Information: - Tullio Levi-Civita, FRS (29 March 1873 29 December 1941) was an Italian mathematician, most famous for his work on absolute differential calculus (tensor calculus) and its applications to the theory of relativity, but who also made significant contributions in other areas. He was a pupil of Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, the inventor of tensor calculus. His work included foundational papers in both pure and applied mathematics, celestial mechanics (notably on the three-body problem), analytic mechanics (the Levi-Civita separability conditions in the HamiltonJacobi equation) and hydrodynamics. - Eugenio Beltrami (16 November 1835 18 February 1900) was an Italian mathematician notable for his work concerning differential geometry and mathematical physics. His work was noted especially for clarity of exposition. He was the first to prove consistency of non-Euclidean geometry by modeling it on a surface of constant curvature, the pseudosphere, and in the interior of an "n"-dimensional unit sphere, the so-called BeltramiKlein model. He also developed singular value decomposition for matrices, which has been subsequently rediscovered several times. Beltrami's use of differential calculus for problems of mathematical physics indirectly influenced development of tensor calculus by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita. - In mathematics, tensor calculus or tensor analysis is an extension of vector calculus to tensor fields (tensors that may vary over a manifold, e.g. in spacetime). - Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (12January 1925) was an Italian mathematician born in Lugo di Romagna. He is most famous as the inventor of tensor calculus, but also published important works in other fields. - A secondary school, often referred to as a high school or a senior high school, is a school which provides secondary education, between the ages of 11 and 19 depending on location, after primary school and before higher education. - Alexandria (or ; Arabic: '; '; "") is the second largest city and a major economic centre in Egypt, extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. Its low elevation on the Nile delta makes it highly vulnerable to rising sea levels. Alexandria is Egypt's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. It is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Alexandria is also an important tourist destination. - In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single interwoven continuum. Since 300 BCE, the spacetime of our universe has historically been interpreted from a Euclidean space perspective, which regards space as consisting of three dimensions, and time as consisting of one dimension, the "fourth dimension". By combining space and time into a single manifold called Minkowski space in 1908, physicists have significantly simplified a large number of physical theories, as well as described in a more uniform way the workings of the universe at both the supergalactic and subatomic levels. - Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to the Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the "Elements". Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and deducing many other propositions (theorems) from these. Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians, Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system. The "Elements" begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the "Elements" states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language. - In Riemannian geometry, the sectional curvature is one of the ways to describe the curvature of Riemannian manifolds. The sectional curvature "K"() depends on a two-dimensional plane in the tangent space at a point "p" of the manifold. It is the Gaussian curvature of the surface which has the plane as a tangent plane at "p", obtained from geodesics which start at "p" in the directions of (in other words, the image of under the exponential map at "p"). The sectional curvature is a smooth real-valued function on the 2-Grassmannian bundle over the manifold. - In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those specifying Euclidean geometry. As Euclidean geometry lies at the intersection of metric geometry and affine geometry, non-Euclidean geometry arises when either the metric requirement is relaxed, or the parallel postulate is replaced with an alternative one. In the latter case one obtains hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry, the traditional non-Euclidean geometries. When the metric requirement is relaxed, then there are affine planes associated with the planar algebras which give rise to kinematic geometries that have also been called non-Euclidean geometry. - In geometry, the term pseudosphere is used to describe various surfaces with constant negative Gaussian curvature. Depending on context, it can refer to either a theoretical surface of constant negative curvature, to a tractricoid, or to a hyperboloid. Theoretical pseudosphere. In its general interpretation, a pseudosphere of radius is any surface of curvature , by analogy with the sphere of radius , which is a surface of curvature . The term was introduced by Eugenio Beltrami in his 1868 paper on models of hyperbolic geometry. - Euclid ("Eukleids" ; fl. 300 BCE), sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "father of geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of PtolemyI (323283 BCE). His "Elements" is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the "Elements", Euclid deduced the principles of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory and rigor. - Eugenio Beltrami ( November 16 , 1835 in Cremona -- 18 February , 1900 in Rome ) was an Italian mathematician notable for his work concerning differential geometry and mathematical physics . His work was noted especially for clarity of exposition . He was the first to prove consistency of non-Euclidean geometry by modeling it on a surface of constant curvature , the pseudosphere , and in the interior of an n - dimensional unit sphere , the so - called Beltrami -- Klein model . He also developed singular value decomposition for matrices , which has been subsequently rediscovered several times . Beltrami 's use of differential calculus for problems of mathematical physics indirectly influenced development of tensor calculus by Gregorio Ricci - Curbastro and Tullio Levi - Civita . - The Journal of Mathematical Physics is a peer-reviewed journal published monthly by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of papers in mathematical physics. The journal was first published bimonthly beginning in January 1960; it became a monthly publication in 1963. The current editor is Bruno L. Z. Nachtergaele from University of California, Davis. Its 2015 Impact Factor is 1.234 - Vector calculus, or vector analysis, is a branch of mathematics concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3-dimensional Euclidean space formula_1 The term "vector calculus" is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus, which includes vector calculus as well as partial differentiation and multiple integration. Vector calculus plays an important role in differential geometry and in the study of partial differential equations. It is used extensively in physics and engineering, especially in the description of electromagnetic fields, gravitational fields and fluid flow. - Elliptic geometry, a special case of Riemannian geometry, is a non-Euclidean geometry, in which, given a line "L" and a point "p" outside "L", there exists no line parallel to "L" passing through "p", as all lines in elliptic geometry intersect. Elliptic geometry has a variety of properties that differ from those of classical Euclidean plane geometry. For example, the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is always greater than 180. - In mathematics, constant curvature is a concept from differential geometry. Here, curvature refers to the sectional curvature of a space (more precisely a manifold) and is a single number determining its local geometry. The sectional curvature is said to be constant if it has the same value at every point and for every two-dimensional tangent plane at that point. For example, a sphere is a surface of constant positive curvature. - In differential geometry, the Gaussian curvature or Gauss curvature "" of a surface at a point is the product of the principal curvatures, "" and "", at the given point: For example, a sphere of radius "r" has Gaussian curvature "1/r" everywhere, and a flat plane and a cylinder have Gaussian curvature 0 everywhere. The Gaussian curvature can also be negative, as in the case of a hyperboloid or the inside of a torus. - Mathematical physics refers to development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The "Journal of Mathematical Physics" defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". It is a branch of applied mathematics, but deals with physical problems. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'eugenio beltrami' exhibits the relationship of 'date of birth'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - 1 - 11 - 16 november 1835 - 180 - 1835 - 1868 - 1873 - 1900 - 1925 - 1960 - 1963 - 2 - 234 - 283 - 29 - 3 - 300 - 80 - january 1960 - march 1873
Answer:
16 november 1835