instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
Efavirenz is used for the antiretroviral treatment of HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected patients in developing countries. A switch to nevirapine is regularly carried out because of the cost and side effects of efavirenz. Pharmacokinetic studies suggested that nevirapine should be initiated at full dose when used as a substitute for efavirenz.', 'The aim of this study was to measure the cumulative incidence of adverse events (AEs) related to nevirapine in patients switched from efavirenz to immediate full-dose nevirapine (FDN).', 'In 2001 an antiretroviral treatment programme was initiated with the first-line regimen stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz. In 2003, the fixed-dose combination of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine was recommended. Thus, first-line therapy was changed and FDN was initiated when patients were switched from efavirenz to nevirapine.', 'Between April and December 2004, 394 patients were switched from efavirenz to FDN. The cumulative incidence of AEs related to nevirapine was 13.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.2-16.7] and that of severe AEs was 8.9% (95% CI 6.5-11.9). In women the incidence of AEs was 17.6% (95% CI 12.1-24.3) and that of severe AEs was 12.2% (95% CI 7.7-18.2).
answer:
1

question:
Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit therapeutic effects in human autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how allogeneic MSCs mediate immunosuppression in lupus patients.', 'The effects of allogeneic umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) on inhibition of T cell proliferation were determined. MSC functional molecules were stimulated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy controls and SLE patients and examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified using microbeads to stimulate MSCs in order to determine cytokine expression by MSCs and to further determine which cell subset(s) or which molecule(s) is involved in inhibition of MSC-mediated T cell proliferation. The related signaling pathways were assessed. We determined levels of serum cytokines in lupus patients before and after UC-MSC transplantation.', 'Allogeneic UC-MSCs suppressed T cell proliferation in lupus patients by secreting large amounts of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We further found that interferon- (IFN), which is produced predominantly by lupus CD8+ T cells, is the key factor that enhances IDO activity in allogeneic MSCs and that it is associated with IFNGR1/JAK-2/STAT signaling pathways. Intriguingly, bone marrow-derived MSCs from patients with active lupus demonstrated defective IDO production in response to IFN and allogeneic CD8+ T cell stimulation. After allogeneic UC-MSC transplantation, serum IDO activity increased in lupus patients.
answer:
1

question:
Blood-epithelial barriers have been described in the testis and epididymis, but the possibility of such barriers in other regions of the male genitourinary tract has received little investigation. The purpose of this study was to use in vivo micro-puncture to determine if the blood-epithelial barrier exists in the rat ventral prostate. In addition, using a model of prostatic inflammation, we sought to examine the effect of inflammation on the passage of blood borne molecules and leukocytes into the prostatic ductal lumen.', 'Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, control and 24-hour lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Both groups were subjected to vascular infusion of radiolabeled 3H dextran, 14C urea, and 3H water. Contemporaneous in vivo micropuncture sampling of prostatic ductal fluid (DF) and arterial blood occurred at multiple time points over 120 minutes. Transepithelial movement of radiolabeled compounds at each sampling time point was quantified by the expression of DF isotope concentrations as a percentage of serum isotope concentrations at that time point. Histology of representative specimens of control and inflamed prostates was used to confirm the inflammatory response and to examine for the presence of leukocytes into the ductal lumen.', "The transepithelial movement of radiolabeled compounds from blood to prostatic lumen varied in direct relationship to the compound's molecular weight. 3H-water (MW = 18) movement into the ductal lumina was relatively rapid plateauing at 70-80% of serum values. 14C urea (MW = 60) achieved intermediate penetration into ductal fluid (50-60% of serum values) and 3H dextran (MW = 2 x 106) was essentially excluded from entry (<2% of serum). These results were not altered by LPS-induced inflammation. Histology revealed a diffuse leukocyte infiltrate in the inflamed prostatic interstitium, but penetration of inflammatory cells into the ductal lumen was very restricted.
answer:
0