Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:

One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic).
1. What is used to study a disease among certain groups?
2. What is it used for?
3. What is a way to show that a disease can be spread to others?
4. How many microorganisms cause disease?
5. What are the infectious ones grouped as?
6. Why can't Koch's proposal be morally applied?
7. What is beneficial to explore during a disease outbreak?
8. Who else can a host's immune system cause harm to>
9. What causes tuberculosis?
10. What is unable to be cultured in vitro?

Numbered answers:
1. Epidemiology
2. to study disease in a population
3. satisfy Koch's postulates
4. relatively few
5. as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens
6. it would require experimental infection of a healthy individual
7. to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic
8. to the host itself
9. Mycobacteria species
10. syphilis

Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
(CNN) -- Edgar M. Bronfman Sr., a former Seagram executive and president of the World Jewish Congress for nearly 30 years, died in New York Saturday, according to a spokesman for his family's foundation. He was 84.

Bronfman died of natural causes, according to Jonathan Cohen, a spokesman for the family's Samuel Bronfman Foundation, named after his father, a wealthy liquor mogul. Edgar Bronfman was surrounded by family when he died, Cohen said.

Bronfman devoted much of his life to advocating for Judaism and Jewish causes. He traveled to the Soviet Union in 1970 to lobby for greater freedom for Jews living there and helped to win restitution for Holocaust victims from Swiss banks in 1997. President Bill Clinton awarded Bronfman the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999.

Bronfman also exposed the Nazi past of former Austrian President Kurt Waldheim.

"He was the first of his kind, a titan of industry that dedicated himself fully to advocating, advancing and encouraging the Jewish people," said Dana Raucher, executive director of the family's foundation. "Edgar showed how vision and long-term thinking can impact the entire landscape of Jewish life. "

Bronfman, the son of Canadian liquor mogul Samuel Bronfman, became chairman and CEO of the Seagram Company in 1971. While at the helm, Bronfman worked to expand Seagram's presence abroad and to develop the company's holdings beyond alcohol, including acquiring Tropicana and investing in oil and DuPont, the chemical company.

Bronfman retired from the Seagram Company in 1994 and passed the reins to his son Edgar Jr. He was president of the World Jewish Congress from 1981 until 2007.
1. Who is the story about?
2. For what organization was he President?
3. What other title did he have?
4. How long was he with Congress?
5. What happened to him?
6. When?
7. Where?
8. How old was he?
9. Who said he died naturally?
10. And who's he?
11. Who was the Foundation named after?
12. What did his father do?
13. Did Bronfman die alone?
14. What causes did he devote his life to?
15. What award did Clinton bestow him?

Numbered answers:
1. Edgar M. Bronfman Sr
2. the World Jewish Congress
3. Seagram executive
4. nearly 30 years
5. died of natural causes
6. Saturday
7. New York
8. 84
9. Jonathan Cohen
10. a spokesman for the family's Samuel Bronfman Foundation
11. his father,
12. liquor mogul.
13. No
14. advocating for Judaism and Jewish causes
15. Presidential Medal of Freedom

Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
There once lived an elf who was a stinker. He was real mean to everyone around. He'd throw pies at girls. He'd put soap in the fridge. He'd give the queen shorts as birthday presents. No one liked the elf. One day he was planning a way to make someone feel sad. He thought to draw on someone's head. He went looking for someone who was asleep so he could draw on them. He found a boy laying under a tree. He walked right up to him with his magic marker. He drew a giant house on the boy's forehead. The boy woke up and pushed the elf off of him. The boy knew the elf had done something bad to him so he ran all the way home without looking back. The elf felt real good about himself. He had mad the boy sad! He skipped off and took a swim in a nearby pond. The boy never talked to the elf again after that. The elf didn't care and went on annoying people.
1. Who threw pies?
2. Who at?
3. Did people like him?
4. Did he give the queen a Christmas gift?
5. What was under the tree?
6. What was he doing?
7. Did the elf leave him alone?
8. Why not?
9. With what?
10. Who pushed the elf?
11. Why?
12. What happened next?
13. how did it make him feel?
14. What about the Elf?
15. Did they ever speak again?
16. Did the elf care?
17. Where did the elf go?
18. Where?
19. Where did he put soap?
20. Was he mean to everyone?
Numbered answers:
1. An elf
2. at girls.
3. No
4. no
5. a boy
6. laying there
7. no
8. he drew on his head.
9. his magic marke
10. The boy
11. he knew the elf had done something bad to him
12. he ran all the way home
13. sad!
14. he felt real good
15. no.
16. he didn't care
17. for a swim.
18. in a nearby pond
19. in the fridge.
20. yes