Three main types of pipelines--gathering, transmission, and distribution--carry hazardous liquid and natural gas from producing wells to end users (residences and businesses) and are managed by about 3,000 operators. Transmission pipelines carry these products, sometimes over hundreds of miles, to communities and large-volume users, such as factories. Transmission pipelines tend to have the largest diameters and operate at the highest pressures of any type of pipeline. PHMSA has estimated there are more than 400,000 miles of hazardous liquid and natural gas transmission pipelines across the United States. PHMSA administers two general sets of pipeline safety requirements and works with state pipeline safety offices to inspect pipelines and enforce the requirements. The first set of requirements is minimum safety standards that cover specifications for the design, construction, testing, inspection, operation, and maintenance of pipelines. The second set is part of a supplemental risk-based regulatory program termed "integrity management." Under transmission pipeline integrity management programs, operators are required to systematically identify and mitigate risks to pipeline segments that are located in highly populated or environmentally sensitive areas (called "high-consequence areas"). According to PHMSA, industry, and state officials, responding to either a hazardous liquid or natural gas pipeline incident typically includes detecting that an incident has occurred, coordinating with emergency responders, and shutting down the affected pipeline segment. Under PHMSA's minimum safety standards, operators are required to have a plan that covers these steps for all of their pipeline segments and to follow that plan during an incident. Officials from PHMSA and state pipeline safety offices perform relatively minor roles during an incident, as they rely on operators and emergency responders to take actions to mitigate the consequences of such events. Operators must report incidents that meet certain thresholds--including incidents that involve a fatality or injury, excessive property damage or product release, or an emergency shutdown--to the federal National Response Center. Operators must also conduct an investigation to identify the root cause and lessons learned, and report to PHMSA. Federal and state authorities may use their discretion to investigate some incidents, which can involve working with operators to determine the cause of the incident. While prior research shows that most of the fatalities and damage from an incident occur in the first few minutes following a pipeline rupture, operators can reduce some of the consequences by taking actions that include closing valves that are spaced along the pipeline to isolate segments. The amount of time it takes to close a valve depends upon the equipment installed on the pipeline. For example, valves with manual controls (referred to as "manual valves") require a person to arrive on site and either turn a wheel crank or activate a push-button actuator. Valves that can be closed without a person at the valve's location (referred to as "automated valves") include remote-control valves, which can be closed via a command from a control room, and automatic-shutoff valves, which can close without human intervention based on sensor readings. Automated valves generally take less time to close than manual valves. PHMSA's minimum safety standards dictate the spacing of all valves, regardless of type of equipment installed to close them, while integrity management regulations require that transmission pipeline operators conduct a risk assessment for pipelines in high-consequence areas that includes the consideration of automated valves. Multiple variables--some controllable by transmission pipeline operators--can influence the ability of operators to respond quickly to an incident, according to PHMSA officials, pipeline safety officials, and industry stakeholders and operators. Ensuring a quick response is important because according to pipeline operators and industry stakeholders, reducing the amount of time it takes to respond to an incident can reduce the amount of property and environmental damage stemming from an incident and, in some cases, the number of fatalities and injuries. For example, several natural gas pipeline operators noted that a faster incident response time could reduce the amount of property damage from secondary fires (after an initial pipeline rupture) by allowing fire departments to extinguish the fires sooner. In addition, hazardous liquid pipeline operators told us that a faster incident response time could result in lower costs for environmental remediation efforts and less product lost. We identified five variables that can influence incident response time and are within an operator's control, and four other variables that influence a pipeline operator's ability to respond to an incident but are beyond an operator's control. The effect a given variable has on a particular incident response will vary according to the specifics of the situation. The five variables within an operator's control are: location of qualified operator response personnel, control room management, and relationships with local first responders. The four factors beyond an operator's control are: weather conditions, and other operators' pipelines in the same area. (See table 1 for further detail.) Appendix II provides several examples of response time in past incidents; response time varied from several minutes to days depending on the presence and interaction of the variables just mentioned. As noted, one variable that influences operators' response times to incidents is the type of valve installed on the pipeline. Research and industry stakeholders indicate that the primary advantage of installing automated valves--as opposed to other safety measures--is related to the time it takes to respond to an incident. Although automated valves cannot mitigate the fatalities, injuries, and damage that occur in an initial blast, quickly isolating the pipeline segment through automated valves can reduce subsequent damage by reducing the amount of hazardous liquid and natural gas released. Research and industry stakeholders also identified two disadvantages operators should consider when determining whether to install automated valves related to potential accidental closures and the monetary costs of purchasing and installing the equipment. Specifically, automated valves can lead to accidental closures, which can have severe, unintended consequences, including loss of service to residences and businesses. In addition, according to operators, vendors and contractors, the monetary costs of installing automated valves can range from tens of thousands to a million dollars per valve, which may be significant expenditures for some pipeline operators. According to operators and other industry stakeholders, considering monetary costs is important when making decisions to install automated valves because resources spent for this purpose can take away from other pipeline safety efforts. Specifically, operators and industry stakeholders told us they often would rather focus their resources on incident prevention to minimize the risk of an incident instead of focusing resources on incident response. PHMSA officials stated that they generally support the idea that pipeline operators be given some flexibility to target spending where the operator believes it will have the most safety benefit. Research and industry stakeholders also indicate the importance of determining whether to install valves on a case-by-case basis because the advantages and disadvantages can vary considerably based on factors specific to a unique valve location. These sources indicated that the location of the valve, existing shutdown capabilities, proximity of personnel to the valve's location, the likelihood of an ignition, type of product being transported, operating pressure, topography, and pipeline diameter, among other factors, all play a role in determining the extent to which an automated valve would be advantageous. Operators we met with are using a variety of methods for determining whether to install automated valves that consider--on a case-by-case basis--whether these valves will improve response time, the potential for accidental closure, and monetary costs. For example, two natural gas pipeline operators told us that they applied a decision tree analysis to all pipeline segments in highly populated and frequented areas. They used the decision tree to guide a variety of yes-or-no questions on whether installing an automated valve would improve response time to less than an hour and provide advantages for locations where people might have difficulty evacuating quickly in the event of a pipeline incident. Other hazardous liquid pipeline operators said they used computer-based spill modeling to determine whether the amount of product release would be significantly reduced by installing an automated valve. In our report, we note that PHMSA has not developed a performance- based framework for incident response times, although some organizations in the pipeline industry have done so. We and others have recommended that the federal government move toward performance- based regulatory approaches to allow those being regulated to determine the most appropriate way to achieve desired, measurable outcomes. According to our past work, such a framework should include: (1) national goals, (2) performance measures that are linked to those national goals, and (3) appropriate performance targets that promote accountability and allow organizations to track their progress toward goals. While PHMSA has established a national goal for incident response times, it has not linked performance measures or targets to this goal. Specifically, PHMSA directs operators to respond to certain incidents--emergencies that require an immediate response--in a "prompt and effective" manner, but neither PHMSA's regulations nor its guidance describe ways to measure progress toward meeting this goal. Without a performance measure and target for a prompt and effective incident response, PHMSA cannot quantitatively determine whether an operator meets this goal and track their performance over time. PHMSA officials told us that because pipeline incidents often have unique characteristics, developing a performance measure and associated target for incident response time would be difficult. In particular, it would be challenging to establish a performance measure using incident response time in a way that would always lead to the desired outcome of a prompt and effective response. In addition, officials stated it would be difficult to identify a single response time target for all incidents, as pipeline operators likely should respond to some incidents more quickly than others. Defining performance measures and targets for incident response can be challenging, but one possible way for PHMSA to move toward a more quantifiable, performance-based approach would be to develop strategies to improve incident response based on nationwide data. For example, performing an analysis of nationwide incident data--similar to PHMSA's current analyses of fatality and injury data--could help PHMSA determine response times for different types of pipelines (based on characteristics such as location, operating pressure, and diameter); identify trends; and develop strategies to improve incident response. However, we found that PHMSA does not have the reliable nationwide data on incident response time data it would need to conduct such analyses. Specifically, the response time data PHMSA currently collects are unreliable for two reasons: (1) operators are not required to fill out certain time-related fields in the PHMSA incident-reporting form and (2) when operators do provide these data, they are interpreting the intended content of the data fields in different ways. Our report recommended that PHMSA improve incident response data and use these data to evaluate whether to implement a performance-based framework for incident response times. PHMSA agreed to consider this recommendation. We also found that PHMSA needs to do a better job of sharing information on ways operators can make decisions to install automated valves. For example, many of the operators we spoke with were unaware of existing PHMSA enforcement and inspection guidance that could be useful for operators in determining whether to install automated valves on transmission pipelines. In addition, while PHMSA inspectors see examples of how operators make decisions to install automated valves during integrity management inspections, they do not formally collect this information or share it with other operators. Given the variety of risk- based methods for making decisions about automated valves across the operators we spoke with, we believe that both operators and inspectors would benefit from exposure to some of the methods used by other operators to make decisions on whether to install automated valves. Our report recommended that PHMSA share guidance and information on operators' decision-making approaches to assist operators with these determinations. PHMSA also agreed to consider this recommendation. Chairman Rockefeller this concludes my prepared remarks. I am happy to respond to any questions that you or other Members of the Committee may have at this time. For questions about this statement, please contact Susan Fleming, Director, Physical Infrastructure, at (202) 512-3824 or flemings@gao.gov. In addition, contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this statement. Individuals who made key contributions to this statement include Sara Vermillion (Assistant Director), Sarah Arnett, Melissa Bodeau, Russ Burnett, Matthew Cook, Colin Fallon, Robert Heilman, David Hooper, and Josh Ormond. GAO recently issued two reports related to the safety of certain types of pipelines. The first, GAO-12-388, reported on the safety of gathering pipelines, which currently are largely unregulated by the federal government. The second, GAO-12-389R, reported on the potential safety effects of applying less prescriptive requirements, currently levied on distribution pipelines, to low-stress natural gas transmission pipelines. Further detail on each report is provided below. For the full report text, go to www.gao.gov. Included in the nation's pipeline network are an estimated 200,000 or more miles of onshore gathering pipelines, which transport products to processing facilities and larger pipelines. Many of these pipelines have not been subject to federal regulation because they are considered less risky due to their generally rural location and low operating pressures. For example, out of the more than 200,000 estimated miles of natural gas gathering pipelines, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) regulates roughly 20,000 miles. Similarly, of the 30,000 to 40,000 estimated miles of hazardous liquid gathering pipelines, PHMSA regulates about 4,000 miles. While the safety risks of onshore gathering pipelines that are not regulated by PHMSA are generally considered to be lower than for other types of pipelines, PHMSA does not collect comprehensive data to identify the safety risks of unregulated gathering pipelines. Without data on potential risk factors--such as information on construction quality, maintenance practices, location, and pipeline integrity--pipeline safety officials are unable to assess and manage safety risks associated with gathering pipelines. Further, some types of changes in pipeline operational environments could also increase safety risks for federally unregulated gathering pipelines. Specifically, land-use changes are resulting in development encroaching on existing pipelines, and the increased extraction of oil and natural gas from shale deposits is resulting in the construction of new gathering pipelines, some of which are larger in diameter and operate at higher pressure than older pipelines. As a result, PHMSA is considering collecting data on federally unregulated gathering pipelines. However, the agency's plans are preliminary, and the extent to which PHMSA will collect data sufficient to evaluate the potential safety risks associated with these pipelines is uncertain. In addition, we found that the amount of sharing of information to ensure the safety of federally unregulated pipelines among state and federal pipeline safety agencies appeared limited. For example, some state and PHMSA officials we interviewed had limited awareness of safety practices used by other states. Increased communication and information sharing about pipeline safety practices could boost the use of such practices for unregulated pipelines. We recommended that PHMSA should collect data on federally unregulated onshore hazardous liquid and gas gathering pipelines, subsequent to an analysis of the benefits and industry burdens associated with such data collection. Data collected should be comparable to what PHMSA collects annually from operators of regulated gathering pipelines (e.g., fatalities, injuries, property damage, location, mileage, size, operating pressure, maintenance history, and the causes of incidents and consequences). Also, we recommended that PHMSA establish an online clearinghouse or other resource for states to share information on practices that can help ensure the safety of federally unregulated onshore hazardous liquid and gas gathering pipelines. This resource could include updates on related PHMSA and industry initiatives, guidance, related PHMSA rulemakings, and other information collected or shared by states. PHMSA concurred with our recommendations and is taking steps to implement them. Gas transmission pipelines typically move natural gas across state lines and over long distances, from sources to communities. Transmission pipelines can generally operate at pressures up to 72 percent of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). By contrast, local distribution pipelines generally operate within state boundaries to receive gas from transmission pipelines and distribute it to commercial and residential end users. Distribution pipelines typically operate well below 20 percent of SMYS. Connecting the long-distance transmission pipelines to the local distribution pipelines are lower stress transmission pipelines that may transport natural gas for several miles at pressures between 20 and 30 percent of SMYS. Applying PHMSA's distribution integrity management requirements to low-stress transmission pipelines would result in less prescriptive safety requirements for these pipelines. Overall, requirements for distribution pipelines are less prescriptive than requirements for transmission pipelines in part because the former operate at lower pressure and pose lower risks in general than the latter. For example, the integrity management regulations for transmission pipelines allow three types of in-depth physical inspection. In contrast, distribution pipeline operators can customize their integrity management programs to the complexity of their systems, including using a broader range of methods for physical inspection. While PHMSA officials stated that "less prescriptive" does not necessarily mean less safe, they also stated that distribution integrity management requirements for distribution pipelines can be more difficult to enforce than integrity management requirements for transmission pipelines. In general, the effect of changing PHMSA's requirement for low-stress transmission pipelines for pipeline safety is unclear. While the consequences of a low-stress transmission pipeline failure are generally not severe because these pipelines are more likely to leak than rupture, the point at which a gas pipeline fails by rupture is uncertain and depends on a number of factors in addition to pressure, such as the size or type of defect and the materials used to conduct the pipeline. In addition, the mileage and location of pipelines that would be affected by such a regulatory change are currently unknown, although PHMSA recently changed its reporting requirements to collect such information. The concern is that because distribution pipelines are located in highly populated areas, the low-stress transmission pipelines that are connected to them could also be located in highly populated areas. As a result, we considered the current regulatory approach of applying more prescriptive transmission pipeline requirements reasonable. Operators we spoke with stated that the amount of time it takes to respond to an incident can vary depending on a number of variables (see table 2).

Summary:
Pipelines are a relatively safe means of transporting natural gas and hazardous liquids; however, catastrophic incidents can and do occur. Such an incident occurred on December 11, 2012, near Sissonville, West Virginia, when a rupture of a natural gas transmission pipeline destroyed or damaged 9 homes and badly damaged a section of Interstate 77. Large-diameter transmission pipelines such as these that carry products over long distances from processing facilities to communities and large-volume users make up more than 400,000 miles of the 2.5 million mile natural gas and hazardous liquid pipeline network in the United States. The Department of Transportation's (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), working in conjunction with state pipeline safety offices, oversees this network, which transports about 65 percent of the energy we consume. The best way to ensure the safety of pipelines, and their surrounding communities, is to minimize the possibility of an incident occurring. PHMSA's regulations require pipeline operators to take appropriate preventive measures such as corrosion control and periodic assessments of pipeline integrity. To mitigate the consequences if an incident occurs, operators are also required to develop leak detection and emergency response plans. One mitigation measure operators can take is to install automated valves that, in the event of an incident, close automatically or can be closed remotely by operators in a control room. Such valves have been the topic of several National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommendations since 1971 and a PHMSA report issued in October 2012. As mandated in the Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act of 2011, we issued a January 2013 report on the ability of transmission pipeline operators to respond to a hazardous liquid or natural gas release from an existing pipeline segment. This statement is based on this report and addresses (1) variables that influence the ability of transmission pipeline operators to respond to incidents and (2) opportunities to improve these operators' responses to incidents. This statement also provides information from two other recent GAO reports on pipeline safety. Numerous variables--some of which are under operators' control--influence the ability of transmission pipeline operators to respond to incidents. For example, the location of response personnel and the use of manual or automated valves can affect the amount of time it takes for operators to respond to incidents. However, because the advantages and disadvantages of installing an automated valve are closely related to the specifics of the valve's location, it is appropriate that operators decide whether to install automated valves on a case-by-case basis. Several operators we spoke with have developed approaches to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of installing automated valves, such as using spill-modeling software to estimate the potential amount of product released and extent of damage that would occur in the event of an incident. One method PHMSA could use to improve operator response to incidents is to develop a performance-based approach for incident response times. While defining performance measures and targets for incident response can be challenging, PHMSA could move toward a performance-based approach by evaluating nationwide data to determine response times for different types of pipeline (based on location, operating pressure, and pipeline diameter, among other factors). First, though, PHMSA must improve the data it collects on incident response times. These data are not reliable because operators are not required to fill out certain time-related fields in the reporting form and because operators told us they interpret these data fields in different ways. Furthermore, while PHMSA conducts a variety of information-sharing activities, the agency does not formally collect or share evaluation approaches used by operators to decide whether to install automated valves, and not all operators we spoke with were aware of existing PHMSA guidance designed to assist operators in making these decisions. We recommended that PHMSA should: (1) improve incident response data and use those data to explore the feasibility of developing a performance-based approach for improving operators' responses to pipeline incidents and (2) assist operators in deciding whether to install automated valves by formally collecting and sharing evaluation approaches and ensuring operators are aware of existing guidance. PHMSA agreed to consider these recommendations.