Information: - Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. He played a crucial role in establishing the fields of extragalactic astronomy and observational cosmology and is regarded as one of the most important astronomers of all time. - Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (May 15, 1857 May 21, 1911) was a Scottish-born and American astronomer. During her career, she helped develop a common designation system for stars and cataloged thousands of stars and other astronomical phenomena. Among several career achievements that advanced astronomy Fleming is noted for her discovery of the Horsehead Nebula in 1888. - Vesto Melvin Slipher (November 11, 1875 November 8, 1969) was an American astronomer who performed the first measurements of radial velocities for galaxies, providing the empirical basis for the expansion of the universe. Slipher was born in Mulberry, Indiana, and completed his doctorate at Indiana University in 1909. He spent his entire career at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, where he was promoted to assistant director in 1915, acting director from 1916, and finally director from 1926 until his retirement in 1952. His brother Earl C. Slipher was also an astronomer and a director at the Lowell Observatory. - A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, the exploration of the interactions of matter and energy across the physical universe. - Edward Charles Pickering (July 19, 1846 February 3, 1919) was an American astronomer and physicist as well as the older brother of William Henry Pickering. - Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and functioned as a female coordinate institution for the all-male Harvard College. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges, among which it shared with Bryn Mawr College the popular reputation of having a particularly intellectual, literary, and independent-minded student body. Radcliffe conferred Radcliffe College diplomas to undergraduates and graduate students for the first 70 or so years of its history and then joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas to undergraduates beginning in 1963. A formal "non-merger merger" agreement with Harvard was signed in 1977, with full integration with Harvard completed in 1999. Today, within Harvard University, Radcliffe's former administrative campus (Radcliffe Yard) is home to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and former Radcliffe housing at the Radcliffe Quadrangle (Pforzheimer House, Cabot House, and Currier House) has been incorporated into the Harvard College house system. Under the terms of the 1999 consolidation, the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle retain the "Radcliffe" designation in perpetuity. - The Horsehead Nebula (also known as Barnard 33) is a dark nebula in the constellation Orion. The nebula is located just to the south of the star Alnitak, which is farthest east on Orion's Belt, and is part of the much larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. The nebula was first recorded in 1888 by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming on photographic plate B2312 taken at the Harvard College Observatory. The Horsehead Nebula is approximately 1500 light years from Earth. It is one of the most identifiable nebulae because of the shape of its swirling cloud of dark dust and gases, which bears some resemblance to a horse's head when viewed from Earth. - The Harvard College Observatory (HCO) is an institution managing a complex of buildings and multiple instruments used for astronomical research by the Harvard University Department of Astronomy. It is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and was founded in 1839. With the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, it forms part of the HarvardSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics. - A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. However, most of the stars in the Universe, including all stars outside our galaxy, the Milky Way, are invisible to the naked eye from Earth. Indeed, most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes. - William Henry Pickering (February 15, 1858 January 16, 1938) was an American astronomer. Pickering constructed and established several observatories or astronomical observation stations, notably including Percival Lowell's Flagstaff Observatory. He led solar eclipse expeditions and studied craters on the Moon, and hypothesized that changes in the appearance of the crater Eratosthenes were due to "lunar insects". He spent much of the later part of his life at his private observatory in Jamaica. - Henrietta Swan Leavitt (July 4, 1868 December 12, 1921) was an American astronomer who discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars. A graduate of Radcliffe College, Leavitt started working at the Harvard College Observatory as a "computer" in 1893, examining photographic plates in order to measure and catalog the brightness of the stars. Though she received little recognition in her lifetime, it was her discovery that first allowed astronomers to measure the distance between the Earth and faraway galaxies. She explained her discovery: "A straight line can readily be drawn among each of the two series of points corresponding to maxima and minima, thus showing that there is a simple relation between the brightness of the variables and their periods." After Leavitt's death, Edwin Hubble used the luminosityperiod relation for Cepheids together with spectral shifts first measured by fellow astronomer Vesto Slipher at Lowell Observatory to determine that the universe is expanding (see Hubble's law). - Edward Charles Pickering ( director of the Harvard Observatory from 1877 to 1919 ) decided to hire women as skilled workers to process astronomical data . Among these women were Williamina Fleming , Annie Jump Cannon , Henrietta Swan Leavitt and Antonia Maury . This staff came to be known as '' Pickering 's Harem '' or , more respectfully , as the Harvard Computers . This was an example of what has been identified as the '' harem effect '' in the history and sociology of science . It seems that several factors contributed to Pickering 's decision to hire women instead of men . Among them was the fact that men were paid much more than women , so he could employ more staff with the same budget . This was relevant in a time when the amount of astronomical data was surpassing the capacity of the Observatories to process it . The first woman hired was Williamina Fleming , who was working as a maid for Pickering . It seems that Pickering was increasingly frustrated with his male assistants and declared that even his maid could do a better job . Apparently he was not mistaken , as Fleming undertook her assigned chores efficiently . When the Harvard Observatory received in 1886 a generous donation from the widow of Henry Draper , Pickering decided to hire more female staff and put Fleming in charge of them . As a result of the work of the women '' computers '' , Pickering published in 1890 the first Henry Draper Catalog , a catalog with more than 10,000 stars classified according to their spectrum . Pickering decided to hire Antonia Maury , a graduate from Vassar College , to reclassify some of the stars . Maury decided to go further and improved and redesigned the system of classification . It was published in 1897 , but was largely ignored . Afterwards Pickering decided to hire Cannon , a graduate of Wellesley College , to classify the southern stars . As Maury had done , Cannon also ended up redesigning the classification system of the spectra and developed the Harvard Classification Scheme , which constitutes the... - In astronomy, luminosity is the total amount of energy emitted by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical object per unit time. It is related to the brightness, which is the luminosity of an object in a given spectral region. What is the relationship between 'harvard computers' and 'harvard university'?
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