Read the text and answer the questions.

Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief.

Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, activities of daily life, and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world. The poet Ezra Pound's 1934 injunction to "Make it new!" was the touchstone of the movement's approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the stream-of-consciousness novel, atonal (or pantonal) and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art, all had precursors in the 19th century.

A notable characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness and irony concerning literary and social traditions, which often led to experiments with form, along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting, poem, building, etc. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody.

1. what shaped modernism?
2. and?
3. what has it rejected?
4. which poet is mentioned?
5. how many characteristics does modernism have?
6. what are they?
7. what are these concerned with?
8. what did these lead to?
9. has it rejected anything?
10. what?
11. how is historical work used?
12. is there more?
13. what?
14. what is modernism?
15. when did it flourish?
16. in which society?
17. what was it's touchstone?
18. when was this done?
19. when did artists all have precursors?
1. development of modern industrial societies
2. rapid growth of cities
3. Enlightenment thinking,
4. Ezra Pound
5. Two
6. self-consciousness and irony
7. literary and social traditions,
8. experiments with form,
9. yes
10. the ideology of realism
11. by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting,
12. yes
13. recapitulation, revision and parody.
14. a philosophical movement
15. late 19th and early 20th centuries
16. Western society
17. Ezra Pound's injunction to "Make it new"
18. 1934
19. 19th century