Please answer the following question: Information: - Dialetheism is the view that some statements can be both true and false simultaneously . More precisely , it is the belief that there can be a true statement whose negation is also true . Such statements are called '' true contradictions '' , dialetheia , or nondualisms . Dialetheism is not a system of formal logic ; instead , it is a thesis about truth that influences the construction of a formal logic , often based on pre-existing systems . Introducing dialetheism has various consequences , depending on the theory into which it is introduced . For example , in traditional systems of logic ( e.g. , classical logic and intuitionistic logic ) , every statement becomes false if a contradiction is true ; this means that such systems become trivialist when dialetheism is included as an axiom . Other logical systems do not explode in this manner when contradictions are introduced ; such contradiction - tolerant systems are known as paraconsistent logics . Graham Priest defines dialetheism as the view that there are true contradictions . JC Beall is another advocate ; his position differs from Priest 's in advocating constructive ( methodological ) deflationism regarding the truth predicate . - In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth. - In classical logic, a contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility between two or more propositions. It occurs when the propositions, taken together, yield two conclusions which form the logical, usually opposite inversions of each other. Illustrating a general tendency in applied logic, Aristotle's law of noncontradiction states that "One cannot say of something that it is and that it is not in the same respect and at the same time." - In classical logic, the law of non-contradiction (LNC) (or the law of contradiction (PM) or the principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction) is the second of the three classic laws of thought. It states that contradictory statements cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time, e.g. the two propositions ""A is B"" and ""A is not B"" are mutually exclusive. - Intuitionistic logic, sometimes more generally called constructive logic, is a system of symbolic logic that differs from classical logic by replacing the traditional concept of truth with the concept of constructive provability. For example, in classical logic, propositional formulae are always assigned a truth value from the two-element set of trivial propositions formula_1 ("true" and "false" respectively) regardless of whether we have direct evidence for either case. This is referred to as the 'law of excluded middle', because it excludes the possibility of any truth value besides 'true' or 'false'. In contrast, propositional formulae in intuitionistic logic are "not" assigned any definite truth value at all and instead "only" considered "true" when we have direct evidence, hence "proof". (We can also say, instead of the propositional formula being "true" due to direct evidence, that it is inhabited by a proof in the CurryHoward sense.) Operations in intuitionistic logic therefore preserve justification, with respect to evidence and provability, rather than truth-valuation. - In logic, a logical connective (also called a logical operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences (of either a formal or a natural language) in a grammatically valid way, such that the sense of the compound sentence produced depends only on the original sentences. - In logic, negation, also called logical complement, is an operation that takes a proposition "p" to another proposition "not "p"", written "p", which is interpreted intuitively as being true when "p" is false and false when "p" is true. Negation is thus a unary (single-argument) logical connective. It may be applied as an operation on propositions, truth values, or semantic values more generally. In classical logic, negation is normally identified with the truth function that takes "truth" to "falsity" and vice versa. In intuitionistic logic, according to the BrouwerHeytingKolmogorov interpretation, the negation of a proposition "p" is the proposition whose proofs are the refutations of "p". - The term proposition has a broad use in contemporary philosophy. It is used to refer to some or all of the following: the primary bearers of truth-value, the objects of belief and other "propositional attitudes" (i.e., what is believed, doubted, etc.), the referents of that-clauses, and the meanings of declarative sentences. Propositions are the sharable objects of attitudes and the primary bearers of truth and falsity. This stipulation rules out certain candidates for propositions, including thought- and utterance-tokens which are not sharable, and concrete events or facts, which cannot be false. - Aristotle ("Aristotels"; 384322BC) was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c.347BC). His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343BC. - In mathematical logic, a truth function is a function from a set of truth values to truth values. Classically the domain and range of a truth function are {"truth","falsehood"}, but they may have any number of truth values, including an infinity of these. - Classical logic (or standard logic) is an intensively studied and widely used class of formal logics. Each logical system in this class shares characteristic properties: - In mathematical logic, the BrouwerHeytingKolmogorov interpretation, or BHK interpretation, of intuitionistic logic was proposed by L. E. J. Brouwer, Arend Heyting and independently by Andrey Kolmogorov. It is also sometimes called the realizability interpretation, because of the connection with the realizability theory of Stephen Kleene. What object entity has the relation of 'instance of' with the subject 'dialetheism'? Choices: - academy - aesthetics - age - argument - belief - case - city - class - concept - concrete - ethics - language - logic - logical connective - mathematics - may - natural language - number - philosophy - poetry - politics - principle - proposition - sense - sentence - set - seven - single - standard - term - the city - theater - theory - three - truth - truth value - word - zoology
A:
philosophy