Article: Taking notes as you watch the debate is known as "flowing." While competitors and teams are in action, watch for how they present their ideas and refute their opponents'. Record your thoughts on a "flow sheet." However, be sure not to "fill in" for speakers. You can only assess them on exactly what they say, not what you think they meant to say. Most styles of debate allow sides to ask for time to prepare. The competitors or teams are responsible for notifying you that they would like some time, and for letting you know when they are done. As a judge, you are responsible for officially allowing and announcing prep time. As you monitor the different sections of the debate, be on the lookout for any violations to the rules of tournament and style. In particular, cross examination should only be used to clarify positions, not to articulate new ones. Likewise, no new arguments should be presented in the rebuttal section. If you notice violations, make a note of them on your flow sheet and/or ballot, and score accordingly. If your debate style requires you to, call out the violations as they occur. Otherwise, you shouldn't normally need to interrupt debaters. You may ask them to speak up, if necessary, however. One typical exception to this guideline is that you may interject if a competitor says something offensive.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Flow the debate. Allow prep time, when requested. Make sure rules are followed. Interject only when necessary.
Article: Propane tanks cannot be filled unless they have an overfilling protection device, or OPD. Look at the top of the propane tank to find the valve used to open it. If the valve has a triangular shape or has the letters OPD printed on it, then it's safe to fill. If it doesn't have have a triangular valve, then you cannot fill the tank safely. Some OPDs were made before they were required to have the letters printed on them. Check the label or wrapper on your tank if it has a triangular valve but doesn't have OPD printed on it. Rotate the tank and check for any visual damage, such as dents, bulges, or welds on the surface. If the tank has any damage on the outside, avoid filling it since it's less stable than a new tank. If the tank also has a coat of rust on the outside, don't use it or fill it since it could be unsafe. Cut off the label around the body of the tank and check underneath it for rust or cracks. Standard propane tanks you would use in a gas grill only last for 12 years before they need to be recertified. Look around the collar of the tank, which is the raised round area surrounding the valve, for a listed in MM/YY format. If the tank is older than 12 years, then either replace or have it inspected by a professional propane service. Otherwise, the tank is safe to use. If your tank was recertified, there may be a second date printed on the collar with the letter E next to it. Use the most recent date rather than the first one printed. Get your propane tank recertified 12 years after the first printed date and every 5 years after. The collar of the tank will list the weight of the propane your tank can hold as well as the weight of the empty tank in pounds. Write down both of the numbers so you know how much propane you should add to your tank when you fill it. Propane in typically measured by weight rather than volume.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Check that the propane tank has a triangular valve. Look for any damage or dents on the outside of the tank. Confirm that the date printed on the tank is less than 12 years ago. Locate the tare weight and amount of propane the tank holds on the collar.
Article: Essential oils have many uses. Some might help heal sore muscles. Other may promote better mental acuity. Before you purchase any oils, take some time to think about what you want them to do. Make a list. Write down your motivations for trying essential oils. Are you mainly interested in making your own kitchen cleanser? Write it down. Maybe you are interested in reducing tension. Make this one of the top priorities on your list. When you are purchasing oils for the first time, do some research. You want to make sure that you are choosing oils that are safe. It is also important to know that they are of high quality, which will make the oils more effective. In the U.S., the term "pure" has no legal meaning. That means that an oil labeled "pure" doesn't necessarily mean anything. Many oils go through many buyers and suppliers. To make sure you are getting the most pure oil possible, it is best to buy oil straight from the distiller. You can also buy oils from a trusted retail source. Look for a natural remedies store in your area that has a good reputation. Some essential oils should not be applied directly to your skin. These oils are known as irritants. Certain people react differently to different oils. Always use caution before applying any oil to the skin. If the bottle says to dilute the oil, make sure to do so. Use a test patch. Apply a small amount of oil to a small patch of skin. If irritation develops, do not use the oil elsewhere on your body. Cumin, lemongrass, and lemon verbena are common dermal irritants. Other people might find that there skin is particularly sensitive to cassia and tea absolute. There is some controversy over whether or not essential oils are safe to use during pregnancy. It is best to err on the side of caution and carefully follow safety guidelines. Talk to your doctor before applying essential oils. There are several essential oils that do appear to be safe for use during pregnancy. Among them are sandalwood, rose, and rosewood. Many oils are generally considered unsafe to be used during pregnancy. Avoid camphor, sage, and pennyroyal.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Think about your priorities. Find reputable oils. Be mindful of sensitive skin. Use caution if pregnant.