input: Why Are Pig Farmers Still Using Growth-Promoting Drugs?

It's one of the most controversial practices in agriculture: feeding small amounts of antibiotics to animals in order to make them grow faster. But what if the drugs don't even work very well? There's some good evidence that they don't, at least in pigs. They used to deliver a boost in growth, but that effect has disappeared in recent years or declined greatly. The reason for this is interesting and even paradoxical. Researchers think the antibiotics used to work by suppressing low-grade infections. In recent years, however, pork producers found other ways to accomplish the same thing through improved hygiene . As a result, the drugs have become largely superfluous -- yet many farmers still use them.

To understand how this happened, you have to step back in time, says Steve Dritz, a specialist in pig nutrition at Kansas State University. Sixty years ago, when antibiotics were new, "people started treating animals, and feeding [the antibiotics], and finding that they had increased growth rates and feed efficiencies," he says. Nursery-age pigs, for instance, grew 12 to 15 percent faster with antibiotics. The animals also needed less feed to reach full weight. Other studies showed similar results in chickens and cattle. In the 1980s, a new set of studies found similar effects. So the growth-promoting effects of antibiotics became standard practice among meat producers.

Fast forward to the 1990s. Dritz was starting his career as a scientist at Kansas State University, and pork production was changing dramatically.

Previously, pigs were born and raised in one barn or in several barns close together. This meant infections could easily pass from one generation to the next, the way that kids share germs between their friends on the playground and their parents at home. Under the new system, when piglets are weaned, they move to a whole different place. That new site is carefully scrubbed and free of disease.

Craig Rowles, who runs a large swine operation in Carroll, Iowa, shows me one such room. There's not a piglet in sight. "This room just got completely washed and disinfected, and now it's going to sit here and dry for a while," he says.

A whole group of pigs will come in here together, and later they will move out together to yet another site. "That group of pigs will stay together until they go to market," Rowles says.

The groups are kept strictly separated from each other. If workers move between the groups, they first have to change their boots.

When farmers adopted multisite production, it cut down on disease -- and pigs actually grew faster. 1. Who specializes in pig nutrition?
2. What caused animals to grow faster?
3. Is it still effective in swine?
4. Where does he work?
5. Who owns a farm in Iowa?
6. Does he mix and match his animals together?
7. BEsides growing faster what was another positive side effect from the antibiotics?
8. Was the effect exclusive to pigs?
9. What other animals had the same results?
10. What has been the replacement for antibiotics that yields same results? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. Steve Dritz
2. small amounts of antibiotics
3. No
4. Kansas State University
5. Craig Rowles
6. Yes
7. less feeding
8. Yes
9. chickens and cattle
10. drugs

input: THE HAGUE, Netherlands (CNN) -- The International Criminal Court at the Hague issued an arrest warrant Wednesday for Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir for a five-year campaign of violence in Darfur.

Al-Bashir waves to supporters in the sudanese capital, Khartoum on Wednesday.

It is the first arrest warrant ever issued for a sitting head of state by the world's only permanent war crimes tribunal.

Bashir is charged with seven counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes. The warrant does not mention genocide, but the court may issue an amended warrant to include that charge later, ICC spokeswoman Laurence Blairon said.

But Sudan's minister of information and communications said the country does not plan to cooperate with the "white man's tribunal."

Kamal Obaid said: "Sudan perceives those decisions as an insult directed at (Sudan's) nationalism and sovereignty ... The government relies on the strong will of the people and on a national consensus not seen before and (stands) by decisions taken by its council of ministers and parliament and restates what it always confirmed."

Speaking on Sudanese TV, he added: "The Security Council and international community must bear full responsibility toward any escalation produced by those clumsy decisions." Watch a pro-Bashir rally in Sudan "

Five of the counts against Bashir are for crimes against humanity and include murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture, and rape, Blairon said. The other two are for war crimes, for intentionally directing attacks against civilians and for pillaging.

"Bashir's official capacity as head of state does not exclude criminal responsibility or get him immunity," Blairon said in announcing the warrant. 1. Who is Omar Hassan al-Bashir?
2. Where was he on Wednesday?
3. What was he doing?
4. Who was a warrant issued for?
5. By who?
6. What for?
7. where?
8. How long did it last?
9. How many counts is he facing
10. What kind of crimes?
11. What kind of tribunal is the International Criminal Court?
12. What did the minister of information and communications in Sudan call it?
13. Is Sudan in agreement with the charges?
14. What do the feel they are?
15. Who is Sudan's minister of information and communications?
16. Will the court have the cooperation of Sudan?
17. How many of the charges are for crimes against humanity?
18. How many are war crimes?
19. Which one is murder classed as?
20. What about pillaging? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. the Sudanese President
2. Khartoum
3. waving to supporters
4. Bashir
5. The International Criminal Court
6. a campaign of violence
7. in Darfur
8. five years
9. seven
10. war crimes and crimes against humanity
11. a war crimes tribunal
12. the white man's tribunal
13. no
14. an insult
15. Kamal Obaid
16. no
17. five
18. two
19. a crime against humanity
20. a war crime

input: Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).

The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 26502600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time. 1. Philosophy of space and time if a branch of what?
2. When was the earlies recorded weatern philosophy of time expounded?
3. What is the earliest texts if Indian and Hindu Philosophy called?
4. When did that date to?
5. Which Ancient greek philosophers wrote essays on nature and time?
6. Did the Vedas describle ccosmology?
7. How long did it describle the universes repeated cycles of creation to last?
8. What was the philosophy of space and time an insperation for?
9. What basic issues does it focus on?
10. Who said do not lessen the time of the following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit? Return numbered answers in your output.

output:
1. Philosophy
2. c. 26502600 BC
3. The Vedas
4. late 2nd millennium BC
5. Parmenides and Heraclitus
6. yes
7. 4,320,000 years
8. analytic philosophy
9. whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind and whether they exist independently of one another
10. Ptahhotep