Teacher:Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: 18-glycyrrhetinic acid (18-GA) has multiple beneficial and therapeutic effects. However, its protective roles on methotrexate (MTX)-induced renal injury are not well defined. In the present study, we investigated the possible protective effects of 18-GA against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.', '18-GA (50 and 100mg/kg) was administered for 7 days either before or after MTX. The rats were decapitated and kidney and serum samples were collected.', 'MTX-induced renal injury in rats was evidenced by the significant (p<0.001) increase in circulating kidney function markers and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), as well as the histopathological alterations. MTX-induced rats exhibited significantly increased lipid peroxidation (p<0.05) and nitric oxide (p<0.001) levels, with concomitant marked (p<0.001) decline in the antioxidant defenses. 18-GA, administered either before or after MTX, produced a significant amelioration of circulating kidney function markers, TNF-, kidney lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and antioxidant defenses. In addition, 18-GA supplementation significantly up-regulated the mRNA abundance of both nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemoxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the kidney of MTX-induced rats.
Student:
Does 18-Glycyrrhetinic acid protect against methotrexate-induced kidney injury by up-regulating the Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathway and endogenous antioxidants?