Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

In patients presenting with a breast lesion, when initial core biopsy histology falls into the category of "uncertain malignant potential" (i.e. a B3 lesion), the next line of investigation has traditionally been a surgical biopsy (SBx). Vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) may be a viable minimally invasive alternative to SBx for B3 lesions. The primary aims of this study were to establish whether VAB reduces the need for surgical biopsy and determine VAB sensitivity for carcinoma following initial B3 histology.', 'B3 lesion data was collected from 2004 to 2013 retrospectively, from a single institution that utilises both VAB and SBx.', 'A total of 413 lesions were categorised B3 on initial biopsy. Mean age was 61 years (range: 24-91 years). Mean follow up was 52 months (range: 19-60 months). 156 patients (38%) underwent VAB. Only 20% of patients underwent VAB in 2004, with an increase to 95% by 2013. VAB histology revealed twelve carcinomas, all of which progressed to surgical excision. In six cases, a SBx was required following VAB in order to provide further diagnostic information. In one case, carcinoma was missed on VAB.
Is vacuum-assisted biopsy a viable alternative to surgical biopsy in the investigation of breast lesions of uncertain malignant potential?

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) share many common risk factors, and vascular ED is a marker for increased ASCVD risk. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have been associated with increased ASCVD risk, but less is known regarding the relationship of low 25(OH)D with ED. We determined whether 25(OH)D deficiency is associated with ED independent of ASCVD risk factors.', 'We performed cross-sectional analyses of 3390 men aged 20 years free of ASCVD who participated in NHANES 2001-2004. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by the DiaSorin radioimmunoassay; deficiency was defined as levels <20ng/ml (<50nmol/L). Self-reported ED, assessed by a single validated question, was defined as men who reported being "never" or "sometimes able" to maintain an erection. We assessed the relationship between 25(OH)D deficiency and ED prevalence using adjusted Poisson regression methods.', 'After accounting for NHANES sampling, the weighted prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency and of ED were 30% and 15.2%, respectively. 25(OH)D levels were lower in men with vs. those without ED (mean 22.8 vs 24.3ng/mL, respectively; p=0.0005). After adjusting for lifestyle variables, comorbidities, and medication use, men with 25(OH)D deficiency had a higher prevalence of ED compared to those with levels 30ng/ml (Prevalence Ratio 1.30, 95% CI 1.08-1.57).
Is vitamin D deficiency independently associated with greater prevalence of erectile dysfunction : The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) 2001-2004?

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide known to enhance the swallow response. It likely acts as a neurotransmitter in the pharyngeal mucosa in response to local stimuli. It has been proposed that dysphagia after stroke may be related to reduced levels of SP, which therefore constitutes a therapeutic target. In the present pilot study, we evaluated whether electrical pharyngeal stimulation (EPS), a neuromodulation device to enhance cortical reorganization for the restoration of swallowing function after brain injury, is able to increase SP in saliva or serum.', 'In a randomized crossover study design, 20 healthy volunteers were treated with 10 min of real (0.2-ms pulses, 5 Hz, 280 V, stimulation intensity (mA) individually adjusted to tolerance level) or sham EPS on two separate sessions. Stimulation was delivered via a pair of bipolar ring electrodes mounted on an intraluminal catheter positioned in the pharynx. Blood and saliva samples were taken prior to, during, and up to 1 h after EPS and analyzed for their SP concentration by ELISA.', 'Following real EPS but not sham stimulation, SP levels in saliva increased immediately and significantly about 28% (p < 0.01) compared to baseline. Serum levels remained unchanged.
Does electrical pharyngeal stimulation increase substance P level in saliva?