Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 10.4 | Cancer and the Cell Cycle By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe how cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth Understand how proto-oncogenes are normal cell genes that, when mutated, become oncogenes Describe how tumor suppressors function Explain how mutant tumor suppressors cause cancer Cancer comprises many different diseases caused by a common mechanism: uncontrolled cell growth. Despite the redundancy and overlapping levels of cell cycle control, errors do occur. One of the critical processes monitored by the cell cycle checkpoint surveillance mechanism is the proper replication of DNA during the S phase. Even when all of the cell cycle controls are fully functional, a small percentage of replication errors (mutations) will be passed on to the daughter cells. If changes to the DNA nucleotide sequence occur within a coding portion of a gene and are not corrected, a gene mutation results. All cancers start when a gene mutation gives rise to a faulty protein that plays a key role in cell reproduction. The change in the cell that results from the malformed protein may be minor: perhaps a slight delay in the binding of Cdk to cyclin or an Rb protein that detaches from its target DNA while still phosphorylated. Even minor mistakes, however, may allow subsequent mistakes to occur more readily. Over and over, small uncorrected errors are passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells and amplified as each generation produces more non-functional proteins from uncorrected DNA damage. Eventually, the pace of the cell cycle speeds up as the effectiveness of the control and repair mechanisms decreases. Uncontrolled growth of the mutated cells outpaces the growth of normal cells in the area, and a tumor ("-oma") can result. Q: Uncontrolled cell growth can lead to tumors and what disease? A:
OPTIONS:
- vascular disease
- cirrhosis
- kidney failure
- cancer
Answer: cancer

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: In a Down's cell, the liquid sodium ions are reduced at the cathode to liquid sodium metal. At the anode, liquid chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine gas. The reactions and cell potentials are shown below. Q: At the anode, liquid chloride ions are oxidized to what? A:
OPTIONS:
- elemental gas
- nitrogen gas
- Heavy Gas
- chlorine gas
output: chlorine gas

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Different diets require different types of digestive systems. Mammals that eat a carnivorous diet generally have a relatively simple digestive system. Their food consists mainly of proteins and fats that are easily and quickly digested. Herbivorous mammals, on the other hand, tend to have a more complicated digestive system. Complex plant carbohydrates such as cellulose are more difficult to digest. Some herbivores have more than one stomach. The stomachs store and slowly digest plant foods. Q: Because complex plant carbohydrates such as cellulose are more difficult to digest, what animal diet is associated with a complicated digestive system? A:

OPTIONS:
- polyvore
- omnivore
- carnivore
- herbivore

A: herbivore

input: OPTIONS:
- potassium
- nitrogen
- carbon
- oxygen Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen. What are these three groups?. Q: Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous? A:
A:
output: oxygen

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mechanical barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body. The skin is the most important mechanical barrier. In fact, it is the single most important defense the body has. The outer layer of the skin is tough and very difficult for pathogens to penetrate. Q: What type of barrier physically blocks pathogens from entering the body? A:

OPTIONS:
- Solid
- potential
- molecular
- mechanical

Answer: mechanical

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sympatric speciation While the logic and mechanisms of allopatric speciation are relatively easy to grasp (we hope), there is a second type of speciation, known as sympatric speciation, which was originally more controversial. It occurs when a single population of organisms splits into two reproductively isolated communities within the same physical region. How could this possibly occur? What stop (or inhibits) the distinct sub-populations from inbreeding and reversing the effects of selection and nascent speciation? Recently a number of plausible mechanisms have been identified. One involves host selection.143 In host selection, animals (such as insects) that feed off specific hosts may find themselves reproducing in distinct zones associated with their hosts. For example, organisms that prefer blueberries will mate in a different place, time of day, or time of year than those that prefer raspberries. There are blueberry- and raspberry-specific niches. Through a process of disruptive selection (see above), organisms that live primarily on a particular plant (or part of a plant) can be subject to different selective pressures, and reproductive isolation will enable the populations to more rapidly adapt. Mutations that reinforce an initial, perhaps weak, mating preference can lead reproductive isolation - this is a simple form of sexual selection (which we will discuss soon).144 One population has become two distinct, reproductively independent populations, one species has become two. Q: Sympatric type of what occurs when a single population of organisms splits into two reproductively isolated communities within the same physical region? A:

OPTIONS:
- biodiversity
- extraction
- accumulation
- speciation

A:
speciation