Q: Martin Luther (/lur/ or /lur/; German: [matin lt] ( listen); 10 November 1483 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

Luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with these, and all of Luther's wider teachings, are called Lutherans even though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ.

Answer the following questions:
1. When was Luther born?
2. Where?
3. How old was he when he died?
4. What did Luther teach?
5. What was the name of paper written in 1517?
6. What resulted in his excommunication?
7. When did he die?
8. Who are the Lutherans?
9. What happened in 1521?
10. Who made a demand in 1520?
11. What did Luther come to reject?
12. What did he feel you couldn't use to buy God's freedom?
13. Whose office did his theology challenge?
14. How was it challenged?
15. What did he oppose?
16. What were all baptized Christians considered?
17. What two names were acceptable to him for followers?
A: 1. 10 November 1483
2. unknown
3. 63
4. that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds
5. Ninety-Five Theses
6. His refusal to retract all of his writings
7. 18 February 1546
8. Those who identify with Luther's wider teachings
9. the Diet of Worms
10. Pope Leo X
11. several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church
12. money
13. the Pope
14. by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God
15. sacerdotalism
16. a holy priesthood
17. Christian or Evangelical
Q: No one likes to make mistakes. But a new study says organizations learn more from their failures than from their successes, and keep that knowledge longer.

One of the researchers was Vinit Desai, an assistant professor at the University of Colorado Denver Business School. He worked with Peter Madsen from the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University in Utah.

They did not find much long-term "organizational learning" from success. It is possible, they say. But Professor Desai says they found that knowledge gained from failure lasts for years. He says organizations should treat failures as a learning opportunity and not try to ignore them.

The study looked at companies and organizations that launch satellites--and other space vehicles. Professor Desai compared two shuttle flights.

In two thousand two, a piece of insulating material broke off during launch and damaged a rocket on the Atlantis. Still, the flight was considered a success.

Then, in early two thousand three, a piece of insulation struck the Columbia during launch. This time, the shuttle broke apart on re-entry and the seven crew members died. NASA officials suspended all flights and an investigation led to suggested changes.

Professor Desai says the search for solutions after a failure can make leaders more open-minded. He points to airlines as an example of an industry that has learned from failures in the past.

He advises organizations to look for useful information in small failures and failures they avoided. He also urges leaders to encourage the open sharing of information. The study appeared in the Academy of Management Journal.

The mistakes we learn from do not have to be our own. We recently asked people on our Facebook page to tell us a time they had done something really silly.

Fabricio Cmino wrote: Not long ago I wanted to watch TV, but it wouldn't turn on, so I did everything I could to start it. Thirty minutes later my mum showed up and, passing by, said to me "Did you try plugging it'? I'm just dusting, Mum!"So she wouldn't notice how dumb I am sometimes!

Bruno Kanieski da Silva told about a time he looked everywhere for his key. It was in hispocket. He wrote: I always promise I will never do it again, but after-a few weeks,where is mywallet? For sure it will be in a very logical place.

Answer the following questions:
1. Who headed the study?
2. What does he want to prove?
3. How long does this type of learning last?
A: 1. Vinit Desai
2. He says organizations should treat failures as a learning opportunity and not try to ignore them.
3. lasts for years.
Q: A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an (international) agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of terminology, all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same.

Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.

A treaty is an official, express written agreement that states use to legally bind themselves. A treaty is the official document which expresses that agreement in words; and it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships.

Since the late 19th century, most treaties have followed a fairly consistent format. A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, as well as summarizing any underlying events (such as a war). Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability, in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb (desiring, recognizing, having, and so on).

Answer the following questions:
1. How are treaties similar to contracts?
2. How do treaties normally begin, organizationally?
3. What purpose does it serve?
4. Can they be only one sentence?
5. Is the sentence long or short?
6. How is it organized, since it can be so long?
7. Is a treaty always a literal written document?
8. What else can it symbolize?
9. What are some other synonyms for treaty?
10. Is this list all-encompassing?
11. Are some of these terms more valued than others?
12. Does a treaty hold up in a country other than the one in which it was written?
A:
1. Both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.
2. A preamble
3. It describes the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, and summarizes any underlying events (such as a war).
4. Yes
5. Usually long.
6. Multiple paragraphs, beginning with verbs.
7. No
8. An informal agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters.
9. An international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms.
10. No
11. No
12. Sometimes, yes.