Information: - Sylvanus Cobb , Jr. ( June 5 , 1823 -- July 20 , 1887 ) was an American writer of popular fiction during the mid- 19th century . His work was published in the New York Ledger , The Flag of Our Union , The Weekly Novelette , Gleason 's Pictorial Drawing - Room Companion , and elsewhere . - Frederick Gleason (c.1817 November 6, 1896) was a publisher in Boston, Massachusetts, in the mid-nineteenth century. He is best known for establishing the popular illustrated weekly "Gleason's Pictorial", at the time an innovation in American publishing. He has been called "the father of illustrated journalism." - The Flag of Our Union (est.1846) was a weekly story paper published in Boston, Massachusetts, in the mid-19th century. In addition to news it featured works of fiction and poetry including contributions from notable writers such as Louisa May Alcott and Edgar Allan Poe. Publisher Frederick Gleason began "The Flag" in 1846, a "miscellaneous family journal, containing news, wit, humor, and romance -- independent of party or sect." Original stories, verse, and illustration appeared in the paper, as well as brief news items on local, national and international current events. Maturin Murray Ballou served as editor. In 1849, Gleason's office was located "on the corner of Court and Tremont Streets" in Boston. - Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 October 7, 1849) was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career. - Maturin Murray Ballou (April 14, 1820March 27, 1895) was a writer and publisher in 19th-century Boston, Massachusetts. He co-founded "Gleason's Pictorial", was the first editor of the "Boston Daily Globe," and wrote numerous travel books and works of popular fiction. - Joseph Holt Ingraham (January 26, 1809 December 18, 1860) was an American author. - Massachusetts ; officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston. Over 80% of Massachusetts' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts' economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade. - Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion was a 19th-century illustrated periodical published in Boston, Massachusetts. The magazine was founded by Frederick Gleason in 1851. It became Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion in 1855, after managing editor Maturin Murray Ballou bought out the interest of Gleason. The magazine absorbed the "Illustrated News" of New York in 1853. The "Pictorial" featured artists such as Winslow Homer, and authors such as: Giddings H. Ballou, Susan H. Blaisdell, Alice Carey, Sylvanus Cobb, Jr., Sophronia Currier, Mrs. S.P. Doughty, Francis A. Durivage, Aglaus Forrester, Mrs. H.C. Gardner, Joseph Holt Ingraham, Grace Lee, Mary A. Lowell, Mary L. Meany, Ellen Alice Moriarty, Arthur Morton, Frances P. Pepperell, Mary E. Robinson, M.V. St. Leon, Frederick Ward Saunders, Sue M. Scott, Maurice Silingsby, Frederick Stanhope, Horace B. Staniford, John Thornberry, Winnie Woodfern,and Joseph Wolf. - A story paper is a periodical publication similar to a literary magazine, but featuring illustrations and text stories, and aimed towards children and teenagers. Also known in Britain as 'Boys' Weeklies', story papers were phenomenally popular before the outbreak of the Second World War. - The New York Ledger was a weekly story paper published in Manhattan, New York. It was established in 1855 by Robert E. Bonner, by transforming the weekly financial journal called "The Merchant's Ledger" that he had purchased in 1851. Bonner turned the paper over to three sons to operate in 1887. - Winslow Homer (February 24, 1836 September 29, 1910) was an American landscape painter and printmaker, best known for his marine subjects. He is considered one of the foremost painters in 19th-century America and a preeminent figure in American art. - Louisa May Alcott (November 29, 1832March 6, 1888) was an American novelist and poet best known as the author of the novel "Little Women" (1868) and its sequels "Little Men" (1871) and "Jo's Boys" (1886). Raised by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott in New England, she also grew up among many of the well-known intellectuals of the day such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'occupation' with the subject 'sylvanus cobb'. Choices: - author - detective - drawing - editor - father - journalism - leader - literary - merchant - novelist - painter - printmaker - publisher - science - travel - writer
novelist

Information: - PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. is a company of the PKP Group and is responsible for maintenance of rail tracks , conducting the trains across country , scheduling train timetables and management of railway land . The company was founded after dividing Polskie Koleje Pastwowe ( national rail operator ) into several separate companies to meet European Union Standards . - PKP Group (pl: "Grupa PKP") is a Polish conglomerate founded in 2001 from the former single national rail operator, Polskie Koleje Pastwowe. The purpose of this change was to match European Union directives of dividing transport service from rail system management and founding separate companies able to sell their service outside the rail business. - The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'inception' with the subject 'pkp polskie linie kolejowe'. Choices: - 1999 - 2001 - 2002
2001