instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by inflammation, atrophy, fibrosis with progressive ductal changes, and functional changes that include variable exocrine and endocrine insufficiency and multiple patterns of pain. We investigated whether abdominal imaging features accurately predict patterns of pain.', 'We collected data from participants in the North American Pancreatitis Study 2 Continuation and Validation, a prospective multicenter study of patients with chronic pancreatitis performed at 13 expert centers in the United States from July 2008 through March 2012. Chronic pancreatitis was defined based on the detection of characteristic changes by cross-sectional abdominal imaging, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography, or histology analyses. Patients were asked by a physician or trained clinical research coordinator if they had any abdominal pain during the year before enrollment, those who responded "yes" were asked to select from a list of 5 pain patterns. By using these patterns, weclassified patients' pain based on timing and severity. Abnormal pancreatitis-associated features on abdominal imaging were recorded using standardized case report forms.', 'Data were collected from 518 patients (mean age, 52 14.6 y; 55% male; and 87.6% white). The most common physician-identified etiologies were alcohol (45.8%) and idiopathic (24.3%); 15.6% of patients reported no abdominal pain in the year before enrollment. The most common individual pain pattern was described as constant mild pain with episodes of severe pain and was reported in 45% of patients. The most common imaging findings included pancreatic ductal dilatation (68%), atrophy (57%), and calcifications (55%). Imaging findings were categorized as obstructive for 20% and as inflammatory for 25% of cases. The distribution of individual imaging findings was similar among patients with different patterns of pain. The distribution of pain patterns did not differ among clinically relevant groups of imaging findings.
answer:
1

question:
To assess the influence of vascular clamping and ischemia time on long-term post-operative renal function following partial nephrectomy (PN) for cancer in a solitary kidney.', 'This is a retrospective study including 259patients managed by PN between 1979 and 2010 in 13centers. Clamping use, technique choice (pedicular or parenchymal clamping), ischemia time, and peri-operative data were collected. Pre-operative and last follow-up glomerular filtration rates were compared. A multivariate analysis using a Cox model was performed to assess the impact of ischemia on post-operative chronic renal failure risk.', 'Mean tumor size was 4.02.3cm and mean pre-operative glomerular filtration rate was 60.818.9mL/min. One hundred and six patients were managed with warm ischemia (40.9%) and 53patients with cold ischemia (20.5%). Thirty patients (11.6%) have had a chronic kidney disease. In multivariate analysis, neither vascular clamping (P=0.44) nor warm ischemia time (P=0.1) were associated with a pejorative evolution of renal function. Pre-operative glomerular filtration rate (P<0.0001) and blood loss volume (P=0.02) were significant independent predictive factors of long-term renal failure.
answer:
1

question:
Endoscopic volume reduction of the stomach may provide a minimally invasive alternative for surgical procedures in the treatment of obesity.', 'To assess safety and preliminary effectiveness in the first human application of a novel endoscopic stapling technique.', 'Prospective, observational, phase 1 study.', 'Two university hospitals in The Netherlands.', 'Patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 to 45 kg/m(2) or 30 to 39.9 kg/m(2) with obesity-related comorbidity.', 'Gastric volume reduction with an endoscopic stapler.', 'Primary outcome measure was the prevalence of serious or mild adverse events. Reduction of excess body weight after 12 months was assessed as a secondary outcome measure for effectiveness of the procedure.', 'Seventeen patients with a median BMI of 40.2 kg/m(2) (interquartile range [IQR] 37.6-42.8) underwent an endoscopic stapling procedure. Median procedure time was 123 minutes (IQR 95-129). No serious adverse events occurred. Adverse events were gastric pain (n= 7, range 1-3 days), sore throat (n= 4, 2-3 days), diarrhea (n= 4, 2-15 days), nausea (n= 3, 2-4 days), constipation (n= 4, 3-14 days), and vomiting (n= 3, 1-4 days). All adverse events were mild and resolved with conservative treatment within 15 days after surgery. The median percentage excess weight loss in the first year was 34.9% (IQR 17.8-46.6).
answer:
1