Article: Also known as modern composition software, DAWs let you make your own music by playing around with different notes, instruments, and effects (Garage Band is a popular example). This kind of software can still be a little challenging to use if you're a beginner, but it's usually more intuitive than other music programs or apps, making it a good place to start. To use a DAW to make chiptunes, search "digital audio workstations" or "modern composition software" online and install one of the programs you find on your computer. There are plenty of free DAWs available online that you can try when you're first starting out. Some programs you might want to check out are Ableton Live, FL Studio, and Sonar. Music trackers are used by a lot of serious chiptune artists, but they can be harder to navigate than DAWs because of their complicated interfaces. Like DAWs, you'll be able to lay down different notes and sounds to make your music, but with a tracker, everything will be presented as a scrolling list of letters and numbers, which can get confusing. However, you'll be able to do more with your songs and have more control over the final product, so it might be worth it if you plan on making a lot of chiptunes. You can find free or paid music trackers online by searching "music trackers" or "chiptune music tracker." Some free music trackers you might want to try include OpenMPT, MilkyTracker, SunVox, and SonantLive. Like music trackers, chiptune apps can be complex if you don't know what you're doing, and you may be more limited in what you can do with them. Still, an app might be a good choice if you want the convenience of making chiptunes when you're away from home. Try searching "Chiptune maker" or "Chiptune app" in your app store to find an app that you can use. Nanoloop and Sunvox are both chiptune apps available for iPhone and Android users. If you're having trouble figuring out how to use an app, search online or check out YouTube to see if there's a tutorial. Online chiptune makers can be used right in your browser, and they usually have more user-friendly interfaces than DAWs and music trackers. An online chiptune maker might be a good choice if you want to practice making chiptunes without learning a lot of complicated controls and settings. However, you'll be more limited in what you can do, so eventually you might want to move on to other programs. BeepBox and Chirp are both online chiptune makers you can check out if you're interested.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Use a digital audio workstation (DAW) if you're new to music programs. Try using a music tracker if you want more control over the music. Download a chiptune app on your phone to make music on the go. Try an online chiptune maker if you'd prefer something simple and easy.

In a simple substitution cipher, you can assigning letter values to other letters. For example, A may equal C and and F might equal J. Make sure you don't choose easy combinations like A = B or A = Z. They'll be easily broken. Make decoder rings. Those decoder rings you got in a box of cereal years ago may come in handy, but you can make your own too if you want. Write your letters, A through Z, in a large circle. Then, write the substituted letters inside the large circle to form their own smaller circle. Now you'll have a key for your cipher. Randomize the cipher. Once you've got your keys and your friends have theirs too, you can cut out both rings from the paper. Turn the smaller ring inside the larger outer ring to create new substitutions. When you pass your note, write what A equals, and the reader will know where to set their rings. To make a slightly more complicated substitution cipher, you can make your own simple symbols to stand in for letters. The more each symbol looks different than the letter it represents, the harder the code will be to crack. Make sure each symbol is also simple and easy to draw quickly. Create a key for your new language. Make a master key that shows which letter matches up with each symbol. As you practice writing in your new script, you'll become more familiar with the symbols, but you'll need a key at first to remember which is which. Share the key with friends. Your language won't be of much use if only you can read the notes you pass! Share the key with your friends, advising them to keep it safe so that no one else finds and learns the symbols. Write your messages in the new language. Practice the symbols until you can read and write them as quickly as your native language. It'll take a while, but you'll get to know the symbols well over time. For example, swap A with () Alpha, B with () Beta, C with () Chi, etc. from the Greek alphabet.. Use similar characters for missing letters. Some foreign alphabets may not contain all the letters in your language. Greek doesn't have Y, but there's a visually similar Upsilon (Y in capitals), so you might use that instead. Make sure your reader knows that you're going to be substituting some letters for others not in the language. Test some examples. For example: "See you tonight" becomes " ," with "you" subbed out for "thou" because Greek doesn't have a character for "Y". Numbers tend to stick out in messages with a lot of text, so try to find a better way to to hide them in your cipher. For example, replace the "8" in "See you tonight, 8 o'clock" with "(128/2)". The 8 is replaced by a simple math: the square root of (128/2=64)=8. It's relatively easy to crack a substitution code, because you're still using your native language and only swapping out the letters for other letters or symbols. Words like "and", "you" and "the", which will show up frequently in your messages, and can be found out and used to piece together parts of a key. Common letters like E, T and A also help code-breakers to decipher your message.
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One-sentence summary --
Substitute letters for other letters. Substitute your own symbols for letters. Substitute letters from another language. Substitute equations for numbers. Be aware that substitution ciphers can be broken.