Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Context: To determine the effect of pre-existing maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the circulating levels of insulin growth factor-binding protein (IGFBPs) in cord and maternal plasma.', 'IGFBP-1-7 levels were measured on maternal and cord plasma from women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (30 non-obese and 36 obese) and GDM (44 non-obese and 26 obese) at the time of term elective cesarean section.', 'Maternal plasma IGFBP-1, IGFBP-6 and IGFBP-rP1 concentrations were significantly lower in NGT obese compared with NGT non-obese women and in non-obese GDM women compared with non-obese NGT women. In cord plasma, IGFBP-1-3 and IGFBP-rP1 concentrations were significantly lower in NGT obese compared with NGT non-obese women and in non-obese GDM women compared with non-obese NGT women. Significant positive correlations were observed between maternal and cord plasma IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-rP1 levels and maternal insulin resistance. In cord plasma, significant positive correlations were observed between IGFBP-1-3 and IGFBP-rP1 levels and fetal insulin resistance. Fetal birthweight was inversely correlated with maternal plasma IGFBP-1 levels and cord plasma IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 levels. When corrected for maternal body mass index, the only significant relationship that still existed was between cord plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations and fetal birthweight.\Question: Are insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 and 7 concentrations lower in obese pregnant women , women with gestational diabetes and their fetuses?
At the time of term cesarean section, pre-existing maternal obesity and GDM are associated with lower IGFBP levels in maternal and cord plasma. Alterations in circulating IGF and IGFBPs may alter birthweight and/or neonatal adiposity. This may lead to alterations in optimal growth trajectory and lead to metabolic disorders later in life.