Before advanced computerized techniques, obtaining people's personal information usually required visiting courthouses or other government facilities to inspect paper-based public records, and information contained in product registrations and other business records was not generally available at all. Automation of the collection and aggregation of multiple-source data, combined with the ease and speed of its retrieval, have dramatically reduced the time and effort needed to obtain such information. Information resellers provide services based on these technological advances. We use the term "information resellers" to refer to businesses that vary in many ways but have in common the fact that they collect and aggregate personal information from multiple sources and make it available to their customers. These businesses do not all focus exclusively on aggregating and reselling personal information. For example, Dun & Bradstreet primarily provides information on commercial enterprises for the purpose of contributing to decision making regarding those enterprises. In doing so, it may supply personal information about individuals associated with those commercial enterprises. To a certain extent, the activities of information resellers may also overlap with the functions of consumer reporting agencies, also known as credit bureaus-- entities that collect and sell information about individuals' creditworthiness, among other things. To the extent that information resellers perform the functions of consumer reporting agencies, they are subject to legislation specifically addressing that industry, particularly the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Information resellers have now amassed extensive amounts of personal information about large numbers of Americans. They supply it to customers in both government and the private sector, typically via a centralized online resource. Generally, three types of information are collected: * Public records such as birth and death records, property records, motor vehicle and voter registrations, criminal records, and civil case files. * Publicly available information not found in public records but nevertheless publicly available through other sources, such as telephone directories, business directories, classified ads or magazines, Internet sites, and other sources accessible by the general public. * Nonpublic information derived from proprietary or nonpublic sources, such as credit header data, product warranty registrations, and other application information provided to private businesses directly by consumers. Figure 1 illustrates how these types of information are collected and aggregated into reports that are ultimately accessed by customers, including government agencies, through contractual agreements. No single federal law governs all use or disclosure of personal information. The major requirements for the protection of personal privacy by federal agencies come from the Privacy Act of 1974 and the privacy provisions of the E-Government Act of 2002. Federal use of personal information is governed primarily by the Privacy Act of 1974, which places limitations on agencies' collection, disclosure, and use of personal information maintained in systems of records. The act describes a "record" as any item, collection, or grouping of information about an individual that is maintained by an agency and contains his or her name or another personal identifier. It also defines "system of records" as a group of records under the control of any agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by an individual identifier. The Privacy Act requires that when agencies establish or make changes to a system of records, they must notify the public by placing a notice in the Federal Register identifying, among other things, the type of data collected, the types of individuals about whom information is collected, the intended uses of data, and procedures that individuals can use to review and correct personal information. Additional provisions of the Privacy Act are discussed in the report we are issuing today. The E-Government Act of 2002 requires that agencies conduct privacy impact assessments (PIA). A PIA is an analysis of how personal information is collected, stored, shared, and managed in a federal system. Under the E-Government Act and related OMB guidance, agencies must conduct PIAs (1) before developing or procuring information technology that collects, maintains, or disseminates information that is in a personally identifiable form; (2) before initiating any new data collections involving personal information that will be collected, maintained, or disseminated using information technology if the same questions are asked of 10 or more people; or (3) when a system change creates new privacy risks, for example, by changing the way in which personal information is being used. OMB is tasked with providing guidance to agencies on how to implement the provisions of the Privacy Act and the E-Government Act and has done so, beginning with guidance on the Privacy Act, issued in 1975. OMB's guidance on implementing the privacy provisions of the E-Government Act of 2002 identifies circumstances under which agencies must conduct PIAs and explains how to conduct them. The Privacy Act of 1974 is largely based on a set of internationally recognized principles for protecting the privacy and security of personal information known as the Fair Information Practices. A U.S. government advisory committee first proposed the practices in 1973 to address what it termed a poor level of protection afforded to privacy under contemporary law. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) developed a revised version of the Fair Information Practices in 1980 that has, with some variation, formed the basis of privacy laws and related policies in many countries, including the United States, Germany, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, and the European Union. The eight principles of the OECD Fair Information Practices are shown in table 1. The Fair Information Practices are not precise legal requirements. Rather, they provide a framework of principles for balancing the need for privacy with other public policy interests, such as national security, law enforcement, and administrative efficiency. Ways to strike that balance vary among countries and according to the type of information under consideration. The Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, State, and the Social Security Administration reported approximately $30 million in contractual arrangements with information resellers in fiscal year 2005. The agencies reported using personal information obtained from resellers for a variety of purposes including law enforcement, counterterrorism, fraud detection/prevention, and debt collection. In all, approximately 91 percent of agency uses of reseller data were in the categories of law enforcement (69 percent) or counterterrorism (22 percent). Figure 2 details contract values categorized by their reported use. The Department of Justice, which accounted for about 63 percent of the funding, mostly used the data for law enforcement and counterterrorism. DHS also used reseller information primarily for law enforcement and counterterrorism. State and SSA reported acquiring personal information from information resellers for fraud prevention and detection, identity verification, and benefit eligibility determination. In fiscal year 2005, the Department of Justice and its components reported approximately $19 million in acquisitions from a wide variety of information resellers, primarily for purposes related to law enforcement (75 percent) and counterterrorism (18 percent). The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is Justice's largest user of information resellers, uses reseller information to, among other things, analyze intelligence and detect terrorist activities in support of ongoing investigations by law enforcement agencies and the intelligence community. In this capacity, resellers provide the FBI's Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force with names, addresses, telephone numbers, and other biographical and demographical information as well as legal briefs, vehicle and boat registrations, and business ownership records. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the second largest Justice user of information resellers in fiscal year 2005, obtains reseller data primarily to detect fraud in prescription drug transactions. Agents use reseller data to detect irregular prescription patterns for specific drugs and trace this information to the pharmacy and prescribing doctor. DHS and its components reported that they used information reseller data in fiscal year 2005 primarily for law enforcement purposes, such as developing leads on subjects in criminal investigations and detecting fraud in immigration benefit applications (part of enforcing the immigration laws). DHS's largest investigative component, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, is also its largest user of personal information from resellers. It collects data such as address and vehicle information for criminal investigations and background security checks. U.S. Customs and Border Protection conducts queries on people, businesses, property, and corresponding links via a secure Internet connection. The Federal Emergency Management Agency uses an information reseller to detect fraud in disaster assistance applications. DHS also reported using information resellers in its counterterrorism efforts. For example, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) used data obtained from information resellers as part of a test associated with the development of its domestic passenger prescreening program, called "Secure Flight." TSA plans for Secure Flight to compare domestic flight reservation information submitted to TSA by aircraft operators with federal watch lists of individuals known or suspected of activities related to terrorism. In an effort to ensure the accuracy of Social Security benefit payments, the Social Security Administration and its components reported approximately $1.3 million in contracts with information resellers in fiscal year 2005 for purposes relating to fraud prevention (such as skiptracing), confirming suspected fraud related to workers compensation payments, obtaining information on criminal suspects for follow-up investigations, and collecting debts. For example, the Office of the Inspector General (OIG), the largest user of information reseller data at SSA, uses several information resellers to assist investigative agents in detecting benefit abuse by Social Security claimants and to assist agents in locating claimants. Regional office agents may also use reseller data in investigating persons suspected of claiming disability fraudulently. The Department of State and its components reported approximately $569,000 in contracts with information resellers for fiscal year 2005, mainly to support investigations of passport-related activities. For example, several components accessed personal information to validate familial relationships, birth and identity data, and other information submitted on immigrant and nonimmigrant visa petitions. State also uses reseller data to investigate passport and visa fraud cases. Although the information resellers that do business with the federal agencies we reviewed have taken steps to protect privacy, these measures were not fully consistent with the Fair Information Practices. Most significantly, the first four principles, relating to collection limitation, data quality, purpose specification, and use limitation, are largely at odds with the nature of the information reseller business. These principles center on limiting the collection and use of personal information and require data accuracy based on that limited purpose and limited use of the information. However, the information reseller industry presupposes that the collection and use of personal information is not limited to specific purposes, but instead can be made available to multiple customers for multiple purposes. Resellers make it their business to collect large amounts of personal information and to combine that information in new ways so that it serves purposes other than those for which it was originally collected. Further, they are limited in their ability to ensure the accuracy, currency, or relevance of their holdings, because these qualities may vary based on customers' varying uses. Information reseller policies and procedures were consistent with aspects of the remaining four Fair Information Practices. Large resellers reported implementing a variety of security safeguards, such as stringent customer credentialing, to improve protection of personal information. Resellers also generally provided public notice of key aspects of their privacy policies and practices (relevant to the openness principle), and reported taking actions to ensure internal compliance with their own privacy policies (relevant to the accountability principle). However, while information resellers generally allow individuals limited access to their personal information, they generally limit the opportunity to correct or delete inaccurate information contained in reseller databases (relevant to the individual participation principle). In brief, reseller practices compare with the Fair Information Practices as follows: Collection limitation. Resellers do not limit collections to specific purposes but collect large amounts of personal information. In practice, resellers are limited in the personal information that they can obtain by laws that apply to specific kinds of information (for example, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which restrict the collection, use, and disclosure of certain consumer and financial data). However, beyond specific legal restrictions, information resellers generally attempt to aggregate large amounts of personal information so as to provide useful information to a broad range of customers. Resellers do not make provisions to notify the individuals involved when they obtain personal data from their many sources, including public records. Concomitantly, individuals are not afforded an opportunity to express or withhold their consent when the information is collected. Resellers said they believe it is not appropriate or practical for them to provide notice or obtain consent from individuals because they do not collect information directly from them. Under certain conditions, some information resellers offer consumers an "opt-out" option--that is, individuals may request that information about themselves be suppressed from selected databases. However, resellers generally offer this option only with respect to certain types of information, such as marketing products, and only under limited circumstances, such as if the individual is a law enforcement officer or a victim of identity theft. Two resellers stated their belief that under certain circumstances it may not be appropriate to provide consumers with opportunities for opting out, such as when information products are designed to detect fraud or locate criminals. These resellers stated that if individuals were permitted to opt out of fraud prevention databases, some of those opting out could be criminals, which would undermine the effectiveness and utility of these databases. Data quality. Information resellers reported taking steps to ensure that they generally receive accurate data from their sources and that they do not introduce errors in the process of transcribing and aggregating information. However, they generally provide their customers with exactly the same data they obtain and do not claim or guarantee that the information is accurate for a specific purpose. Some resellers' privacy policies state that they expect their data to contain some errors. Further, resellers varied in their policies regarding correction of data determined to be inaccurate as obtained by them. One reseller stated that it would delete information in its databases that was found to be inaccurate. Another stated that even if an individual presents persuasive evidence that certain information is in error, the reseller generally does not make changes if the information comes directly from an official public source (unless instructed to do so by that source). Because they are not the original source of the personal information, information resellers generally direct individuals to the original sources to correct any errors. Several resellers stated that they would correct any identified errors introduced through their own processing and aggregation of data. Purpose specification. While information resellers specify purpose in a general way by describing the types of businesses that use their data, they generally do not designate specific intended uses for each of their data collections. Resellers generally obtain information that has already been collected for a specific purpose and make that information available to their customers, who in turn have a broader variety of purposes for using it. For example, personal information originally submitted by a customer to register a product warranty could be obtained by a reseller and subsequently made available to another business or government agency, which might use it for an unrelated purpose, such as identity verification, background checking, or marketing. It is difficult for resellers to provide greater specificity because they make their data available to many customers for a wide range of legitimate purposes. As a result, the public is made aware only of the broad range of potential uses to which their personal information may be put, rather than a specific use, as envisioned in the Fair Information Practices. Use limitation. Because information reseller purposes are specified very broadly, it is difficult for resellers to ensure that use of the information in their databases is limited. As previously discussed, information reseller data may have many different uses, depending on the types of customers involved. However, resellers do take steps to ensure that their customers' use of personal information is limited to legally sanctioned purposes. Information resellers pass this responsibility to their customers through licensing agreements and contract terms and agreements. Customers are usually required to certify that they will only use information obtained from the reseller in ways permissible under laws such as the Gramm-Leach- Bliley Act and the Driver's Privacy Protection Act. The information resellers used by the federal agencies we reviewed generally also reported taking steps to ensure that access to certain sensitive types of personally identifiable information--particularly Social Security numbers--is limited to certain customers and uses. Security safeguards. While we did not evaluate the effectiveness of resellers' information security programs, resellers we spoke with said they employ various safeguards to protect consumers' personal information. They implemented these safeguards in part for business reasons but also because federal laws require such protections. Resellers describe these safeguards in various policy statements, such as online and data privacy policies or privacy statements posted on Internet sites. Given recent incidents, large information resellers also reported having recently taken steps to improve their safeguards against unauthorized access. Two resellers reported that they had taken steps to improve their procedures for authorizing customers to have access to sensitive information, such as Social Security numbers. For example, one reseller established a credentialing task force with the goal of centralizing its customer credentialing process. In addition to enhancing safeguards on customer access authorizations, resellers have instituted a variety of other security controls. For example, three large information resellers have implemented physical safeguards at their data centers, such as continuous monitoring of employees entering and exiting facilities, monitoring of activity on customer accounts, and strong authentication of users entering and exiting secure areas within the data centers. Openness. To address openness, information resellers took steps to inform the public about key aspects of their privacy policies. They used means such as company Web sites and brochures to inform the public of specific policies and practices regarding the collection and use of personal information. Reseller Web sites also generally provided information about the types of information products the resellers offered--including product samples--as well as general descriptions about the types of customers served. Individual participation. Although information resellers allow individuals access to their personal information, this access is generally limited. Resellers may provide an individual a report containing certain types of information--such as compilations of public records information--however, the report may not include all information maintained by the resellers about that individual. Further, because they obtain their information from other sources, most resellers have limited provisions for correcting or deleting inaccurate information contained in their databases. If individuals find inaccuracies in such reports, they generally cannot have these corrected by the resellers. Resellers, as a matter of policy, do not make corrections to data obtained from other sources, even if the individual provides evidence that the data are wrong. Instead, they direct individuals wishing to make corrections to contact the original sources of the data. Several resellers stated that they would correct any identified errors resulting from their own processing and aggregation of data (for example, transposing numbers or letters or incorrectly aggregating information). Accountability. Although information resellers' overall application of the Fair Information Practices varied, each reseller we spoke with reported actions to ensure compliance with its own privacy policies. For example, resellers reported designating chief privacy officers to monitor compliance with internal privacy policies and applicable laws. Information resellers reported that these officials had a range of responsibilities aimed at ensuring accountability for privacy policies, such as establishing consumer access and customer credentialing procedures, monitoring compliance with federal and state laws, and evaluating new sources of data (for example, cell phone records). Although there are no industrywide standards requiring resellers to conduct periodic audits of their compliance with privacy policies, one information reseller reported using a third party to conduct privacy audits on an annual basis. Using a third party to audit compliance with privacy policies further helps to ensure that an information reseller is accountable for the implementation of its privacy practices. In commenting on excerpts of our draft report, several resellers raised concerns regarding the version of the Fair Information Practices we used to assess their practices, stating their view that it applied more appropriately to organizations that collect information directly from consumers and that they were not legally bound to adhere to the Fair Information Practices. As discussed in our report, the version of the Fair Information Practices we used has been widely adopted and cited within the federal government as well as internationally. Further, we use it as an analytical framework for identifying potential privacy issues for further consideration by Congress--not as criteria for strict compliance. Resellers also stated that the draft did not take into account their view that public record information is open to all for any use not prohibited by state or federal law. However, we believe it is not clear that individuals give up all privacy rights to personal information contained in public records, and we believe it is important to assess the status of privacy protections for all personal information being offered commercially to the government so that informed policy decisions can be made about the appropriate balance between resellers' services and the public's right to privacy. In our report we suggest that Congress consider the extent to which information resellers should adhere to the Fair Information Practices. Agencies generally lacked policies that specifically address their use of personal information from commercial sources (although DHS Privacy Office officials have reported that they are drafting such a policy), and agency practices for handling personal information acquired from information resellers did not always fully reflect the Fair Information Practices. Specifically, agency practices generally reflected four of the eight Fair Information Practices. As table 2 shows, the collection limitation, data quality, use limitation, and security safeguards principles were generally reflected in agency practices. For example, several agency components (specifically, law enforcement agencies such as the FBI and the U.S. Secret Service) reported that in practice, they generally corroborate information obtained from resellers when it is used as part of an investigation. This practice is consistent with the principle of data quality. Agency policies and practices with regard to the other four principles were uneven. Specifically, agencies did not always have policies or practices in place to address the purpose specification, openness, and individual participation principles with respect to reseller data. The inconsistencies in applying these principles as well as the lack of specific agency policies can be attributed in part to ambiguities in OMB guidance regarding the applicability of the Privacy Act to information obtained from resellers. Further, privacy impact assessments, a valuable tool that could address important aspects of the Fair Information Practices, are not conducted often. Finally, components within each of the four agencies did not consistently hold staff accountable by monitoring usage of personal information from information resellers and ensuring that it was appropriate; thus, their application of the accountability principle was uneven. Agency procedures generally reflected the collection limitation, data quality, use limitation, and security safeguards principles. Regarding collection limitation, for most law-enforcement and counterterrorism purposes (which accounted for 90 percent of usage in fiscal year 2005), agencies generally limited their personal data collection in that they reported obtaining information only on specific individuals under investigation or associates of those individuals. Regarding data quality, agencies reported taking steps to mitigate the risk of inaccurate information reseller data by corroborating information obtained from resellers. Agency officials described the practice of corroborating information as a standard element of conducting investigations. Likewise, for non-law- enforcement use, such as debt collection and fraud detection and prevention, agency components reported that they mitigated potential problems with the accuracy of data provided by resellers by obtaining additional information from other sources when necessary. As for use limitation, agency officials said their use of reseller information was limited to distinct purposes, which were generally related to law enforcement or counterterrorism. Finally, while we did not assess the effectiveness of information security at any of these agencies, we found that all four had measures in place intended to safeguard the security of personal information obtained from resellers. The purpose specification, openness, and individual participation principles stipulate that individuals should be made aware of the purpose and intended uses of the personal information being collected about them, and, if necessary, have the ability to access and correct their information. These principles are reflected in the Privacy Act requirement for agencies to publish in the Federal Register, "upon establishment or revision, a notice of the existence and character of a system of records." This notice is to include, among other things, the categories of records in the system as well as the categories of sources of records. In a number of cases, agencies using reseller information did not adhere to the purpose specification or openness principles in that they did not notify the public that they were using such information and did not specify the purpose for their data collections. Agency officials said that they generally did not prepare system-of-records notices that would address these principles because they were not required to do so by the Privacy Act. The act's vehicle for public notification--the system-of-records notice--becomes binding on an agency only when the agency collects, maintains, and retrieves personal data in the way defined by the act or when a contractor does the same thing explicitly on behalf of the government. Agencies generally did not issue system-of-records notices specifically for their use of information resellers largely because information reseller databases were not considered "systems of records operated by or on behalf of a government agency" and thus were not considered subject to the provisions of the Privacy Act. OMB guidance on implementing the Privacy Act does not specifically refer to the use of reseller data or how it should be treated. According to OMB and other agency officials, information resellers operate their databases for multiple customers, and federal agency use of these databases does not amount to the operation of a system of records on behalf of the government. Further, agency officials stated that merely querying information reseller databases did not amount to agency "maintenance" of the personal information being queried and thus also did not trigger the provisions of the Privacy Act. In many cases, agency officials considered their use of resellers to be of this type--essentially "ad hoc" querying or "pinging" of reseller databases for personal information about specific individuals, which they believed they were not doing in connection with a formal system of records. In other cases, however, agencies maintained information reseller data in systems for which system-of-records notices had been previously published. For example, law enforcement agency officials stated that, to the extent they retain the results of reseller data queries, this collection and use is covered by the system of records notices for their case file systems. However, in preparing such notices, agencies generally did not specify that they were obtaining information from resellers. Among system of records notices that were identified by agency officials as applying to the use of reseller data, only one--TSA's system of records notice for the test phase of its Secure Flight program--specifically identified the use of information reseller data. In several of these cases, agency sources for personal information were described only in vague terms, such as "private organizations," "other public sources," or "public source material," when information was being obtained from information resellers. The inconsistency with which agencies specify resellers as a source of information in system-of-records notices is due in part to ambiguity in OMB guidance, which states that "for systems of records which contain information obtained from sources other than the individual to whom the records pertain, the notice should list the types of sources used." Although the guidance is unclear what would constitute adequate disclosure of "types of sources," OMB and DHS Privacy Office officials agreed that to the extent that reseller data is subject to the Privacy Act, agencies should specifically identify information resellers as a source and that merely citing public records information does not sufficiently describe the source. Aside from certain law enforcement exemptions to the Privacy Act, adherence to the purpose specification and openness principles is critical to preserving a measure of individual control over the use of personal information. Without clear guidance from OMB or specific policies in place, agencies have not consistently reflected these principles in their collection and use of reseller information. As a result, without being notified of the existence of an agency's information collection activities, individuals have no ability to know that their personal information could be obtained from commercial sources and potentially used as a basis, or partial basis, for taking action that could have consequences for their welfare. PIAs can be an important tool to help agencies to address openness and purpose specification principles early in the process of developing new information systems. To the extent that PIAs are made publicly available, they provide explanations to the public about such things as the information that will be collected, why it is being collected, how it is to be used, and how the system and data will be maintained and protected. However, few agency components reported developing PIAs for their systems or programs that make use of information reseller data. As with system-of-records notices, agencies often did not conduct PIAs because officials did not believe they were required. Current OMB guidance on conducting PIAs is not always clear about when they should be conducted. According to guidance from OMB, a PIA is required by the E-Government Act when agencies "systematically incorporate into existing information systems databases of information in identifiable form purchased or obtained from commercial or public sources." However, the same guidance also instructs agencies that "merely querying a database on an ad hoc basis does not trigger the PIA requirement." Reported uses of reseller data were generally not described as a "systematic" incorporation of data into existing information systems; rather, most involved querying a database and in some cases retaining the results of these queries. OMB officials stated that agencies would need to make their own judgments on whether retaining the results of searches of information reseller databases constituted a "systematic incorporation" of information. The DHS Privacy Office has been working to clarify guidance on the use of reseller information in general as well as the specific requirements for conducting PIAs. DHS recently issued guidance requiring PIAs to be conducted whenever reseller data are involved. However, although the DHS guidance clearly states that PIAs are required when personally identifiable information is obtained from a commercial source, it also states that "merely querying such a source on an ad hoc basis using existing technology does not trigger the PIA requirement." Like OMB's guidance, the DHS guidance is not clear, because agency personnel are left to make individual determinations as to whether queries are "on an ad hoc basis." Until PIAs are conducted more thoroughly and consistently, the public is likely to remain incompletely informed about agency purposes and uses for obtaining reseller information. In our report we recommended that the Director, OMB, revise privacy guidance to clarify the applicability of requirements for public notices and privacy impact assessments to agency use of personal information from resellers and direct agencies to review their uses of such information to ensure it is explicitly referenced in privacy notices and assessments. Further, we recommended that agencies develop specific policies for the use of personal information from resellers. According to the accountability principle, individuals controlling the collection or use of personal information should be accountable for ensuring the implementation of the Fair Information Practices. This means that agencies should take steps to ensure that they use personal information from information resellers appropriately. Agencies described using activities to oversee their use of reseller information that were largely based on trust in the individual user to use the information appropriately, rather than management oversight of usage details. For example, in describing controls placed on the use of commercial data, officials from component agencies identified measures such as instructing users that reseller data are for official use only, and requiring users to sign statements attesting 1) to their need to access information reseller databases and 2) that their use will be limited to official business. Additionally, agency officials reported that their users are required to select from a list of vendor-defined "permissible purposes" (for example, law enforcement, transactions authorized by the consumer) before conducting a search on reseller databases. While these practices appear consistent with the accountability principle, they are focused on individual user responsibility instead of monitoring and oversight. Agencies did not have practices in place to obtain reports from resellers that would allow them to monitor usage of reseller databases at a detailed level. Although agencies generally receive usage reports from the information resellers, these reports are designed primarily for monitoring costs. Further, these reports generally contained only high-level statistics on the number of searches and databases accessed, not the contents of what was actually searched, thus limiting their utility in monitoring usage. To the extent that federal agencies do not implement methods such as user monitoring or auditing of usage records, they provide limited accountability for their usage of information reseller data and have limited assurance that the information is being used appropriately. In summary, services provided by information resellers are important to federal agency functions such as law enforcement and fraud protection and identification. Resellers have practices in place to protect privacy, but these practices are not fully consistent with the Fair Information Practices, which resellers are not legally required to follow. Among other things, resellers collect large amounts of information about individuals without their knowledge or consent, do not ensure that the data they make available are accurate for a given purpose, and generally do not make corrections to the data when errors are identified by individuals. Information resellers believe that application of the relevant principles of the Fair Information Practices is inappropriate or impractical in these situations. However, given that reseller data may be used for a variety of purposes, determining the appropriate degree of control or influence individuals should have over the way in which their personal information is obtained and used--as envisioned in the Fair Information Practices--is critical. As Congress weighs various legislative options, adherence to the Fair Information Practices will be an important consideration in determining the appropriate balance between the services provided by information resellers to customers such as government agencies and the public's right to privacy. While agencies take steps to adhere to Fair Information Practices such as the collection limitation, data quality, use limitation, and security safeguards principles, they have not taken all the steps they could to reflect others--or to comply with specific Privacy Act and e-Government Act requirements--in their handling of reseller data. Because OMB privacy guidance does not clearly address information reseller data, agencies are left largely on their own to determine how to satisfy legal requirements and protect privacy when acquiring and using reseller data. Without current and specific guidance, the government risks continued uneven adherence to important, well-established privacy principles and lacks assurance that the privacy rights of individuals are adequately protected. Mr. Chairmen, this concludes my testimony today. I would be happy to answer any questions you or other members of the subcommittees may have. If you have any questions concerning this testimony, please contact Linda Koontz, Director, Information Management, at (202) 512-6240, or koontzl@gao.gov. Other individuals who made key contributions to this testimony were Mathew Bader, Barbara Collier, John de Ferrari, Pamlutricia Greenleaf, David Plocher, Jamie Pressman, and Amos Tevelow. 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Summary:
Federal agencies collect and use personal information for various purposes from information resellers--companies that amass and sell data from many sources. GAO was asked to testify on its report being issued today on agency use of reseller data. For that report, GAO was asked to determine how the Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, and State and the Social Security Administration use personal data from resellers and to review the extent to which information resellers' policies and practices reflect the Fair Information Practices, a set of widely accepted principles for protecting the privacy and security of personal data. GAO also examined agencies' policies and practices for handling personal data from resellers to determine whether these reflect the Fair Information Practices. In fiscal year 2005, the Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, and State and the Social Security Administration reported that they used personal information obtained from resellers for a variety of purposes, including performing criminal investigations, locating witnesses and fugitives, researching assets held by individuals of interest, and detecting prescription drug fraud. The agencies spent approximately $30 million on contractual arrangements with resellers that enabled the acquisition and use of such information. About 91 percent of the planned fiscal year 2005 spending was for law enforcement (69 percent) or counterterrorism (22 percent). The major information resellers that do business with the federal agencies GAO reviewed have practices in place to protect privacy, but these measures are not fully consistent with the Fair Information Practices. For example, the principles that the collection and use of personal information should be limited and its intended use specified are largely at odds with the nature of the information reseller business, which is based on obtaining personal information from many sources and making it available to multiple customers for multiple purposes. Resellers believe it is not appropriate for them to fully adhere to these principles because they do not obtain their information directly from individuals. Nonetheless, in many cases, resellers take steps that address aspects of the Fair Information Practices. For example, resellers reported that they have taken steps recently to improve their security safeguards, and they generally inform the public about key privacy principles and policies. However, resellers generally limit the extent to which individuals can gain access to personal information held about themselves, as well as the extent to which inaccurate information contained in their databases can be corrected or deleted. Agency practices for handling personal information acquired from information resellers did not always fully reflect the Fair Information Practices. That is, for some of these principles, agency practices were uneven. For example, although agencies issued public notices when they systematically collected personal information, these notices did not always notify the public that information resellers were among the sources to be used. This practice is not consistent with the principle that individuals should be informed about privacy policies and the collection of information. Contributing to the uneven application of the Fair Information Practices are ambiguities in guidance from the Office of Management and Budget regarding the applicability of privacy requirements to federal agency uses of reseller information. In addition, agencies generally lack policies that specifically address these uses.