In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Example Input: The mucus-dwelling parasite Ostertagia ostertagi is one of the most important gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Our group has previously demonstrated the protective capacity of a vaccine against this parasite based on a native activation-associated secreted protein ASP1 (nASP) in combination with the saponin adjuvant QuilA. The aim of the current study was to analyse the effect of both antigen and adjuvant on the cellular and humoral vaccine-induced immune responses by comparing the native ASP to a recombinant version expressed in Pichia pastoris (pASP) and replacing QuilA by Al(OH) 3 . Immunization of cattle with the protective nASP+QuilA vaccine was associated with antigen-induced proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells combined with IFN- secretion and the induction of a mixed IgG1/IgG2 antibody response. ASP-specific activation and proliferation of NK cells was also observed in mice following the same vaccination regime. Replacing QuilA by Al(OH) 3 or nASP by pASP significantly decreased the capacity of the vaccines to trigger both NK cell activation and antibody responses and failed to induce protection against a challenge infection. Reduction of the structurally anchoring disulphide bonds of the nASP completely abolished its ability to induce NK cell activation and antibody responses, highlighting the importance of protein conformation for the immunostimulatory activity.
Example Output: Host protective ASP-based vaccine against the parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi triggers NK cell activation and mixed IgG1-IgG2 response

Example Input: Background: Host genetic factors are important determinants in tuberculosis (TB). The SLC11A1 (or NRAMP1) gene has been studied extensively for genetic association with TB, but with inconsistent findings. In addition, no study has yet looked into the effect of sex and age on the relationship between SLC11A1 polymorphisms and TB. Methods: A case-control study was conducted. In total, 278 pulmonary TB patients and 282 sex-and agematched controls without TB were recruited. All subjects were ethnic Chinese. On the basis of linkage disequilibrium pattern, three genetic markers from SLC11A1 and one from the nearby IL8RB locus were selected and examined for association with TB susceptibility. These markers were genotyped using single strand conformation polymorphism analysis or fragment analysis of amplified products. Results: Statistically significant differences in allele (P = 0.0165, OR = 1.51) and genotype (P = 0.0163, OR = 1.59) frequencies of the linked markers SLC6a/b (classically called D543N and 3'UTR) of the SLC11A1 locus were found between patients and controls. With stratification by sex, positive associations were identified in the female group for both allele (P = 0.0049, OR = 2.54) and genotype (P = 0.0075, OR = 2.74) frequencies. With stratification by age, positive associations were demonstrated in the young age group (age 65 years) for both allele (P = 0.0047, OR = 2.52) and genotype (P = 0.0031, OR = 2.92) frequencies. All positive findings remained significant even after correction for multiple comparisons. No significant differences were noted in either the male group or the older age group. No significant differences were found for the other markers (one SLC11A1 marker and one IL8RB marker) either. This study confirmed the association between SLC11A1 and TB susceptibility and demonstrated for the first time that the association was restricted to females and the young age group.
Example Output: BMC Infectious Diseases Sex-and age-dependent association of SLC11A1 polymorphisms with tuberculosis in Chinese: a case control study

Example Input: The shift of wildlife trade from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual online marketplaces is reported 8 ). We compared information on asking 12 prices and what species were traded using two comparative approaches to analyze how species 13 composition may have changed over time (physical markets and online platforms; pre-Internet and 14 Internet era). In comparison to the five previous market surveys, we did not find a statistically 15 significant difference between species and availability of species offered for sale when comparing 16 physical birds market and online markets. In all datasets biological factors such as wingspan were 17 significant factors in explaining price variation. We conclude that sustained monitoring is needed to 18 make direct comparisons between the trade platforms. With a continued increase of wildlife trade on 19 online platforms, we recommend increased regulation and enforcement of wildlife trade laws. 20 21 42 challenges in making direct comparisons between physical markets and online platforms range from 43 disjointed time periods, nuanced social differences in consumer buying behaviour, as well as 44 differences in survey methods and efforts. Nijman et al (2019) directly compared open animal 45 markets and online markets in trade of wild cats and revealed that there is indeed a directional shift of 46 trade towards online platforms but this differs generally between countries. An increased presence of 47 enforcement agencies in many traditional markets may have also contributed to the shift, however, the 48 rate of change occurs at varying degrees dependent on factors such as geographic location and 49 infrastructure limitations. 65 This poses a threat to wild populations. A recent analysis of the global raptor trade from 1975 to 2015 66 revealed that though current legal commercial trade seems to not pose large conservation concern, 67 there remains a lack of quantifiable evidence on the extent and impact of unregulated trade (Panter et
Example Output:
Journal Pre-proof Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of birds of prey trade in Thailand Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of 1 birds of prey trade in Thailand 2