Information: - The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.2 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period Mya. The Ordovician, named after the Celtic tribe of the Ordovices, was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879 to resolve a dispute between followers of Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison, who were placing the same rock beds in northern Wales into the Cambrian and Silurian periods, respectively. Lapworth, recognized that the fossil fauna in the disputed strata were different from those of either the Cambrian or the Silurian periods, and placed them in a period of their own. It received international sanction in 1960, when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic Era by the International Geological Congress. - The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, where rocks from this period were first studied. The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian. Free-sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land, forming extensive forests which covered the continents. By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots, and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared. Various terrestrial arthropods also became well-established. Fish reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the "Age of Fish". The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared, while the placodermi began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. - Ostracoderms ("shell-skinned") are the armored jawless fishes of the Paleozoic. The term does not often appear in classifications today because it is paraphyletic or polyphyletic, and has no phylogenetic meaning. However, the term is still used as an informal way of loosely grouping together the armored jawless fishes. - The class Osteostraci ("Bony Shields") is an extinct taxon of bony-armored jawless fish, termed "ostracoderms", that lived in what is now North America, Europe and Russia from the Middle Silurian to Late Devonian. - The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by several million years. The base of the Silurian is set at a major Ordovician-Silurian extinction event when 60% of marine species were wiped out. - Witaaspis was an extinct genus of osteostraci fish that lived in the Wenlock and Ludlow stages of the Silurian period . After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'witaaspis' exhibits the relationship of 'instance of'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - base - bearing - class - congress - england - environment - era - extinct - extinction event - fish - official - period - rock - seed - six - taxon - term - time
taxon

Information: - A board game is a tabletop game that involves counters or moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. Some games are based on pure strategy, but many contain an element of chance; and some are purely chance, with no element of skill. - Downfall is a two - player game for players aged 7 and older , first marketed by the Milton Bradley Company in 1970 . The game consists of a vertical board with five slotted dials on each side . Each player starts with ten numbered tokens or discs at the top of the board . The object of the game is to move the discs to the bottom of the board by turning the dials . Players alternate turns moving the dials and can not move a dial that their opponent has just moved . The winner is the first player to move all of their discs into the tray at the bottom . An advanced version of the rules dictates that the discs arrive in the tray in numerical order . Since neither player can see the other 's board , it is common to inadvertently advance the opponent 's disc . The game rewards forward thinking and planning ; players may try to '' trap '' their opponent into turning a dial that will advance their own disc , while trying to ensure that their own discs are not caught and dropped out of order . The game is currently available in the UK under the name New Downfall , manufactured and marketed by Hasbro . The new version follows the same rules but has a more futuristic design in red and yellow . The game 's box art is parodied on the cover of Expert Knob Twiddlers , an album by Aphex Twin and Mike Paradinas . - Milton Bradley (November 8, 1836 May 30, 1911) was an American business magnate, game pioneer and publisher, credited by many with launching the board game industry, with the Milton Bradley Company. - The Milton Bradley Company was an American board game manufacturer established by Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1860. In 1920, it absorbed the game production of McLoughlin Brothers, formerly the largest game manufacturer in the United States. - McLoughlin Bros., Inc. was a New York publishing firm active between 1828 and 1920. The company was a pioneer in color printing technologies in children's books. The company specialized in retellings or bowdlerizations of classic stories for children. The artistic and commercial roots of the McLoughlin firm were first developed by John McLoughlin, Jr. (18271905) who made his younger brother Edmund McLoughlin (1833 or 4-1889) a partner in 1855. By 1886, the firm published a wide range of items, including cheap chapbooks, large folio picture books, linen books, puzzles, games, paper soldiers and paper dolls. Many of the earliest and most valuable board games in America were produced by McLoughlin Brothers of New York. In 1920 the corporation was sold to Milton Bradley & Company. McLoughlin ceased game production at this time, but continued publishing their picture books. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'downfall ' exhibits the relationship of 'instance of'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - board game - company - game - manufacturer - may - november - publishing - set - skill - strategy - tabletop game - time
board game