Answer the following question given this paragraph: 14.1 | Sensory Perception By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe different types of sensory receptors Describe the structures responsible for the special senses of taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision Distinguish how different tastes are transduced Describe the means of mechanoreception for hearing and balance List the supporting structures around the eye and describe the structure of the eyeball Describe the processes of phototransduction A major role of sensory receptors is to help us learn about the environment around us, or about the state of our internal environment. Stimuli from varying sources, and of different types, are received and changed into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system. This occurs when a stimulus changes the cell membrane potential of a sensory neuron. The stimulus causes the sensory cell to produce an action potential that is relayed into the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated with other sensory informationor sometimes higher cognitive functionsto become a conscious perception of that stimulus. The central integration may then lead to a motor response. Describing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of the stimulus. Perception is the central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern. Perception is dependent on sensation, but not all sensations are perceived. Receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. A receptor cell is changed directly by a stimulus. A transmembrane protein receptor is a protein in the cell membrane that mediates a physiological change in a neuron, most often through the opening of ion channels or changes in the cell signaling processes. Transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called ligands. For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are... Q: What are the cells or structures that detect sensations? Choices: - hormones - membranes - proteins - receptors A:
receptors
(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chemistry in Everyday Life Measuring Blood Pressure Blood pressure is measured using a device called a sphygmomanometer (Greek sphygmos = "pulse"). It consists of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, a manometer to measure the pressure, and a method of determining when blood flow begins and when it becomes impeded (Figure 9.6). Since its invention in 1881, it has been an essential medical device. There are many types of sphygmomanometers: manual ones that require a stethoscope and are used by medical professionals; mercury ones, used when the most accuracy is required; less accurate mechanical ones; and digital ones that can be used with little training but that have limitations. When using a sphygmomanometer, the cuff is placed around the upper arm and inflated until blood flow is completely blocked, then slowly released. As the heart beats, blood forced through the arteries causes a rise in pressure. This rise in pressure at which blood flow begins is the systolic pressurethe peak pressure in the cardiac cycle. When the cuff's pressure equals the arterial systolic pressure, blood flows past the cuff, creating audible sounds that can be heard using a stethoscope. This is followed by a decrease in pressure as the heart's ventricles prepare for another beat. As cuff pressure continues to decrease, eventually sound is no longer heard; this is the diastolic pressurethe lowest pressure (resting phase) in the cardiac cycle. Blood pressure units from a sphygmomanometer are in terms of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Q: What is used to measure blood pressure? Choices: - anemometer - spectrometer - barometer - sphygmomanometer A:
(Answer)
sphygmomanometer
Ques: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Different types of cells in the human body are specialized for specific jobs. Do you know the functions of any of the cell types shown here?. Q: In humans and other multicellular organisms, different types of what basic structures are specialized for specific jobs? Choices: - proteins - lipids - organs - cells A:
Ans: cells
(Q).
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electricity can be used to produce a magnetic field. Magnetism produced by electricity is called electromagnetism. Q: What is magnetism produced by electricity called? Choices: - electrical attraction - momentum - excitation - electromagnetism A:
(A).
electromagnetism
Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph: A: Acid rain dissolves and damages stone buildings and statues. The Figure below shows a statue that has been damaged by acid rain. Q: What type of rain dissolves and damages stone buildings and statues? Choices: - plastic rain - morning rain - stored rain - acid rain A:

Ans:acid rain
Ques: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Animal Bioenergetics All animals must obtain their energy from food they ingest or absorb. These nutrients are converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for short-term storage and use by all cells. Some animals store energy for slightly longer times as glycogen, and others store energy for much longer times in the form of triglycerides housed in specialized adipose tissues. No energy system is one hundred percent efficient, and an animal's metabolism produces waste energy in the form of heat. If an animal can conserve that heat and maintain a relatively constant body temperature, it is classified as a warm-blooded animal and called an endotherm. The insulation used to conserve the body heat comes in the forms of fur, fat, or feathers. The absence of insulation in ectothermic animals increases their dependence on the environment for body heat. The amount of energy expended by an animal over a specific time is called its metabolic rate. The rate is measured variously in joules, calories, or kilocalories (1000 calories). Carbohydrates and proteins contain about 4.5 to 5 kcal/g, and fat contains about 9 kcal/g. Metabolic rate is estimated as the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in endothermic animals at rest and as the standard metabolic rate (SMR) in ectotherms. Human males have a BMR of 1600 to 1800 kcal/day, and human females have a BMR of 1300 to 1500 kcal/day. Even with insulation, endothermal animals require extensive amounts of energy to maintain a constant body temperature. An ectotherm such as an alligator has an SMR of 60 kcal/day. Energy Requirements Related to Body Size Smaller endothermic animals have a greater surface area for their mass than larger ones (Figure 33.4). Therefore, smaller animals lose heat at a faster rate than larger animals and require more energy to maintain a constant internal temperature. This results in a smaller endothermic animal having a higher BMR, per body weight, than a larger endothermic animal. Q: Metabolism produces waste energy in the form of heat, which helps what type of animal conserve and maintain heat at a relatively constant body temperature? Choices: - lizard - cold-blooded (ectotherm) - amphibian - warm-blooded (endotherm) A:
Ans:
warm-blooded (endotherm)