Problem: Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. Plant taxonomy is concerned with grouping and classifying plants; botanical nomenclature then provides names for the results of this process. The starting point for modern botanical nomenclature is Linnaeus' "Species Plantarum" of 1753. Botanical nomenclature is governed by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" ("ICN"), which replaces the "International Code of Botanical Nomenclature" ("ICBN"). Fossil plants are also covered by the code of nomenclature.

Within the limits set by that code there is another set of rules, the "International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)" which applies to plant cultivars that have been deliberately altered or selected by humans (see cultigen).

Botanical nomenclature has a long history, going back beyond the period when Latin was the scientific language throughout Europe, to Theophrastus (c. 370287 BC), Dioscorides (c. 40 90 AD) and other Greek writers. Many of these works have come down to us in Latin translations. The principal Latin writer on botany was Pliny the Elder (2379 AD). From Mediaeval times, Latin became the universal scientific language (lingua franca) in Europe. Most written plant knowledge was the property of monks, particularly Benedictine, and the purpose of those early herbals was primarily medicinal rather than plant science "per se". It would require the invention of the printing press (1450) to make such information more widely available.
1. Is Botanical nomenclature the same as taxonomy?
2. What it taxonomy about?
3. And then what does nomenclature do?
4. Who started it?
5. What was the name of his book?
6. When was it published?
7. Is there a code of nomeclature?
8. What's the abbreviation for its name?
9. What does it stand for?
10. Was there one before it?
11. What was the abbreviation for the name of that one?
12. And what did that stand for?
13. Are fossill plants part of the code?
14. Early nomenclature works were written in which language?
15. Any other?
16. Can you name one of the early writers?
17. How about another?
18. When was he around?
19. Who had the most written plant information in Mediaeval times?
20. Which monks in particular?
Answer: 1. no
2. grouping and classifying plants
3. provides names for the results of this process
4. Linnaeus
5. "Species Plantarum"
6. 1753
7. yes
8. ICN
9. International Code of Nomenclature
10. yes
11. ICBN
12. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
13. yes
14. Latin
15. Greek
16. Theophrastus
17. Dioscorides
18. c. 40 90 AD
19. monks
20. Benedictine

Problem: There's a widespread perception in the United States that a university degree is the key to success. But a growing number of educators now say there are other possibilities, especially for students who might not succeed at university level.

This is not a traditional classroom. At the apprentice program run by the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union in the state of Maryland, Travis Strawderman and other students make money while they learn. "I 's completely changed my life around," he said. "I've been able to pay off all my debts. I can say I'm actually responsible enough to have my own family."

Strawderman's five-year program teaches him technical skills free of charge. He says he considered university, but it didn't interest him. Economics Professor Robert Lerman says Strawderman is not alone. "A lot of people are bored in high school," Lerman stated. "They leave high school because they are bored. They want to do something besides sitting in a classroom." Lerman says the education system in the United States in too focused on pushing students to attend university. "What we're doing now is we're doing now is we're saying unless you learn in this way you don't really have the chance for a rewarding career," he said.

But Chad Aldeman, an analyst, says studies show the longer students saty in school the better chance they have at having a high paying and stable career. "If you only are a high school graduate your wages are going to drop over your lifetime-as opposed to a college degree," he said. "The college degree is really and insurance policey against unemployment and against low wages."
1. which analyst is mentioned?
2. who is an apprentice?
3. where?
4. how much does he pay?
5. why do they leave school?
6. who says this?
7. who is he?
8. what does the apprentice teach?
9. for how long?
10. what is the monetary benefit?
11. what is the focus in the US?
12. Does Chad agree with Strawderman?
13. how does he feel about a degree?
14. what about of just high school?
15. what has travis achieved?
16. does he feel responsible?
17. are students of high school bored?
18. was it the same for Travis?
19. what would they like to do?
20. is everyone successful in university?
Answer: 1. Chad Aldeman
2. Travis Strawderman
3. Plumbers and Steamfitters Union in the state of Maryland
4. nothing
5. because they are bored
6. Robert Lerman
7. an Economics professor
8. technical skills
9. five years
10. making money while they learn
11. pushing students to attend university
12. no
13. he calls it an insurance policy against unemployment and against low wages
14. wages are going to drop over your lifetime
15. he paid off all his debts
16. yes
17. yes
18. yes
19. something besides sitting in a classroom
20. no

Problem: Leah and the Big Yellow Dog

Leah was very happy. It was a bright, sunny day and Mommy was taking her to Leah's favorite place. Leah loved the play park near the water!

Mommy parked the car and Leah ran out right away and climbed the big slide. Up she went and then down. Two other kids saw Leah and ran over and slid down, too. Leah was laughing and happy.

Suddenly a big, yellow dog walked into the park. This was really a friendly dog, and only wanted someone to play with. But Leah was scared of dogs.

Leah didn't see the dog at first. Leah started walking toward the swing, and the dog followed Leah. Before Leah sat on the on the swing, she turned around and saw the dog smiling at her. The dog looked goofy standing there with its mouth open.

Leah was scared. She started yelling and screaming. This only made the dog look confused. The dog then began sounding out with Leah, barking and howling itself. They were a sight to see with Leah screaming and the dog howling.

Mommy went over and took Leah away from the dog, but mommy could barely keep herself from laughing. The dog's master came and got the dog, and Leah went back to playing. "Some dogs are nice," Mommy told Leah.
1. what did Leah run toward?
2. where was she?
3. who took her there?
4. did Leah go up the slide?
5. what walked into the park?
6. what color?
7. was it friendly?
8. did Leah like dogs or was she scared of them?
9. did the dog follow her?
10. did she see the dog?
Answer:
1. the big slide
2. the play park
3. her mom
4. yes
5. a dog
6. yellow
7. yes
8. she was scared of them
9. yes
10. not at first