Congress established the MHPI in 1996 to provide an alternative funding mechanism to ensure adequate military family housing was available when needed by renovating existing inadequate housing and constructing new homes on and around military bases. The Department of the Army currently has 34 MHPI projects at 44 installations in the United States. Since these projects began, the Army has invested $1.97 billion and the private sector has invested $12.6 billion in the initial development of the military housing projects. In a typical privatized military housing project, the developer is a limited liability company or partnership that has been formed for the purpose of acquiring debt, leasing land, and building and managing a specific project or projects. The limited liability company is typically composed of one or several private-sector members, such as construction firms, real-estate managers, or other entities with expertise in housing construction and renovation. In those cases where a military department has made an investment in the limited liability company, the department may also be a member of the limited liability company. In a typical privatized military housing project, a military department leases land to a developer for a term of 50 years. The military department generally conveys existing homes on the leased land to the developer for the duration of the lease. The developer is responsible for constructing new homes or renovating existing houses and then leasing this housing, giving preference to service members and their families. Although the developers enter into these agreements to construct or renovate military housing, the developer normally enters into various contracts with design builders and subcontractors to carry out the actual construction and renovation. The developer also typically hires a property-management firm to oversee the day-to-day operations of the MHPI project, such as ensuring that maintenance is provided to houses in accordance with the approved budget. According to Army officials, the only litigation that has caused the expenditure of funds not accounted for during the MHPI's annual budget process for operating costs to-date is litigation involving Clark Realty Capital (Clark) and Pinnacle Property Management (Pinnacle). Clark Pinnacle Family Communities oversees some of the highest-profile installations in the Army's MHPI program. The company is a joint venture between Clark, based in the Washington, D.C., area, and Pinnacle, based in Seattle. Starting in 2002, in collaboration with the Army, Clark Pinnacle led the development of four projects in six locations totaling more than 11,000 homes at a value of about $2 billion. The four projects are Presidio of Monterey, and Naval Post Graduate School, California; Fort Irwin, Moffett Federal Airfield, and Parks Reserve Forces Training Fort Benning, Georgia; and Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Although the agreements at the projects vary, generally Clark is the managing partner of the MHPI entities and handled the construction and development. Pinnacle was the property-management firm actually conducting day-to-day property-management activities (e.g., maintenance) at the projects once they were completed. According to Army officials, Clark, through a series of internal audits, determined in 2010 that Pinnacle allegedly was involved in substantial and systemic fraud in the management of the privatized housing at Fort Benning, and ultimately found similar alleged fraud in the management of the privatized housing at Fort Belvoir. As a result, Clark initiated audits of the two California MHPI projects managed by Pinnacle and began to uncover alleged circumstances similar to those at Fort Benning and Fort Belvoir. In 2010, Clark asked the Army for permission to remove Pinnacle as property manager at Fort Benning and Fort Belvoir because of alleged willful misconduct by Pinnacle employees, and for approval to initiate related litigation on behalf of the MHPI entities against Pinnacle; the Army agreed. Subsequent to the initiation of the Fort Belvoir and Fort Benning litigation, Pinnacle attempted to unilaterally amend the terms of the California property-management agreements to make it harder to remove them as property manager. In response, the California MHPI entities then brought suit in California court against Pinnacle seeking a declaratory judgment that the agreements had not been effectively amended by Pinnacle. Pinnacle then filed a cross-suit seeking to uphold the amendments. According to Army officials, the Army wanted Pinnacle removed as the MHPI projects' property manager due to the alleged fraud and mismanagement. Additionally, Army officials stated that they have been motivated by concerns for resident safety because it has been alleged that Pinnacle engaged in falsifying records regarding maintenance and repairs that Pinnacle employees were responsible for performing at all four project locations. An Army official stated that Pinnacle has attempted to obtain information on the amount of funds the MHPI projects have spent on litigation and other litigation strategy-type information, such as documents provided to the Army by Clark, both through discovery and through a Freedom of Information Act request, which the Army (with Department of Justice assistance) successfully denied. According to Army officials, the relevant property-management agreements include a provision that a party who sues under the agreement and substantially prevails is entitled to recoup their legal fees from the losing party. Further, our review found that the MHPI projects' property-management agreements include a provision allowing the substantially prevailing party in litigation brought to enforce or interpret the agreements to be repaid for all court costs and for the reasonable fees and expenses of attorneys and certified public accountants. Because legal fees are potentially recoverable, they are material both to the litigation and to any potential settlement negotiations. In June 2010, Pinnacle was removed as property manager at Fort Benning, and in December 2012 Pinnacle was removed from management at Fort Belvoir. Pinnacle remains property manager at the two California projects pending resolution of the litigation described above. The Army has a standard process to manage MHPI projects' funds for the costs of litigation not accounted for in the MHPI projects' annual budget process, but instead used an alternative process designed to limit access to information about the Pinnacle litigation. The alternative process is consistent with the relevant MHPI projects' operating agreements. The standard process has thresholds governing potential withdrawals or expenditures for Army MHPI project litigation expenses. In the standard process, Army officials generally make major decisions related to MHPI projects, including litigation costs, by following guidance in the Residential Communities Initiative Portfolio and Asset Management Handbook. For example, the Army treats litigation not accounted for in the budget process as a major decision requiring higher-level approval within the Army when costs exceed either 5 to 10 percent of the annual budget or $250,000 over budget. In the standard process, Army officials generally seek approval of such major decisions from either the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management or the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Energy and Environment). The process involves sharing litigation information and estimated costs between the developer and four offices within the Army (MHPI Project Office, Garrison Commander, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army ). However, according to Army officials, the standard process has not yet been used to approve any major decisions regarding litigation expenses, because the Pinnacle cases are the only cases that met the major-decision threshold criteria whose litigation expenses have been approved and would have gone through this process had decisions not been made to restrict access to information pertaining to this litigation. Although the Pinnacle cases met the major-decision threshold criteria, according to Army officials, Army officials decided to use an alternative management process to review and approve litigation costs so they could restrict information and confine decision making to a higher organizational level. This process is consistent with the MHPI projects' operating agreements for managing these projects and allows for Clark and only one Army office to review associated cost information. Specifically, these agreements do not specify any internal deliberative process within the Army, but rather only require that Army agreement is obtained for certain major decisions. As a result, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Housing & Partnerships), acting on behalf of the Army, can directly approve specific actions proposed by Clark senior leadership on behalf of the MHPI project, such as approving the litigation and audit budget and expenses. Additionally, Army officials stated that while the standard process was not followed, the alternative process did allow for information regarding the Pinnacle litigation to be periodically coordinated with high-level officials within the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management. Army officials stated that they wanted to restrict access to the litigation and audit cost estimates because legal fees are potentially recoverable and as a result are material both to the litigation and to any potential settlement negotiations. According to Army officials, throughout the litigation process, Army and Clark officials have regularly shared litigation documents and met to discuss the Pinnacle litigation. After the approval of the MHPI project's annual operating budgets, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Housing & Partnerships) and counsel in the Office of the Army General Counsel reviewed Clark's proposed budget for Pinnacle litigation and audit expenses for that year. Further, the Army and Clark met approximately quarterly with counsel representing the four MHPI projects in the Pinnacle litigation to discuss any significant developments in the cases, specific plans for the next quarter, and general plans for the rest of the year--including any anticipated changes in the legal and audit expenses previously budgeted for. Army officials stated that they also plan to conduct a full review of the costs at the end of the litigation to ensure that all charges by outside counsel were fair and reasonable. According to Army officials and our analysis of the project-management accounts for the four locations involved in the Pinnacle litigation, the expenditure of funds to pay litigation and audit expenses have not prevented the projects from meeting normal operating requirements, such as conducting maintenance or paying for utilities, from the time the litigation began in 2010. Within each MHPI project, the Army receives revenue and distributes the cash flow in a specified order to accounts, such as the revenue account; operating-expenses account; capital, repair, and replacement account; debt-service account; and construction and reinvestment accounts. Figure 1 shows the flow of funding within the Army MHPI projects. Revenue account: The revenue account is funded by servicemember rent, which is typically based on the Basic Allowance for Housing allotments received. This funding is typically disbursed on a monthly basis to pay the budgeted amounts for the operating expense account; capital, repair, and replacement account; and debt-service account. According to Army officials, Pinnacle litigation and audit expenses were also paid from revenues that flowed into the MHPI projects. Operating-expenses account: Each Army MHPI project has an account to pay for all operating expenses including maintenance, utilities, and other administrative costs. According to Army officials, they assist in the development of and approve each MHPI project's annual budget for operating expenses. MHPI project asset managers for the four projects connected to Pinnacle litigation stated that their projects have not had to reduce their operating expenses during the Pinnacle litigation. Furthermore, MHPI project asset managers stated that any increases or decreases in budgeted operating expenses from year to year were due to fluctuations in housing occupancy and changes in utility and maintenance costs and not litigation expenses. Table 1 provides a summary of the four MHPI projects' budgeted operating expenses from calendar years 2009 through 2013. Although Pinnacle litigation and audit expenses were not incurred until 2010, this table shows budgeted operating expenses for 2009 to provide a comparison of expenses prior to the start of litigation. Capital, repair, and replacement account: This account includes funds for repair and replacement of older components of homes and community facilities. The Army requested an audit of the projects' financial data from January 2009 through June 2012 and the audit results showed that no maintenance was deferred during this period. Debt-service account: This account is used to pay the outstanding debt for the MHPI project. Based on our review of MHPI project account data, we found that all four MHPI projects have little or no balance in this account because debt is paid off throughout the year. Construction account and Reinvestment account: Construction Account--Before the start of an MHPI project, a plan is developed for construction, and needed funding levels are determined. This plan is reviewed annually based on actual and estimated costs to determine if any changes are needed to the development scope of the project. This account is used to pay for the initial development and construction of the MHPI project, which according to Army officials generally lasts during the first 7 to 10 years of project operations. As discussed earlier, the revenue account funds the budgeted amounts for the operating expense account; the capital, repair, and replacement account; and the debt-service account, and any funding not needed for these purposes flows to the construction account. However, because litigation expenses were also paid from the revenue account, officials stated that additional funding has not transferred into the construction account as otherwise would likely have occurred. Nevertheless, Army officials said that the Pinnacle litigation and audit costs have had no effects on the projects' ability to move forward with construction as planned because these projects were developed within anticipated funding levels. According to Army officials, currently all four of the projects are nearing the end or have recently completed the initial development period, and after the development and approval of a 5-year future plan, the construction account will be closed. Reinvestment Account--According to Army officials, any funds remaining in the construction accounts when the projects reach the end of their initial development and construction phase are moved to the reinvestment account. This account is also used to hold the MHPI projects' excess cash flow that is not required after payment of the operating expenses, debt service, and other payments. Funds start to accumulate in the reinvestment account for future use in renovation or replacement of homes after the initial development and construction of the project ends. Since all four of the projects are still in or have recently completed this initial development phase--and based on our review of MHPI project account data--no funds have accumulated in the reinvestment accounts as of February 2014. Due to the MHPI projects' incurring litigation and audit expenses, less funding will ultimately be available to transition from the MHPI projects' construction account to the reinvestment account unless litigation concludes prior to the transition, and funds are recouped assuming the projects prevail in the litigation with Pinnacle. The MHPI projects' property-management agreements provide that the party that substantially prevails in a legal action may recoup their legal expenses. Army officials stated that they expect the MHPI projects to prevail in the litigation and recoup most, or even all, the costs of conducting the litigation. This report does not include any recommendations. We provided a draft of this report to DOD for comment. However, DOD did not provide written comments and provided technical comments, which we incorporated in our report as appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees; the Secretary of Defense; the Secretary of the Army; and the Director, Office of Management and Budget. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-4523 or LeporeB@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix I. In addition to the contact named above, Laura Durland (Assistant Director), Chanee Gaskin, Stephanie Moriarty, Carol Petersen, Richard Powelson, Amie Steele, John Van Schaik, and Michael Willems made key contributions to this report.

Summary:
In 1996, Congress enacted the MHPI, which provided the Department of Defense with a variety of authorities that may be used to obtain private-sector financing and management to repair, renovate, construct, and operate military family housing. The Army has invested $1.97 billion and the private sector has invested $12.6 billion in the initial development of MHPI projects at 44 installations. The Senate report accompanying a proposed version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 mandated GAO to examine the Army's litigation costs related to MHPI, specifically any litigation costs not accounted for during the MHPI's annual budget process. This report examines the extent to which the Army has implemented its process to manage funds for litigation not accounted for in the budget and identifies any effects that the litigation and audit costs have had on managing the MHPI projects. To conduct its work, GAO examined the Army's process for managing litigation, interviewed Army officials, and analyzed documents to determine whether litigation and audit costs have had any effects on managing the MHPI projects. GAO is not making recommendations in this report. DOD provided technical comments on a draft of this report, which were incorporated as appropriate. The Army has a standard process to manage litigation costs of its Military Housing Privatization Initiative (MHPI) projects that are not accounted for in the annual budget process. Army officials indicated that there is one case between four Army MHPI projects and Pinnacle Property Management (Pinnacle) that met the dollar threshold criteria and that would have been approved through this process. However, Army officials did not use the standard process because the Army determined that it needed to limit access to Pinnacle litigation information to avoid disclosing any information material to the litigation strategy. As a result, the Army used an alternative process to review and approve litigation costs for Pinnacle that is consistent with MHPI operating agreements. Had the standard process been followed, litigation and litigation cost information would have been shared with the MHPI projects construction company, Clark Realty Capital (Clark), and four different offices within the Army. Army and Clark officials decided to use the alternative process allowed by the MHPI's operating agreements so that fewer personnel would be aware of ongoing litigation information involving Pinnacle. The alternative process allows the Army and Clark to directly approve specific actions on behalf of the MHPI project, such as approving litigation and audit expenses, and allows sharing information with only Clark and one Army office. According to Army officials and our analysis of these four MHPI projects' accounts, Pinnacle litigation expenses have not prevented the projects from meeting their normal operating requirements, such as conducting maintenance or paying for utilities. Rents collected from these four MHPI projects funded the normal operating requirements for these projects as well as the Pinnacle litigation and audit expenses. Rents collected in excess of operating expenses normally are available for other purposes such as construction; capital, repair, and replacement of buildings; and future reinvestment. However, because litigation expenses were also paid from the rents collected at the four MHPI projects involved in the litigation, some funds have not been available for these purposes. Nevertheless, Army officials said that the Pinnacle litigation and audit costs have had no effects on the four projects' ability to move forward with construction as planned so far or to meet any scheduled capital repair projects because these projects were developed within anticipated funding levels. The Army property-management agreements provide that the party that substantially prevails in a legal action may recoup their legal expenses. Army officials stated that they expect the MHPI projects to prevail in the litigation and recoup most, or even all, the costs of conducting the litigation.