Problem: OPTIONS:
- thermodynamics
- hormones
- magnetism
- catalyst
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A catalyst works by providing a lower energy pathway from reactants to products. The use of a catalyst involves intermediate reactions which have lower activation complexes than the original reaction. On a simplified reaction energy diagram, this can be thought of as lowering the activation energy for a given transformation. If the activation energy of a reaction is decreased, more collisions will have enough energy to overcome this lower barrier, so the reactant-to-product transformation will occur more frequently. As a result, the overall reaction rate will be higher than for an identical reaction with a larger activation energy barrier. Q: What works by providing a lower energy pathway from reactants to products? A:
Answer: catalyst

Problem:OPTIONS:
- digestion
- Cardiovascular
- Muscular
- immune

Answer the following question given this paragraph: 21.5 | The Immune Response against Pathogens By the end of this section, you will be able to: Explain the development of immunological competence Describe the mucosal immune response Discuss immune responses against bacterial, viral, fungal, and animal pathogens Describe different ways pathogens evade immune responses Now that you understand the development of mature, naive B cells and T cells, and some of their major functions, how do all of these various cells, proteins, and cytokines come together to actually resolve an infection? Ideally, the immune response will rid the body of a pathogen entirely. The adaptive immune response, with its rapid clonal expansion, is well suited to this purpose. Think of a primary infection as a race between the pathogen and the immune system. The pathogen bypasses barrier defenses and starts multiplying in the host's body. During the first 4 to 5 days, the innate immune response will partially control, but not stop, pathogen growth. As the adaptive immune response gears up, however, it will begin to clear the pathogen from the body, while at the same time becoming stronger and stronger. When following antibody responses in patients with a particular disease such as a virus, this clearance is referred to as seroconversion (sero- = "serum"). Seroconversion is the reciprocal relationship between virus levels in the blood and antibody levels. As the antibody levels rise, the virus levels decline, and this is a sign that the immune response is being at least partially effective (partially, because in many diseases, seroconversion does not necessarily mean a patient is getting well). An excellent example of this is seroconversion during HIV disease (Figure 21.26). Notice that antibodies are made early in this disease, and the increase in anti-HIV antibodies correlates with a decrease in detectable virus in the blood. Although these antibodies are an important marker for diagnosing the disease, they are not sufficient to completely clear the virus. Several years later, the... Q: What bodily system is primarily responsible for fighting pathogens in the body? A:
****
A: immune

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Values of specific heat must generally be looked up in tables, because there is no simple way to calculate them. In general, the specific heat also depends on the temperature. Table 14.1 lists representative values of specific heat for various substances. Except for gases, the temperature and volume dependence of the specific heat of most substances is weak. We see from this table that the specific heat of water is five times that of glass and ten times that of iron, which means that it takes five times as much heat to raise the temperature of water the same amount as for glass and ten times as much heat to raise the temperature of water as for iron. In fact, water has one of the largest specific heats of any material, which is important for sustaining life on Earth. Q: Why must values of specific heat be looked up in tables? A:
OPTIONS:
- lack of formulas
- difficult to memorize
- difficult to understand
- difficult to calculate
difficult to calculate

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Body waves travel through the body of a planet. Surface waves travel along the surface. Q: What type of waves travel through the body of a planet? A:
OPTIONS:
- vacuum waves
- gas waves
- energy waves
- body waves

Answer: body waves

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Leaves are rich in chloroplasts that function as solar collectors and food factories. The first leaves were very small, but leaves became larger over time. Q: What are in leaves that function as solar collectors and food factories? A:
OPTIONS:
- cellulose
- vacuoles
- fibroblasts
- chloroplasts
Answer: chloroplasts

input: OPTIONS:
- hippocampus
- pituitary gland
- optic chiasm
- hypothalamus Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: These two tracts connect the hypothalamus with the major parasympathetic nuclei in the brain stem and the preganglionic (central) neurons of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. The hypothalamus also receives input from other areas of the forebrain through the medial forebrain bundle. The olfactory cortex, the septal nuclei of the basal forebrain, and the amygdala project into the hypothalamus through the medial forebrain bundle. These forebrain structures inform the hypothalamus about the state of the nervous system and can influence the regulatory processes of homeostasis. A good example of this is found in the amygdala, which is found beneath the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe and plays a role in our ability to remember and feel emotions. Q: What also receives input from other areas of the forebrain through the medial forebrain bundle? A:
A:
output:
hypothalamus