Information: - Occam's razor (also Ockham's razor; Latin: "lex parsimoniae" "law of parsimony") is a problem-solving principle attributed to William of Ockham (c. 12871347), who was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher and theologian. The principle can be interpreted as stating "Among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected." - Jorma J. Rissanen ( born October 20 , 1932 ) is an information theorist , known for inventing the arithmetic coding technique of lossless data compression , and the minimum description length principle . An IBM researcher since 1960 , Rissanen received his Ph.D. from the Helsinki University of Technology in 1965 . Retired from IBM , he is now professor emeritus of Tampere University of Technology , and a fellow of Helsinki Institute for Information Technology . - In computer science and information theory, a Huffman code is a particular type of optimal prefix code that is commonly used for lossless data compression. The process of finding and/or using such a code proceeds by means of Huffman coding, an algorithm developed by David A. Huffman while he was a Sc.D. student at MIT, and published in the 1952 paper "A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes". - Jorma J. Rissanen (born 20 October 1932) is an information theorist, known for inventing the arithmetic coding technique of lossless data compression, and the minimum description length principle. His work inspired by the development of the mathematical object stochastic chains with memory of variable length. - Arithmetic coding is a form of entropy encoding used in lossless data compression. Normally, a string of characters such as the words "hello there" is represented using a fixed number of bits per character, as in the ASCII code. When a string is converted to arithmetic encoding, frequently used characters will be stored with fewer bits and not-so-frequently occurring characters will be stored with more bits, resulting in fewer bits used in total. Arithmetic coding differs from other forms of entropy encoding, such as Huffman coding, in that rather than separating the input into component symbols and replacing each with a code, arithmetic coding encodes the entire message into a single number, an arbitrary-precision fraction "n" where 0.0 "n" < 1.0). It represents the current information as a range, defined by two numbers. Recent Asymmetric Numeral Systems family of entropy coders allows for faster implementations thanks to directly operating on a single natural number representing the current information. - The minimum description length (MDL) principle is a formalization of Occam's razor in which the best hypothesis for a given set of data is the one that leads to the best compression of the data. MDL was introduced by Jorma Rissanen in 1978. It is an important concept in information theory and computational learning theory. - Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information. It was originally proposed by Claude E. Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as data compression, in a landmark paper entitled "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Now this theory has found applications in many other areas, including statistical inference, natural language processing, cryptography, neurobiology, the evolution and function of molecular codes, model selection in ecology, thermal physics, quantum computing, linguistics, plagiarism detection, pattern recognition, and anomaly detection. Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'date of birth' with the subject 'jorma rissanen'. Choices: - 1 - 1287 - 1347 - 1948 - 1952 - 1978 - 20 - 20 october 1932
20 october 1932

Information: - A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism. The study of disease is called pathology which includes the causal study of etiology. Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions particularly of the immune system such as an immunodeficiency, or a hypersensitivity including allergies and autoimmunity. - Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection, extremes of age, and environmental factors, such as nutrition. In the clinical setting, the immunosuppression by some drugs, such as steroids, can be either an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti-rejection measure and in patients suffering from an overactive immune system, as in autoimmune diseases. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised. An immunocompromised person may be particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections, in addition to normal infections that could affect everyone. Immunodeficiency also decreases cancer immunosurveillance, in which the immune system scans the body's cells and kills neoplastic ones. - Pathology (from the Greek roots of "pathos", meaning "experience" or "suffering", and "-logia", "study of") is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medicine and diagnosis. - Granuloma inguinale ( also known as donovanosis ) is a bacterial disease caused by Klebsiella granulomatis characterized by ulcerative genital lesions . It is endemic in many less developed regions . It is also known as donovanosis , granuloma genitoinguinale , granuloma inguinale tropicum , granuloma venereum , granuloma venereum genitoinguinale , lupoid form of groin ulceration , serpiginous ulceration of the groin , ulcerating granuloma of the pudendum , and ulcerating sclerosing granuloma . The disease often goes untreated because of the scarcity of medical treatment in the countries in which it is found . In addition , the painless genital ulcers can be mistaken for syphilis . The ulcers ultimately progress to destruction of internal and external tissue , with extensive leakage of mucus and blood from the highly vascular lesions . The destructive nature of donovanosis also increases the risk of superinfection by other pathogenic microbes . Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'medical specialty' with the subject 'granuloma inguinale'. Choices: - infectious disease - pathology
infectious disease