In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.

Q: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Skilled Workforce Enhancement Act of
2001''.

SEC. 2. CREDIT FOR EXPENSES FOR LONG-TERM TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES IN
HIGHLY SKILLED SMALL BUSINESS TRADES.

(a) In General.--Subpart D of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to business-related
credits) is amended by adding at the end the following new section:

''SEC. 45E. EXPENSES FOR LONG-TERM TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES IN HIGHLY
SKILLED SMALL BUSINESS TRADES.

''(a) General Rule.--For purposes of section 38, in the case of a
small business employer, the highly skilled trades training credit
determined under this section for the taxable year is $15,000 for each
employee having a qualified training year ending with or within such
taxable year (whether or not such employee is an employee of the
taxpayer as of the close of such taxable year).
''(b) Definitions.--For purposes of this section--
''(1) Small business employer.--
''(A) In general.--The term 'small business
employer' means, with respect to any taxable year, any
employer who employed an average of 250 or fewer
employees on business days during such taxable year.
''(B) Controlled groups.--For purposes of
subparagraph (A), all persons treated as a single
employer under subsection (b), (c), (m), or (o) of
section 414 shall be treated as a single employer.
''(2) Qualified training year.--
''(A) In general.--The term 'qualified training
year' means each year during the training period in
which the employee received at least 1,500 hours of
training (including on-the-job training and training at
multi-employer training facilities) from the taxpayer
(or any predecessor) under a qualified training program
as an apprentice in any highly skilled trade.
''(B) Highly skilled trades.--For purposes of
subparagraph (A), the term 'highly skilled trades'
means--
''(i) precision machinists,
''(ii) die makers,
''(iii) mold makers,
''(iv) tool and die designers,
''(v) heating, ventilating, air
conditioning, refrigeration, and roofing
contractors,
''(vi) the trade of masonry,
''(vii) plumbers,
''(viii) pipefitters,
''(ix) patternmakers,
''(x) foundry technicians,
''(xi) electricians,
''(xii) recreational marine production and
design workers,
''(xiii) 2-way radio technicians,
''(xiv) welders,
''(xv) shipfitters,
''(xvi) propellor machinists,
''(xvii) electronic instrumentation
specialists, and
''(xviii) other highly skilled trades
specified in regulations prescribed by the
Secretary.
Such term shall not include any trade if the customary
apprenticeship period for such trade is less than 2
years.
''(C) Qualified training program.--
''(i) In general.--The term 'qualified
training program' means a written plan of study
and training for individuals in, or entering
into, highly skilled trades.
''(ii) Description of programs.--A plan
under clause (i) must be a program described in
one of the following subclauses:
''(I) An apprenticeship program
registered and certified with the
Secretary of Labor under section 1 of
the National Apprenticeship Act (29
U.S.C. 50).
''(II) A program licensed,
registered, or certified by the
workforce investment board or
apprenticeship agency or council of a
State or administered in compliance
with apprenticeship laws of a State.
''(III) A program conducted by a
vocational or technical education
school, community college, or
industrial or trade training
organization.
''(IV) A program which conforms to
apprentice training programs developed
or administered by an employer trade
group or committee.
''(V) An industry sponsored or
administered program which is clearly
identified and commonly
recognized within an industry and which meets the requirements of
clause (iii).
''(iii) Requirements.--A program meets the
requirements of this clause if such program--
''(I) is accessible to individuals
without discrimination on the basis of
race, sex, color, religion, or national
origin,
''(II) provides an overview of the
trade, including the history and modern
developments in such trade,
''(III) provides related
instruction of the fundamental,
intermediate, and advanced skills,
techniques, and materials of the trade,
''(IV) provides training in math,
measurement, and blueprint reading
skills, if such skills are required in
the trade,
''(V) provides training on trade
specific tools and equipment,
''(VI) provides on-the-job training
which allows performance of work under
close supervision of an instructor or
skilled worker, and
''(VII) provides periodic review
and evaluation of participants to
demonstrate proficiency in skills,
including the use of tests and
assessment of individual and group
projects.
''(3) Training period.--The term 'training period' means,
with respect to an employee, the period--
''(A) beginning on the date that the employee
begins employment with the taxpayer as an apprentice in
the highly skilled trade, and
''(B) ending on the earlier of--
''(i) the date that such apprenticeship
with the employer ends, or
''(ii) the date which is 4 years after the
date referred to in subparagraph (A).
''(c) Coordination With Other Credits.--The amount of credit
otherwise allowable under sections 51(a) and 1396(a) with respect to
any employee shall be reduced by the credit allowed by this section
with respect to such employee.''.
(b) Credit Made Part of General Business Credit.--Subsection (b) of
section 38 of such Code is amended by striking ''plus'' at the end of
paragraph (12), by striking the period at the end of paragraph (13) and
inserting '', plus'', and by adding at the end the following new
paragraph:
''(14) in the case of a small business employer (as defined
in section 45E(b)), the highly skilled trades training credit
determined under section 45E(a).''.
(c) Denial of Double Benefit.--Section 280C of such Code is amended
by adding at the end the following new subsection:
''(d) Credit for Training Expenses for Employees in Highly Skilled
Small Business Trades.--No deduction shall be allowed for that portion
of the expenses otherwise allowable as a deduction for the taxable year
which is equal to the amount of the credit determined for the taxable
year under section 45E(a).''.
(d) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for subpart D of
part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of such Code is amended by adding
at the end the following new item:

''Sec. 45E. Expenses for long-term
training of employees in highly
skilled small business
trades.''.
(e) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall
apply to expenses paid or incurred in the taxable years ending after
the date of the enactment of this Act.

A: Skilled Workforce Enhancement Act of 2001 - Amends the Internal Revenue Code to provide small employers with a highly skilled trades training credit.
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Q: SECTION 1. FINDINGS.

Congress finds the following:
(1) Twice since 1989, the northwestern coast of Maui,
Hawaii, has been plagued with massive blooms of the green alga,
Cladorphora sericea. Blooms of the red alga, Hypnea
musciformis, have also occurred in the area and in the Kihei
area.
(2) The algal blooms have destroyed corals and other reef-
building organisms, and have washed up on beaches and severely
impeded the recreational use of affected coastal areas.
(3) The algal blooms are particularly detrimental to the
natural ecological balance of the near-shore reef environment.
(4) Although the specific causes of the algal blooms are
uncertain, algal growth is stimulated in a proportional manner
by concentrations of chemicals such as fertilizers and
insecticides, which enter the ocean through freshwater runoff.
(5) The Department of Health of the State of Hawaii has
indicated that the department does not have the resources at
this time to determine the cause of the algal blooms.
(6) Extensive research will be required to determine the
factors that contribute to algal growth.
(7) Potential sources of nutrients that may contribute to
algal growth include the near-shore disposal of sewage in
injection wells from the Lahaina Wastewater Treatment Plant,
surface runoff from agricultural lands and urban resort areas,
and subsurface point sources in the areas.
(8) The long-term environmental impacts of the algal blooms
are unknown, but in the short term, reefs exposed to the algae
are being destroyed and the deterioration of the coral has
detrimental effects on fish and other wildlife that depend on
the reefs for survival.
(9) The algal blooms are generating negative economic
impacts as well as negative biological impacts, as additional
reports indicate that the algae are decreasing the intake of
fish caught by local fishermen in the affected marine waters.
(10) The Maui Algae Task Force is comprised of community
environmental activists and has been assembled to address the
problem of algal blooms.
(11) The Maui Algae Task Force hopes to work in cooperation
with the Department of Health of the State of Hawaii and the
Environmental Protection Agency to identify and eradicate the
causes of the algal blooms.

SEC. 2. STUDY.

(a) In General.--The Administrator of the Environmental Protection
Agency (hereafter in this Act referred to as the ''Administrator'')
shall conduct a study to--
(1) determine the causes of recent algal blooms off the
northwestern coast of Maui, Hawaii; and
(2) research alternatives for the improved management of
chemicals present in wastewater treatment and fresh water
runoff.
(b) Study Requirements.--In carrying out the study under this
section, the Administrator shall--
(1) survey and monitor--
(A) seaweed populations and animals for which the
seaweed is a food source;
(B) surface water runoff sediments in the study
area; and
(C) inputs into the study area from subsurface
point sources, including any such inputs from the
Lahaina wastewater treatment plant; and
(2) study the responses of--
(A) the seaweed populations referred to in
paragraph (1)(A) to different concentrations of
nutrients; and
(B) the animals referred to in paragraph (1)(A) to
pesticides and other biological toxins.
(c) Equipment; Grants.--
(1) Acquisition of equipment.--In carrying out the study
under this section, the Administrator is authorized to acquire
such monitoring and testing equipment as the Administrator
determines necessary.
(2) Grants.--In carrying out the study under this section,
the Administrator is authorized to establish a grant program to
provide grants to eligible entities that submit approved
applications to the Administrator. The following entities may
submit an application to conduct study activities under this
section:
(A) The Department of Health of the State of
Hawaii.
(B) The Maui Algae Task Force.
(C) Appropriate Federal, State, or county
departments or agencies.
(D) Any other entity that the Administrator
determines to be appropriate.
(d) Demonstration Projects.--In carrying out the study under this
section, the Administrator is authorized to establish demonstration
projects to identify and implement best management practices for the
control of nonpoint source pollution from erosion and agricultural
runoff.
(e) Reports.--
(1) Interim report.--Not later than 1 year after the date
of enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall submit to
Congress a report that includes interim results of the study
conducted under this section, and such recommendations as the
Administrator determines to be appropriate.
(2) Final report.--Not later than January 31, 1996, the
Administrator shall submit to Congress a final report that
summarizes the results of the study conducted under this
section and includes such recommendations as the Administrator
determines to be appropriate.
(f) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out this
section $500,000 for each of fiscal years 1994 and 1995.

A: Directs the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to study and report to the Congress on the causes of recent algal blooms off the northwestern coast of Maui, Hawaii, and to research alternatives for the improved management of chemicals present in wastewater treatment and fresh water runoff.
Authorizes the Administrator to establish: (1) a grant program to enable eligible entities to conduct study activities; and (2) demonstration projects to implement best management practices for the control of nonpoint source pollution from erosion and agricultural runoff.
Authorizes appropriations.
****
Q: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Employee Free Choice Act of 2007''.

SEC. 2. STREAMLINING UNION CERTIFICATION.

(a) In General.--Section 9(c) of the National Labor Relations Act
(29 U.S.C. 159(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
''(6) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, whenever
a petition shall have been filed by an employee or group of employees
or any individual or labor organization acting in their behalf alleging
that a majority of employees in a unit appropriate for the purposes of
collective bargaining wish to be represented by an individual or labor
organization for such purposes, the Board shall investigate the
petition. If the Board finds that a majority of the employees in a unit
appropriate for bargaining has signed valid authorizations designating
the individual or labor organization specified in the petition as their
bargaining representative and that no other individual or labor
organization is currently certified or recognized as the exclusive
representative of any of the employees in the unit, the Board shall not
direct an election but shall certify the individual or labor
organization as the representative described in subsection (a).
''(7) The Board shall develop guidelines and procedures for the
designation by employees of a bargaining representative in the manner
described in paragraph (6). Such guidelines and procedures shall
include--
''(A) model collective bargaining authorization language
that may be used for purposes of making the designations
described in paragraph (6); and
''(B) procedures to be used by the Board to establish the
validity of signed authorizations designating bargaining
representatives.''.
(b) Conforming Amendments.--
(1) National labor relations board.--Section 3(b) of the
National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 153(b)) is amended, in
the second sentence--
(A) by striking ''and to'' and inserting ''to'';
and
(B) by striking ''and certify the results
thereof,'' and inserting '', and to issue
certifications as provided for in that section,''.
(2) Unfair labor practices.--Section 8(b) of the National
Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 158(b)) is amended--
(A) in paragraph (7)(B) by striking '', or'' and
inserting ''or a petition has been filed under section
9(c)(6), or''; and
(B) in paragraph (7)(C) by striking ''when such a
petition has been filed'' and inserting ''when such a
petition other than a petition under section 9(c)(6)
has been filed''.

SEC. 3. FACILITATING INITIAL COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENTS.

Section 8 of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 158) is
amended by adding at the end the following:
''(h) Whenever collective bargaining is for the purpose of
establishing an initial agreement following certification or
recognition, the provisions of subsection (d) shall be modified as
follows:
''(1) Not later than 10 days after receiving a written
request for collective bargaining from an individual or labor
organization that has been newly organized or certified as a
representative as defined in section 9(a), or within such
further period as the parties agree upon, the parties shall
meet and commence to bargain collectively and shall make every
reasonable effort to conclude and sign a collective bargaining
agreement.
''(2) If after the expiration of the 90-day period
beginning on the date on which bargaining is commenced, or such
additional period as the parties may agree upon, the parties
have failed to reach an agreement, either party may notify the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service of the existence of
a dispute and request mediation. Whenever such a request is
received, it shall be the duty of the Service promptly to put
itself in communication with the parties and to use its best
efforts, by mediation and conciliation, to bring them to
agreement.
''(3) If after the expiration of the 30-day period
beginning on the date on which the request for mediation is
made under paragraph (2), or such additional period as the
parties may agree upon, the Service is not able to bring the
parties to agreement by conciliation, the Service shall refer
the dispute to an arbitration board established in accordance
with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Service. The
arbitration panel shall render a decision settling the dispute
and such decision shall be binding upon the parties for a
period of 2 years, unless amended during such period by written
consent of the parties.''.

SEC. 4. STRENGTHENING ENFORCEMENT.

(a) Injunctions Against Unfair Labor Practices During Organizing
Drives.--
(1) In general.--Section 10(l) of the National Labor
Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 160(l)) is amended--
(A) in the second sentence, by striking ''If, after
such'' and inserting the following:
''(2) If, after such''; and
(B) by striking the first sentence and inserting
the following:
''(1) Whenever it is charged--
''(A) that any employer--
''(i) discharged or otherwise discriminated against
an employee in violation of subsection (a)(3) of
section 8;
''(ii) threatened to discharge or to otherwise
discriminate against an employee in violation of
subsection (a)(1) of section 8; or
''(iii) engaged in any other unfair labor practice
within the meaning of subsection (a)(1) that
significantly interferes with, restrains, or coerces
employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in
section 7;
while employees of that employer were seeking representation by
a labor organization or during the period after a labor
organization was recognized as a representative defined in
section 9(a) until the first collective bargaining contract is
entered into between the employer and the representative; or
''(B) that any person has engaged in an unfair labor
practice within the meaning of subparagraph (A), (B) or (C) of
section 8(b)(4), section 8(e), or section 8(b)(7);
the preliminary investigation of such charge shall be made forthwith
and given priority over all other cases except cases of like character
in the office where it is filed or to which it is referred.''.
(2) Conforming amendment.--Section 10(m) of the National
Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 160(m)) is amended by inserting
''under circumstances not subject to section 10(l)'' after
''section 8''.
(b) Remedies for Violations.--
(1) Backpay.--Section 10(c) of the National Labor Relations
Act (29 U.S.C. 160(c)) is amended by striking ''And provided
further,'' and inserting ''Provided further, That if the Board
finds that an employer has discriminated against an employee in
violation of subsection (a)(3) of section 8 while employees of
the employer were seeking representation by a labor
organization, or during the period after a labor organization
was recognized as a representative defined in subsection (a) of
section 9 until the first collective bargaining contract was
entered into between the employer and the representative, the
Board in such order shall award the employee back pay and, in
addition, 2 times that amount as liquidated damages: Provided
further,''.
(2) Civil penalties.--Section 12 of the National Labor
Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 162) is amended--
(A) by striking ''Any'' and inserting ''(a) Any'';
and
(B) by adding at the end the following:
''(b) Any employer who willfully or repeatedly commits any unfair
labor practice within the meaning of subsections (a)(1) or (a)(3) of
section 8 while employees of the employer are seeking representation by
a labor organization or during the period after a labor organization
has been recognized as a representative defined in subsection (a) of
section 9 until the first collective bargaining contract is entered
into between the employer and the representative shall, in addition to
any make-whole remedy ordered, be subject to a civil penalty of not to
exceed $20,000 for each violation. In determining the amount of any
penalty under this section, the Board shall consider the gravity of the
unfair labor practice and the impact of the unfair labor practice on
the charging party, on other persons seeking to exercise rights
guaranteed by this Act, or on the public interest.''.

A:
Employee Free Choice Act of 2007- Amends the National Labor Relations Act to require the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to certify a bargaining representative without directing an election if a majority of the bargaining unit employees have authorized designation of the representative (card-check) and there is no other individual or labor organization currently certified or recognized as the exclusive representative of any of the employees in the unit.

Sets forth special procedural requirements for reaching an initial collective bargaining agreement following certification or recognition.

Revises enforcement requirements with respect to unfair labor practices during union organizing drives, particularly a preliminary investigation of an alleged unfair labor practice (ULP) which may lead to proceedings for injunctive relief.

Requires that priority be given to a preliminary investigation of any charge that, while employees were seeking representation by a labor organization, or during the period after a labor organization was recognized as a representative until the first collective bargaining contract is entered into, an employer: (1) discharged or otherwise discriminated against an employee to encourage or discourage membership in the labor organization; (2) threatened to discharge or to otherwise discriminate against an employee in order to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of guaranteed self-organization or collective bardaining rights; or (3) engaged in any other related ULP that significantly interferes with, restrains, or coerces employees in the exercise of such guaranteed rights.

Adds to remedies for such violations: (1) back pay plus liquidated damages; and (2) additional civil penalties.
****