TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Sleep disorders are associated with cardiovascular complications and preterm delivery (PTD). Insufficient sleep results in metabolic alterations and increased inflammation, both known to contribute to placental abruption (abruption), a determinant of PTD. We examined associations of abruption with sleep duration and complaints of vital exhaustion.', 'The study included 164 abruption cases and 160 controls in a multicenter study in Peru. Data on habitual sleep duration and vital exhaustion during the first 6 months of pregnancy were elicited during interviews conducted following delivery. Women were categorized according to short, normal and long sleep duration (6, 7-8 and 9h); and frequency of feeling exhausted. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.', 'Short and long sleep durations were associated with increased odds of abruption. The ORs of abruption in relation to short (6h) and long (9h) sleep duration were 2.0 (95% CI 1.1-3.7) and 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-4.1), compared with normal sleep duration (7-8h). Complaints of vital exhaustion were also associated with abruption (OR=2.37; 95% CI 1.46-3.85), and were independent of sleep duration.\Question: Is maternal sleep duration and complaints of vital exhaustion during pregnancy associated with placental abruption?

SOLUTION: We extend the existing literature and support the thesis that maternal sleep habits and disorders should be assessed among pregnant women.

PROBLEM: Context: Physical activity is beneficial for cancer survivors, but exercise participation is low in this population. It is therefore important to understand the psychological factors underlying exercise uptake so that more effective interventions can be developed. Social-cognitive theory constructs such as outcome expectancies predict exercise behavior, but self-report measures have several limitations. We examined the associations between implicit (automatic) cognitions and exercise behavior and self-efficacy in endometrial cancer survivors.', 'This was a longitudinal study to examine predictors of exercise behavior in female endometrial cancer survivors who all received an exercise intervention. Participants (N = 100, mean age of 57.0) completed questionnaires to assess self-report exercise-related measures (outcome expectancy and attitudes about and identification with exercise) and reaction time (RT) tasks to assess implicit exercise cognitions (expectancy accessibility, implicit attitudes about exercise, and implicit self-identification with exercise) at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 months at follow-up. Exercise behavior was measured using accelerometers and self-report. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models.', 'Expectancy accessibility was associated with exercise duration independent of the corresponding self-report measure. Exercise implicit attitudes and self-identification were prospectively associated with exercise self-efficacy only after adjustment for the corresponding self-report measures and baseline self-efficacy. Self-report measures were also associated with study outcomes.\Question: Are self-reported and automatic cognitions associated with exercise behavior in cancer survivors?

SOLUTION: Both self-reported cognitions and implicit cognitions may be useful to identify individuals at risk of failing to exercise. Individuals so identified might be provided with a different or more intensive intervention. The data also suggest cognitive targets for intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record

PROBLEM: Context: Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) represents an anti-inflammatory mediator, whose downregulation has been described in various inflammatory processes. Aim of our study was to decipher the regulation of GILZ in vascular inflammation.', 'Degenerated aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts (n = 15), which exhibited inflammatory cell activation as determined by enhanced monocyte chemoattractrant protein 1 (MCP-1, CCL2) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression, showed significantly diminished GILZ protein and mRNA levels compared to healthy veins (n = 23). GILZ was also downregulated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and macrophages upon treatment with the inflammatory cytokine TNF- in a tristetraprolin (ZFP36, TTP)- and p38 MAPK-dependent manner. To assess the functional implications of decreased GILZ expression, we determined NF-B activation after GILZ knockdown by siRNA and found that NF-B activity and inflammatory gene expression were significantly enhanced. Importantly, ZFP36 is induced in TNF--activated HUVEC as well as in degenerated vein bypasses. When atheroprotective laminar shear stress was employed, GILZ levels in HUVEC increased on mRNA and protein level. Laminar flow also counteracted TNF--induced ZFP36 expression and GILZ downregulation. MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1, DUSP1), a negative regulator of ZFP36 expression, was distinctly upregulated under laminar shear stress conditions and downregulated in degenerated vein bypasses.\Question: Does downregulation of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper ( GILZ ) promote vascular inflammation?

SOLUTION:
Our data show a diminished expression of the anti-inflammatory mediator GILZ in the inflamed vasculature and indicate that GILZ downregulation requires the mRNA binding protein ZFP36. We suggest that reduced GILZ levels play a role in cardiovascular disease.