Problem: Article: Since you will be painting on your plywood, you want it to have a smooth texture. Signboard is a great option, but if you can't get it, sanded plywood or medium-density fiberboard will also work. A common size is 4 by 4 feet (120 by 120cm), but you can make your barn quilt whatever size you want. A smaller one is an easy way to start. A lumberyard or a home supply store are good places to look for plywood. Do your priming and painting outside or in an open garage. Lay down drop clothes to protect the floor if you are painting on the ground. You can also put your plywood on top of sawhorses or on a work table. If you don't have ventilation when you paint, the paint fumes can be really harmful. Pour primer into a rolling tray, and dip your paint roller into it. Rub the paint roller along the plywood in smooth, even strokes. It's important to use an exterior primer, since barn quilts are normally hung outdoors. Allow the coat to dry, following the instructions on the primer. Different kinds of primer will take different amounts of time to dry, so check the instructions on your can of primer to figure out how long you need to let it sit. Then paint on the second coat just as you did the first one. Let the primer dry again. You need to prime the back of your board as well, even though you won't be painting it. This helps keep your artwork waterproof, since the barn quilt will have to withstand the weather outdoors. Be patient and wait for the primer to dry in between each coat. It will help your quilt last much longer.
Summary: Buy a square of smooth, pressure-treated plywood. Work in a well-ventilated spot and protect the floor with drop cloths. Apply exterior latex primer to the plywood with a roller. Let the primer dry and apply a second coat. Paint 3 coats of primer on the back (rough) side.

Problem: Article: Use a scale that will give you the value in kilograms. Because children's weights change rapidly, especially right after birth, it is important to have an up-to-date weight. If your scale gives the weight in pounds, then you will need to covert the values to kilograms. Otherwise the answer will not be accurate. 1 pound equals 0.45 kilograms. If you know the child's age, you can use these values: A newborn that is only 15 to 30 minutes old will have an average blood volume of 76.5 milliliters of blood per kilogram. A newborn that is 24 hours old has 83.3 milliliters per kilogram. A three month old has 87 milliliters per kilogram. A six month old has 86 milliliters per kilogram. A child one to six years old has 80 milliliters per kilogram. A ten year old has 75 milliliters per kilogram. A fifteen year old has 71 milliliters per kilogram. As teens reach adult sizes and proportions, their blood volume will be the same as that of adults. Multiply your child's weight times the average value for his or her age group. The result will be your child's estimated blood volume. The values may differ slightly when you use a different method of calculation. The accuracy of the calculations may also vary slightly based on whether these averages were calculated from a population that is similar in body side and growth patterns to your child.
Summary: Weigh the child. Determine the average blood volume per weight. Calculate the blood volume.

Problem: Article: Goldfish, Rosy Barbs, and Guppies are excellent starter fishes. Before you buy your tank and other supplies, determine what kinds of fish and how many fish you will have in the tank. This way, you can buy an appropriate sized tank and the appropriate gravel or substrate. It is recommended that you buy a large tank instead of a small tank. Larger tanks are easier to clean, and you can add more fish to larger tanks. Avoid common myths that tell you it is acceptable to keep fish in bowls. Larger tanks also allow your fish to grow while still being comfortable. Keeping fish in an overcrowded tank is the fastest way to reduce water quality and introduce toxins and diseases to the water. It is recommended that you start with a fish tank that can hold between 20 and 55 gallons. For smaller fish, use a tank that can hold around 10 gallons. It is also better to buy a wide tank instead of a tall tank. Wide tanks have more surface area, and thus, allow more oxygen to enter the water and more waste gasses to escape. Gravel, or substrate, comes in various sizes, colors, and forms. You can choose from gravel, sand, or crushed coral. Gravel is the most common form of substrate and comes in small to large sizes. It is recommended that you buy gravel that is medium in size. Do not buy gravel with sharp edges. The sharp edges can harm the fish's scales. Fish that like to pick up the gravel or dig into the gravel are especially at risk. Sand substrate is great for fish with delicate barbells, such as the Corydoras catfish. However, it is very difficult to clean and can get stuck in your filter. If you have a picky eater, like a puffer fish, it might swallow the substrate. Crushed coral gravel is great for fish that prefer a higher pH, such as African cichlids, as this reflects on their natural habitat. There are three different types of filtration systems: external, internal, and under gravel. However, whichever you choose, make sure it is high-quality. Internal filters are great for small tanks. Under gravel filters move the water through the gravel, which induces biological filtration to occur. They pull water in and they release it out of the spout. Examples of high-quality filters are the Fluval External filter, Penn Plax Cascade canister, and the EHEIM Classic External canister. There are a variety of decorations you can choose from. There are aquarium backdrops, rocks, driftwood, plants (both real and fake), and furniture or decoration caves, tunnels, and bridges. Make sure to purchase a variety of decorations. A starter kit tank though comes with a rather childish decor, as it is marketed toward children. Plants and furniture allow your fish to hide out, feel safe, and relieve stress. However, for more greedy, herbivorous fish, make sure to get more sturdy, nip-proof plants. Aquarium backdrops are great for hiding cables and equipment behind the tank. They also create an illusion of depth for the fish. Make sure the decorations you buy are safe and non-toxic sharp objects are harmful to fish, especially to the Eye goldfish and the Black Moor fish.
Summary: Determine what kind of fish you want. Buy a tank. Select the appropriate gravel. Choose a high-quality filter. Pick your decorations.

Problem: Article: A primer is a molecule that binds to a particular sequence of DNA. Once bound, the binder can be detected to determine whether or not that sequence was present in the sample. This allows for testing of specific sequences that correspond to a certain genotype. Once you have selected a primer that binds to the sequence in question, you will need to extract DNA from the cell. Follow the appropriate extraction protocol for your lab. Once you have collected a sample, you can test it. Add the primer to the DNA sample. If the sequence corresponding to that primer is present, it will bind to the molecule. Once this is complete, you can move on to analysis. For simple cases, the results simply come back as positive or negative based on whether or not the primer was bound to the DNA strands. Some more complex methods may require post-PCR procedures. These procedures can be lengthy and expensive, and are avoided when possible.
Summary:
Select a primer. Collect a DNA sample. Add the primer to the sample. Analyze the results.