*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: As the temperature of a perfect crystal increases, its particles start to vibrate slightly around their optimal positions, thus increasing the entropy of the system. The dependence of entropy on temperature varies by substance, so the only temperature at which all crystals have the same entropy is absolute zero. The standard entropy of a substance is a measure of its entropy at 25C and 1 atm of pressure. Like standard enthalpy of formation values, standard entropies are tabulated for a wide range of substances. However, unlike enthalpy of formation values, all standard entropy values are positive, because the absolute zero for entropy is the most ordered possible state. Additionally, this means that pure elements in their standard states do not have a standard entropy of zero. Q: The measure of a substances entropy at 25 degrees celsius is known as it's? Choices: - specific entropy - new entropy - limited entropy - standard entropy A:
**Answer**
standard entropy

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Homologous chromosomes form a pair, one from each parent. Homologous chromosomes are similar in size and shape, and contain the same genes, though they may have different alleles. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene. This diagram represents two pairs of homologous chromosomes. Q: What are different forms of the same gene? Choices: - genomes - peptides - nuerons - alleles A:
**Answer**
alleles

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism are called homologous ("same knowledge") chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are the same length and have specific nucleotide segments called genes in exactly the same location, or locus. Genes, the functional units of chromosomes, determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins. Traits are the variations of those characteristics. For example, hair color is a characteristic with traits that are blonde, brown, or black. Each copy of a homologous pair of chromosomes originates from a different parent; therefore, the genes themselves are not identical. The variation of individuals within a species is due to the specific combination of the genes inherited from both parents. Even a slightly altered sequence of nucleotides within a gene can result in an alternative trait. For example, there are three possible gene sequences on the human chromosome that code for blood type: sequence A, sequence B, and sequence O. Because all diploid human cells have two copies of the chromosome that determines blood type, the blood type (the trait) is determined by which two versions of the marker gene are inherited. It is possible to have two copies of the same gene sequence on both homologous chromosomes, with one on each (for example, AA, BB, or OO), or two different sequences, such as AB. Minor variations of traits, such as blood type, eye color, and handedness, contribute to the natural variation found within a species. However, if the entire DNA sequence from any pair of human homologous chromosomes is compared, the difference is less than one percent. The sex chromosomes, X and Y, are the single exception to the rule of homologous chromosome uniformity: Other than a small amount of homology that is necessary to accurately produce gametes, the genes found on the X and Y chromosomes are different. Q: What functional units of chromosomes determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins? Choices: - chromosomes - DNA - cells - genes A:
**Answer**
genes

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fluoride ion is widely used in water supplies to help prevent tooth decay. Chloride is an important component in ion balance in blood. Iodide ion is needed by the thyroid gland to make the hormone thyroxine. Q: Fluoride ion is widely used in water supplies to help prevent what? Choices: - rust - bacteria - chlorine taste - tooth decay A:
**Answer**
tooth decay