TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: The dietary determinants of adolescent blood pressure (BP) are not well understood. We determined the association between major dietary patterns and BP in a sample of Iranian adolescents.', "This cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample (n=557) of Shirazi adolescents aged 12-19years. Participants' systolic and diastolic BP was measured using a validated oscillometric BP monitor. Usual dietary intakes during the past 12months were assessed using a valid and reproducible 168-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Principal component factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns based on a set of 25 predefined food groups.", 'Overall, three major dietary patterns were identified, among which only the Western pattern (abundant in soft drinks, sweets and desserts, salt, mayonnaise, tea and coffee, salty snacks, high-fat dairy products, French fries, and red or processed meats) had a significant association with BP. After adjusting for potential confounders in the analysis of covariance models, multivariable adjusted means of the systolic and mean BP of subjects in the highest tertile of the Western pattern score were significantly higher than those in the lowest tertile (for systolic BP: mean difference 6.9mmHg, P=0.001; and for mean BP: mean difference 4.2mmHg, P=0.003). A similar but statistically insignificant difference was observed in terms of diastolic BP.

SOLUTION: Is a Western dietary pattern associated with higher blood pressure in Iranian adolescents?

PROBLEM: It has already been demonstrated that the rat esophagus produces retinoic acid from retinol. In this study, this process is further characterized and the effect of acetaldehyde examined to elucidate the possible mechanisms behind the epidemiological evidence that the incidence of esophageal cancer is higher in alcoholics.', 'Rat esophageal samples were incubated with all-trans retinal and newly formed all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent acetaldehyde oxidation by the rat esophagus was examined by tracing NAD reduction using a spectrophotometer.', 'Rat esophageal samples produced ATRA from all-trans retinal in a NAD-dependent manner and the potential was significantly attenuated by phenetyl isothiocynate, an ALDH inhibitor, or acetaldehyde depending on the concentration used. Rat esophageal samples also oxidized acetaldehyde of various concentrations NAD dependently. The ATRA formation potential that was temporarily inhibited by acetaldehyde was recovered to the control level by dialysis when the specimen was incubated with up to 50 microM of acetaldehyde.

SOLUTION: Does acetaldehyde inhibit the formation of retinoic acid from retinal in the rat esophagus?

PROBLEM: Although the rule of 3 is recommended to minimize the risk of perforation when esophageal dilation is performed using bougie dilators, there are no data to validate its use. Our aim was to investigate the association between the rule of 3 and adverse events (AEs) in esophageal dilation.', 'A retrospective chart review in patients who underwent esophageal bougie or balloon dilation between December 1991 and February 2013 at a tertiary hospital was performed. Data collection included patient demographics, stricture and procedural characteristics, AEs, and follow-up. Univariate logistic regression models were used to assess the risk of AEs and perforations.', 'A total of 297 patients (median age, 63 years; 60% men) underwent 2216 esophageal bougie or balloon dilations. Major AEs occurred in 22 (1%) dilation sessions, including 11 (0.5%) perforations, 4 (0.2%) fistulas, 3(0.1%) hospitalizations for pain management, 2 (0.09%) clinically significant hemorrhages, 1 (0.04%) fever, and 1 (0.04%) tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis leak. Mean duration of treatment was 43.2 months (standard deviation, 47.7 months). Most strictures were benign (n= 275; 93%) and complex in nature (n= 198; 67%). Non-adherence to the rule of 3 occurred in 190 (13%) dilations with bougie dilators. Non-adherence was not associated with a higher rate of major AEs (1/190, 0.5% vs 15/953, 1.6%; P= .18) and perforations (0/190, 0% vs 7/952, 0.7%; P= .18). Gender, complex strictures, location of the stricture, type of dilator, and additional interventions were also not associated with major AEs or perforations. However, malignant strictures were associated with an increased risk of major AEs (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-12.0) and perforations (odds ratio, 8.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-31.9).

SOLUTION:
Does non-adherence to the rule of 3 increase the risk of adverse events in esophageal dilation?