TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: One reaction to prepare these compounds adds diazomethylphosphonate esters to aldehydes under basic catalysis and generates vinyl-diazo intermediates. Along with aldehydes, these compounds are the degradation products of alpha, beta-epoxy tosylhydrazones in the Eschenmoser fragmentation. A coupling involving both palladium and copper catalysis, in which these compounds react with aryl halides, is the Sonogashira reaction. These compounds react with azides to form triazole rings in a well-known click-chemistry reaction, and terminal ones can be deprotonated by sodium amide. They are reduced to cis-alkenes by the poisoned Lindlar catalyst. This functional group is composed of two sp-hybridized carbons. For 10 points, name this functional group consisting of a carbon-carbon triple bond.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: The enzyme LCAT catalyzes the formation of an ester from this compound. Intermediates in the synthesis of this compound include squalene [SKWAY-leen] and mevalonate [muh-VAL-uh-nate], the latter of which is produced by HMG-CoA reductase. Vitamin D is formed from the 7-dehydro form of this compound, which reduces membrane fluidity. This compound, which is transported to the liver by high-density lipoprotein, is linked to heart disease. For 10 points, name this compound whose amount in the blood is lowered by statins such as Crestor and Lipitor.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: This man introduced equations characterizing the stability of governors in an early paper on control theory. He showed that only particulate composition can confer stability to Saturn's rings, and he also names a gap in the outer C-ring of Saturn. Experimentally verifiable thermodynamic quantities are used to relate hard-to-measure thermodynamic functions according to a set of relations named for this man. He introduced the displacement current term in another equation, which, along with the Faraday's law and the two Gauss laws were discussed in this man's paper "On the Physical Lines of Force." For 10 points, identify this thinker who grouped a set of four equations from electrodynamics.

SOLUTION:
Science