The authority for congressional review and approval of the District of Columbia's budget is derived from the Constitution and the District of Columbia Self-Government and Government Reorganization Act of 1973 (Home Rule Act). The Constitution gives Congress the power to "exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever" pertaining to the District of Columbia. In 1973, Congress granted the city limited home rule authority and empowered citizens of the District to elect a mayor and city council. However, Congress retained the authority to review and approve all District laws, including the District's annual budget. As required by the Home Rule Act, the city council must approve a budget within 56 days after receiving a budget proposal from the mayor. The approved budget must then be transmitted to the President, who forwards it to Congress for its review, modification, and approval through the annual appropriations process. This typically includes subcommittee hearings, which may take place before the actual budget submission to Congress; subcommittee and committee markups in the House and the Senate; committee reports and votes; floor action; conference report consideration; and final passage. This budget review and approval process must be completed within approximately 120 calendar days before the beginning of the District's fiscal year on October 1. Congress not only appropriates federal payments to the District to fund certain activities, but also reviews, and may modify, the District's entire budget, including the expenditure of local funds as outlined in the District's Home Rule Act. Since FY2006, the District's appropriations act has been included in a multi-agency appropriations bill; before FY2006 the District budget was considered by the House and the Senate as a stand-alone bill. It is currently included in the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill (FSGG). Table 1 tracked the District's appropriation for FY2016 as it moved through the congressional review process. District of Columbia appropriations acts typically include the following three components: 1. Special federal payments appropriated by Congress to be used to meet certain statutory obligations and to fund particular initiatives or activities of interest to Congress or the Administration. 2. The District's operating budget , which includes funds to cover the day-to-day functions, activities, and responsibilities of the government; enterprise funds that provide for the operation and maintenance of government facilities or services that are entirely or primarily supported by user-based fees; and long-term capital outlays such as road improvements. District operating budget expenditures are paid for by revenues generated through local taxes (sales and income), federal funds for which the District qualifies, and fees and other sources of funds. 3. General provisions are typically the third component of the District's budget reviewed and approved by Congress. These provisions can be grouped into several distinct but overlapping categories, with the most predominant being provisions relating to fiscal and budgetary directives and controls. Other provisions include administrative directives and controls, limitations on lobbying for statehood or congressional voting representation, congressional oversight, and congressionally imposed restrictions and prohibitions related to social policy. It should be noted that Congress has, from time to time, included language authorizing new programmatic initiatives or amendments to the District of Columbia home rule charter in the District's Appropriations bill. For example, in 1995, Congress included language authorizing the creation of public charter schools in the District of Columbia as part of P.L. 104-134 , a consolidated appropriation measure. In 2004, Congress included statutory provisions creating a school voucher program as part of the District of Columbia Appropriations, which was a component of a consolidated appropriations act, P.L. 108-199 . On February 2, 2015, the Obama Administration released its detailed budget request for FY2016. The Administration's proposed budget included $760 million in special federal payments to the District of Columbia, including court services, offender supervision and public defender services, which is $80 million more than the District's FY2015 appropriation of $680 million. The proposed $80 million increase included additional funding for the Tuition Assistance Program, court operations, and court services. The request also included $20 million in funding for a mix of new initiatives, including the promotion of solar energy, the redevelopment of the St. Elizabeths campus, affordable housing, and funds for the arts. Approximately 80% ($612.4 million) of the President's proposed budget request for the District would have been targeted to the courts and criminal justice system. This included $274.4 million in support of court operations; $49.9 million for Defender Services; $244.7 million for the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia, an independent federal agency responsible for the District's pretrial services, adult probation, and parole supervision functions; $1.9 million for the Criminal Justice Coordinating Council; $40.9 million for the public defender's office; and $565,000 to cover costs associated with investigating judicial misconduct complaints and recommending candidates to the President for vacancies to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the District of Columbia Superior Court. The President's budget request totaled $83.6 million in support of education initiatives, including $43.2 million to support elementary and secondary education, $435,000 to support the D.C. National Guard college access program, and $40 million for college tuition assistance. These amounts represent 10.9% of the Administration's budget request for the District of Columbia for FY2016. The President's budget also included a general provision in support of budget and legislative autonomy for the District. On April 2, 2015, the mayor of the District of Columbia submitted a proposed budget to the District of Columbia Council. On July 9, 2016, the District of Columbia Council approved the District of Columbia budget which was signed by the mayor on July 10, 2016, and forwarded to the President for transmittal to Congress. The FY2016 budget request included $13.0 billion in total operating expenditures, including enterprise funds, and $1.1 billion in capital outlays. The special federal payments section of the budget request as passed by the District of Columbia Council was consistent with the Administration's budget submission, excluding funding for court services and public defender offices. The budget request passed by the District of Columbia Council (the Council) also included general provisions that would have granted the District greater self-governance. The act proposed to provide some level of budget autonomy in the expenditure of local funds and legislative autonomy. Specifically, the act, if approved by Congress, would have amended the District's home rule charter by removing language that currently subjects the District's general fund budget to the congressional appropriations process. Also, the proposed amendment would have made the annual operating/local budget effective upon passage by the District Council. The proposed amendment, if approved by Congress, would have directed the mayor to submit to the President for transmittal to Congress that portion of the budget with respect to special federal payments for its review and approval. The amendment would have only required the mayor to notify the Speaker of House and the President of the Senate regarding that portion of the budget covering the expenditure of local funds. No congressional action would be required. In addition, the Council's budget request for FY2016 included provisions intended to advance the principles of home rule. The proposal would have amended the District's Home Rule Act by eliminating provisions governing congressional review of legislative acts of the District government, which currently allows Congress 30 legislative days to review non-criminal-code legislation passed by the District of Columbia Council and 60 days for legislation related to criminal offenses, procedures, and prisoners; eliminated language that would have excluded Saturdays, Sundays, holidays, and any day on which neither chamber was in session because of an adjournment sine die, a recess of more than three days, or an adjournment of more than three days beginning on the day the legislation was transmitted to the House or Senate; and no longer subjected proposed charter amendments to the 35-day congressional review period. As a fallback position, should Congress fail to enact the mayor's proposal, the mayoral budget request also included language that would have allowed for the expenditure of local funds as outlined in an approved budget request act or continuing budget resolution if Congress failed to enact a District appropriations at the beginning of a fiscal year starting with FY2017. This provision would have been void if Congress approved amendments to the home rule charter granting the District budget autonomy or if Congress enacted the Local Budget Autonomy Amendment Act of 2012, as passed by the District of Columbia Council and ratified by District voters. In the weeks and months following the President's transmittal to Congress of the District's budget request, Congress reviewed and considered additional federal assistance to the District as part of the appropriations process for FY2016. This section of the report will discuss congressional action as it occurred. On July 9, 2015, the House Appropriations Committee approved the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act of 2014, H.R. 2995 , with an accompanying report ( H.Rept. 114-194 ). The bill included $678.0 million in special federal payments to the District. This amount was $1.63 million less than appropriated for FY2015, $81.8 million less than requested by the Obama Administration and $10.7 million less than recommended by the Senate committee bill. The bill did not include funding for the District's Water and Sewer Authority, and recommended a substantial decrease in the amount proposed to be appropriated for the Resident Tuition Support (college access) program ($20 million less than the amount requested by the Obama Administration and $10 million less than appropriated in FY2015). The bill also recommended $45 million in funding to support the District of Columbia Public Schools ($15 million), public charter schools ($15 million), and private school vouchers ($15 million). General Provisions Like its Senate counterpart, the House committee bill included several general provisions governing budgetary and fiscal operations and controls, including prohibiting deficit spending within budget accounts, establishing restrictions on the reprogramming of funds, and allowing the transfer of local funds to capital and enterprise fund accounts. In addition, the bill would have required the city's Chief Financial Officer to submit a revised appropriated funds operating budget for the District public schools within 30 days after the passage of the bill. The House committee bill also included several general provisions relating to statehood or congressional representation for the District, including provisions that would have continued prohibiting the use of federal funds to support or defeat any legislation being considered by Congress or a state legislature; cover salaries, expenses, and other costs associated with the office of Statehood Representative and Statehood Senator for the District of Columbia; and support efforts by the District of Columbia Attorney General or any other officer of the District government to provide assistance for any petition drive or civil action seeking voting representation in Congress for citizens of the District. Unlike the Senate committee bill, H.R. 2 995 would have restricted the use of both District and federal funds for abortion service, except in cases of rape or incest, and where the life of the pregnant woman would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term. The bill also included a provision that would have prohibited the use of federal funds to enact any law that would decriminalize or regulate the use of marijuana. In addition, the bill would have continued to prohibit the use of federal funds to administer a needle exchange program to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS among intravenous drug abusers. On July 30, 2015, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 1 910 , its version of the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act for FY2016, with an accompanying report ( S. Rept. 11 4 - 97 ). As reported, the bill recommended $688.7 million in special federal payments to the District. This amount was approximately $9.1 million more than appropriated for FY2015, and $71.1 million less than requested by the Administration. The bill included $28.4 million less in funding for court operations than requested by the Administration, but only $900,000 less than appropriated in FY2015. It would have appropriated $1.8 million less than the President's FY2015 request, for elementary and secondary education initiatives. These funds would have been allocated among three specific initiatives: public school improvements ($15 million), support for public charter schools ($15 million), and funding a private school voucher program ($15 million for evaluation and administration activities). The Senate report accompanying the bill noted that there were sufficient unexpended funds available from pervious appropriations to meet the needs of the program. General Provisions The Senate committee bill's general provisions mirrored some of the language included in the House committee bill. Like the House committee bill, S. 1 910 included provisions governing budgetary and fiscal operations and controls. It also included provisions that would have restricted or prohibited the use of federal funds to support District statehood or congressional voting representation. It included provisions that would have continued prohibiting the use of federal funds to support or defeat any legislation being considered by Congress or a state legislature; cover salaries, expenses, and other costs associated with the office of Statehood Representative and Statehood Senator for the District of Columbia; and support efforts by the District of Columbia Attorney General or any other officer of the District government to provide assistance for any petition drive or civil action seeking voting representation in Congress for citizens of the District. The bill also included proposed changes to two provisions that city officials had sought to eliminate or modify. The bill would have continued the prohibition against the use of federal funds to provide abortion services; and maintained the current prohibition on the use of federal funds to support a needle exchange program. The Senate committee bill included provisions not included in the House Committee version of the FSGG bill. The Senate measure would have granted the city budget autonomy over the expenditure of locally raised funds for FY2017. Specifically, the Senate measure would have granted the District the authority to spend local funds if Congress failed to pass a continuing resolution or enact a federal appropriation authorizing the expenditure of local funds before the start of the District's 2017 fiscal year. The Senate Committee bill also included provisions that would have amended the District's Opportunity Scholarship Program by establishing additional certification requirements for private elementary and secondary schools participating in the scholarship program; and amended the District's college access program by reducing the household income threshold for resident tuition assistance grants. On September 30, 2015, unable to reach agreement on FY2016 appropriations for the District of Columbia before October 1, 2015, the beginning of 2016 fiscal year, Congress passed and the President signed P.L. 114-53 , an act providing for continuing appropriations from October 1, 2015, to December 11, 2015. The act included a provision that allowed the District to expend local funds for activities and programs included in the District's FY2015 appropriations act at a rate as outlined in the District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request Act of 2015 (D.C. Act 21-99). Congress passed two additional continuing resolutions (CRs) that extended the period covered. P.L. 114-96 , expired on December 16, 2015, and P.L. 114-100 expired on December 22, 2015. On December 18, 2015, Congress approved and the President signed into law P.L. 114-113 , the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016, providing appropriations for the District of Columbia and other programs and activities for the remainder of FY2016. The act included $729.843 million in special federal payments to the District. This amount was $50.212 million more than $679.631 million appropriated for FY2015, $29.950 million less than requested by the Administration, $41.164 million more than recommended by the Senate committee bill, and $51.814 million more than the amount recommended in the House committee bill. P.L. 114-113 included funding for the District's Water and Sewer Authority unlike the House bill. But the $14 million appropriated for the District's Water and Sewer Authority was $10 million less than the $24 million requested by the Administration. The act included $40 million for the Resident Tuition Support (college access) program, a $10 million increase above the amount appropriated for the program in FY2015. The act also included $45 million in funding to support the District of Columbia Public Schools ($15 million), public charter schools ($15 million), and private school vouchers ($15 million). Both the President and Congress may propose financial assistance to the District in the form of special federal payments in support of specific activities or priorities. As noted in the sections above, the Obama Administration budget proposal for FY2016 included a request for $760 million in special federal payments for the District of Columbia. Table 2 shows details of the District's federal payments, including the FY2015-enacted amounts, the amounts included in the President's FY2016 budget request, the amounts included in the budget approved by the city, the amounts recommended by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, and the final amounts appropriated in the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016, P.L. 114-113. As noted previously, the District's General Fund Budget for FY2016, which was approved by the District of Columbia Council on July 10, 2015, totaled $13.022 billion, including $11.218 billion for operating expenses and $1.804 billion for enterprise funds ( Table 3 ). The budget also included $1.115 billion for capital outlays. These expenditures, which are supported by locally raised revenues, must be approved by Congress. Under the District's Home Rule Act, Congress retains the power to review and approve all legislative acts of the District government, including its annual budget. The public funding of abortion services for District of Columbia residents is a perennial issue debated by Congress during its annual deliberations on District of Columbia appropriations. District officials have cited the prohibition on the use of District funds as another example of congressional intrusion into local matters. Since 1979, with the passage of the District of Columbia Appropriations Act of 1980, P.L. 96-93 (93 Stat. 719), Congress has placed some limitation or prohibition on the use of public funds for abortion services for District residents. From 1979 to 1988, Congress restricted the use of federal funds for abortion services to cases where the woman's life was endangered or the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest. Under these circumstances, the District was free to use District funds for abortion services. When Congress passed the District of Columbia Appropriations Act for FY1989, P.L. 100-462 (102 Stat. 2269-9), it restricted the use of District and federal funds for abortion services to cases where the woman's life would be endangered if the pregnancy were taken to term. The inclusion of District funds and the elimination of rape or incest as qualifying conditions for public funding of abortion services were endorsed by President Reagan, who threatened to veto the District's appropriations act if the abortion provision was not modified. In 1989, President George H.W. Bush twice vetoed the District's FY1990 appropriations act over the abortion issue. He signed P.L. 101-168 (103 Stat. 1278) after insisting that Congress include language prohibiting the use of District revenues to pay for abortion services except in cases where the woman's life was endangered. The District successfully sought the removal of the provision limiting District funding of abortion services when Congress considered and passed the District of Columbia Appropriations Act for FY1994, P.L. 103-127 (107 Stat. 1350). The FY1994 act also reinstated rape and incest as qualifying circumstances allowing for the public funding of abortion services. The District's success was short-lived, however. The District of Columbia Appropriations Act for FY1996, P.L. 104-134 (110 Stat. 1321-91), and subsequent District of Columbia appropriations acts, limited the use of District and federal funds for abortion services to cases where the woman's life was endangered or cases where the pregnancy was the result of rape or incest. In FY2010, with the passage of P.L. 111-117 , Congress lifted the prohibition on the use of District funds for abortion services, but maintained the restriction on the use of federal funds for such services except in cases of rape, incest, or a threat to the life of the woman. The position was reversed with the passage of the appropriations acts for FY2011 ( P.L. 112-10 ), FY2012 ( P.L. 112-74 ), FY2013 ( P.L. 113-6 ), FY2014 ( P.L. 113-76 ), and FY2015 ( P.L. 113-235 ). Those acts included provisions restricting the use of both federal and District funds for abortion services, except in instances of rape, incest, or the woman's life was endangered if the pregnancy was carried to term. During the 112 th Congress, two bills were considered in the House that would have banned or restricted the provision of abortion services in the District of Columbia. On May 4, 2012, the House passed H.R. 3 , the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortions Act. The measure included a provision (Section 309) that would have permanently prohibited the use of federal and District funds for abortion services, except in instances of rape, incest, or a threat to the life of the woman. On June 17, 2012, the House Judiciary Committee ordered reported H.R. 3803 , the District of Columbia Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act. The bill would have permanently banned doctors and health facilities from performing abortions in the District after the 20 th week of pregnancy, except when the pregnancy would result in the woman suffering from a physical disorder, injury, or illness that endangers her life. It would have imposed fines and imprisonment on doctors who violated the act and would have allowed the pregnant woman, the father of the unborn child, or maternal grandparents of a pregnant minor to bring a civil action against any person who performed an abortion after the 20 th week of pregnancy. The act would have required any physician that performed an abortion to report specific information to the relevant health agency in the District, including post-fertilization age of the fetus and the abortion method used. The District health agency would have been required to compile such information and issue an annual report to the public. The District's delegate to Congress, Eleanor Holmes Norton, though not allowed to testify before the committee, spoke out against the measures as an infringement on home rule. During consideration of the District of Columbia appropriations measures for FY2013 Congress lifted the restriction on the use of District funds for abortion services. However, in passing the District's FY2014 and FY2015 appropriations it reinstituted restrictions on the use of both District and federal funds for abortion services. The Obama Administration's FY2016 budget request included a provision that would have continued to restrict the use of federal funds for abortion services except in cases of rape, incest, or when the woman's life would be endangered if the pregnancy were carried to term, but did not include language that would have restricted or prohibited the use of District funds for abortion services. The mayor's budget request proposal did not include an abortion services provisions. The House Appropriations Committee bill, H.R. 2995 , would have continued to prohibit the use of federal and District funds for abortion services, except in cases of rape or incest or when the life of the pregnant woman would be endangered if the fetus was carried to term. The Senate Appropriations Committee bill, S. 1910 , would have restricted the use of federal, but not District, funds for abortion services except in cases of rape, incest, or when the life of the pregnant woman would be endangered if the fetus was carried to term. P.L. 114-113, consistent with provisions included in the House bill, restricts the use of federal and District funds for abortion services except in cases of rape, incest, or when the woman's life would be endangered if the pregnancy were carried to term. District of Columbia political leaders have consistently expressed concern that Congress has repeatedly delayed passage of the appropriations act for the District (in which Congress approves the city's budget) well after the start of the District's fiscal year. The city's elected leaders contend that delay in Congress's approval of its budget hinders their ability to manage the District's financial affairs and negatively affects the delivery of public services. A review of recent history reveals that approval of the District's annual budget has been delayed by complications in the congressional appropriations process. Rather than being enacted on its own, the District of Columbia appropriations act has often been folded into omnibus or consolidated appropriations acts, and continuing resolutions. As documented in Table 4 , FY1997 was the only year out of the past 21 years for which the D.C. appropriations act was enacted before the start of a fiscal year (on October 1 of the prior-numbered year). To mitigate the impact of congressional delays in the approval of the District's appropriation before the beginning of a fiscal year, Congress has routinely included language in continuing budget resolutions allowing the District to expend local funds on programs and activities included in its General Fund budget. The mayor's FY2016 budget request included provisions that would have provided the District with some level of autonomy over locally raised revenues. Specifically, the budget request would have allowed the District to decouple its fiscal year from the federal fiscal year allowing the District to establish when its local fiscal year would start; permitted District officials to obligate and expend local funds upon enactment by the District of its local annual budget; and granted the District the authority to spend local funds if Congress does not enact a federal appropriation authorizing the expenditure of local funds before the start of the District's fiscal year. In addition, the District Delegate to Congress introduced legislation, H.R. 552 , a bill that would grant the District budget autonomy over locally raised revenues by eliminating the requirement for congressional approval of the District's General Fund budget. This is one in a line of budget autonomy bills that have been introduced in successive Congresses starting in 1981 when then District of Columbia Delegate to Congress, Walter Fauntroy, introduced a budget autonomy measure. In addition to legislative proposals currently before Congress, in 2014, the District of Columbia Council was involved in a legal dispute with then Mayor Vincent Grant and the Chief Financial Officer, Jeffrey DeWitt, regarding a budget autonomy amendment to the District's home rule charter. On December 19, 2012, District of Columbia Council passed the Local Budget Autonomy Act of 2012, B19-993. The mayor signed the measure as A19-0632, on January 18, 2013. Subject to voter approval through the referendum process, the bill purportedly amended the District's home rule charter by eliminating the requirement for congressional approval of the District of Columbia budget as part of the federal appropriations process. Instead, the charter amendment simply would subject the District local budget (General Fund Budget) to a 30-day congressional review/layover period like all other laws passed by the District. Despite objections raised by the District's Attorney General in a letter, dated January 4, 2013, the District of Columbia Board of Elections placed the proposed charter amendment on an April 23, 2013, ballot. District of Columbia voters approved the local budget autonomy charter amendment with 83% of the vote in support of the amendment. Although supportive of budget autonomy, Mayor Gray informed the Council, in an April 11, 2014, letter, of his intent not to enforce the law based on the opinion of the District's Attorney General that the charter amendment was unlawful. According to the mayor, the opinion of the District's Attorney General is legally "binding on the Executive branch of the District government absent a controlling court opinion to the contrary." The essential legal objection to the proposed charter amendment is captured in this excerpt from the Attorney General's letter to the District's Board of Election urging the Board of Election not to place the referendum of the ballot: ..., the OAG has serious reservations about the legality of the amendment, whether it would be sustained if challenged in court and most pertinently, whether the Board has the authority to place this amendment on a ballot referendum in light of the clear prohibition under Section 303(d) of the District of Columbia Home Rule Act ("Home Rule Act"), approved December 24, 1973, 87 Stat. 790, P.L. 93-198 , D.C. Code SS1-203.03(d) (2012 Supp.). That provision of governing law provides in relevant part that " the [Charter] amending procedure may not be used to enact any law or affect any law with respect to which the Council may not enact under the limitations specified in SS1-206.01 to SS 1-206.03 ." The statute is phrased in clear mandatory terms: a proposed amendment is precluded by law from going on the ballot through the Charter-amending procedure of Section 303 if the proposed amendment would "enact any law or affect any law with respect to which the Council may not enact ... under the limitation specified in" Sections 206.01-03. For reasons we detail below it is precisely these limitations, reserving to Congress, among other things, the authority to change the laws governing the role played by Congress and the President in the District's budget that in the considered judgment of this office, preclude using the charter amendment procedures, including the placement on a ballot for the electorate for the proposed amendment. Likewise, it is our view that under those express limitations, Congress or a court reviewing the merits of the legal issue would find the amendment to be outside the scope of the Charter amending process in Section 303 and also contrary to other federal laws, those found in Title 31 of the U.S. Code. These objections were reiterated and expanded upon in an April 8, 2014, legal analysis by the Office of Attorney General. The Attorney General's analysis articulated the following objections to the proposed charter amendment: I. The a ct is null and void because the Council exceeded its authority in enacting it and because it violates federal law. 1. The act violates the limitations of Section 602(a)(3) because it changes the functions of the United States and because it is not restricted in its application exclusively or to the District. 2. The act violates the limitations of Section 603(a) because it changes the longstanding roles and procedures of Congress, the President, and other federal entities in the formation of the District's total budget. 3. The act violates the limitations of Section 603(e) by using the ratification process to establish local budget autonomy. II. The legal arguments advanced in support of the a ct are unpersuasive. A GAO legal analysis also raised the same objection and questioned the legal standing of the proposed charter amendment. On April 17, 2014, the District of Columbia Council filed a suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to compel the mayor to execute the charter amendment changes. On May 19, 2014, Judge Emmet G. Sullivan of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia issued an opinion concluding that the Local Budget Autonomy Act was unlawful and that District officials were permanently enjoined from enforcing it. The Council appealed the decision and on October 18, 2014, presented its case before a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Before the panel issued a ruling a new mayor was elected, Muriel Bowser, who reversed Mayor Gray's decision not to enforce the Budget Autonomy Act. On March 23, 2015, a Suggestion of Mootness and Motion to Dismiss was filed with United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. The motion claimed that since there was no dispute or disagreement between the Council and the mayor, the judgment rendered by the District Court for the District of Columbia in April 2014 should be vacated, the appeal dismissed, and the case remanded to the D.C. Superior Court. In an unpublished order, the Appeals Court ruled on May 27, 2015, without elaboration, to vacate the District Court's judgment, which held that the District's Local Budget Autonomy Act of 2012 was invalid. In addition, the Appeals Court ordered the case to be remanded to the District Court with instructions to remand the case to the District of Columbia Superior Court. On March 18, 2016, Judge Brian F. Holman of the District of Columbia Superior Court issued a ruling upholding the legality of the District's Local Budget Autonomy Act of 2012. Despite all that has transpired, including the ruling by Judge Holman, the issue of budget autonomy remains an open question. Litigation initiated in 2015, by Clarice Feldman, a resident of the District of Columbia, following the filing of the Motion of the Suggestion of Mootness by Mayor Bowser, was still pending in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. On February 1, 2016, in an effort to prevent the United States District Court for the District of Columbia from considering the merits of Ms. Feldman's challenge to the validity of the Local Budget Act, both defendants, the mayor and the CFO, filed motions to dismiss contending that Ms. Feldman "lacked standing, the case was moot, and the Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction." Subsequently, on March 31, 2016, the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the United States House of Representatives filed an amicus brief in support of Ms. Feldman's litigation. The Court has yet to rule on merits of Ms. Feldman's legal challenge to the District's budget autonomy act as of this writing. On May 12, 2016, the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Government Operations held a hearing entitled D.C. Home Rule: Examining the Intent of Congress in the District of Columbia Home Rule Act of 1975. The hearing focused on the legislative history and intent of key provisions of the District's Home Rule Charter as enacted in 1973 , including budget autonomy. Among the witnesses testifying before the subcommittee was attorney Jacques DePuy , one of four authors of an amici brief filed in the case of Council of the District of Columbia, plaintiff v. Vincent C. Gray and Jeffrey S. DeWitt, defendants . In 1973, Mr. De P uy served as subcommittee counsel of the House District of Columbia Committee responsible for drafting of the home rule act. D uring his testimony before the Committee , Mr. De P uy referenced the amici brief filed on May 8, 2014 , which i ncluded a discussion of the so - called "Diggs Compromise" or "Committee Substitute" which stripped the home rule bill of its budget autonomy provisions. In stead the bill included language requiring an affirmative vote by Congress approving the District's budget as part of the appropriations process . On May 23, 2016, the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee reported to the House H.R. 5233, a bill clarifying congressional intent in providing for District of Columbia home rule. Two days later, on May 25, 2016, the House approved the bill by roll call vote (No. 248). As passed by the House, the bill would 1. repeal the District's Local Budget Autonomy Act of 2012 (D.C. Law 19-321); 2. amend the District's Home Rule Act to declare that nothing in it is to be construed as creating a continuing appropriation of the District's General Fund; 3. require federal and District funds be subjected annually to the federal appropriations process; and 4. amend the District of Columbia Code to include provisions that would prohibit the District government from amending, modifying, or repealing provisions in any law, regulation, procedure, or practice relating to the respective roles of the Congress, the President, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Government Accountability Office in the preparation, review, submission, examination, authorization, and appropriation of the budget of the District of Columbia. The bill was forwarded to the Senate which has yet to take action on it. During House floor consideration of H.R. 5485, the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act for FY2017, Delegate Norton of the District of Columbia introduced an amendment (H. Admt. 1239) that would have repealed congressional efforts to prohibit the implementation the District's budget autonomy act. The Norton amendment was defeated by a vote of 182-238 (Roll Call No. 370).

Summary:
On February 2, 2015, the Obama Administration released its budget request for FY2016. The Administration's proposed budget included $474 million in special federal payments to the District of Columbia government. An additional $286 million was requested for the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (CSOSA) and the Public Defender Service, two federally chartered, independent agencies that work exclusively on behalf of the District criminal justice system. The combined budget requests totaled $760 million in special federal payments. On April 2, 2015, the mayor of the District of Columbia, Muriel Bowser, submitted her proposed budget request for FY2016 to the District of Columbia Council for approval. The budget request included $474 million in special federal payments, $12.9 billion in total operating expenditures and $1.2 billion in capital outlays. The mayor's budget request did not include funding for Court Services and Offender Supervision and the Public Defender Service, which are submitted under a different account. The Council, pursuant to the requirements of the Home Rule Act, had 56 days to review, amend, and approve the District's budget. The approved budget, comprising special federal payments, local sourced operating expenses, and general provisions, was submitted to the President by the mayor on July 8, 2015, for transmittal to Congress for its review and approval. The mayor's budget request also included provisions that would have granted the District significant autonomy over its budgetary and legislative affairs. Specifically, the act called for the repeal of portions of the District's code governing congressional review of all acts passed by the District of Columbia Council, including referendum and initiatives. The inclusion of budget autonomy provisions in the mayor's request was part of an ongoing campaign by District officials to assert the principle of home rule. The issue of budget autonomy is currently being reviewed by the D.C. Court of Appeals based on a challenge to a 2012 voter-approved referendum amending the city's home rule charter. On July 9, 2015, the House Appropriations Committee approved the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act of 2016, H.R. 2995. The bill recommended $678.0 million in special federal payments to the District. On July 30, 2015, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 1910, its version of the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act for FY2016. As reported, the bill recommended $688.7 million in special federal payments to the District. On September 30, 2015, unable to reach agreement on FY2016 appropriations for the District of Columbia before the beginning of 2016 fiscal year, Congress passed and the President signed P.L. 114-53, an act providing for continuing appropriations from October 1, 2015, to December 11, 2015. The act included a provision that allowed the District to expend local funds for activities and programs included in the District's FY2015 appropriations act at a rate as outlined in the District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request Act of 2015 (D.C. Act 21-99). Congress passed two additional continuing resolutions (CRs) that extended the period covered to December 22, 2015. On December 18, 2015, Congress approved and the President signed into law P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016, providing appropriations for the District of Columbia and other programs and activities for the remainder of FY2016. The act included $729.8 million in special federal payments for the District of Columbia. It also included provisions that restrict the use of both District and federal funds for abortion service, except in cases of rape or incest, and where the life of the pregnant woman would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term. The act also continued to prohibit the use of federal funds for a needle exchange program. This report will not be updated.