The Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) appropriations subcommittees are charged with drafting bills to provide annual appropriations for the Department of Transportation (DOT), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and six small related agencies. Title I of the annual THUD appropriations bill funds DOT. The department is primarily a grant-making and regulatory organization. Its programs are organized roughly by mode of transportation, providing grants to state and local government agencies to support the construction of highways, transit, and intercity passenger rail infrastructure, while overseeing safety in the rail, public transportation, commercial trucking and intercity bus, and maritime industries. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is exceptional among DOT's large sub-agencies in that the largest portion of its budget is not for grants but for operating the U.S. air traffic control system. In support of that task, it employs over 80% of DOT's total workforce, roughly 46,000 of DOT's approximately 56,000 employees. Title II of the annual THUD appropriations bill funds HUD. The department's programs are primarily designed to address housing problems faced by households with very low incomes or other special housing needs. These include several programs of rental assistance for persons who are poor, elderly, and/or have disabilities. Three rental assistance programs--Public Housing, Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers, and Section 8 project-based rental assistance--account for the majority of the department's funding. Two flexible block grant programs--the HOME Investment Partnership Program and Community Development Block Grants (CDBG)--help communities finance a variety of housing and community development activities designed to serve low-income families. Other, more specialized grant programs help communities meet the needs of homeless persons, including those with AIDS. HUD's Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insures mortgages made by lenders to home buyers with low down payments and to developers of multifamily rental buildings containing relatively affordable units. Title III of the THUD appropriations bill funds a collection of agencies involved in transportation or housing and community development. They include the Access Board, the Federal Maritime Commission, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Amtrak Office of Inspector General (IG), the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation (often referred to as NeighborWorks), the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, and the costs associated with the government conservatorship and regulation of the housing-related government-sponsored enterprises, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Most of the programs and activities in the THUD bill are funded through regular annual appropriations , also referred to as discretionary appropriations. This is the amount of new funding allocated each year by the appropriations committees. Appropriations are drawn from the general fund of the Treasury. For some accounts, the appropriations committees provide advance appropriations , or regular appropriations that are not available until the next fiscal year. In some years, Congress will also provide emergency appropriations , usually in response to disasters. These funds are sometimes provided outside of the regular appropriations acts--often in emergency supplemental spending bills--generally in addition to regular annual appropriations. Although emergency appropriations typically come from the general fund, they may not be included in the discretionary appropriation total reported for an agency. Most of the Department of Transportation's budget is in the form of contract authority . Contract authority is a form of mandatory budget authority based on federal trust fund resources, in contrast to discretionary budget authority, which is based on resources in the general fund. Contract authority controls spending from the Highway Trust Fund and the Airport and Airway Trust Fund. When the Appropriations Committee subcommittees are given their 302(b) allocations, those figures include only net discretionary budget authority (nonemergency appropriations, less any offsets and rescissions); contract authority from trust funds is not subject to that limitation. This can lead to confusion when comparing totals, as the total annual discretionary budget authority for THUD is typically around half of the total funding provided in the bill, with the remainder made up of mandatory contract authority. Congressional appropriators are generally subject to limits on the amount of new nonemergency discretionary funding they can provide in a year. One way to stay within these limits is to appropriate no more than the allocated amount of discretionary funding in the regular annual appropriations act. Another way is to find ways to offset a higher level of discretionary funding. A portion of the cost of regular annual appropriations for the THUD bill is generally offset in two ways. The first is through rescissions , or cancellations of unobligated or recaptured balances from previous years' funding. The second is through offsetting receipts and collections , generally derived from fees collected by federal agencies. Table 1 shows funding trends for DOT and HUD over the period FY2009-FY2015, omitting emergency funding and other supplemental funding. The purpose of Table 1 is to indicate trends in the funding for these agencies; thus emergency supplemental appropriations are not included in the figures. Table 2 provides a time line of legislative action on the FY2016 THUD appropriations bill. The annual budget resolution provides a budgetary framework within which Congress considers legislation affecting spending and revenue. It sets forth spending and revenue levels, enforced by the rules of each chamber, including spending allocations to House and Senate Appropriations Committees. After the House and Senate Appropriations Committees receive their discretionary spending allocations from the budget resolution (referred to as 302(a) allocations), they divide their allocations among their 12 subcommittees, each of which is responsible for one of the 12 regular appropriations bills. The allocations to each of the subcommittees are referred to as 302(b) allocations. The FY2016 budget resolution was agreed to by the House on April 30, 2015, and the Senate on May 6, 2015 ( H.Con.Res. 27 and S.Con.Res. 11 ). It set an overall base discretionary spending limit of $1.017 trillion for FY2016, an increase from the FY2015 level of $1.014 trillion and consistent with the current statutory spending limits under the Budget Control Act, as amended. The current Section 302(b) allocation for the Senate THUD subcommittee is $376 million more than that provided for the House subcommittee. This difference creates an additional difficulty in reaching agreement on a final FY2016 THUD appropriation level. Table 3 shows the discretionary funding provided for THUD in FY2015, the Administration request for FY2016, and the amount allocated by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees to the THUD subcommittees. Table 4 lists the total funding provided for each of the titles in the bill for FY2015 and the amount requested for that title for FY2016. As discussed earlier, much of the funding for this bill is in the form of contract authority, a type of mandatory budget authority. Thus, the discretionary funding provided in the bill is only about half of the total funding provided in this bill. As shown in Table 4 , the President's FY2016 budget requested $134.7 billion for the programs in the THUD bill, $27.4 billion more than appropriated for THUD in FY2015. Most of this increase was for highway, transit, and rail funding under the Administration's surface transportation reauthorization proposal; the request for DOT is $22 billion over FY2015. The request for HUD is $5 billion more than provided in FY2015, but $1.1 billion of that increase reflects a decline in savings available from offsetting receipts. The House-passed H.R. 2577 provides a total of $108.7 billion for THUD in FY2016. While this appears to be $1.5 billion over the net budgetary resources amount provided in FY2015, after accounting for a projected $1.1 billion reduction in offsetting receipts to HUD in FY2016 and the effects of $400 million in rescissions of funding in the FY2015 bill, the actual amount of new funding recommended in the House bill is virtually identical to the FY2015 level. The Senate-reported H.R. 2577 recommends $109.1 billion for THUD; after accounting for the differences in rescissions and offsetting receipts in FY2015, this represents an increase of less than 1% over FY2015 funding. This situation is explored further in the next section of this report and Table 5 . In the case of the THUD bill, net discretionary budget authority (which is the level of funding measured against the 302(b) allocation) is not the same as the amount of new discretionary budget authority made available to THUD agencies, due to budgetary savings available from rescissions and offsets. Each dollar available to the subcommittees in rescissions and offsets enables the subcommittee to provide funding that does not count against the 302(b) level. As shown in Table 5 , in FY2015, due to rescissions and offsets, the THUD subcommittees were able to provide $10.1 billion in discretionary appropriations to THUD agencies above the net discretionary budget authority level. The amount of these "budget savings" can vary from year to year, meaning that the "cost" in terms of 302(b) allocation of providing the same level of appropriations may vary as well. Due to a $1.1 billion reduction in offsetting collections in FY2016 compared to FY2015, it "cost" the House THUD subcommittee an additional $1.1 billion in discretionary funding in FY2016 to provide the same level of total funding as provided in FY2015, all else being equal. Combined with a decrease in rescissions in their FY2016 proposal, the House THUD subcommittee's $1.5 billion increase in 302(b) allocation over THUD's net FY2015 level ends up as a $25 million increase. And since the subcommittee also proposed reducing the mandatory funding level by $25 million, the net change for FY2016 becomes zero. Table 6 presents FY2016 appropriations totals and selected accounts for DOT, compared to FY2015 enacted levels. A brief summary of key highlights follows the table. For an expanded discussion, see CRS Report R44063, Department of Transportation (DOT): FY2016 Appropriations , by [author name scrubbed]. For DOT, the House-passed H.R. 2577 would provide the following: $70.6 billion in budgetary resources, $1.0 billion (1%) below the comparable FY2015 level (before rescissions). $100 million (an 80% cut from FY2015) to the National Infrastructure Investment (TIGER grants) program. $1.148 billion (a 17% cut from FY2015) to Amtrak. A 9% ($199 million) cut from FY2015 to the transit Capital Investment Grants (New Starts & Small Starts) program. That no funds may be used to facilitate new scheduled air transportation to Cuba, or to issue a license or certificate for a commercial vessel that docked or anchored within 7 miles of a Cuban port within the previous 180 days. For DOT, the Senate Committee on Appropriations recommended: $71.3 billion in budgetary resources, $368 million (0.5%) below the comparable FY2015 level. The same amount as in FY2015 for National Infrastructure Investment (TIGER grants) and Amtrak grants. A 25% ($535 million) cut from FY2015 for the transit Capital Investment Grants (New Starts & Small Starts) program. The Administration's budget proposal for DOT included the following: A request for $93.7 billion in budgetary resources, an increase of 31% over FY2015. A 150% increase in funding over FY2015 for National Infrastructure Investment (TIGER grants). A 25% increase in funding over FY2015 for the federal-aid highway program. A 69% increase in funding over FY2015 for transit. A 76% increase in funding over FY2015 for Amtrak, plus $2.3 billion for development of other passenger rail service. Table 7 presents an account-by-account summary of FY2016 appropriations proposals for HUD, compared to FY2015 enacted levels. It is followed by a brief summary of key highlights. For an expanded discussion, see CRS Report R44059, Department of Housing and Urban Development: FY2016 Appropriations , coordinated by [author name scrubbed]. For HUD, H.R. 2577 , as reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee ( S.Rept. 114-75 ), would provide: $46.2 billion in gross appropriations, which is approximately $850 million more in appropriations than was provided in FY2015 but about $3 billion less than was requested by the President and $183 million less than was approved by the House. $37.6 billion in net budget authority reflecting savings from offsets and other sources, which is $1.9 billion more than FY2015 ($850 million more in appropriations and $1 billion less in savings from offsets). A 93% cut in funding for HOME relative to FY2015. It proposes no provisions related to the Housing Trust Fund, as proposed in the House. A $100 million decrease in Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funding relative to FY2015 (-3%), but a $100 million increase over the President's requested funding level. Funding increases to cover the cost of renewing subsidies in the Section 8 tenant-based (Housing Choice Voucher) and project-based rental assistance accounts (+$630 million and +$1 billion relative to FY2015). Proposes funding for new incremental vouchers for homeless youth and homeless veterans. For HUD, the House-passed H.R. 2577 would provide the following: $46.4 billion in gross appropriations, which is approximately $1 billion more in appropriations than was provided in FY2015 but $3 billion less than requested by the President. $37.7 billion in net budget authority, reflecting savings from offsets and other sources, which is $2 billion more than FY2015 ($1 billion more in appropriations and $1 billion less in savings available from offsets). A 15% cut in funding for HOME relative to FY2015, with a provision to supplement that amount by diverting any funding for the Housing Trust Fund to the HOME program. Roughly level funding for the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program relative to FY2015, rejecting a cut proposed in the President's budget. Funding cuts (relative to FY2015) for Choice Neighborhoods (-75%) and the Public Housing Capital Fund (-10%). Funding increases to cover the cost of renewing subsidies in the Section 8 tenant-based (Housing Choice Voucher) and project-based rental assistance accounts (+$614 million and +$924 million relative to FY2015). No funding for the new incremental vouchers that were requested in the President's budget. Rejection of the legislative reforms requested by the President, with reference to the authorizing committees being most appropriate to consider such reforms. The President's FY2016 budget request for HUD included the following: $49.3 billion in gross appropriations, which is approximately $4 billion more in gross appropriations than was provided in FY2015. $40.6 billion in net budget authority, reflecting savings from offsets and other sources, which is $5 billion more than FY2015 ($4 billion more in appropriations and $1 billion less in savings available from offsets). Increases in funding for most HUD programs, including funding for 67,000 new incremental Section 8 Housing Choice vouchers. A 7% funding cut for CDBG, with a proposal to revisit the way funding is distributed to communities. Several legislative reform proposals affecting the rental assistance programs, including changes to the way that income is calculated and recertified. Table 8 presents appropriations levels for the various related agencies funded within the Transportation, HUD, and Related Agencies appropriations bill.

Summary:
The House and Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) appropriations subcommittees are charged with providing annual appropriations for the Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and related agencies. THUD programs receive both discretionary and mandatory budget authority; HUD's budget generally accounts for the largest share of discretionary appropriations in the THUD bill, but when mandatory funding is taken into account, DOT's budget is larger than HUD's budget. Mandatory funding typically accounts for around half of the THUD appropriation. The FY2015 THUD bill's appropriation totaled $107.3 billion: $53.8 billion in net discretionary funding and $53.5 billion in mandatory funding. The Administration requested net budget authority of $134.7 billion (after scorekeeping adjustments) for the agencies funded by the THUD bill for FY2016, an increase of $27.4 billion (26%). Most of this increase was for highway, transit, and passenger rail programs in DOT, reflecting the increased funding proposed in the Administration's surface transportation reauthorization proposal. The House-passed bill (H.R. 2577) includes net budget authority of $108.7 billion for THUD in FY2016, $55.3 billion in discretionary funding and $53.5 billion in mandatory funding. In total, this is a 1% increase over FY2015 levels (+3% discretionary reduced by smaller offsets, about level mandatory funding). The Administration has issued a Statement of Administration Policy for H.R. 2577 criticizing the funding levels and certain provisions in the bill, saying that the President's advisors would recommend that the bill be vetoed. The Senate Committee on Appropriations recommended $109.1 billion in net budget authority and omitted certain provisions that the Administration had objected to, such as limitations on travel to Cuba. DOT: The Administration requested a total of $93.7 billion in discretionary and mandatory funding for DOT for FY2016, an increase of roughly $22 billion (31%) over FY2015. The House-passed H.R. 2577 would provide $70.6 billion for DOT, $646 million less than in FY2015. The reductions were primarily to the TIGER grant program (-$400 million), the New Starts transit grant program (-$199 million), and Amtrak capital grants (-$252 million). The Senate-reported bill recommends $71.3 billion, $35 million below the FY2015 level; the major change from FY2015 levels is a proposed cut of 25% ($535 million) to the New Starts transit grant program. HUD: The President requested $40.6 billion in net new budget authority for HUD for FY2016, $5 billion more than provided in FY2015 ($35.6 billion). The House-passed H.R. 2577 includes $37.7 billion for HUD, $2.1 billion above FY2015. Of that increase, $1.1 billion is attributable to a reduction in savings from offsetting receipts from the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The bulk of the remainder of the increase is directed to funding the renewal costs of the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher and project-based rental assistance programs. The Senate-reported H.R. 2577 recommends $37.6 billion in net new budget authority, representing $850 million more in appropriations and $1.1 billion to make up for reduced offsets compared to the FY2015 level. Like the House-passed version, it prioritizes funding for Section 8 rental assistance. Related Agencies: The Administration requested a total of $351 million for the agencies in Title III (the Related Agencies). This is about $1 million more than they received in FY2015. The House-passed H.R. 2577 would provide $342 million for the related agencies, cutting $8 million from the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation. The Senate-reported H.R. 2577 recommends $306 million, the $45 million reduction would come from the Neighborhood Investment Corporation. The Senate Committee on Appropriations released a substitute amendment to H.R. 2577 on November 18, 2015; see the "Recent Developments" box on page 3 for detail.