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When diluting solutions, you must know the concentration of the working stock and the final concentration that you want your solution to have. This method is useful for diluting highly concentrated solutions into less concentrated solutions. For example: Make 75 mLs of a 1.5 M stock of NaCl from a working stock of 5 M. The working stock is at a concentration of 5 M and you want to dilute to a final concentration of 1.5 M. You must also define the total volume of the solution you want to make. You will calculate the amount of working solution that needs to be added in order to dilute it to the final concentration and volume. For example: Make 75 mLs of a 1.5 M stock of NaCl from a working stock of 5 M. To determine the amount of working stock that needs to be diluted, you use the formula V1C1=V2C2; V1 is volume of the working stock and C1 is the concentration of the working stock; V2 is the desired final volume and C2 is the desired final concentration of the solution. For example: Make 75 mLs of a 1.5 M stock of NaCl from a working stock of 5 M. To calculate the volume of the working stock needed, the equation gets rearranged to solve for V1: V1 = (V2C2)/C1 V1 = (V2C2)/C1 = (0.075 L * 1.5 M)/5M = 0.0225 L. Convert L back to mL by multiplying by 1000: 22.5 mL. When diluting the stock solution, you need to make sure that you dilute to your final volume. By subtracting the volume of the stock solution to be added you will make sure the dilution is done properly. For example: You want a final volume of 75 mLs and will be adding 22.5 mL of the stock solution. Therefore, 75 22.5 = 52.5 mLs. This volume is the amount of dilution solution you will use. Using a graduated cylinder (measuring equipment for volumes), measure out the volume of the stock solution and then mix it with the volume of the dilution solution. For example: Measure 22.5 mLs of the stock 5 M solution of NaCl and dilute it with 52.5 mLs of water. Stir to mix. Label the container with both the concentration and the compound: 1.5 M NaCl. Remember, if you are diluting an acid with water, always add the acid to the water.

summary: Define the concentration of each solution. Determine the volume of the solution you want to make. Calculate the volume of working stock to be added to the final solution. Subtract the volume of the stock solution from the desired final volume. Combine the calculated volume of the stock solution with the volume of the dilution solution.

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Netstat is a built-in Windows utility that can help detect the presence of spyware or other malicious files. Press Win + R to manually run a program and enter "cmd". The command line allows you to interact with the operating system using text commands. This approach is good for those who want to avoid using third party software or take a more manual approach to the malicious software removal. Make sure you run an elevated command prompt window by choosing Run as administrator. This will display a list of programs utilizing a connection or listening port (i.e. processes connecting to the internet). In this context, 'b' stands for binary. The command displays the running "binaries" (or executables) and their connections. Look for unfamiliar process names or port usage. If you are unsure about a process or its port, research its name online. You'll find others who have encountered the process and they can help identify it as malicious (or harmless). When you have confirmed a process as malicious, it is time to remove the file running it. If you are unsure whether the process is malicious or not after researching, then it is best to leave it alone. Tampering with the wrong files may cause other software to not work properly. This will open the Windows Task Manager, which lists all of the processes running on your computer. Scroll to locate the name of the bad process you found in the command line. This will take you to the directory location of the bad file. This will move the bad file to the Recycling Bin. Processes cannot run from this location. If you receive an alert that the file cannot be deleted because it is in use, return to the Task Manager, select the process and press "End Task". This will end the process immediately so that it can be moved to recycling. If you deleted the wrong file, you can double-click the recycling to open it and then click and drag to move the file back out. This will permanently delete the file.

summary: Open a command line window. Enter the text "netstat -b" and hit Enter. Identify bad processes. Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete simultaneously. Right-click the process name and select "Show In Folder". Right-click the file and select "Delete". Right-click the Recycling Bin and select "Empty Recycling Bin".

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Use a clean sheet or outdoor covering to cover your vinyl furniture when it's not in use. This will protect your vinyl furniture from dirt and debris, preserving it over time. This is also helpful for vinyl furniture that is stored outside, as it helps protect vinyl furniture from sun damage. If you act fast, you can wipe up stains before they become set. If anything spills on your vinyl furniture, use a rag or paper towel to wipe it up in the moment. This will limit the need to use bleach and other chemicals on vinyl furniture, preserving it over time. If you clean your vinyl furniture on a regular basis, this will prevent stains over time. Aim to clean your vinyl furniture every six weeks to maintain it. To keep on track with cleaning, mark when your vinyl furniture is due for cleaning in a calendar.
summary: Cover your furniture when it's not in use. Wipe away small stains as they occur. Clean your vinyl furniture regularly.