Information: - Getting It : The Psychology of est is a non-fiction book by American psychologist Sheridan Fenwick , first published in 1976 , analyzing Werner Erhard 's Erhard Seminars Training or est. It is based on Fenwick 's own experience of attending a four - day session of the est training , an intensive 60 - hour personal development course in the self - help genre . Large groups of up to 250 people took the est training at one time . In the first section of Fenwick 's book , she recounts the est training process and the methods used during the course . Fenwick details the rules or '' agreements '' laid out by the trainers to the attendees , which include not talking to others or leaving the session to go to the bathroom unless during an announced break period . The second section is analytic : Fenwick analyzes the methods used by the est trainers , evaluates the course 's potential effects , and discusses Erhard 's background . Fenwick concludes that the program 's long - term effects are unknown , the est training may not be appropriate for certain groups of people , and that the large proportion of participants experience positive effects . Writing in Library Journal , psychiatrist James Charney describes the book as '' the only useful critical look '' at the training . Zane Berzins of The New York Times Book Review characterizes the book as a '' calm and professionally informed view '' . Hearings held in 1979 before the United States House of Representatives on a juvenile delinquents program depicted in Scared Straight ! cited the book for background on the est training , as did psychologist Gidi Rubinstein in a 2005 study of the Landmark Forum published in the academic journal Psychology and Psychotherapy : Theory , Research and Practice . - A psychologist is a professional who evaluates and studies behavior and mental processes (see also psychology). Typically, psychologists must have completed a university degree in psychology, which is a master's degree in some countries and a doctorate in others. This definition of psychologist is non-exclusive; in most jurisdictions, members of other professions (such as counselors and psychiatrists) can also evaluate, diagnose, treat, and study mental processes. Some psychologists, such as clinical and counseling psychologists, provide mental health care, and some psychologists, such as social or organizational psychologists conduct research and provide consultation services. - Self-help or self-improvement is a self-guided improvementeconomically, intellectually, or emotionallyoften with a substantial psychological basis. Many different self-help group programs exist, each with its own focus, techniques, associated beliefs, proponents and in some cases, leaders. Concepts and terms originating in self-help culture and Twelve-Step culture, such as recovery, dysfunctional families, and codependency have become firmly integrated in mainstream language. - Non-fiction or nonfiction is content (sometimes, in the form of a story) whose creator, in good faith, assumes responsibility for the truth or accuracy of the events, people, and/or information presented. In contrast, a story whose creator explicitly leaves open if and how the work refers to reality is usually classified as fiction. Nonfiction, which may be presented either objectively or subjectively, is traditionally one of the two main divisions of narratives (and, specifically, prose writing), the other traditional division being fiction, which contrasts with nonfiction by dealing in information, events, and characters expected to be partly or largely imaginary. - An organization or organisation (see spelling differences) is an entity comprising multiple people, such as an institution or an association, that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment. - Good faith, in human interactions, is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction. While some Latin phrases lose their literal meaning over centuries, this is not the case with "bona fides"; it is still widely used and interchangeable with its generally accepted modern day translation of "good faith". It is an important concept within law, philosophy, and business. The opposed concepts are bad faith, "mala fides" (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense). In contemporary English, the usage of "bona fides" (note the "s") is synonymous with credentials and identity. The phrase is sometimes used in job advertisements, and should not be confused with the "bona fide" occupational qualifications or the employer's good faith effort, as described below. - Codependency is a type of dysfunction helping relationship where one person supports or enables another person's drug addiction, alcoholism, gambling addiction, poor mental health, immaturity, irresponsibility, or under-achievement. Among the core characteristics of codependency, the most common theme is an excessive reliance on other people for approval and a sense of identity. Given its grassroots origin, the precise definition of codependency varies based on the source but can be generally characterized as a subclinical and situational or episodic behavior similar to that of dependent personality disorder. In its broadest definition, a codependent is someone who cannot function from their innate self and whose thinking and behavior is instead organized around another person, or even a process, or substance. In this context, people who are addicted to a substance, like drugs, or a process, like gambling or sex, can also be considered codependent. In its most narrow definition, it requires one person to be physically or psychologically addicted, such as to heroin, and the second person to be psychologically dependent on that behavior. Some users of the codependency concept use the word as an alternative to using the concept of dysfunctional families, without statements that classify it as a disease. - Personal development covers activities that improve awareness and identity, develop talents and potential, build human capital and facilitate employability, enhance the quality of life and contribute to the realization of dreams and aspirations. Personal development takes place over the course of a person's entire life. Not limited to self-help, the concept involves formal and informal activities for developing others in roles such as teacher, guide, counselor, manager, life coach or mentor. When personal development takes place in the context of institutions, it refers to the methods, programs, tools, techniques, and assessment systems that support human development at the individual level in organizations. - Erhard Seminars Training (marketed as est, though often encountered as EST or Est), an organization founded by Werner Erhard, offered a two-weekend (60-hour) course known officially as "The est Standard Training". The purpose of the seminar was "to transform one's ability to experience living so that the situations one had been trying to change or had been putting up with, clear up just in the process of life itself." It "brought to the forefront the ideas of transformation, personal responsibility, accountability, and possibility." Live est seminars were offered from late 1971 to late 1984, and spawned a number of books from 1976 to 2011. Est has been featured in a number of movies and television shows, most recently depicted in the critically acclaimed spy series "The Americans". Est is an outgrowth of the Human Potential Movement of the 1960s through to the 1970s. - A doctorate (from Latin "docere", "to teach") or doctor's degree (from Latin "doctor", "teacher") or doctoral degree (from the ancient formalism "licentia docendi") is an academic degree awarded by universities that is, in most countries, a research degree that qualifies the holder to teach at the university level in the degree's field, or to work in a specific profession. There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. There are also some doctorates in the US, such as the Juris Doctor (JD), Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) and the Doctor of Medicine (MD), which are generally regarded internationally as professional degrees rather than doctorates, as they are not research degrees and no defense of any dissertation or thesis is performed. Many universities also award "honorary doctorates" to individuals who have been deemed worthy of special recognition, either for scholarly work or for other contributions to the university or to society. - Werner Hans Erhard (born John Paul Rosenberg; September 5, 1935) is an American critical thinker and author of transformational models and applications for individuals, groups, and organizations. He has written about integrity, performance, leadership and transformation. Erhard has lectured at (among other institutions) Harvard University, Stanford University, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, University of Chicago, University of Southern California, University of Rochester, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Yale University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Oxford Union at Oxford University, UNESCO, and the US Air Force Academy. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'getting it: the psychology of est' exhibits the relationship of 'author'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - collective - doctor of philosophy - job - one - paul
A:
doctor of philosophy