Answer the following question: Information: - Buckwheat ("Fagopyrum esculentum") is a plant cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop. To distinguish it from a related species, "Fagopyrum tataricum", it is also known as Japanese buckwheat and silverhull buckwheat. - The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweedbuckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus "Polygonum", and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, "Genera Plantarum". The name refers to the many swollen nodes the stems of some species have. It is derived from Greek; "poly" means many and "goni" means knee or joint. - Polygonum is a genus of about 220 species of flowering plant in the buckwheat and knotweed family Polygonaceae. Common names include knotweed, knotgrass, bistort, tearthumb, mile-a-minute, smartweed and several others. In the Middle English glossary of herbs "Alphita" (1400-1425), it was known as ars-smerte. There have been various opinions about how broadly the genus should be defined. For example, Buckwheat ("Fagopyrum esculentum") has sometimes been included in the genus as "Polygonum fagopyrum". - A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds. - A vine (Latin "vnea" "grapevine", "vineyard", from "vnum" "wine") in the narrowest sense is the grapevine ("Vitis"), but more generally it can refer to any plant with a growth habit of trailing or (that is, climbing) stems or runners. The word also can refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance when used in wicker work. - The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c. 295,383 known species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek composite word ("angeion", "case" or "casing", and "sperma", "seed") meaning "enclosed seeds", after the enclosed condition of the seeds. - In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, or, equivalently, the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane. It differs from orbital inclination. - Tearthumb is a common name for a group of annual vining plants within the genus "Polygonum", notable for the small, sharp spines covering the stems, which "tear the thumb", leading to the common name. The spines are used for climbing, and can puncture the leaves of plants being used as supports. - The invariable plane of a planetary system, also called Laplace's invariable plane, is the plane passing through its barycenter (center of mass) perpendicular to its angular momentum vector. In the Solar System, about 98% of this effect is contributed by the orbital angular momenta of the four jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). The invariable plane is within 0.5 of the orbital plane of Jupiter, and may be regarded as the weighted average of all planetary orbital and rotational planes. - Vitis (grapevines) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture. - Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring. Winter is caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa. In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures. The moment of winter solstice is when the sun's elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value (that is, the sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured from the pole), meaning this day will have the shortest day and the longest night. The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of the winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset). - Fallopia as described by de Loureiro is a synonym of Grewia . '' Fallopia '' is also the name of a character on the TV show Saul of the Mole Men . Fallopia is a genus of about 12 -- 15 species of flowering plants in the buckwheat family , often included in a wider treatment of the related genus Polygonum in the past . The genus is native to temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere . The genus includes herbaceous perennial plants , herbaceous vines , and woody vines . Several species are serious invasive weeds , notably Japanese knotweed in Europe and North America . The genus is named after Italian botanist Gabriello Fallopio , or Fallopius , who was the superintendent of the botanical garden at Padua . He was also an acclaimed anatomist , being considered a founder of modern anatomy along with Vesalius and Eustachius . Fallopia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora therinella ( recorded on F. convolvulus ) . Species Fallopia aubertii ( L.Henry ) Holub - China Fallopia baldschuanica Russian vine ; mile - a - minute vine ; China fleece vine ; fleece flower ; silver lace vine ( syn . Fallopia aubertii , Polygonum baldschuanicum , Polygonum aubertii ) . Eastern Asia . Fallopia cilinodis fringed black bindweed ( syn . Polygonum cilinode , Bilderdykia cilinodis ) . North America . Fallopia convolvulus Black - bindweed ( syn . Polygonum convolvulus , Bilderdykia convolvulus ) . Europe , Asia , northern Africa . Fallopia cristata ( Engelm . ex A.Gray ) Holub - eastern + central United States Fallopia cynanchoides ( syn . Polygonum cynanchoides ) . Western China . Fallopia dentatoalata ( syn . Polygonum dentatoalatum ) . Eastern Asia . Fallopia denticulata ( syn . Polygonum denticulatum ) . Southern China . Fallopia dumetorum copse bindweed ( syn . Polygonum dumetorum , Bilderdykia dumetorum ) . Europe , Asia , northern Africa . Fallopia filipes ( Hara ) Holub - Nepal Fallopia forbesii ( syn . Polygonum forbesii ) . Northern China , Korea .... - The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's North pole. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from the December solstice (typically December21 UTC) to the March Equinox (typically March20 UTC), while summer lasts from the June solstice (typically June21 UTC) through to the September equinox (typically September23 UTC). The dates vary each year due to the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year. - Wicker is a material made of plant stalks, branches or shoots formed by a kind of weaving into a rigid material, most often used for baskets or furniture. Wicker is traditionally made of material of plant origin, but plastic fibers are now also used. Wicker is light yet sturdy, making it suitable for furniture that will be moved often like porch and patio furniture. A variety of plants are used such as reeds, grasses (including bamboo), creepers (including rattan), and thin tree branches (especially willow). Rushwork and wickerwork are terms used in England. - Generally speaking, a calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. A calendar year can also start on any other named day of the calendar, and end on the day before this named day in the following year. To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days. - The genus Fagopyrum is in the flowering plant family Polygonaceae. - North is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography. North is one of the four cardinal directions or compass points. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'fallopia' exhibits the relationship of 'parent taxon'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - angiospermae - angiosperms - axis - cardinal - extra - fagopyrum - magnoliophyta - planes - plant - polygonaceae - polygonum - vitaceae - vitis
Answer:
polygonaceae