Answer the following question given this paragraph: Some elements lose one or more electrons in forming ions. These ions are known as " cations " because they are positively charged and migrate toward the negative electrode ( cathode ) in an electrical field. Looking at the periodic table below, we know that the group 1 elements are all characterized by having one s electron in the outer orbit and group 2 elements have two s electrons in the outer orbit. These electrons are loosely attached to the atom and can easily be removed, leaving more protons in the atom that there are electrons, so the resulting ion has a positive charge. Cations can also be formed from electron loss to many of the transition elements. Q: What are electrons lost during the formation of ions called? A:
OPTIONS:
- catalysts
- oxides
- isotopes
- cations
cations

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body. Source: Image from the RCSB PDB (www. org) of PDB ID 1I3D (R. Kidd, H. Baker, A. Mathews, T. Brittain, E. Baker (2001) Oligomerization and ligand binding in a homotetrameric hemoglobin: two high-resolution crystal structures of hemoglobin Bart's (gamma(4)), a marker for alpha-thalassemia. Protein Sci. 1739 1749). Figure 18.8 Levels of Structure in Proteins Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. Q: What is the job of hemoglobin in the body? A:
OPTIONS:
- infects oxygen
- become scabs
- transports neurons
- transports oxygen

Answer: transports oxygen

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What organ provides the integrative power that underlies the complex behavior of vertebrates? A:
OPTIONS:
- the skin
- the liver
- the heart
- the brain
Answer: the brain

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Spinal cord Connecting to the brainstem and extending down the body through the spinal column is the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a thick bundle of nerve tissue that carries information about the body to the brain and from the brain to the body. The spinal cord is contained within the meninges and the bones of the vertebral column but is able to communicate signals to and from the body through its connections with spinal nerves (part of the peripheral nervous system). A cross-section of the spinal cord looks like a white oval containing a gray butterfly-shape (Figure 16.23). Axons make up the "white matter" and neuron and glia cell bodies (and interneurons) make up the "gray matter. " Axons and cell bodies in the dorsa spinal cord convey mostly sensory information from the body to the brain. Axons and cell bodies in the spinal cord primarily transmit signals controlling movement from the brain to the body. The spinal cord also controls motor reflexes. These reflexes are quick, unconscious movementslike automatically removing a hand from a hot object. Reflexes are so fast because they involve local synaptic connections. For example, the knee reflex that a doctor tests during a routine physical is controlled by a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. While a reflex may only require the involvement of one or two synapses, synapses with interneurons in the spinal column transmit information to the brain to convey what happened (the knee jerked, or the hand was hot). Q: Connecting to the brainstem and extending down the body through the spinal column is the spinal cord. the spinal cord is a thick bundle of nerve tissue that carries information about the body to this? A:
OPTIONS:
- lungs
- liver
- stomach
- brain
output: brain

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Some enzymes require the presence of a non-protein molecule called a cofactor in order to function properly. Cofactors can be inorganic metal ions or small organic molecules. Many vitamins, such as B vitamins, act as cofactors. Some metal ions which function as cofactors for various enzymes include zinc, magnesium, potassium, and iron. Q: Some enzymes require the presence of a non-protein molecule to function properly. what is that molecule called? A:

OPTIONS:
- substrate
- coenzymes
- prothetic
- cofactor

A: cofactor

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The atmosphere contains small amounts of carbon dioxide. Climatologists have found that humans are putting a lot of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is mostly from burning fossil fuels. The extra carbon dioxide traps heat from the Sun. Trapped heat causes the atmosphere to heat up. We call this global warming ( Figure below ). Q: Which gas is responsible for global warming? A:
OPTIONS:
- oxygen
- hydrocarbons
- ozone
- carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide