IRS has a multistage process that governs audits and settlements of disputes over the additional taxes recommended. In an audit, an auditor, usually from IRS' Examination Division, is to review a taxpayer's books and records to determine compliance with tax laws in reporting the proper amount of tax. Auditors usually recommend additional tax assessments but may recommend a decrease or no change in the tax reported on the return, depending on the documentation provided by the taxpayer. If the taxpayer agrees to pay or does not respond to IRS' notices on recommended additional taxes, IRS assesses the tax--that is, formally notifies the taxpayer that the specified amount of tax is owed and that interest and penalties may accrue if the tax is not paid by a certain date. Taxpayers who do not agree with the recommended additional taxes can (1) file a protest with the IRS Office of Appeals, (2) take the dispute to tax court without paying the recommended tax, or (3) pay the tax and claim a refund in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims or a federal district court. Of these options, taxpayers usually protest to IRS Appeals. Appeals settles most of these disputes, and the remainder are docketed for trial. If Appeals is unsuccessful in settling the dispute, the Office of Chief Counsel gets involved in settlement as well as in any trial. The agreements made in settlements and the rulings made in trials dictate how much of the disputed amount gets assessed. The assessed amount--not the recommended amount--establishes the taxpayer's liability. If taxpayers do not pay the taxes that are assessed, IRS can take action to collect the taxes. IRS tracks the additional taxes recommended by audit classes, which are based on the amount of reported income or assets and type of return. Across the audit classes, tax returns vary in complexity, ranging from simple individual returns to complex corporation returns. The classes include specialized audit programs, such as the Coordinated Examination Program (CEP) for the nation's largest corporations. The range of size and complexity across tax returns affects the amount of time and resources IRS uses to audit a return and resolve disputes over the assessment of recommended taxes. Audits of large corporations usually take 2 to 3 years. If the large corporation disputes the recommended additional taxes, another 2 to 3 years can elapse in trying to settle the dispute through Appeals; several additional years may be needed if the dispute goes to trial. For smaller, less complex returns, the time IRS uses to audit and settle any disputes over recommended tax assessments is shorter; but these processes usually take at least 1 year. To deal with this varying complexity, IRS has three types of auditors. First, lower graded tax examiners at IRS service centers audit simpler individual returns through correspondence. Second, higher graded revenue agents from IRS district offices visit individuals, corporations, and other types of taxpayers to address the most complex tax returns; they also work in teams to audit CEP and some other large corporations. Third, tax auditors, who usually do audits by meeting with taxpayers at a district office, fall in the middle ranges regarding their grades and the complexity of their audits. IRS' appeals officers also differ by their grades and by the complexity and size of their workloads. To address our objectives on the assessments, collections, and costs related to taxes recommended in audits, we used IRS' Enforcement Revenue Information System (ERIS) data as of September 27, 1997. Our analyses started with audits closed in fiscal year 1992. According to IRS officials, ERIS data were unreliable prior to 1992. We focused most of our analyses on 1992, instead of later years, to allow the most time for assessment and collection actions to have been taken on additional amounts recommended in audits. Because ERIS attempts to continually update the status of these recommended amounts, ERIS' data could differ from data in other IRS systems that are not doing such updating. We did not test the reliability of the data provided to ERIS by other IRS systems or data processed by ERIS. However, we followed up with IRS on any anomalies that we found in the data and adjusted the data or our methodology as needed. For example, as a result of questioning by us and other IRS officials, ERIS officials discovered a mistake during April 1998 in the documentation provided to us for interpreting ERIS data on the settlement status of recommended taxes. Subsequent discussions with ERIS officials clarified the approach to use for interpreting the ERIS data. IRS officials concurred with the analytical results generated from using this approach. To determine how much of the recommended additional tax amounts had been settled, assessed, and collected as of September 27, 1997, for audits closed in fiscal years 1992 through 1997, we matched the recommended amounts to actions taken in Appeals or the Office of Chief Counsel. In calculating the final assessments, we subtracted amounts that IRS initially assessed from the additional taxes recommended but later abated. Then, for each fiscal year, we added the assessments and collections that took place in each IRS function--Examination, Appeals, and Chief Counsel--to obtain the overall results for the audits. We arrayed these results by the fiscal year of the audit closure to develop a broad picture of what happened to recommended tax amounts. (App. II shows the results for each fiscal year for seven types of audits.) To determine how much of the recommended additional tax amounts had been assessed and collected as of September 27, 1997, by type of audit closed in fiscal year 1992, we did analyses similar to those done for our first objective. We expanded the analyses to array the results by seven types of audits. We developed these 7 types from 30 subcategories that IRS used to classify audits by type of tax return, tax, or taxpayer (app. III shows the subcategories). The seven types include income tax audits at IRS service centers or at IRS district offices of nonbusiness individuals, business individuals, small corporations, non-CEP large corporations, and CEP corporations as well as those audited for other types of tax liabilities.At the request of IRS officials, we separately analyzed service center and CEP audits because of their specialized natures. To determine whether IRS' broad measures of audit results fully represented audit revenues and costs, we reviewed IRS' budget submissions for fiscal years 1998 and 1999 to see the data reported as audit results and performance measures. We analyzed available ERIS data on the revenues and costs associated with audits to identify audit measures that could be developed. We then created three ratios of tax revenues to costs for audits closed in fiscal year 1992. These ratios compared additional taxes recommended, assessed, and collected with the related direct costs through each of these stages. We arrayed these three ratios across the seven types of audits. For the revenues, we used available IRS data on the additional taxes recommended, assessed, and collected. For the costs, we used available data on direct time charged by staff who do the audits and settle disputes over the additional taxes recommended; data on the direct staff time to collect the additional taxes assessed were not available. We identified the direct hours charged by staff grade level in Examination, Appeals, and Chief Counsel. We then applied an hourly rate to the grade levels by using the General Schedule pay tables for 1992 through 1997. For each grade, we adjusted the midpoint of the pay scale to account for locality pay. We accounted for work hours available and costs of staff benefits, such as paid vacation and sick leave, by using Office of Management and Budget Circular No. A-76. Using these factors, we computed the direct staff costs. We discussed our methodology and our results with IRS officials who manage ERIS or who manage the audit, settlement, and collection activities. We incorporated their suggestions into our work as appropriate. We requested comments on a draft of this report from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. His comments are discussed near the end of this letter and reprinted in appendix V. We performed our audit work at IRS' National Office in Washington, D.C., between July 1997 and May 1998 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. IRS annually reports to Congress on the amount of additional tax and penalties recommended in audits closed in each fiscal year. For the years we reviewed, the recommended amounts ranged up to about $32 billion. However, the recommended amount does not represent the actual revenue resulting from IRS' audits. As of September 27, 1997, less than half of the recommended amount had been assessed as additional taxes, and not all of the assessed amount had subsequently been collected. For fiscal year 1992 audits, as of September 27, 1997, IRS had assessed $8.5 billion (34 percent) of the $24.8 billion in recommended additional taxes. IRS settled another 40 percent of the recommended additional taxes without ultimately assessing the recommended additional taxes for various reasons. These reasons included taxpayer claims; decisions in Appeals or the courts; and reductions (i.e., abatements) of amounts that had initially been assessed. Disputes on the final 26 percent of the additional recommended taxes had yet to be settled. As of September 27, 1997, IRS had collected $6.1 billion--or 72 percent of the additional taxes assessed and 25 percent of the additional taxes recommended. Table 1 shows these results for audits closed in fiscal year 1992 as well as for fiscal years 1993 through 1997. Since 1992, the results of the audits were less complete because larger percentages are unsettled for each succeeding year, reaching 55 percent in 1997. As more settlements occur over time, the rates at which the recommended taxes are assessed and collected should increase. IRS officials said they believe that this assessment rate is higher in more recent years compared with 1992 because IRS has been trying to obtain taxpayer agreement with any taxes recommended before the audit is closed. However, it is not yet clear whether the rate at which assessed amounts are collected for 1993 through 1997 audits will exceed the rate for 1992. Because of the incomplete results for audits closed in these more recent years, our analyses focused on 1992 audits. Table 2 shows how much of the recommended additional taxes had been settled, assessed, and collected as of September 27, 1997, for seven types of audits closed in fiscal year 1992. In general, the assessment and collection rates varied by the complexity of the audit. With more complex audits, such as corporation audits, taxpayers were more likely to reduce additional assessments by appealing amounts recommended but also more likely to pay almost all of the amounts assessed. For example: Assessment rates for the simpler audits done at service centers and for the audits of individuals were higher than for corporate audit categories. The rates were 76 percent for service center audits and about 59 percent for audits of individuals, but the rates were 20 percent for CEP audits and 33 percent for other large corporation audits. The rates for collection of assessed amounts were higher for corporation audits. IRS collected about half of the assessed amounts for service center and individual audits compared with 97 percent for CEP and 73 percent for other large corporation audits. The percentage of recommended amounts that IRS collects is also affected by these assessment and collection rates. For fiscal year 1992 audits, the percentage of recommended taxes that IRS had collected as of September 27, 1997, ranged from 20 percent for CEP audits to 43 percent for service center audits. We asked IRS officials to explain differences in the assessment and collection rates across the types of audits. IRS officials said several factors contributed to these variances. For example, comparing the service center and corporation audits, they said: The rate for assessing the recommended amount is higher for service center audits, because the taxpayers are (1) more likely to not respond to IRS correspondence and notices, which leads IRS to assess the recommended amounts and (2) less likely to dispute the recommended amounts, usually much smaller and involving simpler tax issues, compared with audits of corporations for which disputes are much more likely. The rate for collecting the assessed amount is lower for service center audits because the taxpayers tend to have fewer assets to pay the tax assessment. Further, CEP and large corporations are more likely to pay the assessments to avoid large interest charges. Small corporations and individuals with businesses also may have difficulties finding the funds to pay the additional tax assessments. IRS' performance measures do not fully reflect all audit-based revenues and costs. For example, IRS' existing measures on taxes recommended do not include indirect revenues resulting from the effect of audits on voluntary compliance. Although IRS measures the staff time directly spent on audits, it does not measure the dollar costs of this direct time or the indirect costs incurred by the Examination Division for such things as training time or office space. IRS also does not measure direct and indirect costs that audits create outside of the Examination Division for IRS as well as taxpayers. Compiling complete and reliable data on the indirect revenues and costs from outside IRS can be very difficult because of limitations with the data sources and research. Further, IRS does not use its available data to develop and report measures that would provide a fuller, more balanced picture of audit results. For example, data on taxes recommended could be balanced with data on taxes assessed and collected in reporting audit results and, as we previously recommended for audits of large corporations, in developing additional performance measures. In developing these measures, such revenue data could be related to information on the costs of audits. In addition, IRS has the capacity to track more data beyond the direct staff costs. IRS data on taxes recommended, assessed, and collected do not represent all revenues from audits. Data are not available on the indirect revenue effects from audits. For example, when audits induce both audited and unaudited taxpayers to be more voluntarily compliant, tax collections increase indirectly. Other indirect revenue effects occur if audits adjust how much of a tax deduction can be claimed in one tax year versus other years or reduce that claim for future years. IRS has difficulty measuring the indirect revenue effects because of limitations with the data and research methods. Such measurements require (1) data that reflect the impact of audits and other IRS activities on the compliance of individual taxpayers and (2) a research methodology that reliably distinguishes the effect of audits on voluntary compliance from other influencing factors. IRS has researched the indirect effects of audits but has yet to develop reliable estimates because of these limitations. IRS data also do not include the marginal revenue effects from doing audits. Such marginal effects are the changes in total revenues that result when IRS incrementally changes the number of audits in an audit class. As with indirect effects, developing data on marginal effects can be challenging. Without data on the indirect and marginal effects, IRS and Congress cannot know the full impacts of audits. IRS data on both its direct and indirect costs from doing audits are incomplete. IRS associates its direct costs with the time charged by the staff who do the audits, settle the audit disputes, and collect the audit assessments for specific types of audits. IRS has data available for computing the direct staff costs for the audit and settlement activities. However, IRS did not have such data for the collection activity because IRS' Collection Division did not track the time that staff spent trying to collect the additional assessments arising from specific types of audits. Our analyses of the significance of the direct costs of collection were inconclusive because of missing data. Also, IRS did not have data on its indirect costs for an audit. IRS considers its indirect costs to include management time, training time, space, and other support given to those who do audits, settle audit disputes, and collect audit assessments. Likewise, IRS does not account for indirect costs outside IRS, such as those imposed on the audited taxpayer or on society when a taxpayer evades tax liabilities. However, as with indirect revenue, collecting the data for quantifying these external indirect costs is a difficult task. IRS has been working on ways to measure taxpayers' costs and is starting to survey taxpayers on their satisfaction with the audit process. This survey does not gather data on taxpayers' costs but may prove useful to IRS in deciding how to quantify these costs. Although IRS lacks data on all of the revenues and costs associated with audits, it does have data that could be used to measure selected revenues and costs. However, IRS does not measure and report all its existing data on audit revenues, such as additional taxes assessed and collected on the basis of taxes recommended in audits. Further, IRS has not developed data and measures on the costs related to each type of revenue. This report discusses broad, IRS-wide dollar measures of audit results to track actions on any additional taxes recommended in audits. Such measures do not account for all aspects of audit performance, such as the proper treatment of taxpayers and the decision to recommend no change or a reduction to the tax liability reported on a return. These measures are not intended to be used to evaluate the performance of individual IRS employees. Over the years, IRS has measured the overall results of audits done in the Examination Division by the amount of additional taxes recommended and time charged directly to an audit by Examination staff. These measures do not employ existing data that could more fully represent the revenues and costs associated with audits. First, the measures do not report how much of the recommended taxes are actually assessed and collected. Second, the measures do not report the dollar costs of the direct time charged to an audit or the indirect costs for the audit, settlement, and collection activities. Although useful in some ways, measuring audit performance by just taxes recommended and direct audit staff time presents an unbalanced picture of the audit results. Tables 1 and 2 show large differences between the amounts recommended, assessed, and collected. Taxpayers dispute most of the additional recommended amounts, and settlement of these disputes results in smaller amounts being assessed and collected. Relying too heavily on additional taxes recommended as a measure of audit results may create undesirable incentives. Our previous work on audits of large corporations has raised concerns that relying on recommended taxes as a performance indicator may encourage auditors to recommend taxes that would be unlikely to withstand taxpayer challenge and thus not be assessed and collected. To the extent that this happens, audited taxpayers could be unnecessarily burdened. We recommended that IRS balance its measures of audit performance by adding such measures as taxes ultimately collected. Further, the direct time charged to audits does not measure the dollar costs. In computing the costs of the direct time charges, one must recognize that the pay grade levels of staff assigned to audits vary by type of audit. Further, the direct time charged in the Examination Division excludes direct staff time charged in Appeals, Chief Counsel, and Collection as well as indirect costs for the audit, settlement, and collection activities. To illustrate the importance of developing a more complete set of measures, we compared three ratios that each measured a type of audit revenue with the related direct cost for seven types of audits. We calculated direct costs using hours charged by staff in Examination, Appeals, and Chief Counsel. The audit revenues included the amounts recommended, assessed, and collected. Table 3 shows that these ratios differ widely. Many factors affect audit-based revenues and costs. For example, recommended amounts are affected by the number of audits and amount recommended per audit. The number of auditors as well as their time charges and pay grades affect direct audit costs. Service center auditors have the lowest grades and charge the least amount of time per audit, while CEP auditors have the highest grades and charge the most amount of time. Also, the costs of settlement in corporate audits are likely to be higher than in other audits because corporations are more likely to dispute recommended assessments. As a result, reliance on a single measure gives a less complete picture of audit results than relying on all three measures. The ratios in table 3 should not be used as official measures of results because they do not account for all costs. If costs such as Collection's direct staff costs and IRS' indirect costs could be included, the ratios would be smaller, and the differences by type of audit could change significantly. Direct staff time accounts for about half of all time charged by auditors; much of the remaining time produces indirect costs. The allocation of time could vary by type of audit. For example, service center audits may have a higher proportion of indirect costs given IRS' reliance on automation and nonaudit staff to help the auditors. Further, because individuals tend to pay their additional tax assessments more slowly than corporations (see app. IV), IRS would be likely to incur more costs to collect additional assessments from individuals. IRS has plans to develop a measure that approximates the least complete ratio of the three ratios. In its 1999 budget submission, IRS reported plans to develop a ratio of the taxes recommended to the audit costs. IRS officials said the audit cost side of the ratio will come from an activity-based costing model that IRS is developing. We talked to IRS officials about improving these ratios by capturing more data on the related costs. They said that tracking the direct staff time to collect audit assessments cannot now be done but would be possible if Collection Division staff began to report the time spent on audit-based assessments. These officials said IRS plans to use formulas to allocate indirect costs, such as for administration and rent, of the audit, settlement, and collection activities to the types of audits. They said that the model should, at a minimum, give them a better basis for knowing more about the nature and magnitude of the indirect costs. Further, we asked IRS about opportunities to more fully report existing data on the revenues generated by audits. Our interviews with IRS officials indicated that measuring and reporting information on taxes assessed and collected from audits, in addition to taxes recommended, would not be costly. Rather, the challenge would be to report these impacts in the most understandable and meaningful way. For example, the officials said amounts collected could be reported in a variety of ways, including by fiscal year of the audit closure, fiscal year of the collection, type of audit, and type of auditor. In considering the IRS-wide results of the audit function, analyzing and reporting the assessment and collection of amounts recommended provides a more complete picture of revenue impacts than that offered by looking just at recommended amounts. For example, our analyses of audits closed in fiscal year 1992 showed that IRS assessed and collected a fraction of the recommended additional taxes. By disputing recommended taxes, taxpayers substantially reduced the additional taxes that were ultimately assessed. IRS, however, did collect most of the assessed taxes. A closer analysis showed differences by the types of audit. IRS was more likely to assess taxes recommended in simpler audits of individuals than in complex audits of corporations. However, IRS was more likely to collect assessments from the corporations. We believe that analyses of existing IRS data can offer a fuller, more balanced picture of what happens to additional taxes recommended in audits. If IRS and Congress had access to data and analyses on the assessment and collection of recommended amounts by type of audit, they would have a more informed foundation for discussions and decisions on the audit function. For example, if certain types of audits recommend taxes that tend not to be assessed or collected, IRS may decide to analyze the reasons why and then make improvements to those audits or shift audit resources elsewhere. Another broad view of audit impacts would involve ratios that compare the direct tax revenues generated with IRS' related costs. Such ratios can be developed with existing data on the direct costs incurred to recommend, assess, and collect additional taxes as a result of the audits. However, such ratios are not yet complete measures of audit results. For example, IRS' data did not include its direct staff costs to collect the additional taxes and its indirect costs for the audit, assessment, and collection activity. Although incomplete as measures, the ratios provide more information on audit impacts compared with solely using data on additional taxes recommended in audits. These analyses could be enriched if IRS had data on its direct collection costs and its indirect costs for the audit, settlement, and collection activities. IRS is developing an activity-based costing model that could help IRS to account for these costs. The analyses could also benefit from IRS having data on the other indirect and marginal effects of audits on tax collections and costs but compiling such data is difficult to do. We are making no recommendations on these indirect and marginal effects because we did not attempt to collect and analyze data on these effects. We recommend that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue develop meaningful ways to report the results to Congress from tracking, over a reasonable number of future years, existing IRS data on the assessment and collection of additional amounts recommended in specific types of audits closed for each fiscal year. One option for developing reporting formats could be the tables used in this report. The reports would provide fuller measures of the impacts of audits across IRS than those just on taxes recommended. We also recommend that the Commissioner develop a way to track the direct staff costs of collecting tax assessments associated with specific types of audits. Similarly, the Commissioner also should determine how to account for IRS' indirect costs in auditing returns, settling audit disputes, and collecting audit assessments by type of audits. In analyzing how to account for these indirect costs, IRS may find that the activity-based costing model being developed can serve as a helpful tool. On April 27, 1998, we obtained comments on a draft of this report during a meeting with officials representing IRS. They included the Assistant Commissioner for Examination and his staff, the National Director for Financial Analysis and his staff, the National Director for Compliance Specialization, and representatives for the National Director of Appeals, the Assistant Commissioner for Collection, and the National Director, Legislative Affairs Division. The IRS Commissioner also documented the comments in a letter dated May 27, 1998 (see app. V). Both at the meeting and in its letter, IRS agreed to implement our recommendations. For our recommendation on reporting the amounts of recommended taxes that are assessed and collected, IRS said it will annually report to Congress, by fiscal year, the amounts of recommended taxes that are collected. For our recommendation on tracking direct and indirect IRS costs associated with audits, IRS said it will continue to develop the activity-based costing model to track these costs by types of audit. IRS' letter included an enclosure that provided various technical comments on issues discussed in our report as well as other issues. These comments dealt with issues such as (1) the need to carefully analyze and interpret ERIS data; (2) the challenges of allocating IRS' costs; (3) the value of the activity-based costing model in allocating costs; (4) the ongoing use of ERIS data; (5) IRS' efforts since 1992 to improve the audit and dispute resolution processes; (6) concerns about misinterpretations of the analyses on how much of the recommended tax amounts were settled, assessed, and collected; and (7) the need to analyze new measures. We have made changes and incorporated those comments that had a direct bearing on the information provided in this report. We are sending copies of this report to the Chairmen and Ranking Minority Members of the House Committee on Ways and Means, the Senate Committee on Finance, and other congressional committees with responsibility for IRS oversight; the IRS Commissioner; the Director of the Office of Management and Budget; the Secretary of the Treasury; and other interested parties. We will also make the report available to others upon request. Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix VI. Please contact me on (202) 512-9110 if you or your staff have any questions about this report. The Enforcement Revenue Information System (ERIS) is an automated data repository, outside the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) enforcement process, that contains IRS data on its enforcement results; these data come from several IRS sources. IRS developed ERIS to track information on the resolution of enforcement cases. Prior to the development of ERIS in 1990, IRS did not have a system that tracked the enforcement results from each fiscal year. The purpose of ERIS is to account for revenues collected and costs incurred as a result of IRS enforcement activities. In addition, ERIS provides a link to taxes assessed and collected for different types of cases tracked by enforcement activities. ERIS enhances IRS' ability to provide a more complete reporting of enforcement results and forecast enforcement revenues. ERIS also may help IRS manage its enforcement activities better to the extent that it provides more complete reporting of costs and revenues. ERIS works by integrating data from the various enforcement functions with corresponding Master File data to build a comprehensive enforcement database. It merges data extracted from the Audit Information Management System, Information Reporting Program Case Analysis System, Individual and Business Master Files, Individual Retirement Account Master File, and Non-Master File. Once the data are integrated from various sources, IRS develops a summary database from which comprehensive reports are printed. As percent of amount recommended "Other" includes audits of returns for employment tax, estate tax, excise tax, and gift tax; audits conducted in IRS training; and audits categorized by IRS as other. Amounts do not add to total due to rounding. As percent of amount recommended "Other" includes audits of returns for employment tax, estate tax, excise tax, and gift tax; audits conducted in IRS training; and audits categorized by IRS as other. Amounts do not add to total due to rounding. As percent of amount recommended "Other" includes audits of returns for employment tax, estate tax, excise tax, and gift tax; audits conducted in IRS training; and audits categorized by IRS as other. Amounts do not add to total due to rounding. As percent of amount recommended "Other" includes audits of returns for employment tax, estate tax, excise tax, and gift tax; audits conducted in IRS training; and audits categorized by IRS as other. Amounts do not add to total due to rounding. As percent of amount recommended "Other" includes audits of returns for employment tax, estate tax, excise tax, and gift tax; audits conducted in IRS training; and audits categorized by IRS as other. Amounts do not add to total due to rounding. As percent of amount recommended (continued) Assessed = Tax and penalty assessed less related abatements 1040A = Nonbusiness returns filed by individuals TPI = Total positive income (income reported as a positive on tax return tables) C-TGR = Form 1040 Schedule C (profit or loss from business) total gross receipts F-TGR = Form 1040 Schedule F (profit or loss from farming) total gross receipts 1040A TPI < $25,000 Non-1040A TPI < $25,000 TPI $25,000 < $50,000 TPI $50,000 < $100,000 TPI $100,000 and over C-TGR < $25,000 C-TGR $25,000 < $100,000 C-TGR $100,000 and over F-TGR < $100,000 F-TGR $100,000 and over (continued) In developing ratios of the amount of taxes collected to the direct costs for the audit, assessment, and collection activities, we could not include IRS' direct staff costs for the collection activity. We tried various analyses to gain insights on these costs to collect audit-based assessments, but none of our analyses were conclusive. In sum, IRS did not have data that would indicate the significance of these costs. For example, we found that about 10 percent of the additional taxes collected were collected through the direct involvement of Collection staff. However, IRS' data did not help us to translate this information into the related direct staff costs. Nor did IRS have enough data to allow us to develop formulas for allocating the Collection Division's overall staff costs to the direct staff costs of collecting audit-based tax assessments. Although our analyses did not help us compute the direct collection costs, we are reporting our results on how long IRS took to collect the audit-based tax assessments. To determine how much time IRS took to collect the tax assessments associated with audits closed in fiscal year 1992, we analyzed ERIS data on the amount of taxes collected from the various types of collection notices. Using IRS manuals, we determined the number of weeks that was to have elapsed between the assessment and each notice. These collections also accounted for amounts that taxpayers paid as a result of the audit before IRS made the official assessment. We analyzed the timing of collections by types of audits. For audits closed in fiscal year 1992, IRS had collected $6.1 billion of the $8.5 billion in additional assessments, as of September 27, 1997. Although the time taken to do the audits and settle any disputes can be quite lengthy, IRS usually collected any additional taxes from doing the audits prior to or soon after assessment; about 81 percent was collected prior to assessment and within the first 5 weeks after assessment. IRS collects taxes prior to assessment to the extent that taxpayers overwithhold their income taxes, overestimate their quarterly tax payments for the audited tax return, carry over excess tax payments from previous tax returns, or make a payment prior to the additional assessment to prevent the accrual of further interest. Specifically, these analyses showed that IRS collected taxes sooner from corporations than from individuals. IRS collected 95 percent of the taxes from CEP corporations and 92 percent from other large corporations before the assessments or within the first 5 weeks of the assessments. For individuals audited at service centers or district offices, IRS collected about 60 percent of the taxes within these time periods. However, the portion of the taxes that IRS collected after 15 weeks was much higher for individuals than for corporations; staff from the Collection Division become involved after this time. For example, less than 5 percent of the taxes collected from CEP and other large corporations were collected after 15 weeks. About 25 percent of the taxes collected from individuals audited at the service centers and district offices were collected after this period. Table IV.1 and table IV.2 show the timing of collections of assessed taxes for the various types of audits closed in fiscal year 1992. Percent collected over 15 weeks after assessment "Other" includes audits of returns for employment tax, estate tax, excise tax, and gift tax; audits conducted in IRS training; and audits categorized by IRS as other. Amounts do not add to total due to rounding. Percent collected over 15 weeks after assessment (continued) Percent collected over 15 weeks after assessment 1040A = Nonbusiness returns filed by individuals TPI = Total positive income (income reported as a positive on tax return tables) C-TGR = Form 1040 Schedule C (profit or loss from business) total gross receipts F-TGR = Form 1040 Schedule F (profit or loss from farming) total gross receipts Amounts do not add to total due to rounding. Royce L. Baker, Tax Issue Area Coordinator James A. Slaterbeck, Evaluator-in-Charge Bradley L. Terry, Evaluator Thomas N. Bloom, Computer Specialist The first copy of each GAO report and testimony is free. Additional copies are $2 each. Orders should be sent to the following address, accompanied by a check or money order made out to the Superintendent of Documents, when necessary. VISA and MasterCard credit cards are accepted, also. Orders for 100 or more copies to be mailed to a single address are discounted 25 percent. 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Summary:
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) measures of the results of its audits of tax returns, focusing on: (1) how much of the additional taxes recommended in all types of audits that were closed in fiscal year (FY) 1992 through FY 1997 had been settled or were still in dispute and, if settled, how much had been assessed and collected as of September 27, 1997; (2) how much of the recommended additional taxes had been assessed and collected for audits closed in FY 1992; and (3) whether broad IRS measures of audit results fully represented audit revenues and costs. GAO noted that: (1) for audits closed in FY 1992 through FY 1997, IRS recommended tens of billions of dollars in additional taxes for each year; (2) however, not all recommended taxes are assessed; and not all assessed taxes are collected; (3) IRS had settled 40 percent of FY 1992 audits without assessing the recommended taxes, usually because of IRS Office of Appeals' decisions, and had yet to settle the assessment status of the other 26 percent; (4) of the $8.5 billion assessed, IRS had collected 72 percent, which means that 25 percent of all recommended taxes for FY 1992 audits had been collected as of September 27, 1997; (5) for audits closed in FY 1993 through FY 1997, assessment and collection results were less complete because less time had elapsed for these actions to occur compared with 1992; (6) the assessment and collection rates varied by the type of audit closed in FY 1992; (7) in general, IRS assessed a higher percentage of the assessed taxes for simpler audits compared with complex audits; (8) however, IRS collected a higher percentage of the recommended taxes from the simpler audits than complex audits; (9) for simpler service center audits, IRS had assessed 76 percent of the recommended taxes but had collected 56 percent of the assessed taxes as of September 27, 1997; (10) at the other extreme, after audits of complex returns from Coordinated Examination Program (CEP) corporations, IRS had assessed 20 percent of the recommended taxes but had collected 97 percent of the assessed taxes; (11) as of September 27, 1997, 39 percent of the amounts recommended in CEP audits were still in dispute; (12) IRS' existing performance measures do not cover all audit-based revenues or costs; (13) measuring the taxes recommended does not account for the related assessments and collections; nor does it account for indirect revenue gains; (14) measuring other types of revenues are important because not all recommended taxes are assessed or collected; (15) IRS measures the staff time directly charged to audits but not the dollar costs of this direct time; (16) compiling complete and reliable data on the indirect revenues and taxpayer costs can be very difficult to do because of limitations in the data sources; (17) beyond these limitations, IRS did not use other existing data to develop and report measures that more fully represented audit results; (18) for additional measure, audit revenues could be compared with related costs; and (19) to develop such measures, IRS would need more data on both direct and indirect costs.