Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: A number of risk factors for chronic renal allograft rejection have been identified; in particular the number and severity of acute rejections, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and insufficient immunosuppression.', 'In a retrospective case control study, all histologically confirmed cases of chronic rejection (n=45) that occurred between 1985 and 1993 among patients transplanted at Huddinge Hospital were compared with twice as many controls. Determinants such as donor age and sex, HLA-mismatch, cold ischemia time, recipient age and sex, body mass index, cause of renal disease, time undergoing dialysis, condition of blood vessels at surgery, time of onset, number of acute rejection episodes during the first 3 months, area under the serum creatinine versus time curve (AUC(Creatinine)), blood pressure, blood lipids, and cyclosporine concentrations at various times after the transplantation were also compared. Additional data were obtained from a questionnaire, concerning 79% of the cases and controls.', 'Cases and controls were similar with regard to most determinants, that is, blood pressure, blood lipids, and average cyclosporine concentrations. The main outstanding risk factor for chronic rejection was the time-averaged creatinine (AUC(Creatinine)) value between day 22 and 3 months after transplantation. The adjusted odds ratio for chronic rejection increased stepwise from 1.1 to 9.2, when AUC(Creatinine) increased from < 150 to >300 micromol/l. The number of acute rejection episodes and number of HLA-mismatches also had a significant effect on the risk of chronic rejection.
Answer: To reduce the risk of developing chronic rejection after renal transplantation acute rejection episodes during the first 3 months should be avoided as much as possible.
Is area under the serum creatinine time-curve a strong predictor of chronic renal allograft rejection?

Context: Animal experiment studies have revealed a positive association between intake of citrus fruits and bone health. Nomilin, a limonoid present in citrus fruits, is reported to have many biological activities in mammalian systems, but the mechanism of nomilin on bone metabolism regulation is currently unclear.', 'To reveal the mechanism of nomilin on osteoclastic differentiation of mouse primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and the mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line into osteoclasts.', 'Controlled laboratory study. Effects of nomilin on osteoclastic differentiation were studied in in vitro cell cultures.', 'Cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells and BMMs was measured with the Cell Counting Kit. TRAP-positive multinucleated cells were counted as osteoclast cell numbers. The number and area of resorption pits were measured as bone-resorbing activity. Osteoclast-specific genes expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR; and proteins expression was evaluated by western blot.', 'Nomilin significantly decreased TRAP-positive multinucleated cell numbers compared with the control, and exhibited no cytotoxicity. Nomilin decreased bone resorption activity. Nomilin downregulated osteoclast-specific genes, NFATc1 and TRAP mRNA levels. Furthermore, nomilin suppressed MAPK signaling pathways.
Answer: This study demonstrates clearly that nomilin has inhibitory effects on osteoclastic differentiation in vitro. These findings indicate that nomilin-containing herbal preparations have potential utility for the prevention of bone metabolic diseases.
Does citrus limonoid nomilin inhibit osteoclastogenesis in vitro by suppression of NFATc1 and MAPK signaling pathways?

Context: Diminishing oxidative stress may protect the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury by preventing opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore. The general anaesthetic agent propofol, a free radical scavenger, has been investigated for its effect on the MPT and its cardioprotective action following global and cardioplegic ischaemic arrest.', "Isolated perfused Wistar rat hearts were subjected to either warm global ischaemia (Langendorff) or cold St. Thomas' cardioplegia (working heart mode) in the presence or absence of propofol. MPT pore opening was determined using [3H]-2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate ([3H]-DOG-6P) entrapment. The respiratory function of isolated mitochondria was also determined for evidence of oxidative stress.", 'Propofol (2 micrograms/ml) significantly improved the functional recovery of Langendorff hearts on reperfusion (left ventricular developed pressure from 28.4 +/- 6.2 to 53.3 +/- 7.3 mmHg and left ventricular end diastolic pressure from 52.9 +/- 4.3 to 37.5 +/- 3.9 mmHg). Recovery was also improved in propofol (4 micrograms/ml) treated working hearts following cold cardioplegic arrest. External cardiac work on reperfusion improved from 0.42 +/- 0.05 to 0.60 +/- 0.03 J/s, representing 45-64% of baseline values, when compared to controls (P < 0.05). Propofol inhibited MPT pore opening during reperfusion, [3H]-DOG-6P entrapment being 16.7 vs. 22.5 ratio units in controls (P < 0.05). Mitochondria isolated from non-ischaemic, propofol-treated hearts exhibited increased respiratory chain activity and were less sensitive to calcium-induced MPT pore opening.
Answer: Propofol confers significant protection against global normothermic ischaemia and during cold cardioplegic arrest. This effect is associated with less opening of mitochondrial MPT pores, probably as a result of diminished oxidative stress. Propofol may be a useful adjunct to cardioplegic solutions in heart surgery.
Is protection of hearts from reperfusion injury by propofol associated with inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition?