In this task, you are given an abstract of article. Your task is to generate title for this article. Preferred titles are under thirty words.
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Question: Pluripotent cells arise within the inner cell mass (ICM) of mammals and have the potential to generate all cell types of the adult organism through a process of commitment and ordered differentiation. Despite many decades of investigation, the mechanisms that guide and stabilise cell fate choice as well as those that can be engineered to promote its reversal, remain only partially resolved. Reprogramming of somatic cells towards a pluripotent-like state can be achieved by several different experimental routes including nuclear transfer, the supply of a defined cocktail of transcription factors, or by fusing somatic cells with a pluripotent stem cell partner. These approaches have been used to demonstrate the remarkable intrinsic epigenetic plasticity of many terminally differentiated cell types, as well as to define the factors that are required for pluripotent conversion. In this review we summarise some recent advances using cell fusion-based studies to better understand the basis of pluripotency and the epigenetic mechanisms that promote cell type inter-conversion.

Answer: Reprogramming somatic cells towards pluripotency by cellular fusion.

Question: Age-related degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) occurs early and contributes significantly to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Proper function and morphology of BFCNs depends on the supply of nerve growth factor (NGF) from the cortex and the hippocampus. A large number of experiments have shown that decreased supply of NGF at the level of BFCN cell bodies leads to loss of neuronal markers and shrinkage, mimicking what is observed in AD. The delivery of sufficient amounts of NGF signal to BFCN cell bodies depends on the effective participation of several factors including sufficient synthesis and release of NGF, adequate synthesis and expression of NGF receptors by BFCNs, normal signaling and retrograde transport of NGF-receptor complex, and finally effective induction of gene expression by NGF. In the past few years it has become clear that decreased amounts of NGF at the level of BFCN cell bodies is largely due to failed retrograde transport rather than decreased synthesis, binding or expression of NGF receptors in the BFCN terminals. We will discuss in vivo evidence supporting decreased retrograde transport of NGF in a mouse model with BFCN degeneration, and will attempt to match these findings with our studies in postmortem human AD brain. We will speculate about the possible mechanisms of failed NGF retrograde transport and its relationship to AD pathology.

Answer: Alzheimer's disease and NGF signaling

Question: Abstract. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is used to generate structural and chemical three-dimensional images of native skin. We employed SRS microscopy to investigate the microanatomical features of skin and penetration of topically applied materials. Image depth stacks are collected at distinct wavelengths corresponding to vibrational modes of proteins, lipids, and water in the skin. We observed that corneocytes in stratum corneum are grouped together in clusters, 100 to 250 m in diameter, separated by 10- to 25-m-wide microanatomical skin-folds called canyons. These canyons occasionally extend down to depths comparable to that of the dermalepidermal junction below the flat surface regions in porcine and human skin. SRS imaging shows the distribution of chemical species within cell clusters and canyons. Water is predominately located within the cell clusters, and its concentration rapidly increases at the transition from stratum corneum to viable epidermis. Canyons do not contain detectable levels of water and are rich in lipid material. Oleic acid-d34 applied to the skin surface lines the canyons down to a depth of 50 m below the surface of the skin. This observation could have implications on the evaluation of penetration profiles of bioactive materials measured using traditional methods, such as tape-stripping.

Answer:
Three-dimensional chemical imaging of skin using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy