Problem: Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:

One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic).
1. What is used to study a disease among certain groups?
2. What is it used for?
3. What is a way to show that a disease can be spread to others?
4. How many microorganisms cause disease?
5. What are the infectious ones grouped as?
6. Why can't Koch's proposal be morally applied?
7. What is beneficial to explore during a disease outbreak?
8. Who else can a host's immune system cause harm to>
9. What causes tuberculosis?
10. What is unable to be cultured in vitro?
Answer: 1. Epidemiology
2. to study disease in a population
3. satisfy Koch's postulates
4. relatively few
5. as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens
6. it would require experimental infection of a healthy individual
7. to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic
8. to the host itself
9. Mycobacteria species
10. syphilis

Q: CHAPTER XIV.

"My beautiful! my beautiful! that standest meekly by, With thy proudly arch'd and glossy neck, and dark and fiery eye--

"Thus, thus I leap upon thy back, and scour the distant plains: Away! who overtakes me now, shall claim thee for his pains."

_The Arab to his Steed_.

Bulstrode seemed happy to meet me, complaining that I had quite forgotten the satisfaction with which all New York, agreeably to his account of the matter, had received me the past spring. Of course, I thanked him for his civility; and we soon became as good friends as formerly. In a minute or two, Mary Wallace joined us, and we all repaired to the breakfast-table, where we were soon joined by Dirck, who had been detained by some affairs of his own.

Herman Mordaunt and Bulstrode had the conversation principally to themselves for the first few minutes. Mary Wallace was habitually silent; but Anneke, without being loquacious, was sufficiently disposed to converse. This morning, however, she said little beyond what the civilities of the table required from the mistress of the house, and that little in as few words as possible. Once or twice I could not help remarking that her hand remained on the handle of a richly-chased tea-pot, after that hand had performed its office; and that her sweet, deep blue eye was fixed on vacancy, or on some object before her with a vacant regard, in the manner of one that thought intensely. Each time as she recovered from these little _reveries_, a slight flush appeared on her face, and she seemed anxious to conceal the involuntary abstraction. This absence of mind continued until Bulstrode, who had been talking with our host on the subject of the movements of the army, suddenly directed his discourse to me.

Answer the following questions:
1. Who was excited?
2. To see someone?
3. Did they become close again?
4. Who arrives?
5. How long after?
6. What did they do?
7. Then who showed up?
8. Was he on time?
9. Who talked most of the time at first?
10. Anybody else?
11. Was somebody usually quiet?
12. Who?
13. Was somebody else being quiet?
14. Was she usually?
15. Was she behaving strangely?
16. In what way?
17. Anything else?
18. Did she recover?
19. What happened then?
20. Who addresses him then?
A: 1. Bulstrode
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Mary Wallace
5. a minute or two
6. repaired to the breakfast-table
7. Dirck
8. No
9. Herman Mordaunt
10. Bulstrode
11. Yes
12. Mary Wallace was
13. Yes
14. No
15. Yes
16. her hand remained on the handle
17. her eye was fixed on vacancy
18. Yes
19. a slight flush appeared on her face
20. Bulstrode does

Problem: Edmonds, Washington (CNN) -- For Michael Reagan, the portraits always start the same way.

"I do the eyes first so I get this connection with the face," he said. "I am pretty exhausted after a picture. Just try staring at a photograph for five hours without any distractions."

Reagan, a professional artist for 40 years, is known for his vivid etchings of politicians, celebrities and athletes.

Today, he has a new subject: fallen members of the military.

It all started three years ago when the wife of a Navy corpsman who was killed in Iraq asked Reagan to draw her late husband.

Reagan insisted on doing the portrait for free. Then he had a realization.

"I looked at my wife and told her what happened and said, 'Now we need to do them all,' " Reagan remembered.

"Doing them all" meant closing his art gallery and reaching out to the families of fallen service members.

Most of the troops Reagan draws are U.S. service members killed in Iraq and Afghanistan. He has recently started drawing portraits for family members of British and Canadian troops killed in those conflicts.

Many families were unsure why someone would offer to do a portrait for them at no cost. They wanted to know why someone would volunteer to, as Reagan puts it, "participate in the worst time of their life."

Slowly, word among military families spread and requests for portraits began pouring in. Reagan, a Vietnam veteran, grew to know the faces of hundreds of troops lost to war.
1. How long has Reagan been an artist?
2. What is his new subject?
3. How do the portraits start for Reagan?
4. Did it all start 5 years ago?
5. How long ago did it start?
6. What are most of the troops Reagan draws?
7. Has he drawn portraits for troops from other places?
8. Where were they from?
9. What are most families unsure of with him?
10. Is Reagan a veteran?
11. Of which war?
12. Who first asked Reagan to draw her late husband?
13. Did he draw the picture for free?
14. What was his realization?
15. What is Reagan known for?
16. Does he feel energized after a picture?
17. How does he feel?
18. Did he keep his art gallery open?
Answer:
1. 40 years
2. fallen members of the military
3. He does the eyes first.
4. no
5. three years ago
6. U.S. service members killed in Iraq and Afghanistan
7. yes
8. Britain and Canada
9. why he would offer a free portrait
10. yes
11. Vietnam
12. the wife of a Navy corpsman
13. yes
14. That he needed to do them all
15. for his vivid etchings of politicians, celebrities and athletes.
16. no
17. exhausted
18. no