Q: What is the name of the outer layer of skin? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: The epidermis is the outer layer of skin, consisting of epithelial cells and little else (see Figure below ). For example, there are no nerve endings or blood vessels in the epidermis. The innermost cells of the epidermis are continuously dividing through mitosis to form new cells. The newly formed cells move up through the epidermis toward the skin surface, while producing a tough, fibrous protein called keratin . The cells become filled with keratin and die by the time they reach the surface, where they form a protective, waterproof layer called the stratum corneum . The dead cells are gradually shed from the surface of the skin and replaced by other cells. Choices: - endodermis - hypodermis - the dermis - the epidermis A:
the epidermis
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Q: What is it called when a charge moves against a field? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: The electrical potential difference between the two plates is expressed as , the electric field strength times the distance between the plates. The units in this expression are Newtons/coulomb times meters, which gives the final units Joules/coulomb. Voltage is an expression of the amount of potential energy per unit charge. The work done moving a charge against the field can be calculated by multiplying the electric field potential by the charge, . Choices: - momentum - power - force - work A:
work
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Q: Pulmonary ventilation in mammals occurs via what? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Mammalian Systems In mammals, pulmonary ventilation occurs via inhalation (breathing). During inhalation, air enters the body through the nasal cavity located just inside the nose (Figure 39.7). As air passes through the nasal cavity, the air is warmed to body temperature and humidified. The respiratory tract is coated with mucus to seal the tissues from direct contact with air. Mucus is high in water. As air crosses these surfaces of the mucous membranes, it picks up water. These processes help equilibrate the air to the body conditions, reducing any damage that cold, dry air can cause. Particulate matter that is floating in the air is removed in the nasal passages via mucus and cilia. The processes of warming, humidifying, and removing particles are important protective mechanisms that prevent damage to the trachea and lungs. Thus, inhalation serves several purposes in addition to bringing oxygen into the respiratory system. Choices: - inflammation - osmosis - ingestion - inhalation A:
inhalation
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Q: What process determines the dna sequence of an entire genome? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: 17.3 | Whole-Genome Sequencing By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe three types of sequencing Define whole-genome sequencing Although there have been significant advances in the medical sciences in recent years, doctors are still confounded by some diseases, and they are using whole-genome sequencing to get to the bottom of the problem. Whole-genome sequencing is a process that determines the DNA sequence of an entire genome. Whole-genome sequencing is a brute-force approach to problem solving when there is a genetic basis at the core of a disease. Several laboratories now provide services to sequence, analyze, and interpret entire genomes. For example, whole-exome sequencing is a lower-cost alternative to whole genome sequencing. In exome sequencing, only the coding, exon-producing regions of the DNA are sequenced. In 2010, whole-exome sequencing was used to save a young boy whose intestines had multiple mysterious abscesses. The child had several colon operations with no relief. Finally, whole-exome sequencing was performed, which revealed a defect in a pathway that controls apoptosis (programmed cell death). A bone-marrow transplant was used to overcome this genetic disorder, leading to a cure for the boy. He was the first person to be successfully treated based on a diagnosis made by whole-exome sequencing. Today, human genome sequencing is more readily available and can be completed in a day or two for about $1000. Choices: - dna replication - chromosomal counting - genetic factorization - whole-genome sequencing A:
whole-genome sequencing
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