Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of sympathetic versus parasympathetic neuropathy among type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.', 'There were 43 patients with type 1 and 17 with type 2 diabetes who were investigated. Sympathetic nerve function was assessed by measurement of the vasoconstriction (VAC) index by laser Doppler perfusion imaging of a locally heated finger followed by indirect cooling. Parasympathetic nerve function was assessed by R-R interval variation during deep breathing as measured by the expiration/inspiration (E/I) ratio. Results were expressed as age-corrected z scores in SD; VAC index >1.64 SD and E/I ratio <-1.64 SD were considered abnormal.', 'VAC index was abnormal in 40% with type 1 and 41% with type 2 diabetes, whereas the E/I ratio was abnormal in 42% with type 1 and 65% with type 2 diabetes. There was a clear association between VAC index and E/I ratio among type 1 (rs=0.525; P=0.0002) but not among type 2 (rs=0.10) diabetic patients. Among type 2 diabetic patients, the degree of dysfunction was most severe regarding parasympathetic function (P=0.0167).
Are sympathetic and parasympathetic neuropathy frequent in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients?

Icodextrin is a glucose polymer derived by hydrolysis of cornstarch. The different biocompatibility profile of icodextrin-containing peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions may have a positive influence on peritoneal host defence. Furthermore, cases of sterile peritonitis potentially associated with icodextrin have been reported.', 'The primary objective of this multicentre, longitudinal, observational, non-interventional, prospective cohort study, which included 722 PD patients, was to evaluate the incidence of overall peritonitis in patients treated with icodextrin-containing PD solutions (Extraneal) used during one long-dwell exchange/day compared with those treated with non-icodextrin-containing PD solutions. The secondary objective was to determine if culture-negative peritonitis rates differed between patients treated with icodextrin from two independent manufacturers. All peritonitis episodes were assessed by a Steering Committee in a blind manner.', 'There was no significant difference between icodextrin-treated and control patients in the adjusted overall, culture-positive or culture-negative peritonitis rates. When stratified by the icodextrin supplier, there was no significant difference in the adjusted rate of culture-negative peritonitis episodes between groups.
Does icodextrin impact infectious and culture-negative peritonitis rates in peritoneal dialysis patients : a 2-year multicentre , comparative , prospective cohort study?

Interstitial cystitis is a painful bladder disease characterized by urgency, frequency and variable inflammation but there is no curative therapy. Suplatast tosilate (IPD-1151T) is an immunoregulatory compound that decreases interstitial cystitis symptoms but to our knowledge its mechanism of action is unknown. We investigated the effect of intravesical IPD-1151T on mediator release from bladder explants in experimental cystitis.', 'A catheter was inserted into the bladder of female mice. After urine was emptied normal saline, carbachol (100 nM) or lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/ml) was introduced with or without 10-minute pretreatment with IPD-1151T. Urine was removed after 45 minutes for histamine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha assays. The bladder was removed after 4 hours, minced into 1 mm2 pieces and cultured with or without triggers overnight for mediator release. The effect of IPD-1151T was also tested on rat skin vascular permeability as well as on purified rat peritoneal mast cells and human cord blood derived mast cells.', 'Carbachol significantly increased histamine release in urine (61.3% in 8 preparations, p<0.05) but not in explant medium. IPD-1151T inhibited this effect by 77%. Lipopolysaccharide induced a 350% urine histamine increase in 9 preparations (p<0.05) and a 300% tumor necrosis factor-alpha increase in explant medium. IPD-1151T inhibited the lipopolysaccharide induced medium tumor necrosis factor-alpha increase by 95% in 5 preparations (p<0.05). IPD-1151T did not inhibit rat skin vascular permeability or purified rat peritoneal mast cell activation by compound 48/80 or human cord blood derived mast cells by anti-IgE.
Does intravesical suplatast tosilate ( IPD-1151T ) inhibit experimental bladder inflammation?