INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Pedigrees can be laid out in a variety of orientations. Assess whether the chart is oriented either vertically or horizontally on the page. Look at the orientation of the words to understand which direction it should be held. The lines on a pedigree can indicate biological or personal relationships. On a pedigree that is oriented vertically, a horizontal line connecting two individuals indicates a reproductive relationship, such as a marriage. A line that connects individuals vertically indicates the biological relationship of parent and child. On a pedigree that is oriented horizontally the vertical lines indicate a reproductive relationship and the horizontal lines indicate the relationship of parent and child. Two short lines crossing a horizontal line typically indicate the end of a committed relationship. A pedigree is typically organized so that each generation of people or animals is positioned in a separate row. For example, your subject and all of their siblings will be located on the same row. The subject's parents and all of their siblings will be on the same row. These generational rows will continue on as far back as the pedigree goes. These generational rows are not shown with actual row lines per se. They are just shown through the position of these subjects on the page next to each other. On some genetic pedigrees there may also be roman numerals off to the side that indicate the specific generations. There are a few symbols on a genetic pedigree that are generally used. In particular, there are standard symbols used to distinguish between male and female subjects. If a person or animal is female, they will be represented with a circle. If a person or animal is a male, they will be represented with a square. Whether a square or circle is filled in gives you key information. A filled in circle or square indicates that the presence of a trait. An empty circle or square indicates the absence of a trait. In some cases there will be circles or squares half filled in. This indicates that the person or animal is a carrier of the trait but does not present with it. Pedigrees can use a variety of symbols, depending on what trait they are tracing and what they are being used for. If you do not understand a specific symbol, there should be a key included that explains its meaning. Keys can have explanations of specific symbols, types of lines, and other information that is important for understanding everything on the pedigree. Keys are usually located in a corner of the pedigree.

SUMMARY: Figure out the orientation of the pedigree. Trace lines in the pedigree. Pay attention to rows of subjects to identify specific generations. Look for standard symbols. Look for a key of additional symbols.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: If you are cleaning beans fresh from the garden, the best way to remove dirt is to soak the beans. Fill a bowl or basin with cold water. There should be enough to cover the beans. Place the beans in the bowl, and let them soak for one to two minutes. Use your fingers to rub away dirt. You can also move around the beans with your fingers. Before you drain them, let any dirt or soil settle to the bottom of the bowl. After a minute or two of washing, pour the beans into a colander. The water will drain from the bottom. If you do not have a colander, fold some paper towels, and set the beans on top. They will drain into the towel. If you are not eating the beans right away, pat them dry with a paper towel. Make sure they are completely dry before storage, as damp vegetables may spoil faster in the fridge. There may still be dirt on your green beans. Fill the bowl with clean water, and rinse them again. Do this until all of the dirt has been removed from the beans.

SUMMARY:
Fill a bowl with cold water. Rinse the beans. Drain the water. Repeat if necessary.