Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Context: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance and prognostic impact of extranodal metastasis (EM) in gastric carcinoma.', 'The study included 1023 patients who underwent gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy for primary gastric carcinoma between January 1993 and December 1996. EM was defined as the presence of tumour cells in extramural soft tissue that was discontinuous with either the primary lesion or locoregional lymph nodes.', "EM was detected in 146 (14.3 per cent) of the 1023 patients and in 1060 (3.0 per cent) of the 35 811 nodules that were retrieved as 'lymph nodes' from adipose connective tissues. The incidence of EM was significantly higher in patients with tumours that were large (diameter 10 cm or more), infiltrative, deeply invading or undifferentiated and in those with lymph node, peritoneal or liver metastases, or lymphatic or vascular involvement. After curative operation overall survival was significantly worse for patients with EM than those without (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified EM as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 1.82 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.23 to 2.71); P = 0.003).
Answer: EM is an independent prognostic factor and should therefore be included in the tumour node metastasis (TNM) staging system.
[EX A]: Is extranodal metastasis an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with gastric carcinoma?

[EX Q]: Context: Bradykinin is a neuropeptide released after tissue damage which plays an important role in inflammatory pain. The up-regulation of the bradykinin B1 receptor in response to inflammation makes it an attractive target for drug development. Aim was to investigate if the selective B1 receptor antagonist BI113823 reduces inflammation-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and if the effect is mediated via peripheral and/or spinal B1 receptor antagonism.', "Electrophysiological recordings of peripheral afferents and spinal neurons were combined with behavioural experiments to better understand the underlying mechanisms of B1 receptor antagonism. Experiments were performed 24h after injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or saline into the paw of Wistar rats. A gene expression analysis for the B1 receptor was performed in different tissues. BI113823 was administered orally or intrathecally to assess effects on CFA-induced hyperalgesia. Peripheral afferents of the saphenous nerve as well as spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) and nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons were recorded, and mechanosensitivity was measured before and after BI113823 administration.", 'BI113823 reduced CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia when administered orally or intrathecally. An increased B1 receptor gene expression was found in peripheral and spinal neural tissue. BI113823 significantly reduced mechanosensitivity of peripheral afferents and spinal NS neurons, but had no effect on WDR neurons.
Answer: The selective bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist BI113823 reduces CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia which is mediated via antagonism of peripheral as well as spinal bradykinin B1 receptors. The selective modulation of CFA-sensitized spinal NS neurons by BI113823 could be a promising property for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
[EX A]: Does the bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist BI113823 reverse inflammatory hyperalgesia by desensitization of peripheral and spinal neurons?

[EX Q]: Context: Previous work has demonstrated a link between restricted sleep and risk indicators for cardiovascular and metabolic disease, such as levels of cortisol, lipids, and glucose. The present study sought to identify relations between polysomnographic measures of disturbed sleep (frequency of arousals from sleep, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency) and a number of such indicators. A second purpose was to relate the number of arousals to mood, stress, work characteristics, and other possible predictors in daily life.', 'Twenty-four people (10 men, 14 women; mean age 30 years), high vs. low on burnout, were recruited from a Swedish IT company. Polysomnographically recorded sleep was measured at home before a workday. Blood pressure, heart rate, morning blood sample, and saliva samples of cortisol were measured the subsequent working day. They were also recorded for diary ratings of sleep and stress, and a questionnaire with ratings of sleep, stress, work conditions, and mood was completed.', 'A stepwise regression analysis using sleep parameters as predictors brought out number of arousals as the best predictor of morning cortisol (serum and saliva), heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and LDL/HDL-ratio. Work stress/unclear boundaries between work and leisure time was the best predictor of arousals among the stress variables.
Answer: Consistent with sleep restriction experiments, sleep fragmentation was associated with elevated levels of metabolic and cardiovascular risk indicators of stress-related disorders. Number of arousals also seems to be related to workload/stress.
[EX A]:
Are microarousals during sleep associated with increased levels of lipids , cortisol , and blood pressure?