Question: I read this background article the other day: During May, June, and July, the Northern Hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the Sun. The same is true of the Southern Hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is Earth's axial tilt that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months, which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere. I am facing a new situation today: Two twin brothers live far away from each other. Dan lives in the Norther Hemisphere, in North America, and Bill lives in Tasmania, in the Southern Hemisphere.They often talk about the weather, the seasons, and how it affects them. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which brother experiences more sunlight in May?
Answer: Dan
[Q]: I read this background article the other day: Currently, millions of individuals with high cholesterol take a similar type of drug, known as a statin. The drug, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase), the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, decreases blood levels of cholesterol by induce the expression of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the liver. The increased levels of the LDL-receptors stimulate the catabolism of plasma LDL, removing cholesterol from plasma, which is an important determinant of atherosclerosis. You may know of people who take a statin to help with their cholesterol levels. However, these drugs probably work slightly differently in many of those people. In some, it lowers their cholesterol significantly; in others it may lower it only moderately; and in some, it may have no significant effect at all. (Luckily for those individuals, there are multiple versions of the statins, so different drugs can be tested to find the proper combination for that individual.) Why the difference? Because of the genetic background of all people; the different single nucleotide polymorphisms that make us all different. Pharmacogenomics, a combination of pharmacology and genomics (the study of the genome) that refers to the study of the relationship between pharmaceuticals and genetics, may explain and simplify this problem. I am facing a new situation today: Brad and Henry were two old friends in their 70's. Brad had very high levels of cholesterol, while Henry was healthier and had normal levels of cholesterol. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which friend doesn't take an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase?
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[A]: Henry
input: Please answer the following: I read this background article the other day: An optimal decision is a decision that leads to at least as good a known or expected outcome as all other available decision options. It is an important concept in decision theory. In order to compare the different decision outcomes, one commonly assigns a utility value to each of them. If there is uncertainty as to what the outcome will be, then under the von NeumannMorgenstern axioms the optimal decision maximizes the expected utility (a probabilityweighted average of utility over all possible outcomes of a decision). I am facing a new situation today: John and Keith are playing a decision making game. They have three decisions to make decision A, decision B, and decision C. Decision A and decision B have certain outcome, but decision C's outcome is uncertain. John would apply optimal decision making process while Keith would rather rely on his hunches. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Will John most likely make or fail to make at least as good a known or expected outcome?
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output: most likely make
Please answer this: I read this background article the other day: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution, acid rain, and global warming. Fossil fuels are also limited and may eventually run out. Like fossil fuels, radioactive elements are limited. In fact, they are relatively rare, so they could run out sooner rather than later. On the other hand, nuclear fission does not release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with burning fossil fuels. This is the major advantage of using nuclear fission as a source of energy. I am facing a new situation today: Iran an Iraq are 2 neighbors. Iraq produces its electricity by burning fossil fuels, while Iran uses nuclear fission as its energy source. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which country causes more global warming?
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Answer: Iraq
Problem: I read this background article the other day: About 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. I am facing a new situation today: White mountains are often visited by tourists because of the many beautiful caves, stalactites, stalagmites and karst phenomena. Dome mountains are interesting to tourists because they are very massive, of volcanic origin and excellent for climbing. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which mountain has a lower percentage of sedimentary rocks?

A: Dome
input: Please answer the following: I read this background article the other day: No doubt you already have a good idea of what temperature is. You might say that it's how warm or cool something feels. In physics, temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter. When particles of matter move more quickly, they have more kinetic energy, so their temperature is higher. With a higher temperature, matter feels warmer. When particles move more slowly, they have less kinetic energy on average, so their temperature is lower. With a lower temperature, matter feels cooler. I am facing a new situation today: Two physicists studied the influence of kinetic energy on the environment. Will studied high temperature environments, while his pal Don studied cooler environments. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which person observed fewer particles of matter moving quickly?
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output:
Don