Q: Libertarianism (, "freedom") is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association, individual judgment, and self-ownership.

Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power. However, they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing political and economic systems. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling to restrict or to dissolve coercive social institutions.

Some libertarians advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights, such as in land, infrastructure, and natural resources. Others, notably libertarian socialists, seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production in favor of their common or cooperative ownership and management, viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty. An additional line of division is between minarchists and anarchists. While minarchists think that a minimal centralized government is necessary, anarchists and anarcho-capitalists propose to completely eliminate the state.

The first recorded use of the term "libertarian" was in 1789, when William Belsham wrote about libertarianism in the context of metaphysics.

"Libertarian" came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty, especially in the political and social spheres, as early as 1796, when the London Packet printed on 12 February: "Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol, 450 of the French Libertarians." The word was again used in a political sense in 1802, in a short piece critiquing a poem by "the author of Gebir", and has since been used with this meaning.

Answer the following questions:
1. When was the word "libertarian" first used?
2. By who?
3. In what context?
4. What did the word mean?
5. And what does the more general "libertarianism" mean?
6. What does it consist of?
7. What do the movements stand for?
8. What are libertarians skeptic of?
9. Are there different types of libertarians?
10. What is one type?
11. What do they seek?
12. Anything else?
13. What is an example of libertarians with opposing views?
14. When was the London Packet written?
A: 1. 1789
2. William Belsham
3. metaphysics
4. advocate or defender of liberty
5. freedom
6. political philosophies and movements
7. liberty as a core principle
8. authority and state power
9. yes
10. libertarian socialists
11. abolish capitalism
12. private ownership of the means of production
13. cooperative ownership and management
14. 1796
Q: (CNN) -- About a year after losing his dad in a plane crash, Matt Snoddy climbed into the cockpit for an emotional flight.

His kids Charlie, age 5 and Alice, 3, were tucked in the back of the tiny Cessna and his flight instructor was seated alongside. Snoddy pulled back on the stick and they were airborne.

The Lexington, Kentucky, landscape spread out below them as the plane gained altitude. Snoddy couldn't help but gaze down at Blue Grass Airport, where Comair Flight 191 crashed during takeoff, killing his father, Tim Snoddy, and 48 others.

A government investigation blamed the crash on Flight 191's pilots, who attempted takeoff from a wrong runway. The FAA administrator at the time said disasters like Flight 191 might be avoided under NextGen, the nation's sweeping air traffic overhaul set to roll out by 2025.

Memories of the crash had kept Snoddy -- a longtime private pilot -- out of the cockpit until his wife offered the flight as a gift for Father's Day. "She wanted me to take the kids up and to see if I wanted to keep flying."

Snoddy and his father shared a love for flying -- Matt Snoddy as a pilot and his dad as a passenger. Tim Snoddy enjoyed flying so much he'd been talking about getting his pilots' license, too.

Tim Snoddy, a 51-year-old accountant and consultant for legal cases, was a frequent business traveler who left his Lexington home many times a year to spend a total of six months away at his offices in Asheville, North Carolina, and near Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Answer the following questions:
1. What airport was Matt Snoddy at?
2. What was he about to do?
3. How long had it been since he had done that?
4. Why had it been so long?
5. Did he have kids?
6. How many?
7. What were their names?
8. How old was Charlie?
9. Were they with him?
10. Anyone else?
11. Who?
12. Who was his father's crash blamed on?
13. What did they do?
14. Why is he now getting back in the driver's seat?
15. Why did she do this?
16. How old was his father when he passed?
17. Was his dad a pilot?
18. Did he want to be?
19. What was his occupation?
20. Did he travel a lot?
A: 1. Blue Grass Airport
2. climbed into the cockpit
3. - About a year
4. He lost his dad in a plane crash
5. Yes
6. Two
7. Charlie and Alice
8. Five
9. Ye
10. Yes
11. his flight instructo
12. on Flight 191's pilots,
13. attempted takeoff from a wrong runway.
14. his wife offered the flight as a gift for Father's Day.
15. "She wanted him to take the kids up and to see if I wanted to keep flying."
16. 51
17. No
18. Yes
19. accountant and consultant for legal cases,
20. Yes
Q: CHAPTER ELEVEN

EXPERIMENTS

"The first of June! The Kings are off to the seashore tomorrow, and I'm free. Three months' vacation--how I shall enjoy it!" exclaimed Meg, coming home one warm day to find Jo laid upon the sofa in an unusual state of exhaustion, while Beth took off her dusty boots, and Amy made lemonade for the refreshment of the whole party.

"Aunt March went today, for which, oh, be joyful!" said Jo. "I was mortally afraid she'd ask me to go with her. If she had, I should have felt as if I ought to do it, but Plumfield is about as gay as a churchyard, you know, and I'd rather be excused. We had a flurry getting the old lady off, and I had a fright every time she spoke to me, for I was in such a hurry to be through that I was uncommonly helpful and sweet, and feared she'd find it impossible to part from me. I quaked till she was fairly in the carriage, and had a final fright, for as it drove of, she popped out her head, saying, 'Josyphine, won't you--?' I didn't hear any more, for I basely turned and fled. I did actually run, and whisked round the corner where I felt safe."

"Poor old Jo! She came in looking as if bears were after her," said Beth, as she cuddled her sister's feet with a motherly air.

"Aunt March is a regular samphire, is she not?" observed Amy, tasting her mixture critically.

Answer the following questions:
1. When will the Kings depart?
2. what date?
3. Is Meg happy about it?
4. Who was home when she arrived?
5. Did Jo greet her at the door?
6. what was she doing?
7. Was Beth making lemonade?
8. who did?
9. What was Beth doing?
10. were they clean?
11. Why was Amy making lemonade?
12. What was Jo afraid of?
13. to where?
14. why didn't she want to go?
15. What did Beth say Jo looked like?
16. Are Jo and beth cousins?
17. are they related?
18. how?
19. what did she do to Jo's feet?
20. with what?
A:
1. tomorrow
2. "The first of June
3. yes
4. Jo, Beth and Amy
5. no
6. laying upon the sofa
7. no
8. Amy
9. taking her boots off
10. no
11. for the refreshment of the whole party
12. that Aunt March would ask her to go with her
13. Plumfield
14. because she says it's as gay as a churchyard
15. as if bears were after her,
16. no
17. yes
18. they're sisters
19. cuddled them
20. a motherly air