Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sublimation and Deposition Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublime at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes and a vivid purple vapor forms (Figure 10.27). The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, a process in which gaseous substances condense directly into the solid state, bypassing the liquid state. The formation of frost is an example of deposition. Q: What is the process by which some solids transition directly into gases? A:
OPTIONS:
- articulation
- vaporization
- amplification
- sublimation
sublimation

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: If both atoms are the same, they have the same electronegativity and share what type of bond? A:
OPTIONS:
- metabolic
- ionic
- isotopic covalent
- nonpolar covalent

Answer: nonpolar covalent

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: People pollute water when they apply excess chemicals to their lawn. They may also dispose of pollutants incorrectly. Q: What do people apply to their lawns that causes water pollution? A:
OPTIONS:
- seeds
- manure
- water
- chemicals
Answer: chemicals

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Evolution of Angiosperms Undisputed fossil records place the massive appearance and diversification of angiosperms in the middle to late Mesozoic era. Angiosperms ("seed in a vessel") produce a flower containing male and/or female reproductive structures. Fossil evidence (Figure 26.6) indicates that flowering plants first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous, about 125 million years ago, and were rapidly diversifying by the Middle Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago. Earlier traces of angiosperms are scarce. Fossilized pollen recovered from Jurassic geological material has been attributed to angiosperms. A few early Cretaceous rocks show clear imprints of leaves resembling angiosperm leaves. By the mid-Cretaceous, a staggering number of diverse flowering plants crowd the fossil record. The same geological period is also marked by the appearance of many modern groups of insects, including pollinating insects that played a key role in ecology and the evolution of flowering plants. Although several hypotheses have been offered to explain this sudden profusion and variety of flowering plants, none have garnered the consensus of paleobotanists (scientists who study ancient plants). New data in comparative genomics and paleobotany have, however, shed some light on the evolution of angiosperms. Rather than being derived from gymnosperms, angiosperms form a sister clade (a species and its descendents) that developed in parallel with the gymnosperms. The two innovative structures of flowers and fruit represent an improved reproductive strategy that served to protect the embryo, while increasing genetic variability and range. Paleobotanists debate whether angiosperms evolved from small woody bushes, or were basal angiosperms related to tropical grasses. Both views draw support from cladistics studies, and the so-called woody magnoliid hypothesiswhich proposes that the early ancestors of angiosperms were shrubsalso offers molecular biological evidence. Q: What term describes scientists who debate the origin of the earliest plants? A:
OPTIONS:
- specialists
- archaebotanists
- protobotanists
- paleobotanists
output: paleobotanists

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mutation creates new genetic variation in a gene pool. Q: Mutation creates new genetic variation in what? A:

OPTIONS:
- mutation pool
- disease pool
- form pool
- gene pool

A: gene pool

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Two unique features of mollusks are the mantle and radula (see Figure above ). The mantle is a layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body. It secretes calcium carbonate to form the shell. It forms a cavity, called the mantle cavity, between the mantle and the body. The mantle cavity pumps water for filter feeding. The radula is a feeding organ with teeth made of chitin. It is located in front of the mouth in the head region. Herbivorous mollusks use the radula to scrape food such as algae off rocks. Predatory mollusks use the radula to drill holes in the shells of their prey. Q: What is a layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body? A:
OPTIONS:
- stem
- silt
- node
- mantle
mantle