detecting, reporting, and responding to security incidents; plans and procedures to ensure continuity of operations; and an annually updated inventory of major information systems operated by the agency or under its control. FISMA also requires each agency to report annually to OMB, selected congressional committees, and the comptroller general on the adequacy of its information security policies, procedures, practices, and compliance with requirements. In addition, agency heads are required to report annually the results of their independent evaluations to OMB, except to the extent that an evaluation pertains to a national security system; then only a summary and assessment of that portion of the evaluation needs to be reported to OMB. NIST, agency inspectors general, and OMB also play key roles under FISMA. NIST, for example, is required to provide standards and guidance to agencies on information security. In addition, NIST is tasked with developing a definition of and guidelines for detection and handling of information security incidents as well as guidelines developed in conjunction with the Department of Defense and the National Security Agency for identifying an information system as a national security system. NIST has issued guidance through its FISMA Implementation Project and has expanded its work through other security activities. In addition, NIST's computer security division issued its 2008 annual report, as mandated by FISMA. Agency inspectors general are required to perform an independent annual evaluation of the agency's information security program and practices. These reviews should include testing of information security procedures, policies, and practices for a representative subset of agency systems, as well as an assessment of compliance with FISMA and any related information security policies, procedures, standards, and guidelines. FISMA also requires OMB to develop policies, principles, standards, and guidelines on information security and is required to report annually to Congress on agency compliance with the requirements of the act. OMB has provided instructions to federal agencies and their inspectors general for preparing annual FISMA reports. OMB's reporting instructions focus on performance metrics related to the performance of key control activities such as developing a complete inventory of major information systems, providing security training to personnel, testing and evaluating security controls, testing contingency plans, and certifying and accrediting systems. Significant weaknesses in information security policies and practices expose sensitive data to significant risk, as illustrated by recent incidents at various agencies. Agencies have experienced a wide range of incidents involving data loss or theft, computer intrusions, and privacy breaches, underscoring the need for improved security practices. When incidents occur, agencies are to notify the federal information security incident center--US-Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT). As shown in figure 1, the number of incidents reported by federal agencies to US- CERT has increased dramatically over the past 3 years, increasing from 5,503 incidents reported in fiscal year 2006 to 16,843 incidents in fiscal year 2008 (about a 206 percent increase). Reviews at federal agencies continue to highlight deficiencies in their implementation of security policies and procedures. In their fiscal year 2008 performance and accountability reports, 20 of 24 major agencies noted that their information system controls over their financial systems and information were either a material weakness or a significant deficiency (see fig. 2). Agency inspectors general have also reported weaknesses in information security, with 22 of 24 identifying information security as a "major management challenge" for their agency. Over the last several years, most agencies have not implemented controls to sufficiently prevent, limit, or detect access to computer networks, systems, or information. For example, our analysis of inspector general, agency, and our own reports reveals that agencies did not have adequate controls in place to ensure that only authorized individuals could access or manipulate data on their systems and networks. Weaknesses were reported in such controls at 23 of 24 major agencies for fiscal year 2008. Agencies did not consistently (1) identify and authenticate users to prevent unauthorized access, (2) enforce the principle of least privilege to ensure that authorized access was necessary and appropriate, (3) establish sufficient boundary protection mechanisms, (4) apply encryption to protect sensitive data on networks and portable devices, and (5) log, audit, and monitor security-relevant events. At least nine agencies also lacked effective controls to restrict physical access to information assets. We have previously reported that many of the data losses occurring at federal agencies over the past few years were a result of physical thefts or improper safeguarding of systems, including laptops and other portable devices. In addition, agencies did not always configure network devices and services to prevent unauthorized access and ensure system integrity, patch key servers and workstations in a timely manner, or segregate incompatible duties to different individuals or groups so that one individual does not control all aspects of a process or transaction. Furthermore, agencies did not always ensure that continuity of operations plans contained all essential information necessary to restore services in a timely manner. Weaknesses in these areas increase the risk of unauthorized use, disclosure, modification, or loss of information. An underlying cause for information security weaknesses identified at federal agencies is that they have not yet fully or effectively implemented key elements for an agencywide information security program, as required by FISMA. An agencywide security program, as required by FISMA, provides a framework and continuing cycle of activity for assessing and managing risk, developing and implementing security policies and procedures, promoting security awareness and training, monitoring the adequacy of the entity's computer-related controls through security tests and evaluations, and implementing remedial actions as appropriate. Twenty-three of the 24 major federal agencies had weaknesses in their agencywide information security programs. Due to the persistent nature of information security vulnerabilities and the associated risks, we continue to designate information security as a governmentwide high-risk issue in our most recent biennial report to Congress; a designation we have made in each report since 1997. Over the past several years, we and agency inspectors general have made hundreds of recommendations to agencies for actions necessary to resolve prior significant control deficiencies and information security program shortfalls. For example, we recommended that agencies correct specific information security deficiencies related to user identification and authentication, authorization, boundary protections, cryptography, audit and monitoring, physical security, configuration management, segregation of duties, and contingency planning. We have also recommended that agencies fully implement comprehensive, agencywide information security programs by correcting shortcomings in risk assessments, information security policies and procedures, security planning, security training, system tests and evaluations, and remedial actions. The effective implementation of these recommendations will strengthen the security posture at these agencies. In addition, the White House, OMB, and some federal agencies have continued or launched several governmentwide initiatives that are intended to enhance information security at federal agencies. They include the Comprehensive National Cyber Security Initiative, the Information Systems Security Line of Business, the Federal Desktop Core Configuration, SmartBUY, and the Trusted Internet Connections Initiative. We currently have ongoing work that addresses the status, planning, and implementation efforts of several of these initiatives. Federal agencies reported increased compliance in implementing key information security control activities for fiscal year 2008; however, inspectors general at several agencies noted shortcomings with agencies' implementation of information security requirements. OMB also reported that agencies were increasingly performing key activities. Specifically, agencies reported increases in the number and percentage of systems that had been certified and accredited, the number and percentage of employees and contractors receiving security awareness training, and the number and percentage of systems with tested contingency plans. However, the number and percentage of systems that had been tested and evaluated at least annually decreased slightly (from 95 percent in fiscal year 2007 to 93 percent in fiscal year 2008) and the number and percentage of employees who had significant security responsibilities and had received specialized training decreased significantly (from 90 percent in fiscal year 2007 to 76 percent in 2008). (See fig 3.) FISMA requires agency inspectors general to perform an independent evaluation of the information security programs and practices of their agency to determine the effectiveness of such programs and practices. Each evaluation is to include (1) testing of the effectiveness of information security policies, procedures, and practices of a representative subset of the agency's information systems and (2) assessing compliance (based on the results of the testing) with FISMA requirements and related information security policies, procedures, standards, and guidelines. We have previously reported that the annual inspector general independent evaluations lacked a common approach and that the scope and methodology of the evaluations varied across agencies. We stated that there was an opportunity to improve these evaluations by conducting them in accordance with audit standards or a common approach and framework. In their 2008 FISMA reports, more inspectors general indicated using professional standards (16) than had in their 2007 reports (8); in addition, 21 of 24 provided supplemental information about the agency's implementation of FISMA. The development and use of a common framework or adherence to auditing standards could provide improved effectiveness, increased efficiency, quality control, and consistency in inspector general assessments. FISMA specifies that OMB is to develop policies, principles, standards, and guidelines on information security. Each year, OMB provides instructions to federal agencies and their inspectors general for FISMA annual reporting. Additionally, OMB summarizes the information provided by the agencies and the inspectors general in its report to Congress. We have previously made several recommendations to OMB for improving this annual reporting. OMB has required agencies to report systems information by risk category and reviewed its guidance to ensure clarity of instructions. In addition to the previously reported shortcomings, OMB's reporting instructions for fiscal year 2008 did not sufficiently address several processes key to implementing an agencywide security program and were sometimes unclear. For example, the reporting instructions did not request inspectors general to provide information on the quality or effectiveness of agencies' processes for developing and maintaining inventories, providing specialized security training, and monitoring contractors. For these activities, inspectors general were requested to report only on the extent to which agencies had implemented the activity but not on the effectiveness of those activities. Providing information on the effectiveness of the processes used to implement the activities could further enhance the usefulness of the data for management and oversight purposes. In addition, the guidance to inspectors general did not define or identify criteria for determining the level of performance in certification and accreditation for each rating. Not all inspectors general considered the same aspects in reviewing the certification and accreditation process, yet all were allowed to provide the same rating. Without clear guidelines for rating these processes, OMB and Congress may not have a consistent basis for comparing the progress of an agency over time or against other agencies. In its report to Congress for fiscal year 2008, OMB did not fully summarize the findings from the inspectors general independent evaluations or identify significant deficiencies in agencies' information security practices. This information could be useful in determining whether agencies are effectively implementing information security policies, procedures, and practices. OMB also did not explicitly approve or disapprove agencies' information security programs. FISMA requires OMB to review agencies' information security programs at least annually, and approve or disapprove them. As a result, a mechanism for establishing accountability and holding agencies accountable for implementing effective programs was not used. In summary, as illustrated by recent incidents at federal agencies, significant weaknesses in information security policies and practices expose sensitive data to significant risk. Almost all major agencies reported weaknesses in one or more areas of information security controls during fiscal year 2008. Despite these persistent weaknesses, agencies reported increased compliance in implementing key information security activities. While the inspectors general and OMB have made progress toward fulfilling their statutory requirements, OMB's annual reporting instructions did not cover key security activities and were not always clear. In addition, OMB did not include key information about findings and significant deficiencies identified by inspectors general in its governmentwide report to Congress and did not approve or disapprove agency information security programs. Shortcomings in reporting and oversight can result in insufficient or misleading information being provided to Congress and diminish its ability to monitor and assist federal agencies in improving the state of federal information security. Chairwoman Watson, this concludes my statement. I would be happy to answer any questions you or other members of the subcommittee may have. If you have any questions regarding this report, please contact Gregory C. Wilshusen, Director, Information Security Issues, at (202) 512-6244 or wilshuseng@gao.gov. Other key contributors to this report include Charles Vrabel (Assistant Director), Larry Crosland, Neil Doherty, Nancy Glover, and Jayne Wilson. 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Summary:
Without proper safeguards, federal agencies' computer systems are vulnerable to intrusions by individuals and groups who have malicious intentions and can obtain sensitive information, commit fraud, disrupt operations, or launch attacks against other computer systems and networks. Concerned by reports of significant weaknesses in federal systems, Congress passed the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), which permanently authorized and strengthened information security program, evaluation, and annual reporting requirements for federal agencies. GAO was asked to testify on its draft report on (1) the adequacy and effectiveness of federal agencies' information security policies and practices and (2) their implementation of FISMA requirements. To prepare for this testimony, GAO summarized its draft report where it analyzed agency, inspectors general, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), congressional, and GAO reports on information security. Significant weaknesses in information security policies and practices expose sensitive data to significant risk, as illustrated by recent incidents at various agencies. GAO's audits and reviews by inspectors general note significant information security control deficiencies that place agency operations and assets at risk. In their fiscal year 2008 performance and accountability reports, 20 of 24 major agencies noted that the information system controls over their financial systems and information were either a significant deficiency or a material weakness. In addition, over the last several years, most agencies have not implemented controls to sufficiently prevent, limit, or detect access to computer networks, systems, or information. An underlying cause for information security weaknesses identified at federal agencies is that they have not yet fully or effectively implemented key elements for an agencywide information security program, as required by FISMA. Twenty-three of the 24 major federal agencies had weaknesses in their agencywide information security programs. Federal agencies reported increased compliance in implementing key information security control activities for fiscal year 2008; however, inspectors general at several agencies noted shortcomings with agencies' implementation of information security requirements. For fiscal year 2008 reporting, agencies reported higher levels of FISMA implementation for most information security metrics and lower levels for others. Increases were reported in the number and percentage of employees and contractors receiving security awareness training, the number and percentage of systems with tested contingency plans, and the number and percentage of systems that were certified and accredited. However, the number and percentage of employees who had significant security responsibilities and had received specialized training decreased significantly and the number and percentage of systems that had been tested and evaluated at least annually decreased slightly. In addition, the current reporting instructions do not request inspectors general to report on agencies' effectiveness of key activities and did not always provide them with clear guidance for annual reporting. This information could be useful in determining whether agencies are effectively implementing information security policies, procedures, and practices. Without such information, Congress may not be fully informed about the state of federal information security.