Know what's expected of you at the beginning of the term, so there won't be any surprises on an exam. If a single paper is worth 50 percent of your grade, you should have your thesis in the back of your mind. Spend lots of time on projects that will significantly affect your grades. The syllabus should tell you how many hours of reading are generally expected in a week, so write it out on your calendar at the beginning of the term which days you are going to study for this subject. Buy a term planner and organize your study time. Schedule a different subject every 3 to 4 hours so that your mind stays sharp. If you are an auditory person, then you should tape all the lectures and listen to them later. If you are a visual person, you should take notes or video tape the class for easier revision. Don't let friends tell you that you are a "geek" or "nerdy." In most classes, you can't get an A unless you are willing to study hard. Your brain needs to breathe, rest and refocus.
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One-sentence summary -- Read the syllabus. Pay attention to how much tests are worth. Schedule regular study times for each subject. Use technology to your advantage. Be proud of good grades and study habits. Take breaks every 45 minutes of study time.

There are many tables that have information on the average bond energies for a specific bond. These tables can be found online or in a chemistry book. It is important to note that these bond energies are always for molecules in a gaseous state. For our example, you need to find the bond energy for an H-H bond, a Br-Br bond, and an H-Br bond. H-H = 436 kJ/mol; Br-Br = 193 kJ/mol; H-Br = 366 kJ/mol. To calculate bond energy for molecules in a liquid state, you need to also look up the enthalpy change of vaporization for the liquid molecule. This is the amount of energy needed to convert the liquid into a gas. This number is added to the total bond energy. For example: If you were given liquid water, you would need to add the enthalpy change of vaporization of water (+41 kJ) to the equation. In some equations, you may have the same bond broken multiple times. For example, if 4 atoms of hydrogen are in the molecule, then the bond energy of hydrogen must be counted 4 times, or multiplied by 4. In our example, there is only 1 bond of each molecule, so the bond energies are simply multiplied by 1. H-H = 436 x 1 = 436 kJ/mol Br-Br = 193 x 1 = 193 kJ/mol Once you have multiplied the bond energies by the number of the individual bonds, you need to then sum all of the bonds on the reactant side. For our example, the sum of the bonds broken is H-H + Br-Br = 436 + 193 = 629 kJ/mol. Just as you did for the bonds broken on the reactant side, you will multiply the number of bonds formed by its respective bond energy. If you have 4 hydrogen bonds formed, you would need to multiply that bond energy by 4. For our example we have 2 H-Br bonds formed, so the bond energy of H-Br (366 kJ/mol) will be multiplied by 2: 366 x 2 = 732 kJ/mol. Again, like you did with the bonds broken, you will add up all of the bonds formed on the product side. Sometimes you will only have 1 product formed and can skip this step. In our example, there is only 1 product formed, so the energy of the bonds formed is simply the energy of the 2 H-Br bonds or 732 kJ/mol. Once you have summed all of the bond energies for both sides, simply subtract the formed bonds from the broken bonds. Remember the equation: H = H(bonds broken) - H(bonds formed). Plug in the calculated values and subtract. For our example: H = H(bonds broken) - H(bonds formed) = 629 kJ/mol - 732 kJ/mol = -103 kJ/mol. The final step to calculating bond energy is to determine whether the reaction releases energy or consumes energy. An endothermic (one that consumes energy) will have a final bond energy that is positive, while an exothermic reaction (one that releases energy) will have a negative bond energy. In our example, the final bond energy is negative, therefore, the reaction is exothermic.
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One-sentence summary -- Look up the bond energies of the bonds in question. Multiply the bond energies by the number of bonds broken. Add up all of the bond energies of the broken bonds. Multiply the bond energies by the number of bonds formed. Add up all of the formed bond energies. Subtract the formed bonds from the broken bonds. Determine whether the entire reaction was endothermic or exothermic.

Uterine massage is typically performed immediately after birth to help with placenta delivery and to lessen the likelihood of hemorrhages. Uterine massages aren't necessary for everyone, though. Talk to your obstetrician, doula, or other birthing professional about when and why they would recommend a uterine massage. Massage will typically be recommended if you had a long or complicated active labor, or if you lose more blood than anticipated during and immediately after labor. Massages may also occur every fifteen minutes or so for the first two to three hours after birth to help the uterus contract down. Work with your birthing professional well in advance of your due date to create a medication plan to go along with your birthing plan. This way you will know well in advance if you anticipate being put on any medications that make uterine massage ineffective. Uterine massage is not recommended after childbirth if you received prophylactic oxytocin. There is little evidence to suggest sustained uterine massage would be harmful for those who received oxytocin. It simply may not be effective, and may cause some discomfort. Be prepared to be flexible with your medication plan. If complications arise during your delivery that necessitate extra treatment, it may be necessary to change what medications you receive. A uterus massage isn't the same type of massage that you might get for your shoulders or back. It typically involves your delivery professional placing one hand up the birth canal and the other on top of your uterus on the outside of your body. They may then either compress the area for a few minutes, or use back-and-forth motions to massage the area. Ask your birthing professional about which technique their staff practices and why. Get as much information as you feel you need to help you become comfortable with this process. Some doulas and midwives may practice other forms of uterine massage that come down through vernacular traditions. There is little scientific evidence either for or against such treatments. Discuss the process and potential pros and cons prior to giving birth.
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One-sentence summary --
Consult with your birthing professional. Prepare a medication plan. Discuss massage types.