Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 8.5 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter Summary To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the following bold terms in the following summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter. A phase is a certain form of matter that has the same physical properties throughout. Three phases are common: the solid, the liquid, and the gas phase. What determines the phase of a substance? Generally, the strength of the intermolecular interactions determines whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas under any particular conditions. Covalent network bonding is a very strong form of intermolecular interaction. Diamond is one example of a substance that has this intermolecular interaction. Ionic interactions, the forces of attraction due to oppositely charged ions, are also relatively strong. Covalent bonds are another type of interaction within molecules, but if the bonds are polar covalent bonds, then the unequal sharing of electrons can cause charge imbalances within molecules that cause interactions between molecules. These molecules are described as polar, and these interactions are called dipole-dipole interactions. A certain rather strong type of dipole-dipole interaction, involving a hydrogen atom, is called hydrogen bonding. On the other hand, equal sharing of electrons forms nonpolar covalent bonds, and the interactions between different molecules is less because the molecules are nonpolar. All substances have very weak dispersion forces (also called London forces) caused by the movement of electrons within the bonds themselves. In the solid phase, intermolecular interactions are so strong that they hold the individual atoms or molecules in place. In many solids, the regular three-dimensional arrangement of particles makes a crystal. In other solids, the irregular arrangement of particles makes an amorphous solid. In liquids, the intermolecular interactions are Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. Q: What is the term for a certain form of matter that has the same physical properties throughout? A:

OPTIONS:
- balance
- wave
- structure
- phase

A: phase

input: OPTIONS:
- fat
- carbo
- Protein
- energy Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Oils are liquid lipids that plants use to store energy. Examples of oils include olive oil and corn oil. Q: Oils are liquid lipids that plants use to store what? A:
A:
output: energy

Answer the following question given this paragraph: One of the simplest ways of learning that occurs in just about all animals is habituation. Habituation means learning to get used to something after being exposed to it repeatedly. It usually involves getting used to something that is frightening or annoying but not dangerous. Q: What is the term for getting used to something after being consistently exposed to it? A:

OPTIONS:
- modification
- dissociation
- acceptance
- habituation

Answer: habituation

Problem: OPTIONS:
- photosynthesis
- meiosis
- mitosis
- glycolysis
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Glycolysis You have read that nearly all of the energy used by living things comes to them in the bonds of the sugar, glucose. Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cell metabolism. Many living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of most prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells. Glycolysis begins with the six-carbon, ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule and ends with two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate. Glycolysis consists of two distinct phases. In the first part of the glycolysis pathway, energy is used to make adjustments so that the six-carbon sugar molecule can be split evenly into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules. In the second part of glycolysis, ATP and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are produced (Figure 4.13). If the cell cannot catabolize the pyruvate molecules further, it will harvest only two ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose. For example, mature mammalian red blood cells are only capable of glycolysis, which is their sole source of ATP. If glycolysis is interrupted, these cells would eventually die. Q: Which process breaks down glucose to extract energy for cell metabolism? A:
Answer: glycolysis

Problem:OPTIONS:
- a placentation mutation
- a degenerative mutation
- a photoinhibition mutation
- a frameshift mutation

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Deleting or inserting a nitrogen base causes a frameshift mutation. All of the codons following the mutation are misread. This may be disastrous. To see why, consider this English-language analogy. Take the sentence "The big dog ate the red cat. " If the second letter of "big" is deleted, then the sentence becomes: "The bgd oga tet her edc at. " Deleting a single letter makes the rest of the sentence impossible to read. Q: Deleting or inserting a nitrogen base causes what? A:
****
A: a frameshift mutation

Problem:OPTIONS:
- defensive
- harmful
- retaliatory
- inflammatory

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The cut on your hand may become red, warm, and swollen. These are signs of an inflammatory response. This is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection. As explained in Figure below , the response is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines , which are released when tissue is injured or infected. The chemicals communicate with other cells and coordinate the inflammatory response. You can see an animation of the inflammatory response at this link: http://www. sumanasinc. com/webcontent/animations/content/inflammatory. html . Q: The first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection is called the what response? A:
****
A:
inflammatory