Answer the following question given this paragraph: Detecting Electromagnetic Waves from Space A final note on star gazing. The entire electromagnetic spectrum is used by researchers for investigating stars, space, and time. As noted earlier, Penzias and Wilson detected microwaves to identify the background radiation originating from the Big Bang. Radio telescopes such as the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico and Parkes Observatory in Australia were designed to detect radio waves. Infrared telescopes need to have their detectors cooled by liquid nitrogen to be able to gather useful signals. Since infrared radiation is predominantly from thermal agitation, if the detectors were not cooled, the vibrations of the molecules in the antenna would be stronger than the signal being collected. The most famous of these infrared sensitive telescopes is the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The earliest telescopes, developed in the seventeenth century, were optical telescopes, collecting visible light. Telescopes in the ultraviolet, X-ray, and -ray regions are placed outside the atmosphere on satellites orbiting the Earth. The Hubble Space Telescope (launched in 1990) gathers ultraviolet radiation as well as visible light. In the X-ray region, there is the Chandra X-ray Observatory (launched in 1999), and in the -ray region, there is the new Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (launched in 2008taking the place of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 19912000. PhET Explorations: Color Vision Make a whole rainbow by mixing red, green, and blue light. Change the wavelength of a monochromatic beam or filter white light. View the light as a solid beam, or see the individual photons. Q: What is used for cooling detectors of infrared telescopes? A:
OPTIONS:
- hand nitrogen
- material nitrogen
- carbon dioxide
- liquid nitrogen
liquid nitrogen

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electrical motors change electrical energy into mechanical energy. The motor consists of an electrical circuit with part of the wires inside a magnetic field. This can be seen below. Positive charges move through the circuit in the direction of the light purple arrows. When the charges move up through the part of the coil that is right next to the north pole, the right hand rule tells us that the wire suffers the force, F , pushing the wire in the direction of the blue arrow, toward the back of the sketch. On the other side of the coil, where the charges are moving down through the field, the right hand rule shows the force would push this side of the coil toward the front. These two forces are working together, rotating the coil in the direction of the circular red arrow. Q: An electrical motor changes electrical energy into what? A:
OPTIONS:
- chemical energy
- solar energy
- thermal energy
- mechanical energy

Answer: mechanical energy

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 7.8 Following meiosis, each gamete has one copy of each chromosome. Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes (meiosis I) or sister chromatids (meiosis II) fail to separate during meiosis. Q: Each gamete will have one copy of each chromosome following which process involving cell division? A:
OPTIONS:
- osmosis
- genomes
- mutations
- meiosis
Answer: meiosis

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The primary function of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis. Specialized tissues in leaves work together to perform this function. In a deciduous plant, leaves seasonally turn color and fall off the plant. They are replaced with new leaves later in the year. An evergreen plant keeps its green leaves year-round. It may have needle-like leaves to reduce water loss. Q: The primary function of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by what process? A:
OPTIONS:
- nuclear fission
- osmosis
- duplicate process
- photosynthesis
output: photosynthesis

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The cell is the site of all of the basic biochemical processes that keep organisms alive. To do its work, the cell needs substances such as oxygen, water, and glucose. The cell also must get rid of substances, including wastes such as carbon dioxide. In addition, harmful substances must be kept out of the cell. Controlling what enters or leaves a cell is an important role of the cell membrane. Q: What structure is the site of all of the basic biochemical processes that keep organisms alive? A:

OPTIONS:
- particle
- Atom
- Element
- cell

A: cell

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Lipids are biochemical compounds such as fats and oils. Organisms use lipids to store energy. In addition to carbon and hydrogen, lipids contain oxygen. Q: Lipids are biochemical compounds such as fats and? A:
OPTIONS:
- vegetables
- salts
- minerals
- oils
oils