Detailed Instructions: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
Problem:The infl ammatory response in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) depends on the host and on the challenge of the causal microorganism. Here, we analyze the patterns of inflammatory cytokines, procalcitonin (PCT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in order to determine fl their diagnostic value. Methods: This was a prospective study of 658 patients admitted with CAP. PCT and CRP were analyzed by immunoluminometric and immunoturbidimetric assays. Cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-a [TNF-a ], IL-1 b, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Results: The lowest medians of CRP, PCT, TNF-a, and IL-6 were found in CAP of unknown cause, and the highest were found in patients with positive blood cultures. Different cytokine profiles fi and biomarkers were found depending on cause: atypical bacteria (lower PCT and IL-6), viruses (lower PCT and higher IL-10), Enterobacteriaceae (higher IL-8), Streptococcus pneumoniae (high PCT), and Legionella pneumophila (higher CRP and TNF-a). PCT 0.36 mg/dL to predict positive blood cultures showed sensitivity of 85%, specifi city of 42%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98%, whereas a cutoff of 0.5 mg/dL to predict viruses or atypicals vs bacteria showed sensitivity of 89%/81%, specifi city of 68%/68%, positive predictive value of 12%/22%, and NPV of 99%/97%. In a multivariate Euclidean distance model, the lowest infl ammatory expression fl was found in unknown cause and the highest was found in L pneumophila, S pneumoniae , and Enterobacteriaceae. Atypical bacteria exhibit an infl ammatory pattern closer to that of viruses. Conclusions: Different infl ammatory patterns elicited by different microorganisms may provide a useful tool for diagnosis. Recognizing these patterns provides additional information that may facilitate a broader understanding of host infl ammatory response to microorganisms. Abbreviations: CAP 5 community-acquired pneumonia; CRP 5 C-reactive protein; GNB 5 gram-negative bacilli; GPC 5 gram-positive cocci; NPV 5 negative predictive value; PCT 5 procalcitonin; TNF-a 5 tumor necrosis factor-a
Solution:
Cytokine Activation Patterns and Biomarkers Are Infl uenced by fl Microorganisms in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Downloaded from 12 (5-24) NS