Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO)-induced autophagy in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.', "The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in HDPCs. Apoptosis was detected by means of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and apoptosis- or autophagy-related signal molecules were observed by Western blot analysis. Acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles were stained with acridine orange to detect autophagy in the presence of 3-methyladenine (3MA) used to inhibit autophagy. To explore the mechanism underlying autophagy and its protective role against apoptosis, compound C, the chemical AMPK inhibitor, was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05).", 'SNP decreased viability of the HDPCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Exposing the HDPCs to SNP increased the levels of p62 and LC3-II, the typical markers of autophagy, and increased the number of acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles, indicating the appearance of autophagy as detected by acridine orange staining (p<0.05). Pretreatment with 3MA decreased cell viability but increased cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3, apoptosis indicators, in the SNP-treated HDPCs (p<0.05). SNP activated AMPK/ULK signaling, while the inhibition of AMPK by compound C enhanced apoptotic cell death induced by SNP in the HDPCs (p<0.05).

Ex Output:
Do nitric oxide-induced autophagy and the activation of AMPK pathway protect against apoptosis in human dental pulp cells?

Ex Input:
Ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (DCISM) is a rare diagnosis with a good prognosis. Although nodal metastases are uncommon, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) remains standard care. Volume of disease in invasive breast cancer is associated with SLNB positivity, and, thus we hypothesized that in a large cohort of patients with DCISM, multiple foci of microinvasion might be associated with a higher risk of positive SLNB.', 'Records from a prospective institutional database were reviewed to identify patients with DCISM who underwent SLNB between June 1997 and December 2010. Pathology reports were reviewed for number of microinvasive foci and categorized as 1 focus or 2 foci. Demographic, pathologic, treatment, and outcome data were obtained and analyzed.', 'Of 414 patients, 235 (57 %) had 1 focus of microinvasion and 179 (43 %) had 2 foci. SLNB macrometastases were found in 1.4 %, and micrometastases were found in 6.3 %; neither were significantly different between patients with 1 focus versus 2 foci (p = 1.0). Patients with positive SLNB or 2 foci of microinvasion were more likely to receive chemotherapy. At median 4.9 years (range 0-16.2 years) follow-up, 18 patients, all in the SLNB negative group, had recurred for an overall 5-year recurrence-free proportion of 95.9 %.

Ex Output:
Is extent of microinvasion in ductal carcinoma in situ associated with sentinel lymph node metastases?

Ex Input:
To determine whether phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (P-FAK) has prognostic value in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to test whether it has any association with Tensin 4 (TNS4) expression.', 'P-FAK expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry in 462 CRC cases arrayed on a tissue microarray. P-FAK and TNS4 expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 40 cases of paired primary colorectal cancer and corresponding hepatic metastases.', 'Nuclear P-FAK expression was observed in 44% of studied cases. Positive nuclear P-FAK expression was associated with shorter disease-specific survival in univariate (p=0.005) and multivariate analysis (p=0.016). P-FAK expression was greater in metastases than the primary tumours (p<0.001) and showed significant association with nuclear TNS4 (p<0.001) in metastases.

Ex Output:
Is nuclear expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase associated with poor prognosis in human colorectal cancer?