Teacher:In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: Poly-g-glutamic acid (g-PGA) is an anionic polypeptide secreted by Bacillus sp. that has been shown to activate immune cells through interactions with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, its ability to induce the type I interferon (IFN) response has not yet been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that g-PGA induces type I IFN signaling pathway via the TLR4 signaling pathway. The induction required both myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and the pattern-recognition receptor CD14, which are two TLR4associated accessory proteins. The g-PGA with high molecular weights (2000 and 5000 kDa) was able to activate the subsequent signals through TLR4/MD2 to result in dimerization of IRF-3, a transcription factor required for IFN gene expression, leading to increases in mRNA levels of the type I IFN-response genes, 2 0 e5 0 OAS and ISG56. Moreover, g-PGA (2000 kDa) displayed an antiviral activity against SARS coronavirus and hepatitis C virus. Our results identify high-molecular weight g-PGA as a TLR4 ligand and demonstrate that g-PGA requires both CD14 and MD2 for the activation of type I IFN responses. Our results suggest that the microbial biopolymer g-PGA may have therapeutic potential against a broad range of viruses sensitive to type I IFNs.
Student:
The antiviral activity of poly-g-glutamic acid, a polypeptide secreted by Bacillus sp., through induction of CD14-dependent type I interferon responses