instruction:
In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a
. You have to answer the question based on the context.
question:
Trinomials are likely to appear in exactly one order, and when they appear in more than one order the last word is almost always the same across all instances.
Question: Are there any new finding in analasys of trinomials that was not present binomials?
answer:
Trinomials are likely to appear in exactly one order

question:
Three incremental levels of document preprocessing are experimented with: raw text, text cleaning through document logical structure detection, and removal of keyphrase sparse sections of the document. In doing so, we present the first consistent comparison of different keyphrase extraction models and study their robustness over noisy text.
Question: what levels of document preprocessing are looked at?
answer:
raw text text cleaning through document logical structure detection removal of keyphrase sparse sections of the document

question:
Past research took a reductionist approach, separately considering these two problems of "what" and "how" via content selection and question construction. In contrast, neural models motivate an end-to-end architectures. Deep learned frameworks contrast with the reductionist approach, admitting approaches that jointly optimize for both the "what" and "how" in an unified framework.
Question: What learning paradigms do they cover in this survey?
answer:
Considering "What" and "How" separately versus jointly optimizing for both.