Q: Leonhard Euler ( ; ; ; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics like infinitesimal calculus and graph theory while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory.

Euler was one of the most eminent mathematicians of the 18th century, and is held to be one of the greatest in history. He is also widely considered to be the most prolific mathematician of all time. His collected works fill 60 to 80 quarto volumes, more than anybody in the field. He spent most of his adult life in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and in Berlin, then the capital of Prussia.

A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all."

Leonhard Euler was born on 15 April 1707, in Basel, Switzerland to Paul III Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church, and Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters: Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena, and a younger brother Johann Heinrich. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Paul Euler was a friend of the Bernoulli family; Johann Bernoulli was then regarded as Europe's foremost mathematician, and would eventually be the most important influence on young Leonhard.

1. mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory
2. 1707
3. 60 to 80
4. Paul III Euler
5. Saint Petersburg, Russia, and Berlin
6. Pierre-Simon Laplace
7. Prussia
8. yes
9. mathematical analysis
10. Riehen

Numbered questions:
1. What important branches of science did Leonhard Euler make important discoveries in?
2. What year was he born?
3. How many volumes did his work contain?
4. What is the name of Eiler's father?
5. Where did he spend most of his adult life?
6. What is the name of Europe's foremost mathematician he was friends with?
7. What was Berlin the capital of?
8. Did Eluer have any siblings?
9. What area of study did Euler introduce much of the modern terminology and notation for?
10. What was the town Euler spent most of his childhood in?

Q: The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline.

1. No
2. unknown
3. Macintosh
4. it was expensive
5. Compaq
6. 1994
7. release of Windows 95
8. Intel's Pentium
9. education and desktop publishing
10. Apple

Numbered questions:
1. Is this article about cellphones?
2. What?
3. What model is it considering.
4. What caused its fall in popularity?
5. Who pushed it to third?
6. When?
7. What further caused its fall?
8. What processor hurt them?
9. What industries helped in the 80s?
10. Who were they competing against?

Q: It is easy for us to tell who our family members are, but do plants recognize their own family? Some do, scientists say, according to a report by Science News in early 2010. Guillermo P. Murphy and Susan Dudley are two plant scientists from McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada. They did a few experiments with Jewelweeds, a kind of flower that grows in wet, shady spots. They found that the flowers seem to know their own flower family. In their experiments, Murphy and Dudley planted jewelweeds in pots with either _ or strangers. When jewelweeds were planted in pots with strangers, the plants started to grow more leaves than if they had been planted alone. This response suggests that plants are competing with strangers for sunlight, since a plant with more leaves can receive more light and make more food. Jewelweeds usually grow in the shade, where sunlight is not enough. When jewelweed seedlings were planted with siblings, they grew a few more branches than they usually would if they were alone - but they did not start growing lots of extra leaves. This behavior suggests the plants are more likely to share resources, rather than compete. According to the Science News report, Jewelweeds are not the first plants that plant scientists have studied for family recognition. In 2007, Dudley and her team studied the Great Lakes sea rocket, a plant that grows on the beach - where it may be hard to get fresh water. In that experiment, the scientists found that when sea rockets were planted with siblings, they tolerated each other. But when they were planted with strangers, the sea rockets reacted by working extra hard to grow lots of roots. Dudley says this just because sea rockets, on the beach, get plenty of sun but struggle for water - so when they're threatened, they compete for water. Jewelweeds have plenty of water but have to compete for sunshine, so they grow more leaves.

1. plant scientists
2. Canada.
3. flowers
4. Jewelweeds
5. No
6. wet, shady spots
7. when planted in pots with strangers
8. No
9. Science News report
10. When sea rockets were planted with siblings, they tolerated each other. But when they were planted with strange
11. the beach
12. water
13. sun

Numbered questions:
1. Who are Guillermo P. Murphy and Susan Dudley?
2. From where?
3. What are they studying?
4. What kind?
5. Do they grow in the bright sunlight?
6. Where do they grow?
7. When did the Jewelweeds grow more branches?
8. Are they the first scientists to study if plants can recognize their family?
9. According to what?
10. What did her team find in 2007?
11. Where do they grow?
12. What do they compete for?
13. What do Jewelweeds have enough of?