Problem: Unlike chemists and physicists, who usually do their experiments using machines, biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats. But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves - all in the name of science, reported The Telegraph. 1. Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956) Forssmann was a German scientist. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery. Experiments had been done on horses before, so he wanted to try with human patients. But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous. Not giving up, Forssmann decided to experiment on himself. He anaesthetized his own arm and made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein. He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart. 2. Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005) Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that _ was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid. But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori. So he teamed up with his colleague, Barry Marshall, to continue the study. When their request to experiment on patients was denied, Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria. Five days later, he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting each morning - he indeed had gastritis. 3. Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011) This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell called the dendritic cell. He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer. Steinman knew he couldn't yet use his method to treat patients. So in 2007, when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year, he saw an opportunity. With the help of his colleagues, he gave himself three different vaccines based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies. Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer, he lived four and a half years, much longer than doctors had said he would.
1. Do chemists usually use rats for their testing?
2. Who uses rats?
3. Who was Werner Forssmann?
4. when did he when the Nobel prize?
5. what did he study?
6. Which human did he want to perform an experiment on?
7. was he supposed to?
8. did he do it anyway?
9. what did he do to his arm?
10. then where did he go?
11. to do what?
12. Who was Ralph Steinman?
13. did he discover something?
14. what was it?
15. what disease did he think it could fight?
16. did he ever when the Nobel Prize?
17. when?
18. how did he die?
19. did he live longer than expected?
20. how much longer?
Answer: 1. yes
2. biologists and medical researchers
3. German scientist
4. 1956
5. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery.
6. himself
7. No
8. Yes
9. made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein
10. X-ray room
11. pushing the pipe all the way into his heart
12. Canadian scientist
13. a new type of immune system cell
14. the dendritic cell
15. cancer
16. yes
17. 2011
18. cancer
19. yes
20. four and a half years

Problem: Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, and a space. For example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (many now obsolete) that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, including the space (which is considered an invisible graphic:223).

The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 2368,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:23710 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,:228, 23714 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code. Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.:23818 The digits 09 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.
1. what is based on the eng. alphabet?
2. how was it made?
Answer: 1. ASCII
2. encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers

Problem: LONDON, England (CNN) -- The death of a teenage girl in a Welsh village in an apparent copycat suicide has raised fears she may have been part of an Internet death cult already blamed for the deaths of six young men.

Natasha Randall, 17, who was found hanged in her bedroom in Blaengarw, near Bridgend, south Wales, on Thursday, was the seventh person believed to have killed themselves in the local area in the past 12 months, the UK's Press Association reported.

Police are examining Randall's computer after the teenager posted messages on a social networking site, Bebo, prior to her death dedicated to 20-year-old Liam Clarke, who was found hanged in a Bridgend park last month.

The message read: "RIP Clarky boy!! gonna miss ya! always remember the gd times! love ya x. Me too!"

Messages have also been posted on Randall's page since her death, PA said. "RIP tash - can't believe you done it!" one said. Another read: "Heyaa Babe. Just Poppin In To Say I Let My Balloon Off With A Message On It, Hope You Got It Ok And It Made You Laugh Up There."

Five more men aged between 17 and 27 have been found hanged in the area since January 2007.

Speaking to the Daily Mail newspaper, Liam Clarke's father, Kevin Clarke, said the seven who had killed themselves appeared to have known each other.

"We don't know if it is some weird cult or copycat suicides or if they have had some bizarre pact to kill themselves," Clarke said.
1. How old was Natasha Randall?
2. Did she die?
3. Did she die?
4. From what?
5. Where?
6. In what town?
7. When did this happen?
8. How many people have done this in the past year?
9. According to who?
10. What is to blame?
11. Which social network site was this on?
12. Have there been messages posted on Randall's page?
13. What are the ages of the people who have died?
14. When did this start?
15. Who is Liam Clarke's father?
16. Who did he speak to?
17. Did the people who did this know each other?
18. Which newspaper did he talk to?
Answer:
1. 17
2. suicide
3. yes
4. hung herself
5. her bedroom
6. Blaengarw
7. Thursday
8. 7th
9. UK's Press Association
10. an Internet death cult
11. Bebo
12. yes
13. 17 to 27
14. January 2007.
15. Kevin Clarke
16. the newspaper,
17. yes
18. Daily Mail