In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: Consider Input: One sentence summary: CmpA is an OmpA-like protein in Legionella pneumophila that is required for efficient intracellular replication in both primary macrophages and in the environmental host Acanthamoeba castellanii. Editor: Akio Nakane The OmpA-like protein domain has been associated with peptidoglycan-binding proteins, and is often found in virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila encodes for six proteins that contain the OmpA-like domain, among them the highly conserved uncharacterized protein we named CmpA. Here we set out to characterize the CmpA protein and determine its contribution to intracellular survival of L. pneumophila. Secondary structure analysis suggests that CmpA is an inner membrane protein with a peptidoglycan-binding domain at the C-teminus. A cmpA mutant was able to replicate normally in broth, but failed to compete with an isogenic wild-type strain in an intracellular growth competition assay. The cmpA mutant also displayed significant intracellular growth defects in both the protozoan host Acanthamoeba castellanii and in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, where uptake into the cells was also impaired. The cmpA phenotypes were completely restored upon expression of CmpA in trans. The data presented here establish CmpA as a novel virulence factor of L. pneumophila that is required for efficient intracellular replication in both mammalian and protozoan hosts.

Output: A conserved OmpA-like protein in Legionella pneumophila required for efficient intracellular replication

Input: Consider Input: of the virus per se and cellular NF-B activity; and (ii) to study the underling mechanisms. We found that tylophorine-based compounds target the TGEV viral RNA and effectively inhibit TGEV replication. NF-B inhibition also leads to anti-TGEV replication. NF-B activation induced by TGEV infection was found to be associated with two convergent pathways, IKK-2_IB/p65 and JAK2 mediated p65 phosphorylation, in swine testicular cells. JAK2 inhibition either by CYT387 (a JAK family inhibitor) or by silencing JAK2-expression revealed a dominant JAK2 mediated p65 phosphorylation pathway for NF-B activation and resulted in NF-B inhibition, which overrode the IB regulation via the IKK-2. Finally, tylophorine-based compounds work cooperatively with CYT387 to impart comprehensive anti-TGEV activities. The combination treatment, wherein a tylophorine compound targets TGEV and a JAK2 inhibitor blocks the alternative dominant NF-B activation mediated by JAK2, is more effective and comprehensive than either one alone and constitutes a feasible approach for the treatment of SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. Coronaviruses are animal viruses containing an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome; and include the common cold human coronavirus (CoV)-229E & CoV-OC43, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and murine hepatitis virus (MHV) etc 1-3 . Since the 2003 SARS outbreak (which had a mortality rate of ~10%), novel anti-SARS-CoV treatments have been vigorously pursued. No new cases of SARS have been reported since the 2003 outbreak, but another novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV), this time with a mortality rate of ~35%, came to light in 2012 4 . To date, neither a commercially available vaccine for human coronaviruses nor a specific treatment for SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV is available. Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract and induce host inflammation 5 . Nuclear factor B (NF-B) activation by coronaviruses is usually responsible for mediating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and thus plays an important role in the pathogenesis of disease caused by coronaviruses 6, 7 . Inhibition of NF-B-mediated inflammation induced by coronavirus in mice was reported to increase the survival rate 6 . Thus, NF-B inhibitors constitute a promising class of antivirals in infections caused by pathogenic coronaviruses. However, targeting NF-B is limited by intrinsic pathway complexity, cross talk with other pathways, and drug resistance 8 . In addition, many small chemical molecules targeting either viral entry or the intracellular viral life cycle were reported to impart anti-coronavirus activity 2, 9, 10 . Despite these advances, however, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV remain untreatable diseases for which novel therapies are sought. Published: xx xx xxxx OPEN www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 2 Scientific RepoRts | 7: 4105 | Tylophorine based compounds, whether isolated from plants, e.g. Asclepiadaceae and Moraceae or chemically synthesized, exert potent anti-coronaviral activities against a variety of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV, MHV, and TGEV 11, 12 , but both the underlying mechanism(s) of this inhibitory effect and the target are unknown. NF-B is significantly activated after infection by coronaviruses, e.g. TGEV, and MHV etc 6, 7, [13] [14] [15] . Otherwise, coronaviral nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a vital role in the regulation of viral genome replication and host gene transcription 16 . Therefore, the combination treatment for the inhibition of coronavirus per se, e.g. viral genome replication, and blocking cellular NF-B activation by coronaviruses, is a promising approach for the development of anti-coronavirals. TGEV infected swine testicular (ST) cells constitute a surrogate system for the search and study of potential anti-coronavirus agents 11, 12, 17 . Herein, we report: (1) tylophorine-based compounds exert potent anti-TGEV replication by directly targeting the viral RNA/ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex for viral replication/synthesis; (2) NF-B inhibition also leads to anti-TGEV replication; (3) A combination treatment consisting of both a tylophorine compound and an NF-B inhibitor acts additively or synergically to more effectively and comprehensively inhibit TGEV replication than either (1) or (2) alone.

Output: Targeting Coronaviral Replication and Cellular JAK2 Mediated Dominant NF-B Activation for Comprehensive and Ultimate Inhibition of Coronaviral Activity OPEN

Input: Consider Input: This overview describes the main categories of specific occupational disorders and it covers also how work exposures are potential determinants of common respiratory conditions. Acute inhalation injuries may present as inhalation fever or as acute tracheobronchitis and pneumonitis. Occupational asthma is the most frequent work-related respiratory disease. It may be caused by allergic sensitization to macromolecules of biologic origin or to chemicals of low molecular weight, as well as by (heavy) exposure to workplace irritants. The pneumoconioses are caused by the accumulation of dust particles or fibres in the lungs. They include silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconioses, asbestosis and other less common pneumoconioses. Chronic beryllium disease is caused by a cell-mediated sensitization to beryllium and resembles sarcoidosis. Hard-metal lung disease is caused by sensitivity to cobalt and resembles hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis or hypersensitivity pneumonitis is generally caused by sensitization to aerosolized biological antigens. Several types of infections may be related more or less specifically to work. Chronic obstructive lung disease is mainly caused by cigarette smoking, but exposure to dusts and gases contribute to its incidence. Similarly, bronchopulmonary cancer is not only caused by smoking, but also by occupational agents, most notably asbestos. Asbestos is also a cause of nonmalignant and malignant pleural disease.
Output: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES