input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning. Phonology also includes the study of equivalent organizational systems in sign languages.

The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary.

Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics, and phonology to theoretical linguistics, although establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence. Note that this distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of the phoneme in the mid 20th century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as psycholinguistics and speech perception, resulting in specific areas like articulatory phonology or laboratory phonology. 1. When was the concept of the phoneme put forth?
2. Does phonology usually focus on phonemes is certain languages?
3. Did phonology have a different name at one point?
4. More than one?
5. What is one of those names?
6. And the other name?
7. Is phonology commonly differentiated from something?
8. From what?
9. How many concepts does phonetics concern?
10. And one of those concepts is?
11. And another one?
12. And the last one?
13. According to people who work in the field to which brand of linguistics does phonetics belong to?
14. And does phonology belong to a specific one?
15. Which one?
16. What is a person called who works in this field?
17. Can sign languages fall under this field in linguistics?
18. Under what branch specifically?
19. Can a sound system be considered part of a fundamental system of a language?
numbered_answers: 1. the mid 20th century.
2. yes
3. yes
4. yes
5. phonematics
6. phonemics
7. yes
8. phonetics
9. Three
10. physical production of the sounds of speech
11. the acoustic transmission of those sounds
12. The perception of the sounds
13. descriptive linguistics
14. yes
15. theoretical linguistics
16. linguist
17. yes
18. Phonology
19. yes

input: (CNN) -- When Tessa Thompson was a little girl, she carefully cut out clothes to dress her paper dolls, but her real dream was to own an American Girl doll. Those characters with custom wardrobes and historical pedigrees are still coveted by kids all over.

Thompson never got her longed-for toy, but she got a better gift: These days the 29-year-old actress gets to go to work each day and dress like a living doll on the set of the TV period drama "Copper." Corsets, shawls, veils, a sweeping evening gown, vintage 1865, are her reality.

She plays Sara Freeman, wife of Dr. Matthew Freeman (Ato Essandoh), who partners up with Detective Kevin Corcoran (Tom Weston-Jones) in using early forensic techniques to solve crimes in New York City.

On the set, where the slums of Five Points and the developing African-American community of Carmansville meet the brownstones of tony Fifth Avenue, Civil War-era New York comes alive. The BBC America show returns for its second season on Sunday.

Bringing 19th century New York to life on "Copper"

The historical costumes allow the actors to embody their characters, from how they work, move and breathe in the garments to the choices in design and color their fictional counterparts might make.

"It really isn't until you put on the corset and lace up your boots that you can look in the mirror and see staring back at you what you hope to project," Thompson said.

Head costumer Delphine White, who has been designing for 41 years, and her talented team collaborate with the actors to create hundreds of outfits and accessories suitable for the diverse cast. 1. What show is Thompson current on?
2. What's her characters name?
3. Is she a single lady on the program?
4. What's her spouse's name?
5. Last name?
6. What's his profession?
7. Set in modern times?
8. When?
9. Where?
10. What do they try and resolve?
11. Using what?
12. What day of the week is it on?
13. Is it the third season?
14. Which one is it?
15. Who has been doing their job for 41 years?
16. What does she do?
17. Did Thompson have everything she wanted as a kid?
18. What did she want?
19. What did she get instead?
20. How old is she? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. "Copper"
2. Sara Freeman
3. no
4. Matthew
5. Freeman
6. doctor
7. no
8. the 19th century
9. New York
10. crimes
11. forensic techniques
12. Sunday
13. no
14. second
15. Delphine White
16. costumer
17. no
18. an American Girl doll
19. paper dolls
20. 29

Q: Limit the use of private cars, improve public transport and encourage the use of bicycles to control traffic congestion during the 2008 Olympics, experts from foreign countries advised Beijing on Friday. Professor Nigel Wilson, of the civil and environmental engineering department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said he was "supportive to the limiting of private cars during the Olympic Games", saying that in foreign countries, the method is also adopted during big events, but he was unsure about the approach. The government planned to keep an average of more than one million cars off the roads to improve traffic flow during the Olympics, said Liu Xiaoming, deputy director of the Beijing Traffic Committee, at the China Planning Network First Urban Transportation Congress. Sharing Wilson's view, Dr. Yoshitsugu Hayashi, dean of the Graduate School of Environmental Studies of Nagoya University, believed the reduction in car use should be achieved not by banning, but through _ . "Drivers who don't use their private cars could be given points," he said, "and the points could be exchanged for goods from online shopping." Wetzel stressed limiting the use of company cars. "Governmental officials should also be encouraged to use public transportation or ride bicycles," he said, adding that he himself is a bicycle-rider in London. Matthew Martimo, director of Traffic Engineering with Citilabs, said the bicycle was China's advantage. "Limiting private cars is an idea worth trying but it is just a temporary solution," he said. "The real cause of congestion is high density of people in Beijing and many have cars." Beijing, with a population of 15 million, is home to more than three million automobiles, and the number is rising by 1,000 a day. Professor Wilson said the Olympic Games was a great opportunity for Beijing to think about traffic problems and develop transportation, adding that the city had already been making public transport more efficient. Beijing has promised to stretch its 114-kilometer city railway to 200 kilometers before the opening of the Olympic Games. "We are looking forward to borrowing Beijing's experiences and drawing from its lessons in preparation for the 2012 Olympics," said Wetzel.

Answer the following questions:
1. how many cars did they want to keep off the road during the Olympics?
2. How were they going to achieve that?
3. what were they encouraging people to use?
4. which olympics were these?
5. who advised Beijing?
6. where was he from?
7. which department?
8. where else is that method used?
9. during what time?
10. Did they think cars should be banned?
11. what did they propose instead?
12. what can they use points for?
13. what is the real cause of traffic problems?
14. Do most of them have cars?
15. how many people live there?
16. how many of them have vehicles?
17. what were they going to do with the railway?
18. what was it before expansion?
19. what would they expand it to?
20. when?
A:
1. one million
2. Drivers who don't use their private cars could be given points
3. public transportation or ride bicycles
4. the 2008 Olympics
5. Professor Nigel Wilson
6. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7. environmental engineering
8. foreign countries
9. big events
10. no
11. drivers who comply given points
12. goods from online shopping
13. high density of people in Beijing
14. yes
15. 15 million
16. three million
17. expand it
18. 114-kilometer
19. 200 kilometers
20. before the opening of the Olympic Games