input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Evasion of the Immune System by Pathogens It is important to keep in mind that although the immune system has evolved to be able to control many pathogens, pathogens themselves have evolved ways to evade the immune response. An example already mentioned is in Mycobactrium tuberculosis, which has evolved a complex cell wall that is resistant to the digestive enzymes of the macrophages that ingest them, and thus persists in the host, causing the chronic disease tuberculosis. This section briefly summarizes other ways in which pathogens can "outwit" immune responses. But keep in mind, although it seems as if pathogens have a will of their own, they do not. All of these evasive "strategies" arose strictly by evolution, driven by selection. Bacteria sometimes evade immune responses because they exist in multiple strains, such as different groups of Staphylococcus aureus. aureus is commonly found in minor skin infections, such as boils, and some healthy people harbor it in their nose. One small group of strains of this bacterium, however, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, has become resistant to multiple antibiotics and is essentially untreatable. Different bacterial strains differ in the antigens on their surfaces. The immune response against one strain (antigen) does not affect the other; thus, the species survives. Another method of immune evasion is mutation. Because viruses' surface molecules mutate continuously, viruses like influenza change enough each year that the flu vaccine for one year may not protect against the flu common to the next. New vaccine formulations must be derived for each flu season. Genetic recombinationthe combining of gene segments from two different pathogensis an efficient form of immune evasion. For example, the influenza virus contains gene segments that can recombine when two different viruses infect the same cell. Recombination between human and pig influenza viruses led to the 2010 H1N1 swine flu outbreak. Pathogens can produce immunosuppressive molecules that... Q: Bacteria may become untreatable if they develop what in response to multiple antibiotics? A:
OPTIONS:
- affinity
- weakness
- acceptance
- resistance
output: resistance

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, resulting in two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. Q: In what way do bacteria reproduce? A:

OPTIONS:
- sexual reproduction
- fragmentation
- cellular respiration
- binary fission

A: binary fission

input: OPTIONS:
- hormones
- ions
- neutral electrons
- positive protons Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Negative electrons are attracted to positive protons, and this electric force keeps electrons moving about the nucleus. The force of attraction between protons and neutrons, called the strong force, holds the nucleus together. Q: What are negative electrons attracted to? A:
A:
output: positive protons

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The deeper water of a lake makes up the profundal zone. There isn't enough light for photosynthesis in this zone, so most organisms here eat dead organisms that drift down from the water above. Organisms in the profundal zone may include clams, snails, and some species of fish. Q: What do most organisms eat in the profundal zone of a lake? A:

OPTIONS:
- fresh organisms
- algae organism
- fish waste
- dead organisms

Answer: dead organisms

Problem: OPTIONS:
- energy
- gravity
- resistance
- pressure
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Particles of gas are constantly moving in all directions at random. As a result, they are always bumping into each other and other things. This is modeled in the Figure below . The force of the particles against things they bump into creates pressure. Pressure is defined in physics as the amount of force pushing against a given area. How much pressure a gas exerts depends on the number of gas particles in a given space and how fast they are moving. The more gas particles there are and the faster they are moving, the greater the pressure they create. To learn more about gas pressure and how to measure it, go to this URL: http://www. wisc-online. com/objects/ViewObject. aspx?ID=GCH5004 . Q: What is defined in physics as the amount of force pushing against a given area? A:
Answer: pressure

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element is the atom . Atoms actually consist of smaller particles, including protons and electrons, but these smaller particles are the same for all elements. All the atoms of an element are like one another, and are different from the atoms of all other elements. For example, the atoms of each element have a unique number of protons. Q: What is the smallest part of an element called? A:

OPTIONS:
- core
- neutron
- nucleus
- atom

Answer:
atom