The Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute (Statute) includes a congressional finding that labor organizations and collective bargaining in the civil service are in the public interest because they contribute to effectively conducting public business, among other things. The Statute allows for the use of official time, and while federal employees are not required to join a union, the union must represent all employees in a bargaining unit, regardless of whether they are dues- paying members of the union. Employees on official time are treated as if they are in a duty status when they are engaging in union representational activities, and they are paid accordingly. The Statute provides a legal basis for the current federal labor and management relations program and establishes two sources of official time. Official time for negotiation of a collective bargaining agreement, attendance at impasse proceedings, and authorized participation in proceedings before the Federal Labor Relations Authority, is provided as a statutory right. Official time for other purposes allowed under the Statute must be negotiated between the agency and the union in an agreed-upon amount deemed reasonable, necessary, and in the public interest. Accordingly, collective bargaining agreements often include provisions concerning the conditions for granting official time. Agencies and unions can negotiate at the department, component, operating administration, or facility level, for example, and there can be variation in how official time is managed within an agency. Activities that relate to internal union business, such as the solicitation of members or the election of union officials, must be performed when in a non-duty status; that is, not on official time. VA has negotiated master CBAs with five national unions. These agreements negotiated between VA and the unions contain provisions by which VA manages official time. As we previously reported, one approach used by VA to manage official time is to specify the percentage or number of hours authorized for a designated union position, such as the President, Vice-President, Secretary, or Treasurer. Time specified for designated positions in CBAs is typically characterized as a percentage of an employee's total time, such as 50 or 100. Certain CBAs negotiated between VA and unions provide for at least one union official to charge up to 100 percent of their duty hours to official time. In addition to official time, unions may negotiate to receive other support from agencies, such as office space, supplies, and equipment. CBAs negotiated between VA and unions typically include information on accessibility, privacy, and size of unions' designated space at VA facilities. Since fiscal year 2002, OPM has annually produced reports on the government-wide use of official time, with its most recent report covering fiscal year 2012. OPM officials stated that it is not required to report official time, and has no statutory or regulatory role for monitoring or enforcing agencies' use of official time. However, there have been various legislative proposals over the years to require OPM to report official time. In its reporting of official time, OPM relies on federal agencies to verify the accuracy of the data provided. According to OPM, there is no uniform requirement concerning the degree and specificity of records kept for tracking and recording official time. However, OPM encourages labor and management to record official time data in the following categories for union representational activities and includes this information in its annual reports: (1) term negotiations; (2) mid-term negotiations; (3) general labor-management relations; and (4) dispute resolution. See figure 1 for examples of union representational activities as they relate to these categories. In reporting on the use of official time within federal agencies, OPM has noted that agency management and labor share a responsibility to ensure official time is authorized and used appropriately, and that the amount of official time used by agencies can depend on a number of factors, such as the timing of term negotiations, number of grievances, number of bargaining unit employees, and involvement of unions in labor management decisions. There is no standardized way for VA facilities to record the amount of official time employees use for representational activities because there are currently two time and attendance systems being used across the agency that capture this information differently. VA began implementing its new time and attendance system, the Veterans Affairs Time and Attendance System (VATAS), at some facilities in 2013 to replace its older system, the Enhanced Time and Attendance (ETA) System. VA expects to complete its rollout of VATAS in July 2018. According to a VA official, approximately 50 percent of VA facilities and about one-third of VA employees (120,000) had transitioned to using VATAS as of September 2016. For the five selected facilities we visited, three had transitioned to VATAS and two were still using ETA at the time of our visits. VATAS provides specific codes for timekeepers to record the various uses of official time for union representational activities, but according to VA officials, ETA lacks such codes. Under ETA, VA officials explained that timekeepers can record the amount of official time used by employees for representational activities in the remarks section of employees' time and attendance records, which according to VA officials, does not always make clear the purpose for which official time is being used. While VATAS and ETA provide a means to record official time, we found that three of the selected facilities did not record official time in either of these systems. Two selected facilities under VATAS recorded information on the use of official time outside of the time and attendance system, and one facility under ETA did not record the information anywhere. Although the remaining two facilities recorded information in their time and attendance system, they recorded different information in different ways. The inconsistent recording of information raises questions about VA's ability to monitor the use of official time and ensure that public resources are being used effectively. However, VATAS could help standardize the way individual facilities record information on official time and improve VA's ability to monitor its use. VATAS could help standardize the way individual facilities record information on official time and provide better information on the different purposes for which official time is used; however, we found that VA has not provided consistent training to employees on how to record official time in the new system. The lack of consistent training on how to record official time in VATAS is due in part to the fact that VATAS is being implemented in phases and training is being updated throughout the course of implementation. For example, a VA official told us that information on how to record official time was incorporated into the VATAS training curriculum in June 2016. However, VATAS implementation began in 2013, and employees trained on VATAS prior to June 2016 may not have been instructed on how to record official time in the system. For instance, timekeepers and other officials from the three selected facilities that had implemented VATAS prior to June 2016 said that recording official time was not covered during their VATAS training and these facilities were not using the codes in VATAS to record official time because they were not aware of them. As a result, these facilities continued to use different approaches to record official time and documented different information. According to federal internal control standards, management should internally communicate quality information that enables personnel to perform key roles, and it should provide appropriate training to personnel so they may carry out their responsibilities. Without effectively providing guidance on how to record official time in VATAS, personnel responsible for recording and overseeing its use may not know how to perform certain duties, and VA is missing an opportunity to more accurately track the amount of official time used by employees across the agency to better monitor its use and manage its resources effectively. VA took several steps in 2016 to provide better guidance to facilities on how to record official time in VATAS, including: updating VATAS training curriculum for timekeepers and supervisors to include face-to-face training on official time at facilities where VATAS is being implemented; making information on how to record official time available on the VA discussing how to record official time during a monthly "VATAS Connections" call with payroll offices. Despite VA's recent efforts, however, as of October 2016 two of the three selected facilities using VATAS at the time of our visits were still not using the different official time codes in VATAS for recording official time. An official from VA's Financial Services Center (FSC) said that FSC is producing a timekeeper refresher training video to help ensure timekeepers are aware of the most recent changes in VATAS, including instructions on recording official time, and hopes to complete the video by the end of November 2016. To provide agency-wide official time data to OPM, which reports on the use of official time for representational activities government-wide, VA's Office of Labor-Management Relations (LMR) annually collects and compiles data from individual facilities and shares the aggregated data with OPM. VA's Office of LMR uses its LMR Official Time Tracking System to obtain information from individual facilities on the amount of official time used by employees. The LMR system is separate and distinct from VA's time and attendance systems and provides the Office of LMR with a centralized way of collecting official time data from individual facilities. The Office of LMR sends an email each year to facilities with a link to access the LMR system, and a management representative at each facility manually enters information on the use of official time into the LMR system. The actual amount of official time used by employees across VA cannot be easily determined because VA offers facilities various options for calculating and reporting official time data in the LMR system. Federal internal control standards prescribe that management design control activities so that events are completely and accurately recorded and that it communicate reliable information to external entities, such as OPM, to help the agency achieve its objectives. VA allows facilities to use written records, estimates, samples, or surveys of official time hours used, or any combination of these methods to determine the amount of official time used by employees at their facility. Figure 2 shows the various information fields included in the LMR system for fiscal year 2015, including the different calculation methods VA allows facilities to use to determine the amount of official time used by employees. Fiscal year 2015 data collected through the LMR system show that employees spent approximately 1,057,000 hours on official time for union representational activities, and according to VA officials, unions represented almost 290,000 bargaining unit employees across the agency during this time. In addition, the data show that 346 employees spent 100 percent of their time on official time. However, as previously discussed, this data is inconsistent and not reliable. Of the 332 official time submissions from facilities in fiscal year 2015, 104 entries indicate that the facility used only records such as time and attendance records, 5 entries indicate the facility used only a survey of supervisors of union representatives, 123 entries indicate the facility used an estimate only, and 99 indicate that the facility used a combination of these methods to determine the amount of official time used. For one entry, it was not clear which method was used. These different methods of calculating official time result in inconsistent information on the number of official time hours used by employees for union representational activities. Figure 3 illustrates the range of information selected facilities submitted to the Office of LMR on the use of official time. In calculating the amount of official time used, VA strongly encourages facilities to provide comments describing how they arrived at their numbers when submitting their data on official time; however, our review of selected facilities' fiscal year 2015 official time submissions found that none of the facilities provided such comments. Without reliable information from facilities on official time, VA management does not have what it needs to monitor the use of official time and manage its resources effectively. According to VA officials from the Office of LMR, once VATAS is fully implemented, there will be no need for individual facilities to use different methods to calculate the amount of official time used because facilities will be able to rely on information in VATAS when submitting data in the LMR system. A VA official also told us that after VATAS is fully implemented, they plan to issue a policy on the change to calculating official time. Until VATAS is fully implemented, however, the various calculation methods used by facilities will continue to produce inconsistent data on the amount of official time used agency-wide. Furthermore, once fully implemented agency-wide, VATAS could provide VA with an alternative to collecting data from individual facilities through its LMR system on the amount of official time used by employees. An official from VA's FSC stated that FSC currently has the capability to generate reports in VATAS on the amount of official time used at individual facilities. The official added that once all facilities are using VATAS, FSC could generate one report with official time data, thereby eliminating the need for individual facilities to submit official time data through the LMR system. However, an official from VA's Office of LMR was not aware of FSC's ability to produce such reports and said that the Office of LMR currently plans to continue using the LMR system to obtain information from facilities on the amount of official time used. According to federal internal control standards, management should use reliable data for effective monitoring. If VA does not obtain more consistent data on the amount of official time used by employees, it will not be able to accurately track the amount of official time used by employees in order to ensure public resources are being used appropriately. At the five selected facilities GAO visited, VA provided unions with designated space for union representational activities. We found that the amount of designated space for these activities at selected facilities varied, but in all cases, unions' designated space comprised less than 1 percent of the overall space available. VA does not collect or track data from individual facilities on the amount of designated space used by unions, but officials at selected facilities were able to provide us with information on the amount of designated space for representational activities. At the smallest facility, about 0.65 percent of the overall space was designated for representational activities (240 out of 37,068 square feet). At the largest facility, about 0.11 percent of the overall space was designated for representational activities (2,777 out of 2,546,036 square feet). Designated space for representational activities at selected facilities consisted primarily of office space. At all five selected facilities, union officials either had their own office space designated for representational activities, or they shared designated office space. For example, at one facility with two local unions representing a total of about 900 bargaining unit employees, both union presidents had their own office space designated for representational activities. At another facility with three local unions representing a total of about 3,900 bargaining unit employees, all three union presidents shared their designated space with other union officials. Figure 4 shows designated office space at a selected VA facility for a union official who did not share his space, and figure 5 shows designated office space at another selected facility that was shared by up to three union officials. In addition to office space, designated space for union activities included conference rooms and storage rooms at some of the selected facilities. Further, VA provided unions at all five selected facilities with basic office furniture and equipment, such as desks, chairs, filing cabinets, computers, printers, and fax machines. In some cases, union officials said they purchased additional office equipment using union funds. Union officials from three of five groups we interviewed said that limited space for representational activities was a challenge. Specifically, union officials from those three groups said there was not always sufficient privacy to ensure confidentiality for employees, especially in cases where designated space for representational activities was shared by multiple union officials. Union officials from one of five groups we interviewed said their requests to management for additional space were denied; however, union officials from two of five groups provided examples of instances where they declined offers from management to relocate to larger spaces in other buildings. For example, a union official at one facility said the union declined an offer from management to relocate from their space in the main hospital building to an ancillary building on the campus because it might not be as safe for employees to access when working night shifts or during periods of inclement weather. A VA official from the Office of LMR said that, in general, certain VA facilities may have space constraints depending on where they are located, the types of services provided, and the number of veterans served. VA does not track information on the costs associated with unions' use of designated space across the agency, and we were not able to obtain consistent information on costs from selected facilities. However, operating costs at VA facilities typically include operations and maintenance expenses, such as utilities, cleaning costs, and grounds maintenance expenses. Therefore, certain costs associated with unions' designated space at VA facilities are operating and maintenance expenses that would be incurred by VA, regardless of whether VA owned or rented the facilities. VA owned four of five selected facilities, and while some officials at these facilities provided us with information on cost, they used different methods and sources of information to calculate the costs associated with designated union space. At the one selected facility rented by VA, officials used rental payment information and information on the overall square footage of the building to calculate the cost per square foot for fiscal year 2016 to determine the cost associated with designated space for union representational activities at the facility. VA managers and union officials from groups we interviewed at selected facilities cited similar benefits of employees' use of official time for representational activities. Managers and union officials from most groups we interviewed said that employees' use of official time improved decision making and helped them resolve problems at their respective VA facilities, and some believed it improved relationships between management and labor (see fig. 6). VA managers from four out of five groups and union officials from all five groups we interviewed believed unions' use of official time for pre- decisional involvement during meetings at which proposed policies or facility practices are discussed improved decision making processes. This pre-decisional involvement enabled union officials to provide employees' perspectives on certain proposed policy changes and patient and worker safety initiatives. For example, a group of managers and a group of union officials at one selected facility said they recently collaborated to develop a policy on self-scheduling for nursing staff, which they hope will improve employee retention and morale by providing employees with greater flexibility. According to union officials at another selected facility, management and the union collaborated to develop an anti-bullying policy at the facility. Union Official's Opinion on Benefits of the Use of Official Time A union official at one facility believed there was a mutual respect between labor and management at the facility, and that management respected the role of the unions and their concerns. For example, she said several supervisors contacted her with questions regarding how to handle certain employees and situations, and together they developed different approaches to resolve the issues before they escalated. In addition, VA managers and union officials from most groups we interviewed said that employees' use of official time improved conflict resolution by allowing union officials time to communicate with management and employees about any problems that arise. Managers from four out of five groups and union officials from four out of five groups said official time may help resolve problems before they escalate. For example, the use of official time may help prevent problems from evolving into formal actions, such as grievances against management or disciplinary actions against employees. Further, managers and union officials from some groups cited improved relationships as a benefit of employees' use of official time. Specifically, managers from three out of five groups and union officials from three out of five groups thought official time led to improved relationships between management and labor by providing union officials with time to build and maintain a good rapport with managers. For example, a union official from one group said the use of official time helped the union build a good relationship with management, which they believed led to more satisfied employees and management at the facility. According to union officials at the national and local levels, employees' use of official time also facilitates the whistleblower process at VA by providing an avenue for employees to report issues or concerns. For example, national union officials said the unions were involved in uncovering various issues, such as overprescribing opiates and long wait times for veterans. Officials from one national union said nearly 50 whistleblowers had come through the union's office to report issues with VA's patient waitlist and long wait times. Further, a local union official at a selected facility explained that the unions have a sense of professional obligation within VA to report any whistleblower activity. Managers and union officials across selected facilities identified different challenges associated with employees' use of official time. Managers from all five groups we interviewed cited staffing and scheduling challenges associated with employees' use of official time. In some instances, employees split their worktime between union representational activities and non-union duties. For example, an employee at one selected facility served as union president 80 percent of the time and as a pharmacist for the remaining 20 percent. Managers said it is sometimes difficult to accommodate such employees' use of official time because it may detract from these employees' non-union responsibilities. Manager's Opinion on Challenges Associated with the Use of Official Time A manager at one facility said it was difficult to find staff to fill in for employees who spent most of their time using official time. Further, she said the main focus is to provide access for veterans at the facility and employees' use of official time can take away from patient care. Specifically, a manager from one group we interviewed said it can be especially challenging to find other staff to fill in for employees who are responsible for serving patients yet spend most of their worktime on official time. Union Official's Opinion on Challenges Associated with the Use of Official Time A union official at one facility who had a set schedule for using official time explained he had limited flexibility to attend various committee meetings that occurred on days when he was not scheduled to use official time. As a result, he said he was unable to provide employees' perspectives on different issues that were discussed. Union officials from three of five groups we interviewed said they experienced challenges with limited flexibility in terms of when official time may be used. Employees with designated union positions at selected facilities who split their worktime between union representational activities and non-union responsibilities often had set times during which they would use official time, and said that deviating from that schedule could be challenging. In addition, union officials from three of five groups we interviewed said that more official time is needed, and union officials from four groups said they used varying amounts of personal time to conduct union representational activities. The use of official time is viewed by VA managers and union officials we interviewed as beneficial, but it should be monitored effectively to ensure that public resources are spent appropriately. Reliable data on official time are important for effectively overseeing its use, understanding the extent to which it is used across VA, and assisting OPM with the government-wide tracking of the amount of official time used. Our findings raise questions about whether VA is doing all it can to ensure it obtains accurate information on the use of official time in order to effectively oversee its use and share with external entities. The agency-wide implementation of VATAS is an important step toward that goal. Prior to the agency-wide implementation of VATAS, however, VA is not doing all it can to encourage facilities to standardize the way in which they determine the amount of official time used. Taking the intermediary step to standardize methods for determining the amount of official time used at the facility level will not solve all of the data reliability issues surrounding VA's tracking of official time, but it is a step toward collecting more reliable data. In addition, VA has not provided consistent training to facilities on how to record official time in VATAS, and some facilities are still not aware of VA's updated guidance on how to record official time in the system, despite recent efforts. Furthermore, given the potential capabilities of VATAS, there may be better ways for VA to collect information on official time in the future and it may not be necessary for VA to continue using the LMR system to track official time. Until all personnel responsible for recording official time in VATAS are aware of and familiar with VA's guidance, and VA is able to determine a way to obtain more consistent data from facilities, VA will not have an accurate picture of how much time employees use for union representational activities and cannot know how best to manage tracking its use. To improve VA's ability to accurately track employees' use of official time, we recommend that the Secretary of Veterans Affairs direct the Assistant Secretary for Human Resources and Administration to: 1. increase efforts to ensure timekeepers at all facilities receive training and consistent guidance on recording official time in VATAS; 2. standardize the methods used by facilities for determining the amount of official time used prior to the agency-wide implementation of VATAS by encouraging facilities to rely on time and attendance records when calculating the amount of official time used at the facility level; and 3. in preparation for the full implementation of VATAS, take steps to transition from using the LMR system to VATAS to collect and compile information on the amount of official time used agency-wide. We provided a draft of this report to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) for review and comment. We received formal written comments from VA, which are reproduced in appendix I. In addition, OPM provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate. In its written comments, VA agreed with all three of our recommendations. With regard to our first recommendation, VA stated that the Office of Labor Management Relations (LMR) has revised its policy to include specific directions to human resource offices to begin recording official time in the VA Time and Attendance System (VATAS) once VATAS has been implemented at their respective facilities. With regard to our second recommendation, VA stated that the Office of Human Resources and Administration plans to develop a memo directing facilities to rely on time and attendance records when calculating the amount of official time used at the facility level. With regard to our third recommendation, VA stated that the Office of LMR will transition from using the LMR Official Time Tracking System to collect and compile data on official time and will coordinate with the Financial Services Center to use VATAS to create a report on the agency-wide use of official time. As agreed with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the report date. At that time we will send copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committee, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, VA's Assistant Secretary for Human Resources and Administration, the Director of OPM, and other interested parties. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-7215 or brownbarnesc@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix II. In addition to the contact named above, Mary Crenshaw (Assistant Director), Meredith Moore (Analyst-in-Charge), Amber D. Gray, and Teresa Heger made significant contributions to this report. Also contributing to this report were Rachel Beers, Mark Bird, David Chrisinger, Lee Clark, George Depaoli, Ronald La Due Lake, Edward Laughlin, Steven Lozano, Marcia Mann, Signora May, Jean McSween, Mimi Nguyen, James Rebbe, Susan Sato, Almeta Spencer, Carolyn Voltz, and Craig Winslow.

Summary:
In fiscal year 2012, there were over 250,000 bargaining unit employees at VA, and these employees spent about 1.1 million hours performing union representational activities on official time, according to an OPM report. The ways in which VA manages its human resources, including the use of official time, have received increased scrutiny in recent years. GAO was asked to review the amount of official time used by VA employees as well as the amount of space designated for representational activities. This report examines (1) the extent to which VA tracks official time, (2) what is known about the amount of designated space used for union representational activities at selected VA facilities, and (3) the views of VA managers and union officials on the benefits and challenges of employees using official time. GAO reviewed VA's fiscal year 2014 and 2015 data on official time--the most recent data available; analyzed information on designated union space and held group interviews with VA managers and union officials at a nongeneralizable sample of five VA facilities selected based on the number of bargaining unit employees and other factors; and interviewed officials at VA, OPM, and from national unions. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) cannot accurately track the amount of work time employees spend on union representational activities, referred to as official time, agency-wide because it does not have a standardized way for its facilities to record and calculate official time. Specifically: Recording official time --VA uses two separate time and attendance systems that capture official time differently. VA's new system (VA Time and Attendance System, or VATAS), which VA began rolling out at some facilities in 2013, has specific codes to record official time, but the older system does not. The inconsistent recording of official time raises questions about VA's ability to monitor its use, but VATAS could help to standardize this process. In rolling out the new system, which VA expects to complete agency-wide in 2018, VA has provided inconsistent training and guidance on how to use the codes in VATAS. While VA has taken steps to provide better training and guidance on recording official time, GAO recently found that timekeepers at two of three selected facilities where VATAS has been rolled out were still not using the codes. Without consistent guidance and training, personnel may not know how to properly record official time in the new system. Calculating official time --VA provides its facilities with a range of options for calculating the amount of official time used. VA annually collects and compiles these data agency-wide using the Labor-Management Relations (LMR) Official Time Tracking System--separate and distinct from VA's time and attendance systems. In calculating official time, facilities may use records, estimates, or other methods, which results in inconsistent data. VA officials told GAO that all facilities will eventually be able to rely on VATAS time and attendance records to calculate official time when submitting data in the LMR system. The full implementation of VATAS will provide VA with an alternative to using the LMR system to collect and compile more reliable official time data. Without reliable data, VA cannot monitor the use of official time agency-wide or share reliable data with the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), which reports on the government-wide use of official time. At all five selected VA facilities, designated space for representational activities comprised less than 1 percent of the overall square footage at each location, according to GAO's analysis. VA does not collect or track data from individual facilities on the amount of space designated for representational activities. Union officials at three of the five facilities GAO visited said that limited space for representational activities made it difficult to provide privacy for employees. A VA official said that certain VA facilities may have space constraints depending on where they are located and the number of veterans served, for example. At most selected VA facilities, VA managers and union officials GAO interviewed cited similar benefits of employees using official time, such as improving decision-making and resolving problems. However, they had differing views on challenges associated with employees' use of official time, such as when and how much official time may be used. GAO is making three recommendations to VA including that it provide consistent guidance and training on how to record official time in VATAS and that it take steps to collect more reliable data from facilities. VA agreed with GAO's recommendations and stated that it would take action to address them.