Problem: OPTIONS:
- Mass
- Speed
- Force
- energy
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: An electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave that can travel across space as well as through matter. When it travels through space, it doesn't lose energy to a medium as a mechanical wave does. Q: When traveling through space what do mechanical waves lose? A:
Answer: energy

Problem:OPTIONS:
- power
- work
- digestion
- energy

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The high specific heat of liquid water has important implications for life on Earth. A given mass of water releases more than five times as much heat for a 1C temperature change as does the same mass of limestone or granite. Consequently, coastal regions of our planet tend to have less variable climates than regions in the center of a continent. After absorbing large amounts of thermal energy from the sun in summer, the water slowly releases the energy during the winter, thus keeping coastal areas warmer than otherwise would be expected (Figure 5.13 "The High Specific Heat of Liquid Water Has Major Effects on Climate"). Water's capacity to absorb large amounts of energy without undergoing a large increase in temperature also explains why swimming pools and waterbeds are usually heated. Heat must be applied to raise the temperature of the water to a comfortable level for swimming or sleeping and to maintain that level as heat is exchanged with the surroundings. Moreover, because the human body is about 70% water by mass, a great deal of energy is required to change its temperature by even 1C. Consequently, the mechanism for maintaining our body temperature at about 37C does not have to be as finely tuned as would be necessary if our bodies were primarily composed of a substance with a lower specific heat. Figure 5.13 The High Specific Heat of Liquid Water Has Major Effects on Climate. Q: Because the human body is about 70% water by mass, and liquid water has high specific heat, a great deal of what is required to change its temperature? A:
****
A: energy

Answer the following question given this paragraph: In addition to holding cells together, tight junctions play a role in the transport of materials. Tight junctions prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells. So these molecules and ions must actually enter cells (either by diffusion or active transport) in order to proceed through a tissue. This allows tight junctions to indirectly play a role over what substances are allowed into a specific cell. Tight junctions play this role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Q: What can prevent the passage of molecules and ions between cells, such as in the blood-brain barrier? A:
OPTIONS:
- fatty junctions
- solid junctions
- special junctions
- tight junctions
tight junctions

Answer the following question given this paragraph: to the embryo as it develops into the new generation of sporophyte. This distinguishing feature of land plants gave the group its alternate name of embryophytes. Sporangia in Seedless Plants The sporophyte of seedless plants is diploid and results from syngamy (fusion) of two gametes. The sporophyte bears the sporangia (singular, sporangium): organs that first appeared in the land plants. The term "sporangia" literally means "spore in a vessel," as it is a reproductive sac that contains spores Figure 25.3. Inside the multicellular sporangia, the diploid sporocytes, or mother cells, produce haploid spores by meiosis, where the 2n chromosome number is reduced to 1n (note that many plant sporophytes are polyploid: for example, durum wheat is tetraploid, bread wheat is hexaploid, and some ferns are 1000-ploid). The spores are later released by the sporangia and disperse in the environment. Two different types of spores are produced in land plants, resulting in the separation of sexes at different points in the lifecycle. Seedless nonvascular plants produce only one kind of spore and are called homosporous. The gametophyte phase is dominant in these plants. After germinating from a spore, the resulting gametophyte produces both male and female gametangia, usually on the same individual. In contrast, heterosporous plants produce two morphologically different types of spores. The male spores are called microspores, because of their smaller size, and develop into the male gametophyte; the comparatively larger megaspores develop into the female gametophyte. Heterospory is observed in a few seedless vascular plants and in all seed plants. Q: Which term literally means 'spore in a vessel'? A:
OPTIONS:
- Carboid
- germination
- cyanobacteria
- sporangia

Answer: sporangia

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Recognition of Pathogens Cells of the innate immune response, the phagocytic cells, and the cytotoxic NK cells recognize patterns of pathogenspecific molecules, such as bacterial cell wall components or bacterial flagellar proteins, using pattern recognition receptors. A pattern recognition receptor (PRR) is a membrane-bound receptor that recognizes characteristic features of a pathogen and molecules released by stressed or damaged cells. These receptors, which are thought to have evolved prior to the adaptive immune response, are present on the cell surface whether they are needed or not. Their variety, however, is limited by two factors. First, the fact that each receptor type must be encoded by a specific gene requires the cell to allocate most or all of its DNA to make receptors able to recognize all pathogens. Secondly, the variety of receptors is limited by the finite surface area of the cell membrane. Thus, the innate immune system must "get by" using only a limited number of receptors that are active against as wide a variety of pathogens as possible. This strategy is in stark contrast to the approach used by the adaptive immune system, which uses large numbers of different receptors, each highly specific to a particular pathogen. Should the cells of the innate immune system come into contact with a species of pathogen they recognize, the cell will bind to the pathogen and initiate phagocytosis (or cellular apoptosis in the case of an intracellular pathogen) in an effort to destroy the offending microbe. Receptors vary somewhat according to cell type, but they usually include receptors for bacterial components and for complement, discussed below. Q: Recognition of pathogens is a function of what type of response? A:
OPTIONS:
- digestion
- inhalation
- hormones
- immune
Answer: immune

input: OPTIONS:
- fragmentation
- photogenic
- illumination
- photoemissive Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Materials that eject electrons when illuminated with light, such as potassium, are called photoemissive. Not all materials are photoemissive, nor are all light sources capable of initiating electron emission from a given substance. For example, in Figure above , we see that 700 nm light will not initiate electron ejection, while 550 nm light will. Q: What are materials that eject electrons when illuminated with light called? A:
A:
output:
photoemissive