Summarize the following:
This rule applies mainly to 1-syllable words, such as "fluff," "fuzz," "lull," and "less." These words all have the double consonant at the end. You will always find exceptions to the rule, such as "biz," but they are often exceptions for a reason. "Biz," for instance," is a slang abbreviation for "business," so it doesn't have a double "z" at the end. Other examples include "shell," "lass," "fizz," and "ball." In 1-syllable words, pick "ck" when the word has a short vowel and no other consonant between the vowel and the end of the word, such as "quack," "crack," "lack," or "duck." Choose just "k" without a "c" if there's another consonant before the "k", such as "cork," "flank," "flask," or "dork." Typically, to make a word past tense, you add "-ed." To make it into a gerund (a verb that functions as a noun) or present participle (a verb with "ing" on the end), you add "-ing." The trouble is the spelling rules change according to the vowel sound in the word. If the vowel before the consonant is short, you double the consonant when adding the suffix, such as in the words "winning," "panned," "stopping," and "penning," formed from "win," "pan," "stop," and "pen," respectively. A suffix is an added ending to a word. If the vowel before the consonant is long, you use a single consonant when adding the suffix, such as in the words "pined," "paring," "condoned," and "naming," formed from "pine," "pare," "condone," and "named." Only double the consonant in 2-syllable words if the stress is on the second syllable, such as in "preferred," "admitted," or "committed." " You may have heard this rhyme before, but it does need a little addition: "i" before "e" except after "c" or when making the "/ay/" sound. It doesn't rhyme as well, but it is more accurate. For instance, "fierce," "tried," and "friend" all have "i" before "e." However, "perceive," "receive," and "conceive" all use "ei" because they come after the "c." The "/ay/"-sound rule comes into effect with words like "neighbor," "heinous," "weigh," and "feign." Of course, there are always exceptions. "Weird," "seizure," "leisure," "sieve," "friend," and "mischief" don't follow these rules, for instance. Suffixes in this category include "-ible," "-able," "-ing," and "-ous." When you add these to the end of the word where the "e" is not pronounced, you get rid of the "e." For example, "pore" becomes "porous"; "forage" becomes "foraging"; "response" turns into "responsible"; and "move" turns into "movable." An exception to this rule is when you need to keep the soft pronunciation of "-ce" or "-ge." Then, keep the "e," such as in "outrage" turning to "outrageous," "notice" becoming "noticeable," or "manage" becoming "manageable." Also, keep the second "e" when there's a double "e" at the end of the word, such as "see" in "seeable" or "flee" in "fleeing." These "Es" are kept so that the pronunciation is correct. to join 2 words and to make words possessive. Apostrophes can be confusing, and for good reason! Sometimes, an apostrophe joins 2 words together into a contraction, such as "you are" becoming "you're." Other times, it makes a word possessive, such as "the cat belonging to that person" becoming "the person's cat." For instance, "you have" becomes "you've," and "they are" becomes "they're." For possessive words, "the book Jessie owns" becomes "Jessie's book," while "the cake the man owns" changes to "the man's cake." It gets a little more confusing with the word "it." "It's" seems like it is possessive because of the apostrophe, but it is actually joining "it is" in a contraction. "Its" is the possessive form of "it."

Summary:
Double the letters "s," "f," "z," and "l" at the end of the word after a vowel. Use "ck" immediately after vowels and "k" after another consonant. Double the consonant when adding "-ed" or "-ing" if the vowel is short. Put "i" before "e" except after "c. Ditch the "e" at the end when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. Use apostrophes