*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The umbra is the part of the shadow in which light is completely blocked. Q: The part of the shadow in which light is completely blocked is called what? Choices: - penumbra - eclipse - corona - umbra A:
**Answer**
umbra

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body There are three main metabolic states of the body: absorptive (fed), postabsorptive (fasting), and starvation. During any given day, your metabolism switches between absorptive and postabsorptive states. Starvation states happen very rarely in generally well-nourished individuals. When the body is fed, glucose, fats, and proteins are absorbed across the intestinal membrane and enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system to be used immediately for fuel. Any excess is stored for later fasting stages. As blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin to stimulate the uptake of glucose by hepatocytes in the liver, muscle cells/fibers, and adipocytes (fat cells), and to promote its conversion to glycogen. As the postabsorptive state begins, glucose levels drop, and there is a corresponding drop in insulin levels. Falling glucose levels trigger the pancreas to release glucagon to turn off glycogen synthesis in the liver and stimulate its breakdown into glucose. The glucose is released into the bloodstream to serve as a fuel source for cells throughout the body. If glycogen stores are depleted during fasting, alternative sources, including fatty acids and proteins, can be metabolized and used as fuel. When the body once again enters the absorptive state after fasting, fats and proteins are digested and used to replenish fat. Q: As blood glucose levels rise what is released from the pancreas? Choices: - adrenaline - estrogen - hemoglobin - insulin A:
**Answer**
insulin

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 37.2 | How Hormones Work By the end of this section, you will be able to: Explain how hormones work Discuss the role of different types of hormone receptors Hormones mediate changes in target cells by binding to specific hormone receptors. In this way, even though hormones circulate throughout the body and come into contact with many different cell types, they only affect cells that possess the necessary receptors. Receptors for a specific hormone may be found on many different cells or may be limited to a small number of specialized cells. For example, thyroid hormones act on many different tissue types, stimulating metabolic activity throughout the body. Cells can have many receptors for the same hormone but often also possess receptors for different types of hormones. The number of receptors that respond to a hormone determines the cell's sensitivity to that hormone, and the resulting cellular response. Additionally, the number of receptors that respond to a hormone can change over time, resulting in increased or decreased cell sensitivity. In up-regulation, the number of receptors increases in response to rising hormone levels, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone and allowing for more cellular activity. When the number of receptors decreases in response to rising hormone levels, called down-regulation, cellular activity is reduced. Receptor binding alters cellular activity and results in an increase or decrease in normal body processes. Depending on the location of the protein receptor on the target cell and the chemical structure of the hormone, hormones can mediate changes directly by binding to intracellular hormone receptors and modulating gene transcription, or indirectly by binding to cell surface receptors and stimulating signaling pathways. Q: What biochemicals mediate changes in target cells by binding to specific receptors? Choices: - amino acids - acids - enzymes - hormones A:
**Answer**
hormones

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: The e. coli chromosome, like many other bacterial chromosomes, is what shape? Choices: - oval - square - triangular - circular A:
**Answer**
circular