In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Redirecting the splicing machinery through the hybridization of high affinity, RNase H-incompetent oligonucleotide analogs such as phosphoramidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMO) might lead to important clinical applications. Chemical conjugation of PMO to arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides (CPP) such as (R-Ahx-R) 4 (with Ahx standing for 6-aminohexanoic acid) leads to sequencespecific splicing correction in the absence of endosomolytic agents in cell culture at variance with most conventional CPPs. Importantly, (R-Ahx-R) 4 -PMO conjugates are effective in mouse models of various viral infections and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Unfortunately, active doses in some applications might be close to cytotoxic ones thus presenting challenge for systemic administration of the conjugates in those clinical settings. Structureactivity relationship studies have thus been undertaken to unravel CPP structural features important for the efficient nuclear delivery of the conjugated PMO and limiting steps in their internalization pathway. Affinity for heparin (taken as a model heparan sulfate), hydrophobicity, cellular uptake, intracellular distribution and splicing correction have been monitored. Spacing between the charges, hydrophobicity of the linker between the Arg-groups and Arg-stereochemistry influence splicing correction efficiency. A significant correlation between splicing correction efficiency, affinity for heparin and ability to destabilize model synthetic vesicles has been observed but no correlation with cellular uptake has been found. Efforts will have to focus on endosomal escape since it appears to remain the limiting factor for the delivery of these splice-redirecting ON analogs.
Delivery of steric block morpholino oligomers by (R-X-R) 4 peptides: structure-activity studies

Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. Many Arab countries demonstrate nearly all the features of those countries classified as poor, less developed, or failing to achieve the eight Millennium Goals. Even the economies of the richer oil-exporting countries in the Region have been seriously damaged by the downturn in oil and gas prices as new sources come on stream elsewhere and demand falls as a result of renewable sources of energy becoming available. Climate change predictions for the Region are worrisome even if most of the environmental commitments made by countries at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris at the end of 2015 are delivered. Large parts of the Region already suffer from periods of extreme temperatures and shortages of fresh water, so harsher conditions of higher temperatures and weather extremes pose special problems for inhabitants and policymakers, with heightened geopolitical risks and uncertainties. Agriculture is especially vulnerable. Modern agricultural technologies with improved cultivars and livestock breeds must displace poor agricultural and pastoral practices. Larger-scale, bettercapitalised production units are required with policy shifts to remove marketdistorting subsidies, tariffs, and other regulatory impedances. Agricultural "roadmaps" are needed to encourage the most appropriate crops and maintain livestock in the most appropriate places. The trading of meat, dairy products and many types of crops to water-poor regions can be regarded as an efficient way to 261 redistribute water. In unsettled times, food security requires protection of foodproducing, food-processing, and food-distribution industries are protected along with research and development facilities, and the maintenance of skilled personnel. There are doubts as to whether agencies of the United Nations, other international agencies, donor countries and charities are able to provide adequate humanitarian aid and humanitarian intervention to enable safeguarding of displaced peoples and ensuring the resumption of normal peaceful conditions essential for food security to be guaranteed. Promises of aid funds must become reality, followed by the establishment of functional supply and transport networks, and rapid transition to self-reliance thereafter. Food security and social stability are inextricably linked. The solution to the food-security problems in the Region ultimately lies in the actions of governments, businesses and individuals. Governments need embedded scientific and technological expertise, strong civil-society institutions, integrity, and a particular focus on high-quality education.
Food Security in an Insecure Future

IAV and the host Crm1-dependent nuclear export machinery requires further exploration. Recently, Chase and collaborators showed that the interaction between vRNPs and the nuclear export machinery takes place in dense chromatin domains that allow IAV to "snatch" Crm1-RanGTP nuclear export complexes to the detriment of cellular substrates 13 . These results, together with other observations, highlight the involvement of host nuclear compartmentalization and chromatin territories in regulating nuclear traffic of IAV vRNPs [14] [15] [16] [17] . Several investigations, including ours, have revealed that IAV induce a strong remodeling of nuclear architecture with marked modifications of the nucleoli ultrastructure and compartments 3,17-20 . The nucleolus, known as the site of ribosome biogenesis, is also a sensor of cellular stresses and is involved in several cellular pathways, such as cell-cycle regulation or apoptosis 21-23 . Several DNA and RNA viruses, including cytoplasmic viruses are known to induce nucleolar alterations that contribute towards optimal infection 24-26 . In the context of IAV, their interplay with nucleolus and selective interactions with several nucleolar components appears to be decisive in the outcome of infection 17, 20 . Ozawa and colleagues demonstrated that dynamic nucleolar localization of NP is functionally significant by contributing to efficient viral replication and transcription 27 . Moreover, different studies have demonstrated a subtype dependent interaction between viral non-structural protein (NS1) and cellular nucleolin, suggesting a role of the nucleolar targeting functions of NS1 in IAV pathogenesis 28, 29 . Proteomics-based approaches have revealed changes in the nucleolar proteome of IAV infected cells 5,30 and identified several nucleolar components, such as nucleolin, nucleophosmin (B23) and ribosomal proteins, as putative interactants of reconstituted IAV vRNPs 7 . In addition, high-throughput RNAi approaches have highlighted the functional requirement of several of these nucleolar components in viral replication 31-33 . Nucleolin is a multifunctional protein that contributes extensively to DNA and RNA regulatory mechanisms, including ribosome biogenesis, chromatin remodeling, mRNA stability and translation, nuclear export of RNA and protein complexes, and microRNA processing 34, 35 . In this way, nucleolin takes part in several cellular functions, such as gene silencing, senescence, cell proliferation and growth 23,35-37 , and continuously shuttles between nucleolar/nuclear compartments and the cytoplasm up to the cell surface 38,39 . Moreover, through its ability to associate with diverse target RNAs, nucleolin is implicated in various pathological processes, particularly cancer and viral infection 40 . In this context, different functional interactions with nucleolin have been described for several DNA viruses, such as poliovirus 41 , adenovirus 42 , HSV 43, 44 or CMV 45, 46 , and several RNA viruses, such as hepatitis C and delta viruses 47,48 , coronavirus 49 , hPIV-3 50 , papillomavirus HPV9 51 , Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus 52 , HIV1 53 , noroviruses 54 and notably the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) which belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, as IAV 55 . Altogether, these studies highlight nucleolin as a key interacting factor that is crucial, in some cases, for viral replication and involved in nucleo-cytoplasmic export of viral genome or viral egress 44 . At first, we observed the dynamic redistribution of nucleolin from a nucleolar to a very specific nuclear polarized pattern during infection. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the functional relationship between IAV and nucleolin with regards to the nuclear traffic of vRNPs and their targeting to the dense chromatin compartment 13 and in the context of the viral remodeling of the host nuclear architectures 17,20 . We first characterized NP, the main component of IAV vRNP, as co-localizing and interacting with endogenous nucleolin during infection. Moreover, using cell fractionation and RNAi approaches, we suggest that nucleolin contributes to efficient vRNP trafficking and viral replication. Based on our results, we propose nucleolin as an essential host factor for the chromatin targeting of the nucleocytoplasmic export complex of vRNPs during infection.
Nucleolin interacts with influenza A nucleoprotein and contributes to viral ribonucleoprotein complexes nuclear trafficking and efficient influenza viral replication OPEN