Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Inter-tissue molecular interactions are critical to the function and behavior of biological systems in multicellular organisms, but systematic studies of interactions between tissues are lacking. Also, existing studies of inter-tissue interactions are based on direct gene expression correlations, which can't distinguish correlations due to common genetic architectures versus biochemical or molecular signal exchange between tissues.", 'We developed a novel strategy to study inter-tissue interaction by removing effects of genetic regulation of gene expression (genetic decorrelation). We applied our method to the comprehensive atlas of gene expression across nine human tissues in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project to generate novel genetically decorrelated inter-tissue networks. From this we derived modules of genes important in inter-tissue interactions that are likely driven by biological signal exchange instead of their common genetic basis. Importantly we highlighted communication between tissues and elucidated gene activities in one tissue inducing gene expression changes in others.', 'We reveal global unidirectional inter-tissue coordination of specific biological pathways such as protein synthesis. Using our data, we highlighted a clinically relevant example whereby heart expression of DPP4 was coordinated with a gene expression signature characteristic for whole blood proliferation, potentially impacting peripheral stem cell mobilization. We also showed that expression of the poorly characterized FOCAD in heart correlated with protein biosynthetic processes in the lung.

Answer: 0

Question: There have seen several studies evaluating the efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) compared with conventional therapy (i.e. immunomodulators, mesalamine, or placebo) at preventing postoperative Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence. The results of these studies have been variable and the magnitude by which anti-TNF therapy alters the natural history of CD in the postoperative setting has not yet been fully defined.", 'A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases was performed (May 2014). All studies on adult patients with CD that compared anti-TNF therapy versus conventional therapy or placebo to prevent CD recurrence were included. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel (fixed effects) model with odds ratio (OR) to assess for clinical remission.', 'In the pooled analysis, there was a higher frequency of achieving clinical remission beyond 1 year from time of surgery among patients receiving anti-TNF therapy compared with conventional therapy [OR 6.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.88-14.27]. There was also a significantly higher rate of achieving both endoscopic (OR 26.44; 95% CI 10.48-66.68) and histologic remission (OR 9.80; 95% CI 2.54-37.81) in the anti-TNF therapy group compared with the conventional therapy group.

Answer: 0

Question: To evaluate the risk of reclassification on serial biopsy for Caucasian and African American (AA) men with very low-risk (VLR) prostate cancer enrolled in a large prospective active surveillance (AS) registry.', 'The Johns Hopkins AS registry is a prospective observational study that has enrolled 982 men since 1994. Including only men who met all National Comprehensive Cancer Network VLR criteria (clinical stage T1, Gleason score 6, prostate-specific antigen [PSA] level <10 ng/mL, PSA density <0.15 ng/mL/cm(3), positive cores <3, percent cancer per core 50), we analyzed a cohort of 654 men (615 Caucasians and 39 AAs). The association of race with reclassification on serial biopsy was assessed with competing-risks regressions.', 'AA men on AS were more likely than Caucasians to experience upgrading on serial biopsy (36% vs 16%; adjusted P <.001). Adjusting for PSA level, prostate size, volume of cancer on biopsy, treatment year, and body mass index, AA race was an independent predictor of biopsy reclassification (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.8; P = .003). Examining specific modes of reclassification, AA race was independently associated with reclassification by grade (subdistribution hazard ratio, 3.0; P = .002) but not by volume.

Answer:
1