Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Macroprolactinemia is a frequent finding in hyperprolactinemic individuals, usually without clinical impact. Data on biological activity of macroprolactin (bbPRL) are controversial and mostly based on a heterologous rat Nb2 cell bioassay. Biological activity of bbPRL observed in vitro but not in vivo may be due to its high molecular weight, preventing its passage through capillary barrier. Alternatively, bbPRL bioactivity may differ depending on the prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR) species specificity.', 'The objective of the study was to characterize the bioactivity of bbPRL in a homologous bioassay: Ba/F-3 cells stably expressing the human PRLR.', "Chromatography-purified bbPRL from macroprolactinemic individuals (group I, n = 18) and monomeric PRL from hyperprolactinemic patients without macroprolactinemia (group II, n = 5) were tested in Nb2 and Ba/F-LLP bioassays. Both groups were followed up at the neuroendocrinology outpatients' clinic.", 'Biological activity of bbPRL presented in the two bioassays was measured.', 'In group I, no patient had hypogonadism. Mean ratio bioactivity to immunoactivity of bbPRL in the Nb2 assay was 0.69. There was no dose-response in 15 of the 18 samples tested in Ba/F-LLP assay. In group II, three patients had galactorrhea and all five had hypogonadism. Mean ratio bioactivity to immunoactivity of monomeric PRL samples was 1.35 in Nb2 and 0.91 in Ba/F-LLP assay.
Answer: Whereas both bioassays achieve similar results with respect to monomeric PRL activity, our results indicate that the activity displayed by bbPRL toward the rat receptor may be inappropriate because it is not observed in the human PRLR-mediated assay, consistent with the apparent absence of bioactivity in vivo.
[A]: Does human macroprolactin display low biological activity via its homologous receptor in a new sensitive bioassay?

[Q]: Context: The present study was undertaken to determine whether exposure of the sclera to prostaglandin (PG)F(2alpha) or to the PGF(2alpha) analogue latanoprost acid alters mRNA for matrix metalloproteinases.', 'Fifteen human eye bank eyes were studied. Circular pieces of sclera were either immediately preserved in a stabilization reagent or cultured in low-serum DMEM/F-12 medium. The cultures were treated for 24 hours with medium supplemented with PGF(2a), latanoprost acid, or vehicle. Total RNA was then isolated, and the expression of mRNA for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -3, -8, -9, -10, and -12 were determined by real-time PCR. All results were normalized according to the GAPDH mRNA in each sample. Altered mRNA expression after PG treatments also was evaluated with microarrays containing 19 MMP genes and 4 tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) genes.', 'Real-time PCR results showed that 24 hours of exposure to 100 nM PGF(2alpha) significantly increased mRNA for MMP-1 and -9 (P < 0.06 Wilcoxon test) and that exposure to 100 nM latanoprost acid significantly increased mRNA for MMP-9 (P < 0.06 Wilcoxon test). Array analysis demonstrated increases of MMP-3 and -10 mRNA after exposure to 100 nM latanoprost and further increases after exposure to 200 nM latanoprost. The array results also showed that latanoprost induced dose-dependent increases in the expression of TIMP-1, -2, and -3 mRNA in the scleral cultures.
Answer: PGF(2alpha) and latanoprost acid induce coordinated alterations of MMP gene transcription in scleral organ cultures. These results indicate that PGs can directly trigger MMP gene transcription changes within the sclera. These changes support a role for increased MMPs in the enhancement of uveoscleral outflow that occurs after topical treatment with latanoprost.
[A]: Do prostaglandin FP agonists alter metalloproteinase gene expression in sclera?

[Q]: Context: Growing evidence implicates hypothalamic inflammation in the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity and cognitive dysfunction in rodent models. Few studies have addressed the association between obesity and hypothalamic damage in humans and its relevance.', 'This study aimed to determine markers of obesity-associated hypothalamic damage on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and to determine whether DTI metrics are associated with performance on cognitive testing.', 'This cross-sectional study analyzed DTI metrics (primary [(1)], secondary [(2)], and tertiary [(3)] eigenvalues; fractional anisotropy; and mean diffusivity) in the hypothalamus of 24 consecutive middle-age obese subjects (13 women; 49.8 8.1 y; body mass index [BMI], 43.9 0.92 kg/m(2)) and 20 healthy volunteers (10 women; 48.8 9.5 y; BMI, 24.3 0.79 kg/m(2)).', 'measures: Hypothalamic damage assessed by DTI metrics and cognitive performance evaluated by neuropsychological test battery.', '(1) values in the hypothalamus were significantly lower in obese subjects (P < .0001). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for obesity-associated hypothalamic damage by (1) < 1.072 were 75, 87.5, 83.3, and 80.7%, respectively. Patients with hypothalamic (1) < 1.072 had higher values of BMI, fat mass, inflammatory markers, carotid-intima media thickness, and hepatic steatosis and lower scores on cognitive tests. Combined BMI and alanine aminotransferase had the strongest association with hypothalamic damage reflected by (1) < 1.072 (area under the curve = 0.89).
Answer: DTI detects obesity-associated hypothalamic damage associated with inflammatory markers and worse cognitive performance. This study highlights the potential utility of (1) as a surrogate marker of obesity-associated hypothalamic damage.
[A]:
Is hypothalamic damage associated with inflammatory markers and worse cognitive performance in obese subjects?