The French have always wanted to know what it means to be aFrenchman. Their history has been a constant quest for national identity: a conflict between strong regional loyalties and central authority. In about 2000b.c. Celtic tribes probably from eastern Europe came looking for greener pastures in the areas that are now Franche-Comte, Alsace, and Burgundy. At the same time, migrants from the Mediterranean countries were trickling into the south. The first recorded settlement was the trading post set up by Phocaean Greeks from Asia Minor at Massalia (Marseilles) around 600b.c. , followed by other ports at Hyeres, Antibes, and Nice. But the Greeks developed few contacts with the interior beyond a little commerce in olives and wine with the Celts of Burgundy. When their position was threatened by Ligurian pirates at sea and warlike tribes from inland, the merchants of Marseilles called on Rome for help. From Gaul to France In 125b.c. , the Romans came in force, conquered the "Gallic barbarians," and set up a fortress at Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence). They took advantage of this new stronghold to create Provincia (now Provence), stretching from the Alps to the Pyrenees, in order to guarantee communications between Italy and Spain. When this province was endangered by fresh attacks from the north, Julius Caesar himself took charge, conquering practically the whole of Gaul by 50b.c. Caesar drew Gaul's northeastern frontier at the Rhine, taking in present-day Belgium, and warned that the Germanic tribes across the river the Franks (after whom France is named), Alamans, and Saxons would always threaten the security of the frontier. The Romanization of Gaul sent the most energetic warriors to defend the outposts of the empire while their families settled down to work the land or build towns such as Lyon, Orange, Arles, and Nimes, and the first great highways between them. At the same time, merchants built up a thriving trade with the rest of the Roman Empire. The pattern for the peasantry and bourgeoisie of France was thus established. Christianity was introduced into Gaul in the first century a.d.
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QUESTION: What was happening in France in about 2000 BC?

Tom's relaxation at the beach is interrupted by Jerry who inadvertently walks all over a sunbathing Tom going fishing . Jerry falls into Tom's mouth and while escaping , nearly causes Tom to swallow his beach towel . Jerry goes out to the pier and casts his favorite bait : cheese . Tom pulls on the line and makes Jerry reel him in . Jerry lets go of the line and Tom struggles to stay afloat , losing the string . Tom barely catches the pier , but Jerry swings the pole at him . After a few misses , Jerry whistles and then lands a direct hit . He runs to the end of the pier and pulls off the end board . Tom ca n't brake , and walks the plank until Jerry pulls it out , causing Tom to fall into the water and without emerging . A drowning Tom wakes up on the sea bed , where he finds himself still alive . He starts imitating the majestic sea creatures until he spots Jerry . The cat grabs him , but Jerry pulls away revealing that he has become a mer-mouse . Jerry swims in circles until Tom's head has done a 360 , and is then grabbed again . Jerry slaps Tom face with his tail , then spins his ears in to the shape of a wrench . The cat gives chase through shipwreck windows until Tom hangs back to swallow the mouse . Jerry breaks out through Tom's left eardrum . Jerry hides and disguises himself as a seahorse to join a father seahorse leading his babies , fooling the cat for only a while . Jerry then gets lassoed and captured , but Tom gets tricked into holding a fishing line and is caught .
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QUESTION: When does Tom almost drown?

Density is also an important physical property of matter. The concept of density combines what we know about an objects mass and volume. Density reflects how closely packed the particles of matter are. When particles are packed together more tightly, matter is more dense. Differences in density of matter explain many phenomena. It explains why helium balloons rise. It explains why currents such as the Gulf Stream flow through the oceans. It explains why some things float in or sink. You can see this in action by pouring vegetable oil into water. You can see a colorful demonstration in this video.
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QUESTION: How can I observe the role density plays?

Sound waves are mechanical waves. They can travel only through matter. They cannot travel through empty space. This was demonstrated in the 1600s by a scientist named Robert Boyle. Boyle placed a ticking clock in a sealed glass jar. The clock could be heard ticking through the air and glass of the jar. Then Boyle pumped the air out of the jar. The clock was still running, but the ticking could not be heard. Thats because the sound couldnt travel without air particles to transfer the sound energy. Is there any other place where sound cannot be heard? Here is a hint: is there any other place that does not have air molecules? Thats right, in space sound cannot be transferred. So can astronauts hear each other? Yes, they can, because they are in enclosed space stations or pressurized suits.In both cases, they are surrounded by air molecules. If they left their space ship and did not use their electronics, they would not be able to hear each other. Next time you watch a science fiction movie, think about this factoid. When spaceships are destroyed by hostile alien beings, there would be no sound heard. Sound waves can travel through many kinds of matter.
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QUESTION:
In Boyle's experiment, what did he do to make the clock stop being heard while in the jar?