Q: Information: - Uncertainty is a situation which involves imperfect and/or unknown information. However, "uncertainty is an unintelligible expression without a straightforward description". It arises in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, finance, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, and information science. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown. Uncertainty arises in partially observable and/or stochastic environments, as well as due to ignorance and/or indolence. - Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value. Values (such as physical health, social status, emotional well-being or financial wealth) can be gained or lost when taking risk resulting from a given action or inaction, foreseen or unforeseen. Risk can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty. Uncertainty is a potential, unpredictable, and uncontrollable outcome; risk is a consequence of action taken in spite of uncertainty. - Financial risk is an umbrella term for multiple types of risk associated with financing , including financial transactions that include company loans in risk of default . Risk is a term often used to imply downside risk , meaning the uncertainty of a return and the potential for financial loss . A science has evolved around managing market and financial risk under the general title of modern portfolio theory initiated by Dr. Harry Markowitz in 1952 with his article , '' Portfolio Selection '' . In modern portfolio theory , the variance ( or standard deviation ) of a portfolio is used as the definition of risk . After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'financial risk' exhibits the relationship of 'field of work'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - action - economics - engineering - health - information - information science - philosophy - science - sociology
A: economics

Q: Information: - Rochester (or ) is a city on the southern shore of Lake Ontario in the western portion of the U.S. state of New York, and the seat of Monroe County. - The Johns Hopkins University (commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins) is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, the university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur, abolitionist, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins. His $7million bequestof which half financed the establishment of The Johns Hopkins Hospitalwas the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States at that time. Daniel Coit Gilman, who was inaugurated as the institution's first president on February 22, 1876, led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research. Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany's ancient Heidelberg University, Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States. - John Auer ( March 30 , 1875 , Rochester , New York -- 1948 ) was an American physiologist and pharmacologist . He was a graduate of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine ( 1902 ) , and was son - in - law to physiologist Samuel James Meltzer ( 1851 -- 1920 ) , with whom he closely worked at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research . The eponymous Auer rods are named after him , defined as rod - shaped inclusions in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts , myelocytes and monoblasts . These were described by Auer in a 21 - year - old patient suffering from a nosebleed and a sore throat . He performed a number of studies with his father - in - law involving the correlation between bronchial asthma and foreign substances , and also with Meltzer , he investigated the effects of magnesium on tetany . The term '' Auer 's phenomena '' is named for allergic inflammations caused by exposure to xylene , about which he first described in experimentation on laboratory rabbits . He is credited with ventilation of the lungs with anaesthesia during open thorax surgery . His technique of intra-tracheal intubation is used to give continuous respiration to patients without respiratory lung movement . He also gave the first account on the physiological occurrences associated with anaphylaxis ; his research involving experiments with guinea pigs . - The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM), located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., is the academic medical teaching and research arm of Johns Hopkins University. Johns Hopkins has consistently been among the nation's top medical schools in the number of research grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health. Its major teaching hospital, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, was ranked the #1 hospital in the United States for 22 years by "U.S. News & World Report". - The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research facility of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore City, Maryland, U.S. It was founded in 1889 using money from a bequest by philanthropist Johns Hopkins. Johns Hopkins Hospital and the school of medicine are the founding institutions of modern American medicine and the birthplace of numerous medical traditions including rounds, residents and housestaff. Many medical specialties were formed at the hospital including neurosurgery, by Harvey Cushing; cardiac surgery by Alfred Blalock; and pediatrics and child psychiatry, by Leo Kanner. - Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. In the Wyandot (Huron) language, "ontario" means Lake of Shining Waters. Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie. The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'john auer' exhibits the relationship of 'educated at'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - johns hopkins university - medicine - new york - university school
A: johns hopkins university