Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ijazat al-tadris wa-al-ifta' ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madhahib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the ijazah to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the ijazah to be of "fundamental difference" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an ijazah, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a post-graduate course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's "career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded ijazas giving them the status of faqih 'scholar of jurisprudence', mufti 'scholar competent in issuing fatwas', and mudarris 'teacher'.
If it is possible to answer this question, answer it for me (else, reply "unanswerable"): What term refers to non-Islamic law?
Ah, so.. unanswerable

Internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic.
If it is possible to answer this question, answer it for me (else, reply "unanswerable"): What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?
Ah, so.. Treaty of Tartu

Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonce, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.
If it is possible to answer this question, answer it for me (else, reply "unanswerable"): In which season of American Idol did Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez become judges?
Ah, so..
ten