Answer the following question given this paragraph: From the pharynx, the food moves into the esophagus. The esophagus is a long, narrow tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis. The esophagus has no other digestive functions. At the end of the esophagus, a muscle called a sphincter controls the entrance to the stomach. The sphincter opens to let food into the stomach and then closes again to prevent food from passing back into the esophagus. Q: What is the name of the muscle at the end of the esophagus? A:
OPTIONS:
- neck
- intestine
- throat
- sphincter

Answer: sphincter

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cancer treatments vary depending on the disease's type and stage. Traditional approaches, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy, aim to remove or kill rapidly dividing cancer cells, but these strategies have their limitations. Depending on a tumor's location, for example, cancer surgeons may be unable to remove it. Radiation and chemotherapy are difficult, and it is often impossible to target only the cancer cells. The treatments inevitably destroy healthy tissue as well. To address this, researchers are working on pharmaceuticals that can target specific proteins implicated in cancer-associated molecular pathways. Q: Depending on a tumor's location, for example, cancer surgeons may be unable to remove it. radiation and chemotherapy are difficult, and it is often impossible to target only the cancer cells. the treatments inevitably destroy this? A:
OPTIONS:
- carcinogens
- fertility
- host cells
- healthy cells
Answer: healthy cells

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Liquid water is formed when water vapor condenses (i. e. , H 2 O(g) H 2 O(l) or when ice melts (i. e. , H 2 O(s) H 2 O(l)). Because water is a molecular substance, it is a poor conductor of electricity in its pure form. However, as we will see later, its conductivity can be improved by the addition of certain substances. Water molecules are polar, and this overall polarity gives rise to many of the properties of water. For example, an interesting effect is seen when water is placed in a static electric field, as shown in the Figure below and the video below. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of the polarity of water molecules. Q: What is type of substance is formed when water vapor condenses or when ice melts? A:
OPTIONS:
- toxic water
- chemical water
- gaseous water
- liquid water
output: liquid water

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter? A:

OPTIONS:
- fluctuations
- geophysics
- kinetics
- thermodynamics

A: thermodynamics

input: OPTIONS:
- carbohydrates
- hormones
- acids
- enzymes Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Enzymes Enzymes, catalysts that occur naturally in living organisms, are almost all protein molecules with typical molecular masses of 20,000100,000 amu. Some are homogeneous catalysts that react in aqueous solution within a cellular compartment of an organism. Others are heterogeneous catalysts embedded within the membranes that separate cells and cellular compartments from their surroundings. The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a substrate. Because enzymes can increase reaction rates by enormous factors (up to 10 17 times the uncatalyzed rate) and tend to be very specific, typically producing only a single product in quantitative yield, they are the focus of active research. At the same time, enzymes are usually expensive to obtain, they often cease functioning at temperatures greater than 37C, have limited stability in solution, and have such high specificity that they are confined to turning one particular set of reactants into one particular product. This means that separate processes using different enzymes must be developed for chemically similar reactions, which is time-consuming and expensive. Thus far, enzymes have found only limited industrial applications, although they are used as ingredients in laundry detergents, contact lens cleaners, and meat tenderizers. The enzymes in these applications tend to be proteases, which are able to cleave the amide bonds that hold amino acids together in proteins. Meat tenderizers, for example, contain a protease called papain, which is isolated from papaya juice. It cleaves some of the long, fibrous protein molecules that make inexpensive cuts of beef tough, producing a piece of meat that is more tender. Some insects, like the bombadier beetle, carry an enzyme capable of catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water (Figure 14.28 "A Catalytic Defense Mechanism"). Enzyme inhibitors cause a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by binding to a specific portion of an enzyme and thus slowing or preventing a... Q: What are the catalysts that occur naturally in living organisms and are primarily protein molecules? A:
A:
output: enzymes

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus divides before the cell itself divides. The process in which the nucleus divides is called mitosis. Before mitosis occurs, a cell's DNA is replicated. This is necessary so that each daughter cell will have a complete copy of the genetic material from the parent cell. How is the replicated DNA sorted and separated so that each daughter cell gets a complete set of the genetic material? To understand how this happens, you need to know more about chromosomes. Q: In eukaryotic cells, what divides before the cell itself divides? A:
OPTIONS:
- electrons
- cell wall
- protons
- nucleus
Answer:
nucleus