question: Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects.

All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particlesusually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter", and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.
1. What did the term matter include prior to the 20th century?
2. And excluded?
3. What does science consider these particles to be?
4. What is a type of massless particle?
5. Is it matter?
6. What is one example of fundamental particles?
7. What's another?
8. What are they considered?
9. What is the term matter loosely used to refer to?
10. What is the effective size of point particles?
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answer: 1. ordinary matter composed of atoms
2. other energy phenomena
3. massless particles
4. photons
5. no
6. leptons
7. quarks
8. they are considered "point particles"
9. composite particles
10. no size or volume.

question: Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darsanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (saddarsana) Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative, important source of knowledge.[note 1][note 2] Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called nastika (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies. Nastika Indian philosophies include Buddhism, Jainism, Carvaka, Ajivika, and others.

Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within astika philosophies and with nastika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology. While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox traditions such as Carvaka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy.
1. how many parts in the main doctrine?
2. are the named?
3. what is one?
4. another?
5. the non mainstream philosophies are identified as?
6. what makes them different?
7. how many are named?
8. what is the first?
9. the second?
10. the third?
11. and the last one?
12. is something about kinfolk talked about?
13. what?
14. are they limited?
15. are they brought together?
16. by what?
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answer: 1. mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems
2. Yes
3. Samkhya
4. Nyaya
5. nastika
6. they reject the Vedas
7. Four
8. Buddhism
9. Jainism
10. Carvaka
11. Ajivika
12. Yes
13. sibling traditions
14. No
15. Yes
16. by shared history

question: International Futures (IFs) is a global integrated assessment model designed to help in thinking strategically and systematically about key global systems (economic, demographic, education, health, environment, technology, domestic governance, infrastructure, agriculture, energy and environment) housed at the Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures. Initially created by Barry B. Hughes of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver in Colorado, the model is free for public use in both its online and downloadable forms.

The Pardee Center for International Futures has partnered with many organizations to produce forecasts and data analysis. IFs has been utilized in the National Intelligence Council's "Global Trends 2020", "Global Trends 2025", and "Global Trends 2030" report. The International Futures model has also contributed to the United Nations "Human Development Report" and the "Global Environmental Outlook".

IFs is hosted free for public use by Google Public Data Explorer, the Atlantic Council, and the Institute for Security Studies.

The model incorporates dynamically linked sub-models. They include: population, economic, agricultural, educational, energy, socio-political, international political, environmental, health, infrastructure and technology. IFs is a unique modeling tool because it endogenizes the impact of such a wide range of global systems for 183 countries.

The help system that accompanies the software provides an extensive overview of the model structure and computer code used to write the model. IFs has three main functions, all connected to its conceptual treatment of integrated assessment forecasts: data analysis, scenario analysis, and display.
1. What does IFs stand for?
2. Who was it created by?
3. Where is it located?
4. Where did the creator study at?
5. What state is that in?
6. What does it do?
7. What has this research helped with?
8. What else?
9. What companies host for free?
10. Who else?
11. And?
12. What are some sub sections of the models?
13. And?
14. What is a main function of the IFs?
15. Second one?
16. And the last one?
****
answer:
1. International Futures
2. Barry B. Hughes
3. Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures
4. Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver
5. Colorado
6. produce forecasts and data analysis
7. United Nations "Human Development Report"
8. "Global Environmental Outlook".
9. Google
10. the Atlantic Council
11. Institute for Security Studies.
12. population, economic, agricultural
13. educational, energy, socio-political, international political, environmental, health, infrastructure and technology.
14. data analysis
15. scenario analysis
16. display