TASK DEFINITION: Given an abstract of a paper, generate a title for this paper such that conveys the key focus of the paper.
PROBLEM: Abstract: The ability to deliver fluid to the pediatric patient is a function of many variables. In addition to patient-specific factors such as patient age, size, and weight, and venous size, number, and character, there exist further universal limitations inherent in the equipment which is utilized. Mechanical variables include cannula number, length, brand, and gauge; tubing length, band, style, and gauge; use of extensions; and presence and type of pressure system. This study evaluated a few of these variables. The flow rates were determined for 10 brands of 20-, 22-, and 24-gauge peripheral intravenous catheters. The catheter brands were divided into two groups, slow or faster. The differences in flow between the two categories were statistically significant. The disparities between the slowest and most rapid catheters of the same gauge were only 6.6, 5.4, and 7.7 ml/min for the 20, 22, and 24 gauges, respectively. The tubing apparatus was also a significant determinant of flow. The addition of any extensions further decreased flow. The magnitude of this slowing was a function of both the tubing and the type of extension.

SOLUTION: Comparative flow rates for small bore peripheral intravenous catheters.

PROBLEM: Abstract: Of 34 tibia fractures in 28 acute spinal cord injuries, 13 patients had complete and 15 had incomplete neurologic lesions. Tibia fractures were divided into three groups: Group I, nonoperative treatment; Group II, early open reduction and internal fixation; and Group III, Type III open injuries. Group I included 17 fractures, of which nine (53%) had delayed union, malunion, or nonunion. The average time to union was 6.5 months. Seven patients had pressure sores and pulmonary emboli. Eleven fractures were noted in Group II. One delayed union (9%), one superficial wound infection that healed uneventfully, and one deep vein thrombosis were noted. The average time to union was 12 weeks. All six Group III tibias had delayed and nonunions, regardless of treatment. Nonoperative fractures healed at a prolonged rate, while open reduction and internal fixation enhanced the rate and time to union. Fractures treated with early open reduction and internal fixation, excluding Group III patients, had the least orthopedic and medical complications. Open reduction and internal fixation is a justifiable alternative to nonoperative treatment in the uncomplicated tibia fracture regardless of neurologic lesion for improved medical and fracture care.

SOLUTION: The management of tibial fractures in acute spinal cord injury patients.

PROBLEM: Abstract: DNA fragments that show retarded electrophoretic mobility through polyacrylamide gels have been found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In the case of kinetoplast DNA, evidence has been presented that the DNA is curved or 'bent'. Bent DNA has previously been found at the lambda and simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication origins. Here we show the existence of bent DNA at a yeast autonomously replicating sequence (ARS1), a putative replication origin. The bent DNA has been localized to a 40-55 base pair (bp) segment and contains six (A)3-5 stretches (that is, six poly(A) stretches, three to five nucleotides in length) phased approximately every 10.5 bp. This region contains a DNA binding site for a yeast protein factor. This site lies at the 3' end of the TRP1 gene, in a region devoid of nucleosomes, and is positioned 80 bp away from the ARS consensus sequence; removal of this region impairs ARS function in vivo. The bent DNA may be involved in transcription termination or the prevention of nucleosome assembly in this region.

SOLUTION:
Bent DNA at a yeast autonomously replicating sequence.