Q: James II and VII (14 October 1633 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland.

The second surviving son of Charles I, he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, Charles II. Members of Britain's Protestant political elite increasingly suspected him of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and of having designs on becoming an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, a son called James Francis Edward, leading nobles called on his Protestant son-in-law and nephew William III of Orange to land an invasion army from the Dutch Republic, which he did in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James fled England (and thus was held to have abdicated). He was replaced by his eldest, Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband, William III. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns from William and Mary when he landed in Ireland in 1689. After the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamites at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.

Answer the following questions:
1. when was the Glorious Revolution?
2. which James fled to England?
3. when was James II born?
4. who defeated the Jacobites?
5. who was the father of James VII?
6. who took the throne when Charles I died?
7. what happened to Charles II?
8. when did James VII rule Scotland?
9. what did members of Britain's Poretestant elite suspect James II of?
10. who was his cousin?
A: 1. 1688
2. James Francis Edward
3. 14 October 1633
4. Williamites
5. Charles I
6. Charles II
7. death
8. 6 February 1685 until 1688
9. being pro-French
10. King Louis XIV

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

(CNN) -- Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, who was due in court Thursday for his trial, has been hospitalized after falling ill, his lawyer told CNN.

He was taken to a hospital on his doctor's orders, lawyer Ahmad Raza Kasuri said. His trial was subsequently postponed until Monday.

Asiya Ishaq, a supporter and leader of the All Pakistan Muslim League, said the former President had been feeling pressure on his chest since Wednesday evening and was not well.

When asked if he will go to Dubai for treatment, she said that "Musharraf will not leave Pakistan." Ishaq also said that as far as she knows, "Musharraf has got three arteries blocked and is currently undergoing angiography," an artery-scanning procedure.

Atiqa Odho, a Pakistani actor who's a former leader of the APML, a party that Musharraf launched in 2010, offered support for Musharraf on Thursday.

"I pray for President Musharraf's health and long life," she said. "It is painful to see how heartbroken a great and brave man is, due to being let down by people who claimed to be his supporters."

Musharraf could be sentenced to life in prison or the death penalty if convicted on charges of treason. Prosecutors say he violated Pakistan's constitution by imposing emergency military rule in 2007.

The former President ruled the country from 1999 to 2008.

He went into exile in 2008 but came back to Pakistan last year, intending to run in the country's national elections. But his plans unraveled as he became entangled in a web of court cases relating to his time in power.

1. Who was the leader of the Muslim group?
2. What did she say about the president?
3. Did he need a doctor?
4. What was the nature of his sickness?
5. How as this revealed?
6. Why was Musharraf hearth broken?
7. What was the crime alleged against him?
8. What was the penalty for the crime?
9. For how long did he rule?
10. When did he go to exile?
11. Did he ever come back?
12. Why did he come back?
13. Did he win the election?
14. How did he lose?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Asiya Ishaq
2. he was not well
3. yes
4. three arteries blocked
5. he was due in court
6. let down by others
7. treason
8. life in prison or the death penalty
9. from 1999 to 2008.
10. 2008
11. yes
12. to run in the election
13. no
14. He didn't run.

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

The Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) is a family of standards specified by the IEEE Computer Society for maintaining compatibility between operating systems. POSIX defines the application programming interface (API), along with command line shells and utility interfaces, for software compatibility with variants of Unix and other operating systems.

Originally, the name "POSIX" referred to IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, released in 1988. The family of POSIX standards is formally designated as IEEE 1003 and the international standard name is ISO/IEC 9945.

The standards emerged from a project that began circa 1985. Richard Stallman suggested the name "POSIX" to the IEEE instead of former "IEEE-IX". The committee found it more easily pronounceable and memorable, and thus adopted it.

Unix was selected as the basis for a standard system interface partly because it was "manufacturer-neutral." However, several major versions of Unix existedso there was a need to develop a common denominator system. The POSIX specifications for Unix-like operating systems originally consisted of a single document for the core programming interface, but eventually grew to 19 separate documents (POSIX.1, POSIX.2, etc.). The standardized user command line and scripting interface were based on the UNIX System V shell. Many user-level programs, services, and utilities (including awk, echo, ed) were also standardized, along with required program-level services (including basic I/O: file, terminal, and network). POSIX also defines a standard threading library API which is supported by most modern operating systems. In 2008, most parts of POSIX were combined into a single standard "(IEEE Std 1003.1-2008", also known as "POSIX.1-2008)."

1. what does POSIX stand for?
2. what does it define?
3. what is POSIX?
4. by who?
5. what is the purpose of the standards?
6. when did the standards emerge?
7. from what?
8. who came up with the name?
9. what had it previously been called?
10. why did they decide to go with a new name?
11. which OS was chosen to be the foundation for the standard interface?
12. why?
13. how many versions existed?
14. in 2008, what were the parts combined to?
15. what was it named?
16. what else was it called?
17. how many documents did the original system contain?
18. what was that increase to?
19. what were the systems named?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. Portable Operating System Interface
2. The API, command line shells and utility interfaces, for software compatibility
3. A family of standards
4. The IEEE Computer Society
5. To maintain compatibility between operating systems
6. Circa 1985.
7. A project that began then
8. Richard Stallman
9. IEEE-IX
10. It was pronounceable and memorable
11. Unix
12. It was "manufacturer-neutral."
13. Several major ones
14. A single standard
15. IEEE Std 1003.1-2008
16. POSIX.1-2008
17. One
18. 19
19. POSIX.1, POSIX.2, etc.