Answer the following question given this paragraph: Lignin is a tough carbohydrate molecule that is hydrophobic ("water fearing"). It adds support to vascular tissues in stems. It also waterproofs the tissues so they don't leak, which makes them more efficient at transporting fluids. Because most other organisms cannot break down lignin, it helps protect plants from herbivores and parasites. Q: Things that are hydrophobic repel or otherwise don't really mix with what? A:

OPTIONS:
- air
- magnets
- heat
- water

Answer: water

Problem: OPTIONS:
- klinokinesis
- brownian motion
- telekinesis
- orthokinesis
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Kinesis and Taxis Another activity or movement of innate behavior is kinesis, or the undirected movement in response to a stimulus. Orthokinesis is the increased or decreased speed of movement of an organism in response to a stimulus. Woodlice, for example, increase their speed of movement when exposed to high or low temperatures. This movement, although random, increases the probability that the insect spends less time in the unfavorable environment. Another example is klinokinesis, an increase in turning behaviors. It is exhibited by bacteria such as E. coli which, in association with orthokinesis, helps the organisms randomly find a more hospitable environment. A similar, but more directed version of kinesis is taxis: the directed movement towards or away from a stimulus. This movement can be in response to light (phototaxis), chemical signals (chemotaxis), or gravity (geotaxis) and can be directed toward (positive) or away (negative) from the source of the stimulus. An example of a positive chemotaxis is exhibited by the unicellular protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. This organism swims using its cilia, at times moving in a straight line, and at other times making turns. The attracting chemotactic agent alters the frequency of turning as the organism moves directly toward the source, following the increasing concentration gradient. Fixed Action Patterns A fixed action pattern is a series of movements elicited by a stimulus such that even when the stimulus is removed, the pattern goes on to completion. An example of such a behavior occurs in the three-spined stickleback, a small freshwater fish (Figure 45.34). Males of this species develop a red belly during breeding season and show instinctual aggressiveness to other males during this time. In laboratory experiments, researchers exposed such fish to objects that in no way resemble a fish in their shape, but which were painted red on their lower halves. The male sticklebacks responded aggressively to the objects just as if they were real male sticklebacks. Q: What term is used to describe is the increased or decreased speed of movement of an organism in response to a stimulus? A:
Answer: orthokinesis

Problem:OPTIONS:
- elevation
- abundance
- sunlight
- vegetation

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Name what nutrient cycling is strongly regulated by. A:
****
A: vegetation

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Charge Carried by Electrons and Protons Franklin wrote in his letters and books that he could see the effects of electric charge but did not understand what caused the phenomenon. Today we have the advantage of knowing that normal matter is made of atoms, and that atoms contain positive and negative charges, usually in equal amounts. Figure 18.5 shows a simple model of an atom with negative electrons orbiting its positive nucleus. The nucleus is positive due to the presence of positively charged protons. Nearly all charge in nature is due to electrons and protons, which are two of the. Q: What part of an atom is positive due to the presence of positively charged protons? A:
OPTIONS:
- Neutron
- Proton
- Electron
- nucleus
nucleus

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 33.18 Smooth muscle cells do not have striations, while skeletal muscle cells do. Cardiac muscle cells have striations, but, unlike the multinucleate skeletal cells, they have only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle tissue also has intercalated discs, specialized regions running along the plasma membrane that join adjacent cardiac muscle cells and assist in passing an electrical impulse from cell to cell. Q: Skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells share what property, which is not shared by smooth muscle cells? A:
OPTIONS:
- surfaces
- overlap
- filaments
- striations

Answer: striations

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What type of cells in the body fluids and tissues of most animals specifically interact with and destroy pathogens? A:
OPTIONS:
- Microglial cells
- Dendritic cells
- White blood cells
- immune cells
output:
immune cells