Q: In preschool children, the first sign of dyslexia a parent or caregiver might notice is that the child doesn't easily pick up on nursery rhymes. For example, "Jack and Jill/went up the hill" is an easy rhyme that most children find easy to memorize. A child who has dyslexia may not find this easy or simple. Rhyming words, such as cat, bat, rat, might not be noticed by a preschooler with dyslexia. You might notice a child who has dyslexia showing reluctance or difficulty with rhyming games. A child with dyslexia might have a hard time seeing that b and d are different letters. A preschool or early elementary student might not recognize the letters of his own name. The child might not connect the sound of the letter with its shape. You might notice that the child relies on the pictures of a text rather than the words. For example, the child might say "puppy" in reference to the word dog, relying on the picture rather than the letters d-o-g. Even if the child has learned to read, difficulties may persist well into teen years. While most students may be able to "sound out" or "take a guess" at the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word, a student with dyslexia is unlikely to be able to do this. Learning foreign languages is likely to be very difficult for a student who has dyslexia, and he will probably avoid speaking aloud in these courses. The student may have a hard time seeing or hearing the differences between words. Many people with dyslexia pause frequently as they speak. You might notice them saying, "Um." or appearing nervous as they speak aloud. They might seem to struggle to retrieve the appropriate word, or use more general terminology, such as "stuff" or "things" rather than the proper names. Their spoken vocabulary is often much smaller than their listening vocabulary. They may understand much more of what's being said than they can express. Despite an average or above-average intelligence, they may have difficulty participating in class. Someone with dyslexia is likely to have weaker organizational abilities. These might show themselves through difficulties in ordering things sequentially. Their handwriting is often awkward and hard to decipher. They might seem to have poor time management, or difficulties organizing herself in relation to an expected time frame or deadline. Someone who has dyslexia may have a different concept of time than other people. You might notice that someone who has dyslexia is frequently late to appointments, or even miss them altogether despite good intentions. This means that reading ability is not a sign of intelligence, or lack of intelligence, in a child who has dyslexia. Most children with dyslexia have average or above-average intellectual abilities. Just keep in mind that a person's reading ability isn't an accurate reflection of his intelligence. You might start to notice other signs of intelligence often associated with dyslexia, such as creativity and excellent abstract thinking skills. Often you might start to see strong skills developing in non-reading areas, such as computers, visual arts, music or sports. If a person has unidentified dyslexia, chances are she has developed a good number of coping strategies to minimize the struggles she has with reading. Some examples are: Someone who has dyslexia might be better at finding clues in pictures or illustrations to grasp content. A person who has dyslexia might be more able than most students to learn from listening to a presentation. She might even memorize what people say as a means of not having to write it down. A student who has dyslexia might be more attentive than most to what teachers and classmates are saying.
A: Notice a difficulty in learning rhyming patterns. Observe difficulty with letter recognition. Notice avoidance of reading out loud. Observe difficulty in speaking fluidly. Be aware of organizational challenges. Know that dyslexia means difficulty reading at the expected level. Pay attention to coping skills in teens and adults.

Article: Air inhaled through the mouth is unfiltered, so it's more likely to dry out the membranes in your throat. Breathing through your nose, on the other hand, will filter the air and make it more humid. If your nose is too congested to breathe through, try taking over-the-counter nasal decongestants to help remedy the problem. Foods that fall into these categories are more likely to aggravate the dryness you already feel, so it's best to avoid them until the problem is fixed. In addition to making your throat feel more dry, spicy or salty foods can actually make a dry throat feel painful. You can probably tell when foods are salty or spicy, but you might consume plenty of dry foods without even realizing it. Examples of dry food consumed in many households on a daily basis include toast, cookies, dry breads, dried fruit, and bananas. Both alcohol and caffeine actually dehydrate you instead of hydrating you, so they strip valuable moisture away from your throat and the rest of your body. Both alcohol and caffeine directly dry out the mouth and throat, but they can increase overall dehydration by triggering more frequent urination, too. On a similar note, you should also avoid acidic beverages, including most fruit juices and tomato juice. While these fluids may not increase overall dehydration, they can irritate an already dry, sensitive throat. Moreover, acidic beverages are more likely to further encourage tooth decay, and people who suffer from dry throat and dry mouth are already at a higher risk of developing decay. Many common medications can be classified as "anticholinergic" drugs. These decrease secretions, including saliva production, and may result in an excessively dry throat. Some examples include antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, and antispasmodics. Many drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease, overactive bladder, and chronic bronchitis can also cause a problem. If you're suspicious of a certain medication, it's best to consult your doctor about it before taking action. Do not quit using any prescribed medication unless your doctor tells you to do so. Many standard mouthwashes and toothpastes can actually aggravate the problem, so you should consider switching to formulas that are specially formulated for people with dry throats or dry mouths. The wrong commercial mouthwash or rinse can be especially harmful for a dry throat. Most formulas contain alcohol or peroxide, and either ingredient will only cause your throat and mouth to experience further dryness. You can ask a dentist for recommendations, but if you'd rather look for a good alternative yourself, know that most mouthwashes and toothpastes formulated for dry throats and mouths will be labeled accordingly. If you currently smoke, quitting should help remedy your dry throat. The smoke you inhale drags drying agents and other irritants into your throat, and those irritants might be partially or fully responsible for your chronic dryness. Cigarette smoke paralyzes the hair in your nose and lungs. As a result, your respiratory system is unable to move mucus, dust, and other irritants out of the body. This leads to coughing and more significant dryness in your mouth, nose, and throat.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Breathe through your nose. Avoid dry, salty, or spicy foods. Stay away from alcohol and caffeine. Examine your medications. Switch your mouthwash and other dental care products. Quit smoking.

Q: If you want to part ways with your iPad so you can exchange or upgrade it for another electronic device, a trade-in program may be in sync with your plan. A number of companies allow you to trade in your iPad for credit, cash, or a new gadget. When deciding which trade-in program is best for you, go to the websites of companies offering the trade-in program to find out how they assess devices, how they offer compensation, and if it will meet your specific requirements. Compare similar used models sold online for a ballpark figure of how much you can expect to get from these companies. If your goal is to have extra cash on hand, a trade-in program wherein you receive a gift certificate for a retailer is not ideal. However, if you simply want to get rid of your device without much ado and still get something in exchange, go for the trade-in. Apple also allows you to trade in your iPad for a gift card. Recycling can either be done online or at an Apple store. To find out more, check out this portion of Apple's website.
A:
Consider a trade-in. Give recycling a thought.