TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Targeting the energy storing white adipose tissue (WAT) by pharmacological and dietary means in order to promote its conversion to energy expending "brite" cell type holds promise as an anti-obesity approach. Present study was designed to investigate/revisit the effect of capsaicin on adipogenic differentiation with special reference to induction of "brite" phenotype during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.', 'Multiple techniques such as Ca2+ influx assay, Oil Red-O staining, nutrigenomic analysis in preadipocytes and matured adipocytes have been employed to understand the effect of capsaicin at different doses. In addition to in-vitro experiments, in-vivo studies were carried out in high-fat diet (HFD) fed rats treated with resiniferatoxin (RTX) (a TRPV1 agonist) and in mice administered capsaicin.', 'TRPV1 channels are expressed in preadipocytes but not in adipocytes. In preadipocytes, both capsaicin and RTX stimulate Ca2+ influx in dose-dependent manner. This stimulation may be prevented by capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist. At lower doses, capsaicin inhibits lipid accumulation and stimulates TRPV1 gene expression, while at higher doses it enhances accumulation of lipids and suppresses expression of its receptor. In doses of 0.1-100 M, capsaicin promotes expression of major pro-adipogenic factor PPAR and some of its downstream targets. In concentrations of 1 M, capsaicin up-regulates anti-adipogenic genes. Low-dose capsaicin treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiating into adipocytes results in increased expression of brown fat cell marker genes. In white adipose of mice, capsaicin administration leads to increase in browning-specific genes. Global TRPV1 ablation (i.p. by RTX administration) leads to increase in locomotor activity with no change in body weight.\Question: Does capsaicin induce '' brite '' phenotype in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes?

SOLUTION: Our findings suggest the dual modulatory role of capsaicin in adipogenesis. Capsaicin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 via TRPV1 activation and induces brown-like phenotype whereas higher doses.

PROBLEM: Context: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). OSA is prevalent in obese subjects and is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disorders. We tested the hypothesis that the deleterious effects of IH could be further modulated by diet-induced obesity.', 'Thirty adult (8-10 weeks) male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups. Mice were subjected to CIH or intermittent air (IA) for 12h a day and fed either a high fat (HF) or a low fat control diet (CD) for 6weeks. We analyzed endothelial function using a wire myograph, and measured markers of oxidative stress (plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) using colorimetrical assays. We also measured C-reactive protein (CRP) using ELISA and endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) gene expression using real time PCR.', 'Stimulated endothelial dependent dilation was significantly impaired only in the group fed high fat diet and subjected to CIH (Emax: HFIH 782%, p<0.0001) when compared to the other groups (Emax: HFIA 950.7%, CDIH 942%, CDIA 971%). Also basal endothelial dependant dilation was attenuated in the HFIH group compared to the HFIA group (Emax: HFIH: 17910% vs. HFIA: 14911% in the presence of L-NAME). Levels of MDA were elevated in the CDIH group when compared to CDIA (0.680.04 vs. 0.410.03 M, p<0.05) but were greatest in the HFIH group (0.830.08 M, p<0.05). However, there was no significant increase in MDA levels in the HFIA group (0.450.03 M, p=NS) when compared to all other groups. Similar effects were observed with CRP levels; CRP levels were significantly higher in the CDIH group compared with intermittent air (10.390.38 vs. 8.700.21 g/ml, p<0.05) but the HFIH had the greatest levels of CRP (11.870.31 g/ml, p<0.05). In the HFIA group, CRP levels were not elevated (9.960.37 g/ml, p=NS). Nevertheless, total antioxidant capacity and eNOS gene expression were not significantly different in the groups.\Question: Does chronic intermittent hypoxia cause endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity?

SOLUTION: CIH caused endothelial dysfunction in mice fed an obesogenic diet. Inflammation and oxidative stress were increased in CIH and an obesogenic diet exacerbated these effects.

PROBLEM: Context: To evaluate the graft diameter size after one-year follow-up or more of patients Tanner II, III, and IV who were submitted to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.', 'Ten patients [five males (mean age: 14.4 years) and five females (mean age: 13.6 years)] with open physis and anterior cruciate ligament tear were submitted to transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadruple hamstrings graft. During the procedure, graft and tunnel size were recorded. After last clinical follow-up (range 1-11 years), an MRI study was requested and their measurements near the tibial tunnel were compared with the graft diameter measured and used during primary procedure.', 'Four patients had Tanner stage II, four patients Tanner stage III, and two Tanner IV. There were statistically significant decreases in the quadruple hamstrings graft diameter size (average of 25.3%). Mean size at time of surgery was 7.9 mm (0.87), and mean size measured at different points of follow-up evaluation was 5.9 mm (0.65).\Question: Does intraarticular hamstring graft diameter decrease with continuing knee growth after ACL reconstruction with open physes?

SOLUTION:
Diameter size of hamstring graft in skeletally immature patients is smaller in most cases. If there is a decrease in the diameter of the graft along postoperative time, the risk of a re-rupture is theoretically further increased. Quadruple hamstring graft decreases a mean 25.3% in diameter from time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery until reassessment period in skeletally immature patients.