In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.

Input: Consider Input: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Security and Freedom Through
Encryption (SAFE) Act''.

SEC. 2. SALE AND USE OF ENCRYPTION.

(a) In General.--Part I of title 18, United States Code, is amended
by inserting after chapter 121 the following new chapter:

''CHAPTER 122--ENCRYPTED WIRE AND ELECTRONIC INFORMATION

''2801. Definitions.
''2802. Freedom to use encryption.
''2803. Freedom to sell encryption.
''2804. Prohibition on mandatory key escrow.
''2805. Unlawful use of encryption in furtherance of a criminal act.
''Sec. 2801. Definitions
''As used in this chapter--
''(1) the terms 'person', 'State', 'wire communication',
'electronic communication', 'investigative or law enforcement
officer', 'judge of competent jurisdiction', and 'electronic
storage' have the meanings given those terms in section 2510 of
this title;
''(2) the terms 'encrypt' and 'encryption' refer to the
scrambling of wire or electronic information using mathematical
formulas or algorithms in order to preserve the
confidentiality, integrity, or authenticity of, and prevent
unauthorized recipients from accessing or altering, such
information;
''(3) the term 'key' means the variable information used in
a mathematical formula, code, or algorithm, or any component
thereof, used to decrypt wire or electronic information that
has been encrypted; and
''(4) the term 'United States person' means--
''(A) any United States citizen;
''(B) any other person organized under the laws of
any State, the District of Columbia, or any
commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United
States; and
''(C) any person organized under the laws of any
foreign country who is owned or controlled by
individuals or persons described in subparagraphs (A)
and (B).
''Sec. 2802. Freedom to use encryption
''Subject to section 2805, it shall be lawful for any person within
any State, and for any United States person in a foreign country, to
use any encryption, regardless of the encryption algorithm selected,
encryption key length chosen, or implementation technique or medium
used.
''Sec. 2803. Freedom to sell encryption
''Subject to section 2805, it shall be lawful for any person within
any State to sell in interstate commerce any encryption, regardless of
the encryption algorithm selected, encryption key length chosen, or
implementation technique or medium used.
''Sec. 2804. Prohibition on mandatory key escrow
''(a) Prohibition.--No person in lawful possession of a key to
encrypted information may be required by Federal or State law to
relinquish to another person control of that key.
''(b) Exception for Access for Law Enforcement Purposes.--
Subsection (a) shall not affect the authority of any investigative or
law enforcement officer, acting under any law in effect on the
effective date of this chapter, to gain access to encrypted
information.
''Sec. 2805. Unlawful use of encryption in furtherance of a criminal
act
''Any person who willfully uses encryption in furtherance of the
commission of a criminal offense for which the person may be prosecuted
in a court of competent jurisdiction--
''(1) in the case of a first offense under this section,
shall be imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or fined in the
amount set forth in this title, or both; and
''(2) in the case of a second or subsequent offense under
this section, shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years,
or fined in the amount set forth in this title, or both.''.
(b) Conforming Amendment.--The table of chapters for part I of
title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item
relating to chapter 33 the following new item:

''122. Encrypted wire and electronic information............ 2801''.

SEC. 3. EXPORTS OF ENCRYPTION.

(a) Amendment to Export Administration Act of 1979.--Section 17 of
the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2416) is amended
by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection:
''(g) Computers and Related Equipment.--
''(1) General rule.--Subject to paragraphs (2), (3), and
(4), the Secretary shall have exclusive authority to control
exports of all computer hardware, software, and technology for
information security (including encryption), except that which
is specifically designed or modified for military use,
including command, control, and intelligence applications.
''(2) Items not requiring licenses.--No validated license
may be required, except pursuant to the Trading With The Enemy
Act or the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (but
only to the estent that the authority of such Act is not
exercised to extend controls imposed under this Act), for the
export or reexport of--
''(A) any software, including software with
encryption capabilities--
''(i) that is generally available, as is,
and is designed for installation by the
purchaser; or
''(ii) that is in the public domain for
which copyright or other protection is not
available under title 17, United States Code,
or that is available to the public because it
is generally accessible to the interested
public in any form; or
''(B) any computing device solely because it
incorporates or employs in any form software (including
software with encryption capabilities) exempted from
any requirement for a validated license under
subparagraph (A).
''(3) Software with encryption capabilities.--The Secretary
shall authorize the export or reexport of software with
encryption capabilities for nonmilitary end-uses in any country
to which exports of software of similar capability are
permitted for use by financial institutions not controlled in
fact by United States persons, unless there is substantial
evidence that such software will be--
''(A) diverted to a military end-use or an end-use
supporting international terrorism;
''(B) modified for military or terrorist end-use;
or
''(C) reexported without any authorization by the
United States that may be required under this Act.
''(4) Hardware with encryption capabilities.--The Secretary
shall authorize the export or reexport of computer hardware
with encryption capabilities if the Secretary determines that a
product offering comparable security is commercially available
outside the United States from a foreign supplier, without
effective restrictions.
''(5) Definitions.--As used in this subsection--
''(A) the term 'encryption' means the scrambling of
wire or electronic information using mathematical
formulas or algorithms in order to preserve the
confidentiality, integrity, or authenticity of, and
prevent unauthorized recipients from accessing or
altering, such information;
''(B) the term 'generally available' means, in the
case of software (including software with encryption
capabilities), software that is offered for sale,
license, or transfer to any person without restriction,
whether or not for consideration, including, but not
limited to, over-the-counter retail sales, mail order
transactions, phone order transactions, electronic
distribution, or sale on approval;
''(C) the term 'as is' means, in the case of
software (including software with encryption
capabilities), a software program that is not designed,
developed, or tailored by the software publisher for
specific purchasers, except that such purchasers may
supply certain installation parameters needed by the
software program to function properly with the
purchaser's system and may customize the software
program by choosing among options contained in the
software program;
''(D) the term 'is designed for installation by the
purchaser' means, in the case of software (including
software with encryption capabilities) that--
''(i) the software publisher intends for
the purchaser (including any licensee or
transferee), who may not be the actual program
user, to install the software program on a
computing device and has supplied the necessary
instructions to do so, except that the
publisher may also provide telephone help line
services for software installation, electronic
transmission, or basic operations; and
''(ii) the software program is designed for
installation by the purchaser without further
substantial support by the supplier;
''(E) the term 'computing device' means a device
which incorporates one or more microprocessor-based
central processing units that can accept, store,
process, or provide output of data; and
''(F) the term 'computer hardware', when used in
conjunction with information security, includes, but is
not limited to, computer systems, equipment,
application-specific assemblies, modules, and
integrated circuits.''.
(b) Continuation of Export Administration Act.--For purposes of
carrying out the amendment made by subsection (a), the Export
Administration Act of 1979 shall be deemed to be in effect.

Output: Security and Freedom Through Encryption (SAFE) Act - Amends the Federal criminal code to permit any person within any State, and any U.S. person in a foreign country, to use any encryption regardless of the encryption algorithm selected, encryption key length chosen, or implementation technique or medium used, with an exception for the unlawful use of encryption in furtherance of a criminal act.
Allows any person within any State to sell in interstate commerce any encryption.
Specifies that no person in lawful possession of a key to encrypted information may be required by Federal or State law to relinquish to another person control of that key, with an exception for access for law enforcement purposes.
Sets penalties for the willful use of encryption in furtherance of the commission of a criminal offense.
(Sec. 3) Amends the Export Administration Act of 1979 to grant the Secretary of Commerce exclusive authority to control exports of all hardware, software, and technology for information security (including encryption), except that which is specifically designed or modified for military use.
Prohibits requiring any validated license (with limited exceptions pursuant to the Trading With The Enemy Act or the International Emergency Economic Powers Act) for the export or reexport of any: (1) software, including software with encryption capabilities that is generally available as is and that is designed for installation by the purchaser, or that is in the public domain for which copyright or other protection is not available or is available to the public because it is generally accessible to the public in any form; or (2) computing device solely because it incorporates or employs in any form software (including software with encryption capabilities) exempted from any requirement for a validated license under this section.
Directs the Secretary to authorize the export or reexport of: (1) software with encryption capabilities for nonmilitary end-uses in any country to which exports of software of similar capability are permitted for use by financial institutions not controlled in fact by U.S. persons, unless there is substantial evidence that such software will be diverted to a military end-use or an end-use supporting international terrorism, modified for military or terrorist end-use, or reexported without any U.S. authorization that may be required under the Act; and (2) computer hardware with encryption capabilities if the Secretary determines that a product offering comparable security is commercially available outside the United States from a foreign supplier without effective restrictions.

Input: Consider Input: SECTION 1. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ACT; LIABILITY PROTECTIONS FOR HEALTH-
CENTER PRACTITIONERS PROVIDING SERVICES IN EMERGENCY
AREAS.

(a) In General.--Section 224(g) of the Public Health Service Act
(42 U.S.C. 233(g)) is amended--
(1) in paragraph (1)(B)(ii), by striking ''subparagraph
(C)'' and inserting ''subparagraph (C) and paragraph (6)''; and
(2) by adding at the end the following paragraph:
''(6)(A) Subject to subparagraph (C), paragraph (1)(B)(ii) applies
to health services provided to individuals who are not patients of the
entity involved if, as determined under criteria issued by the
Secretary, the following conditions are met:
''(i) The services are provided by a contractor or employee
of the entity who is a physician or other licensed or certified
health care practitioner and who is otherwise deemed to be an
employee for purposes of paragraph (1)(A) when providing
services with respect to the entity.
''(ii) The services are provided in an emergency area (as
defined in subparagraph (D)).
''(iii) The services of the contractor or employee
(referred to in this paragraph as the 'out-of-area
practitioner') are provided under an arrangement with--
''(I) an entity that is deemed to be an employee
for purposes of paragraph (1)(A) and that serves the
emergency area involved (referred to in this paragraph
as an 'emergency-area entity)'; or
''(II) a Federal agency that has responsibilities
regarding the provision of health services in such area
during the emergency.
''(iv) The purposes of the arrangement are--
''(I) to coordinate, to the extent practicable, the
provision of health services in the emergency area by
the out-of-area practitioner with the provision of
services by the emergency-area entity, or by the
Federal agency, as the case may be;
''(II) to identify a location in the emergency area
to which such practitioner should report for purposes
of providing health services, and to identify an
individual or individuals in the area to whom the
practitioner should report for such purposes; and
''(III) to verify the identity of the practitioner
and that the practitioner is licensed or certified by
one or more of the States.
''(v) With respect to the licensure or certification of
health care practitioners, the provision of services by the
out-of-area practitioner in the emergency area is not a
violation of the law of the State in which the area is located.
''(B) In issuing criteria under subparagraph (A), the Secretary
shall take into account the need to rapidly enter into arrangements
under such subparagraph in order to provide health services in
emergency areas promptly after the emergency begins.
''(C) Subparagraph (A) applies with respect to an act or omission
of an out-of-area practitioner only to the extent that the practitioner
is not immune from liability for such act or omission under the
Volunteer Protection Act of 1997.
''(D) For purposes of this paragraph, the term 'emergency area'
means a geographic area for which--
''(i) the Secretary has made a determination under section
319 that a public health emergency exists; or
''(ii) a presidential declaration of major disaster has
been issued under section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act.''.
(b) Effective Date.--With respect to paragraph (6) of section
224(g) of the Public Health Service Act, as added by subsection (a) of
this section:
(1) Except as provided in this subsection, an arrangement
under subparagraph (A)(iii) of such paragraph (6) is deemed to
be in effect for any health professional who, within the
meaning of such paragraph--
(A) is an employee or contractor of a health center
under section 330 of such Act; and
(B) served or is serving as an out-of-area
practitioner in any emergency area declared as a result
of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita.
(2) Such paragraph (6) is deemed to have taken effect on
August 27, 2005, for purposes of paragraph (1) of this
subsection. Such paragraph (6) otherwise takes effect on the
date of the enactment of this Act.
(3) Paragraph (1) of this subsection applies until the
expiration of the 48-hour period beginning on the date on which
the Secretary of Health and Human Services publishes in the
Federal Register a notice that the applicability of such
paragraph is being terminated.

Output: Amends the Public Health Service Act to deem certain physicians or other licensed or certified health care practitioners to be employees of the Public Health Service for purposes of any civil action that may arise due to services provided in an emergency area by a contractor or an employee of a qualified health center. Provides that such services must be provided under an arrangement with a qualified health center or with a federal agency with responsibility for providing health services in the emergency area.

Input: Consider Input: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Local Exchange Infrastructure
Modernization Act of 1993''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

The Congress finds that--
(1) a ubiquitous high quality public switched network will
promote--
(A) universal service at reasonable rates;
(B) the universal availability of advanced public
switched network capabilities and information services;
(C) the public health, safety, national defense,
education and security and emergency preparedness;
(D) the economic development and quality of life by
bringing access to advanced public switched network
capabilities to the American people regardless of their
location;
(E) new services and motivate new service providers
by providing uniform accessibility and
interoperability;
(F) the international competitiveness of American
industry; and
(G) a seamless, nationwide, coordinated and state-
of-the-art public switched network that will enhance
the quality of life for all Americans;
(2) the increasing technological complexity and need for
ubiquitous infrastructure capability and interoperability of
the public switched network requires--
(A) sharing of the public switched network
infrastructure and functionality between and among
local exchange carriers;
(B) joint coordinated network planning, design and
cooperative implementation among all local exchange
carriers; and
(C) development of standards for interconnection
between the local exchange carrier public switched
network and others by appropriate standards-setting
bodies;
(3) the access services provided by the local exchange
carrier public switched network to competitive carriers,
information service providers and others, tie these diverse
elements into an interoperable national telecommunications
network;
(4) a ubiquitous, advanced local exchange carrier public
switched network enhances the function and availability of
services provided by all carriers and all other persons
accessing the local exchange carrier public switched network;
and
(5) it is in the public interest to promote development of
the public switched network by local exchange carriers because
they--
(A) have universal service obligations for
geographically specific serving areas for which they
must construct a ubiquitous infrastructure;
(B) provide public switched network services that
are subject to regulation with respect to rates, terms
and conditions;
(C) must provide network access to their own
competitors on nondiscriminatory rates, terms and
conditions; and
(D) are suppliers of last resort to customers in
their serving areas.

SEC. 3. AMENDMENTS TO THE COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934.

(a) Amendment to Section 1.--Section 1 of the Communications Act of
1934 (47 U.S.C. 151) is amended by designating the existing text as
subsection (a), and adding at the end thereof the following new
subsection:
''(b) The Commission shall exercise its authority so as to--
''(1) preserve and enhance universal service at reasonable
rates;
''(2) achieve universal availability of advanced network
capabilities and information services;
''(3) assure a seamless nationwide distribution network
through joint networking planning, coordination and service
arrangements between and among local exchange carriers;
''(4) maintain high standards for quality of advanced
network services; and
''(5) assure adequate communication for the public health,
safety, defense, education, national security and emergency
preparedness.''.
(b) Amendment to Section 2.--Section 2(b) of the Communications Act
of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 152) is amended by deleting ''227'' and inserting in
lieu thereof ''229''.
(c) Amendment to Section 3.--Section 3 of the Communications Act of
1934 (47 U.S.C. 153) is amended by adding at the end thereof the
following new definitions:
''(hh) The term 'local exchange carrier' means a carrier which--
''(1) is required to provide upon request, under tariff or
subject to other government oversight (by the Commission or a
State commission), interstate and intrastate access services
and telephone exchange service;
''(2) is, or was, a participant in one or more interstate
pools established by the Commission, or would have been
required to participate in one or more such pools had the
carrier been engaged in interstate and intrastate access and
telephone exchange service while such participation was
mandatory;
''(3) is subject to the requirements imposed by the
Commission or a State commission related to the provision of
equal access; and
''(4) conforms with the provisions of the North American
Numbering Plan applicable to the assignment of numbering
resources for telephone exchange service, as defined by the
Plan's Administrator.
''(ii) The term 'Modification of Final Judgment' means the decree
entered August 24, 1982, in United States v. Western Electric, Civil
Action No. 82-0192 (United States District Court, District of
Columbia).''.
(d) Amendment to Title II.--Title II of the Communications Act of
1934 (47 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end thereof
the following new sections:

''SEC. 228. NETWORK PLANNING AND STANDARDS.

''The Commission shall, within 180 days following the date of the
enactment of this section, prescribe regulations that require--
''(1) joint coordinated network planning, design and
cooperative implementation among all local exchange carriers in
the provision of public switched network infrastructure and
services; and
''(2) development of standards for interconnection between
the local exchange carrier public switched network and others
by appropriate standard-setting bodies.

''SEC. 229. INFRASTRUCTURE SHARING ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN OR AMONG LOCAL
EXCHANGE CARRIERS.

''(a) Within 180 days following the date of the enactment of this
section, the Commission shall prescribe regulations that require a
local exchange carrier to share public switched network infrastructure
and functionality with requesting local exchange carriers lacking
economies of scale or scope, as defined in subsection (b).
''(b) For the purposes of this section, the term 'local exchange
carrier lacking economies of scale or scope' means any local exchange
carrier which serves a geographic area for which it lacks economies of
scale or scope for the particular required network functionality.
''(c) The regulations governing such sharing between or among local
exchange carriers shall--
''(1) promote economically efficient decision-making by
local exchange carriers;
''(2) not require any local exchange carrier to make any
decision that is uneconomic or adverse to the public interest;
''(3) permit, but not require, joint ownership and
operation of public switched network infrastructure and
services by or among local exchange carriers;
''(4) limit their applicability to local exchange carriers;
''(5) ensure that a local exchange carrier, when sharing
any infrastructure or providing any functionality to other
local exchange carriers pursuant to this section, shall not be
deemed a common carrier for hire when acting in this capacity,
and such arrangements shall not be deemed common carrier
services by the Commission or by any State commission;
''(6) ensure that fair and reasonable terms and conditions
for and in connection with the business arrangement described
in this section are determined by local exchange carriers in
accordance with general guidelines contained in the regulations
prescribed pursuant to this section;
''(7) establish conditions that promote cooperation between
local exchange carriers; and
''(8) ensure that all regulatory rights and obligations for
and in connection with the business arrangements described in
this section shall be determined exclusively in accordance with
the regulations prescribed pursuant to this section.
''(d) Nothing in this Act shall be construed to enact into law any
economic support currently provided to telephone exchange service or
enact into law any prohibition with regard to new economic support
mechanisms for telephone exchange service or any service other than
telephone exchange service.

''SEC. 230. SIGNALLING.

''Notwithstanding any other law or any restriction or obligation
imposed before the date of enactment of this section pursuant to
Modification of Final Judgment, no local exchange carrier shall be
prohibited from transporting or processing signalling and information
for another local exchange carrier in adjoining or reasonably proximate
serving areas upon request of that local exchange carrier to the same
extent that the providing local exchange carrier is permitted to engage
in such activities for itself.

''SEC. 231. INTRASTATE COMMUNICATION.

''Except as provided in section 2, nothing in this Act shall be
construed to alter, limit, or supersede the authority of any State with
respect to the regulation of intrastate communication service.''.

SEC. 4. ANTITRUST IMMUNITY FOR LOCAL EXCHANGE CARRIERS.

(a) Nothing contained in any Federal or State antitrust law shall
render unlawful any action taken by a local exchange carrier pursuant
to sections 228, 229, and 230 of the Communications Act of 1934, or any
individual or concerted action taken, including but not limited to,
lobbying before Congress or the Federal Communications Commission or
communicating by any means with other local exchange carriers, by any
local exchange carrier, or its directors, officers, agents, employees,
affiliates, subsidiaries, joint ventures, counsel or other persons
purporting to act on behalf of such carrier.
(b) For purposes of this Act, the following terms are defined to
mean:
(1) The term ''Federal Antitrust Laws'' means the Acts
known as the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), the Clayton Act
(15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.), the Robinson-Patman Act (15 U.S.C. 13
et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et
seq.), all subsequent amendments of such Acts, and any and all
other laws which have been or are hereafter enacted to regulate
or prevent contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in
restraint of trade or monopolistic practices.
(2) The term ''State Antitrust Laws'' means all laws
enacted by States or territories within the United States or
their political subdivisions which are patterned after the
Federal laws known as the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.),
the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.), the Robinson-Patman Act
(15 U.S.C. 13 et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15
U.S.C. 41 et seq.), or any subsequent amendments to such Acts,
or any other State laws which are not patterned after such
Federal Acts or amendments but which are designed to regulate
or prevent contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in
restraint of trade or monopolistic practices.
Output: Local Exchange Infrastructure Modernization Act of 1993 - Amends the Communications Act of 1934 to require the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to exercise its authority to: (1) preserve and enhance universal telephone service at reasonable rates; (2) achieve universal availability of advanced network capabilities and information services; (3) assure a seamless nationwide distribution network through joint network planning, coordination, and service arrangements between and among local exchange carriers (LECs); (4) maintain high standards of quality for advanced network services; and (5) assure adequate communication for the public health, safety, defense, education, national security, and emergency preparedness.
Defines "local exchange carrier" for purposes of such Act.
Requires the FCC to prescribe regulations that require: (1) joint coordinated network planning, design, and cooperative implementation among all LECs in the provision of public switched network infrastructure and services; (2) development of standards for interconnection between the LEC public switched network and others by appropriate standard-setting bodies; and (3) a LEC to share public switched network infrastructure and functionality with requesting LECs which serve a geographic area for which they lack economies of scale or scope for the particular required network functionality.