The U.S. Department of Commerce controls the export of U.S. dual-use commodities, software, and technology by requiring validated licenses prior to shipment unless a license exception applies. A license exception, formerly known as a general license, is a broad grant of authority to export certain goods and technology without prior government review. Dual-use telecommunications items are controlled under the Commerce Control List, which specifies the items that require validated licenses, generally for reasons of national security. During the Cold War, the United States sought international coordination of export controls through the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), which was made up primarily of North Atlantic Treaty Organization member countries. With the end of the Cold War, COCOM members pushed for liberalization of many dual-use items, including telecommunications equipment, computers, and machine tools. However, before COCOM ended on March 31, 1994, participant countries agreed to continue controlling dual-use items, at each country's discretion, after COCOM's expiration. The new U.S. export control arrangement, established in 1996, focuses export controls on several potential aggressor countries, such as Iraq, Libya, and North Korea, and away from former communist countries. Broadband telecommunications equipment, such as ATM and SDH, have numerous civilian and military applications and are becoming increasingly available in China as it strives to improve its telecommunications networks to meet international standards. According to U.S. government officials, overall improvements to China's telecommunications networks will likely benefit the Chinese military as well. Broadband networks employ ATM and SDH equipment to transfer data, voice, and video communications simultaneously at high rates of speed. ATM is a flexible switching technique used to transfer information over advanced telecommunications networks. SDH technology is used for high speed transmission of data, video, and voice traffic. Both ATM and SDH equipment were developed by commercial industry for civil applications, and they are now increasingly used worldwide on broadband telecommunications networks. Civil applications of ATM and SDH equipment generally allow work groups to collaborate quickly and efficiently over a computer network. These applications include holding a meeting simultaneously in several locations (video-conferencing), having people in different locations work simultaneously on the same document (virtual notebook), and transmitting X-rays and other medical records from one location to another (telemedicine). ATM and SDH equipment are necessary to have the speed of delivery, quick data retrieval, and clear video images that are needed for these applications to operate. Military applications for ATM and SDH equipment are similar to civilian applications. These applications include sharing of intelligence, imagery and video between several locations, command and control of military operations using video-conferencing, and medical support and telemedicine between the battlefield and remote hospitals. When used in a military application, both types of equipment requires encryption devices to protect communications from interception. The Department of Defense buys such equipment "off-the-shelf" and is still testing it for potential military uses. According to Defense officials, ATM and SDH equipment will be beneficial to military functions, such as command and control, and will form the basis for future Defense Department communications networks. Both ATM and SDH equipment are considered to be advanced technologies in the telecommunications industry and are now increasingly deployed worldwide. While ATM equipment has only recently become readily available, SDH has been commercially available for at least the last 5 years. In 1993, a U.S. company claimed that foreign producers of SDH equipment were marketing to China and urged the Commerce Department to reduce its controls on such equipment. SDH equipment was found to be foreign available by the Commerce Department in 1994. Former COCOM member countries tightly controlled the export of such equipment until 1994, when controls on telecommunications items were relaxed. Prior to the liberalization of exports of dual-use telecommunications equipment in April 1994, the export of ATM and SDH equipment to China would have required a validated license from the Commerce Department. According to company officials, since the removal of most export restrictions on telecommunications equipment, the market for such equipment in China has grown quickly and large quantities of SDH equipment have been sold to China to modernize its commercial long-distance telecommunications network. Advanced telecommunications equipment, particularly SDH, is increasingly used to be consistent with the emerging international communications standards, and it should vastly improve China's outdated and underdeveloped telecommunications systems. According to industry officials, U.S. companies sold tens of millions of dollars worth of SDH equipment in China in 1994, and several joint ventures are currently manufacturing SDH equipment in China to build China's telecommunications network. In contrast, there is little demand for ATM equipment in China and there is no in-country production of such equipment. Company officials noted the demand for ATM equipment in the United States is also limited. Officials at the Defense Department told us that the Chinese military would like to improve its telecommunications capabilities. According to these officials, the Chinese military is seeking to acquire ATM and SDH equipment, which may increase their operational readiness by the end of the next decade. Defense Department officials told us that broadband telecommunications equipment could be used to improve the Chinese military's command and control communications networks. These officials also observed that the Chinese military will benefit from the improvements to China's overall public telecommunications system, since they also make use of that system. The Chinese military may also benefit from the use of broadband equipment in its nonmilitary activities. For example, Chinese Army hospitals, which also serve civilians, are interested in acquiring high-speed telecommunications links using ATM switches to develop telemedicine capabilities and to extend health care to rural areas. The Chinese military operates at least one-third of the hospitals in China. The Commerce Department created GLX in 1994, allowing nearly all dual-use telecommunications items to be exported to Chinese civil end users without validated licenses. As a result, the ATM and SDH equipment exported to HuaMei did not require prior government approval before being shipped. According to U.S. government officials, the Commerce Department created GLX in April 1994 to ease export restrictions and reduce administrative burdens on U.S. exporters. In September 1993, the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee, chaired by the Secretary of Commerce, recommended removing export controls on computers and telecommunications products to aid key U.S. industries. Commerce officials noted that there was an interagency effort to determine which items to decontrol before COCOM expired at the end of March 1994. The Commerce Department used the advisory notes from the Commerce Control List as a basis for what items were to be included under GLX. Advisory notes are included in the list to advise exporters of the items likely to be approved for export to certain locations. The Commerce Department removed the requirement for a validated license and prior government review on all items with advisory notes because it viewed the items as being less sensitive. According to a Commerce Department official, the advisory note items included under GLX did not necessarily include the entire category of equipment, nor did they apply to China. For example, one advisory note stated that licenses would likely be approved for the export of telecommunications transmission equipment, such as SDH, to China, provided that such equipment did not exceed certain capabilities. Under GLX, all SDH equipment is eligible for export to China, regardless of capability. Another advisory note stated that licenses would likely be approved for the export of all controlled dual-use telecommunications equipment, including ATM, for civil end use in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. According to a Commerce Department official, since ATM equipment was included in this advisory note, it became eligible for export under GLX, even though the note did not apply to China. Our analysis of the telecommunications items included under GLX showed that each item category was covered by some advisory note on the Commerce Control List. Because most of the telecommunications items on the list were covered by advisory notes, they became eligible for export under GLX. The only telecommunications items covered by an advisory note that were not included under GLX were radio frequency hopping equipment and radio receivers with certain scanning and frequency switching capabilities. Items included under GLX were telecommunications transmission equipment, switching equipment, optical fiber communication cables, and phased array antennas. However, technology for the development and production of the telecommunications equipment may not be exported under GLX. The Commerce Department officially requested comments from other agencies on GLX on March 17, 1994, and the creation of GLX was announced in the Federal Register on April 4, 1994. According to government officials, the period of time given to other agencies to comment on the new license category was limited due to the expiration of COCOM at the end of March 1994. Senior Commerce and Defense Department officials stated that while the comment period provided to the agencies for approving GLX was limited, the items included under GLX were less sensitive and had been previously considered for liberalization under earlier COCOM-related negotiations. The Departments of Defense, Energy, and State all approved the new license category. At the time that AT&T exported U.S. telecommunications equipment to HuaMei in 1994, the Commerce Department had already created GLX, so AT&T did not need to apply for a license to ship ATM and SDH equipment to China. In 1993, SCM Brooks Telecommunications entered into a joint venture with Galaxy New Technology, a Chinese company controlled by the Commission of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND), an agency of the Chinese military, to form Guangzhou HuaMei Communications Limited. The purpose of the HuaMei project was to demonstrate the commercial capabilities of a broadband telecommunications network, using several hotels in Guangzhou. The demonstration included video-conferencing, virtual notebook, and teleradiology applications. HuaMei contracted with AT&T to provide the equipment necessary for the project. AT&T exported three ATM switches from the United States under a general license and four SDH transmission systems from the Netherlands under a Dutch validated license to Guangzhou in the fall of 1994. GLX allows the export of ATM and SDH equipment to China without a validated license, if the exports are going to "civil end-users for civil end-uses." However, Commerce Department regulations do not define a "civil end-user" or offer any guidance on how an exporter is to determine who is a civil end user in China. U.S. company and government officials stated that determining end users in China is problematic because the Chinese military is often involved in commercial activities. The Chinese military invests in and owns numerous commercial entities in China to obtain profits and to help fund its military activities. For example, according to industry officials, the military has investments in such enterprises as the Palace Hotel in Beijing, various entertainment projects, and even restaurants. HuaMei, while a commercial enterprise, has as its principal Chinese partner, a company controlled by the Chinese military. As shown in figure 1, SCM Brooks Telecommunications and Galaxy New Technology each own 50 percent of HuaMei. However, the Chinese military is the primary shareholder of Galaxy New Technology, with two other Chinese government agencies each holding a minority interest in the company. Several members of the HuaMei board of directors are military officers or have direct ties to the Chinese military. Such a high degree of involvement in HuaMei could indicate a strong military interest in this company. U.S. company and government officials stated that HuaMei was a civil end user. In determining that, company officials considered the end use of the equipment, the location of the installed equipment, and the customers for the equipment. Since the equipment was being used for video-conferencing among several Chinese hotels to demonstrate the commercial applications of this technology, company officials were confident that the export of this equipment would satisfy the civil end-user requirement of GLX. According to Commerce Department officials, the agency does not have guidance for its staff to use in making civil end-user determinations for exports under GLX (or its successor, CIV), nor has it issued guidelines on end-user determination for exporters. For an export to China that requires a validated license, the Commerce Department normally conducts a review of the application and determines if the export is going to a military or civil end user on a case-by-case basis, using available government resources such as embassy personnel and intelligence reports. Exporters do not have such resources available to them when making a civil end-user determination. Currently, there is no guidance or criteria available to exporters on how much military involvement in a commercial entity is needed before it is considered a military end user. According to Commerce Department officials, an exporter is responsible for knowing its end user when exporting under GLX (or CIV). An exporter is encouraged to come to the Commerce Department for an end-user check if there are any abnormal circumstances in a transaction that indicate the export may be going to an inappropriate end user. According to Commerce Department guidance, these circumstances can include orders for items that are inconsistent with the purchaser's needs or a customer declining installation and testing when included in the sale price. If there are no suspicious circumstances, the exporter is not required to verify the buyer's representations of civil end use. AT&T officials stated that they did not ask the Commerce Department to determine if HuaMei was a civil end user, nor were they required to under GLX. Commerce officials stated that the civil end-user requirement in GLX was specifically included to allow Commerce to review exports going to the military. However, in the export of telecommunications equipment to HuaMei, the Commerce Department did not have an opportunity to review the end user because prior government review is not required under GLX. Consequently, the equipment was exported to HuaMei without Commerce review, even though the company was partially controlled by several high-level members of the Chinese military. In commenting on a draft of this report, the Departments of Commerce, Defense, and State generally agreed with the information we presented. Commerce noted that our suggestion that it assess the need to provide additional guidance to exporters on determining civil end users as it gains experience under CIV (formerly known as GLX) was helpful. Commerce also asserted that our report confirmed that its decision to make certain telecommunications equipment available to China without requiring a validated license was consistent with both U.S. national security and economic interests. However, it should be noted that determining consistency with U.S. interests was not within the scope of our work. We made minor technical corrections to the report where appropriate based on suggestions provided by the Departments of Commerce and Defense. Comments from the Departments of Commerce, Defense, and State are presented in appendixes I, II, and III, respectively. To obtain information about the HuaMei project--when it was created, its purpose, and the equipment it employed--we interviewed SCM Brooks and AT&T officials and examined company agreements and project descriptions. To determine civil and military applications of ATM and SDH equipment, availability of the equipment, and the importance of those applications to China's military, we interviewed officials from AT&T and SCM Brooks and obtained technical descriptions of the products and potential applications. We also interviewed officials from the National Security Agency, the Defense Technology Security Administration, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the Defense Information Security Agency, as well as the Commerce Department Bureau of Export Administration to get expert assessments of advanced telecommunications equipment and data on telecommunications equipment availability in China. In addition, we interviewed telecommunications industry and U.S. embassy officials in China to obtain information about the applications and availability of ATM and SDH equipment in China. To examine the process and rationale for liberalizing the export of broadband telecommunications equipment, we reviewed a chronology of the export of AT&T equipment. We also interviewed officials from the Departments of Defense, Commerce, and State, and the National Security Agency to obtain data on the rationale and purposes of creating the GLX license category, as well as agency positions on the inclusion of telecommunications equipment under GLX. We reviewed Defense and Commerce Department documentation on the development of GLX. We also compared the items on GLX with the Commerce Control List items covered by advisory notes to confirm the method used to develop GLX. We performed our review from March to October 1996 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. As agreed with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 10 days after its issue date. At that time, we will send copies to other congressional committees and the Secretaries of Defense, Commerce, and State. 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Summary:
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the transfer of broadband telecommunication equipment to HuaMei, a joint venture between SCM Brooks Telecommunications, a U.S. limited partnership, and Galaxy New Technology, a Chinese company primarily owned by an agency of the Chinese military, focusing on the: (1) civil and military applications of the exported telecommunications equipment, its availability, and the importance of these applications to China's military; and (2) process and rationale for liberalizing the export of telecommunications equipment shipped to China. GAO found that: (1) there are numerous civil and military applications for broadband telecommunications equipment, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) equipment, including video-conferencing, remote command and control, and telemedicine; (2) since the liberalization of exports of advanced telecommunications equipment, such equipment is now readily available in China; (3) SDH equipment, in particular, is being manufactured and used to upgrade China's telecommunications networks to international standards; (4) according to U.S. government officials, the Chinese military is seeking to acquire ATM and SDH equipment, which may benefit its command and control networks by the end of the next decade; (5) furthermore, these officials stated that as China's telecommunications infrastructure is modernized, the Chinese military will also benefit; (6) the creation of the new General License category, GLX, by the Commerce Department in April 1994, allowed the export of ATM and SDH equipment to HuaMei without a validated license having to be issued by the Commerce Department; (7) ATM and SDH equipment were two of a number of dual-use telecommunications items that were included under GLX; (8) GLX includes many items that would have been typically approved for export to civil end users in the licensing process; (9) according to U.S. government officials, GLX was created in response to the end of the Cold War and the expiration of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls, to ease export restrictions and reduce administrative burdens on U.S. exporters; (10) determining who is a civil end user under GLX is the responsibility of the exporting companies; (11) however, this is particularly difficult in China because of the Chinese military's significant involvement in various commercial ventures; (12) there is no information readily available to exporters on how much military involvement in a commercial entity constitutes a military end user; and (13) based on this one case, GAO is not making any recommendations; however, as the Commerce Department gains experience under GLX, it may want to assess the need to provide additional information or guidance to exporters to help them determine when they should request a government review of an end user.