In 1999, FCC established the Enforcement Bureau to investigate potential violations of applicable statutes and Commission regulations and orders that are within FCC's mission of protecting consumers, promoting competition, ensuring responsible use of the public airwaves, and addressing risks to public safety. Prior to the establishment of the Enforcement Bureau, the Compliance and Information Bureau handled enforcement of matters currently handled by the field offices, and individual policy bureaus, such as the Media Bureau handled enforcement within their bureau's responsibilities. When the Commission created the Enforcement Bureau, it consolidated most of these responsibilities to streamline enforcement. Currently, the Enforcement Bureau has five divisions that conduct investigations (see fig. 1 below). As of August 2017, there are approximately 199 employees (full time equivalents) in the Enforcement Bureau. Enforcement Bureau officials conduct reviews of potential violations and open enforcement cases if they determine an investigation is warranted. According to FCC officials, information about potential violations comes from a variety of sources including: (1) consumer complaints; (2) industry and/or public safety complaints on interference, such as weather or cell tower interference; (3) referrals from other FCC bureaus such as the Media Bureau that administers broadcast licenses; (4) congressional interest/direction; and (5) trade/news reports on potential company violations. Figure 2 below shows the general process the Enforcement Bureau uses once it decides to open a case and pursue an investigation. In most instances, cases conclude with one of the three following outcomes: the Enforcement Bureau determines there is no violation, and the case is closed without action; the Enforcement Bureau and the company reach a settlement; or FCC issues an enforcement action, which can include a monetary penalty. If an investigation for an enforcement case reveals a potential violation, the Enforcement Bureau may issue a non-monetary or monetary enforcement action. Non-monetary actions include written warnings such as a notice of unlicensed operation or a notice of violation. For example, FCC can notify a party that it is operating a radio station without a license and warn that continued operation could result in more severe penalties such as a fine, seizure of equipment, and imprisonment. Below are the three main enforcement actions that could involve a monetary penalty: Notice of Apparent Liability (NAL): A notice to inform the party of an investigation of a violation that FCC believes has occurred and forfeiture in a specified dollar amount is warranted. The subject of an NAL may elect to pay the proposed forfeiture, ending the proceeding, or file a response making legal or factual arguments that the proposed forfeiture should be modified, reduced, or cancelled. Consent Decree: An agreement between FCC and the party of an investigation that sets forth the terms and conditions in exchange for closing the investigation. This can include a plan for reaching compliance and an agreed upon civil penalty payable to the U.S. Treasury. Forfeiture Order: An order that requires the monetary forfeiture proposed in an NAL be paid. If a party does not pay the forfeiture, the case is referred to the U.S. Department of Justice, which may bring an enforcement action in district court to recover the forfeiture. From calendar years 2014 through 2016, the Enforcement Bureau opened 3,075 cases. Of these, 2,591--approximately 84 percent--were field office cases, which are under the Office of the Field Director. Many of the cases handled by the field offices relate to wireless spectrum interference, such as, a radio station operating outside of its licensed spectrum and interfering with other radio communications. For the number of cases opened and closed by each division from calendar years 2014 through 2016, see table 1 below. FCC closes most cases the Enforcement Bureau investigates without monetary penalty. In calendar years 2014 through 2016, FCC closed 3,732 cases (see table 2). Of these cases, 359 (approximately 10 percent) had a monetary penalty in the form of a NAL, Consent Decree, or Forfeiture Order. In this same period, FCC closed 1,509 cases (approximately 40 percent) through non-monetary enforcement actions such as written or verbal warnings or notice of unlicensed operation. FCC closed the remaining 1,864 cases (approximately 50 percent) without an enforcement action. FCC recently improved the collection of data for its enforcement program by implementing a new enforcement data system and consumer informal complaint portal. Enforcement Bureau Activity Tracking System (EBATS): EBATS is a new data system that serves as the system of record for the Enforcement Bureau. EBATS captures data inputs for investigations (such as key dates and close out status), and contains pertinent notes and documents investigators obtain or create related to a case. Prior to the implementation of EBATS, there were five distinct data systems, one for each division within the Enforcement Bureau. In 2008, we reported that FCC's separate data systems and the limitations with each hampered FCC's ability to use data to inform management of the enforcement program, and we recommended the data systems be improved. EBATS addresses these previously reported issues by unifying the databases and capturing key Enforcement Bureau data and information in a manner that we found, during our current review, to be generally reliable beginning with calendar year 2014. Managers across FCC's divisions use data from EBATS to monitor ongoing work. FCC officials told us that managers of each division review reports based on available data on a weekly basis, which includes the number of cases closed and opened during that week. FCC officials said Enforcement Bureau managers such as the deputy chief of the Enforcement Bureau and assistant bureau chiefs, review EBATS data on a monthly basis. FCC officials noted that the monthly review focuses mainly on cases with pending Commission reviews and external deadlines such as referring debt collection of an issued fine to the U.S. Department of Justice, which is the final step by FCC if a party does not pay an ordered fine. FCC officials said EBATS allows for closer management of dates that resulted in improved case efficiency and provided two examples. First, officials said FCC has decreased the use of tolling agreements, in which FCC requests that parties waive the statute of limitations. Data on the number of tolling agreements from 2014 through 2016 showed FCC used tolling agreements in approximately 1-2 percent of the cases investigated each year. Although FCC officials told us this is an improvement over previous years, they could not provide reliable data on tolling agreements used before 2014. The second example provided by FCC officials is a decrease in the number of backlogged cases, which are those cases considered overdue for resolution. However, when we requested information on the total number of backlogged cases over the last 5 years FCC officials informed us that they do not currently track this information over time. While the database improvements should increase the availability and reliability of data FCC officials can use to assess the program, the agency's current enforcement performance goals are not quantified, as is discussed later in this report. Consumer Informal Complaints Portal: FCC implemented a new consumer complaints portal in December 2014 at a development cost of $297,514. This portal allows consumers to receive e-mail updates on the status of their complaints as well as ask questions and receive answers related to the complaint. The Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau (CGB) manages and houses the consumer informal complaints portal. FCC officials stated that most complaints are directly addressed by CGB officials through actions such as providing information to consumers and/or forwarding the complaint to the service provider. FCC officials told us that most complaints do not become enforcement cases because most do not represent a violation of a federal statute or commission regulation. For example, in calendar year 2016 consumers filed 344,045 complaints through the portal; these complaints resulted in 402 enforcement cases, according to FCC officials. Regardless of whether a complaint initiates an enforcement case, FCC officials have access to the information in the consumer complaint portal and officials stated that they can use this data to help identify trends and determine whether to review a particular company or practice. FCC recently updated its enforcement processes by developing an enforcement handbook and reorganizing the field office division of the Enforcement Bureau to enhance efficiencies. Enforcement Handbook: The enforcement handbook is an internal guidance document for the Enforcement Bureau. The handbook contains and organizes previously disparate policy guidelines and added additional guidelines. According to FCC officials, in 2014, there was an agency wide process reform effort and an Enforcement Bureau specific reform effort that resulted in the creation of the enforcement handbook. Officials stated that this document helped in meeting several goals of the reform effort including increasing efficiencies and consistency across divisions and improving effectiveness of allocated resources. The handbook sets explicit timelines for major case milestones. The handbook also provides a case priority rating system to improve efficient use of resources. The case priority rating system is used by most divisions to determine how to prioritize investigations to improve efficient use of resources with the exception of the field office division, which conducts the majority of investigations. The Office of the Field Director has a separate priority rating system to prioritize public safety interference, such as interference to emergency communication networks, above all other cases. FCC officials said they found the case priority rating system helpful for day-to- day management of the enforcement program. To improve consistency across the divisions, the handbook also has standardized templates for various forms and official documents. Previously, each division had its own guidance for preparing these documents. Field Office Reorganization: FCC contracted for a study to review its field offices and received the results in March 2015. In July 2015, FCC issued an order stating it could achieve efficiencies through reorganizing and closing some field offices. As of January 2017, FCC had closed 11 of 24 field offices (see fig. 3), and FCC officials stated that this reduction included eliminating 16 of 21 management positions, and reducing the total number of staff from 108 to 54 employees. FCC officials estimated the reorganization would cost $2 to $4 million and would save $9 to $10 million per year. FCC had originally proposed further cuts to the field office division, but while FCC was considering the field office reorganization in 2015, some stakeholders--ranging from members of Congress, to industry groups, and private companies--raised concerns that the decrease in field staff would hinder FCC's effectiveness and timeliness of response to interference. Two stakeholders (one expert and one industry association) we spoke with for our review remain concerned about this issue. For example, one expert whom we interviewed stated that with the current transition in technology there is likely to be an increase in spectrum interference. According to this expert, wireless broadband is important to the economy because it is used in so many different ways and without effective interference enforcement, wireless' potential could be undermined. The expert added that if there is an increase in interference FCC will need more, not fewer, field resources to resolve interference between spectrum users. Similarly, the industry association representatives we spoke to, expressed concerns that FCC's ability to effectively respond to interference issues has diminished since the field office reorganization. According to FCC officials, to help mitigate concerns about responsiveness to interference issues FCC has employed mobile "tiger teams." These tiger teams are currently located in the Columbia and Denver field offices where FCC officials stated they can be quickly deployed to support high-priority initiatives of the Enforcement Bureau or other entities from headquarters. FCC officials also told us that they are taking steps to use the anticipated cost savings from the field office reorganization to invest in training, equipment, and technology updates that will improve efficiency. For example, some efforts already under-taken or planned, according to officials include the following: Training: FCC officials said field office staff completed a 3-day training on Long-Term Evolution (LTE) wireless networks in July 2016 to increase staff knowledge of this technology. FCC officials said that LTE is increasingly being used for wireless communication and that it is important for FCC officials in the field to understand what it is and how interference with it can cause harm. Officials stated that they plan to conduct more training in the future. Equipment: FCC is in the process of purchasing a remote radio location detector system, which officials stated will act as a "force multiplier" because the detectors can be easily deployed and left in place to measure interference over time. Previously field personnel had to collect this type of data in-person. FCC officials stated they have conducted hands on evaluations of the top four vendors and are developing purchase recommendations. Also, according to FCC officials, FCC recently purchased mobile direction finding equipment for use on rental vehicles and is in the process of purchasing equipment such as amplifiers, filters, and spectrum analyzers to improve the technological capability of field office personnel. Technology: FCC officials are working on a new complaint portal for businesses and public safety officials to use when they experience interference. FCC planned to implement this portal in spring 2016 but has faced delays. Given the recent changes, it is too early to determine the impact these actions will have on enforcement efforts. We found that most of FCC's enforcement program goals as published in its Annual Performance Reports and Budget Estimates to Congress are missing key elements that could improve oversight and performance evaluation. The Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), as enhanced by the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010 requires agencies to develop objective, measurable, and quantifiable performance goals and related measures and to report progress in performance reports in order to promote public and congressional oversight as well as improve agency program performance. OMB guidance on implementation of the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010 states that performance goals should include a specific measure with a targeted level of performance to occur over a defined timeframe. In comparing FCC's recently published goals to OMB guidance, FCC has only one enforcement performance goal that partly meets OMB's guidance and FCC's remaining seven performance goals do not have associated measures with target levels and timeframes, see table 3 below. Our review of FCC's annual performance report found that it includes descriptions of enforcement actions taken against companies, but does not include quantified performance measures. FCC officials stated that narrative examples, rather than quantified goals and related measures, were the most appropriate way to report on FCC's efforts to help consumers and protect the public through its enforcement program. In 2008, FCC reported two additional performance measures related to the number of cases they investigated and the length of time that it took to close cases. FCC officials told us the Chairman's Office made the decision in 2009 to stop reporting data driven measures and to replace them with narratives of the types of investigations performed, penalties issued, and examples of what it considers bad behavior. According to FCC officials, it is difficult to develop effective performance goals and measures for its enforcement program because enforcement is usually in reaction to the activities of companies. As a result, in lieu of performance goals and measures, FCC's Fiscal Year 2016 Annual Performance Report contains descriptions of specific settlements or proposed fines issued; including one fine in excess of $34 million assessed to a company that illegally imported jamming devices that overpower, jam, or interfere with authorized communications. However, the Enforcement Bureau's new database--EBATS--described earlier in this report, has the data that FCC could use to help establish and report on objective, measurable, and quantifiable performance goals and related measures. Three other regulatory agencies with inherently reactive enforcement programs similar to FCC's have developed objective, measurable, and quantifiable performance goals. During our review we spoke with officials from the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which all have enforcement programs and have developed objective, quantifiable, and measureable goals for their programs. Officials from these agencies agreed that it is difficult to measure enforcement performance in part due to the reactive nature of enforcement as well as the difficultly of quantifying deterrence. However, they believe there are performance measures--timeliness, monetary outcomes, and enforcement actions taken in relation to consumer complaints, among others--that can capture essential program information. Examples of three agencies' performance goals for their enforcement programs are shown in table 4 below. We have previously reported that a key element in an agency's efforts to manage for results is its ability to set meaningful performance goals and to measure progress towards those goals. We have also found that communicating what an agency intends to achieve and its approach for doing so are fundamental aims of performance management. Without developing meaningful, quantifiable goals and related measures for the enforcement program, FCC (1) lacks important tools for assessing and reporting on the progress of its enforcement program and determining whether changes should be made to improve performance, and (2) may be missing an opportunity to help promote transparency about its program and support congressional oversight. We interviewed stakeholders with a wide range of perspectives however most agreed that FCC's enforcement is important for deterring violations of federal statutes and FCC regulations. Fourteen of the 22 stakeholders explicitly stated that FCC enforcement is important to deter violations and/or provided examples of appropriate FCC enforcement against violators. Ten of the stakeholders highlighted the importance of Enforcement Bureau actions in helping to protect consumers. For example, two telecommunications experts said FCC enforcement actions against prepaid calling card companies for deceptive marketing practices have protected consumers. In calendar years 2010 through 2015, FCC investigated and issued separate $5 million dollar fines to six companies for deceptive marketing of pre-paid calling cards. FCC's announcement of the fines said that in each case, companies sold cards that advertised hundreds or thousands of minutes for international calls at a low cost but consumers were only given a small fraction of the advertised time unless they used all of the minutes in a single call. FCC officials we spoke with also cited these cases as instances in which they believed there may be a deterrent effect to other companies that might consider conducting similar practices. Four stakeholders said Enforcement Bureau actions help address interference with emergency communications systems or violations of public safety regulations. For example, representatives of one public interest group and one industry association said FCC is quick to respond and resolve interference issues with communications systems used by first responders, which ensures that risks to public safety are minimized. One telecommunications company official said FCC's fines to companies for insufficiently lighted radio towers appear to be effective because according to this official, the number of aircraft accidents involving towers appears to have decreased. Most stakeholders expressed concerns regarding the transparency, fairness, or emphasis on publicity in the enforcement process. Of the 22 stakeholders we interviewed, 17 mentioned at least one of these concerns. Lack of Transparency: When asked about their perception regarding the transparency of the enforcement process 16 of the 22 stakeholders we interviewed expressed concern that the enforcement process was not transparent. As an example, stakeholders noted their unsuccessful attempts to obtain information during an investigation. Eight stakeholders said companies are unable to obtain information from the Enforcement Bureau about the potential violations under investigation until the final stages of an investigation. Of these 8 stakeholders, 4 said that this situation is different from their interactions with other regulatory enforcement agencies that inform companies of the specific violation the agency is investigating earlier in the process. FCC officials we spoke with said their lack of transparency during the course of an investigation is, in part, to protect the reputation and business interests of the target in the event that no violation is found and ensure that sensitive information that could undermine a case is not revealed to the party being investigated. Perceived Unfair Process: Fourteen stakeholders said the enforcement process was not always fair. Stakeholders provided the following examples. Ten stakeholders said that requests for information from the Enforcement Bureau can be broad and burdensome and require a lot of time and resources from the company to comply. FCC officials told us they often work with parties they are investigating to narrow the scope of a request like a letter of inquiry, which can reduce the resource burden on the party and the Enforcement Bureau. FCC officials added, however, that they are careful to avoid overly narrowing the scope of a letter of inquiry because doing so could preclude the Enforcement Bureau from gathering information about all potential violations by the party. Nine stakeholders said the Enforcement Bureau issued fines when there was no clear violation of the regulations. In addition, seven stakeholders commented that FCC is using enforcement actions to set precedent and effectively create new policy. Two industry associations stated that they believe this type of action bypasses the notice and comment requirements in the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). For example, one industry association cited a 2015 FCC enforcement policy statement that adopted a treble damages approach to calculating fines for companies not making their full contributions to FCC administered funds such as the Universal Service Fund. Four industry associations filed a joint petition with FCC that asked FCC to reconsider the policy statement because they considered it a substantial change, issued without public notice and therefore in violation of the APA. FCC officials stated that this petition for reconsideration is pending at the FCC. When we asked FCC officials about claims that FCC issued fines where there was no clear violation of the regulations, officials directed us to a written response to a question for the record for a 2015 congressional oversight hearing, where former FCC Chairman Wheeler stated that penalties may be issued in the absence of an agency regulation governing such conduct. He stated that this is because the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, demonstrates Congress's intent that certain conduct be prohibited and the act as established by Congress does not require the additional creation of an agency regulation. He further stated that because the Commission has the choice to decide whether to carry out their activities through rulemaking or adjudication under the APA, FCC may use adjudication to interpret and apply statutes Congress has directed FCC to enforce. Nine stakeholders said industry participants have lost the incentive to self-report potential violations because it does not appear that the Enforcement Bureau will treat them fairly. Of these 9 stakeholders, 4 said they know of companies that acted quickly to correct and report violations, but the Enforcement Bureau still issued significant penalties. FCC officials stated that industry's self-policing is important to an effective enforcement regime and that pursuant to FCC regulations, good faith or voluntary disclosure can factor in decisions of leniency on parties. Emphasis on Generating Publicity through Large Proposed Fines: Fifteen of the stakeholders expressed concerns that there has been an emphasis on generating publicity by proposing high dollar fines through NALs. In addition, 10 of the 15 stakeholders said fine amounts appeared to be calculated arbitrarily and without rational basis. To determine whether there has been an increase in the amount of FCC issued NALs, we reviewed FCC data on NALs from calendar years 2012 through 2016. As shown in table 5 below, the average dollar amount of NALs issued by FCC increased from approximately $180,000 in 2012 to approximately $6,300,000 in 2016. The median NAL fine amount has also generally increased over this same period though not to the same extent. From 2012 through 2016 median fines increased from $15,000 to $25,000. Also, the total number of NALs decreased from 111 in 2012 to 24 in 2016. Compared to previous years FCC has recently issued a small number of fines with very high dollar amounts. In 2016, FCC issued two of these high fines compared to none in 2012 (see table 6). When asked about the apparent increase in proposed fines, FCC officials acknowledged fines have increased. However, these officials stated that they have recently focused resources to investigate difficult cases they believe have the biggest impact on consumers and that the fine amounts they issue are appropriate for the violation. FCC officials also stated that publicity and large fines can be effective deterrents and can alert consumers that certain activities are unlawful. Seven stakeholders agreed that publicity and headlines can be effective tools for enforcement. FCC currently has a variety of ways it communicates with stakeholders varying in terms of formality and public versus private communications but does not have a clear communication strategy for its enforcement activities (see list of all communications in table 7 below). Instead, FCC tailors the extent of its communications to stakeholders on a case-by- case basis. FCC officials told us they use this approach because they have concerns that in some cases sharing too much information about their enforcement processes or case sensitive information could help parties of investigations undermine FCC's case. For example, FCC does not publish an enforcement manual or similar overall policy document on its website outlining their enforcement policies and processes. In contrast, other agencies such as FTC and SEC publish enforcement manuals on their websites to provide information about the enforcement process as well as brief summaries to explain agency regulations to help ensure the clarity of both. FCC officials also told us they work under very strict time deadlines because of the one-year statute of limitations that applies to many cases that the Enforcement Bureau investigates. FCC officials also stated that at least some courts have found that this one-year deadline begins at the time of the violation--not at the time the Enforcement Bureau learns of the violation--further reducing the time the Bureau has to negotiate the scope of the investigation. During this one-year period FCC officials say they must make sure that communications with the parties do not jeopardize the agency's ability to act within the one year statutory deadline. However, as described earlier, FCC can use tolling agreements, which allows FCC--with agreement from investigated parties--to waive the statute of limitations in cases where it needs additional time to conduct or complete the investigation. Despite the communication efforts outlined in table 7, 16 of 22 stakeholders we spoke with expressed concern that the enforcement process was not transparent or fair. Additionally, 10 of these 16 stakeholders said there is a perceived lack of communication between stakeholders and the Enforcement Bureau. Clear communication strategies are important to promoting transparency particularly in the case of enforcement activities. In a publication on the Best Practice Principles for Regulatory Enforcement, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) states that government should ensure a clear and fair process for enforcement. The Best Practice Principles include clearly informing parties of what rights and obligations they have in the process, how to challenge and appeal the conclusions, where and how to obtain compliance assistance and/or report any abuses. Federal internal control standards state that management should design appropriate control activities for programs including externally communicating the necessary quality information to achieve the entity's objectives. In the case of enforcement, agencies can help promote compliance by establishing strategies that foster open two-way communications with external parties to help ensure the clarity of regulations and processes for enforcement. A communication strategy would serve to relay the purposes, objectives, and processes the Enforcement Bureau employs to achieve its mission as well as the rights and expectations of those under investigation. Furthermore, the creation of a communication strategy to provide necessary and quality information to external stakeholders could (1) clarify aspects of the enforcement process that are not transparent or are confusing to stakeholders, and (2) promote clear, fair, and consistent enforcement. For example, such a strategy could include clearly identifying the rights and obligations parties have in the enforcement process, and where and how to obtain additional information regarding questions about the enforcement process, or to report any abuses, without revealing information considered sensitive during the course of an investigation. Recently, FCC has taken steps toward improving the transparency of Commission processes to external stakeholders. Since January 2017, the new FCC Chairman has implemented six changes including two intended to improve external transparency. One of the newly implemented changes is for FCC to publicly release, in advance of monthly Commission meetings, the text of all agenda items that the Commission will vote on during the monthly meeting. Previously, FCC's practice was to release the full text of agenda items only after the Commission voted. However, an exception will be made for enforcement actions that are to be voted on before the Commission; FCC officials explained that the information contained in enforcement actions is considered law enforcement sensitive until it has been voted upon by the Commissioners. The other change intended to improve transparency is releasing a one-page fact sheet that summarizes the text of the meeting's agenda items. FCC's statement released about this change said that the one-page summaries will improve the public's accessibility to Commission information. Although these policies have a limited direct impact on enforcement, increased focus on external transparency for the enforcement program could improve stakeholder perceptions of FCC actions and help promote the perception of a fair process as well as greater industry cooperation and compliance with FCC regulations. In recent years, FCC has taken certain actions to improve the efficiency of its enforcement program. However, the extent to which FCC's Enforcement Bureau is achieving its mission of protecting consumers, promoting competition, ensuring responsible use of the public airwaves, and addressing risks to public safety is difficult to determine because FCC has not developed performance indicators, targets, and timeframes that would enable a meaningful assessment of its enforcement program. Furthermore, without quantifiable performance goals and related measures, Congress does not have information needed to fulfill its oversight role, and industry and consumers lack information that would provide transparency regarding FCC's enforcement priorities. Similarly, without a communications strategy that publicly outlines the purposes, objectives, and processes used by the Enforcement Bureau in carrying out its mission, FCC may be missing an opportunity to improve transparency for industry and consumers and to further engage with both to improve their understanding of FCC's enforcement process. The Chairman of the FCC should establish quantifiable goals and related measures--performance indicators, targets, and timeframes-- for its enforcement program and annually publish the results to demonstrate the performance of this program and improve transparency regarding FCC's enforcement priorities. (Recommendation 1) The Chairman of the FCC should establish, and make publically available, a communications strategy outlining the agency's enforcement program for external stakeholders, to improve engagement with the telecommunications community on the purposes, objectives, and processes the Enforcement Bureau employs to achieve its mission. (Recommendation 2) We provided a draft of this report to the Federal Communications Commission for review and comment. FCC provided written comments that are reprinted in appendix II. In written comments, FCC stated that it agreed with both of our recommendations and noted steps it plans to take when making changes to implement quantifiable performance goals and increase transparency regarding the enforcement process. FCC also provided technical comments that we incorporated as appropriate. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-2834 or goldsteinm@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix III. This report addresses (1) actions taken by FCC in the last 5 years to update its enforcement program; (2) performance goals and measures for FCC's enforcement program; and (3) selected stakeholders' views on FCC's enforcement program and FCC's communication with these stakeholders. To identify trends in enforcement actions and outcomes, we analyzed calendar years 2014 through 2016 summary data from FCC's Enforcement Bureau Activity Tracking System (EBATS). Although EBATS was implemented in 2012, a rolling implementation and major system upgrades limited the available reliable data to 2014 through 2016. We determined that these data were sufficiently reliable for our purposes by reviewing documentation related to how the data were collected and processed, by reconciling the publicly accessible data, and by interviewing FCC officials on their data validation efforts. To describe what actions FCC has taken in the last five years (calendar years 2012 through 2016) to update its enforcement program we reviewed FCC documentation, such as policies and reports related to internal improvement efforts. In addition, we interviewed FCC officials from the Enforcement Bureau, Consumer and Government Affairs Bureau, as well as the Office of Managing Director. We also interviewed FCC officials located in two of FCC's field offices, Columbia, MD, and Dallas, TX, because these field offices represent 2 of the 3 regions and in the past have conducted greater numbers of investigations than some other field offices. In Dallas, we accompanied FCC officials on a field investigation to observe officials use equipment to locate sources of interference. To determine what performance goals and measures are in place for the enforcement program we reviewed FCC's annual performance reports, budget estimates to congress, and strategic plans from 2008 to present and interviewed FCC officials. We evaluated FCC's performance goals and measures as listed in FCC's Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Performance Report and the Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Estimates to Congress, against criteria for developing federal agency performance goals and measures as established in the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010 and OMB guidance related to implementing performance measures. We also reviewed documents including OMB's Circular A-11, Part 6, Section 200, and GAO's Federal Internal Control Standards related to performance measures. We also reviewed FCC's fiscal year 2016 Annual Performance Report and Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Estimates to Congress; however, FCC did not include enforcement program goals in these reports. To obtain information on the performance goals and measures used by other agencies with enforcement programs, we selected three additional agencies to review: the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). We selected these agencies from a group of comparison agencies that also had (1) federal independent regulatory authority and (2) a dedicated enforcement bureau/division. After applying the first set of criteria, we selected the three agencies based on similarity to FCC in terms of budget and number of employees allocated in the congressionally approved budget for fiscal year 2016. For each of the agencies selected we reviewed its most recent performance plans and other relevant enforcement related documentation. We also interviewed officials from each of these agencies to gain their perspectives on managing performance and measuring enforcement efforts. To determine stakeholder views on FCC's enforcement program we interviewed a non-generalizable sample of 22 stakeholders who were knowledgeable of the Enforcement Bureau and the communications industry. We selected these stakeholders in order to get a range of perspectives using the following criteria: (1) type of industry perspective, (2) size of a company (where applicable), (3) level of activity in filing comments with FCC, and (4) area of expertise. After applying these criteria we assembled a list of stakeholders who viewed the industry from different perspectives (telecommunications companies, public interest groups, industry association, telecommunications experts) and different areas of expertise (phone, radio, television, and internet). By taking into account stakeholders' prior work and their level of FCC comment activity, we also ensured these selected stakeholders were knowledgeable of the industry. For a full list of the stakeholders whom we interviewed see table 8 below. To determine how FCC communicates with stakeholders, we reviewed FCC documentation and policies for formal and informal communication with stakeholders. We compared these policies to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Best Practice Principles for Regulatory Policy: Enforcement and Inspections and Federal Internal Control Standards on managing external communications. We also analyzed publicly accessible data on monetary enforcement actions that are on FCC's website from calendar years 2012 through 2016 to determine whether stakeholder views matched recent FCC enforcement outcomes. We determined that these data were sufficiently reliable for our purposes by reconciling the data with FCC provided data and interviewing FCC officials on their data validation efforts. We conducted this performance audit from June 2016 to September 2017 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. In addition to the contact named above, Derrick Collins, Assistant Director; Jade Winfree, Analyst-in-Charge; Dennis Antonio, Anne Dore, Camilo Flores, Josh Ormond, Michelle Weathers, and Elizabeth Wood made key contributions to this report.

Summary:
FCC's Enforcement Bureau is primarily responsible for ensuring the telecommunications industry's compliance with federal statutes and the Commission rules and orders designed to protect consumers, ensure public safety, and encourage competition. Some industry stakeholders have raised questions about the transparency and fairness of the Enforcement Bureau. GAO was asked to review FCC's management of its enforcement program. In this report, GAO addresses: (1) actions FCC has taken in the last 5 years to update its enforcement program, (2) FCC's enforcement performance goals and measures, and (3) selected stakeholders' views on FCC's enforcement program and external communications. GAO reviewed FCC's enforcement policies and procedures; analyzed FCC's performance measures and spoke with officials of similarly sized independent agencies with enforcement missions; and interviewed FCC officials and 22 stakeholders from public and private organizations who were knowledgeable of the Enforcement Bureau and the communications industry. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has taken actions in the last 5 years to update its enforcement data collection and processes. In 2012, FCC implemented a new enforcement data system, which combined five previously separate databases and contains pertinent information related to each enforcement case. In 2014, FCC launched a new consumer complaints portal that FCC officials can use to identify trends and determine whether to investigate a particular company or practice. FCC also updated its internal enforcement program guidance, which includes case prioritization policies as well as timeliness goals for case resolution. Lastly, FCC completed its reorganization of the Enforcement Bureau's field office division in January 2017, closing 11 of 24 field offices and decreasing personnel from 108 to 54. FCC officials stated they do not anticipate a decline in enforcement activity because FCC is taking steps to use the anticipated annual cost savings of $9 to $10 million from the reorganization to invest in training, equipment, and technology that will improve efficiency. Given the recent changes, it is too early to determine the impact these actions will have on enforcement efforts. FCC has not quantified most of its enforcement performance goals and measures. FCC officials told GAO that in 2009 the Chairman's Office decided that narrative examples, rather than quantifiable goals and related measures, were the most appropriate way to report on the enforcement program. For example, FCC's 2016 Annual Performance Report describes details of settlements or fines levied without reporting such goals or measures. Although such metrics can be difficult to develop, GAO found that other enforcement agencies report quantified performance goals and related measures and that FCC has the data it would need to develop such goals and measures. Without meaningful program performance goals and measures, FCC lacks important tools for assessing and reporting on the progress of its enforcement efforts and determining whether it should make changes to its program. FCC also may be missing an opportunity to help promote transparency and support congressional oversight by clearly communicating enforcement priorities. Most of the selected stakeholders GAO interviewed affirmed the importance of enforcement, but cited concerns about FCC's current enforcement process and communication efforts with stakeholders. Fourteen of 22 selected stakeholders said enforcement is important for deterring violations of federal statutes and FCC rules. However, 17 of 22 also expressed concerns regarding the transparency or fairness of the enforcement process or regarding FCC's emphasis on generating publicity by proposing high dollar fines for potential violators. FCC does not have a formal communications strategy that outlines its enforcement purposes and processes. Instead, FCC tailors the extent of its communications to stakeholders on a case-by-case basis. FCC officials told GAO that information about the enforcement process is sensitive and could undermine their cases. However, leading practices on enforcement highlight the importance of disclosing agency enforcement processes, including how to challenge and appeal conclusions, as a way to foster fair and consistent enforcement. Increased communication from FCC could improve transparency and stakeholder perceptions of FCC enforcement actions. FCC should establish and publish: (1) quantifiable performance goals and related measures for its enforcement program; and (2) a communications strategy outlining its enforcement program for external stakeholders. FCC concurred with the recommendations.