The region, as part of Lorraine, was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and then was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century, and formalized as one of the provinces of France. The Calvinist manufacturing republic of Mulhouse, known as Stadtrepublik Mulhausen, became a part of Alsace after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798. Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine, since it was a vital part of the duchy, and later because German possession as the imperial province (Alsace-Lorraine, 18711918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine (including Alsace) four times in 75 years.

With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. What did the Alemannian's language help create?
2. What part of Lothar's realm was given to his son?
3. Why didn't his kingdom last long?
Answer: 1. modern-day dialects
2. Lotharingia
3. unknown

Problem: CHAPTER XII

CONSOLATION

On the following Sunday neither Tudor nor Norman was at Hampton. They had both felt that they could not comfortably meet each other there, and each had declined to go. They had promised to write; and now that the matter was decided, how were they or either of them to keep the promise?

It may be thought that the bitterness of the moment was over with Norman as soon as he gave up; but such was not the case. Let him struggle as he would with himself he could not rally, nor bring himself to feel happy on what had occurred. He would have been better satisfied if Alaric would have triumphed; but Alaric seemed to take it all as a matter of course, and never spoke of his own promotion unless he did so in answer to some remark of his companion; then he could speak easily enough; otherwise he was willing to let the matter go by as one settled and at rest. He had consulted Norman about the purchase of a horse, but he hitherto had shown no other sign that he was a richer man than formerly.

It was a very bitter time for Norman. He could not divest his mind of the subject. What was he to do? Where was he to go? How was he to get away, even for a time, from Alaric Tudor? And then, was he right in wishing to get away from him? Had he not told himself, over and over again, that it behoved him as a man and a friend and a Christian to conquer the bitter feeling of envy which preyed on his spirits? Had he not himself counselled Alaric to stand this examination? and had he not promised that his doing so should make no difference in their friendship? Had he not pledged himself to rejoice in the success of his friend? and now was he to break his word both to that friend and to himself?
1. What type of time was Norm having?
2. What had Tudor gotten recently?
3. What was there no indication of after this?
4. How many would not be attending on Sunday?
5. What was one's full name?
6. Where would they not go?
7. Why?
8. What was the jealous one wishing to do?
9. What religious type of follower was Norm?
10. What did the other ask him about?
Answer: 1. bitter
2. a horse
3. that he was a richer man than formerly
4. Two
5. Alaric Tudor
6. Hampton
7. They had both felt that they could not comfortably meet each other there
8. unknown
9. a Christian
10. a purchase

question: A Prontor-Compur connection (also known as a PC connector, PC terminal, or PC socket) is a standard 3.5 mm (1/8") electrical connector (as defined in ISO 519) used in photography to synchronize the shutter to the flash.

""Prontor"" has its origins in the Italian word "pronto", meaning "ready" (and was a leaf shutter made by ). ""Compur"" is derived from the word "compound" (the """" was a long-lived series of leaf shutters made by ).

The term is derived from brands of widely marketed photographic leaf shutters manufactured from the early 1950s by two distinct, but now defunct German companies. (which made the "Prontor-S" and "Prontor SV" models, amongst others) and (the "Synchro-Compur" model, successor to the "Compound" model).

Both companies' brands, "Prontor" (from 1953) and "Compur" (from 1951), shared a common 1/8"-inch coaxial connector for shutter/flash synchronization. This convergence of design is not as coincidental as it might first appear, owing to the fact that the Zeiss organisation held a significant shareholding in both of these companies prior to the introduction of the shared connector. By the 1950s, Gauthier were manufacturing up to 10,000 "Prontor" shutters daily.

The Gauthier company's essence lives on as , which is a wholly owned subsidiary of . The Deckel company went bankrupt in 1994.
1. What is also known as a protector?
2. What kind of protector?
3. What is the usual size?
4. Is this unusual?
5. Where does the term Prontor come from?
6. What is the connector used for?
7. Of what?
8. What is the word Compur from?
9. What is it the name of?
10. When did Prontor originate?
11. And Compur?
12. Are they totally different from one another?
13. What is alike about them?
14. What did this aid the item in achieving?
15. Who had a major interest in the brand?
16. Who was the manufacturer?
17. Did they make 20,000 a day?
18. How many did they make per day?
19. Is the company still creating these today?
****
answer:
1. A Prontor-Compur connection
2. A PC connector
3. 3.5 mm
4. no
5. Italy
6. Synchronization
7. A shutter to the flash in photography
8. The word compound.
9. A series of leaf shutters.
10. 1953
11. 1951
12. No
13. shared a common 1/8"-inch coaxial connector
14. for shutter/flash synchronization.
15. Zeiss organization
16. Gauthier
17. No
18. up to 10,000
19. No