Head Start is a federal program that has provided comprehensive early childhood development services (e.g., education, health, nutrition, and social services) to low-income children and their families since 1965. These services are intended to promote the school readiness of children by enhancing their cognitive, social, and emotional development. Most children served in Head Start programs are three- and four-year-olds, but in the mid-1990s Head Start was expanded to include Early Head Start programs targeted to infants, toddlers, and expectant parents. In this report, the term Head Start is inclusive of the Early Head Start program, unless otherwise specified. At the federal level, the Head Start program is administered by the Office of Head Start (OHS) within the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). HHS provides federal Head Start funds directly to local public and private non-profit and for-profit agencies (called "grantees"), rather than through states. Head Start programs are locally designed and are administered by roughly 1,600 grantees. Since the program's inception, Head Start grantees have generally been given grant awards for indefinite periods (i.e., awards with no end date). However, the 2007 Head Start reauthorization law ( P.L. 110-134 ) changed this by instituting a five-year designation period for Head Start grantees. Under the new law, at the end of its five-year designation period, a grantee must demonstrate that it is delivering high-quality and comprehensive services, or else the grant is to be opened for re-competition. The law refers to the process of identifying grantees for re-competition as the Designation Renewal System (DRS). HHS was tasked with establishing the DRS, based on certain parameters specified within the law. This report provides an overview of the major milestones leading up to the early implementation of the DRS. Table 1 outlines a chronology of these milestones and serves as a preview to the remainder of the report, which discusses these events and activities in greater detail. The bulk of the report is focused on the DRS itself, including the indicators used to identify grantees for re-competition and the status of competitions to date. The report concludes with a discussion of additional issues related to the DRS, including legal challenges and evaluation plans. In the years leading up to the 2007 reauthorization law, Congress demonstrated a growing interest in introducing more competition to the Head Start program. A Government Accountability Office (GAO) report published in February 2005 recommended that HHS begin re-competing grants in cases where a grantee had failed to meet program, financial management, or other requirements. In response, HHS expressed concerns over the legal authority for entering into such competitions and GAO suggested that Congress may wish to "clarify" these authorities. Subsequently, the idea of limiting grantee designation periods to five years and requiring "low performing" grantees to re-compete was raised at congressional hearings and in various draft reauthorization bills throughout the 109 th and 110 th Congresses. However, it was not until December 2007 that Congress ultimately enacted legislation requiring HHS to carry out these activities. The Improving Head Start for School Readiness Act of 2007 ( P.L. 110-134 ) reauthorized Head Start through the end of FY2012. This law significantly amended the existing Head Start Act. A seminal component of the reauthorization law was the requirement that HHS develop a "Designation Renewal System" to identify low performing grantees for re-competition. Under the law, the stated purpose of the DRS is to "determine if a Head Start agency is delivering a high quality and comprehensive Head Start program that meets the educational, health, nutritional, and social needs of the children and families it serves, and meets program and financial management requirements and standards." Section 641(c) of the amended Head Start Act tasked the Secretary of HHS (the Secretary) with developing the DRS, in consultation with a panel of experts, and specified that the DRS must base determinations of program quality on annual budget and fiscal management data; program monitoring reviews (which must occur at least once every three years according to requirements set forth in Section 641A(c) of the Head Start Act); annual audits (as required by Section 647 of the Head Start Act); classroom quality (as measured under Section 641A(2)(F) of the Head Start Act, which calls for the use of a "valid and reliable research-based observational instrument, implemented by qualified individuals with demonstrated reliability, that assesses classroom quality, including assessing multiple dimensions of teacher-child interactions that are linked to positive child development and later achievement"); and Program Information Reports (annual reports submitted by all Head Start grantees and delegate grantees, which provide comprehensive data on staff and services, as well as children and families served). The conference report ( H.Rept. 110-439 ) accompanying the 2007 reauthorization law stated that the DRS was not expected to require the majority of Head Start programs to re-compete: "The Conferees strongly believe the majority of Head Start programs are delivering high quality services, and therefore do not intend for this new designation system to result in competition for designation for the majority of Head Start programs." The conference report went on to express the belief that having low-performing grantees compete for funding would improve overall program performance. The 2007 reauthorization law called for the Secretary of HHS to convene an expert panel to make recommendations on the development of a "transparent, reliable, and valid" system for designation renewal. To this end, the Secretary chartered an advisory committee in January 2008. Twelve months later, in December 2008, the advisory committee released a report with formal recommendations for implementing the DRS. The advisory committee recommended that the DRS include a combination of automatic indicators and key quality indicators. Under the committee's proposal, the automatic indicators would be used for problems of "such a serious nature that a single occurrence would automatically require a grantee to compete for renewal." The committee suggested that this include cases in which a grantee had declared bankruptcy, been debarred from receiving federal funds, had a license revoked, or had a "high number" of deficiencies identified in a program monitoring review (where "high number" was defined as two standard deviations from the mean). Meanwhile, key quality indicators would require competition "when a pattern of poor performance on multiple indicators is present." The advisory committee recommended the development of key quality indicators in four broad areas (program management, education, comprehensive services, and financial management) and called for the Secretary to establish a threshold for each indicator such that a meaningful distinction would be made between programs providing high-quality services and those not providing high-quality services. In September 2010, HHS released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on designation renewal and re-competition based, in part, on the advisory committee's recommendations. The NPRM proposed re-competing at least 25% of all Head Start and Early Head Start grantees participating in monitoring reviews in a given year. (Monitoring reviews are largely triennial, so roughly one-third of all grantees participate in monitoring reviews each year.) Under the proposal, grantees would be identified for re-competition based on performance on seven proposed indicators addressing varied aspects of program quality, licensing and operations, and fiscal and internal controls. (The seven indicators proposed in the NPRM serve as the basis for the seven indicators included in the final rule, with some adjustments. For a more robust discussion of these indicators, see the " DRS Final Rule " section of this report.) The NPRM proposed requiring automatic re-competition for any grantee that failed to meet standards set by one or more of the seven indicators. In the event fewer than 25% of grantees were to trigger re-competition in a given year, the NPRM proposed using "objective criteria" to identify additional low performing grantees for re-competition. The NPRM did not identify these objective criteria, but solicited feedback from stakeholders on what they should be. Ultimately, the final rule eliminated the 25% requirement altogether (see related discussion in the section on " Differences from the NPRM "). The NPRM gave the public 90 days to comment on the proposed rule (i.e., until December 21, 2010). During that time, HHS received approximately 16,000 comments on the NPRM from Head Start grantees, parents, teachers, state associations, national organizations, academic institutions, and legal entities. HHS took these comments into consideration before publishing a final rule on the DRS in November 2011. HHS published the DRS final rule on November 9, 2011. Under the terms of the final rule, the DRS became effective on December 9, 2011, thirty days after the rule was published in the Federal Register . This section of the report explores the contents of the final rule, with emphasis on the indicators selected for identifying grantees for re-competition. The final rule established seven indicators for identifying programs that are not providing "high-quality and comprehensive services." Any Head Start grantee that fails to meet the minimum quality standards established by one or more of the seven indicators listed below (and described in greater detail in Table 3 at the end of this report) is automatically required to compete for continued funding. This does not mean the grantee will automatically lose its funding. Rather, it means the grantee will have to successfully compete against other interested applicants to continue to receive funding. DRS Triggers for Re-competition: 1. The grantee has had one or more deficiencies identified in a single monitoring review. 2. The grantee has failed to establish and use goals for improving school-readiness (including analysis of aggregate and individual child-level assessment data). 3. The grantee has received a low score on one or more domains of the CLASS: Pre-K , an observational assessment tool used to measure classroom quality. (This indicator does not apply to Early Head Start programs or those using only the home-based program option.) 4. The grantee has had its license revoked by a state or local authority. (An exception is made if the revocation is overturned or withdrawn before the competition is announced.) 5. The grantee has had operations suspended by HHS. (An exception is made if the suspension has been overturned or withdrawn, or the grantee has appealed the suspension and has not had a chance to show cause as to why it should be lifted or not be imposed.) 6. The grantee has been debarred from receiving funds from any federal or state agency or disqualified from participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). 7. The grantee has been determined to be at risk of ceasing to be a "going concern" by HHS based on an audit or other investigation within the 12 month period preceding the decision on whether a grantee must compete for funding. (Additional details about the seven indicators are provided in Table 3 at the back of this report.) The main difference between the proposed rule and the final rule is that the final rule eliminated a provision from the NPRM that would have required at least 25% of grantees reviewed in each round to compete for continued funding. The final rule included no such provision, but rather expanded provisions related to the CLASS: Pre-K assessments, such that grantees are required to compete if they fail to meet a minimum quality threshold on any CLASS domain or if they receive a CLASS score that falls within the bottom 10% on any domain (unless a grantee scoring in the bottom 10% received a score indicative of an "exceptional" level of quality). Based on changes in the final rule, HHS estimated that about one-third of all programs would be designated for re-competition. Pursuant to requirements in the law, the final rule includes a special provision for American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) Head Start and Early Head Start programs. When such programs fail to meet the minimum standards established by one or more of the seven quality indicators, HHS is to engage in a government-to-government consultation with the appropriate tribal government(s) to develop a quality improvement plan for the grantee. This plan must be implemented within six months of the DRS determination. Not more than six months after the implementation of the quality improvement plan, HHS is to re-evaluate the performance of the grantee. If the grantee is still not delivering a high-quality and comprehensive program, then HHS is to hold a competition for the area served by the grantee. In general, a non-AIAN Head Start or Early Head Start agency is not eligible to win such a competition unless there is no AIAN Head Start or Early Head Start agency available. In such cases, a non-AIAN Head Start or Early Head Start program may receive the grant until such time as an AIAN Head Start or Early Head Start agency becomes available. Separate from the DRS, the Head Start Act requires HHS to conduct a program monitoring review for each grantee at least once every three years. (New grantees are subject to a full review immediately upon completion of their first program year, but while data from first-year reviews are used for general program oversight, they are exempt from consideration as part of the DRS.) Monitoring reviews are used to determine whether or not grantees are meeting applicable standards for program, administrative, financial management, and other requirements. The law requires follow-up visits for any agency determined, based on findings from a monitoring review, to have one or more deficiencies or significant areas of noncompliance. The law allows for unannounced site inspections of Head Start centers, as appropriate. In this context, a deficiency represents (1) a systemic or substantial material failure on the part of a grantee to meet Head Start program performance standards (as specified in law and regulation), (2) a systemic or material failure of the governing body of an agency to fully exercise its legal and fiduciary responsibilities, or (3) an unresolved area of noncompliance. In practice, this may mean that a grantee has, for instance, misused its federal Head Start funds or failed to minimize threats to the health, safety, or civil rights of children or staff. (See Table 3 for more specifics.) The law requires HHS to notify grantees in writing when a deficiency has been identified and to indicate whether the deficiency is to be corrected immediately or pursuant to a Quality Improvement Plan. Failure to correct a deficiency in a timely manner (to be not more than one year) constitutes a material failure by a grantee to comply with the terms and conditions of its funding award. This means that--separate from the DRS--grantees who fail to correct deficiencies in a timely manner are at risk of termination or denial of refunding. Under the DRS final rule, the issuance of one or more deficiencies within a grantee's DRS review period will trigger re-competition, regardless of how quickly the grantee corrects the deficiency. According to HHS, the correction of a deficiency is "required in order to avoid termination, but is not considered in determinations made under the Designation Renewal System." In FY2009, a total of 22 grantees (4.6% of all grantees who underwent first year or triennial reviews) were found to have one or more deficiencies. The majority of these deficiencies were based on threats to the health and safety of children or staff (e.g., failure to conduct criminal background checks, failure to keep premises clean and free of undesirable or hazardous materials). The Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) is an observational assessment tool used to measure classroom quality. The CLASS: Pre-K is specifically designed to assess the interactions of preschool children, ages 3-5, in classroom settings. The CLASS: Pre-K is organized around three domains: (1) Emotional Support, (2) Classroom Organization, and (3) Instructional Support. The Emotional Support domain examines positive and negative climate in a classroom, as well as teachers' sensitivity and regard for student perspectives. The Classroom Organization domain explores behavior management, productivity, and learning formats. The Instructional Support domain assesses the use of curriculum in promoting cognitive and language development. CLASS observations are conducted by trained and certified "CLASS Observers," who have passed a reliability test. CLASS reviewers must be recertified on an annual basis. CLASS Observers code classroom interactions across domains using a 7-point scale. For the DRS, minimum quality thresholds differ by domain. Grantees will trigger re-competition by scoring below 4 on Emotional Support, below 3 on Classroom Organization, below 2 on Instructional Support, or in the lowest decile (i.e., bottom 10%) on any CLASS domain. Table 2 compares the average scores for Head Start grantees in FY2012 with the minimum quality thresholds for the DRS. Under the terms of the final rule, the CLASS: Pre-K component of the DRS does not apply to Early Head Start programs (which serve infants, toddlers, and expectant parents) or programs operating only a home-based option. This is because the CLASS: Pre-K is not designed to assess the quality of home-based programs or programs serving infants and toddlers. According to the preamble to the final rule, HHS will "consider incorporating a valid and reliable measure of teacher-child interaction in Early Head Start and in the Home-based program option when such a tool becomes available" and will implement such a tool only after "soliciting public input through an NPRM." Under the final rule, any new grant awarded after the rule's effective date (December 9, 2011) is to be designated for a five-year period, instead of an indefinite period. For existing grantees, the final rule called for the DRS to be phased-in over a three-year transition period (i.e., December 9, 2011, to December 9, 2014). During the first year of the transition period, HHS reviewed all existing grantees against five of the seven indicators (school readiness goals/data and CLASS: Pre-K scores were excluded). During the following two years, HHS planned to evaluate any grantees that had not triggered re-competition in the first year against all seven DRS indicators. At some point prior to the end of the three-year transition period, any grantee that has not triggered re-competition is to be notified that they have been deemed eligible for five years of renewed funding without competition. Thus far, HHS has announced the first two cohorts of grantees required to re-compete: Cohort 1: In December 2011, based on an assessment of five of the seven DRS indicators, HHS notified 131 grantees that they would be required to re-compete for funding. Cohort 2: In January 2013, based on an initial review of the full seven indicators, HHS notified 122 grantees that they would be required to re-compete for funding. Once a grantee has been designated for re-competition, the next step is to announce the availability of funding and to hold a competition. HHS began posting Funding Opportunity Announcements for DRS competitions in 2012. Funding opportunities made available as part of the DRS are generally opened only to applicants looking to serve families within the same service areas currently served by grantees who triggered re-competition. Federal regulations define a service area as the "geographic area identified in an approved grant application within which a grantee may provide Head Start services." As a rule, service areas are unique to individual grantees (i.e., there is no overlap), meaning that HHS must hold individual competitions for each grantee's slot to ensure coverage for each service area affected by the DRS. In some cases, DRS competitions may result in larger service areas being broken into smaller service areas based on the interest and capacity of applicants (and the quality of applications). To support agencies applying for these competitions, HHS established a grant application toolkit. The toolkit provides explanatory information about Head Start, links to funding opportunities, and a number of resources to support agencies in completing their applications (e.g., details on how to apply, the criteria by which applicants will be evaluated, and answers to frequently asked questions). All applications are reviewed by a panel of independent early childhood professionals and assessed for viability by Certified Public Accountants. On July 2, 2013, HHS announced that grants would be awarded to roughly 153 successful applicants from Cohort 1 competitions. The announcement indicated that in some cases the selection panel had determined an existing grant would be more effective if split among multiple agencies. The July 2013 announcement followed a preliminary press release from April 2013, in which HHS had indicated that, based on preliminary competition results, roughly 80 of the original Cohort 1 grantees would continue to receive funding, 25 of the original grantees would be replaced, and 14 of the original grantees would see their grants split up between new and existing providers. These numbers suggest that roughly three-quarters of the Cohort 1 grantees who have undergone re-competition will retain their grants (in part or in full). The April 2013 announcement also stated that some of the Cohort 1 competitions had no successful applicants, meaning that HHS will have to hold a new series of competitions for grants in these service areas. In addition, a few Cohort 1 grantees have not yet been re-competed, as six of these grants were slated for inclusion in the Birth-to-Five Pilot competition currently underway. Meanwhile, funding opportunity announcements for many Cohort 2 grantees were issued on July 25, 2013. Under the terms of the final rule, grantees designated for re-competition do not have the right to appeal, meaning that all DRS decisions are final. Some comments on the NPRM requested that the final rule include procedures for these decisions to be appealed, but HHS did not adopt this policy. HHS addressed this decision in the preamble to the final rule, noting that the 2007 reauthorization law had not required an appeals procedure for DRS decisions. HHS noted that provisions elsewhere in the Head Start Act require appeals procedures to be in place for specified circumstances. For instance, the law states that grantees must be able to appeal decisions by HHS to terminate or reduce a grant award or to suspend a grantee for more than 30 days. Following publication of the DRS final rule, several non-profit associations filed a lawsuit challenging the lawfulness of the "single deficiency trigger" in the final regulations. In Ohio Head Start v. Dep't. Health and Human Serv. , the plaintiffs, three separate associations whose membership included some Head Start agencies required to compete for new five-year Head Start grants because of one or more deficiency findings, argued that the single deficiency trigger was invalid on several grounds: (1) it was impermissibly retroactive because it applied to groups that had already received funding; (2) it deprived grantees of their protected property and liberty interests in grant renewals without due process; and (3) it was arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act. The federal district court dismissed the challenges on summary judgment, concluding that the Head Start associations failed on all claims. The court first noted that the DRS applies to future grants, not current grants, so it is not retroactive. As to due process, the court ruled that the plaintiffs did not identify a protected property or liberty interest that needed to be protected, and even if they had, the agency provides sufficient constitutional due process. Finally, under the administrative challenge, the court held that the rule was not arbitrary or capricious because, while the Secretary had to provide a reasonable explanation for why the agency decided not to follow the recommendation of the HHS Secretary's Advisory Committee regarding deficiencies (i.e., to re-compete programs with deficiencies equal to or exceeding two standard deviations from the mean), it was not foreclosed from going with a single deficiency trigger instead. Following this decision, the plaintiffs filed for an injunction to stop HHS from implementing the DRS pending appeal. The district court denied the injunction on the grounds that the plaintiffs failed to show any likelihood of success on the merits. The court also held that the plaintiffs could not show that they would suffer irreparable harm if they were not granted the injunction. In addition, the delay would require HHS to expend significant additional resources, and would require a new round of applications and reviews. The plaintiffs appealed the ruling of the district court, and on May 21, 2013, a three judge panel of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court's ruling without an opinion. HHS has undertaken (via contract) an evaluation of the DRS to explore how and whether it is meeting goals of "transparency, validity, reliability," and "overall program quality improvement." The evaluation will examine the effectiveness of the DRS in differentiating between higher and lower performing grantees and in improving the overall quality of Head Start programs by the introduction of competition. HHS awarded the evaluation contract in 2012. The evaluation is slated to run through 2015.

Summary:
Head Start is a federal program that has provided comprehensive early childhood development services (e.g., education, health, nutrition, and social services) to low-income children and their families since 1965. These services are intended to promote the school readiness of children by enhancing their cognitive, social, and emotional development. At the federal level, Head Start is administered by the Office of Head Start within the Administration for Children and Families at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Federal Head Start funds are provided directly to local public and private nonprofit and for-profit agencies (called "grantees"), rather than through states. At this time, programs are administered by roughly 1,600 grantees. Since the program's inception, Head Start grantees have generally been given grant awards for indefinite periods (i.e., awards with no end date). However, the 2007 Head Start reauthorization law (P.L. 110-134) changed this by instituting a five-year designation period for Head Start grantees. Under this law, at the end of its five-year designation period, a grantee must demonstrate that it is delivering high-quality and comprehensive services, or else the grant is to be opened for re-competition. The law refers to the process of identifying grantees for re-competition as the Designation Renewal System (DRS). The law tasked HHS with establishing the DRS in consultation with a panel of experts and based on parameters specified in the law. In January 2008, HHS convened an Advisory Committee on Re-designation of Head Start Grantees. Twelve months later, the advisory committee released a report with formal recommendations for implementing the DRS. In September 2010, HHS published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on the DRS based, in part, on the advisory committee's recommendations. HHS received approximately 16,000 comments on the proposed rule from Head Start grantees, parents, teachers, state associations, national organizations, academic institutions, and legal entities. HHS took all comments into consideration before publishing a final rule on the DRS in November 2011. The DRS final rule established seven indicators for identifying Head Start grantees that are not providing "high-quality and comprehensive services." The indicators address various aspects of program quality, licensing and operations, and fiscal and internal controls. Any grantee that fails to meet the minimum quality standards set by one or more of the seven indicators will automatically be required to compete for continued funding. Under the terms of the final rule, the DRS became effective on December 9, 2011. That month, HHS announced the first cohort of grantees required to re-compete. A second cohort of grantees designated for re-competition was announced in January 2013. DRS competitions began in 2012. As of July 2013, HHS had awarded roughly 153 grants through DRS competitions.