question: Andi Davise, 49, regularly crossed the trail through the Phoenix Mountains Preserve with a few other hikers before sunrise. This morning, however, she met nobody and heard only the sounds of animals. Some time later, Andi got to the steep slope , she climbed up to the top by using her hands. When she finally reached the top, she noticed a dark shape several inches from her left foot. She was frightened and then looked carefully. "It's a dog and it's dead." she said to herself. It took her a few seconds to realize that the dog's eyes were open. A thin, dirty bull dog was looking at her. She greeted in a low and soft voice to show she was friendly. The bull dog shook when he heard her voice. Andi inched closer and dropped some water into the dog's mouth. He tried to stand up but failed. Something was wrong with his left front leg. Andi pulled out her phone to contact her husband, Jason, but he didn't _ . She knew that if she didn't carry the dog down the mountain, he would die. She carefully put her arms under the dog's body. He was so weak that he fell into her chest. Andi had great trouble going down the steep, rocky mountainside with the 50-pound animal in her arms. Even her arms and back started aching, she didn't give up. The trip up had taken 30 minutes while going back down took twice that. Andi's husband received her messages at last. He and their son, Justin, jumped into the car and drove to pick up Andi. Later that morning, an X-ray showed that the bull dog was badly hurt, he was likely to lose his left leg. A few days later, the Davises returned to the animal hospital. "The first thing he did was to give me a kiss, then he went right to my son." Andi said. They named the dog Elijah and brought him home that day.
1. What did Andi bring down the mountain?
2. what kind of dog?
3. was it light?
4. how much did it weigh?
5. was it easy for her to carry?
6. where did she find the dog?
7. what was she doing there?
8. was she with people?
9. why did she have to carry the dog?
10. was the dog totally healthy?
11. what was wrong with it?
12. did it take her longer to hike up alone or down with the dog?
13. did she try and call for help?
14. who did she call?
15. did he answer?
16. did he get her message?
17. what did he do then?
18. alone?
19. who was he with?
20. what was his name?
****
answer: 1. A dog.
2. A bull dog.
3. No.
4. 50 pounds.
5. No.
6. The Phoenix Mountains Preserve trail.
7. Hiking.
8. No.
9. Her husband didn't answer her.
10. No.
11. His left front leg was broken.
12. Down with the dog.
13. Yes.
14. Her husband.
15. No.
16. Eventually.
17. He drove to pick up Andi.
18. No.
19. Their son.
20. Justin.

question: CHAPTER II.

THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR.

1. Wars of Edward III.--By the Salic law, as the lawyers called it, the crown was given, on the death of Charles IV., to _Philip, Count of Valois_, son to a brother of Philip IV., but it was claimed by Edward III. of England as son of the daughter of Philip IV. Edward contented himself, however, with the mere assertion of his pretensions, until Philip exasperated him by attacks on the borders of Guienne, which the French kings had long been coveting to complete their possession of the south, and by demanding the surrender of Robert of Artois, who, being disappointed in his claim to the county of Artois by the judgment of the Parliament of Paris, was practising by sorcery on the life of the King of France. Edward then declared war, and his supposed right caused a century of warfare between France and England, in which the broken, down-trodden state of the French peasantry gave England an immense advantage. The knights and squires were fairly matched; but while the English yeomen were strong, staunch, and trustworthy, the French were useless, and only made a defeat worse by plundering the fallen on each side alike. The war began in Flanders, where Philip took the part of the count, whose tyrannies had caused his expulsion. Edward was called in to the aid of the citizens of Ghent by their leader Jacob van Arteveldt; and gained a great victory over the French fleet at Sluys, but with no important result. At the same time the two kings took opposite sides in the war of the succession in Brittany, each defending the claim most inconsistent with his own pretensions to the French crown--Edward upholding the male heir, John de Montfort, and Philip the direct female representative, the wife of Charles de Blois.
1. Who declared the war?
2. Who did the kings demand to be surrendered?
3. How man kings took opposite sides?
4. What is Edward III's relation to Philip IV?
5. What did the French kings wish to complete?
6. Was the French peasantry in good shape?
7. What kind of shape was it in?
8. Where did the war start?
9. Where was the French fleet defeated?
10. Was that in important victory?
11. What role did Charles de Blois's wife play?
12. Where the two counties fairly matched?
13. What did the French to to make themselves more worthless?
14. Who was Jacob van Arteveldt?
15. And John de Montfort?
****
answer: 1. Edward
2. Robert of Artois
3. two
4. son of the daughter of Philip IV
5. their possession of the south
6. no
7. down-trodden
8. Flanders
9. Sluys
10. no
11. the direct female representative
12. The knights and squires were fairly matched
13. plundered the fallen on each side
14. leader of Ghent
15. the male heir

question: Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.

Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological "tree of life" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilised multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction.

In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book "On the Origin of Species" (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place.
1. Define evolution?
2. Who formulated the theory of evolution?
3. Name his book that he published?
4. what year?
5. Evolutionary processes give rise to what?
6. At what levels?
7. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped by what?
8. Define Evolution by natural selection?
9. Successive generations of populations are replaced by what?
10. Do the DNA sequences have a role in Evolution?
****
answer:
1. Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
2. Charles Darwin
3. On the Origin of Species
4. 1859
5. Biodiversity
6. species, individual organisms, and molecules.
7. speciation and by extinction.
8. natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive,
9. Progeny of parents.
10. Yes.