Problem: Rio de Janeiro (; ; "River of January"), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's third-most populous state. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named ""Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea"", by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.

Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, a domain of the Portuguese Empire. Later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. In 1808, when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil, Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal, who subsequently, in 1815, under the leadership of her son, the Prince Regent, and future King Joao VI of Portugal, raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom, within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822, when the War of Brazilian Independence began. This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy, the Empire of Brazil, until 1889, and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasilia.
1. What municipality are we talking about?
2. When was it founded?
3. By whom?
4. Which ranking in population is it in the Americas?
5. What was it the seat of at first?
6. When did the War of Brazilian Independence start?
7. Of which empire was it a domain?
8. Where did the city become a capital of after that?
9. In what year?
10. Who moved to Brazil in 1808?
11. Whose court?
12. Who was leader when Brazil became a kingdom?
13. Within how many areas did he achieve this?
14. Name one.
15. Name another please.
16. Which is the last?
Answer: 1. Rio de Janeiro
2. 1565
3. Portuguese
4. sixth
5. court of Queen Maria I of Portugal
6. 1822
7. Portuguese Empire.
8. State of Brazil,
9. 1763
10. Portuguese Royal Court
11. Queen Maria I
12. Joao VI
13. Three
14. United Kingdom of Portugal,
15. Brazil,
16. Algarves

Problem: Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Historically, manganese is named for pyrolusite and other black minerals from the region of Magnesia in Greece, which also gave its name to magnesium and the iron ore magnetite. By the mid-18th century, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used pyrolusite to produce chlorine. Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (now known to be manganese dioxide) contained a new element, but they were unable to isolate it. Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by reducing the dioxide with carbon.

Manganese phosphating is used for rust and corrosion prevention on steel. Ionized manganese is used industrially as pigments of various colors, which depend on the oxidation state of the ions. The permanganates of alkali and alkaline earth metals are powerful oxidizers. Manganese dioxide is used as the cathode (electron acceptor) material in zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries.

In biology, manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a large variety of enzymes with many functions. Manganese enzymes are particularly essential in detoxification of superoxide free radicals in organisms that must deal with elemental oxygen. Manganese also functions in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosynthetic plants. While the element is a required trace mineral for all known living organisms, it also acts as a neurotoxin in larger amounts. Especially through inhalation, it can cause manganism, a condition in mammals leading to neurological damage that is sometimes irreversible.
1. What is the article about?
2. What is it used for?
3. How about in natural science?
Answer: 1. Manganese element
2. rust and corrosion prevention on steel
3. stainless steels.

Problem: The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred "non-league" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 201112. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.

The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those "minnows" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely "giant-killing" victory.
1. How many rounds does the Qualifying Competition start with?
2. How many teams will progress to the first round?
3. How many teams will they meet then?
4. Are they professional or amateur?
5. Who are the last entrants?
6. And who else?
7. What are they put into the draw for?
8. Who has never reached the quarter finals these days?
9. What have teams below level 2 never reached?
10. Which teams are significant focus given to?
11. Are they bigger or smaller teams?
12. What type of victory is unlikely?
13. Who is the competition open to?
14. How many non-league teams are there?
15. How many clubs competed in the 2011-2012 season?
16. Was it a record?
17. How are the initial 12 rounds drawn?
18. What type of teams enter in later rounds?
19. What ensures this?
20. What's that based on?
Answer:
1. Six
2. 32
3. 92
4. professional
5. The Premier League
6. Championship clubs
7. The Third Round Proper
8. Non-league teams
9. The final
10. minnows
11. Smaller
12. "giant-killing"
13. any eligible club
14. several hundred
15. 763
16. Yes
17. Randomly
18. Higher ranked
19. a system of byes
20. On league level