Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
--------
Question: Energy needs in infants are decreased after surgery because of growth inhibition (resulting from catabolic stress metabolism), decreased insensible losses, and inactivity. Using standardized formulas that account for growth, activity, and insensible losses during this stress period can lead to overfeeding in excess of 200% of the actual measured requirement. Overfeeding during this acute injury period can result in increased CO2 production from lipogenesis. This study determined the effects of a reduced rate of mixed caloric repletion on infant energy use during the early postoperative period.', 'C-reactive protein (CRP), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), measured energy expenditure (MEE), and total urinary nitrogen (TUN) were measured serially in seven infants (average age, 78 days) during the first 72 hours after abdominal or thoracic surgery. Nonprotein respiratory quotient (RQnp), and values for oxidation of carbohydrate (Ce) and fat (Fe) were calculated. Injury severity was stratified based on serum CRP concentrations of > or = 6.0 mg/dL (high stress) or < 6.0 mg/dL (low stress). Recovery from acute stress was analyzed by comparing studies in which CRP had decreased to < or = 2.0 mg/dL (resolving stress group) with those in which CRP values were greater than 2.0 mg/dL (acute stress group).', 'Average total caloric intake (64.56 +/- 18.51 kcal/kg/d; approximately 50% of predicted energy requirement) exceeded average MEE (42.90 +/- 9.98 kcal/kg/d) by approximately 50%. Average TUN was 0.18 +/- 0.07 g/kg/d (high stress 0.2 +/- 0.05 versus low stress 0.16 +/- 0.09 g/kg/d). Average RQnp was 1.05 +/- 0.13 and average Ce was 37.28 +/- 16.86 kcal/kg/d. The average calculated Fe was 0.0 +/- 12.27 kcal/kg/d, reflecting approximately equal amounts of fat oxidized compared with fat generated from excess glucose (lipogenesis). When individual studies were analyzed at a CRP cutpoint of 2.0 mg/dL, overfeeding (RQ > 1.0) was significantly less likely in the resolving (2/6 studies, 33.4%) versus acute stress (9/13 studies, 69.2%, Z test P < .001) group. Five of seven (5/7) patients (9/19 individual studies) had negative Fe values (average -9.89 +/- 10.02) reflecting net lipogenesis. The RQnp for these nine studies was 1.14 +/- 0.11 versus 0.97 +/- 0.09 for the remaining 10, and this difference was significant (P < .01). A significant correlation existed between carbohydrate intake and VCO2 (Pearson r = .6951, P < .01). In addition, there was a good correlation between carbohydrate intake and VCO2 (Pearson r = .6591, P < .01). The coefficient of variation for MEE was 8.0% (low stress) versus 30.2% (high stress).

Answer: Do early postoperative alterations in infant energy use increase the risk of overfeeding?

Question: The biliary cast syndrome (BCS) is a frequent problem following liver transplantation. The pathogenesis of this complication is not well understood. Previous research has demonstrated that the soluble form of MICA (sMICA) is significantly higher in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than in healthy volunteers. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible involvement of sMICA in the formation of BCS after liver transplantation.', 'Serum soluble MICA was retrospectively evaluated in pre- and post-transplant sera from 133 consecutive primary liver transplant patients and in sera from 88 healthy volunteers using sandwich ELISA. Normal distribution of serum sMICA was described by the data obtained from healthy population and sMICA concentration that was greater than the upper bound 95% normal range was considered as high levels of sMICA. Patient records were reviewed to identify patients who developed BCS.', 'The results demonstrated that 37.6% of patients with end-stage liver diseases had significantly higher pre-transplant serum sMICA than in healthy population. 34.4% of recipients with post-transplant high levels of sMICA developed BCS. In contrast, 17.3% of patients with post-transplant normal levels of sMICA developed BCS. The risk of BCS development is significantly associated with the presence of post-transplant high levels of sMICA (P=0.0365). Further analysis disclosed that patients with decreased post-transplant sMICA following liver transplantation had a lower incidence rate of BCS than those with remained high levels of sMICA after transplantation (10.5% vs. 38.7%, P=0.0302). Furthermore, log-rank test showed that BCS occurrence was significantly associated with dynamic changes of sMICA among different groups (P=0.0188).

Answer: Are high levels of soluble Major Histocompatibility Complex class I related chain A ( MICA ) associated with biliary cast syndrome after liver transplantation?

Question: For approximately 5% of autologous transplant recipients and a higher proportion of allogeneic transplant recipients, low level and delayed platelet engraftment is an ongoing problem. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which can be derived from bone marrow as well as other organs, are capable of differentiation into multiple cell types and also support hematopoiesis in vitro. Because cotransplantation of marrow-derived stromal cells has been shown to enhance engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells, we hypothesized that cotransplantation of MSC could enhance platelet and myeloid cell development.', 'We tested this hypothesis by transplantation of CD34-selected mobilized human peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) into sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice with or without culture-expanded human MSC and evaluated human myeloid, lymphoid, and megakaryocytic engraftment with flow cytometry and in vitro cultures.', 'We find that MSC cotransplantation enhances human cell engraftment when a limiting dose (<1 x 10(6)) of CD34 cells is administered. This enhancement is characterized by a shift in the differentiation of human cells from predominantly B lymphocytes to predominantly CD13(+), CD14(+), and CD33(+) myeloid cells with a corresponding increase in myeloid CFU in the marrow. Megakaryocytopoiesis is enhanced by MSC cotransplantation as assessed by an increase in both marrow CFU-MK and circulating human platelets. In contrast, MSC do not affect the percentage of human bone marrow cells that expresses CD34(+).

Answer:
Does cotransplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells enhance human myelopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis in NOD/SCID mice?