input: OPTIONS:
- pathogen
- disease
- cancer
- food poisoning Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Harmful bacteria can enter your digestive system in food and make you sick. This is called foodborne illness or food poisoning. The bacteria, or the toxins they produce, may cause vomiting or cramping, in addition to the symptoms mentioned above. Foodborne illnesses can also be caused by viruses and parasites. The most common foodborne illnesses happen within a few minutes to a few hours, and make you feel really sick, but last for only about a day or so. Others can take longer for the illness to appear. Some people believe that the taste of food will tell you if it is bad. As a rule, you probably should not eat bad tasting food, but many contaminated foods can still taste good. Q: What is another term for foodborne illness? A:
A:
output: food poisoning

Answer the following question given this paragraph: about how that occurs, in terms of membrane structure. If the influx of water continued unopposed, the membrane would eventually burst like an over-inflated balloon, killing the cell. One strategy to avoid this lethal outcome, adopted by a range of organisms, is to build a semi-rigid "cell wall" exterior to the plasma membrane (). The synthesis of this cell wall is based on the controlled assembly of macromolecules secreted by the cell through the process of exocytosis (see above). As water passes through the plasma membrane and into the cell (driven by osmosis), the plasma membrane is pressed up against the cell wall. The force exerted by the rigid cell wall on the membrane balances the force of water entering the cell. When the two forces are equal, the net influx of water into the cell stops. Conversely, if the [H2O]outside decreases, this pressure is reduced, the membrane moves away from the cell wall and, because they are only semi-rigid, the walls flex. It is this behavior that causes plants to wilt when they do not get enough water. These are passive behaviors, based on the structure of the cell wall; they are built into the wall as it is assembled. Once the cell wall has been built, a cell with a cell wall does not need to expend energy to resist osmotic effects. Plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea all have cell walls. A number of antibiotics work by disrupting the assembly of bacterial cell walls. This leaves the bacteria osmotically sensitive, water enters these cells until they burst and die. Questions to answer & to ponder: Make a graph of the water concentration across a typical cellular membrane for an organism living in fresh water; explain what factors influenced your drawing. Look at this video: https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=VctALENHyyI&feature=youtu. How could you use reverse osmosis to purify water? Where does the energy involved in moving molecules come from? Plants and animals are both eukaryotes; how would you decide whether the common ancestor of the eukaryotes had a cell... Q: Plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea cells all have what feature that keeps them rigid that animal cells do not have? A:

OPTIONS:
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- plastids
- cell walls

Answer: cell walls

Problem: OPTIONS:
- one
- six
- two
- four
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: So how is the blood kept from flowing back on itself? Valves ( Figure below ) in the heart keep the blood flowing in one direction. The valves do this by opening and closing in one direction only. Blood only moves forward through the heart. The valves stop the blood from flowing backward. There are four valves of the heart. Q: How many valves are in the heart? A:
Answer: four

Problem:OPTIONS:
- cholesterol
- saturated fatty acids
- lipids
- unsaturated fatty acids

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fatty Acids. Saturated fatty acids have straight chains, like the three fatty acids shown on the left. Unsaturated fatty acids have bent chains, like all the other fatty acids in the figure. Q: What type of fatty acids have bent chains? A:
****
A: unsaturated fatty acids

Answer the following question given this paragraph: A secondary alcohol forms a ketone when oxidized. The secondary alcohol cannot be further oxidized to produce a carboxylic acid. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized in this way, because the carbon atom bonded to the OH group is not also bonded to any hydrogens. Q: What forms a ketone when oxidized? A:
OPTIONS:
- enzyme
- aldehyde
- carbolic acid
- secondary alcohol
secondary alcohol

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Composition of Blood You have probably had blood drawn from a superficial vein in your arm, which was then sent to a lab for analysis. Some of the most common blood testsfor instance, those measuring lipid or glucose levels in plasmadetermine which substances are present within blood and in what quantities. Other blood tests check for the composition of the blood itself, including the quantities and types of formed elements. One such test, called a hematocrit, measures the percentage of RBCs, clinically known as erythrocytes, in a blood sample. It is performed by spinning the blood sample in a specialized centrifuge, a process that causes the heavier elements suspended within the blood sample to separate from the lightweight, liquid plasma (Figure 18.2). Because the heaviest elements in blood are the erythrocytes, these settle at the very bottom of the hematocrit tube. Located above the erythrocytes is a pale, thin layer composed of the remaining formed elements of blood. These are the WBCs, clinically known as leukocytes, and the platelets, cell fragments also called thrombocytes. This layer is referred to as the buffy coat because of its color; it normally constitutes less than 1 percent of a blood sample. Above the buffy coat is the blood plasma, normally a pale, strawcolored fluid, which constitutes the remainder of the sample. The volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation is also commonly referred to as packed cell volume (PCV). In normal blood, about 45 percent of a sample is erythrocytes. The hematocrit of any one sample can vary significantly, however, about 3650 percent, according to gender and other factors. Normal hematocrit values for females range from 37 to 47, with a mean value of 41; for males, hematocrit ranges from 42 to 52, with a mean of 47. The percentage of other formed elements, the WBCs and platelets, is extremely small so it is not normally considered with the hematocrit. So the mean plasma percentage is the percent of blood that is not erythrocytes: for females, it is... Q: Normal blood is comprised of nearly half erythrocytes, which is another word for what cells? A:
OPTIONS:
- monocytes
- white blood cells
- plateletes
- red blood cells

Answer:
red blood cells