In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.
Example: SECTION 1. LIABILITY OF BUSINESS ENTITIES PROVIDING USE OF FACILITIES
TO NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS.

(a) Definitions.--In this section:
(1) Business entity.--The term ''business entity'' means a
firm, corporation, association, partnership, consortium, joint
venture, or other form of enterprise.
(2) Facility.--The term ''facility'' means any real
property, including any building, improvement, or appurtenance.
(3) Gross negligence.--The term ''gross negligence'' means
voluntary and conscious conduct by a person with knowledge (at
the time of the conduct) that the conduct is likely to be
harmful to the health or well-being of another person.
(4) Intentional misconduct.--The term ''intentional
misconduct'' means conduct by a person with knowledge (at the
time of the conduct) that the conduct is harmful to the health
or well-being of another person.
(5) Nonprofit organization.--The term ''nonprofit
organization'' means--
(A) any organization described in section 501(c)(3)
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from
tax under section 501(a) of such Code; or
(B) any not-for-profit organization organized and
conducted for public benefit and operated primarily for
charitable, civic, educational, religious, welfare, or
health purposes.
(6) State.--The term ''State'' means each of the several
States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Northern
Mariana Islands, any other territory or possession of the
United States, or any political subdivision of any such State,
territory, or possession.
(b) Limitation on Liability.--
(1) In general.--Subject to subsection (c), a business
entity shall not be subject to civil liability relating to any
injury or death occurring at a facility of the business entity
in connection with a use of such facility by a nonprofit
organization if--
(A) the use occurs outside of the scope of business
of the business entity;
(B) such injury or death occurs during a period
that such facility is used by the nonprofit
organization; and
(C) the business entity authorized the use of such
facility by the nonprofit organization.
(2) Application.--This subsection shall apply--
(A) with respect to civil liability under Federal
and State law; and
(B) regardless of whether a nonprofit organization
pays for the use of a facility.
(c) Exception for Liability.--Subsection (b) shall not apply to an
injury or death that results from an act or omission of a business
entity that constitutes gross negligence or intentional misconduct,
including any misconduct that--
(1) constitutes a crime of violence (as that term is
defined in section 16 of title 18, United States Code) or act
of international terrorism (as that term is defined in section
2331 of title 18) for which the defendant has been convicted in
any court;
(2) constitutes a hate crime (as that term is used in the
Hate Crime Statistics Act (28 U.S.C. 534 note));
(3) involves a sexual offense, as defined by applicable
State law, for which the defendant has been convicted in any
court; or
(4) involves misconduct for which the defendant has been
found to have violated a Federal or State civil rights law.
(d) Superseding Provision.--
(1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2) and subsection
(e), this Act preempts the laws of any State to the extent that
such laws are inconsistent with this Act, except that this Act
shall not preempt any State law that provides additional
protection from liability for a business entity for an injury
or death with respect to which conditions under subparagraphs
(A) through (C) of subsection (b)(1) apply.
(2) Limitation.--Nothing in this Act shall be construed to
supersede any Federal or State health or safety law.
(e) Election of State Regarding Nonapplicability.--This Act shall
not apply to any civil action in a State court against a business
entity in which all parties are citizens of the State if such State
enacts a statute--
(1) citing the authority of this subsection;
(2) declaring the election of such State that this Act
shall not apply to such civil action in the State; and
(3) containing no other provision.
Example solution: Shields a business entity from civil liability relating to any injury or death occurring at a facility of that entity in connection with a use of such facility by a nonprofit organization if: (1) the use occurs outside the scope of business of the business entity; (2) such injury or death occurs during a period that such facility is used by such organization; and (3) the business entity authorized the use of such facility by the organization.
Makes this Act inapplicable to an injury or death that results from an act or omission of a business entity that constitutes gross negligence or intentional misconduct, including misconduct that: (1) constitutes a hate crime or a crime of violence or act of international terrorism for which the defendant has been convicted in any court; or (2) involves a sexual offense for which the defendant has been convicted in any court or misconduct for which the defendant has been found to have violated a Federal or State civil rights law.
Preempts State laws to the extent that such laws are inconsistent with this Act, except State law that provides additional protection from liability. Specifies that this Act shall not be construed to supersede any Federal or State health or safety law.
Makes this Act inapplicable to any civil action in a State court against a business entity in which all parties are citizens of the State if such State, citing this Act's authority and containing no other provision, enacts a statute declaring the State's election that this Act shall not apply to such action in the State.
Example explanation: This Bill focuses on shielding business entities from civil liability relating to an injury or death depending on the conditions of injury, hence the generated summary is correct.

Problem: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Clinical Research Enhancement Act of
1999''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE.

(a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Clinical research is critical to the advancement of
scientific knowledge and to the development of cures and
improved treatment for disease.
(2) Tremendous advances in biology are opening doors to new
insights into human physiology, pathophysiology and disease,
creating extraordinary opportunities for clinical research.
(3) Clinical research includes translational research which
is an integral part of the research process leading to general
human applications. It is the bridge between the laboratory and
new methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and is thus
essential to progress against cancer and other diseases.
(4) The United States will spend more than
$1,200,000,000,000 on health care in 1999, but the Federal
budget for health research at the National Institutes of Health
was $15,600,000,000 only 1 percent of that total.
(5) Studies at the Institute of Medicine, the National
Research Council, and the National Academy of Sciences have all
addressed the current problems in clinical research.
(6) The Director of the National Institutes of Health has
recognized the current problems in clinical research and
appointed a special panel, which recommended expanded support
for existing National Institutes of Health clinical research
programs and the creation of new initiatives to recruit and
retain clinical investigators.
(7) The current level of training and support for health
professionals in clinical research is fragmented, undervalued,
and underfunded.
(8) Young investigators are not only apprentices for future
positions but a crucial source of energy, enthusiasm, and ideas
in the day-to-day research that constitutes the scientific
enterprise. Serious questions about the future of life-science
research are raised by the following:
(A) The number of young investigators applying for
grants dropped by 54 percent between 1985 and 1993.
(B) The number of physicians applying for first-
time National Institutes of Health research project
grants fell from 1226 in 1994 to 963 in 1998, a 21
percent reduction.
(C) Newly independent life-scientists are expected
to raise funds to support their new research programs
and a substantial proportion of their own salaries.
(9) The following have been cited as reasons for the
decline in the number of active clinical researchers, and those
choosing this career path:
(A) A medical school graduate incurs an average
debt of $85,619, as reported in the Medical School
Graduation Questionnaire by the Association of American
Medical Colleges (AAMC).
(B) The prolonged period of clinical training
required increases the accumulated debt burden.
(C) The decreasing number of mentors and role
models.
(D) The perceived instability of funding from the
National Institutes of Health and other Federal
agencies.
(E) The almost complete absence of clinical
research training in the curriculum of training grant
awardees.
(F) Academic Medical Centers are experiencing
difficulties in maintaining a proper environment for
research in a highly competitive health care
marketplace, which are compounded by the decreased
willingness of third party payers to cover health care
costs for patients engaged in research studies and
research procedures.
(10) In 1960, general clinical research centers were
established under the Office of the Director of the National
Institutes of Health with an initial appropriation of
$3,000,000.
(11) Appropriations for general clinical research centers
in fiscal year 1999 equaled $200,500,000.
(12) Since the late 1960s, spending for general clinical
research centers has declined from approximately 3 percent to 1
percent of the National Institutes of Health budget.
(13) In fiscal year 1999, there were 77 general clinical
research centers in operation, supplying patients in the areas
in which such centers operate with access to the most modern
clinical research and clinical research facilities and
technologies.
(b) Purpose.--It is the purpose of this Act to provide additional
support for and to expand clinical research programs.

SEC. 3. INCREASING THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
IN CLINICAL RESEARCH.

Part B of title IV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 284
et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

''SEC. 409C. CLINICAL RESEARCH.

''(a) In General.--The Director of National Institutes of Health
shall undertake activities to support and expand the involvement of the
National Institutes of Health in clinical research.
''(b) Requirements.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Director
of National Institutes of Health shall--
''(1) consider the recommendations of the Division of
Research Grants Clinical Research Study Group and other
recommendations for enhancing clinical research; and
''(2) establish intramural and extramural clinical research
fellowship programs directed specifically at medical and dental
students and a continuing education clinical research training
program at the National Institutes of Health.
''(c) Support for the Diverse Needs of Clinical Research.--The
Director of National Institutes of Health, in cooperation with the
Directors of the Institutes, Centers, and Divisions of the National
Institutes of Health, shall support and expand the resources available
for the diverse needs of the clinical research community, including
inpatient, outpatient, and critical care clinical research.
''(d) Peer Review.--The Director of National Institutes of Health
shall establish peer review mechanisms to evaluate applications for the
awards and fellowships provided for in subsection (b)(2) and section
409D. Such review mechanisms shall include individuals who are
exceptionally qualified to appraise the merits of potential clinical
research training and research grant proposals.''.

SEC. 4. GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTERS.

(a) Grants.--Subpart 1 of part B of title IV of the Public Health
Service Act (42 U.S.C. 287 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the
following:

''SEC. 481C. GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTERS.

''(a) Grants.--The Director of the National Center for Research
Resources shall award grants for the establishment of general clinical
research centers to provide the infrastructure for clinical research
including clinical research training and career enhancement. Such
centers shall support clinical studies and career development in all
settings of the hospital or academic medical center involved.
''(b) Activities.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Director of
National Institutes of Health shall expand the activities of the
general clinical research centers through the increased use of
telecommunications and telemedicine initiatives.
''(c) Authorization of Appropriations.--For the purpose of carrying
out this section, there are authorized to be appropriated such sums as
may be necessary for each fiscal year.''.
(b) Enhancement Awards.--Part B of title IV of the Public Health
Service Act (42 U.S.C. 284 et seq.), as amended by section 3, is
further amended by adding at the end the following:

''SEC. 409D. ENHANCEMENT AWARDS.

''(a) Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development
Awards.--
''(1) Grants.--
''(A) In general.--The Director of the National
Institutes of Health shall make grants (to be referred
to as 'Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career
Development Awards') to support individual careers in
clinical research at general clinical research centers
or at other institutions that have the infrastructure
and resources deemed appropriate for conducting
patient-oriented clinical research.
''(B) Use.--Grants under subparagraph (A) shall be
used to support clinical investigators in the early
phases of their independent careers by providing salary
and such other support for a period of supervised
study.
''(2) Applications.--An application for a grant under this
subsection shall be submitted by an individual scientist at
such time as the Director may require.
''(3) Authorization of appropriations.--For the purpose of
carrying out this subsection, there are authorized to be
appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal
year.
''(b) Mid-Career Investigator Awards in Patient-Oriented
Research.--
''(1) Grants.--
''(A) In general.--The Director of the National
Institutes of Health shall make grants (to be referred
to as 'Mid-Career Investigator Awards in Patient-
Oriented Research') to support individual clinical
research projects at general clinical research centers
or at other institutions that have the infrastructure
and resources deemed appropriate for conducting
patient-oriented clinical research.
''(B) Use.--Grants under subparagraph (A) shall be
used to provide support for mid-career level clinicians
to allow such clinicians to devote time to clinical
research and to act as mentors for beginning clinical
investigators.
''(2) Applications.--An application for a grant under this
subsection shall be submitted by an individual scientist at
such time as the Director requires.
''(3) Authorization of appropriations.--For the purpose of
carrying out this subsection, there are authorized to be
appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal
year.
''(c) Graduate Training in Clinical Investigation Award.--
''(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institutes
of Health shall make grants (to be referred to as 'Graduate
Training in Clinical Investigation Awards') to support
individuals pursuing master's or doctoral degrees in clinical
investigation.
''(2) Applications.--An application for a grant under this
subsection shall be submitted by an individual scientist at
such time as the Director may require.
''(3) Limitations.--Grants under this subsection shall be
for terms of 2 years or more and shall provide stipend,
tuition, and institutional support for individual advanced
degree programs in clinical investigation.
''(4) Definition.--As used in this subsection, the term
'advanced degree programs in clinical investigation' means
programs that award a master's or Ph.D. degree in clinical
investigation after 2 or more years of training in areas such
as the following:
''(A) Analytical methods, biostatistics, and study
design.
''(B) Principles of clinical pharmacology and
pharmacokinetics.
''(C) Clinical epidemiology.
''(D) Computer data management and medical
informatics.
''(E) Ethical and regulatory issues.
''(F) Biomedical writing.
''(5) Authorization of appropriations.--For the purpose of
carrying out this subsection, there are authorized to be
appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal
year.
''(d) Clinical Research Curriculum Awards.--
''(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institutes
of Health shall make grants (to be referred to as 'Clinical
Research Curriculum Awards') to institutions for the
development and support of programs of core curricula for
training clinical investigators, including medical students.
Such core curricula may include training in areas such as the
following:
''(A) Analytical methods, biostatistics, and study
design.
''(B) Principles of clinical pharmacology and
pharmacokinetics.
''(C) Clinical epidemiology.
''(D) Computer data management and medical
informatics.
''(E) Ethical and regulatory issues.
''(F) Biomedical writing.
''(2) Applications.--An application for a grant under this
subsection shall be submitted by an individual institution or a
consortium of institutions at such time as the Director may
require. An institution may submit only 1 such application.
''(3) Limitations.--Grants under this subsection shall be
for terms of up to 5 years and may be renewable.
''(4) Authorization of appropriations.--For the purpose of
carrying out this subsection, there are authorized to be
appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal
year.''.

SEC. 5. LOAN REPAYMENT PROGRAM REGARDING CLINICAL RESEARCHERS.

Part G of title IV of the Public Health Service Act is amended by
inserting after section 487E (42 U.S.C. 288-5) the following:

''SEC. 487F. LOAN REPAYMENT PROGRAM REGARDING CLINICAL RESEARCHERS.

''(a) In General.--The Secretary, acting through the Director of
the National Institutes of Health, shall establish a program to enter
into contracts with qualified health professionals under which such
health professionals agree to conduct clinical research, in
consideration of the Federal Government agreeing to repay, for each
year of service conducting such research, not more than $35,000 of the
principal and interest of the educational loans of such health
professionals.
''(b) Application of Provisions.--The provisions of sections 338B,
338C, and 338E shall, except as inconsistent with subsection (a) of
this section, apply to the program established under subsection (a) to
the same extent and in the same manner as such provisions apply to the
National Health Service Corps Loan Repayment Program established in
subpart III of part D of title III.
''(c) Funding.--
''(1) Authorization of appropriations.--For the purpose of
carrying out this section, there are authorized to be
appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal
year.
''(2) Availability.--Amounts appropriated for carrying out
this section shall remain available until the expiration of the
second fiscal year beginning after the fiscal year for which
the amounts were made available.''.

SEC. 6. DEFINITION.

Section 409 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 284d) is
amended--
(1) by striking ''For purposes'' and inserting ''(a) Health
Service Research.--For purposes''; and
(2) by adding at the end the following:
''(b) Clinical Research.--As used in this title, the term 'clinical
research' means patient oriented clinical research conducted with human
subjects, or research on the causes and consequences of disease in
human populations involving material of human origin (such as tissue
specimens and cognitive phenomena) for which an investigator or
colleague directly interacts with human subjects in an outpatient or
inpatient setting to clarify a problem in human physiology,
pathophysiology or disease, or epidemiologic or behavioral studies,
outcomes research or health services research, or developing new
technologies, therapeutic interventions, or clinical trials.''.

SEC. 7. OVERSIGHT BY GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE.

Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act,
the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the
Congress a reporting describing the extent to which the National
Institutes of Health has complied with the amendments made by this Act.

Passed the Senate November 19, 1999.

Attest:

GARY SISCO,

Secretary.
Solution: (Sec. 4) Mandates grants to: (1) establish general clinical research centers to provide the infrastructure for clinical research, including clinical research training and career enhancement; (2) support individual careers in clinical research at general clinical research centers or at other institutions (to be known as Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Awards); (3) support individual clinical research projects at general clinical research centers or at other institutions (to be known as Mid-Career Investigator Awards in Patient-Oriented Research); (4) support individuals pursuing master's or doctoral degrees in clinical investigation (to be known as Graduate Training in Clinical Investigation Awards); and (5) develop and support programs for training clinical investigators in biostatistics, pharmacology, and other core curricula (to be known as Clinical Research Curriculum Awards). Authorizes appropriations.
(Sec. 5) Directs the Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish a loan repayment program for qualified health professionals who have contracted with the Federal Government to conduct clinical research in return for the Government's repayment of a specified amount of their educational loans for each year of service. Authorizes appropriations to carry out the loan repayment provisions.
(Sec. 7) Directs the Comptroller General to report to Congress on the extent to which the NIH has complied with requirements of this Act.