Agencies should have sufficient staff with the technical expertise to oversee the activities under their authority. Oil and gas production methods on federal lands and waters have become increasingly sophisticated over the past decade. Additionally, oil and gas companies now rely on information technology to manage and oversee their operations. In a March 2010 review, we found that Interior had challenges in hiring, training, and retaining staff in critical oil and gas oversight roles, leading to questions about the technical capacity of Interior staff overseeing oil and gas activities. We found that Interior has faced difficulties in hiring, retaining, and training staff in key oil and gas oversight positions. Specifically, we found that staff within Interior's program for verifying that oil and gas produced from federal leases are correctly measured--including petroleum engineers and inspectors--lacked critical skills because, according to agency officials, Interior 1) has had difficulty in hiring experienced staff, 2) has struggled to retain staff, and 3) has not consistently provided the appropriate training for staff. Interior's challenges in hiring and retaining staff stem, in part, from competition with the oil and gas industry, which generally pays significantly more than the federal government. Moreover, key technical positions responsible for oversight of oil and gas activities have experienced high turnover rates, which, according to Interior officials, impede these employees' capacity to oversee oil and gas activities. These positions included petroleum engineers, who process drilling permits and review oil and gas metering systems, and inspection staff--including BLM's petroleum engineer technicians and production accountability technicians onshore--who conduct drilling, safety and oil and gas production verification inspections (see app. I). For example, we found that turnover rates for OEMM inspectors at the four district offices we reviewed between 2004 and 2008 ranged from 27 to 44 percent. Furthermore, Interior has not consistently provided training to the staff it has been able to hire and retain. For example, neither onshore nor offshore petroleum engineers had a requirement for training on the measurement of oil and gas, which is critical to accurate royalty collections and can be challenging at times because of such factors as the type of meter used, the specific qualities of the gas or oil being measured, and the rate of production. Additionally, although BLM offers a core curriculum for its petroleum engineer technicians and requires that they obtain official BLM certification and then be recertified once every 5 years to demonstrate continued proficiency, the agency has not offered a recertification course since 2002, negatively impacting its ability to conduct inspections. It is important to note that BLM's petroleum engineer technicians are the eyes and ears for the agency--performing key functions and also perhaps the only Interior staff with direct contact with the onshore lease property itself. We also found that Interior's efforts to provide its inspection staff with mobile computing capabilities for use in the field are moving slowly and are years from full implementation. Interior inspectors continue to rely on documenting inspection results on paper, and later reentering these results into Interior databases. Specifically, Interior's BLM and OEMM are independently developing the capacity for inspection staff to (1) electronically document inspection results and (2) access reference documents, such as American Petroleum Institute standards and measurement regulations, via laptops while in the field. BLM initiated work on developing this capacity in 2001, whereas OEMM is now in the preliminary planning stages of a similar effort. According to Interior officials, widespread implementation of a mobile computing tool to assist with production verification and other types of inspections, potentially including drilling and safety, are still several years away. Interior officials said having such a tool would allow inspection staff to not only easily reference technical documents while conducting inspections to verify compliance with regulations but also to document the results of those inspections while in the field and subsequently upload them to Interior databases. An effective oversight program should include a component for systematic inspections and reviews, whose findings should be documented and subsequently addressed. In several recent reviews, we found that Interior had been unable to complete its necessary reviews, including both environmental and oil and gas production verification inspections and certain offshore environmental analyses. We found that Interior was unable to meet its goals for conducting environmental and oil and gas production verification oversight inspections because of a management focus on drilling. For example, in June 2005, we reported that Interior devoted fewer resources to completing onshore environmental inspections--inspections to ensure that oil and gas companies are complying with various environmental laws and lease stipulations. According to Interior staff, one of the principal reasons was that management shifted available resources to processing drilling permits. More recently, in March 2010, we reported that Interior had only been able to complete approximately one-third of the required onshore oil and gas production verification inspections, raising concerns about the accuracy of the oil and gas volumes reported to MRM. In another March 2010 report, we found that MMS faces challenges in the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Region in conducting reviews of oil and gas development under the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), which requires MMS to evaluate the likely environmental effects of proposed actions, including oil and gas development. Although Interior policy directed its agencies to prepare handbooks providing guidance on how to implement NEPA, we found that MMS lacked such a handbook. The lack of comprehensive guidance in a handbook, combined with high staff turnover in recent years, left the process for meeting NEPA requirements ill defined for the analysts charged with developing NEPA documents. It also left unclear MMS's policy on what constitutes a significant environmental impact as well as its procedures for conducting and documenting NEPA-required analyses to address environmental and cultural sensitivities, which have often been the topic of litigation over Alaskan offshore oil and gas development. We also found that the Alaska OCS Region shared information selectively, a practice that was inconsistent with agency policy, which directed that information, including proprietary data from industry, be shared with all staff involved in environmental reviews. According to regional MMS staff, this practice has hindered their ability to complete sound environmental analyses under NEPA. In an August 2009 report examining Interior's royalty-in-kind (RIK) program, we found that although MRM staff had made progress in conducting reviews of gas imbalances--instances where Interior may not be receiving the total amount of royalties due from gas production--they were unable to determine the exact amount the agency was owed for imbalances because it lacked certain key information. For example, MRM did not verify production data to ensure it received its entitled percentage of RIK gas from leases taken in kind. Without these and other data, MRM staff were unable to quantify revenues from imbalances, leading to forgone revenues and uncertainty about how much gas the government is owed. Until recently, Interior has left key functions it oversees without review for long periods. In two reports issued in 2008, we noted that Interior received less in royalties and other payments for development of its oil and gas resources than many other countries and that Interior did less than other landowners to encourage development of resources it leased for development. In a September 2008 report on royalties and other payments, we found that Interior had not done a comprehensive analysis of its royalty and other revenue structure in over 25 years, and we recommended that it do so. In an October 2008 report, we found that Interior had done less than selected states and private landowners to encourage development of oil and gas leases, and we recommended that it develop a strategy to evaluate options to encourage faster development on federal lands. Just this year, Secretary Salazar directed Interior to conduct studies examining these issues. We are encouraged that Interior is undertaking these efforts and hopeful that the findings of the studies will identify opportunities to improve Interior's oversight of oil and gas development. Oversight entities must have the authority to ensure that all regulated entities fully comply with the law and applicable regulations. In our March 2010 report, we determined that in some instances Interior is uncertain about its legal authority for undertaking necessary enforcement actions and may be using its enforcement authority inconsistently. We found that Interior had not determined the extent of its authority over key elements of oil and gas production infrastructure necessary for ensuring accurate measurement. This infrastructure includes meters in (or after) gas plants, which may include the meter where oil and gas are measured for royalties and meters owned by pipeline companies. These companies frequently own, operate, and maintain the meter used at the official measurement point on federal leases and own the production data the meter generates. Because it did not know the extent of its authority, Interior did not know what steps it could take to enforce its standards and regulations for meters. Thus it lacked assurances that royalty-bearing volumes of oil and gas were correctly measured. We also found that Interior inspection staff were not, in all cases, pursuing enforcement actions when they identified oil and gas production activities not in compliance with its regulations. Specifically, we found that some Interior staff were not issuing incidents of non-compliance--a type of enforcement action--when they identified certain measurement devices during the course of their inspections, as they believe the current measurement regulations were out of date. If staff do not uniformly ensure compliance with regulations through specified procedures and document their findings, Interior is at risk of not capturing data to know the full extent of particular violations. Organizations should make relevant information widely available to ensure that those most affected by operations, including the public, can fully participate in decision-making processes that can, ultimately, have significant impacts. We recently found that Interior has been providing inconsistent and limited information with respect to its use of categorical exclusions in approving onshore oil and gas activities. Also, in preliminary results from our ongoing work on public challenges to BLM's federal onshore oil and gas lease sale decisions, we found that BLM state offices provide limited and varying amounts of information to the public on their leasing decisions. In September 2009, we found that BLM's use of categorical exclusions was not fully transparent. In addressing long-term energy challenges, Congress enacted the Energy Policy Act of 2005, in part to expedite oil and gas development within the United States. This law authorizes BLM, for certain oil and gas activities, to approve projects without preparing new environmental analyses that would normally be required by NEPA. Section 390 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 does not specify procedures for involving or informing either the public or other government agencies when section 390 categorical exclusions are used. According to Interior and BLM officials, there is no requirement to publicly disclose that BLM used a section 390 categorical exclusion to approve a project or to disclose approved section 390 categorical exclusion decision documents. Instead, the public depends on the discretion of each field office for such disclosure. We found that BLM field offices had different degrees and methods of disclosing information related to decisions on section 390 categorical exclusions. For example, some field offices, such as White River and Glenwood Springs, Colorado, publicly disclosed online which Applications for Permit to Drill they approved with section 390 categorical exclusions. In contrast, other field offices, such as Price/Moab, Utah, and Pinedale, Wyoming, did not publicly disclose their decisions to use section 390 categorical exclusions and, in fact, required the public to file Freedom of Information Act requests to identify which projects BLM approved using section 390 categorical exclusions and to obtain copies of approved section 390 categorical exclusion decision documents. In some cases, it was difficult for other governmental agencies--including state environmental agencies--and the public to determine whether BLM had used a section 390 categorical exclusion until it was too late to comment on or challenge BLM's action. When the public and other federal and state agencies do not have a reliable or consistent way of determining which projects have been approved with section 390 categorical exclusions, they lack a fundamental piece of information needed to hold BLM accountable for their use. In preliminary results from our ongoing work on public challenges to BLM's federal oil and gas lease sale decisions in the four Mountain West states responsible for most onshore federal oil and gas development, we found the extent to which BLM made publicly available information related to public protests filed during the leasing process varied by state and was generally limited in scope. We also found that stakeholders-- nongovernmental organizations representing environmental, recreational, and hunting interests that filed protests to BLM lease offerings--wanted additional time to participate in the leasing process and more information from BLM about its leasing decisions. In May 2010, the Secretary of the Interior announced several agencywide leasing reforms that are to take place at BLM, some of which may address concerns raised by these stakeholder groups. For instance, BLM state offices are to provide an additional public review and comment opportunity during the leasing process. They are also required to post on their Web sites their responses to letters filed in protest of state office decisions to offer specific parcels of land for oil and gas development. The agency should be free from the direct and indirect influence of the oil and gas industry. Our past work, as well as that of Interior's OIG, has identified several instances where Interior staff had inappropriate relationships with oil and gas industry personnel, raising questions about whether Interior's oversight efforts were sufficient. During the course of our audit work for our report on Interior's use of categorical exclusions, allegations were made about inappropriate relationships between Interior management and the oil and gas industry. We referred these allegations to Interior's OIG, which initiated an investigation. The results of the investigation substantiated these inappropriate contacts, the details of which are included in an Interior OIG investigative report. Additional reports by Interior's OIG have also identified instances that call into question the independence of key staff working in Interior's oil and gas program. In August 2008, Interior's OIG reported on inappropriate relationships between staff working in Interior's RIK program and the oil and gas industry. Specifically, the OIG found that between 2002 and 2006 nearly one-third of the RIK program staff socialized with and received a wide array of gifts and gratuities from oil and gas companies with whom the program was conducting official business. Most recently, in May 2010, the OIG reported on inappropriate relationships between Interior's offshore inspection staff and certain oil and gas companies operating in the Gulf of Mexico. Interior's Acting Inspector General stated that her greatest concern is the environment in which these inspectors operate, particularly the ease with which they move between industry and government. In conclusion, over the past several years, we and others have found Interior to be in need of fundamental reform. This past work has found weaknesses across a wide range of Interior's oversight of onshore and off shore oil and gas development. Secretary Salazar has taken notable steps to begin comprehensive evaluations of leasing rules and practices as well as the amount and ways in which the federal government collects revenues. Interior is also currently implementing a number of our recommendations aimed at making improvements within the existing organization of Interior's functions. As the Secretary and Congress consider what fundamental changes are needed in how Interior structures its oversight of oil and gas programs, we believe that our and others' past work provides a strong rationale for broad reform of the agency's oil and gas oversight functions--at MMS to be sure, but also across other parts of Interior, including those responsible for oversight of onshore areas. If steps are not taken to ensure effective independent oversight, we are concerned about the agency's ability to manage the nation's oil and gas resources, ensure the safe operation of onshore and offshore leases, provide adequate environmental protection, and provide reasonable assurance that the U.S. government is collecting the revenue to which it is entitled. Reorganization and fundamental change can be very difficult for an organization. Although we have not conducted a detailed evaluation of Secretary Salazar's proposals for reforming MMS, we believe that regardless of how MMS is ultimately reorganized, Interior's top leadership must also address the wide range of outstanding recommendations for any reorganization effort to be effective. Mr. Chairman, this completes my prepared statement. I would be happy to respond to any questions that you or other Members of the Subcommittee may have at this time. For further information on this statement, please contact Frank Rusco at (202) 512-3841 or ruscof@gao.gov. Contact points for our Congressional Relations and Public Affairs offices may be found on the last page of this statement. Other staff that made key contributions to this testimony include, Ron Belak, Dan Feehan, Glenn C. Fischer, Jon Ludwigson, Ben Shouse, Kiki Theodoropoulos, and Barbara Timmerman. Oil and Gas Management: Interior's Oil and Gas Production Verification Efforts Do Not Provide Reasonable Assurance of Accurate Measurement of Production Volumes, GAO-10-313, (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 15, 2010). Offshore Oil and Gas Development: Additional Guidance Would Help Strengthen the Minerals Management Service's Assessment of Environmental Impacts in the North Aleutian Basin, GAO-10-276, (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 8, 2010). Energy Policy Act of 2005: Greater Clarity Needed to Address Concerns with Categorical Exclusions for Oil and Gas Development under Section 390 of the Act, GAO-09-872, (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 26, 2009). Federal Oil And Gas Management: Opportunities Exist to Improve Oversight, GAO-09-1014T, (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 16, 2009). Royalty-In-Kind Program: MMS Does Not Provide Reasonable Assurance It Receives Its Share of Gas, Resulting in Millions in Forgone Revenue, GAO-09-744, (Washington, D.C.: Aug. 14, 2009). Mineral Revenues: MMS Could Do More to Improve the Accuracy of Key Data Used to Collect and Verify Oil and Gas Royalties, GAO-09-549, (Washington, D.C.: July 15, 2009). Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Issues Regarding the Inclusion of Refined Petroleum Products as Part of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, GAO-09-695T, (Washington, D.C.: May 12, 2009). Oil and Gas Management: Federal Oil and Gas Resource Management and Revenue Collection In Need of Stronger Oversight and Comprehensive Reassessment, GAO-09-556T, (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 2, 2009). Oil and Gas Leasing: Federal Oil and Gas Resource Management and Revenue Collection in Need of Comprehensive Reassessment, GAO-09-506T, (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 17, 2009). Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service: Royalty Relief for Deepwater Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leases--Conforming Regulations to Court Decision, GAO-09-102R, (Washington, D.C.: Oct. 21, 2008). Oil and Gas Leasing: Interior Could Do More to Encourage Diligent Development, GAO-09-74, (Washington, D.C.: Oct. 3, 2008). Oil and Gas Royalties: MMS's Oversight of Its Royalty-in-Kind Program Can Be Improved through Additional Use of Production Verification Data and Enhanced Reporting of Financial Benefits and Costs, GAO-08-942R, (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 26, 2008). Mineral Revenues: Data Management Problems and Reliance on Self- Reported Data for Compliance Efforts Put MMS Royalty Collections at Risk, GAO-08-893R, (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 12, 2008). Oil and Gas Royalties: The Federal System for Collecting Oil and Gas Revenues Needs Comprehensive Reassessment, GAO-08-691, (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 3, 2008). Oil and Gas Royalties: Litigation over Royalty Relief Could Cost the Federal Government Billions of Dollars, GAO-08-792R, (Washington, D.C.: June 5, 2008). Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Filling the Reserve, GAO-08-726T, (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 24, 2008). Mineral Revenues: Data Management Problems and Reliance on Self- Reported Data for Compliance Efforts Put MMS Royalty Collections at Risk, GAO-08-560T, (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 11, 2008). Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Options to Improve the Cost-Effectiveness of Filling the Reserve, GAO-08-521T, (Washington, D.C.: Feb. 26, 2008). Oil and Gas Royalties: A Comparison of the Share of Revenue Received from Oil and Gas Production by the Federal Government and Other Resource Owners, GAO-07-676R, (Washington, D.C.: May 1, 2007). Oil and Gas Royalties: Royalty Relief Will Cost the Government Billions of Dollars but Uncertainty Over Future Energy Prices and Production Levels Make Precise Estimates Impossible at this Time, GAO-07-590R, (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 12, 2007). Royalties Collection: Ongoing Problems with Interior's Efforts to Ensure A Fair Return for Taxpayers Require Attention, GAO-07-682T, (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 28, 2007). Oil and Gas Royalties: Royalty Relief Will Likely Cost the Government Billions, but the Final Costs Have Yet to Be Determined, GAO-07-369T, (Washington, D.C.: Jan. 18, 2007). Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Available Oil Can Provide Significant Benefits, but Many Factors Should Influence Future Decisions about Fill, Use, and Expansion, GAO-06-872, (Washington, D.C.: Aug. 24, 2006). Royalty Revenues: Total Revenues Have Not Increased at the Same Pace as Rising Oil and Natural Gas Prices due to Decreasing Production Sold, GAO-06-786R, (Washington, D.C.: June 21, 2006). Oil and Gas Development: Increased Permitting Activity Has Lessened BLM's Ability to Meet Its Environmental Protection Responsibilities, GAO-05-418, (Washington, D.C.: June 17, 2005). Mineral Revenues: Cost and Revenue Information Needed to Compare Different Approaches for Collecting Federal Oil and Gas Royalties, GAO-04-448, (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 16, 2004). This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The published product may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. However, because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately.

Summary:
The catastrophic oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has drawn national attention to the exploration and production of oil and gas from leases on federal lands and waters. The Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management (BLM) oversees onshore oil and gas activities, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS) Offshore Energy and Minerals Management oversees offshore oil and gas activities, and MMS's Minerals Revenue Management collects revenues from oil and gas produced. Interior's oil and gas oversight has long been the subject of audits and investigations by GAO, Interior's Office of Inspector General (OIG), and others. In response to the recent oil spill, the Secretary of the Interior has proposed reorganizing MMS. Over the past 5 years, GAO has issued numerous recommendations to the Secretary of the Interior to improve the agency's management of oil and gas resources--most recently resulting in two reports in March 2010. Overall, GAO's work in this area can be useful in evaluating key aspects of the Secretary's plans to reorganize MMS. In particular, GAO's findings and recommendations can provide guidance on how to achieve effective oversight of federal oil and gas management by improving (1) technical expertise in the agency, (2) performance of analyses and reviews, (3) enforcement of laws and regulations, (4) public access to information, and (5) the degree of independence in the agency. Technical Expertise. Oil and gas production methods on federal lands and waters have become increasingly sophisticated over the past decade. GAO found in a March 2010 report that Interior had challenges in hiring, training, and retaining key staff, leading to questions about the technical capacity of Interior staff overseeing oil and gas activities. Interior's challenges partly stem from competition with the oil and gas industry, which can pay staff higher salaries. Moreover, key technical positions responsible for oversight of oil and gas activities have experienced high turnover rates, which, according to Interior officials, impede their capacity to oversee oil and gas activities. Ability to perform reviews and require that findings be addressed. In several recent reports, GAO found that Interior was unable to complete necessary reviews, including environmental and oil and gas production verification inspections, and had an ill-defined process for conducting certain offshore environmental analyses. For example, GAO reported in March 2010 that MMS faced challenges in Alaska conducting required environmental reviews, because although Interior policy directed MMS to prepare a handbook providing guidance on how to conduct these reviews, MMS lacked such a handbook. This lack of guidance also left unclear MMS's policy on what constitutes a significant environmental impact. Enforcement Authority. In a March 2010 review, GAO determined that in some instances, Interior was uncertain about its legal authority for undertaking potential necessary enforcement actions, and that Interior may be inconsistently using its enforcement authority. For example, staff from one BLM office told us that they were not issuing enforcement actions for unauthorized devices intended to modify gas flow upstream of the measurement meter--which may result in inaccurate measurement of gas production volumes. These staff explained that this was due to measurement regulations that were out of date. Public Access. In its preliminary results from ongoing work on public challenges to BLM's federal onshore oil and gas lease sale decisions in the four Mountain West states responsible for most federal oil and gas development, GAO found state-by-state variation in what protest-related information was made publicly available across BLM state offices. GAO also found that stakeholders, including industry groups and nongovernmental organizations representing environmental, recreational, and hunting interests, expressed frustration with the transparency and timeliness of the information. Independence. During GAO's work in 2009 and in Interior OIG reports in 2008 and 2010, several instances were identified where Interior staff had inappropriate relationships with oil and gas industry personnel, raising questions about whether Interior's oversight efforts were sufficient. The OIG found numerous instances of inappropriate contact between industry and Interior staff, including staff receipt of gifts.