Q: When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.

Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar assisted in layout. To fabricate the board, the finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards.

Answer the following questions:
1. How were PCB's first designed?
2. What is it called if a board has no embedded parts?
3. What is the acronym for that?
4. Is there another name for it?
5. What is it called when there are electronic parts?
6. Are there other names for it?
7. What is the IPC preferred term?
8. What is the term preferred for backplanes?
9. How are PCBs manually created?
10. How much bigger than it's real size?
11. What is used to make traces?
12. What helps in the layout?
13. How is a board fabricated?
14. Is the term used formally for assembled boards?
15. How are component pin pads laid out?
16. What routes it to connect the pads?
17. What term isn't used much anymore?
18. What is the term used informally for?
19. Is the mylar used opaque?
20. What kinds of transfers are used?
A: 1. manually
2. printed wiring board
3. PWB
4. etched wiring board
5. printed circuit assembly
6. printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA
7. circuit card assembly
8. backplane assemblies
9. creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet
10. two or four times
11. component pin pads
12. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar
13. finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards.
14. No
15. on the mylar
16. traces
17. printed wiring board
18. bare and assembled boards.
19. No
20. Rub-on dry transfers

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Yu Pengnian is an 88-year-old real estate Chinese businessman. He amassed a fortune of $1.3 billion dollars during his career but instead of keeping the money and living like an emperor, he decided to give it all away. All of his fortune will be spent on helping poor Chinese students get a better education.

And Yu isn't the only super-rich person in China who has this spirit of giving. Chen Guangbiao, a Jiangsu recycling tycoon, has given millions of dollars to charity and promises to give all of his money to charity when he dies.

Yu and Chen are among the many businessmen who have become prosperous during China's economic rise. An American business magazine, Forbes, estimates that there are 117 billionaires in China and hundreds of thousands of millionaires. What sets Yu and Chen apart from the rest, though, is their tremendous generosity(,) when it comes to donating money to charity.

Last week Bill Gates and Warren Buffett came to Beijing. Gates and Buffett, two of the world's richest men, are also the world's biggest philanthropists. They invited fifty of China's richest people to have dinner with them and talk about the spirit of giving. At first, only a few people accepted their invitation. It seemed some of the invited guests were afraid that Buffett and Gates were going to pressure them into giving their wealth to charity.

A lot of people are angry at the billionaires who are not willing to give away their fortunes. They _ hem for being miserly and not caring about the poor and the less fortunate. But I think this criticism is wrong. A gift, any gift, should come from the heart. Instead of criticism, these reluctant billionaires should be encouraged to follow the examples of Yu Pengnian and Chen Guangbiao. Encouragement is always a better strategy than criticism. As we say in English, "You can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar."

1. Who came to Beijing last week?
2. How many billionaires are there in China?
3. Gates and Buffett invited fifty to do what?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett
2. 117
3. to have dinner with them and talk about the spirit of giving.

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Science has a lot of uses. It can uncover laws of nature, cure diseases, make bombs, and help bridges to stand up. Indeed science is so good at what it does that there's always a temptation to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful. David Brooks, author of The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement, appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to go against the temptation.

Brooks gained fame for several books. His latest book The Social Animal, however, is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books. It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics. The book focuses on big questions: What has science uncovered about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some people happy and successful while others aren't?

To answer these questions, Brooks studies a wide range of disciplines . Considering this, you might expect the book to be a simple description of facts. But Brooks has formed his book in an unusual, and perhaps unfortunate way. Instead of introducing scientific theories, he tells a story, within which he tries to make his points, perhaps in order to keep the reader's attention. So as Harold and Erica, the hero and heroine in his story, live through childhood, we hear about the science of child development and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction. Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.

On the whole, Brooks' story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks' attempt to translate his tale into science.

1. what types of uses are there for science?
2. is Brooks writing clear?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. It can uncover laws of nature, cure diseases, make bombs, and help bridges to stand up
2. No