TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Surgery has been the gold standard in the treatment of adult pyloric stenosis (APS). The introduction of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in 1989 revolutionised the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its complications.', 'We carried out a prospective study to evaluate the effectiveness of PPIs as an alternative to surgery for treatment of APS. Six consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of adult peptic pyloric stenosis between November 1999 and August 2002 were studied. The diagnosis was confirmed with endoscopy. All patients were commenced on a twice-daily dose of intravenous PPI. This was changed to oral treatment after 2 days. Main outcome measures evaluated were resolution of symptoms on PPIs and failure of medical therapy.', 'There were five females and one male. Median age at diagnosis was 72 years (range, 30-90 years). Median duration of symptoms was 2 weeks (range, 1-5 weeks). Of the patients, five had a history of peptic ulcer disease. Complete resolution was achieved in 5 patients (83%). Median duration for resolution of symptoms was 9 days (range, 5-14 days). All patients were changed to oral PPIs after 2 days. One patient did not respond to oral therapy and required surgical intervention (pyloroplasty). Median follow-up was 26 months (range, 6-48 months). There was no recurrence of symptoms. All patients were discharged on low-dose PPI.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Inter-tissue molecular interactions are critical to the function and behavior of biological systems in multicellular organisms, but systematic studies of interactions between tissues are lacking. Also, existing studies of inter-tissue interactions are based on direct gene expression correlations, which can't distinguish correlations due to common genetic architectures versus biochemical or molecular signal exchange between tissues.", 'We developed a novel strategy to study inter-tissue interaction by removing effects of genetic regulation of gene expression (genetic decorrelation). We applied our method to the comprehensive atlas of gene expression across nine human tissues in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project to generate novel genetically decorrelated inter-tissue networks. From this we derived modules of genes important in inter-tissue interactions that are likely driven by biological signal exchange instead of their common genetic basis. Importantly we highlighted communication between tissues and elucidated gene activities in one tissue inducing gene expression changes in others.', 'We reveal global unidirectional inter-tissue coordination of specific biological pathways such as protein synthesis. Using our data, we highlighted a clinically relevant example whereby heart expression of DPP4 was coordinated with a gene expression signature characteristic for whole blood proliferation, potentially impacting peripheral stem cell mobilization. We also showed that expression of the poorly characterized FOCAD in heart correlated with protein biosynthetic processes in the lung.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most malignant diseases and the five year survival rate remains less than 10%. RASSF10 is a newly identified member of the Ras-association family, but the regulation and the function of RASSF10 in ESCC remain unclear. Research methodologies such as methylation specific PCR (MSP), semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, Sodium bisulfite sequencing, and colony formation assay were utilized in this investigation. Loss of RASSF10 expression was found in KYSE150 cells and reduced expression was found in KYSE70 and KYSE180 cells. Expression of RASSF10 was found in KYSE140, KYSE450, KYSE510, TE1, TE3, and TE8 cell lines. Complete methylation was found in KYSE30 and KYSE150 cells, partial methylation was found in KYSE70, KYSE180, KYSE510, and TE1, and unmethylation was found in KYSE140, KYSE450, TE3, and TE8. Re-expression or increased expression was induced by 5-Aza-dC treatment. RASSF10 was methylated in 44.3% primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. RASSF10 inhibits cell proliferation and induces G2/M phase arrest in esophageal cancer cells.

SOLUTION:
0