Teacher:In this task, you will be shown a prompt from a judicial decision and multiple holding statements derived from citations following text in a legal decision. Holdings represent the governing legal rule when the law is applied to a particular set of facts. There are five answer choices for each citing text. The correct answer is the holding statement that corresponds to the citing text. You should write an incorrect option. Even though there exist multiple wrong answers, we only need a single wrong answer. There is a <HOLDING> token in the position of the citing text prompt where the holding statement was extracted.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: fact that the fielding of payments was one of the services that ICTS chose to provide to the shippers for whom it consolidated. Its provision of that service in no way indicates that it was acting as Hawkspere's collection agent. See Strachan Shipping Co., 701 F.2d at 486 (refusing to infer agency from fact that carrier initially directed its collection efforts to cargo consolidator). The Shippers next point out that they both "presented unrefuted testimony, that each reasonably believed that ICTS was acting for Hawkspere and relied on that." Appellants' Br. at 20. Under United States law, however, the Shippers' subjective beliefs are irrelevant to the inquiry; only evidence of Hawkspere's conduct can prove agency. See Overnite Transp. Co. v. NLRB, 140 F.3d 259, 266-67 (D.C.Cir.1998) (<HOLDING>); Auvil v. Grafton Homes, 92 F.3d 226, 230 (4th
Holding statements: (A) recognizing that statements made by agent on behalf of principal to principals attorney may be protected by principals attorneyclient privilege (B) holding that it is the principals conduct attitude and knowledge that determines whether an agent had apparent authority (C) holding that agency is provable only by principals conduct and not by subjective beliefs of those dealing with alleged agent (D) holding that a principal is bound by a contract entered into by the principals agent on her behalf if the agent had authority to bind the principal (E) holding that the lack of evidence of the alleged principals control over the alleged agent precludes the finding of an agency relationship
Student:
recognizing that statements made by agent on behalf of principal to principals attorney may be protected by principals attorneyclient privilege