Q: North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population, if nearby islands (most notably the Caribbean) are included.

North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago (the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period). The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the transatlantic migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants.

Answer the following questions:
1. When did people first come to North America?
2. How long ago was that?
3. How did they get there?
4. Where does it rank among the continents by size?
5. And by number of people?
6. Which are bigger?
7. And which are more populous?
8. How many bodies of water surround it?
9. Name one of them.
10. What direction is that in from North America?
11. Is there a large landmass in that direction?
12. What is it called?
A: 1. during the last glacial period
2. approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago
3. the Bering land bridge
4. third largest
5. fourth
6. Asia, Africa, and Europe
7. Asia, Africa, and Europe.
8. four
9. Caribbean Sea
10. southeast
11. Yes
12. South America
Q: Counterfeit goods, or false versions of products, may cost the government of Kenya as much as $1 billion each year. The fake goods also hurt business owners who find it hard to keep customers. But information technology is being used to try to stop the problem. Jemima Mwafigu is a 34-year-old businesswoman who sells products like perfume. But in the first year of running her business, she found it hard to keep customers because of counterfeit goods.

Ms. Mwafigu says her business has improved since she began using a smart phone application called Barcode Scanner. The app is used to authenticate products. It checks to make sure the products are not counterfeit.

"With this application I'm able to scan the bar codes of each perfume and instantly I get the production date, the _ and I'm able to know the safety," she says. "That way, I have confidence in selling to my customers."

In 2010, Kenya created the Anti-Counterfeit Agency, or ACA, to fight against illegal trade. The ACA has successfully asked government officials for stronger punishments for counterfeiters.

Agnes Karingu is the agency's acting director for research and awareness. She says the ACA is trying to stay one step ahead of those making fake goods.

"We are also looking into IT solutions where we can be able to use SMS programs, bar codes and information sharing," she says. "The end users of the products will actually be able to get the authentication information, and this information comes back to ACA and intellectual property rights holders."

The agency is testing another program called Allvirtuous. The application is another way to find out if a product is real or not by scanning its barcode. The barcode information is sent to a database. Then a result is sent back to the app.

The International Chamber of Commerce is a global business organization. It says the value of counterfeit goods produced around the world is expected to be more than $1.7 trillion this year.

Answer the following questions:
1. What are counterfeit goods?
2. Do they hurt business owners?
3. What action has Kenya taken to prevent it?
4. What has the ACA done?
5. Has the Kenyan government lost much money due to counterfeiting?
6. How much per year?
7. Are there any tools business owners can use to prevent it?
8. What?
9. What does that show?
10. Who is the ACAS director?
11. What else is the ACA trying tp accomplish?
12. What is the International Chamber of Commerce?
A: 1. false versions of products
2. yes
3. created the Anti-Counterfeit Agency, or ACA
4. successfully asked government officials for stronger punishments for counterfeiters
5. yes
6. 1 billion dollars
7. yes
8. a Barcode Scanner application
9. the production date
10. Agnes Karingu
11. use of SMS programs, bar codes and information sharing
12. a global business organization
Q: In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never very far away.

We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom's vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn't care much about my bedtime.

Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little Are going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel of paint but couldn't really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when 1 made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me

Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. 1 hadn't turned 5 yet.

As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school?

As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder , I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn't realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.

In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d'Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.

Answer the following questions:
1. How old was the person when they moved?
2. in what year?
3. Where did they move to?
4. Was it a boring place?
5. What was good for the garden?
6. What kind?
7. Was this person a micheavous kid?
8. WHat happened one day?
9. did it work?
10. what happened instead?
11. Did he get caught?
12. by who?
13. Did they stay in Alaska?
14. where did they go?
15. how long did they stay in Alaska?
16. what happened 8 years after the move?
17. foir what?
18. Wten?at was the weather like in Kindergard
19. What happened to the handrail?
20. What did dad tell the police when I was brought home?
A:
1. Four
2. 1943
3. Fairbanks, Alaska
4. no
5. mom's garden
6. vegetable
7. yes
8. I had tried to light a barrel of pain
9. no
10. smoke got pretty bad
11. yes
12. a crowd and the police
13. no
14. Coeur d'Alene
15. 7 years
16. Leonhard visited Idaho
17. to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska
18. cold
19. left part of my tongue on it
20. to keep me