Answer the following question given this paragraph: RNA is studied to understand gene expression patterns in cells. RNA is naturally very unstable because enzymes that break down RNA are commonly present in nature. Some are even secreted by our own skin and are very difficult to inactivate. Similar to DNA extraction, RNA extraction involves the use of various buffers and enzymes to inactivate other macromolecules and preserve only the RNA. Gel Electrophoresis Because nucleic acids are negatively charged ions at neutral or alkaline pH in an aqueous environment, they can be moved by an electric field. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules on the basis of size and charge. The nucleic acids can be separated as whole chromosomes or as fragments. The nucleic acids are loaded into a slot at one end of a gel matrix, an electric current is applied, and negatively charged molecules are pulled toward the opposite end of the gel (the end with the positive electrode). Smaller molecules move through the pores in the gel faster than larger molecules; this difference in the rate of migration separates the fragments on the basis of size. The nucleic acids in a gel matrix are invisible until they are stained with a compound that allows them to be seen, such as a dye. Distinct fragments of nucleic acids appear as bands at specific distances from the top of the gel (the negative electrode end) that are based on their size (Figure 10.3). A mixture of many fragments of varying sizes appear as a long smear, whereas uncut genomic DNA is usually too large to run through the gel and forms a single large band at the top of the gel. Q: What is studied to understand gene expression patterns in cells? A:
OPTIONS:
- dna
- protein
- mutations
- rna
rna

Answer the following question given this paragraph: When an earthquake occurs under the ocean, it sends waves through the water as well as the ground. When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called a tsunami. Q: When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called? A:
OPTIONS:
- a surge
- a typhoon
- a tidal wave
- a tsunami

Answer: a tsunami

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Volcanoes and earthquakes are common at active margins. Active margins are near plate boundaries. Q: What are two common weather characteristics of hurricanes? A:
OPTIONS:
- low winds and sandstorms
- high winds and snowfall
- small winds and rainfall
- high winds and rainfall
Answer: high winds and rainfall

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A chain of volcanoes forms as an oceanic plate moves over a hot spot. This is how it happens. A volcano forms over the hotspot. Since the plate is moving, the volcano moves off of the hotspot. When the hotspot erupts again, a new volcano forms over it. This volcano is in line with the first. Over time, there is a line of volcanoes. The youngest is directly above the hot spot. The oldest is the furthest away ( Figure below ). Q: Volcano chains form as an oceanic plate moves over what? A:
OPTIONS:
- dust spot
- Water spot
- melt spot
- hot spot
output: hot spot

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The lymphatic system consists of organs, vessels, and lymph. Q: Organs, vessels, and lymph make up what system? A:

OPTIONS:
- digestive
- circulatory
- nervous
- lymphatic

A: lymphatic

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Why do charges flow in an electric current? The answer has to do with electric potential energy. Potential energy is stored energy that an object has due to its position or shape. An electric charge has potential energy because of its position in an electric field. For example, when two negative charges are close together, they have potential energy because they repel each other and have the potential to push apart. If the charges move apart, their potential energy decreases. Electric charges always move spontaneously from a position where they have higher potential energy to a position where their potential energy is lower. This is similar to water falling over a dam from an area of higher to lower potential energy due to gravity. Q: What is the scientific term for stored energy an object has due to its position or shape? A:
OPTIONS:
- repeat energy
- mechanical energy
- new energy
- potential energy
potential energy