Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Transmural heterogeneity in ventricular repolarization demonstrated in vitro has been difficult to confirm in vivo. Whether this discrepancy reflects a physiological phenomenon or a methodological problem remains a vivid matter of debate despite a plethora of experimental work. Therefore, we have measured the relevant electrophysiological parameters first in vivo and repeated these in the same heart and at identical sites in vitro. Methodological issues were tackled by using both unipolar and bipolar recordings. Physiological issues were explored by measuring both local and functional electrophysiological parameters.', 'In 10 healthy dogs, 2 high-resolution needle electrodes were inserted into the left ventricle. Effective refractory periods (ERP) as well as activation recovery intervals (ARI) were determined at each electrode along both needles at basic cycle lengths (BCL) of 850 and 300 ms, respectively. After excision of the heart, ERP and ARI measurements were repeated in the arterially perfused wedge preparations.', 'First, we observed that ERPs and ARIs were significantly shorter in vivo than in vitro. Mean ERPs and ARIs of all muscle layers were relatively uniform throughout the ventricular wall in vivo. The transition from the in vivo to the in vitro preparation was associated with a significant albeit small increase of mean ARIs in the subendocardium, whereas interlayer differences in mean ERPs did not reach statistical significance as in vivo.

A: Is there no transmural heterogeneity in an index of action potential duration in the canine left ventricle?
****
Q: As HPV-induced cases of oral malignancy increase, it is important to understand the molecular differences between HPV positive and negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs aberrantly expressed in cancer. We analyzed global piRNA expression patterns to define the HNSCC piRNA transcriptome and assess whether HPV infection status associates with changes in piRNA levels.', 'A total of 498 HNSCC small RNA sequencing libraries were acquired from the Cancer Genomics Hub (cgHUB) Data Repository and a custom sequence analysis pipeline was developed to deduce piRNA expression from raw sequencing data. Expression matrices were aligned to clinicopathological features in order to analyze piRNA expression patterns across different HNSCC groups. The association of a piRNA signature with HPV-positive patient survival was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard model.', 'Analysis of piRNA levels between HNSCC and non-malignant tissues revealed distinct expression patterns, with 87 piRNAs exclusively expressed in tumor samples. HPV infection status affected the expression of 41 of these piRNAs. Eleven (26.8%) piRNAs were significantly downregulated in HPV16/18 tumors compared to other HPV types. Remarkably, expression of a combination of five-piRNAs in HPV-positive HNSCC tumors was associated with worse overall survival.

A: Is hPV status associated with altered PIWI-interacting RNA expression pattern in head and neck cancer?
****
Q: Wilson's disease (WD) is a genetic disorder of copper metabolism causing dysfunctions of various organs, mostly the liver and brain. If untreated, WD is fatal, but early treatment results in a good prognosis, although the long-term neurological outcome has not yet been clarified. To address this issue, we evaluated the neurological status of early-treated WD patients without overt nervous system impairment using neurophysiological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging procedures at least 10 years after treatment onset.", 'Thirty-eight WD patients (18 females, aged 24.47 7.50 years), who received an early diagnosis (in presymptomatic or mild/moderate liver disease stages without neurological involvement) and prompt treatment, were clinically evaluated with the Global Assessment Scale. Presentation was hepatic in 36 subjects (95%), while 2 patients (5%) were presymptomatic. A neurophysiological study was performed to explore the central motor conduction time of the upper and lower limbs, and motor cortex excitability using single pulses and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimages were obtained with brain magnetic resonance scans. Cognitive abilities, and psychiatric and behavioral disturbances were evaluated with neuropsychological tests.', 'Patients were undergoing treatment with penicillamine (7 patients) or zinc salts (31 patients) with good adherence. They did not present any neurological signs at clinical evaluation or at specific scale of impairment, the mean Global Assessment Scale score was 0.3 0.7. Magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation studies and neuropsychological/neuropsychiatric assessment ruled out subclinical involvement.

A:
Does subclinical neurological involvement develop if Wilson 's disease is treated early?
****