Problem: CHAPTER XVIII

CLEVER TACTICS

As soon as M. Durand had recovered from the shock of Madame la Marquise's sudden invasion of his sanctum, he ran to the portiere which he had been watching so anxiously, and, pushing it aside, he disclosed the door partially open.

"Monsieur le Comte de Stainville!" he called discreetly.

"Has she gone?" came in a whisper from the inner room.

"Yes! yes! I pray you enter, M. le Comte," said M. Durand, obsequiously holding the portiere aside. "Madame la Marquise only passed through very quickly; she took notice of nothing, I assure you."

Gaston de Stainville cast a quick searching glance round the room as he entered, and fidgeted nervously with a lace handkerchief in his hand. No doubt his enforced sudden retreat at Lydie's approach had been humiliating to his pride. But he did not want to come on her too abruptly, and was chafing now because he needed a menial's help to further his desires.

"You were a fool, man, to place me in this awkward position," he said with a scowl directed at M. Durand's meek personality, "or else a knave, in which case ..."

"Ten thousand pardons, M. le Comte," rejoined the little man apologetically. "Madame la Marquise scarcely ever comes this way after _le petit lever_. She invariably retires to her study, and thither I should have had the honour to conduct you, according to your wish."

"You seem very sure that Madame la Marquise would have granted me a private audience."
1. Who had to hide?
2. From whom?
3. What is her first name?
4. Does he want to see her?
5. Was she supposed to walk that way?
6. Where is she usually?
7. Who lets him in?
8. Does he consider him an equal?
9. What does he call him?
10. How else does he think of him?
11. Did he want to surprise her?
12. Was he proud of what happened?
13. How does he feel?
Answer: 1. Monsieur le Comte de Stainville
2. Madame la Marquise
3. unknown
4. no
5. no
6. her study,
7. M. Durand
8. no
9. fool
10. meek
11. no
12. no
13. humiliated

Problem: Linus Pauling,the only person who has won two undivided Nobel Prizes,was born in Portland,Oregon. He attended Washington High School but because of an unimportant detail he did not receive his diploma until 1962,long after he had received his Bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Orgon State College in 1922. He had chosen to study his major because he could get a good job with it.

He won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the explanation of the structure of complex substance. His interest in the "behavior" of molecules led him from physical chemistry to biological chemistry,especially of the human body. He began with proteins and their main parts,the amino acids ,which are called the"building blocks of life".In 1950,he constructed the first satisfactory model of a protein molecule,a discovery very important to the understanding of the living cell.

During World WarII,Pauling was a member of the Research Board for National Security,for which he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit in 1948. However,the use of the atomic bomb near the end of the war turned Pauling in a new direction. Having long worked on the structure of molecules,he took an immediate interest in the deadly effects of nuclear fallout on human molecular structures.

From then on,Pauling protested the production of the hydrogen bomb and supported the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons. Through his efforts,The NuclearTestBan Treaty,declaring all nuclear tests to be illegal except underground ones,came into effect on October 10,1963,the same day Linus Pauling was awarded the Nobel Peace.
1. who is the story about?
2. did he do anything special?
3. what?
4. more than once?
5. how many times?
6. what did he do during the war to end all wars?
7. was he recognized for his work there?
8. how?
9. in what year?
10. what is his nationality?
11. what was the state of his birth?
12. where did he earn his BS?
13. in what field?
14. what year did he earn it?
15. why did he choose that field?
16. when did he win his first Nobel Prize?
17. in what field?
18. his second?
19. what day?
20. what field?
Answer: 1. Linus Pauling
2. Yes
3. won the nobel prize
4. Yes
5. twice
6. he was a member of the Research Board for National Security
7. Yes
8. he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit
9. 1948
10. American
11. Oregon
12. Orgon State College
13. chemical engineering
14. 1922
15. because he could get a good job with it.
16. 1954
17. Chemistry
18. 1963
19. October 10
20. Peace.

Problem: Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

The first commercially successful true engine, in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine, was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712. It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and in most cases was used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible, and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel.
1. What is a true engine?
2. What does it mean to be a "true engine"?
3. Who made the first successful one?
4. Was that in the 19th century?
5. When?
6. Was it any better than the previous steam pump?
7. What made it better?
8. Whose idea was that?
9. What was this engine used for mostly?
10. Where was it used?
11. Anywhere else?
12. Was it an efficient engine?
13. What kind of engine would a steam engine be classified as?
14. Is the fluid in the same compartment as the combustible ingredients?
15. Could a steam engine work with nuclear power?
16. What about energy from the sun?
17. How about from the moon?
18. What is the perfect thermodynamic cycle called?
19. What happens to the water in this cycle?
20. Does it change form?
Answer:
1. atmospheric engine
2. it could generate power and transmit it to a machine
3. Thomas Newcomen
4. no
5. around 1712
6. yes
7. used a piston
8. Papin
9. pumping water
10. mine workings
11. factories
12. no
13. external combustion engines
14. no
15. yes
16. yes
17. unknown
18. Rankine cycle
19. water is heated
20. yes