Q: At your eye doctor's office, stand where your doctor tells you and look at a chart of numbers and letters on the wall. Cover one eye and read the lines of text to the smallest line you can clearly read, then repeat this with your other eye covered. This tests for myopia (near-sightedness) and hyperopia (far-sightedness), as well as astigmatism. Astigmatism accompanies myopia or hyperopia 50% of the time. Blurry vision could be caused by astigmatism or one of these other common conditions. The results will be listed as a fraction, such as 20/20. 20/20 is normal visual acuity. The first number is the distance between you and the chart. The second number is the size of the letters on the last line you can read compared to normal visual acuity. For instance, someone with 20/40 vision has to be 20 feet from something that can be read at 40 feet (12.2m) by someone with normal vision. A keratometer is the instrument your eye doctor can use to measure the curve of your anterior cornea (the front surface of the cornea). Sit with your chin on the chin rest and look straight ahead into the instrument with one eye then the other, when prompted by your doctor. The keratometer shines a circle of light onto your cornea and measures how it reflects over your cornea's surface. This is an especially important test for getting contact lenses that fit correctly. Though this method has its limitations, it's still the standard way of measuring astigmatism. Sit up straight and look forward while your doctor places a retinoscope in front of your eyes. The retinoscope is a small, handheld instrument that measures light refraction on the eye. Your doctor will move a large machine with lenses (a phoropter) in front of your eyes that either clarify or obscure your vision, which measures how your eyes focus light. You will have to tell your doctor whether each lens makes your vision better or worse. The refraction test helps to establish the location of the irregular shape of the cornea. This will be called the "axis" in a corrective lens prescription. Be honest with your doctor during these tests even though technology is improving, your feedback still helps determine the outcomes of your eye exam. After your eye exam, your doctor will give you a prescription for glasses or contact lenses to help fix your astigmatism. The prescription will usually have three numbers the first one relates to if you're near-sighted or far-sighted, and the last two relate to your astigmatism. The second number is for "cylinder," which is a measure of how flat or irregular your cornea is. This is measured in diopters. Most people with astigmatism have between 0.5-0.75 diopters; you probably need prescription lenses for a diopter measurement of 1.5 or higher. The third number is for "axis" and goes from 0 to 180, which is a degree measurement of where on your cornea the astigmatism is located.
A: Perform the Visual Acuity Test. Measure the curve of your cornea with a keratometer. Use refraction to measure astigmatism. Understand your astigmatism prescription.

Q: Codependent behaviors are often passed down through families. This means that somewhere in your past, you were either witness to or part of a codependent relationship. Through these situations, you were taught that it was wrong to express any needs, wants, or emotions. You may have spent portions of your childhood being called upon to meet the needs of others, which taught you as a child to suppress personal emotional and physical needs as you developed in favor of taking care of a family member. When you left this family environment, you may have continued this pattern within your own romantic and other relationships, which may then get passed on to your children. Another common situation that leads to codependency is a history of abuse. In these situations, if you have been abused, you may become codependent as a way to deal with the trauma of the situation. You may suppress emotions and needs in these abusive situations in favor of focusing on other's needs. This abuse may have happened during your childhood and continued without intervention from your family. This can also happen in codependent familial relationships. This can be emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. Although codependency issues can occur in any type of relationship or with any person, there are certain types of people that encourage codependent relationships. Codependent relationships often develop between you and a person who needs looking after or taken care of. These types of people include: Those suffering from addiction Individuals with mental health disorders People with chronic illness Another past experience that may lead to codependency is divorce. In situations with divorce, an opportunity may arise when an eldest child has to step into a parental role to pick up the slack for the absentee parent. In these cases, the parenting of the child may produce behaviors of codependency. You may also not want to discuss these difficulties with the remaining parent so as to not upset them. This leads to the repression of emotions and can lead to codependency.
A:
Determine if your family has a history of codependency. Consider if you have a history of abuse. Recognize common situations that cause codependent relationships. Look for divorce in your past.