In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[EX Q]: The differential of this quantity, which is given in general by minus Boltzmanns constant times the thermodynamic temperature times the natural logarithm of the partition function, is non-positive for isothermal, isometric processes, so it is minimized for equilibria in constant-temperature, constant-volume systems. It gives the available useful energy from a closed system, so it is usually symbolized A from the German for work. The p-V Legendre transform of a similar quantity named for Gibbs, it is given by the internal energy minus the absolute temperature times the entropy. For 10 points, name this thermochemical quantity, a thermodynamic potential named for a German physicist.
[EX A]: Science

[EX Q]: Norman and Jensen created triangles in which they plot chemical species according to this quantity. In one model of this quantity, electrons distribute to minimize it. Besides the Allred-Rochow definition, Mulliken's original definition of this quantity involved taking the mean of the(*) electron affinity and the first ionization energy. Dissociation energies between two elements are used to calculate the Pauling scale of this quantity, on which fluorine has the highest value. For 10 points, name this property that refers to an atom's ability to attract electrons.
[EX A]: Science

[EX Q]: The presence of the SXT element encoding resistance complicates the treatment of this disease with sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and streptomyocin. Another strain of this disease is named for the Egyptian town where it was discovered in 1905. Only the O1 and O139 serogroups of its causative agent actually cause this disease; the former belongs to the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. Like pertussis, this disease is worsened by a protein complex with one A subunit and 5 B subunits, but the A1 subunit of that complex uniquely ADP-ribosylates G proteins. Heterozygous carriers of the cystic fibrosis mutation are resistant to this disease, which operates by pumping tons of chloride ions into the small intestine. John Snow did a pioneering epidemiological study of this disease in London. It is commonly treated using oral rehydration therapy. For 10 points, name this disease brought on by drinking contaminated water, which causes massive diarrhea and vomiting.
[EX A]:
Science