Answer the following question given this paragraph: Reversible Processes Both isothermal and adiabatic processes such as shown in Figure 15.13 are reversible in principle. A reversible process is one in which both the system and its environment can return to exactly the states they were in by following the reverse path. The reverse isothermal and adiabatic paths are BA and CA, respectively. Real macroscopic processes are never exactly reversible. In the previous examples, our system is a gas (like that in Figure 15.9), and its environment is the piston, cylinder, and the rest of the universe. If there are any energy-dissipating mechanisms, such as friction or turbulence, then heat transfer to the environment occurs for either direction of the piston. So, for example, if the path BA is followed and there is friction, then the gas will be returned to its original state but the environment will notit will have been heated in both directions. Reversibility requires the direction of heat transfer to reverse for the reverse path. Since dissipative mechanisms cannot be completely eliminated, real processes cannot be reversible. There must be reasons that real macroscopic processes cannot be reversible. We can imagine them going in reverse. For example, heat transfer occurs spontaneously from hot to cold and never spontaneously the reverse. Yet it would not violate the first law of thermodynamics for this to happen. In fact, all spontaneous processes, such as bubbles bursting, never go in reverse. There is a second thermodynamic law that forbids them from going in reverse. When we study this law, we will learn something about nature and also find that such a law limits the efficiency of heat engines. We will find that heat engines with the greatest possible theoretical efficiency would have to use reversible processes, and even they cannot convert all heat transfer into doing work. Table 15.2 summarizes the simpler thermodynamic processes and their definitions. Q: What is the name of the process in which both the system and its environment can return to exactly the states they were in by following the reverse path? Choices: - conductive process - Remote process - Different Process - reversible process A:
reversible process
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hurricanes are cyclones. Since they form in the tropics, they are called tropical cyclones. These storms form over very warm ocean water in summer and autumn. The temperature of the sea surface must be 28 o C (82 o F) or higher. The air above the water warms and rises. This forms a low pressure cell. The air begins to rotate around the low pressure cell. Water vapor condenses. If conditions are right, the storm will build into a hurricane in two to three days. Q: Hurricanes that form in the tropics are called what? Choices: - rain cyclones - tornados - caribbean cyclones - tropical cyclones A:
tropical cyclones
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Blood is a fluid connective tissue that contains a liquid component called plasma. Q: What is the liquid component in blood? Choices: - respiration - aqueous humor - hemoglobin - plasma A:
A: plasma
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: An electric transformer connects two circuits with an iron core that becomes an electromagnet. Q: An electric transformer connects two circuits with an iron core that becomes what? Choices: - inductive - radioactive - actuator - electromagnet A:
Answer: electromagnet
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sodium Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid. It is responsible for one-half of the osmotic pressure gradient that exists between the interior of cells and their surrounding environment. People eating a typical Western diet, which is very high in NaCl, routinely take in 130 to 160 mmol/day of sodium, but humans require only 1 to 2 mmol/day. This excess sodium appears to be a major factor in hypertension (high blood pressure) in some people. Excretion of sodium is accomplished primarily by the kidneys. Sodium is freely filtered through the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys, and although much of the filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, some remains in the filtrate and urine, and is normally excreted. Hyponatremia is a lower-than-normal concentration of sodium, usually associated with excess water accumulation in the body, which dilutes the sodium. An absolute loss of sodium may be due to a decreased intake of the ion coupled with its continual excretion in the urine. An abnormal loss of sodium from the body can result from several conditions, including excessive sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea; the use of diuretics; excessive production of urine, which can occur in diabetes; and acidosis, either metabolic acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis. A relative decrease in blood sodium can occur because of an imbalance of sodium in one of the body's other fluid compartments, like IF, or from a dilution of sodium due to water retention related to edema or congestive heart failure. At the cellular level, hyponatremia results in increased entry of water into cells by osmosis, because the concentration of solutes within the cell exceeds the concentration of solutes in the now-diluted ECF. The excess water causes swelling of the cells; the swelling of red blood cellsdecreasing their oxygen-carrying efficiency and making them potentially too large to fit through capillariesalong with the swelling of neurons in the brain can result in brain damage or even death. Hypernatremia is... Q: What element is responsible for one-half of the osmotic pressure gradient that exists between the interior of cells and their surrounding environment? Choices: - calcium - potassium - nitrogen - sodium A:
**Answer**
sodium
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The motion of individual molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction. However, a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Q: What do we call the predictable distribution of molecular speeds found in gas of many molecules? Choices: - mitchell - boltzmann distribution - burns - boltzmann distribution - kemp - boltzmann distribution - maxwell-boltzmann distribution A:
maxwell-boltzmann distribution