question: Microbiology (from Greek , "mikros", "small"; , "bios", "life"; and , "-logia") is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology.

Eukaryotic microorganisms possess membrane-bound cell organelles and include fungi and protists, whereas prokaryotic organismsall of which are microorganismsare conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bound organelles and include eubacteria and archaebacteria. Microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy. However, less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. Microbiologists often rely on extraction or detection of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA sequences.

Viruses have been variably classified as organisms, as they have been considered either as very simple microorganisms or very complex molecules. Prions, never considered microorganisms, have been investigated by virologists, however, as the clinical effects traced to them were originally presumed due to chronic viral infections, and virologists took searchdiscovering "infectious proteins".

The existence of microorganisms was predicted many centuries before they were first observed, for example by the Jains in India and by Marcus Terentius Varro in ancient Rome. The first recorded microscope observation was of the fruiting bodies of moulds, by Robert Hooke in 1666, but the Jesuit priest Athanasius Kircher was likely the first to see microbes, which he mentioned observing in milk and putrid material in 1658. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered a father of microbiology as he observed and experimented with microscopic organisms in 1676, using simple microscopes of his own design. Scientific microbiology developed in the 19th century through the work of Louis Pasteur and in medical microbiology Robert Koch.
1. what are the word roots of "microbiology?"
2. what do they mean?
3. what is microbiology?
4. who is considered the father of the study?
5. who was the first to see microbes?
6. where did he see them?
7. when?
8. was he the first to record a microscope observation?
9. who was?
10. what did he visualize?
11. when?
12. Were they thought to exist before visual proof was found?
13. who in Rome predicted their existance?
14. did anyone in India expect them to exist?
****
answer: 1. The Greek "mikros", "bios" and "-logia")
2. Mikros is small and bios is life.
3. The study of microorganisms
4. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
5. Athanasius Kircher
6. In milk and putrid material
7. 1658
8. No
9. Robert Hooke
10. The fruiting bodies of moulds
11. In 1666
12. Yes
13. Marcus Terentius Varro
14. Yes

question: MATABELELAND, Zimbabwe (CNN) -- British broadcaster Sky News Wednesday criticized the jail sentences given to three of its drivers in Zimbabwe, where a court found them guilty of possessing broadcast equipment without authorization.

Journalists read a newspaper in Zimbabwe, where freedom of the press is extremely limited.

The men are all from Johannesburg, South Africa and were sentenced Tuesday, according to their attorney.

"We deplore the harsh sentence given to the three South African drivers," a Sky News spokesman, who did not give his name, said in London. "We will be appealing and hope that the Zimbabwean justice system fully reappraises its decision."

A court convicted Bernet Hasani Sono, Resemate Boy Chauke, and Simon Maodi on Monday in Matabeleland, the state-run newspaper Chronicle reported.

The three men pleaded guilty to violating the Postal and Telecommunications Act but denied the truck and Sky News equipment were theirs, the state paper reported.

The judge, John Masimba, said that despite denying ownership, possession of the equipment was still a violation of the act. Masimba said in the Chronicle that it would send the wrong signal if he did not punish the men.

Sono and Maodi were additionally charged an extra six weeks in jail for violating a section of the Immigration Act after the two didn't show up to the Immigration authorities, their defense lawyer, Tawengwa Hara, said. The charge was minor but Hara said he would appeal the possession charge and the sentence.

Zimbabwean police stopped the men during a routine check at a Mbalabala roadblock in the Matabeleland South province and found boxes containing the communication equipment. The men were unable to give a reason for possessing it and were arrested, Hara said.
1. Where were the drivers?
2. How strict is freedom of the press, there?
3. Where were the drivers from?
4. When was their sentencing done?
5. Who criticized the sentences they were given?
6. Which country is Sky News from?
7. What were they found guilty of having?
8. Who will be appealing the sentences?
9. Who was one of the drivers convicted?
10. Did he plead guilty?
11. Who was the judge who presided?
12. Did he say that just having the stuff was still a crime?
13. Which two guys got extra time for missing an appointment?
14. Who was their attorney?
15. He's appealing, right?
16. Did the three guys tell the court the stuff wasn't theirs?
17. What did Judge Masimba say would happen if he didn't punish them?
18. Who did he tell that to?
19. Where were the three guys stopped at?
20. What was in the boxes the police found?
****
answer: 1. Zimbabwe,
2. Extremely limited
3. South Africa
4. Tuesday
5. a Sky News spokesman,
6. unknown
7. possessing broadcast equipment
8. the news man
9. Bernet Hasani Sono,
10. no
11. John Masimba
12. yes
13. Sono and Maodi
14. Tawengwa Hara
15. yes
16. YEs
17. Send the wrong signal
18. the Chronicle
19. Matabeleland South province
20. the communication equipment.

question: CHAPTER XXV

It chanced that a brilliant autumn brought a season of great prosperity to the Thetian wine-growers and farmers, and the year of Ughtred's accession to the throne seemed likely to be marked with a white stone in their annals. Never had a ruler been more popular with all classes. His military system, while it made no undue demands upon the people, provoked the admiration of Europe, and several important and successful industrial undertakings were due entirely to his instigation. Mr. Van Decht, fascinated by the climate, the primitive but delightful life, and a firm believer in the possibilities of the country, still lingered in the capital, and already the results of his large investments were beginning to be felt. Only a few people knew of the hidden danger which was ever brooding over the land--a danger which Ughtred had realized from the first, and which from the first he had set himself steadfastly to avert. A soldier himself, he knew something of the horrors of war. Nothing seemed to him more awful than the vision of this beautiful country blackened and devastated, her corn-fields soaked with blood, her pleasant pastoral life swept away in the grim struggle against an only partially-civilized enemy. He set himself passionately to work to strive for peace.

Reist came to him one evening straight from the House of Laws with a suggestion.

"Your Majesty," he said, "the people are asking for a queen."

Ughtred laughed.

"I'm sorry I can't oblige them off-hand," he answered.
1. Who was king?
2. What did they want him to do?
3. Did he agree?
4. What did he say?
5. What happened the fall he became king?
6. For whom?
7. Was the king liked?
8. What did the continent think of him?
9. For what?
10. Was the country completely safe?
11. Who sensed danger?
12. What did he know about?
****
answer:
1. Ughtred
2. Find a queen
3. No
4. I'm sorry I can't oblige them off-hand
5. A season of great prosperity
6. The wine-growers and farmers
7. Yes
8. Admiration
9. His military system
10. No
11. Ughtred
12. The horrors of war