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In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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Globally, there are a number of emerging pathogens. For most, there are no licensed vaccines available for human use, although there is ongoing research and development. However, given the extensive and increasing list of emerging pathogens and the investment required to bring vaccines into clinical use, the task is huge. Overlaid on this task is the risk of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) acquisition by micro-organisms which can endow a relatively harmless organism with pathogenic potential. Furthermore, climate change also introduces a challenge by causing some of the insect vectors and environmental conditions prevalent in tropical regions to begin to spread out from these traditional areas, thus increasing the risk of migration of zoonotic disease. Vaccination provides a defence against these emerging pathogens. However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or equivalent status in the United States, Canada and the European Union, making use of a considerable number of regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing. This review covers the status of vaccine development for some of the emerging pathogens, the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve EUA or an equivalent regional or national status and how these considerations may impact vaccine development for the future, such that a more comprehensive stockpile of promising vaccines can be achieved.
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Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure

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Advances in free radical research show that reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species, for example superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite, play an important role in the pathogenesis of different viral infections, including dengue virus. The pathogenic mechanism of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is complicated and is not clearly understood. The hallmarks of the dengue disease, the antibody-dependent enhancement, the shift from T-helper type 1 (Th1) to Th2 cytokine response and the cytokine tsunami resulting in vascular leakage can now be explained much better with the knowledge gained about NO and peroxynitrite. This paper makes an effort to present a synthesis of the current opinions to explain the pathogenesis of DHF/shock syndrome with NO on centre stage.
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Nitric oxide in dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: necessity or nuisance?

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Phenomenon of RNA-induced gene silencing is a highly conservative mechanism among eukaryotic organisms. Several classes of small RNAs (siRNAs and miRNAs) 21-25 nt in length, which play a significant role in the processes of development of an organism, occurred important components of antiviral defence in animals and plants. This review shortly describes the main stages of gene silencing mechanism, features of antiviral RNA silencing in plants, invertebrates, mammals, ways of suppression of RNA-interference by viruses, as well as possible approaches of utilization of abovementioned phenomenon for struggling against viral infections.
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63 1 Abbreviations: PTGS-posttranscriptional gene silencing dsRNA-double stranded RNA nt-nucleotide siRNA-small interfering RNA miRNA-micro RNA RISC-RNA-induced silencing complex RdRP-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase TMV-tobacco mosaic virus VIGS-virus induced gene silencing CP-coat protein TEV-tobacco etch virus VSV-vesicular stomatitis virus PFV-1-primate foamy virus 1 GFP-green fluorescent protein EBV-Epstein-Barr virus PVY-potato virus Y PVX-potato virus X ORSV-Odontoglossum rings pot virus HIV-Human immunodeficiency virus HBV-Hepatitis B virus HCV-Hepatitis C virus SARS-CoV-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Coronavirus CMV-Cucumber mosaic virus ZYMV-Zucchini mosaic virus WMV-2-Watermelon mosaic virus-2 TSWV-Tomato wilt spot virus TCSV-Tomato chlorotic spot virus PRSV-Peanut ring spot virus Role of siRNAs and miRNAs in the Processes of RNA-Mediated Gene Silencing during Viral Infections 1