SCSEP, as authorized under the OAA Amendments, promotes part-time opportunities in community service for unemployed low-income persons who are at least 55 years old and have poor employment prospects. The program is also designed to foster economic self-sufficiency by assisting older workers in transitioning to unsubsidized employment. Administered by Labor for over 30 years, the program operates in every state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The program is administered through grants awarded to national organizations as well as state and territorial agencies. (See app. I for a listing of national grantees and funds and positions awarded in program year 2005.) In program year 2005, approximately $439 million was appropriated to support about 61,000 SCSEP positions, through which approximately 100,000 participants are served. (See app. II for a listing of funds and positions awarded by state in program year 2005). SCSEP serves unemployed persons who are 55 years or older whose family incomes are no more than 125 percent of the federal poverty level. Participants are placed in part-time community service assignments in a local nonprofit organization or public-sector agency to gain on-the-job experience and prepare for unsubsidized employment. Program participants receive training and work experience in a wide variety of occupations, including nurse's aides, teacher aides, librarians, clerical workers, and day care assistants. Program participants are paid the highest federal, state, or local applicable minimum wage, or the prevailing rate of pay for persons employed in similar occupations by the same employer. The OAA Amendments require that at least 75 percent of SCSEP funds be used to subsidize participants' wages and fringe benefits and no more than 13.5 percent of the funds may be used for administrative expenses. The remaining funds may be used for other program costs such as assessments, training, job placement assistance, and supportive services. The OAA Amendments were designed to make a number of changes to SCSEP. The amendments contained provisions to establish unsubsidized employment as a program goal, while maintaining the community service aspect of the program; establish a performance accountability system that held grantees accountable for meeting specific performance measures, including placement and retention of participants in unsubsidized employment, community services provided, customer satisfaction, and number of persons served---particularly those with the greatest economic and social need or those with poor employment history or prospects, and those over age 60; improve coordination between SCSEP and WIA; and strengthen administrative procedures by defining administrative and program costs and applying uniform cost principles. In addition, the amendments revised the distribution formula by specifying that the first $35 million in funding above the amount to maintain current level of program year 2000 activities be allocated 75 percent to state grantees and 25 percent to national grantees. Any additional funds above $35 million will be allocated evenly between state and national grantees. The OAA Amendments have had little effect on the distribution of funds between national and state grantees, with the national grantees continuing to receive approximately 78 percent of the funding and state grantees about 22 percent. Since the amendments took effect in 2000, the SCSEP appropriation has experienced only minor fluctuations, and correspondingly, the total number of positions has remained largely constant. However, the distribution of funding and positions among national grantees has changed substantially. An open competition for national SCSEP positions held in 2002 increased the total number of national grantees from 10 to 13 (eliminating 1 incumbent grantee and introducing 4 new grantees) and reshuffled funding and positions among existing grantees. In program year 2005, national grantees operated in all states (including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) except Alaska, Delaware, and Hawaii. Approximately two-thirds of both national and state grantee positions are located in metropolitan areas. However, the percentage of positions in metropolitan areas varied widely among national grantees. For example, three national grantees administered more than 90 percent of their SCSEP positions in metropolitan counties, while two have about 40 percent of their positions in metropolitan counties. The revision of the funding formula outlined in the OAA Amendments has had little impact on the distribution of funds between national and state grantees. The formula takes effect only when SCSEP funding for national and state grantees rises above program year 2000 levels of approximately $423 million. Because the SCSEP appropriation has remained relatively constant over the past 5 years, the distribution of funds between national and state grantees has also experienced little change. In each program year since 2000, approximately 78 percent of the SCSEP funding for grantees was allocated to national grantees and 22 percent was allocated to state grantees (see fig. 1). For program year 2005, SCSEP appropriations funded 61,047 positions-- 160 fewer than were funded in program year 2000. Slight funding increases from program years 2002 to 2004 provided for as much as $4.6 million in additional annual funding for national and state grantees. Labor allotted approximately 75 percent of this amount to state grantees and 25 percent to national grantees in accordance with the revised distribution formula. However, these funding increases did not markedly alter the overall distribution between national and state grantees. Labor's 2002 open competition for the national grants portion of SCSEP funding increased the number of national grantees administering SCSEP and substantially reshuffled positions and funding among existing grantees. Labor decided to conduct the competition in order to ensure that the most qualified organizations were awarded grants, to open the grantee community to new organizations, and to provide better services to SCSEP participants. The competition--the first of its kind in SCSEP's history--yielded 68 applications. A three-member Labor review panel evaluated each application and scored it according to the applicant's plan for program design and services, coordination and oversight, and management structure and fiscal integrity. Based on these scores, Labor ranked each applicant, deemed that 13 applicants scored in a competitive range making them eligible to receive grant awards, and allotted positions by county to grantees on a winner-takes-all basis. Specifically, the highest ranked applicant received all the positions it requested, and each subsequent applicant received all positions not previously claimed by a higher-ranked applicant. All 13 competitive applicants were eventually awarded positions. The competition produced 4 new national grantees, increasing the total number from 10 to 13. One incumbent grantee, the National Urban League, was not awarded a grant to continue administering SCSEP. The competition also resulted in a significant reshuffling of funds and positions among incumbent grantees. Of the nine incumbent national grantees that were awarded continuing grants, two gained positions, and seven lost positions (see table 1). Labor determines the amount of funding to be allocated to grantees based on a "cost per authorized position" outlined in the OAA Amendments. As a result, following the 2002 competition, each of the 13 successful grantees received funding approximately equal to the number of positions it was awarded times $7,153--the pre-determined cost per authorized position. Among incumbent grantees, two gained additional funding and seven lost funding. AARP Foundation gained more than $24 million in additional funds, while Experience Works, Inc. lost $20.5 million in funding. Altogether, the four new grantees received approximately $54 million in SCSEP funding (see table 2). On March 2, 2006, Labor announced an open competition for program year 2006 national grantee funding. This announcement is consistent with Labor's current proposal for the reauthorization of SCSEP, which recommends eliminating performance sanctions in favor of holding a competition for grants every 3 years. Using similar criteria to those used in the 2002 competition, Labor plans to award no more than 20 grants to national grantees, including at least 1 grant to an Indian and Native American organization and at least 1 grant to an Asian Pacific Islander organization. Labor is specifically seeking organizations that are able to foster partnerships with one-stop career centers and community colleges and that promote private employment through high-growth job opportunities. In order to increase program effectiveness and achieve economies of scale, Labor has consolidated the geographic areas over which grantees will administer SCSEP for the upcoming program year. When requesting positions, potential grantees must apply for at least 10 percent of a state's allocation, or $1.6 million, whichever is greater. Furthermore, applicants that apply for more than one county in a state must request contiguous counties, and except in the cases of very large counties, they must apply for all the positions in a county. For program year 2005, slightly more than two-thirds of both national and state grantee positions are located in metropolitan areas. National grantees administer SCSEP in every state except Alaska, Delaware, and Hawaii, while state grantees operate SCSEP in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Individual national grantees operate in as many as 39 states (Experience Works, Inc.) and as few as 2 states (Mature Services, Inc.). The share of positions in metropolitan areas varies widely among national grantees. Three grantees administer more than 90 percent of their SCSEP positions in metropolitan counties, while two grantees have fewer than half of their positions in metropolitan counties (see table 3). Labor has taken steps to establish an enhanced performance accountability system for SCSEP, but has yet to implement some features fully. While Labor has introduced the new performance measures that the OAA amendments required, program year 2005--which ends on June 30, 2006--is the first year for which grantees will be held accountable for their performance. Labor has also implemented an early version of a data collection system to capture performance information, but the final version is not yet available to grantees in its intended online format. In addition, Labor has recently undertaken a broad assessment of SCSEP on such issues as participant outcomes, program costs, and grantee challenges, but has not yet issued a report. Labor has implemented new performance measures, as required by the OAA Amendments, and will begin sanctioning grantees that demonstrate poor performance for the current program year --2005 --which ends on June 30, 2006. After Labor issued final regulations for SCSEP in April 2004, it instituted practice measures for program year 2004, as grantees transitioned to the new data collection and reporting requirements. Labor used the resulting performance data to help set baseline goals for grantees to meet during program year 2005. For program year 2005, according to Labor, four SCSEP measures will contribute to a grantee's overall performance assessment: Placement: the number of participants attaining unsubsidized employment, either full-time or part-time, for at least 30 days of the first 90 days after exiting the program, divided by the number of authorized SCSEP positions. Employment Retention: the rate of retention in unsubsidized employment 6 months after placement. Service Level: the number of a grantee's participants divided by the number of the grantee's authorized positions. Service to Most-in-Need: the percentage of participants who are at least 60 years old and who have at least one of several additional barriers to employment, such as language barriers, poor employment history, or a physical or mental disability. Labor officials told us they plan to assess grantees on their aggregate performance across these four SCSEP performance measures. A grantee satisfies its overall performance goal if it attains an average score across the four measures of at least 80 percent of the target goals. Thus, a grantee could meet its performance requirements by attaining less than 80 percent of some goals but more than 80 percent of the others. For example, Labor's data show that one state achieved 47 percent of its placement goal but performed well enough on the other measures to receive an average score well above the 80 percent threshold for satisfactory performance. According to Labor, grantees varied in their ability to meet goals for individual measures during the transitional period of program year 2004. (See app. III for a listing of the program year 2004 results compared to the performance goals for each grantee.) However, Labor officials said that most grantees managed to meet the 80 percent threshold for their overall performance goal. (See appendix IV for results for each of the grantees.) They also stated that, based on Labor's assessment of data from the first 2 quarters of the current year, most grantees appear to be on track for meeting their performance goals for program year 2005. Sanctions for poor performance are similar for state and national grantees and will begin after the first year of not meeting the 80 percent threshold for overall performance. If performance does not improve, sanctions will increase in severity after the second and third consecutive years. After the first year of poor performance, a grantee must submit a corrective action plan within 160 days of the end of the program year. In addition, Labor will provide the grantee with technical assistance to help correct the problem. A second consecutive year of failing to meet performance goals will generate a competition for 25 percent of the grantee's funds for the following program year. If a grantee continues to perform poorly for a third year, another competition will result for the remaining amount of the grantee's funding. Furthermore, in addition to meeting their own goals, national grantees must meet the performance goals of each state in which they administer the program. If they fail to meet the state's goals, Labor will require a corrective action plan after the first year of poor performance and may take other appropriate actions, including transferring responsibility for the project to other grantees. National or state grantees that fall short of one performance target but otherwise meet their aggregate goals will not be subject to sanction; Labor will instead provide them with technical assistance related to that performance issue. In addition, Labor requires grantees to report on the customer satisfaction of participants, host agencies, and employers by surveying each group. While poor performance on this measure will result in technical assistance rather than sanctions, Labor officials told us that to date customer satisfaction has been very high. Grantees must also report the number of community service hours participants contribute, but Labor officials told us that they have struggled to create a measurable indicator for community service and do not plan to sanction performance in this area. SCSEP grantees must also collect data to support several common measures as part of a governmentwide initiative to provide comparable performance information across federal programs with similar goals and operations. For job training and employment programs serving adults, the three common measures include entered employment, retention, and average earnings. Thus, between the SCSEP measures and the common measures, grantees must collect and report on data for nine different performance measures. The SCSEP placement and retention measures overlap somewhat with the common measures for entered employment and retention, although the SCSEP measures, as defined by the OAA Amendments, are computed differently. (See table 4.) Specifically, the SCSEP placement measure is calculated relative to each grantee's number of authorized positions, while the common measure for entered employment is based on the number of participants who exit the program. Likewise, the SCSEP retention measure evaluates employment 6 months after placement, while the common measure for retention assesses a participant's employment in both the second and third quarters after exit. Grantees are not subject to sanction for performance on the common measures, which the Office of Management and Budget will use to evaluate the overall effectiveness of SCSEP. However, the administration's legislative proposal for reauthorizing SCSEP supports using the common measures. Additional measures, such as community services provided, could be tracked as secondary outcomes. Labor has designed a data collection system to capture performance information, but has not yet implemented the Internet-based version. The agency is in the process of moving to an Internet-based system that incorporates the new performance data required under the OAA Amendments. In order to capture baseline performance data in program year 2004, Labor rolled out an early, non-Internet version of its data collection system in time to receive data from the first quarter of that program year. Although it collects the required performance data, this interim system is limited in its usefulness for helping to manage the program. For example, grantees are unable to access their quarterly progress reports directly and must wait for Labor to process and send the data to them. Likewise, grantees receive reports that notify them of errors in their data submissions, but the reports do not identify which records are problematic. Moreover, since the initial roll-out, Labor has incorporated several modifications to the system and required data reporting elements. Currently, grantees either use the early version of Labor's new system or continue to use their own databases while they wait for the new Internet- based data collection system to undergo testing and be rolled out. If procurement and technical processes go as planned, Labor hopes to fully implement the Internet-based data collection system by mid-May 2006. Labor has provided grantees with guidance and technical assistance on implementing the new data collection system. In addition to issuing written guidance, Labor and its contractors have conducted demonstrations and offer ongoing direct assistance, including an Internet- based forum for grantee questions on implementing the new system. Labor recently undertook an assessment of SCSEP, which it has yet to complete. In 2004, Labor contracted with DAH Consulting, Inc., and Social Policy Research to conduct an assessment of SCSEP. According to Labor, in addition to assessing the ability of grantees to find useful community service assignments and increase placements in unsubsidized employment, the assessment was supposed to gather information on participant training, the level of coordination with the one-stop system, program costs, outcomes, and other challenges faced by grantees. However, this study was not intended to be a true impact evaluation, but rather a more general review of SCSEP program operations. As of March 2006, Labor officials had received a draft of the study but sent it back to DAH Consulting with requested changes. However, because Labor had not provided us with preliminary results from the review, as of the date of this testimony we are unable to describe what the assessment found, and cannot provide an evaluation of the methodology used to generate the report. Changes to SCSEP eligibility criteria and coordination difficulties with WIA and the one-stop system pose major challenges to SCSEP grantees in managing the program. Although the OAA Amendments did not contain provisions changing the eligibility criteria for SCSEP, Labor modified some eligibility criteria to target SCSEP's limited funds to individuals it believes are most in need of SCSEP's intensive services. For example, Labor modified the types of income it uses to determine an individual's eligibility for the program to include Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and unemployment compensation, so that only those with the lowest incomes are targeted. In addition, Labor changed its previous policy of allowing low-income older adults who work part-time to enroll in SCSEP, and revised the time period for which income is calculated. Most national and state grantees told us that these changes decreased the pool of eligible individuals, and were concerned that enrollments would decline as a result. Furthermore, the majority of the 13 national and 52 state grantees surveyed also identified coordinating with WIA providers, obtaining intensive and training services at one-stop centers, implementing Labor's new data collection system, and meeting new performance measures as being major challenges to managing the SCSEP program. Labor estimated that SCSEP's funding is only sufficient to serve less than one percent of the eligible population and, as a result, changed the eligibility criteria for SCSEP participation to target the program to those older adults it believes are most in need of program services. Labor issued guidance in April 2004 and again in January 2005 to reflect and clarify policy changes to SCSEP eligibility criteria that were previously established in guidance issued in December 1995. Major eligibility policy changes include what is to be counted as income, employment status at time of application, and the time period to be used for the purposes of calculating income. (See table 5.) While, the OAA Amendments do not define what constitutes income, Labor decided to use the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey (CPS) as the standard for determining income eligibility for SCSEP. In the preamble to its April 2004 regulations, Labor set forth its intent to use the income categories collected in the CPS as the SCSEP definition of income for determining program eligibility. After receiving feedback from grantees, Labor decided to exclude certain forms of income. For example, Labor excluded disability benefits--except SSDI-- as well as supplementary security income, workers' compensation, public assistance, child support, and several other sources of income. Most national and state grantees we surveyed expressed concern with the revised income criteria. For example, one national grantee told us that including SSDI is especially onerous because individuals receiving SSDI are among the hardest to serve. A state grantee stated that SSDI should not be included in determining program eligibility because other disability benefits were not included in calculating income eligibility. Another state grantee noted that social security is the only source of income for many older adults and including it provides a misleading picture of an individual's actual income. The administration's proposal for the upcoming reauthorization of Title V of OAA contains provisions for standardizing the income threshold. Labor believes that reauthorization provides an opportunity for Congress to align SCSEP income eligibility criteria with those used by Labor and other federal programs that are means-tested. Labor noted that more uniformity with respect to the types of income used to determine program eligibility, such as Social Security benefits versus earned income, would increase public confidence that these programs were being administered in a consistent and equitable manner. Most national and state grantees surveyed were also concerned with Labor's policy change requiring applicants to be unemployed at time of application. Labor officials stated that the Office of the Solicitor took a strict interpretation of the OAA Amendments and determined that applicants must be unemployed at the time of application to be eligible for SCSEP. Labor officials noted that this interpretation was consistent with the department's philosophy that SCSEP should be targeted to those most in need of the program's intensive services. Prior to the OAA Amendments, Labor permitted applicants who held part-time jobs and met other eligibility criteria to be eligible for SCSEP services. The OAA amendments retained the language contained in the statement of purpose from the authorizing legislation that the program was to provide services to unemployed low income adults 55 years and older. The amendments further defined eligible individuals as those individuals who are 55 years and older and have income not more than 125 percent of the poverty guidelines, but did not refer to employment status. Grantees told us that the requirement that applicants be unemployed prevented some low- income older workers from receiving SCSEP services. For example, a state grantee noted that older workers who may work only 4 hours per week have very low incomes but are not eligible for program services because they are not unemployed. Another state grantee noted that many older workers who are not eligible for social security benefits often work part-time, and thus would not be eligible under the employment test, but would otherwise still meet the income eligibility criteria. Many grantees were also concerned that Labor revised the period on which income is calculated. Prior to Labor's regulations issued in 2004, grantees had the option of calculating income using either the includable income for the 12 months preceding application or annualizing the includable income for the 6 months preceding application, that is doubling the 6-month income to calculate an annual income. Labor now requires grantees to annualize an applicant's income using the 6 months prior to application. Labor officials told us that changing the period on which income is calculated was intended to simplify the process and to reflect the most current income information. However, a national grantee and two state grantees noted in their survey responses that annualizing 6 months of income could distort income for those who only had earnings during that 6-month period. For example, a state grantee noted that many older individuals in their state work during the planting and harvesting seasons but are unemployed for the remainder of the year. They noted that doubling the individual's 6-month income made many of these seasonal workers ineligible for SCSEP. Conversely, doubling 6-month earnings to calculate annual income can have the unintended consequence of including some individuals who would not otherwise be eligible for the program if a 12-month period was applied. National and state grantees surveyed also identified other issues that presented major challenges to managing the SCSEP program. The majority of both national and state grantees identified several issues in the survey as being great or very great challenges, in particular coordinating SCSEP activities with WIA services, obtaining intensive services and training at one-stop centers, implementing Labor's new data collection system, and meeting performance measures (see fig. 2). Although the OAA amendments sought to strengthen coordination between SCSEP and WIA, national and state grantees surveyed identified the coordination of SCSEP activities with WIA services and obtaining intensive services and training at one-stops as major challenges. For example, several national and state grantees responded that many WIA providers are hesitant to provide intensive services or training to SCSEP participants because WIA providers are concerned that enrolling older adults would negatively affect their performance measures. Older adults who receive intensive services or training from WIA providers are included in the computation of WIA performance measures. Another state grantee stated that while coordination with one-stops for core services is very good, access to training is very difficult. We heard a similar theme among states we visited. For example, one state grantee we visited said that WIA is so performance-driven that few SCSEP participants are able to access intensive and training services under WIA. The reported lack of coordination between SCSEP and WIA is especially relevant in light of the administration's proposal to increase the age of SCSEP eligibility from 55 to 65, with limited exceptions for those between the ages of 55 and 64. Labor believes that WIA, not SCSEP, should be the primary program for older adults age 55 to 64. However, we have previously reported that WIA has built in disincentives that discourage the providing of in-depth services, such as training, to older adults. We noted that the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau data suggest that older workers are 50 percent more likely to work part-time and less likely to become re-employed after being laid off than younger workers. These characteristics may negatively affect outcomes on certain WIA performance measures, and, as a result, create a barrier to enrolling older workers into WIA intensive services and training. While most of the 13 national and 52 state grantees surveyed also reported challenges with Labor's new data collection system, they noted that the agency provided helpful assistance with system implementation. Several national and state grantees stated that implementation of the data system was both time and labor-intensive. In particular, one state grantee told us that Labor rolled out the data collection system prematurely, resulting in a loss of productivity at the grantee and subgrantee level. Despite these concerns, most grantees indicated that they received training or technical assistance for the system from Labor or its contractors. Moreover, while several national and state grantees provided positive comments about Labor's assistance, with respect to staff responsiveness, others were less than satisfied and indicated the need for more assistance. All of the national grantees and most of the state grantees that cited meeting performance measures as a great or very great challenge in the survey indicated that the program eligibility changes had the greatest effect on the ability to meet the performance measure dealing with SCSEP service level. A number of state grantees mentioned that the greater difficulty in recruiting SCSEP participants translated into difficulty meeting the service level performance measure. Another of the state grantees that we visited said that the service level measure would present the greatest challenge because the income guidelines were too restrictive. According to Labor data, 7 of the 13 national grantees and 21 of the 52 state grantees did not meet their service level goals for program year 2004. Labor officials noted that some of the grantees who were concerned with low enrollments may not perform sufficient outreach or marketing. The aging of the baby boom generation presents serious challenges for the nation's workforce investment system. The expected increase in the number of low-income older adults means that, more and more, older Americans will have to continue working in order to have sufficient income. Older adults often have difficulty re-entering the labor force and may rely on federal employment and training programs to help them find employment, with SCSEP being the only federal employment and training program targeted exclusively to low-income older adults. While Labor has made progress implementing the OAA Amendments--particularly in terms of increasing the program's focus on unsubsidized employment-- challenges remain. More specifically, while Labor has taken steps to establish an enhanced performance accountability system, as of March 2006 the system has still not been fully implemented. The delay in implementing this system means that program year 2005 is the first year that grantees will be held accountable for poor performance. In this respect, given the upcoming reauthorization of the OAA, only limited data will be available to assess SCSEP performance. In addition, while Labor's changes to the eligibility criteria seem to have resulted in SCSEP funds being more targeted to those it believes are most in need of program services, one aspect of how this targeting was operationalized may have produced mixed outcomes. In particular, the requirement for grantees to double an applicant's income from the most recent 6-month period could have the unintended result of excluding some individuals with very low incomes from the program while including others with much higher incomes, depending on when the work was performed. Those who are excluded from participation in SCSEP may turn to other employment and training programs such as WIA. However, given the problems older adults often experience in obtaining in-depth services such as training, it is unclear whether the existing workforce system is able to provide the type and level of services this population may need. Thus, while the OAA amendments were designed to enhance employment and training opportunities for older adults, we believe that Labor has not done enough to address unresolved issues concerning coordination between SCSEP and WIA, and helping older adults obtain intensive and training services at one- stop centers. Mr. Chairman, this completes my prepared statement. I would be happy to respond to any questions you or other Members of the Committee may have at this time. For further information regarding this testimony, please contact me at (202) 512-7215. Jeremy Cox, Wayne Sylvia, Rebecca Woiwode, Drew Lindsey, and Stuart Kaufman were key contributors to this testimony. The following baseline performance data for SCSEP grantees are from benchmark program year 2004 (July 1, 2004, to June 30, 2005). According to the Department of Labor, four SCSEP measures will contribute to a grantee's overall performance in program year 2005, the first year for which grantees will be held accountable for their performance. The following measures are used: Placement: the number of participants attaining unsubsidized employment, either full- or part-time, for at least 30 days of the first 90 days after exiting the program, divided by the number of authorized SCSEP positions. Employment Retention: the rate of retention in unsubsidized employment 6 months after placement. Service Level: the number of a grantee's participants divided by the number of the grantee's authorized positions. Service to Most-in-Need: the percentage of participants who are at least 60 years old and who have at least one of several additional barriers to employment, such as language barriers, poor employment history, or a physical or mental disability. These figures were provided by the Department of Labor and are included in this testimony for contextual purposes only. GAO has not verified the accuracy or reliability of these data. These figures were provided by the Department of Labor and are included in this testimony for contextual purposes only. GAO has not verified the accuracy or reliability of these data. Older Workers: Labor Can Help Employers and Employees Plan Better for the Future. GAO-06-80. Washington, D.C.: December 5, 2005. Workforce Investment Act: Labor and States Have Taken Actions to Improve Data Quality, but Additional Steps Are Needed. GAO-06-82. Washington, D.C.: November 14, 2005. Redefining Retirement: Options for Older Americans. GAO-05-620T. Washington, D.C.: April 27, 2005. Older Workers: Policies of Other Nations to Increase Labor Force Participation. GAO-03-307. Washington, D.C.: February 13, 2003. Older Workers: Employment Assistance Focuses on Subsidized Jobs and Job Search, but Revised Performance Measures Could Improve Access to Other Services. GAO-03-350. Washington, D.C.: January 24, 2003. Older Workers: Demographic Trends Pose Challenges for Employers and Workers. GAO-02-85. Washington, D.C.: November 16, 2001. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. 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Summary:
The aging of the baby boom generation and increased life expectancy pose serious challenges for our nation. Older adults often must re-enter the workforce in order to remain self-sufficient. The Senior Community Service Employment Program (SCSEP) is the only federal program that is specifically designed to assist low-income older adults by providing part-time community service jobs and training to prepare for employment. Since passage of the 2000 Older Americans Act Amendments (OAA), SCSEP has also increasingly focused on promoting economic self-sufficiency through placement in unsubsidized employment. In 2005, Congress appropriated about $439 million to serve about 100,000 older workers. Administered by the Department of Labor (Labor), SCSEP is implemented through 69 grantees, including 13 national organizations and 56 state and territorial agencies. The Chairman of the Senate Special Committee on Aging asked GAO to (1) determine what effect the OAA Amendments have had on the distribution of SCSEP funds to national and state grantees, (2) describe the progress Labor has made in implementing the enhanced performance accountability system, and (3) identify the challenges faced by national and state grantees in managing the SCSEP program. The 2000 OAA Amendments have had little impact on the distribution of funds between national and state grantees, with national grantees continuing to receive approximately 78 percent of the funding and states about 22 percent. However, the distribution of funding among national grantees has changed substantially as a result of Labor's 2002 open competition for the national grants portion of SCSEP funding. Labor has taken steps to establish an enhanced performance accountability system for SCSEP, but has yet to implement some features. For example, Labor introduced the new performance measures required by the OAA Amendments, but program year 2005--which ends on June 30, 2006--is the first year that grantees will be held accountable for meeting their goals. Labor has implemented an early version of a data collection system to track grantee performance, but the final Internet-based version is not yet available. Changes to the SCSEP eligibility criteria and difficulties coordinating with the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) one-stop system have posed challenges to SCSEP grantees. Labor modified some eligibility criteria to target limited program funds to individuals it believes are most in need of SCSEP services. However, grantees expressed concern that these changes had made it more difficult for them to meet their enrollment goals. Finally, GAO found that despite provisions in the OAA Amendments to strengthen connections between SCSEP and WIA, problems persist in coordinating with WIA providers and obtaining intensive and training services for older workers at one-stop centers.