Answer the following question given this paragraph: Group selection A proposed alternative to inclusive fitness (sometimes known as kin selection) is the concept of group selection. In this type of evolutionary scenario, small groups of organisms of the same species are effectively acting as single (perhaps colonial) organisms. It is the reproductive success of the group (rather than individuals within the group), compared to other groups of the organism that is the basis of selection. Groups that display cooperative and altruistic traits have a selective advantage over groups that do not. Again, the mathematical analysis is similar (and it has been claimed that mathematically group and kin selection are equivalent).169 The costs of a trait must be offset by the benefits, but now the key factor is membership in a particular group (and typically, members of a group tend to be related to one another). The life cycle of the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus provides an example of this type of behavior. When environmental conditions are harsh, the cells aggregate into dense, 100 m diameter, "fruiting bodies", each containing ~100,000 stress resistant spores. When the environment improves, and prey becomes available, the spores are released en mass and return to active life. They move and feed in a cooperative manner through the release of digestive enzymes, which because they are acting in a quorum mode, can reach high levels.170 A well-coordinated group is expected to have a significant reproductive advantage over more anarchic collection of individuals. Q: An alternative to inclusive fitness is group selection, a type of what scenario where small groups of organisms of the same species are effectively acting as single (perhaps colonial) organisms? A:
OPTIONS:
- introductory
- combination
- molecular
- evolutionary

Answer: evolutionary

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mid-latitude cyclones form at the polar front. Two very different air masses blow past each other in opposite directions. The Coriolis effect causes winds to strike the polar front at an angle. Warm and cold fronts form next to each other. Q: Which effect causes winds to strike the polar front at an angle? A:
OPTIONS:
- axial tilt
- Lake Effect
- centrifugal effect
- coriolis effect
Answer: coriolis effect

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: conditions. Esters are neutral compounds that undergo hydrolysis, a reaction with water. Under acidic conditions, hydrolysis is essentially the reverse of esterification. When carried out under basic conditions, the process is called saponification. Inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. Some of the most important esters in biochemistry are those formed from phosphoric acid. Amines are nitrogen-containing organic molecules derived from ammonia (NH3). A primary (1) amine (RNH2) has one organic group bonded to the nitrogen atom, a secondary (2) amine (R2NH) has two organic groups bonded to the nitrogen atom, and a tertiary (3) amine (R3N) has three organic groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are basic compounds that react with strong acids to produce ammonium (NH4+) salts. A cyclic compound in which the ring contains one or more noncarbon atoms is called a heterocyclic compound. There are many heterocyclic amines, including many physiologically important ones. Alkaloids are heterocyclic amines found in many plants. Caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine are familiar alkaloids. Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom are amides, and the carbon-to-nitrogen bond is an amide linkage (or a peptide linkage). Most amides are colorless and odorless, and the lighter ones are soluble in water. Because they are polar molecules, amides have comparatively high boiling points and melting points. Amides are synthesized from carboxylic acids and NH3 or amines. Amides are neutral compounds. They resist hydrolysis in water, but acids, bases, and enzymes catalyze the reaction. Q: Esters are neutral compounds that undergo what process, which is a reaction with water? A:
OPTIONS:
- osmosis
- cellular respiration
- replication
- hydrolysis
output: hydrolysis

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Viruses were first described by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892. He described a "non-bacterial pathogen" infecting tobacco plants. This was soon followed by the identification of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898. Since then, about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail, although it is believed that there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth, and are the most abundant type of biological entity. Viruses can be classified with a taxonomic structure from order to species. No kingdom classification exists. Viruses, not being made of cells, do not fall into any of the six prokaryotic or eukaryotic kingdoms. Q: What is the most abundant type of biological entity on the earth? A:

OPTIONS:
- bacteria
- reptiles
- insects
- viruses

A: viruses

input: OPTIONS:
- flexible donors
- complete donors
- likely donors
- universal donors Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Recall that people with type O blood do not have any antigens on their RBCs. As a result, type O blood can be given to people with blood types A, B, or AB. If there are no antigens on the RBCs, there cannot be an antibody reaction in the blood. People with type O blood are often called universal donors . Q: People with type o blood are often called what? A:
A:
output: universal donors

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 7. Nuclear energy is energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms because of the strong forces that hold the nucleus together. The energy can be released in nuclear power plants by splitting nuclei apart. It is also released when unstable (radioactive) nuclei break down, or decay. Q: What type of energy is stored in the nuclei of atoms? A:
OPTIONS:
- light energy
- radioactive energy
- heat energy
- nuclear energy
Answer:
nuclear energy