question: The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as "Germania", thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered. The victory of the Germanic tribes in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) prevented annexation by the Roman Empire, although the Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior were established along the Rhine. Following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Franks conquered the other West Germanic tribes. When the Frankish Empire was divided among Charlemagne's heirs in 843, the eastern part became East Francia. In 962, Otto I became the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval German state.

In the High Middle Ages, the regional dukes, princes and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern states became Protestant, while the southern states remained Catholic. The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years' War (16181648), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians living in both parts. The Thirty Years' War brought tremendous destruction to Germany; more than 1/4 of the population and 1/2 of the male population in the German states were killed by the catastrophic war. 1648 marked the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern nation-state system, with Germany divided into numerous independent states, such as Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony.
1. when was the Frankish empire divided among Charlemange's heirs?
2. where did the two parts of the holy roman empire clash?
3. when did that happen?
4. what did it mark the end of?
5. how was germany divided after that?
6. how far back can the concept of Germany be traced?
7. what did he refer to the area as?
8. is it different than Gaul?
9. list some of the independent German states
10. are there any others?
11. what?
12. what battle prevented annexation of the Germanic tribes
13. when did it happen?
14. who was the first emperor of the holy roman empire?
15. what year?
16. who led the Protestant reformation?
17. did the norhtern states remain catholic?
18. did the southern states?
19. what country was destroyed in the 30 years war?
20. how much of the male population died?
****
answer: 1. 843
2. Thirty Years' War
3. 16181648
4. Holy Roman Empire
5. numerous independent states
6. to Julius Caesar
7. Germania
8. yes
9. Prussia & Bavaria
10. yes
11. Saxony
12. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
13. AD 9
14. Otto I
15. 962
16. Luther
17. no
18. yes
19. Germany
20. 1/2

question: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; , ) is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy.

FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all. Its Latin motto, "", translates as "let there be bread". , FAO has 194 member states, along with the European Union (a "member organization"), and the Faroe Islands and Tokelau, which are associate members. The idea of an international organization for food and agriculture emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century advanced primarily by the US agriculturalist and activist David Lubin. In MayJune 1905, an international conference was held in Rome, Italy, which led to the creation of the International Institute of Agriculture.

Later in 1943, the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt called a United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture. Representatives from forty four governments gathered at The Homestead Resort in Hot Springs, Virginia from 18 May to 3 June. They committed themselves to founding a permanent organization for food and agriculture, which happened in Quebec City, Canada on 16 October 1945 with the conclusion of the Constitution of the Food and Agriculture Organization. The First Session of the FAO Conference was held in the Chateau frontenac at Quebec, Canada, from 16 October to 1 November 1945.
1. where was the first session of the FAO conference held?
2. what Chateau was it held in?
3. what does FAO stand for?
4. how many countries are members?
5. Is the European Union one of the members?
6. what is the purpose of the agency?
7. is it part of another organization?
8. which one?
9. which places are just associate members?
10. when did the idea of an international organization for food emerge?
11. what is the motto of the organization?
12. is it in English?
13. what language is it in?
14. who advanced the idea for the FAO?
15. what country is he from?
16. what does he do for a living?
17. how many governments gathered at the Homestead Resort?
18. where?
19. when?
20. did they commit to founding a permanent organization for food?
****
answer: 1. Quebec, Canada
2. the Chateau frontenac
3. The Food and Agriculture Organization
4. 194 members
5. yes
6. it leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
7. yes
8. the United Nations
9. the Faroe Islands and Tokelau
10. in the late 19th and early 20th century
11. let there be bread
12. no
13. Latin
14. David Lubin
15. the US
16. he is an agriculturalist and activist
17. forty four
18. Hot Springs, Virginia
19. from 18 May to 3 June.
20. yes

question: Aaron Swartz helped create the Internet.

Maybe not the Internet foundations of ARPANET and TCP/IP and Mosaic, the codes and packets and standards on which the whole thing is based. But he was a factor in fashioning some of the Web's upper floors. With his contributions to RSS coding and the Web application framework, Swartz made some of today's more expansive Internet possible.

But what Swartz also helped create was a philosophy of the Internet, one that remains the subject of great controversy almost 20 years into its life: the libertarian idea that information wants to be free.

"Aaron was a genius," said Christopher Soghoian, principal technologist and a senior policy analyst at the ACLU. "He was a technologist who was committed to open access to information, and committed to bringing about the changes he believed in."

"Aaron was an embodiment of the Web, and a contributor to many of the aspects that made it great," said Matt Mullenweg, who founded the blogging platform WordPress, in a statement. "When I was young and getting into technology Aaron was even younger and literally setting the standards for the Web with contributions to RSS 1.0 and Creative Commons. He inspired a generation to share online, to move to (San Francisco), to not be afraid to start things, and to break down barriers."

Swartz died Friday of an apparent suicide in his apartment in Brooklyn, New York. He was 26.

Although Swartz's life was not without controversy -- he faced federal charges that he illegally downloaded millions of scholarly papers from MIT -- his death has been met with an outpouring of tributes and grief.
1. was someone claimed a genius?
2. Who?
3. Who made the claim?
4. what was his occupation?
5. Where at?
6. What did Aaron ai in developing?
7. Was there any controversy?
8. Over what?
9. What was he committed to?
10. was that controversial?
11. For how long?
12. Is he still alive?
13. When did he die?
14. How did he die?
15. How old was he?
16. When was he found?
17. Where was he found
18. Where was his apartment?
19. Did he create the internet?
20. What type of idea was the free info?
****
answer:
1. yes
2. Aaron Swartz
3. Christopher Soghoian
4. principal technologist and a senior policy analyst
5. ACLU
6. RSS coding and the Web application framework
7. yes
8. illegally downloaded millions of scholarly papers
9. open access to information and bringing about the changes
10. yes
11. almost 20 years
12. No
13. Friday
14. apparent suicide
15. 26
16. unknown
17. his apartment
18. Brooklyn, New York
19. no
20. libertarian