input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Distribution of Molecular Speeds The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This distribution is called the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, after its originators, who calculated it based on kinetic theory, and has since been confirmed experimentally. (See Figure 13.23. ) The distribution has a long tail, because a few molecules may go several times the rms speed. The most probable speed v p is less than the rms speed. Q: The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of what, which is called the maxwell-boltzmann distribution? A:
OPTIONS:
- molecular size
- molecular rate
- molecular shape
- molecular speeds
output: molecular speeds

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Having polar bonds may make a covalent compound polar. A polar compound is one in which there is a slight difference in charge between opposite ends of the molecule. All polar compounds contain polar bonds. But having polar bonds does not necessarily result in a polar compound. It depends on how the atoms are arranged. This is illustrated in Figure below . Both molecules in the figure contain polar bonds, but only formaldehyde is a polar compound. Why is carbon dioxide nonpolar?. Q: Having polar bonds may make a covalent compound what? A:

OPTIONS:
- ionic
- negatively charged
- neutral
- polar

A: polar

input: OPTIONS:
- technical analysis
- qualitative analysis
- fundamental analysis
- quantitative analysis Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Summary The concentration of a species in solution can be determined by quantitative analysis. One such method is a titration, in which a measured volume of a solution of one substance, the titrant, is added to a solution of another substance to determine its concentration. The equivalence point in a titration is the point at which exactly enough reactant has been added for the reaction to go to completion. A standard solution, a solution whose concentration is known precisely, is used to determine the concentration of the titrant. Many titrations, especially those that involve acidbase reactions, rely on an indicator. The point at which a color change is observed is the endpoint, which is close to the equivalence point if the indicator is chosen properly. Q: What helps determine the concentration of a species in a solution? A:
A:
output: quantitative analysis

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chapter 22 1 Figure 22.8 The extracellular matrix and outer layer of cells protects the inner bacteria. The close proximity of cells also facilitates lateral gene transfer, a process by which genes such as antibiotic resistance genes are transferred from one bacterium to another. And even if lateral gene transfer does not occur, one bacterium that produces an exo-enzyme that destroys antibiotic may save neighboring bacteria. 3 Figure 22.19 D 4 A 6 A 8 B 10 B 12 A 14 B 16 C 18 B 20 D 22 D 24 B 25 As the organisms are non-culturable, the presence could be detected through molecular techniques, such as PCR. 27 Responses will vary. A possible answer is: Bacteria contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall; archaea do not. The cell membrane in bacteria is a lipid bilayer; in archaea, it can be a lipid bilayer or a monolayer. Bacteria contain fatty acids on the cell membrane, whereas archaea contain phytanyl. 29 Responses will vary. In a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, there is no light, so prokaryotes would be chemotrophs instead of phototrophs. The source of carbon would be carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean, so they would be autotrophs. There is not a lot of organic material in the ocean, so prokaryotes would probably use inorganic sources, thus they would be chemolitotrophs. The temperatures are very high in the hydrothermal vent, so the prokaryotes would be thermophilic. 31 E. coli colonizes the surface of the leaf, forming a biofilm that is more difficult to remove than free (planktonic) cells. Additionally, bacteria can be taken up in the water that plants are grown in, thereby entering the plant tissues rather than simply residing on the leaf surface. Q: Why would prokaryotes be chemotrophs instead of phototrophs in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent? A:

OPTIONS:
- too cold
- too much light
- too much heat
- lack of light

Answer: lack of light

Problem: OPTIONS:
- polar
- acids
- ions
- non-polar
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Non-polar molecules are usually insoluble in water. Q: What molecules are usually insoluble in water? A:
Answer: non-polar

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What makes the earth habitable for humans? A:

OPTIONS:
- carbonate of water
- aridity of water
- availability of water
- abundance of water

Answer:
abundance of water