Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure "p"= 10Pa. Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state. For example, as discussed below, the standard state of a gas is conventionally chosen to be unit pressure (usually in bar) ideal gas, regardless of the temperature. However, most tables of thermodynamic quantities are compiled at specific temperatures, most commonly or, somewhat less commonly, .

The standard state should not be confused with standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases, nor with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry.

For a given material or substance, the standard state is the reference state for the material's thermodynamic state properties such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and for many other material standards. The standard enthalpy change of formation for an element in its standard state is zero, and this convention allows a wide range of other thermodynamic quantities to be calculated and tabulated. The standard state of a substance does not have to exist in nature: for example, it is possible to calculate values for steam at 298.15K and 10Pa, although steam does not exist (as a gas) under these conditions. The advantage of this practice is that tables of thermodynamic properties prepared in this way are self-consistent.

1. what is the standard state of a material?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

(CNN) -- Noah Baumbach is emerging as an emotionally acute, not to say eviscerating, observer of the middle-class intelligentsia, the kind of people who write letters to "The New York Times" and might plausibly pop up in a Woody Allen movie.

Unlike the Woodman, Baumbach doesn't show his face on screen, but his films are no less personal for that: "The Squid and the Whale" was a sometimes wincingly autobiographical account of two boys torn between their divorcing parents, and he's not one to deflect an insight with a wisecrack. The cracks just cut deeper. I've rarely experienced an audience recoil from a character as passionately as they did to Nicole Kidman's toxically self-absorbed writer in "Margot at the Wedding" (maybe her best performance, incidentally). These are comedies in the sense that the characters are painfully ridiculous -- and all too recognizably real -- but Baumbach sure doesn't make it easy for himself, or us.

Roger Greenberg (Ben Stiller) is another neurotic narcissist, a middle-aged loner who comes back to Los Angeles to house-sit while his brother enjoys a long vacation in the Far East. Greenberg (only his brother calls him Roger) can feed the family dog, but the truth is that he desperately needs to regroup and recharge after a spell in a mental hospital.

He has one friend, Ivan (Rhys Ifans), who still has time for him and a wider circle of former friends who don't. We soon learn that Greenberg used to front a band, but it fell apart after he turned down a recording deal, and he's been in New York ever since, under-achieving on a permanent basis.

1. Who is an observer of middle class intelligentsia?
2. Does he appear on screen?
3. What was the film about two boys?
4. Was it about their loving parents?
5. Who was in Margot at the Wedding?
6. Are these movies thrillers?
7. Who played Roger Greenberg?
8. What city does the character come back to?
9. To do what?
10. For whom?
11. Where was his brother going/
12. What does Greenburg do for the dog?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Noah Baumbach
2. No
3. "The Squid and the Whale"
4. No
5. Nicole Kidman
6. No
7. Ben Stiller
8. Los Angeles
9. House-sit
10. His brother
11. Far East
12. Feed the family dog

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

CHAPTER VI

A GOOD START

At an early breakfast next morning Patsy announced the program for the day.

"Uncle John and I will drive over to the village," she said, "and perhaps we'll be gone all day. Don't worry if we're not back for luncheon. Louise and Mr. Watson are going in the phaeton to visit some of the near-by farmers. Take one road, dear, and follow it straight along, as far as it keeps within our legislative district, and visit every farm-house on the way."

"The farmers will all be busy in the fields," said Kenneth.

"Louise doesn't care about the farmers," retorted Patsy. "She's going to talk to their wives."

"Wives don't vote, Patsy."

"They tell their husbands how to vote, though," declared Louise, with a laugh. "Let me win the women and I'll win the men."

"What am I to do?" asked Beth.

"You're to stay at home and write several articles for the newspapers. There are seven important papers in our district, and five of them are Republican. Make a strong argument, Beth. You're our publicity department. Also get up copy for some hand-hills and circular letters. I want to get a circular letter to every voter in the district."

"All right," said Beth. "I know what you want."

There was an inspiring air of business about these preparations, and the girls were all eager to begin work. Scarcely was breakfast finished when the two equipages were at the door. Louise and Mr. Watson at once entered the phaeton and drove away, the girl delighted at the prospect of visiting the farmers' wives and winning them by her plausible speeches. Conversation was Louise's strong point. She loved to talk and argue, and her manner was so confiding and gracious that she seldom failed to interest her listeners.

1. Who announced something?
2. What did she announce?
3. Who will drive?
4. to where?
5. Who is going to visit some farmers?
6. Will the farmers be busy?
7. Where?
8. Who said that?
9. Do wives vote?
10. Does Louise care about the farmers?
11. What do wives do?
12. Who asked about what they are to do?
13. Who else do you win when you win the women?
14. How many important papers are there?
15. Where?
16. How many are Republican?
17. Is Beth their publicity department?
18. What was at the door in the morning?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. Patsy
2. The program for the day.
3. "Uncle John and Patsy.
4. The village.
5. Louise and Mr. Watson.
6. Yes.
7. In the fields
8. Kenneth.
9. No.
10. No.
11. Tell their husbands how to vote.
12. Beth.
13. The men.
14. Seven.
15. Their district
16. Five.
17. yes.
18. Two equipages.