Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: Innate immune protein C1q plays a dual role in the chronic inflammatory disease of atherosclerosis. Complement activation via C1q exacerbates pathology in the atherosclerotic lesion in later stages of the disease. However, in early stages of disease C1q is protective. We hypothesize that complement-independent activities of C1q are involved in reprogramming macrophage inflammatory polarization.', 'The influence of C1q on macrophage inflammatory responses during clearance of oxLDL was examined. Changes in cytokines at the gene and protein level were measured by quantitative PCR and ELISA assay.', 'C1q modulated cytokine expression in Raw264.7 macrophages during ingestion of oxLDL. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 were downregulated by C1q, whereas levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were increased. In addition, data from an NFB-luciferase gene reporter assay suggest that C1q suppresses activation of NFB during lipoprotein clearance in macrophages, providing one mechanism by which C1q downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
Answer: C1q-polarization of macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype may be important in dampening inflammation in the early atherosclerotic lesion. Further investigation of molecular pathways targeted by C1q may provide novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
Does complement protein C1q promote macrophage anti-inflammatory M2-like polarization during the clearance of atherogenic lipoproteins?

Context: Cells of the myeloid lineage comprise a very heterogeneous population with many phenotypes and functional activities including macrophages and dendritic cells. To investigate the status, differentiative potential and lineage commitment of monocytic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, this study isolated and cultured peripheral blood monocytes from patients and healthy donors.', 'Monocytes were isolated by gradient centrifugation and adherence to plastic dishes. The cells were then cultured for three days, partially supplemented with GM-CSF and interleukin 4 (IL4) to obtain dendritic cells. The differentiation status was monitored by the expression of surface markers using flow cytometry and cytokine secretion.', 'Monocytes from SLE patients expressed significantly lower numbers of the monocytic marker CD14 and HLA-DR while secreting significantly more tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) than monocytes from healthy donors. The addition of GM-CSF and IL4 resulted in an inhibition of TNFalpha secretion, but was not sufficient to generate monocytederived dendritic cells.
Answer: Monocytes from SLE patients are severely altered in phenotype and function and have a limited differentiation flexibility towards the accessory type of monocytic cells.
Are monocytes from systemic lupus erythematous patients severely altered in phenotype and lineage flexibility?

Context: Conditioned place aversion (CPA) is known to be a sensitive measure of the aversive motivational state produced by opioid withdrawal in rats made chronically dependent on opioids.', 'The purpose of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of the CPA model in detecting a possible aversive state associated with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acute treatment with morphine.', 'Doses of morphine and naloxone, as well as number of conditioning trials, were systematically varied to determine the minimum conditions that would result in a detectable CPA in male Wistar rats. Naloxone (0.003-16.7 mg/kg) was administered 4 h after an injection of vehicle or morphine (1.0, 3.3, or 5.6 mg/kg) and immediately prior to confinement to one compartment of the conditioning apparatus; rats received either one or two such naloxone-conditioning trials (separate by 48 h).', 'Morphine (5.6 mg/kg) followed 4 h later by vehicle produced no significant preference or aversion. In morphine-naive rats, 10 mg/kg naloxone was required to produce a significant CPA with two cycles of conditioning. When increasing doses of morphine were administered (1.0, 3.3, 5.6 mg/kg), significant increases in naloxone potency to elicit a CPA were observed (16-, 211-, and 1018-fold potency shifts, respectively). Naloxone potency after two pretreatments with 5.6 mg/kg morphine was comparable to its potency to elicit a CPA after chronic exposure to morphine. Although naloxone was still effective in producing a CPA after a single conditioning cycle (and hence a single morphine exposure), its effects were dramatically reduced relative to those seen with two conditioning cycles.
Answer: CPA is a reliable and sensitive index of the aversive motivational state accompanying withdrawal from acute opioid dependence.
Is conditioned place aversion a highly sensitive index of acute opioid dependence and withdrawal?