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When a volcano erupts, immediately tune in to determine if you are in immediate danger where you are and also to find out what is happening around you. These advisories will be your "eyes" to see the larger picture and help you assess the situation and make the right decisions. The sirens will most likely be your first warning that an eruption is occurring, but you might receive other indications that something is amiss. If you see a plume of debris rising from the volcano, or if you feel an earthquake, tune in immediately. Make sure your battery-operated radio is in working order in case the power goes out. It's an important way to stay connected and learn about updates that can affect your safety. In most cases, you'll be told to stay inside, but you may be ordered to evacuate. It's extremely important to follow the advisories, whatever they may be, in order to ensure your family's safety. Most importantly, if you're told to evacuate, do it right away. Conversely, if you are not instructed to evacuate the area, stay where you are unless you can see immediate danger. Taking to the roads may be more hazardous than staying at home. In recent eruptions, many people have been killed because they did not heed an evacuation order. If you are lucky enough to get advance warning, use it wisely instead of trying to hold your ground. It's also important to evacuate the area as soon as possible after being told to do so. If you wait too long, you'll have to deal with ash fall, which will muck up your car's engine and make it more difficult to leave. Unless you need to evacuate, the safest place you can be is inside a strong structure. Close all the windows and doors to protect yourself from ash and burning cinders. Make sure all of your family members are inside, and that your emergency supply of food and water is indoors with you. If you own livestock, bring them inside their shelter and close the doors and windows. If you have time, protect machinery by putting it inside a garage. Lava flows, lahars, mudflows, and flooding are common in a major eruption. All of these can be deadly, and all of them tend to travel in valleys and low-lying areas. Climb to higher ground, and stay there until you can confirm that the danger has passed. While you want to get to higher ground, you should also try to shield yourself from pyroclastics, which are rocks and debris (sometimes red-hot) that are sent flying during an eruption. The most important thing to do is watch out for them and get out of their range. Sometimes they actually rain down, and in some types of eruptions, such as that which occurred at Mount St. Helens in 1980, they can land miles from the volcano's crater. Protect yourself by staying below the ridgelines of hills and on the side of the hill opposite the volcano. If you are caught in a hail of smaller pyroclastics, crouch down on the ground, facing away from the volcano, and protect your head with your arms, a backpack, or anything else you can find. Volcanoes emit a number of gases, and if you are close to one when it erupts, these gases could be deadly. Breathe through a respirator, mask, or moist piece of cloththis will also protect your lungs from clouds of ashand try to get away from the volcano as quickly as possible. Do not stay low to the ground, as some of the most dangerous gases are heavier than air and accumulate near the ground. Protect your eyes as well. Wear goggles if your mask doesn't cover your eyes. Keep your skin covered with long pants and a long-sleeved shirt. Hot spots, geysers, and mudpots are common on volcanoes. The ground around these is typically very thin, and a fall through could result in serious burns or death. Never try to cross these during an eruption, and otherwise cross them only on safe, marked paths. Mudflows and flooding following an eruption generally kill far more people than pyroclastics or lava. You can be in danger even many miles from the volcano. Never try to cross a lava flow or lahar. Even flows that appear to be cooled may simply have formed a thin crust over a core of extremely hot lava. If you do cross a lava flow, you run the risk of being trapped between flows if another suddenly develops.

summary: Listen for radio or TV advisories if you hear the sirens go off. Do not ignore emergency instructions. Get inside if you're caught outdoors. Get to high ground if you can't find shelter. Protect yourself from pyroclastics. Avoid exposure to poisonous gases. Don't try to cross geothermal areas.

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Cacao nibs have a dense, rich, chocolate flavor, and will give you the best homemade chocolate as a result. Pour the cacao nibs into a food processor or blender and turn it to the highest setting. Continue processing the nibs until they are ground into a fine paste. Cacao nibs can be difficult to find in some parts of the world but should be available at your local health food stores or online. If you can't find cacao nibs, try a different method to make your own chocolate bars. Carefully transfer your chocolate molds to the freezer and leave for several hours or overnight. This will freeze the cocoa butter and solidify your mixture into chocolate bars. Once the chocolate is completely solid, remove the mold from the freezer and pop the chocolates out. Transfer to a plastic bag or container and store for up to 3 weeks. As cocoa butter has a melting point around 36C (97F), it is best to store it in the refrigerator until you are ready to eat it. This will give you a similar snap to processed chocolate.

summary: Blend cup (60g) of cacao nibs into a paste. Freeze your chocolate for 3 to 4 hours or until completely firm. Remove the chocolate from the molds and store for up to 3 weeks.

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Ask someone you trust to come with you when you get the shot. Having someone you know with you could provide you with a confidence boost. Ask them to hold your hand tightly during the procedure. Tell your doctor or nurse that you are scared. Talking about your fear can let that person know to treat you with extra care. He or she might even be able to talk you through it and offer you tips to help you relax and keep things in perspective. If you would like to donate blood you might find it less scary if you tell the person drawing your blood that he or she has one chance to get it right. Doing this can help you feel more in control of the situation. Many people focus on getting the shot, but taking your mind off of the injection by, among other things, looking the other way, can help allay your fears. Strike up a conversation with someone else in the room, be it the doctor, the nurse, or the family member or friend who has accompanied you. Research has found that doctors who talked to trauma patients about something other than the trauma itself were able to significantly reduce the patient's anxiety levels. Concentrate on something else in the room. Try rearranging the letters of a sign to make as many new words as you can. Play a game on your phone, listen to some soft music, or read a book or magazine You might find that lying down or having your legs elevated while you receive and injections can help to ease your fear and symptoms. Lying with your head down and feet slightly elevated will lessen the chances of fainting. Even after the injection stay prone for a while, and don't try to jump up and run out. Take your time and listen to what the doctor or nurse is telling you. When you are lying down, place one hand on your stomach and concentrate on your breathing. Tensing up during the injection will make it hurt more later. Relax your arms, shoulder, and jaw. Look away, focus on your breathing, and take deep breaths. Breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth. When the shot is about to be administered, take a deep breath and slowly count down from ten before breathing out. By the time you get to zero the procedure will be done!
summary: Bring a friend or family member along. Express your fear. Distract yourself. Position your body correctly. Try to relax.