Question: In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure "p"= 10Pa. Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state. For example, as discussed below, the standard state of a gas is conventionally chosen to be unit pressure (usually in bar) ideal gas, regardless of the temperature. However, most tables of thermodynamic quantities are compiled at specific temperatures, most commonly or, somewhat less commonly, .

The standard state should not be confused with standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases, nor with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry.

For a given material or substance, the standard state is the reference state for the material's thermodynamic state properties such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and for many other material standards. The standard enthalpy change of formation for an element in its standard state is zero, and this convention allows a wide range of other thermodynamic quantities to be calculated and tabulated. The standard state of a substance does not have to exist in nature: for example, it is possible to calculate values for steam at 298.15K and 10Pa, although steam does not exist (as a gas) under these conditions. The advantage of this practice is that tables of thermodynamic properties prepared in this way are self-consistent. 1. what is the standard state of a material? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions

Question: (CNN) -- A federal appeals court has upheld an obstruction of justice conviction against Barry Bonds, according to court documents released Friday. The court ruled that the evasiveness of the testimony the former baseball star gave to a grand jury investigating sales of performance-enhancing drugs was sufficient to convict him.

In an opinion filed by the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Mary M. Schroeder said the three-judge panel rejected Bonds' contention that he could only have been indicted for obstruction if his testimony had been flatly false. Attorneys for Bonds had argued that Bonds' statements to the grand jury were factually true, and that language in the federal statute under which he was charged is unconstitutionally vague.

The appeals court rejected that argument.

"When factually true statements are misleading or evasive, they can prevent the grand jury from obtaining truthful and responsive answers," Schroeder wrote. "They may therefore obstruct and impede the administration of justice within the meaning of the federal criminal statute."

Bonds' testimony in December 2003 was part of an investigation that targeted his personal trainer, Greg Anderson, and employees of the California drug testing laboratory known as the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative, or BALCO.

The testimony that led to Bonds' conviction came when a grand jury prosecutor asked Bonds whether Anderson ever gave him "anything that required a syringe to inject yourself with."

Bonds told the grand jury that only his personal doctors "ever touch me," and he then veered off the subject to say he never talked baseball with Anderson. 1. Whose conviction was upheld?
2. What was he convicted of?
3. When were the related documents released?
4. What court made the decision?
5. What was the name of the judge?
6. And her last name?
7. Did the appeals court accept Bonds' attorneys' argument?
8. When was the baseball players' original testimony?
9. Of what year?
10. Who were the targets of this investigation?
11. What does BALCO stand for?
12. Did Bonds ever talk about his sport with his trainer? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. Barry Bonds
2. obstruction of justice
3. Fridayy.
4. federal appeals court
5. Mary
6. Schroeder
7. no
8. December
9. 2003
10. Greg Anderson and BALCO employees
11. Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative
12. no

Question: KABUL, Afghanistan (CNN) -- A top Taliban commander has issued a new threat to foreign aid workers, saying that under the insurgent group's new "constitution" they will execute them as spies or hold them in exchange for the release of Taliban fighters.

Taliban militants pose with their weapons as they drive their car in Wardak province. (File photo)

In an exclusive telephone interview Friday night with CNN, Mohammed Ibrahim Hanafi said the Taliban intelligence wing was actively gathering information on foreign aid workers. "If we get someone, that is how we will deal with it under our new constitution," he said.

He added that he was telling "Afghan brothers not to work with NGOs."

In the 15-minute interview, arranged by an intermediary for CNN, Hanafi repeated the Taliban's pledge to keep girls out of public schools.

"Our law is still the same old law which was in place during our rule in Afghanistan," he said. "Mullah Mohammad Omar was our leader and he is still our head and leader and so we will follow the same law as before."

"In my opinion," he added, "Taliban aren't allowing girls to go to schools because Taliban want women to preserve their respect by staying in their homes, not to work as laborers for others."

Dozens of crimes across the country, especially acid attacks, have marred the opening of the new school year in Afghanistan. Afghan girls have been burned and scared randomly with acid as punishment for going to school. More than 600 schools did not open this year because of security issues, according to the Afghanistan Education Ministry. Watch what females face in Afghanistan " 1. what is new?
2. who is threatened?
3. who is threatening them?
4. is there an image?
5. of what?
6. what are they doing?
7. where are they posing?
8. which network is mentioned?
9. what happened on the day that follows Thursday?
10. with who?
11. how long was it?
12. was something said more than once?
13. what?
14. which was?
15. where were they rulers?
16. who was in charge?
17. was something tainted?
18. what?
19. what tainted it?
20. was a specific type mentioned? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. a threat
2. foreign aid workers
3. the Taliban
4. yes
5. Taliban militants
6. posing with weapons
7. Wardak province
8. CNN
9. a telephone interview
10. Mohammed Ibrahim Hanafi
11. 15 minutes
12. yes
13. the Taliban's pledge
14. to keep girls out of public schools
15. Afghanistan
16. Mullah Mohammad Omar
17. yes
18. the new school year
19. crimes across the country
20. acid attacks