input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Katharine Meyer Graham was once described as "the most powerful woman in America." She was not a government official or elected representative. She owned and published The Washington Post. Under her leadership, it became one of the most important newspapers in the country.

Katharine Meyer was born in New York City in 1917. Her father was a successful investment banker and became an important financial official. Her family was very rich. Katharine grew up in large houses in New York and Washington. Her parents were often away from home, traveling and working, Katharine was often lonely. Katherine Meyer graduated from the University of Chicago in Illinois in 1938. In 1933, her father bought a failing newspaper, The Washington Post. It was the least successful one of five newspapers in Washington.

Katharine Graham returned to Washington and got a job editing letters to the editor of her father's newspaper. She married Philip Graham. He was a clerk for Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter but soon accepted a job at his wife's father's newspaper. Mr. Graham improved The Washington Post. He bought Newsweek and several television stations. He also established close ties with important political leaders. However, Mr. Graham treated his wife badly. He had an affair with a young reporter. For many years, Mr. Graham suffered from mental illness. He killed himself in 1963.

Katharine Graham had four children to raise and a newspaper to operate. At first, she was only concerned about finding a way to keep control of The Washington Post until her sons were old enough. She did not think she had the ability to do an important job. She had no training in business or experience in operating a large company. In those days, it was unusual for a woman to be the head of a business. Women were expected to look after their homes and children.

Katharine Graham met with officials of The Washington Post. She was elected president of The Washington Post Company. She had no idea about how to operate a newspaper. So she decided to learn. She began by hiring Benjamin C.Bradlee. He later became chief editor. Mr. Bradlee improved the newspaper. He hired excellent reporters and editors. They began doing important investigative reporting. In 1969, Mrs. Graham became publisher as well as president of The Washington Post Company. In the 1970s, The Washington Post became famous around the world because of two major successes. 1. who was Katharine Meyer Graham?
2. when was she born?
3. where?
4. where was she raised?
5. was her family poor?
6. where did she go to school?
7. when?
8. when did she graduate?
9. why did her dad buy The newspaper?
10. which paper?
11. when did he buy it?
12. what was her job with the paper?
13. was she ever married?
14. to who?
15. what was his job?
16. for who?
17. did Philip ever come work for the paper?
18. was he successful there?
19. Did they have kids?
20. how many?
21. what was she known as?
22. how did her husband die?
23. when?
numbered_answers: 1. owner and publisher of The Washington Post
2. in 1917
3. New York City
4. in New York and Washington
5. no
6. the University of Chicago
7. unknown
8. 1938
9. because it was failing
10. The Washington Post
11. 1933
12. editing letters to the editor
13. yes
14. Philip Graham
15. a clerk
16. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter
17. yes
18. yes
19. yes
20. four
21. the most powerful woman in America
22. He killed himself
23. 1963

input: CHAPTER II.

AN ADVENTURE AT GIB

It was on the 1st of February, 1854, that the "Falcon" sailed from Portsmouth for the East, and ten days later she dropped her anchor at Gibraltar harbor. Jack Archer was by this time thoroughly at home. In the week's hard work during the preparation for sea at Portsmouth, he had learned as much of the names of the ropes, and the various parts of the ship, as he would have done in a couple of months at sea, and had become acquainted with his new ship-mates. So great had been the pressure of work, that he had escaped much of the practical joking to which a new-comer on board ship, as at school, is generally subject.

He had for comrades four midshipmen; one of these, Simmons, had already nearly served his time, and was looking forward to the war as giving him a sure promotion; two others, Delafield and Hawtry, had already served for two or three years at sea, although only a year or so older than Jack, while the fourth, Herbert Coveney, was a year younger, and was, like Jack, a new hand. There were also in the berth two master's mates, young men of from twenty to two-and-twenty. With all of these Jack, with his high spirits, good-tempered face, merry laugh, soon became a favorite.

During the first two days at sea he had suffered the usual agonies from sea-sickness. But before reaching Gibraltar he had got his sea-legs and was regularly doing duty, being on the watch of the second lieutenant, Mr. Pierson. 1. When did the Falcon first sail?
2. How long was the trip?
3. Where was Jack?
4. Who were his aquaintances?
5. What were they preparing for?
6. Who had almost served their full time already?
7. what did he want out of the war?
8. Have Delafield and Hawtry served nearly the same amount of time?
9. Who was like Jack?
10. Did he suffer sea-sickness?
11. What was the second lieutenants name? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. To the East
2. Ten days
3. At home
4. Four midshipmen
5. For sea at Portsmouth
6. Simmons
7. A promotion
8. Yes
9. Herbert Coveney
10. Yes
11. Mr. Pierson.

Q: A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public corporation is a corporation whose ownership is dispersed among the general public in many shares of stock which are freely traded on a stock exchange or in over the counter markets. In some jurisdictions, public companies over a certain size must be listed on an exchange. A public company can be listed (listed company) or unlisted (unlisted public company).

In the early modern period, the Dutch developed several financial instruments and helped lay the foundations of modern financial system. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) became the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public. In other words, the VOC was officially the first publicly traded company, because it was the first company to be ever actually listed on an official stock exchange. While the Italian city-states produced the first transferable government bonds, they did not develop the other ingredient necessary to produce a fully fledged capital market: corporate shareholders. As Edward Stringham (2015) notes, "companies with transferable shares date back to classical Rome, but these were usually not enduring endeavors and no considerable secondary market existed (Neal, 1997, p. 61)."

Answer the following questions:
1. Who helped form the modern financial system?
2. When?
3. Who was the first company to issue bonds to the public?
4. Were they also the first publicly traded company?
5. What is a name for a corporation whose ownership is spread out among the public?
6. Any other names?
7. Such as?
8. Where are the shares of stock traded?
9. Anywhere else?
10. Are some public companies required to be listed on a stock exchange?
11. What is a company called that is listed?
12. What about a company that is not listed?
13. Who created the first transferable government bonds?
14. Did they also create the necessary elements of a complete capital market?
A:
1. the Dutch
2. early modern period
3. The Dutch East India Company
4. Yes
5. public corporation
6. Yes
7. publicly held company
8. stock exchange
9. over the counter market
10. Yes
11. listed company
12. unlisted public company
13. Italian city-states
14. No