The SAB provides a mechanism for EPA to receive peer review and other advice in the use of science at EPA. The SAB is authorized to, among other things, review the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis of EPA's proposed regulations. The SAB and its subcommittees or panels focus on a formal set of charge questions on environmental science received from the agency. Depending on the nature of the agency's request, the entire advisory process generally takes 4 to 12 months from the initial discussion on charge questions with EPA offices and regions to the delivery of the final SAB report. Figure 1 depicts the stages of the SAB advisory process. CASAC provides independent advice to EPA on "air quality criteria."Under the Clean Air Act as amended, CASAC is to review the criteria and the existing NAAQS every 5 years and make recommendations to EPA for new standards and revisions of existing standards, as appropriate. In addition, CASAC is directed to advise EPA of the areas in which additional knowledge is required to appraise the adequacy and basis of the NAAQS and describe the research efforts necessary to provide the required information. CASAC also is directed to advise EPA of the relative contribution to air pollution of concentrations of natural as well as human activity, and any adverse public health, welfare, social, economic, or energy effects that may result from various strategies for attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS. CASAC's advisory process is similar to the SAB's process, including the option of establishing subcommittees and panels that send their reports and recommendations to CASAC. As federal advisory committees, the SAB and CASAC are subject to FACA, which broadly requires balance, independence, and transparency. FACA was enacted, in part, out of concern that certain special interests had too much influence over federal agency decision makers. The head of each agency that uses federal advisory committees is responsible for exercising certain controls over those advisory committees. For example, the agency head is responsible for establishing administrative guidelines and management controls that apply to all of the agency's advisory committees, and for appointing a Designated Federal Officer (DFO) for each advisory committee. Advisory committee meetings may not occur in the absence of the DFO, who is also responsible for calling meetings, approving meeting agendas, and adjourning meetings. As required by FACA, the SAB and CASAC operate under charters that include information on their objectives, scope of activities, and the officials to whom they report. Federal advisory committee charters must be renewed every 2 years, but they can be revised before they are due for renewal in consultation with GSA. An analysis of changes in the SAB's charter regarding to whom the SAB is to provide advice is included in appendix I. requested advice from the SAB regarding two reviews the SAB was conducting. According to EPA officials, this was the first time representatives of a congressional committee formally requested advice from the SAB. Both requests were addressed and submitted directly to the SAB Chair and the Chair of the relevant SAB panel and sent concurrently to the SAB staff office and EPA Administrator. While ERDDAA does not outline a role for EPA in mediating responses from the SAB to the designated congressional committees, EPA identifies such a role for itself under FACA. Specifically, EPA points to the DFO's responsibility to manage the agenda of an advisory committee. Also under FACA, EPA is responsible for issuing and implementing controls applicable to its advisory committees. Responses to the committee's requests for scientific advice were handled by the SAB staff office and EPA's Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations (OCIR). The SAB staff office and, later, OCIR responded to the committee's first request for advice, and OCIR responded to the committee's second request for advice. See table 1 for more information on these requests. EPA's procedures for processing congressional requests for scientific advice from the SAB do not ensure compliance with ERDDAA because the procedures are incomplete and do not fully account for the statutory access designated congressional committees have to the SAB. Specifically, EPA policy documents do not clearly outline how the EPA Administrator, the SAB staff office, and members of the SAB panel are to handle a congressional committee's request for advice from the SAB. In addition, EPA policy documents do not acknowledge that the SAB must provide scientific advice when requested by select congressional committees. EPA's written procedures for processing congressional committee requests to the SAB are found in the SAB charter and in the following two documents that establish general policies for how EPA's federal advisory committees are to interact with outside parties: EPA Policy Regarding Communication Between Members of Federal Advisory Committee Act Committees and Parties Outside of the EPA (the April 2014 policy), and Clarifying EPA Policy Regarding Communications Between Members of Scientific and Technical Federal Advisory Committees and Outside Parties (the November 2014 policy clarification). Collectively, the SAB's charter, EPA's April 2014 policy, and EPA's November 2014 policy clarification provide direction for how EPA and the SAB are to process requests from congressional committees. However, these documents do not clearly outline procedures for the EPA Administrator, the SAB staff office, and members of the SAB panel to use in processing such requests. At the time of the House committee's two requests to the SAB in 2013, the SAB charter was the only EPA document that contained written policy relating to congressional committee requests under ERDDAA. The SAB charter briefly noted how congressional committees may access SAB advice, stating; "While the SAB reports to the EPA Administrator, congressional committees specified in ERDDAA may ask the EPA Administrator to have SAB provide advice on a particular issue." (GAO italics) Beyond what the charter states, however, no EPA policy specified a process the Administrator should use to have the SAB provide advice and review a congressional request. In response to a request from the SAB staff office that EPA clarify the procedures for handling congressional committee requests, EPA, through an April 4, 2014, memorandum informed the SAB that committee members themselves and the federal advisory committees as a whole should refrain from directly responding to these external requests. Attached to the memorandum was the April 2014 policy that stated: "if a FACA committee member receives a request relating to the committee's work from members of Congress or their staff, or congressional committees, the member should notify the DFO, who will refer the request to the EPA OCIR. OCIR will determine the agency's response to the inquiry, after consulting with the relevant program office and the DFO." This policy, however, did not provide more specific details on processing requests from congressional committees under ERDDAA. In November 2014, EPA issued a clarification to the April 2014 policy, specifying that SAB members who receive congressional requests pursuant to ERDDAA should acknowledge receipt of the request and indicate that EPA will provide a response. The November 2014 policy clarification does not identify the SAB as having to provide the response. The November 2014 policy clarification also stated that the request should be forwarded to the appropriate DFO and that decisions on who and how best to respond to the requests would be made by EPA on a case-by-case basis. While the November 2014 policy clarification provides greater specificity about processing requests, it is not consistent with the SAB charter because the policy indicates that congressional committee requests should be handled through the DFO, whereas the charter indicates that they should be handled through the EPA Administrator and provides no further information. A senior-level EPA official stated that the agency considered that the charter and the November 2014 policy clarification differed in the level of detail, but not in the broad principle that the agency is the point of contact for congressional requests to the SAB (and SAB responses to those requests). However, under the federal standards of internal control, agencies are to clearly document internal controls, and the documentation is to appear in management directives, administrative policies, or operating manuals. While EPA has documented its policies, they are not clear, because the charter and the November 2014 policy clarification are not consistent about which office should process congressional requests. Agency officials said that the SAB charter is up for renewal in 2015. By modifying the charter when it is renewed to reflect the language in the November 2014 policy clarification--that congressional requests should be forwarded to the appropriate DFO-- EPA can better ensure that its staff process congressional committee requests consistently when the agency receives such a request. Moreover, neither the April 2014 policy nor the November 2014 policy clarification clearly documents EPA's procedures for reviewing congressional committee requests to determine which questions would be taken up by the SAB consistent with the federal standards of internal control. Because EPA's procedures for reviewing congressional committee requests are not documented, it will be difficult for EPA to provide reasonable assurance that its staff are appropriately applying criteria when determining which questions the SAB will address. EPA officials told us that internal deliberations in response to a congressional request follow those that the agency would apply to internal requests for charges to the SAB. Specifically, officials told us that EPA considers whether the questions are science or policy driven, whether they are important to science and the agency, and whether the SAB has already undertaken a similar review. In addition, under ERDDAA, the SAB is required to provide requested scientific advice to select committees, regardless of EPA's judgment. As EPA has not fully responded to the committee's two 2013 requests to the SAB, by clearly documenting its procedures for reviewing congressional requests to determine which questions should be taken up by the SAB and criteria for evaluating requests, the agency can provide reasonable assurance that its staff process these and other congressional committee requests consistently and in accordance with both FACA and ERDDAA. Furthermore, the charter states that when scientific advice is requested by one of the committees specified in ERDDAA, the Administrator will, when appropriate, forward the SAB's advice to the requesting congressional committee. Neither the charter nor the April 2014 policy and November 2014 policy clarification specify when it would be "appropriate" for the EPA Administrator to forward the SAB's advice to the requesting committee. Such specificity would be consistent with federal standards of internal control that call for clearly documenting internal controls. Without such specification, the perception could be created that EPA is withholding information from Congress that the SAB is required to provide under ERDDAA. EPA officials stated that the EPA Administrator does not attempt to determine whether advice of the SAB contained in written reports should be forwarded to the requesting committee and that all written reports are publically available on the SAB website at the same time the report is sent to the EPA Administrator. By modifying the charter or other policy documents to reflect when it is and when it is not appropriate for the EPA Administrator to forward the advice to the requesting committee, EPA can better ensure transparency in its process. In general, under FACA, as a federal advisory committee, the SAB's agenda is controlled by its host agency, EPA. As such, the SAB generally responds only to charge questions put to it by EPA although, under ERDDAA, the SAB is specifically charged with providing advice to its host agency as well as to designated congressional committees. In addition, it is EPA's responsibility under GSA regulations for implementing FACA to ensure that advisory committee members and staff understand agency-specific statutes and regulations that may affect them, but nothing in the SAB charter, the April 2014 policy, or the November 2014 policy clarification communicates that, ultimately, SAB must provide scientific advice when requested by congressional committees. For example, we found no mechanism in EPA policy for the SAB to respond on its own initiative to a congressional committee request for scientific advice unrelated to an existing EPA charge question. A written policy for how the SAB should respond to a congressional committee request that does not overlap with charge questions from EPA would be consistent with federal internal control standards. Moreover, such a policy would better position the SAB to provide the advice it is obligated to provide under ERDDAA and for EPA to provide direction consistent with GSA regulations for implementing FACA. CASAC has provided certain types of advice related to the review of NAAQS. The Clean Air Act requires CASAC to review air quality criteria and existing NAAQS every 5 years and advise EPA of any adverse public health, welfare, social, economic, or energy effects that may result from various strategies for attainment and maintenance of NAAQS. According to a senior-level EPA official, CASAC has carried out its role in reviewing the air quality criteria and the NAAQS, but has never provided advice on adverse social, economic, or energy effects related to NAAQS because to date EPA has not asked CASAC to do so. This is in part because NAAQS are to be based on public health and welfare criteria, so information on the social, economic, or energy effects of NAAQS are not specifically relevant to setting NAAQS. In a June 2014 letter to the EPA Administrator, CASAC indicated that, at the agency's request, it would review the impacts (e.g., the economic or energy impacts) of strategies for attaining or maintaining the NAAQS but stressed that such a review would be separate from reviews of the scientific bases of NAAQS. In response to such a request, the letter stated that an ad hoc CASAC panel would be formed to obtain the full expertise necessary to conduct such a review. A senior-level EPA official stated that EPA continues to examine this issue and is considering how to proceed. Information from EPA-requested reviews could be useful for the states, which implement the strategies necessary to achieve the NAAQS. EPA is required to provide states, after consultation with appropriate advisory committees, with information on air pollution control techniques, including the cost to implement such techniques. 42 U.S.C. SS 7408(b)(1) (2015). According to a senior-level EPA official, EPA collects this information from other federal advisory committees, the National Academy of Sciences, and state air agencies, among others, and EPA fulfills its statutory obligation by issuing Control Techniques Guidelines and other implementation guidance. EPA has policies and guidance to help ensure that its federal advisory committees maintain their independence from the agency when performing their work. Under GSA regulations for implementing FACA, agencies must develop procedures to ensure that the federal advisory committees are independent from the agency when rendering judgments. EPA policies and guidance to help ensure the independence of its federal advisory committees include general discussions of FACA requirements that apply to all of EPA's federal advisory committees as well as those specifically for the SAB. For example, the April 2014 Policy refers to the agency's responsibilities under FACA to maintain its separation from its federal advisory committees. In addition, EPA's Scientific Integrity Policy sets out the expectation that all agency employees, including scientists, managers and political appointees, will ensure, among other things, that the agency's scientific work is of the highest quality and free from political interference or personal motivations. This policy states that EPA prohibits managers and other agency leadership from intimidating or coercing scientists to alter scientific data, findings, or professional opinions or to inappropriately influence scientific advisory boards. The agency has also developed the EPA Peer Review Handbook to provide guidance to EPA staff and managers who are planning to conduct peer reviews. The handbook includes information on planning and conducting a peer review as well as the types of peer reviews performed by external peer reviewers, such as federal advisory committees. Specifically, the handbook provides information on the independence aspects of a peer review, such as how closely EPA officials should interact with peer reviewers when a review is being conducted to maintain independence. The SAB staff office has also developed documents that contain some references to how the SAB and CASAC can maintain their independence from EPA. Specifically, the SAB Office developed a handbook for SAB members that includes a section on how SAB members should expect to For example, the handbook states that maintain their independence.SAB committee and panel members are expected to avoid interaction with anyone--including agency representatives or members of the interested public--who might create a perception of conflict of interest. The SAB handbook also has a section on the role of the agency during the SAB's report preparation phase. This section states that the agency should not in any way approve or attempt to influence the content of draft panel or committee reports. In addition, EPA officials explained that the agency does not review or comment on drafts of SAB or CASAC products, so that it cannot influence them in their final form. Finally, the SAB office, as part of a fiscal year 2012 list of initiatives to enhance public involvement in SAB and CASAC activities included a statement that the SAB office and federal advisory committees would not accept a charge from EPA that unduly narrows the scope of an advisory activity. EPA's SAB plays an important role assisting the agency in using high- quality science by providing EPA with scientific advice on a wide range of matters and reviewing scientific research the agency uses when developing environmental regulations. Under ERDDAA, the SAB is also required to provide scientific advice to designated congressional committees when requested. In November 2014, EPA issued a clarification revising its policy for how it processes congressional committees' requests for scientific advice from the SAB. However, shortcomings exist with EPA's policy documents. First, the November 2014 policy clarification differs from the SAB's charter regarding which offices should receive and process congressional requests. As a result, EPA staff may not process congressional committee requests consistently, since the treatment will vary depending on whether staff follow the policy clarification or the charter. Agency officials said that the SAB charter is up for renewal in 2015. By modifying the charter when it is renewed to reflect the language in the November 2014 policy clarification, that congressional requests should be forwarded to the appropriate DFO, EPA can better ensure that its staff process congressional committee requests consistently when the agency receives them. Additionally, EPA has not documented its procedures for reviewing congressional committee requests to determine which questions should be taken up by the SAB or criteria for evaluating those requests. By documenting the agency's procedures and criteria, EPA can provide reasonable assurance that its staff handle congressional requests consistently and in accordance with both FACA and ERDDAA. Furthermore, the SAB's charter states that the Administrator will forward the SAB's response to a committee's request when appropriate, but EPA has not specified in policy documents when it would be appropriate for the Administrator to forward the SAB's advice to the requesting committee. Without such specification, the perception could be created that EPA is withholding information from Congress that the SAB is required to provide under ERDDAA. By clarifying procedures to reflect when it is and when it may not be appropriate for the Administrator to forward the advice to the requesting committee, EPA can better ensure transparency in its process and consistency with ERDDAA. Finally, it is EPA's responsibility to ensure that advisory committee members and staff understand agency-specific statutes and regulations that may affect them under regulations for implementing FACA. However, EPA policy documents do not specify how the SAB would respond on its own initiative to a congressional committee's request for scientific advice unrelated to an existing EPA charge question, as it must do under ERDDAA. By documenting procedures on how the SAB should respond to a congressional committee request that does not overlap with charge questions from EPA, the agency would better position the SAB to provide the advice it is obligated to provide under ERDDAA and EPA itself to provide direction consistent with regulations for implementing FACA. To better ensure compliance with ERDDAA when handling congressional requests for scientific advice from EPA's SAB, we recommend that the EPA Administrator take the following four actions: Clarify in the charter when it is renewed which offices should receive and process congressional requests. Document procedures for reviewing congressional committee requests to determine which questions should be taken up by the SAB and criteria for evaluating such requests. Clarify in policy documents when it is and when it is not appropriate for the EPA Administrator to forward advice to the requesting committee. Specify in policy documents how the SAB should respond to a congressional committee's request for scientific advice unrelated to an existing EPA charge question. We provided EPA with a draft of this report for review and comment. In written comments, reproduced in appendix II, EPA stated that it concurred with the recommendations in the report and provided information on planned actions to address each recommendation. EPA also provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees, the EPA Administrator, and other interested parties. In addition, this report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff members have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-3841 or gomezj@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made contributions to this report are listed in appendix III. The Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act of 1978 (ERDDAA) mandated that EPA establish the SAB and required the SAB to provide the EPA Administrator with scientific advice as requested. Congress amended ERDDAA in 1980 to require EPA's SAB to provide scientific advice to designated congressional committees when requested. Below is our analysis of the changes to the charter regarding to whom the SAB is to provide advice. In 1978, the Charter Objectives and Responsibilities stated that: "The objective of the Board is to provide advice to EPA's Administrator on the scientific and technical aspects of environmental problems and issues. The Board reports to the Administrator. It will review issues, provide independent advice on EPA's major programs, and will perform special assignments as requested by the Agency and as required by the ERDDAA of 1978 and the CAA Amendments of 1977." In response to the ERDDAA amendments, EPA changed the charter in 1981 to reflect that certain congressional committees could also request advice. Additional changes to the charter over the years regarding to whom the SAB is to provide advice are reflected in the table below. In addition to the individual named above, Vincent Price and Janet Frisch, Assistant Directors; Ulana Bihun; Antoinette Capaccio; Greg Carroll; and John Delicath made key contributions to this report.

Summary:
EPA formulates rules to protect the environment and public health. To enhance the quality and credibility of such rules, EPA obtains advice and recommendations from the SAB and CASAC--two federal advisory committees that review the scientific and technical basis for EPA decision-making. ERDDAA requires the SAB to provide both the EPA Administrator and designated congressional committees with scientific advice as requested. Amendments to the Clean Air Act established CASAC to, among other things, provide advice to the Administrator on NAAQS. GAO was asked to look into how the SAB and CASAC are fulfilling their statutory obligations in providing such advice. This report examines (1) the extent to which EPA procedures for processing congressional requests to the SAB ensure compliance with ERDDAA; (2) the extent to which CASAC has provided advice related to NAAQS; and (3) policies EPA has to ensure that the SAB and CASAC maintain their independence when performing their work. GAO reviewed relevant federal regulations and agency documents, and interviewed EPA, SAB, and other relevant officials. The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) procedures for processing congressional requests for scientific advice from the Science Advisory Board (SAB) do not ensure compliance with the Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act of 1978 (ERDDAA) because these procedures are incomplete. For example, they do not clearly outline how the EPA Administrator, the SAB staff office, and others are to handle a congressional committee's request. While the procedures reflect EPA's responsibility to exercise general management controls over the SAB and all its federal advisory committees under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), including keeping such committees free from outside influence, they do not fully account for the specific access that designated congressional committees have to the SAB under ERDDAA. For example, EPA's policy documents do not establish how EPA will determine which questions would be taken up by the SAB. EPA officials told GAO that in responding to congressional requests, EPA follows the same process that it would apply to internal requests for questions to the SAB, including considering whether the questions are science or policy driven or are important to science and the agency. However, under ERDDAA, the SAB is required to provide requested scientific advice to select committees, regardless of EPA's judgment. By clearly documenting how to handle congressional requests received under ERDDAA consistent with federal standards of internal control, EPA can provide reasonable assurance that its staff process responses consistently and in accordance with the law. The Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) has provided certain types of advice related to the review of national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), but has not provided others. Under the Clean Air Act, CASAC is to review air quality criteria and existing NAAQS every 5 years and advise EPA of any adverse public health, welfare, social, economic, or energy effects that may result from various strategies for attainment and maintenance of NAAQS. An EPA official stated that CASAC has carried out its role in reviewing the air quality criteria and the NAAQS, but CASAC has never provided advice on adverse social, economic, or energy effects related to NAAQS because EPA has never asked CASAC to do so. In a June 2014 letter to the EPA Administrator, CASAC indicated it would review such effects at the agency's request. EPA has policies and guidance to help ensure that its federal advisory committees--including the SAB and CASAC--maintain their independence from the agency when the advisory committees perform their work. Under General Services Administration regulations for implementing FACA, an agency must develop procedures to ensure that its federal advisory committees are independent from the agency when rendering judgments. EPA policies and guidance to help ensure the independence of its federal advisory committees include guidance specifically for the SAB and general requirements that apply to all of EPA's federal advisory committees, including the SAB and CASAC. For example, EPA's Scientific Integrity Policy states that EPA prohibits managers and other agency leadership from intimidating or coercing scientists to alter scientific data, findings or professional opinions, or inappropriately influencing scientific advisory boards. GAO recommends that to better ensure compliance with ERDDAA, EPA take steps to improve its procedures for processing congressional committee requests to the SAB for advice. EPA agreed with GAO's recommendations.