Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: In this study, we examined chondrogenic regulation of 2 types of mesenchymal stem cells seeded on the bioengineered substrate in monolayer cultures under mechanically defined conditions to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of chondrocytes within articular cartilage tissues.', 'Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BSCs) were exposed to 0.2 Pa shear stress, 3 MPa cyclic hydrostatic pressure, and combined loading with different sequences on chemically designed medical-grade silicone rubber, while no soluble growth factors were added to the culture medium. The expression levels of chondrogenic-specific genes of SOX9, aggrecan, and type II collagen (Col II) were measured. Results were compared to those of cells treated by biological growth factor.', 'Gene expression patterns were dependent on the loading regime. Moreover, the source of mesenchymal stem cells (adipose or bone marrow) was influential in gene expression. Overall, enhanced expression of chondrogenic markers was found through application of mechanical stimuli. The response was generally found to be significantly promoted when the 2 loading regimes were superimposed.
[EX A]: Do the synergistic effects of shear stress and cyclic hydrostatic pressure modulate chondrogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells?

[EX Q]: To understand whether the relationship between young children's autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses predicted their BMI, or vice versa, the association between standardized BMI (zBMI) at 2, 3.5, and 5 years of age and ANS reactivity at 3.5-5 years of age, and whether zBMI predicts later ANS reactivity or whether early ANS reactivity predicts later zBMI, was studied.", "Low-income, primarily Latino children (n=112) were part of a larger cohort study of mothers recruited during early pregnancy. Study measures included maternal prenatal weight, children's health behaviors (i.e., time watching television, fast food consumption, and time playing outdoors), children's height and weight at 2, 3.5, and 5 years, and children's ANS reactivity at 3.5 and 5 years. ANS measures of sympathetic nervous system (i.e., pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic nervous system (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) activity were monitored during rest and four challenges. Reactivity was calculated as the difference between mean challenge response and rest. Structural equation models analyzed the relationship between children's zBMI at 2, 3.5, and 5 years and ANS reactivity at 3.5 and 5 years, adjusting for mother's BMI, children's behaviors, and changes in height.", 'There was no association between zBMI and ANS cross-sectionally. Children with high zBMI at 2 or 3.5 years or large zBMI increases from 2 to 3.5 years of age had decreased sympathetic activity at 5 years. Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic reactivity at 3.5 years predicted later zBMI.
[EX A]: Does latino children 's body mass index at 2-3.5 years predict sympathetic nervous system activity at 5 years?

[EX Q]: To investigate the surgical results of macular hole surgery without gas tamponade or postoperative posturing in patients with Stage 3 and Stage 4 macular holes with 500 m mean base diameter.', 'Retrospective interventional case series.', 'Twenty-six patients with Stage 3 and Stage 4 macular holes.', 'Twenty-six eyes of 26 patients with Stage 3 and Stage 4 macular holes and a mean base diameter of 892.8 349 m underwent pars plana 23-gauge vitrectomy with broad internal limiting membrane peel (ILM peel), inverted ILM flap repositioning (ILMR), and use of autologous gluconated blood clumps as a macular plug to close the macular hole. No fluid-air exchange, endotamponade, or postoperative posturing was used. The subjects were followed up for 12 months. The anatomical outcome of the procedure was evaluated by fundus examination and optical coherence tomography. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to study the restoration of the outer retinal layer integrity in the postoperative period. The preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuities in logMAR units were compared to evaluate functional outcome.', 'Macular hole closure and best-corrected visual acuity before and after surgery.', 'Twenty-six patients with mean age 62.8 7.3 years, preoperative median best-corrected visual acuity 6/60 (1.0 logMAR units), and a mean base diameter of 892.8 349 m underwent surgery to close macular holes without gas tamponade or postoperative posturing. Twenty patients (76.9%) were phakic. Twenty eyes (76.92%) had Stage 3 macular holes and 6 eyes (23.10%) had Stage 4 macular holes. After a single surgery, hole closure was achieved in 100% of eyes. The median best-corrected visual acuity improved from 6/60 (1.0 logMAR units) to 6/18 (0.50 logMAR units) (P < 0.001). Three patients needed cataract surgery at 12-month follow-up. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed.
[EX A]:
Does cLOSING MACULAR hole WITH '' MACULAR PLUG '' WITHOUT GAS TAMPONADE AND POSTOPERATIVE POSTURING?