Question: In logic, a logical connective (also called a logical operator, sentential connective, or sentential operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences (of either a formal or a natural language) in a grammatically valid way, such that the value of the compound sentence produced depends only on that of the original sentences and on the meaning of the connective.

The most common logical connectives are binary connectives (also called dyadic connectives) which join two sentences which can be thought of as the function's operands. Also commonly, negation is considered to be a unary connective.

Logical connectives along with quantifiers are the two main types of logical constants used in formal systems such as propositional logic and predicate logic. Semantics of a logical connective is often, but not always, presented as a truth function.

A logical connective is similar to but not equivalent to a conditional operator.

In the grammar of natural languages two sentences may be joined by a grammatical conjunction to form a "grammatically" compound sentence. Some but not all such grammatical conjunctions are truth functions. For example, consider the following sentences:

The words "and" and "so" are "grammatical" conjunctions joining the sentences (A) and (B) to form the compound sentences (C) and (D). The "and" in (C) is a "logical" connective, since the truth of (C) is completely determined by (A) and (B): it would make no sense to affirm (A) and (B) but deny (C). However, "so" in (D) is not a logical connective, since it would be quite reasonable to affirm (A) and (B) but deny (D): perhaps, after all, Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water, not because Jack had gone up the hill at all. 1. What is a logical connective?
2. What is it also known as?
3. What are the most common connectives?
4. Is a logic connective the same as a conditional operator?
5. What is negation?
6. What can be used in natural language to join two sentences?
7. Are grammatical conjunctions truth functions?
8. What are examples of gramatical conjunctions?
9. Who went up the hill?
10. What was she after?
11. Did jack go up the hill? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences
2. a logical operator
3. binary connectives
4. its similar to but not equivalent
5. a unary connective.
6. a grammatical conjunction
7. Some
8. The words "and" and "so" are "grammatical" conjunctions joining the sentences (A) and (B) to form the compound sentences (C) and (D).
9. Jill
10. a pail of water
11. yes

Question: CHAPTER VIII

AFFAIRS OF LAULII AND FANGALII

_November--December_ 1888

For Becker I have not been able to conceal my distaste, for he seems to me both false and foolish. But of his successor, the unfortunately famous Dr. Knappe, we may think as of a good enough fellow driven distraught. Fond of Samoa and the Samoans, he thought to bring peace and enjoy popularity among the islanders; of a genial, amiable, and sanguine temper, he made no doubt but he could repair the breach with the English consul. Hope told a flattering tale. He awoke to find himself exchanging defiances with de Coetlogon, beaten in the field by Mataafa, surrounded on the spot by general exasperation, and disowned from home by his own government. The history of his administration leaves on the mind of the student a sentiment of pity scarcely mingled.

On Blacklock he did not call, and, in view of Leary's attitude, may be excused. But the English consul was in a different category. England, weary of the name of Samoa, and desirous only to see peace established, was prepared to wink hard during the process and to welcome the result of any German settlement. It was an unpardonable fault in Becker to have kicked and buffeted his ready-made allies into a state of jealousy, anger, and suspicion. Knappe set himself at once to efface these impressions, and the English officials rejoiced for the moment in the change. Between Knappe and de Coetlogon there seems to have been mutual sympathy; and, in considering the steps by which they were led at last into an attitude of mutual defiance, it must be remembered that both the men were sick,--Knappe from time to time prostrated with that formidable complaint, New Guinea fever, and de Coetlogon throughout his whole stay in the islands continually ailing. 1. who was weary ?
2. of what ?
3. what did they disire ?
4. what would they welcome ?
5. of what ?
6. who was found of smoma ?
7. was he famous ?
8. did the story teller like becker ?
9. why ?
10. and what else ?
11. who followed him ?
12. did he think he could fix something ?
13. what was it ?
14. with who ?
15. how had fever ?
16. and where was the stay ?
17. who was ready to wink ?
18. during what ?
19. how many atates are mentioned ?
20. name one ? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. England
2. Samoa
3. peace
4. result
5. German settlement
6. Dr. Knappe
7. yes
8. no
9. seems to me both false
10. foolish
11. Knappe
12. yes
13. breach
14. English consul
15. New Guinea
16. islands
17. English consul
18. the process
19. Three
20. suspicion

Question: CHAPTER XVIII. THE ZENITH

Andrea Doria did not remain to make formal surrender of the citadel of Sinigaglia to the duke--for which purpose, be it borne in mind, had Cesare been invited, indirectly, to come to Sinigaglia. He fled during the night that saw Vitelli and Oliverotto writhing their last in the strangler's hands. And his flight adds colour to the versions of the affair that were afforded the world by Cesare and his father. Andrea Doria, waiting to surrender his trust, had nothing to fear from the duke, no reason to do anything but remain. Andrea Doria, intriguing against the duke's life with the condottieri, finding them seized by the duke, and inferring that all was discovered, had every reason to fly.

The citadel made surrender on that New Year's morning, when Cesare summoned it to do so, whilst the troops of the Orsini and Vitelli lodged in the castles of the territory, being taken unawares, were speedily disposed of. So, there being nothing more left to do in Sinigaglia, Cesare once more marshalled his men and set out for Citta di Castello--the tyranny of the Vitelli, which he found undefended and of which he took possession in the name of the Church. Thence he rushed on towards Perugia, for he had word that Guidobaldo of Urbino, Fabio Orsini, Annibale and Venanzio Varano, and Vitelli's nephew were assembled there under the wing of Gianpaolo Baglioni, who, with a considerable condotta at his back, was making big talk of resisting the Duke of Romagna and Valentinois. In this, Gianpaolo persevered most bravely until he had news that the duke was as near as Gualdo, when precipitately he fled--leaving his guests to shift for themselves. He had remembered, perhaps, at the last moment how narrow an escape he had had of it at Sinigaglia, and he repaired to Siena to join Pandolfo Petrucci, who had been equally fortunate in that connection. 1. Why was Cesare invited? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. to take the citadel