INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Another option for cleaning more soiled items is to make a paste. Use the paste to scrub the brass down, which helps remove tarnish and grime. One paste you can try is lemon juice mixed with baking soda or salt. Just add enough juice to the dry ingredient to make a thick paste. You can also mix cream of tartar and lemon juice to form a paste. This paste can sit on the polish for up to 30 minutes. Another option is equal parts white vinegar, flour, and salt. You can let this polish sit on the brass up to an hour. Use a soft cloth to rub the paste on the brass. You can scrub it into the whole piece. However, don't rub too hard, as you can scratch the surface. Be somewhat gentle to protect your item. Let the paste sit for 30 minutes to an hour if the brass is especially dirty. Once you've applied any of these pastes, make sure to rinse the product off. You don't want to leave it on the brass. Also, dry the brass thoroughly to help prevent tarnishing.

SUMMARY: Create your paste. Scrub the brass. Rinse and dry.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: If you're making a large batch of pellets and there's a chance that the wood particles might contain stone or metal, carefully pour the raw material into the sieve. Wait while the sieve uses magnets and strainers to remove extra particles, and collect the raw materials at the output area of the machine. If metal or stone particles do get into an industrial mill, they can cause clogs or backups in the machinery. This step isn't necessary for small batches of pellets since they won't be placed in an industrial mill. If you're making a small batch of pellets, add 1 tablespoon (15mL) of vegetable oil for every 1 pound (0.45kg) of wood pieces before mixing them. This will help the pieces bind together as they're mixed without adding harmful chemicals to the pellets. There won't be a major difference in the texture of the wood material, since the vegetable oil is absorbed quickly. Don't add too much vegetable oil at first, since it's easier to add more later if necessary. If you're working with more than 10 to 20 pounds (4.5 to 9.1kg) of raw material, you don't need a binding agent to make the pellets. With a large amount of wood, vegetable oil and other additives are easily absorbed by the wood and aren't effective because the pressure and heat used in industrial processing will be enough to make the pellets stick together without the oil. Mixing the wood will ensure all of the wood pieces are uniform in density, moisture, and size. Make sure there is a rolling drum or an agitator in the batch mixer to thoroughly combine the pieces, and turn the mixer on. Pour the raw material into the mixer, wait for 10-20 minutes while the pieces mix, and then remove them from the mixer. For small batches, you can use a kitchen stand mixer to accomplish this. You can find stand mixers at most housewares stores. Pour the wood into the bowl, adding vegetable oil if you're using it, and attach a curved arm for mixing the material. Plug in the mixture and turn it on, letting it run for 10-20 minutes. If you're using sawdust, you don't have to mix the wood since it is already a fairly consistent size and shape.
Summary: Run the raw materials through a sieve to remove contaminants. Add vegetable oil to help the materials stick together in a small batch. Pour the dried wood into a batch mixer to make the material more consistent.

If you puncture your battery while removing it, or notice any discharge that may indicate a puncture, call professionals right away. Call somewhere like a Best Buy or Apple Store for guidance. Punctured batteries can explode and cause fire hazards, so they should not be handled without professional help. If you notice your battery is swollen, unplug your device if it's plugged in and immediately remove the battery. You should never charge a swollen battery as this could result in an explosion. Many areas have electronic recycling centers that accept old electronic supplies for recycling. While you may prefer to recycle your waste, unfortunately swollen batteries are not safe to recycle as they cannot be reused. Be extremely cautious when handling swollen batteries. Never handle batteries with sharp objects, as you risk puncturing the batteries. Never try to force a swollen battery out of a device if it's stuck. If you're unsure how to remove a swollen battery, err on the side of caution and seek help from a professional.
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One-sentence summary -- Contact professionals if you suspect a punctured battery. Do not attempt to charge a swollen battery. Do not recycle swollen batteries. Handle swollen batteries with great care.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: A bond is a debt instrument. Entities issue bonds to raise money for a specific purpose. Governments issue bonds to raise capital for public projects, like a road or a bridge. Corporations issue bonds to raise money to expand their businesses. All of the features of a bond are stated in the bond indenture. Bonds are usually issued in multiples of a $1,000. Assume, for example, that IBM issues a $1,000,000 6% bond due in 10 years. The bond pays interest semi-annually. $1,000,000 is the face amount or principal amount of the bond. That is the amount that must be repaid by the issuer at maturity. IBM (the issuer) must repay the $1,000,000 to the investors at the end of 10 years. The bond matures in 10 years. The bond pays interest of ($1,000,000 multiplied by 6%), or $60,000 per year. Since the bond pays interest semiannually, the issuer must make two payments of $30,000 each. Using the same example, keep in mind that dozens of investors may buy a portion of the $1,000,000 bond issue. Each investor will be paid interest twice per year. An investor will also receive their original investment (principal or face amount) when the bond reaches the maturity date. Many retired people buy bonds because of the predictable stream of income from the interest payments. All bonds are rated, based on their ability to pay interest and repay principal on a timely basis. A bond with a higher rating is considered a safer investment due to the collateral securing the bond and/or the financial strength of the issuer. All things being equal, lower rated bonds generally pay a higher rate of interest since they have greater risk of default. Assume that IBM and Acme Corporation both issue a bond due in 10 years. IBM has a high credit rating and offers a 6% interest rate. If Acme has a lower rating, the company will have to offer a rate higher than 6% to attract investors. To compute the value of a bond at any point in time, you add the present value of the interest payments plus the present value of the principal you receive at maturity. Present value adjusts the value of a future payment into today's dollars. Say, for example, that you expect to receive $100 in 5 years. To find out what the $100 payment is worth today, you would compute the present value of $100. The dollar amount is discounted by a rate of return over the period. This rate of return is often called the discount rate. An investor can select the discount rate using several different approaches. The discount rate may be your estimate of the rate of inflation over the remaining life of the bond. Your discount rate may also be a minimum expected rate of return. The minimum expectation is based on the bond's credit rating, and the interest rate paid by bonds of similar quality. Assume that you decide on a 4% discount rate for the $100 payment due in 5 years. The discount rate is used to discount (reduce) the value of your future payments into today's dollars. In this case, you're calculating the present value of a single sum of money. You can find present value tables on the Internet, or simply use an online present value calculator. If you use a table, you will locate the present value factor for a 4% discount rate for 5 years. That factor is .822. The present value of $100 is ($100 X .822 = $82.20). The present value of your bond is (present value of all interest payments) + (present value of principal repayment at maturity).

SUMMARY:
Consider how a bond works, and why bonds are issued. Review how an investor can profit from owning a bond. Go over present value.