According to the Institute of Medicine, the federal government has a central role in shaping nearly all aspects of the health care industry as a regulator, purchaser, health care provider, and sponsor of research, education, and training. According to HHS, federal agencies fund more than a third of the nation's total health care costs. Given the level of the federal government's participation in providing health care, it has been urged to take a leadership role in driving change to improve the quality and effectiveness of medical care in the United States, including expanded adoption of IT. In April 2004, President Bush called for the widespread adoption of interoperable electronic health records within 10 years and issued an executive order that established the position of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology within HHS as the government official responsible for the development and execution of a strategic plan to guide the nationwide implementation of interoperable health IT in both the public and private sectors. In July 2004, HHS released The Decade of Health Information Technology: Delivering Consumer-centric and Information-rich Health Care--Framework for Strategic Action. This framework described goals for achieving nationwide interoperability of health IT and actions to be taken by both the public and private sectors in implementing a strategy. HHS's Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT updated the framework's goals in June 2006 and included an objective for protecting consumer privacy. It identified two specific strategies for meeting this objective--(1) support the development and implementation of appropriate privacy and security policies, practices, and standards for electronic health information exchange and (2) develop and support policies to protect against discrimination based on personal health information such as denial of medical insurance or employment. In July 2004, we testified on the benefits that effective implementation of IT can bring to the health care industry and the need for HHS to provide continued leadership, clear direction, and mechanisms to monitor progress in order to bring about measurable improvements. Since then, we have reported or testified on several occasions on HHS's efforts to define its national strategy for health IT. We have recommended that HHS develop the detailed plans and milestones needed to ensure that its goals are met and HHS agreed with our recommendation and has taken some steps to define more detailed plans. In our report and testimonies, we have described a number of actions that HHS, through the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT, has taken toward accelerating the use of IT to transform the health care industry, including the development of its framework for strategic action. We have also described the Office of the National Coordinator's continuing efforts to work with other federal agencies to revise and refine the goals and strategies identified in its initial framework. The current draft framework-- The Office of the National Coordinator: Goals, Objectives, and Strategies--identifies objectives for accomplishing each of four goals, along with 32 high-level strategies for meeting the objectives, including the two strategies for protecting consumer privacy. Federal health care reform initiatives of the early- to mid-1990s were inspired in part by public concern about the privacy of personal medical information as the use of health IT increased. Congress, recognizing that benefits and efficiencies could be gained by the use of information technology in health care, also recognized the need for comprehensive federal medical privacy protections and consequently passed HIPAA. This law provided for the Secretary of HHS to establish the first broadly applicable federal privacy and security measures designed to protect individual health care information. HIPAA required the Secretary of HHS to promulgate regulatory standards to protect certain personal health information held by covered entities, which are certain health plans, health care providers, and health care clearinghouses. It also required the Secretary of HHS to adopt security standards for covered entities that maintain or transmit health information to ensure that such information is reasonably and appropriately safeguarded. The law requires that covered entities take certain measures to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of the information and to protect it against reasonably anticipated unauthorized use or disclosure and threats or hazards to its security. HIPAA provides authority to the Secretary to enforce these standards. The Secretary has delegated administration and enforcement of privacy standards to the department's Office for Civil Rights and enforcement of the security standards to the department's Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Most states have statutes that in varying degrees protect the privacy of personal health information. HIPAA recognizes this and specifically provides that its implementing regulations do not preempt contrary provisions of state law if the state laws impose more stringent requirements, standards, or specifications than the federal privacy rule. In this way, the law and its implementing rules establish a baseline of mandatory minimum privacy protections and define basic principles for protecting personal health information. The Secretary of HHS first issued HIPAA's Privacy Rule in December 2000, following public notice and comment, but later modified the rule in August 2002. Subsequent to the issuance of the Privacy Rule, the Secretary issued the Security Rule in February 2003 to safeguard electronic protected health information and help ensure that covered entities have proper security controls in place to provide assurance that the information is protected from unwarranted or unintentional disclosure. The Privacy Rule reflects basic privacy principles for ensuring the protection of personal health information. Table 1 summarizes these principles. HHS and its Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT have initiated actions to identify solutions for protecting health information. Specifically, HHS awarded several health IT contracts that include requirements for developing solutions that comply with federal privacy and security requirements, consulted with the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics (NCVHS) to develop recommendations regarding privacy and confidentiality in the Nationwide Health Information Network, and formed the American Health Information Community (AHIC) Confidentiality, Privacy, and Security Workgroup to frame privacy and security policy issues and identify viable options or processes to address these issues. The Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT intends to use the results of these activities to identify technology and policy solutions for protecting personal health information as part of its continuing efforts to complete a national strategy to guide the nationwide implementation of health IT. However, HHS is in the early stages of identifying solutions for protecting personal health information and has not yet defined an overall approach for integrating its various privacy-related initiatives and for addressing key privacy principles. HHS awarded four major health IT contracts in 2005 intended to advance the nationwide exchange of health information--Privacy and Security Solutions for Interoperable Health Information Exchange, Standards Harmonization Process for Health IT, Nationwide Health Information Network Prototypes, and Compliance Certification Process for Health IT. These contracts include requirements for developing solutions that comply with federal privacy requirements. The contract for privacy and security solutions is intended to specifically address privacy and security policies and practices that affect nationwide health information exchange. HHS's contract for privacy and security solutions is intended to provide a nationwide synthesis of information to inform privacy and security policymaking at federal, state, and local levels and the Nationwide Health Information Network prototype solutions for supporting health information exchange across the nation. In summer 2006, the privacy and security solutions contractor selected 34 states and territories as locations in which to perform assessments of organization-level privacy- and security-related policies and practices that affect interoperable electronic health information exchange and their bases, including laws and regulations. The contractor is supporting the states and territories as they (1) assess variations in organization-level business policies and state laws that affect health information exchange, (2) identify and propose solutions while preserving the privacy and security requirements of applicable federal and state laws, and (3) develop detailed plans to implement solutions. The privacy and security solutions contractor is to develop a nationwide report that synthesizes and summarizes the variations identified, the proposed solutions, and the steps that states and territories are taking to implement their solutions. It is also to address policies and practices followed in nine domains of interest: (1) user and entity authentication, (2) authorization and access controls, (3) patient and provider identification to match identities, (4) information transmission security or exchange protocols (encryption, etc.), (5) information protections to prevent improper modification of records, (6) information audits that record and monitor the activity of health information systems, (7) administrative or physical security safeguards required to implement a comprehensive security platform for health IT, (8) state law restrictions about information types and classes and the solutions by which electronic personal health information can be viewed and exchanged, and (9) information use and disclosure policies that arise as health care entities share clinical health information electronically. These domains of interest address the use and disclosure and security privacy principles. In June 2006, NCVHS, a key national health information advisory committee, presented to the Secretary of HHS a report recommending actions regarding privacy and confidentiality in the Nationwide Health Information Network. The recommendations cover topics that are, according to the committee, central to challenges for protecting health information privacy in a national health information exchange environment. The recommendations address aspects of key privacy principles including (1) the role of individuals in making decisions about the use of their personal health information, (2) policies for controlling disclosures across a nationwide health information network, (3) regulatory issues such as jurisdiction and enforcement, (4) use of information by non- health care entities, and (5) establishing and maintaining the public trust that is needed to ensure the success of a nationwide health information network. The recommendations are being evaluated by the AHIC work groups, the Certification Commission for Health IT, the Health Information Technology Standards Panel, and other HHS partners. In October 2006, the committee recommended that HIPAA privacy protections be extended beyond the current definition of covered entities to include other entities that handle personal health information. It also called on HHS to create policies and procedures to accurately match patients with their health records and to require functionality that allows patient or physician privacy preferences to follow records regardless of location. The committee intends to continue to update and refine its recommendations as the architecture and requirements of the network advance. AHIC, a commission that provides input and recommendations to HHS on nationwide health IT, formed the Confidentiality, Privacy, and Security Workgroup in July 2006 to frame privacy and security policy issues and to solicit broad public input to identify viable options or processes to address these issues. The recommendations to be developed by this work group are intended to establish an initial policy framework and address issues including methods of patient identification, methods of authentication, mechanisms to ensure data integrity, methods for controlling access to personal health information, policies for breaches of personal health information confidentiality, guidelines and processes to determine appropriate secondary uses of data, and a scope of work for a long-term independent advisory body on privacy and security policies. The work group has defined two initial work areas--identity proofing and user authentication--as initial steps necessary to protect confidentiality and security. These two work areas address the security principle. In January 2007, the work group presented recommendations on performing patient identity proofing to AHIC. The recommendations were approved by AHIC and submitted to HHS. The work group intends to address other key privacy principles, including, but not limited to maintaining data integrity and control of access. It plans to address policies for breaches of confidentiality and guidelines and processes for determining appropriate secondary uses of health information, an aspect of the use and disclosure privacy principle. HHS has taken steps intended to address aspects of key privacy principles through its contracts and with advice and recommendations from its two key health IT advisory committees. For example, the privacy and security solutions contract is intended to address all the key privacy principles in HIPAA. Additionally, the uses and disclosures principle is to be further addressed through the advisory committees' recommendations and guidance. The security principle is to be addressed through the definition of functional requirements for a nationwide health information network, the definition of security criteria for certifying electronic health record products, the identification of information exchange standards, and recommendations from the advisory committees regarding, among other things, methods to establish and confirm a person's identity. The committees have also made recommendations for addressing authorization for uses and disclosure of health information and intend to develop guidelines for determining appropriate secondary uses of data. HHS has made some progress toward protecting personal health information through its various privacy-related initiatives. For example, during the past 2 years, HHS has defined initial criteria and procedures for certifying electronic health records, resulting in the certification of over 80 IT vendor products. In January 2007, HHS contractors presented 4 initial prototypes of a Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN). However, the other contracts have not yet produced final results. For example, the privacy and security solutions contractor has not yet reported its nationwide assessment of state and organizational policy variations. Additionally, HHS has not accepted or agreed to implement the recommendations made in June 2006 by the NCVHS, and the AHIC Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality Workgroup is in the very early stages of efforts that are intended to result in privacy policies for nationwide health information exchange. HHS is in the early phases of identifying solutions for safeguarding personal health information exchanged through a nationwide health information network and has not yet defined an approach for integrating its various efforts or for fully addressing key privacy principles. For example, milestones for integrating the results of its various privacy-related initiatives and resolving differences and inconsistencies have not been defined, and it has not been determined which entity participating in HHS's privacy-related activities is responsible for integrating these various initiatives and the extent to which their results will address key privacy principles. Until HHS defines an integration approach and milestones for completing these steps, its overall approach for ensuring the privacy and protection of personal health information exchanged throughout a nationwide network will remain unclear. The increased use of information technology to exchange electronic health information introduces challenges to protecting individuals' personal health information. In our report, we identify and summarize key challenges described by health information exchange organizations: understanding and resolving legal and policy issues, particularly those resulting from varying state laws and policies; ensuring appropriate disclosures of the minimum amount of health information needed; ensuring individuals' rights to request access to and amendments of health information to ensure it is correct; and implementing adequate security measures for protecting health information. Table 2 summarizes these challenges. Understanding and Resolving Legal and Policy Issues Health information exchange organizations bring together multiple and diverse health care providers, including physicians, pharmacies, hospitals, and clinics that may be subject to varying legal and policy requirements for protecting health information. As health information exchange expands across state lines, organizations are challenged with understanding and resolving data-sharing issues introduced by varying state privacy laws. HHS recognized that sharing health information among entities in states with varying laws introduces challenges and intends to identify variations in state laws that affect privacy and security practices through the privacy and security solutions contract that it awarded in 2005. Several organizations described issues associated with ensuring appropriate disclosure, such as determining the minimum data necessary that can be disclosed in order for requesters to accomplish the intended purposes for the use of the health information. For example, dieticians and health claims processors do not need access to complete health records, whereas treating physicians generally do. Organizations also described issues with obtaining individuals' authorization and consent for uses and disclosures of personal health information and difficulties with determining the best way to allow individuals to participate in and consent to electronic health information exchange. In June 2006, NCVHS recommended to the Secretary of HHS that the department monitor the development of different approaches and continue an open, transparent, and public process to evaluate whether a national policy on this issue would be appropriate. Ensuring Individuals' Rights to Request Access and Amendments to Health Information to Ensure It Is Correct As the exchange of personal health information expands to include multiple providers and as individuals' health records include increasing amounts of information from many sources, keeping track of the origin of specific data and ensuring that incorrect information is corrected and removed from future health information exchange could become increasingly difficult. Additionally, as health information is amended, HIPAA rules require that covered entities make reasonable efforts to notify certain providers and other persons that previously received the individuals' information. The challenges associated with meeting this requirement are expected to become more prevalent as the numbers of organizations exchanging health information increases. Implementing Adequate Security Measures for Protecting Health Information Adequate implementation of security measures is another challenge that health information exchange providers must overcome to ensure that health information is adequately protected as health information exchange expands. For example, user authentication will become more difficult when multiple organizations that employ different techniques exchange information. The AHIC Confidentiality, Privacy, and Security Workgroup recognized this difficulty and identified user authentication as one of its initial work areas for protecting confidentiality and security. To increase the likelihood that HHS will meet its strategic goal to protect personal health information, we recommended in our report that the Secretary of Health and Human Services define and implement an overall approach for protecting health information as part of the strategic plan called for by the President. This approach should: 1. Identify milestones and the entity responsible for integrating the outcomes of its privacy-related initiatives, including the results of its four health IT contracts and recommendations from the NCVHS and AHIC advisory committees. 2. Ensure that key privacy principles in HIPAA are fully addressed. 3. Address key challenges associated with legal and policy issues, disclosure of personal health information, individuals' rights to request access and amendments to health information, and security measures for protecting health information within a nationwide exchange of health information. In commenting on a draft of our report, HHS disagreed with our recommendation and referred to "the department's comprehensive and integrated approach for ensuring the privacy and security of health information within nationwide health information exchange." However, in recent discussions with GAO, the National Coordinator for Health IT agreed with the need for an overall approach to protect health information and stated that the department was initiating steps to address our recommendation. Further, since our report was issued, HHS has reported that it has undertaken additional activities to address privacy and security concerns. For example: * NCVHS's subcommittee on privacy and confidentiality is drafting additional recommendations for the Secretary of HHS regarding the expansion of the HIPAA Privacy Rule coverage to entities that are not currently covered. The recommendations are expected to be presented to the NCVHS at its meeting later this month. * The privacy and security solutions contractor is in the process of analyzing and summarizing 34 states' final assessments of organization-level business practices and summaries of critical observations and key issues. Its initial assessment identified challenges that closely parallel those identified in our report. HHS plans to finalize the findings and final reports from the contractor after the contract ends at the end of this month. * HHS awarded another contract, the State Alliance for e-Health, which is intended to address state-level health IT issues, including privacy and security challenges and solutions. In January 2007, the alliance identified the protection of health information as a guiding principle for its work. The alliance plans to identify privacy practices and policies to help ensure the protection of personal health information exchanged within a nationwide health information network. In summary, concerns about the protection of personal health information exchanged electronically within a nationwide health information network have increased as the use of health IT and the exchange of electronic health information has also increased. HHS and its Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT have initiated activities that, collectively, are intended to protect health information and address aspects of key privacy principles. While progress continues to be made through the various initiatives, it remains highly important that HHS define a comprehensive approach and milestones for integrating its efforts, resolve differences and inconsistencies among them, fully address key privacy principles, ensure that recommendations from its advisory committees are effectively implemented, and sequence the implementation of key activities appropriately. If implemented properly, HHS's planned actions could help improve efforts to address key privacy principles and the related challenges, and ensure that the department meets its goal to safeguard personal health information as part of its national strategy for health IT. Mr. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, this concludes our statement. We would be happy to respond to any questions that you or members of the subcommittee may have at this time. If you have any questions on matters discussed in this testimony, please contact Linda D. Koontz at (202) 512-6240 or Valerie C. Melvin at (202) 512-6304 or by e-mail at koontzl@gao.gov or melvinv@gao.gov. Other key contributors to this testimony include Amanda C. Gill, Nancy E. Glover, M. Saad Khan, David F. Plocher, and Teresa F. Tucker. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. However, because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately.

Summary:
In April 2004, President Bush called for the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to develop and implement a strategic plan to guide the nationwide implementation of health information technology (IT). The plan is to recommend methods to ensure the privacy of electronic health information. GAO was asked to summarize its January 2007 report. The report describes the steps HHS is taking to ensure privacy protection as part of its national health IT strategy and identifies challenges associated with protecting electronic health information exchanged within a nationwide health information network. HHS and its Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT have initiated actions to identify solutions for protecting personal health information through several contracts and with two health information advisory committees. For example, in late 2005, HHS awarded several health IT contracts that include requirements for addressing the privacy of personal health information exchanged within a nationwide health information exchange network. HHS's privacy and security solutions contractor is to assess the organization-level privacy- and security-related policies, practices, laws, and regulations that affect interoperable health information exchange. In June 2006, the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics made recommendations to the Secretary of HHS on protecting the privacy of personal health information within a nationwide health information network and, in August 2006, the American Health Information Community convened a work group to address privacy and security policy issues for nationwide health information exchange. While its activities are intended to address aspects of key principles for protecting the privacy of health information, HHS is in the early stages of its efforts and has therefore not yet defined an overall approach for integrating its various privacy-related initiatives and addressing key privacy principles, nor has it defined milestones for integrating the results of these activities. GAO identified key challenges associated with protecting electronic personal health information in four areas.