Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) has been linked with neutrophil (PMN) priming, endothelial cell (EC) activation, and acute lung injury (ALI) in rodent models. We have previously identified the lipid fraction of PHSML as containing the causative agent(s). Due to the lesson learned from the rodent gut bacterial translocation experience, we sought to confirm this phenomenon using a large animal model; hypothesizing that lymph collected from the porcine gut following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) would cause PMN priming.', 'Mesenteric lymph was collected from adult pigs before, during, and for 2 hours after non-lethal hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure = 30 mm Hg x 45 minutes). Whole lymph and the extracted lipid fractions of the lymph were then added to isolated human and porcine PMNs and superoxide production was measured by cytochrome C reduction.', 'Hemorrhagic shock profoundly affected mesenteric lymph flow from baseline (pre-shock) flow rates of 75.63 +/- 8.86 mL/hr to 49.38 +/- 5.76 mL/hr during shock and increasing to 253.38 +/- 27.62 mL/hr after 2 hours of resuscitation. Human PMNs exposed to both whole lymph (PHSML) and its extracted lipids (PHSML Lipid) collected 2 hours after shock exhibited more than a two-fold increase in superoxide release upon activation compared with pre-shock samples: PHSML- 6.27 +/- 0.83 versus 2.56 +/- 0.60 nmolO2(-)/ 3.75 cells/mL/min, respectively (p = 0.007), PHSML Lipid- 4.93 +/- 0.34 versus 2.49 +/- 0.11 nmolO2(-)/ 3.75 cells/mL/min (p < 0.001). Similarly, porcine PMNs exhibited close to a two-fold activation when exposed to the lymph and lipid fraction: PHSML- 4.51 +/- 0.42 versus 1.06 +/- 0.28 nmolO2(-)/ 3.75 cells/mL/min (p = 0.008), PHSML Lipid-4.80 +/- 0.81 versus 1.55 +/- 0.23 nmolO2(-)/ 3.75 cells/mL/min (p = 0.002).

Ex Output:
Does systemic neutrophil priming by lipid mediators in post-shock mesenteric lymph exist across species?

Ex Input:
The genus Fusarium comprises a heterogeneous group of fungi important for agriculture. Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (F. eumartii), historically considered to be a fungal pathogen of potato, has also been associated with tomato disease. Currently, chitosan and its derivatives have been receiving more attention as environmentally friendly antimicrobial compounds in sustainable practices. The aim of the present work was to characterize downstream events associated with the mode of action of chitosan, including nitrosative reactive species, in order to identify new biomarkers of its cytotoxic action.', 'Data indicated that chitosan-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production might lead to conidial death, concomitant with the strong reduction in fungal pathogenicity in tomato plants. Following chitosan applications, a notably dose-dependent reduction in conidial viability was demonstrated in F. eumartii. Thereafter, the infectivity of chitosan-treated spores was tested by a bioassay using tomato seedlings.

Ex Output:
Is nitric-oxide-mediated cell death triggered by chitosan in Fusarium eumartii spores?

Ex Input:
To calculate the prevalence of long term catheter use in the community in two areas in the south and west of England.', 'People in England register with general practices to access health care through a National Health Service. Catheters are provided by prescription free of charge. In 2008, patients using urinary catheters for over 3 months were identified, and demographic information collected, from databases of general practices, using catheter prescribing records. The age and sex distributions of people in each practice were obtained from capitation claims. Overall, and age and sex-specific prevalence were calculated separately for each area, and compared.', 'A total of 583 long term catheter users (329 south, 254 west) were identified from 404,328 people registered with practices. The overall population prevalence is similar in both locations (0.146% southern, 0.141% western). Extrapolating for the United Kingdom, this is over 90,000 long term catheter users. Prevalence increases with age (0.732% in over 70 years, 1.224% over 80), especially amongst men. Overall, higher proportions have neurological (vs. non-neurological) reasons (62.9% vs. 37.1%) and use urethral (vs. suprapubic) catheters (59.7% vs. 40.3%). Compared to men, more women tend to use suprapubic (56.4% vs. 29.3%) and have a catheter for neurological reasons (71.8% vs. 56.2%, P=0.053).

Ex Output:
Do community prevalence of long-term urinary catheters use in England?