Given a travel related situation, and given a specific question about the situation, summarize the question into a title

[EX Q]: I'll be going to France for 4 months to conduct research towards my PhD. I believe I will be issued with a long stay visa for research to cover my trip. I have the required "Convention d'Accueil" from the organisation I'll be spending time at. I currently hold an Australian passport.

My question is, is this research visa considered a "Type D", like the other French long stay visas and does it allow entry into other Schengen areas? Does the research visa carry any specific conditions (besides the fact that you need a "Convention d'Accueil" to apply)?

I will have a month off during my 4 month stay, during which I'd like to travel around to other countries, hopefully I can do this with the one visa.

[EX A]: Does a French long stay research visa differ from a regular "Type-D" visa and are there implications for travelling in Schengen areas?

[EX Q]: I am a UK national and I am travelling to Indonesia for 35 days. Can I get a visa on arrival and then extend it for the required days?

I am reading conflicting information on sites. Some say that visas that are obtained on arrival cannot be extended. Others say it is fine. Not sure what to trust.

I don't have lots of time before I leave (13th of May) so will I have time to apply for one online?

UPDATE AFTER MY TRIP:

Here is the process that we went through whilst in Bali.

When you land, before you get your luggage you will have to pass through Immigration. There will most likely be a massive queue for the FREE 30 Day Visa - you don't want this one - you want to pay for a 30 day visa so that you can extend it later. There will be little desks at which you can pay for it. The price is about $35. They give you a little piece of paper that says Visa on it and they point you to the immigration desk. A member of staff there will question your stay (standard procedure: where yourt hotel is, what you are doing here etc...). They will stamp your passport and let you though.
Two weeks into our stay we went to the Immigration Office located in Jimbaran. On your first day there you will need to bring with you the following:

2 copies of the ID page in your passport

2 copies of the visa page in your passport

Your passport

Confirmations of hotels/flights (not 100% neccessary but good to have)

At the desk you first see, ask for a Visa Extension form. Fill it out.

There is a machine which hands out tickets. Ask a member of staff which button to press as the tickets vary depending on what you're there for and most of the options are coded with abbreviations that no-one understands.

You get your ticket and wait to be called up. They will take your documents and passport. They will then give you a day about A WEEK LATER to come back. KEEP THE DOCUMENTS GIVEN TO YOU SAFE! YOU ARE NOW PASSPORTLESS AND THIS PIECE OF PAPER IS ALL YOU GOT.
You come back on the given date. On this day they will ask for payment (355,000 IDR) and they will take your photo and fingerprints. You once again need a ticket and so on... You will be given some documents which get passed around the different officials you will encounter and they get stamped a couple of times. You will once again be given a return date about a week later.
Final day. You come to collect your passport. You go to a little side window (ask a member of staff: just say you are here to collect your passport and they will point you in the right direction). You give the forms you have. They just tell you to sit down. At this point you just need to wait and carefully listen out for your name; they are prone to mispronunciations! They will give you your passport and in the visa page you will see a new stamp that says your stay is valid until a much later date. Done!

Here is blog post I found that explains a similar process

[EX A]: Can I get my tourist visa on arrival at Indonesia and then extend it?

[EX Q]: Two days ago I flew with KLM from Calgary to Germany, first with the "Dreamliner" 787 and then with the 737 in economy class. I had the impression (due to my impaired space during eating on the 787) that the seats in the 787 are narrower than in the 737.

Is this true or just my imagination?
With the distance between the seat rows I am not so sure. Maybe reduced too?

[EX A]:
Are the Seats in the Boeing 787 narrower than in the 737 in KLM Airlines?