Q: Process: - A virus enters a host body - The virus has receptors that lock onto a target cell - The virus enters the cell - The virus uses the cell like a factory to make new copies of the virus - The new copies of the virus leave the cell - Infect other cells - The host gets sick as its cells are damaged. Perturbation hypothesis: suppose the virus is very virulent happens, how will it affect fewer cells are entered. Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
A: yes

Q: Process: - Dead organic material accumulates on the bottom of oceans, riverbeds or swamps, mixing with mud and sand - Over time, more sediment piles on top - The resulting heat and pressure transforms the organic layer into a dark and waxy substance known as kerogen - Left alone, the kerogen molecules eventually crack - The molecules break up into shorter and lighter molecules composed almost solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms - It will turn into either petroleum or natural gas - Perturbation hypothesis: suppose the cells create carbon dioxide happens, how will it affect MORE oil. Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
A: no

Q: Process: - Stars burn mass - The star burns until it runs out of fuel - The star can no longer support its weight - The layers of hydrogen press down on the core - The core gets smaller and smaller under the pressure - The pressure causes gravity to get stronger - The gravity becomes so powerful that nothing can escape it - Anything that gets close to it, is drawn into it by its gravity - Light is drawn into it - Light can not escape - Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less hydrogen press down on core happens, how will it affect the core gets bigger. Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
A: yes

Q: Process: - The kidneys receive blood from the renal artery - They process it with millions of tiny nephrons - Remove all the waste - The kidneys return the blood back to the body through the renal artery - Send the urine with the waste to the bladder through the ureters. Perturbation hypothesis: suppose a person gets dialysis so a machines does the work of the nephroms happens, how will it affect less waste will remain in the blood. Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
A:
yes