Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Considerable variation exists in the protocols used to induce hyperresponsiveness in murine models of allergic sensitisation. We examined the effect of varying the number of antigen exposures at challenge on the development of methacholine responsiveness in systemically sensitised mice.', 'BALB/c mice were sensitised with ovalbumin (OVA), challenged with 1, 3 or 6 OVA aerosols. Lung function was measured using low frequency forced oscillations and partitioned into components representing the airways (Raw) and lung parenchyma (tissue damping (G) and tissue elastance (H)). Responsiveness to inhaled methacholine (MCh), inflammatory cell profile and circulating IgE were assessed 24 and 48 hours after challenge. The threshold dose of MCh required to elicit a detectable response (sensitivity) and response to 30 mg x mL(-1) (maximal response) were determined for each compartment.', 'Sensitivity; All three OVA protocols resulted in an increased sensitivity to MCh in Raw but not in G or H. These responses where present at 24 and 48 hrs, except 1 OVA aerosol in which changes had resolved by 48 hrs. Maximal response; 1 OVA aerosol increased maximal responses in Raw, G and H at 24 hrs, which was gone by 48 hrs. Three OVA aerosols increased responses in H at 48 hrs only. Six OVA challenges caused increases in Raw, G and H at both 24 and 48 hrs. Eosinophils increased with increasing antigen challenges. IgE was elevated by OVA sensitisation but not boosted by OVA aerosol challenge.

Output: 0

Input: Consider Input: Although the majority of evidence does not support association between Helicobacter pylori infection and ischaemic heart disease, the nature of this relationship may differ when virulence of the infecting strains are examined.', 'The prevalence of IgG antibody evidence of infection with CagA positive stains of H. pylori was investigated in stored plasma samples from 259 cases of myocardial infarction (aged 25-70 years, 74 males) and 259 population based controls from the same area in Northern Ireland. Two-hundred and seventy (52.1%) subjects were seropositive for anti-CagA IgG. CagA seropositivity was more common in cases than in controls: 56.4 vs 47.9%, odds ratio for seropositivity in cases (95% CI) 1.41 (1.00, 1.99). Substantial attenuation of this relationship occurred on adjustment for age, sex, number of siblings, smoking and measures of socio-economic status: odds ratio (95% CI) 1.16 (0.79, 1.70). A similar pattern was seen for seropositivity for all H. pylori strains.

Output: 0

Input: Consider Input: The haplotypes in the gene vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) have been found to affect warfarin dose response through effects on the formation of reduced-form vitamin K, a cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins, which is involved in the coagulation cascade and has a potential impact on atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that VKORC1-dependent effects on the coagulation cascade and atherosclerosis would contribute to susceptibility for vascular diseases.', "To test the hypothesis, we studied the association of polymorphisms of VKORC1 with stroke (1811 patients), coronary heart disease (740 patients), and aortic dissection (253 patients) compared with matched controls (n=1811, 740, and 416, respectively). Five common noncoding single-nucleotide polymorphisms of VKORC1 were identified in a natural haplotype block with strong linkage disequilibrium (D'>0.9, r2>0.9), then single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) +2255 in the block was selected for the association study. We found that the presence of the C allele of the +2255 locus conferred almost twice the risk of vascular disease (odds ratio [OR] 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] .58 to 2.41, P<0.001 for stroke; OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.38, P<0.01 for coronary heart disease; and OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.48, P<0.05 for aortic dissection). We also observed that subjects with the CC and CT genotypes had lower levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (a regulator for the bone), probably vascular calcification, and lower levels of protein induced in vitamin K absence or antagonism II (PIVKA-II, a des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin) than those with TT genotypes.
Output: 0