You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

A spherical harmonic can be decomposed into N times an exponential times the associated Legendre polynomial of THIS function. The wavelength shift in Compton scattering is equal to the Compton wavelength times one minus this function. The square of this function appears multiplied by the incident intensity to give the emitted intensity of a polarizer in (*) Malus' Law. This function appears on the top left and the bottom right entry on the standard 2 by 2 rotation matrix. For a block on an incline, this function multiplied by the force of gravity gives the magnitude of the normal force. For two vectors, the dot product is equal to their magnitude multiplied by this function of the angle between them. For 10 points, name this function which is also used to find the x-component of a given vector.
Output:
Science