instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Context: 1-Adrenergic receptor (1-AR) stimulation modulates the antiarrhythmic activities of sodium channel blockers. The 1-AR Gly389 variant shows a marked decrease in agonist-stimulated cyclic AMP production compared with that of the wild-type Arg389 in vitro. We investigated whether the Arg389Gly polymorphism affects the efficacy of flecainide, a typical sodium channel blocker, in patients with or without coadministration of -blockers.', 'The effects of the 1-AR Arg389Gly polymorphism on the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide were compared between with and without coadministered -blockers in 159 patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. The antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide was assessed for at least 2 months by evaluating symptomatology, 12-lead ECGs, and Holter monitoring results.', 'Genetic differences in the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide were observed in patients with coadministration of -blockers. Tachyarrhythmia was well controlled in 60% of Arg389-homozygotes, 30% of Gly389-heterozygotes, and 0% of Gly389-homozygotes (P=0.001). In contrast, no difference in the antiarrhythmic efficacy was observed among the three genotypes in the patients without coadministration of -blockers (64, 70, and 60%, respectively). Heart rate in tachyarrhythmia in patients treated with flecainide was significantly higher in Gly389 carriers than in Arg389-homozygotes (P=0.013).
Answer: The Gly389 polymorphism decreased the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide when coadministered with -blockers. The results indicate that the Arg389Gly polymorphism may play an important role in predicting the efficacy of flecainide in patients with coadministration of -blockers.
answer:
Does 1-Adrenergic receptor Arg389Gly polymorphism affect the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide in patients with coadministration of -blockers?

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Context: Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis (NPPK) is a distinct autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by diffuse transgressive palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK). Very recently, putative loss-of-function mutations in SERPINB7, which encodes a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily and is abundantly expressed in the epidermis, have been identified as a cause of NPPK.', 'To confirm further the role of SERPINB7 mutations in the pathogenesis of NPPK.', 'We analysed 10 Japanese families with NPPK using Sanger and/or whole-exome sequencing.', 'We identified one novel and three recurrent null mutations in SERPINB7. In all the families, the NPPK trait was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner; in one of the families, there was pseudodominant inheritance, which had not been described in NPPK.
Answer: These data clearly provide further evidence that NPPK is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SERPINB7.
answer:
Does highly prevalent SERPINB7 founder mutation cause pseudodominant inheritance pattern in Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis?

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Context: Low vitamin D levels have been associated with obesity and living in areas that lack sunshine, such as northern Europe. The aim of this study was to investigate the vitamin D status of a group of obese children in Sweden and to investigate the associations between vitamin D status and markers of glucose metabolism and metabolic risk markers.', 'This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 202 obese children between 4.5 and 17.9 years of age who had been referred to the National Childhood Obesity Centre at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm. We examined age, gender, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), f-glucose, f-insulin and metabolic risk markers. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as less than 30 25(OH)D nmol/L. Children with and without a vitamin D deficiency were compared.', 'Just over a third (33.2%) of our study population had vitamin D levels <30 nmol/L 25(OH)D. A significant interaction effect was found between age and 25(OH)D. An association was also found between low 25(OH)D levels and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) independent of age and season.
Answer: Low vitamin D levels were common among obese adolescents living in Sweden and were strongly associated with age and associated with a higher risk of IFG.
answer:
Is vitamin D deficiency associated with prediabetes in obese Swedish children?