Answer the following question given this paragraph: 18.1 How Animals Reproduce Reproduction may be asexual when one individual produces genetically identical offspring, or sexual when the genetic material from two individuals is combined to produce genetically diverse offspring. Asexual reproduction in animals occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction may involve fertilization inside the body or in the external environment. A species may have separate sexes or combined sexes; when the sexes are combined they may be expressed at different times in the life cycle. The sex of an individual may be determined by various chromosomal systems or environmental factors such as temperature. Sexual reproduction starts with the combination of a sperm and an egg in a process called fertilization. This can occur either outside the bodies or inside the female. The method of fertilization varies among animals. Some species release the egg and sperm into the environment, some species retain the egg and receive the sperm into the female body and then expel the developing embryo covered with shell, while still other species retain the developing offspring throughout the gestation period. Q: What type of reproduction begins when an egg and sperm combine? A:
OPTIONS:
- natural reproduction
- regular reproduction
- asexual reproduction
- sexual reproduction
sexual reproduction

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Many diseases affect the blood or its components. They include anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, and sickle-cell disease. Q: What is an example of a disease that affects the blood? A:
OPTIONS:
- scoliosis
- tuberculosis
- rickets
- anemia

Answer: anemia

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Anabolic Steroids The endocrine system can be exploited for illegal or unethical purposes. A prominent example of this is the use of steroid drugs by professional athletes. Commonly used for performance enhancement, anabolic steroids are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone, testosterone. By boosting natural levels of this hormone, athletes experience increased muscle mass. Synthetic versions of human growth hormone are also used to build muscle mass. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is banned by all major collegiate and professional sports organizations in the United States because they impart an unfair advantage to athletes who take them. In addition, the drugs can cause significant and dangerous side effects. For example, anabolic steroid use can increase cholesterol levels, raise blood pressure, and damage the liver. Altered testosterone levels (both too low or too high) have been implicated in causing structural damage to the heart, and increasing the risk for cardiac arrhythmias, heart attacks, congestive heart failure, and sudden death. Paradoxically, steroids can have a feminizing effect in males, including shriveled testicles and enlarged breast tissue. In females, their use can cause masculinizing effects such as an enlarged clitoris and growth of facial hair. In both sexes, their use can promote increased aggression (commonly known as "roid-rage"), depression, sleep disturbances, severe acne, and infertility. Q: What performance-enhancing drugs are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone, testosterone? A:
OPTIONS:
- catabolic steroids
- progesterone
- estrogen
- anabolic steroids
Answer: anabolic steroids

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sound Auditory stimuli are sound waves, which are mechanical, pressure waves that move through a medium, such as air or water. There are no sound waves in a vacuum since there are no air molecules to move in waves. The speed of sound waves differs, based on altitude, temperature, and medium, but at sea level and a temperature of 20 C (68 F), sound waves travel in the air at about 343 meters per second. As is true for all waves, there are four main characteristics of a sound wave: frequency, wavelength, period, and amplitude. Frequency is the number of waves per unit of time, and in sound is heard as pitch. High-frequency (15.000Hz) sounds are higher-pitched (short wavelength) than low-frequency (long wavelengths; 100Hz) sounds. Frequency is measured in. Q: Because sound waves must move through a medium, there are no sound waves in a what? A:
OPTIONS:
- solid
- liquid
- gas
- vacuum
output: vacuum

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Notice the differences in the species' beaks in Figure 18.13. Evolution in response to natural selection based on specific food sources in each new habitat led to evolution of a different beak suited to the specific food source. The seed-eating bird has a thicker, stronger beak which is suited to break hard nuts. The nectar-eating birds have long beaks to dip into flowers to reach the nectar. The insect-eating birds have beaks like swords, appropriate for stabbing and impaling insects. Darwin's finches are another example of adaptive radiation in an archipelago. Q: Evolutionary adaptation is evidenced by different shapes of what structures in birds with different food preferences? A:

OPTIONS:
- claws
- Stomach
- necks
- beaks

A: beaks

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The stirrup in the middle ear passes the amplified sound waves to the inner ear through the oval window. When the oval window vibrates, it causes the cochlea to vibrate as well. The cochlea is a shell-like structure that is full of fluid and lined with nerve cells called hair cells. Each hair cell has many tiny "hairs," as you can see in the magnified image below . When the cochlea vibrates, it causes waves in the fluid inside. The waves bend the "hairs" on the hair cells, and this triggers electrical impulses. The electrical impulses travel to the brain through nerves. Only after the nerve impulses reach the brain do we hear the sound. Q: When the oval window vibrates, it causes what else to vibrate as well? A:
OPTIONS:
- cilia
- timpani
- hammer and anvil
- the cochlea
the cochlea