Information: - The BK virus is a member of the polyomavirus family. Past infection with the BK virus is widespread, but significant consequences of infection are uncommon, with the exception of the immunocompromised and the immunosuppressed. - The JC virus or John Cunningham virus (JCV, not to be confused with Jamestown Canyon virus that bears the same initials) is a type of human polyomavirus (formerly known as papovavirus) and is genetically similar to BK virus and SV40. It was identified by electron microscopy in 1965 by ZuRhein and Chou, and by Silverman and Rubinstein, and later isolated in culture and named using the two initials of a patient, John Cunningham, with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The virus causes PML and other diseases only in cases of immunodeficiency, as in AIDS or during treatment with drugs intended to induce a state of immunosuppression (e.g. organ transplant patients). - SV40 is an abbreviation for Simian vacuolating virus 40 or Simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. It was named for the effect it produced on infected green monkey cells, which developed an unusual number of vacuoles. Like other polyomaviruses, SV40 is a DNA virus that has the potential to cause tumors in animals, but most often persists as a latent infection. - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( PML ) is a rare and usually fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage ( - pathy ) or inflammation of the white matter ( leuko - ) of the brain ( - encephalo - ) at multiple locations ( multifocal ) . It is caused by the JC virus , which is normally present and kept under control by the immune system . JC virus is harmless except in cases of weakened immune systems . In general , PML has a mortality rate of 30 -- 50 percent in the first few months and those who survive can be left with varying degrees of neurological disabilities . PML occurs almost exclusively in patients with severe immune deficiency , most commonly among patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) , but people on chronic immunosuppressive medications including chemotherapy are also at increased risk of PML , such as patients with transplants , Hodgkin 's Lymphoma , multiple sclerosis , psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases . - Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection, extremes of age, and environmental factors, such as nutrition. In the clinical setting, the immunosuppression by some drugs, such as steroids, can be either an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti-rejection measure and in patients suffering from an overactive immune system, as in autoimmune diseases. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised. An immunocompromised person may be particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections, in addition to normal infections that could affect everyone. Immunodeficiency also decreases cancer immunosurveillance, in which the immune system scans the body's cells and kills neoplastic ones. What object entity has the relation of 'medical specialty' with the subject 'progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy'? Choices: - infection - infectious disease
infectious disease
Q: Information: - Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states. - Marina Andreevna Aganina ( Russian : ; IPA : ( mrin ndrevn ann ) ; born June 21 , 1985 in Tashkent , Uzbekistan ) is an Uzbekistani pair skater . She competes with Dmitry Zobnin . She previously competed with Artem Knyazev . With him , she is the 2004 - 2005 Uzbekistani national champions and placed 16th at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Before that , Aganina competed with Renat Sabirov . - The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games (French: Les "XX Jeux olympiques d'hiver") (Italian: "XX Giochi olimpici invernali") and commonly known as Torino 2006, was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin, Italy, from February 10 to 26, 2006. This marked the second time Italy hosted the Olympic Winter Games, the first being the VII Olympic Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1956. Italy also hosted the Games of the XVII Olympiad in Rome in 1960. Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 games in June 1999. - Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state. - Artem Knyazev (born 16 May 1980) is an Uzbekistani former pair skater. He competed for much of his career with Marina Aganina. They became the 200405 Uzbekistani national champions and competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics. - Turin ( pronounced ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region and was the first capital city of Italy. The city is located mainly on the western bank of the Po River, in front of Susa Valley and surrounded by the western Alpine arch and by the Superga Hill. The population of the city proper is 892,649 (August 2015) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2million. - Marina Andreyevna Aganina (born 21 June 1985) is an Uzbekistani pair skater. With Artem Knyazev, she is the 200405 Uzbekistani national champion and competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics. What object entity has the relation of 'date of birth' with the subject 'marina aganina'? Choices: - 1 - 10 - 1960 - 1980 - 1985 - 1999 - 2 - 2004 - 2006 - 21 june 1985 - 336 - 61 - 870 - 892 - june 1999 - may 1980
A: 21 june 1985