TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: Having fought in the Chaco War, this man served as commander-in-chief of his nation's armed forces from 1951-54, and in 1954 he ousted President Frederico Chavez. Nicknamed Colonel Trunk, he essentially ruled as a totalitarian, and membership in his Colorado Party was a requirement for most jobs. His country became notorious for its illegal trade, drug trafficing, and harboring of NAZI war criminals, and in 1989 he was ousted by so-called "traditionalists" led by Andres Rodriguez. FTP, who was this son of a German immigrant, the long-time president of Paraguay

SOLUTION: History

PROBLEM: Ostwald ripening is a consequence of this quantity's dependence on particle size. This quantity is plotted against temperature in an Ellingham diagram, and the Margules and van Laar equations relate this quantity to the activity coefficient. Phillips and Williams modified a diagram plotting this quantity over the Faraday constant against the oxidation state, the (*) Frost diagram. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter appears in a namesake expression giving the "partial molar" value of this quantity, also generally referred to as chemical potential. It is equivalent to the work done under constant pressure and temperature, and this quantity "of formation" is negative for thermodynamically stable compounds. For 10 points, give this thermodynamic quantity, whose change is equal to the change in enthalpy minus the product of temperature and the change in entropy, which is named after an American scientist.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: NGC 206 is the brightest area in this object, whose largest globular cluster is known as Mayal II or Globular One. Ernst Hartwig observed the only supernova originating from here in 1885, and it appears to have a double nucleus and at least 14 satellites, including M110 and M32. Originally called the "little cloud" by al Sufi, it is found in its namesake constellation, which is itself near the Pegasus constellation. Edwin Hubble used Cepheid variables to show definitively that it was not part of the Milky Way. For 10 points, name this astronomical object, number 31 in Messier's catalogue, the nearest large spiral galaxy to the Milky Way.

SOLUTION:
Science