Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: The human endometrium is an important site for contact between the host and pathogens ascending the reproductive tract, and thus plays an important role in female reproductive tract immunity. Previous work in our laboratory has suggested that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in endometrial epithelial recognition of pathogens and that ligation of endometrial TLRs results in the production of cytokines and chemokines important for both immune and reproductive functions of the endometrium. We have also demonstrated cyclic regulation of TLR3 mRNA and protein expression in human endometrium, suggesting that steroid hormones might play a role in the expression and function of TLR3. In this study, the effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) on TLR3 expression and function in endometrial cell lines were investigated.', 'Endometrial epithelial cell lines were cultured and examined for the presence of TLR3 and hormone receptors by endpoint RT-PCR. For hormonal studies, cells were pre-treated with ethanol vehicle, 10(-8) M E2, and/or 10(-7) M P. For antagonist assays, cells were treated with the ER antagonist, ICI 182, 780, or the PR antagonist, RU486, for two hours prior to treatment with hormones. Following hormone or hormone/antagonist pre-treatment, cells were stimulated with vehicle, the synthetic TLR3 ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a negative dsDNA control, or a positive control. Cytokine and chemokine production post-stimulation was measured by ELISA. The effects of E2 and P on TLR3 mRNA and protein expression were measured using Real Time RT-PCR and FACS analysis, respectively.', 'Stimulation of TLR3-expressing cells with the synthetic TLR3 ligand, Poly I:C, resulted in the production of cytokines and chemokines important for endometrial function and regulation. Suppression of Poly I:C-induced cytokine and chemokine production by cells treated with 10(-8) M E2, but not cells treated with 10(-7) M P, was observed in endometrial epithelial cell lines expressing TLR3 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). The effects of E2 were not observed on cells which did not express ERalpha or in cells pre-treated with the ER antagonist, ICI 182, 780. Treatment with E2 did not affect TLR3 mRNA or protein expression. However, treatment with E2 did suppress cytokine and chemokine production resulting from TLR3 stimulation with Poly I:C, suggesting that E2 modulates TLR3 function.

Answer: Does 17Beta-estradiol suppress TLR3-induced cytokine and chemokine production in endometrial epithelial cells?

Question: Despite much clinical experience, there are few published accounts of the surgical manifestations of HIV/AIDS in children and still fewer guidelines for the best or most appropriate treatment. Our primary objective was to document the incidence of HIV infection in children who presented with a surgical emergency to a major pediatric surgical unit in South Africa. If possible, we aimed to provide a description of the impact of the disease in a surgical pediatric population and to raise awareness of the mode of presentation of HIV to the pediatric surgeon in a developing nation, now that specific antiretroviral therapies are available.', 'This was a prospective observational study of consecutive surgical emergency admissions to the Division of Paediatric Surgery at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, between April 1 and May 31, 2005. Consent for inclusion in the study was sought in all cases. The clinical profile of children presenting during the study period was recorded. If relevant, permission was sought from the parent/guardian to undertake HIV status testing if this were not already known.', 'Three hundred ninety-one children were admitted as emergency cases during the study period. Thirty-seven (9.5%) of 391 were excluded, because consent could not be obtained, leaving 354 children. Ages ranged between 1 day and 17 years, with a median age of 3 years. The diagnosis in most was trauma/burns (42%) and abdominal emergencies (27%). Infections occurred in 13% of these patients. Human immunodeficiency virus status was already known in 10 (3%) of 354 patients, and only 18 (5%) of 344 children were tested; of these, 10 (55%) were positive. As expected, the predominant surgical presentation of HIV positive children was sepsis. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in those children not tested is unknown.

Answer: Are surgeons failing to recognize children with HIV infection?

Question: Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is a daily medical procedure. Erythrocyte concentrates (ECs) can be stored up to 56 days at 4 C in saline additive solution mainly composed of adenine and sugar. Such nonphysiological conditions induce the occurrence of storage lesions, such as alterations of metabolism, protein oxidation, and deterioration of rheological properties. Their accumulation tends to decrease the main EC therapeutic property, that is, the oxygenation capacity. Protein carbonylation is a marker of oxidative stress and aging, and its occurrence during RBC storage was earlier characterized as a time-dependent and cellular compartment dependent modification.', 'Three ECs from independent donations were followed. The carbolynome was here characterized in soluble and membrane extracts (n-dodecyl -D-maltoside-based extraction buffer) of RBCs stored for 6, 27, and 41 days, through biotin hydrazide derivatization, biotin-avidin affinity purification, SDS-PAGE separation, and LC-MS/MS analyses.', 'A total of 142 and 20 proteins were identified as carbonylated in soluble and membrane extracts, respectively. Particularly, a time-dependent evolution of 26.8% of the soluble carbonylome was observed.

Answer:
Does proteomics of the red blood cell carbonylome during blood banking of erythrocyte concentrate?