In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a
. You have to answer the question based on the context.

[Q]: A few sample advice rules in English (these are converted to first-order logic format and given as input to our algorithm) are presented in Table TABREF11 . We modified the work of Odom et al. odomAIME15,odomAAAI15 to learn RDNs in the presence of advice. The key idea is to explicitly represent advice in calculating gradients.
Question: How do they incorporate human advice?
[A]: by converting human advice to first-order logic format and use as an input to calculate gradient

[Q]: Various multilingual extensions of NMT have already been proposed in the literature. The authors of BIBREF18 , BIBREF19 apply multitask learning to train models for multiple languages. Zoph and Knight BIBREF20 propose a multi-source model and BIBREF21 introduces a character-level encoder that is shared across several source languages. In our setup, we will follow the main idea proposed by Johnson et al. BIBREF22 . The authors of that paper suggest a simple addition by means of a language flag on the source language side (see Figure 2 ) to indicate the target language that needs to be produced by the decoder. This flag will be mapped on a dense vector representation and can be used to trigger the generation of the selected language. The authors of the paper argue that the model enables transfer learning and supports the translation between languages that are not explicitly available in training.
Question: What neural machine translation models can learn in terms of transfer learning?
[A]: Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Models

[Q]:
In this section, we describe our approach to classify user reactions into one of eight types of discourse: agreement, answer, appreciation, disagreement, elaboration, humor, negative reaction, or question, or as none of the given labels, which we call "other", using linguistically-infused neural network models.
Question: What are the nine types?
[A]:
agreement answer appreciation disagreement elaboration humor negative reaction question other