Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of insurance coverage on stage of presentation, treatment, and survival of head and neck cancer (HNC).', 'A retrospective study was conducted using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program to identify patients diagnosed with HNC. The primary variable of interest was insurance analyzed as a dichotomous variable: Patients were considered uninsured if they were classified as "uninsured" by SEER, whereas patients were considered insured if they were defined by SEER as "any Medicaid," "insured," or "insured/no specifics." The outcomes of interest were cancer stage at presentation (M0 vs M1), receipt of definitive treatment, and HNC-specific mortality (HNCSM). Multivariable logistic regression modeled the association between insurance status and stage at presentation, as well as between insurance status and receipt of definitive treatment, whereas HNCSM was modeled using Fine and Gray competing risks. Sensitivity logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether observed interactions remained significant by insurance type (privately insured, Medicaid, and uninsured).', 'Patients without medical insurance were more likely to present with metastatic cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 1.60; P < .001), were more likely to not receive definitive treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 1.64; P < .001), and had a higher risk of HNCSM (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20; P= .002). Sensitivity analyses showed that when results were stratified by insurance type, significant interactions remained for uninsured patients and patients with Medicaid.
Does health Insurance affect Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Patterns and Outcomes?

Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) has been used widely in research, but rarely in clinical practice because data acquisition and analysis are time-consuming. By reducing the acquisition and analysis time, 3-dimensional STE may improve clinical impact. We investigated the feasibility of 3DSTE myocardial deformation, with comparison to 2DSTE.', 'Transthoracic 3DSTE and 2DSTE were performed in 230 adults (138 men, 51 14 years, and 142 hypertension, 10 heart failure and 78 normotensive subjects). The variables of LV deformation were analyzed using EchoPAC software.', 'The 3D LV longitudinal (LS) analysis was feasible in 84.9% of the study subjects, which was lower than the 2D analysis (97.2%). The success rates for circumferential strain (CS) and radial strain (RS) were similar between the 2D and 3D techniques. All magnitude of strains measured by 2DSTE and 3DSTE were significantly correlated. The magnitude of 3D LS and CS was lower, but the 3D RS is higher than that of 2DSTE (-18.5 2.8 vs. -21.2 3.5; 20.8 4.1 vs. 21.7; and 50.0 11.2 vs. 37.7 12.6, respectively). Strains measured by 3DSTE exhibited stronger correlation with LV ejection fraction (EF) than that by 2DSTE. In inter- and intra-observer reproducibility for 3D LS, CS, RS and AS were acceptable. The mean time of analysis for LV volume, EF and strains was 116s by 3DSTE, which was significantly shorter than that by 2DSTE (5 min, P<0.0001).
Is three-dimensional speckle strain echocardiography more accurate and efficient than 2D strain in the evaluation of left ventricular function?

Hedonic hunger refers to consumption of food just for pleasure and not to maintain energy homeostasis. Recently, consumption of food for pleasure was reported to be associated with increased circulating levels of both the orexigenic peptide ghrelin and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) in normal-weight subjects. To date, the effects of hedonic hunger, and in particular of chocolate craving, on these mediators in obese subjects are still unknown.', 'To explore the role of some gastrointestinal orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides and endocannabinoids (and some related congeners) in chocolate consumption, we measured changes in circulating levels of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), anandamide (AEA), 2-AG, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in 10 satiated severely obese subjects after consumption of chocolate and, on a separate day, of a non-palatable isocaloric food with the same bromatologic composition. Evaluation of hunger and satiety was also performed by visual analogic scale.', 'The anticipatory phase and the consumption of food for pleasure were associated with increased circulating levels of ghrelin, AEA, 2-AG, and OEA. In contrast, the levels of GLP-1, PYY, and PEA did not differ before and after the exposure/ingestion of either chocolate or non-palatable foods. Hunger and satiety were higher and lower, respectively, in the hedonic session than in the non-palatable one.
Are anticipatory and consummatory effects of ( hedonic ) chocolate intake associated with increased circulating levels of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin and endocannabinoids in obese adults?