Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: We utilized whole-genome mapping of promoters that are activated by DNA hypomethylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical samples to shortlist novel targets for anticancer therapeutics. We provide a proof of principle of this approach by testing six genes short-listed in our screen for their essential role in cancer growth and invasiveness.', 'We used siRNA- or shRNA-mediated depletion to determine whether inhibition of these genes would reduce human tumor xenograft growth in mice as well as cell viability, anchorage-independent growth, invasive capacities, and state of activity of nodal signaling pathways in liver, breast, and bladder cancer cell lines.', 'Depletion of EXOSC4, RNMT, SENP6, WBSCR22, RASAL2, and NENF effectively and specifically inhibits cancer cell growth and cell invasive capacities in different types of cancer, but, remarkably, there is no effect on normal cell growth, suggesting a ubiquitous causal role for these genes in driving cancer growth and metastasis. Depletion of RASAL2 and NENF in vitro reduces their growth as explants in vivo in mice. RASAL2 and NENF depletion interferes with AKT, WNT, and MAPK signaling pathways as well as regulation of epigenetic proteins that were previously demonstrated to drive cancer growth and metastasis.
Answer: Our results prove that genes that are hypomethylated and induced in tumors are candidate targets for anticancer therapeutics in multiple cancer cell types. Because these genes are particularly activated in cancer, they constitute a group of targets for specific pharmacologic inhibitors of cancer and cancer metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3118-32. ©️2014 AACR.
Does genome-wide study of hypomethylated and induced genes in patients with liver cancer unravel novel anticancer targets?

Context: 1-Adrenergic receptor (1-AR) stimulation modulates the antiarrhythmic activities of sodium channel blockers. The 1-AR Gly389 variant shows a marked decrease in agonist-stimulated cyclic AMP production compared with that of the wild-type Arg389 in vitro. We investigated whether the Arg389Gly polymorphism affects the efficacy of flecainide, a typical sodium channel blocker, in patients with or without coadministration of -blockers.', 'The effects of the 1-AR Arg389Gly polymorphism on the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide were compared between with and without coadministered -blockers in 159 patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. The antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide was assessed for at least 2 months by evaluating symptomatology, 12-lead ECGs, and Holter monitoring results.', 'Genetic differences in the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide were observed in patients with coadministration of -blockers. Tachyarrhythmia was well controlled in 60% of Arg389-homozygotes, 30% of Gly389-heterozygotes, and 0% of Gly389-homozygotes (P=0.001). In contrast, no difference in the antiarrhythmic efficacy was observed among the three genotypes in the patients without coadministration of -blockers (64, 70, and 60%, respectively). Heart rate in tachyarrhythmia in patients treated with flecainide was significantly higher in Gly389 carriers than in Arg389-homozygotes (P=0.013).
Answer: The Gly389 polymorphism decreased the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide when coadministered with -blockers. The results indicate that the Arg389Gly polymorphism may play an important role in predicting the efficacy of flecainide in patients with coadministration of -blockers.
Does 1-Adrenergic receptor Arg389Gly polymorphism affect the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide in patients with coadministration of -blockers?

Context: Preexisting gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophageal motility disorders may affect the outcome of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (AGB).', 'Prospective cohort study.', 'Tertiary referral center.', 'Between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2002, AGB procedures were performed in 587 patients (mean body mass index, 46.7 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters]). The study population was composed of patients with preoperative GERD (assessed by a symptom-score questionnaire) and was divided into group 1 (those with preoperative GERD symptoms only) and group 2 (those with preoperative and postoperative GERD symptoms).', 'Laparoscopic AGB was performed according to the pars-flaccida technique.', 'All patients underwent preoperative and annual postoperative symptom scoring, endoscopy, esophageal barium swallow tests, esophageal manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring.', 'Mean follow-up time was 33 months (range, 12-49 months). A total of 164 patients (27.9%) were diagnosed as having preoperative GERD symptoms. In 112 (68.3%) of these patients GERD symptoms vanished postoperatively (group 1), whereas 52 patients (31.7%) remained symptomatic after undergoing laparoscopic AGB implantation (group 2). Preoperatively, group 2 patients showed significantly poorer esophageal body motility compared with group 1 patients (20.8% vs 12.8% defective propagations; P = .007). In group 2 the mean symptom scores for dysphagia (0.4 vs 0.9) and regurgitation (0.6 vs 1.4) deteriorated significantly following laparoscopic AGB implantation, respectively. Eighteen patients (34.6%) in group 2 developed esophageal dilatation.
Answer: Adjustable gastric banding provides a sufficient antireflux barrier in most of the obese patients with GERD. However, in patients with preoperatively defective esophageal body motility, AGB may aggravate GERD symptoms and esophageal dilatation. Alternative bariatric surgical procedures should be considered in these patients.
Do prevalent esophageal body motility disorders underlie aggravation of GERD symptoms in morbidly obese patients following adjustable gastric banding?