The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) establishes the policies and procedures governing suspension and debarment actions related to federal contracts. The Nonprocurement Common Rule (NCR) establishes the policies and procedures governing suspension and debarment for discretionary nonprocurement awards (i.e., grants, cooperative agreements, scholarships, or other assistance). The FAR and the NCR specify numerous causes for suspensions and debarments, including fraud, false statements, theft, bribery, tax evasion, and any other offense indicating a lack of business integrity. A suspension is a temporary exclusion pending the completion of an investigation or legal proceeding which generally may not last longer than 18 months, while a debarment is an exclusion for a reasonable, specified period depending on the seriousness of the cause, but generally should not exceed 3 years. A suspension or debarment under either the FAR or NCR has government-wide effect for all purposes, so that a party precluded from participating in federal contracts is also precluded from receiving grants, loans, and other assistance, and vice versa. OMB has the authority to issue guidelines for nonprocurement suspensions and debarments and the Office of Federal Procurement Policy within OMB provides overall direction for government-wide procurement policies, including those on suspensions and debarments under the FAR. ISDC, established in 1986, monitors the government- wide system of suspension and debarment. The ISDC consists of representatives from 24 federal agencies, as well as 18 independent agencies and government corporations. The Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 augmented and clarified certain ISDC functions to include providing assistance to help agencies achieve operational efficiencies in their suspension and debarment programs. The ISDC was also made responsible for coordinating lead- agency responsibility when multiple agencies have a potential interest in pursuing suspension and debarment of the same entity. In 2011, we made recommendations to improve agency and government- wide suspension and debarment efforts. We reviewed 10 agencies and found that the four agencies with the most procurement-related suspension and debarment cases shared common characteristics: a suspension and debarment program with dedicated staff, detailed policies and procedures, and practices that encourage an active referral process. Agencies are required to establish procedures for referring appropriate matters to their suspension and debarment official for consideration. The six agencies with few or no procurement-related suspensions or debarments for the period we reviewed--Commerce, HHS, Justice, State, Treasury, and DHS's FEMA--did not have these characteristics regardless of each agency's volume of contracting activity. To improve their suspension and debarment programs, we recommended these agencies take action to incorporate the characteristics associated with active programs. We also reported that government-wide efforts to oversee and coordinate suspensions and debarments faced a number of challenges. For example, we reported that the ISDC relies on agencies' participation and resources to fulfill its missions. To improve suspension and debarment programs at all agencies and enhance government-wide oversight, we recommended that OMB issue government-wide guidance that (1) describes the elements of an active suspension and debarment program, and (2) emphasizes the importance of coordinating with the ISDC. We found that the Departments of Commerce, HHS, Justice, State, the Treasury, and DHS's FEMA all took action since we made recommendations in 2011 to incorporate characteristics associated with active suspension and debarment programs.agencies have addressed staffing issues through actions such as defining roles and responsibilities, adding positions, and consolidating the suspension and debarment function into one office. The six agencies also have taken actions such as issuing formal policy and promulgating detailed guidance. Finally, the six agencies have engaged in practices that encourage an active referral process, including establishing positions to ensure cases are referred, developing case management tools that Since 2011, all six allow for referral tracking and case reporting, and establishing training programs. Table 1 summarizes the actions that agencies have taken since 2011. We found that all six agencies reported an increase in the number of suspension and debarment actions from fiscal year 2009 to 2013 as shown in table 2. The agencies generally experienced a notable increase starting in fiscal year 2011 when they began to take action to incorporate the characteristics associated with active suspension and debarment programs. Agency officials told us that the actions taken since 2011 to incorporate the characteristics associated with active suspension and debarments programs have resulted in an increased level of suspension and debarment activity at their respective agencies, though officials emphasized different factors. For example, officials from the Departments of Commerce, State, and the Treasury stated that improved coordination between the Office of the Inspector General and the Suspension and Debarment Official coupled with increased training and awareness resulted in more referrals and the processing of more actions. While the number of actions Treasury reported for fiscal years 2009 through 2013 has been modest, officials told us that 62 actions have been processed in the first 5 months of fiscal year 2014 and they expect continued increases in the number of referrals. Justice officials stated that one factor that may have contributed to an increased number of referrals and actions is the Attorney General's January 2012 memorandum to all litigating authorities and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, reminding them to consider whether the facts of a case could be used as a basis for an exclusion or debarment and to coordinate with agency suspension and debarment authorities. HHS officials noted that an increased number of actions have resulted in part from the Office of Inspector General providing additional resources for training investigators and auditors on how to make suspension and debarment referrals involving procurement and nonprocurement matters. Officials from DHS attributed an increase in the number of actions at FEMA and across DHS to having a centralized suspension and debarment office, a directive establishing common standards, increased staffing, and training. The number of suspension and debarment actions government-wide has increased in recent years, more than doubling from 1,836 in fiscal year 2009 to 4,812 in fiscal year 2013, as shown in figure 1. ISDC officials do not consider the overall number of suspensions and debarments as the only measure of success, and emphasized that increased suspension and debarment activity has been coupled with agencies' increased capability to use suspension and debarment appropriately and adhere to the principles of fairness and due process as laid out in the governing regulations. According to ISDC officials, the programmatic improvements made by many agencies are due in part to increased management attention within individual agencies, guidance from OMB, and support from the ISDC. OMB and ISDC have taken a number of actions to strengthen government-wide suspension and debarment efforts. In response to GAO's recommendations, on November 15, 2011, OMB directed agencies to take a number of actions to address program weaknesses and reinforce best practices in their suspension and debarment programs, including the following: Appoint a senior accountable official, if one has not already been designated, to be responsible for assessing the agency's suspension and debarment program and the adequacy of available resources, ensuring that the agency maintains effective internal controls and tracking capabilities, and ensuring that the agency participates regularly on the ISDC. Review internal policies, procedures, and guidance to ensure that suspension and debarment are being considered and used effectively. ISDC reported in September 2012 that each of the 24 agencies said it had an accountable official in place responsible for suspension and debarment activities, including assessing the adequacy of available training and resources; taken steps to address resources, policies, or both--in some cases by dedicating greater staff resources to handle referrals and manage cases and in others by entering into agreements to be mentored by the managers of successful programs; and procedures to forward possible actions to the suspending and debarring official. The ISDC also has increased its efforts to coordinate government-wide suspension and debarment efforts by promoting best practices and coordinating mentoring and training activities. For example, the ISDC maintains an online library of documents aimed at promoting standardization and has efforts to help agencies develop their suspension and debarment programs to ensure appropriate attention to administrative due process in accordance with the governing regulations. ISDC officials cite robust participation in the ISDC, including agencies with mature suspension and debarment programs, which has enabled the ISDC to assist agencies in making program improvements and, in some cases, standing up programs where none existed before. The ISDC also conducts training for member agencies, including cosponsoring with the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency an annual debarment workshop. Also, ISDC members provide instructors for the debarment training courses offered by the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers.understanding of suspension and debarment and holds monthly meetings to discuss topics, including specific suspension and debarment actions and selected agencies' suspension and debarment procedures and tracking tools. Finally, the ISDC undertakes outreach to promote The six agencies we reviewed reported that they highly value the functions performed by the ISDC as a focal point for government-wide suspension and debarment efforts. For example, Treasury officials told us that they designed their suspension and debarment program around the best practices identified by the ISDC, taking advantage of templates, guidance, and mentoring available through the committee. Officials from several agencies noted that the ISDC is instrumental in managing an informal process to help agencies coordinate lead agency responsibility when multiple agencies have a potential interest in pursuing suspension and debarment of the same entity. According to officials from the agencies we reviewed, the ISDC regularly distributes information on new potential cases reported by the agencies. The agencies take into consideration factors such as financial, regulatory, and investigative interests in determining which agency should take the lead in the case. Several of the agencies we reviewed reported that this process helps identify the most appropriate lead, while also involving other agencies that may have a stake in a particular action. Officials from several agencies also reported that ISDC monthly meetings provide an important forum through which suspension and debarment officials can seek advice from agency counterparts on a range of issues. In addition to speaking with officials from the six agencies we reviewed in 2011, we also reviewed the VA's suspension and debarment program to determine if government-wide efforts had affected the program. Based on our review, we found that the VA currently has the characteristics associated with active suspension debarment programs. For example, VA has a Debarment and Suspension Committee with a staff of about 10 positions that review all referrals for procurement-related suspension and debarment actions, conduct fact-finding, and present facts and recommendations to the Suspension and Debarring Official. Officials reported that VA has taken action to improve its suspension and debarment program in part in response to government-wide efforts. For example, VA's Suspension and Debarment Committee is currently drafting standard operating procedures to reflect leading practices. VA officials reported that the number of procurement-related suspension and debarment actions at VA has increased from 34 in fiscal year 2011 to 73 in fiscal year 2013. We provided a draft of this report to OMB and the Departments of Commerce, Health and Human Services, Justice, Homeland Security, State, the Treasury, and Veterans Affairs for review and comment. In an email response, the Associate Administrator of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy commented that OMB is pleased with the progress agencies have been making to strengthen their capabilities to consider the use of suspension and debarment when necessary. Further, OMB credits the work of the Interagency Suspension and Debarment Committee in helping to make many of the achievements possible. None of the seven agencies we reviewed provided substantive comments, but the Departments of Commerce, Health and Human Services, and Homeland Security provided technical comments which we incorporated, as appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to interested congressional committees; the Director of the Office of Management and Budget; the Attorney General and the Secretaries of Commerce, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, State, the Treasury, and Veterans Affairs. The report also will be available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-4841 or woodsw@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. Individuals who made key contributions to this report were Marie Mak, Director; Tatiana Winger, Assistant Director; Kristine R. Hassinger; Angie Nichols-Friedman; and Russ Reiter.

Summary:
To protect the government's interests, agencies can use suspension and debarment to exclude individuals, contractors, and grantees from receiving future contracts, grants, and other federal assistance due to various types of misconduct. In 2011, GAO reviewed ten agencies and found that agencies issuing the most procurement related suspensions and debarments shared common characteristics: dedicated staff, detailed policies and procedures, and an active referral process. GAO recommended that six agencies--the Departments of Commerce, Health and Human Services, Justice, State, the Treasury, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency--incorporate those characteristics, and that OMB issue guidance to improve oversight and government-wide suspension and debarment efforts. GAO was asked to review actions taken to implement the 2011 recommendations. This report examines (1) actions taken by the six agencies to incorporate characteristics of active suspension and debarment programs; (2) changes in the level of suspension and debarment activity; and (3) actions taken to improve oversight and government-wide efforts. To do so, GAO reviewed suspension and debarment programs, interviewed agency officials, verified the accuracy of agency data, and reviewed government-wide efforts. GAO is not making any new recommendations in this report. OMB commented that it is pleased with the progress that agencies have made and with the work of the ISDC.The other agencies did not provide substantive comments. The six agencies GAO reviewed all took action to incorporate characteristics associated with active suspension and debarment programs. Since GAO made recommendations to do so in 2011, the agencies have addressed staffing issues through actions such as defining roles and responsibilities, adding positions, and consolidating suspension and debarment functions. The agencies also have issued formal policies and promulgated detailed guidance. Finally, the agencies have engaged in practices that encourage an active referral process, such as establishing positions to ensure cases are referred for possible action, and developing case management tools. The number of suspension and debarment actions government-wide has more than doubled from 1,836 in fiscal year 2009 to 4,812 in fiscal year 2013. The number of suspension and debarment actions for the six agencies increased from 19 in fiscal year 2009 to 271 in fiscal year 2013 (see table below). The six agencies generally experienced a notable increase starting in fiscal year 2011 when the agencies began to take action to incorporate the characteristics associated with active suspension and debarment programs. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Interagency Suspension and Debarment Committee (ISDC) have taken action to strengthen government-wide suspension and debarment efforts. In November 2011, OMB directed agencies to address weaknesses and reinforce best practices in their suspension and debarment programs. The ISDC reported to Congress in September 2012 that, per OMB direction, the 24 standing member agencies of the ISDC had an accountable official in place responsible for suspension and debarment; taken steps to address resources, policies, or both; and procedures to forward matters to the suspension and debarment official for possible action. The ISDC has promoted best practices, coordinated mentoring and training, and helped coordinate lead agency responsibility when multiple agencies have an interest in pursuing suspension and debarment of the same entity. Reported increases in the number of suspension or debarment actions suggest that its efforts have been effective. ISDC officials emphasized that increased activity has been coupled with an increased capability to use suspension and debarment appropriately while adhering to the principles of fairness and due process.