Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Saturn's composition is similar to Jupiter's. The planet is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. These elements are gases in the outer layers and liquids in the deeper layers. Saturn may also have a small solid core. Saturn's upper atmosphere has clouds in bands of different colors. These clouds rotate rapidly around the planet. But Saturn has fewer storms than Jupiter. Thunder and lightning have been seen in the storms on Saturn ( Figure below ). Q: Saturn is made mostly of helium and what else? A:
OPTIONS:
- nitrogen
- carbon
- hydrogen
- hydrogen
Answer: hydrogen

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: After the blood in the pulmonary capillaries becomes saturated with oxygen, it leaves the lungs and travels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood into arteries, which carry it throughout the body. Eventually, the blood travels into capillaries that supply body tissues. These capillaries are called peripheral capillaries . Q: After the blood in the pulmonary capillaries becomes saturated with oxygen, it leaves the lungs and travels where? A:
OPTIONS:
- to the lungs
- to the kidneys
- to the brain
- to the heart
output: to the heart

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: reality versus abstraction. It is organisms, whether single- or multi-cellular, that produce new organisms. As we will discuss in detail when we consider the origins of multicellular organisms, a cell within a multicellular organism normally cannot survive outside the organism nor can it produce a new organism - it depends upon cooperation with the other cells of the organism. In fact, each multicellular organism is an example of a cooperative, highly integrated social system. The cells of a typical multicellular organism are part of a social system in which most cells have given up their ability to reproduce a new organism; their future depends upon the reproductive success of the organism of which they are a part. It is the organism's success in generating new organisms that underlies evolution's selective mechanisms. Within the organism, the cells that give rise to the next generation of organism are known as germ cells, those that do not (that is, the cells that die when the organism dies) are known as somatic cells.47 All organisms in the modern world, and for apparently the last ~3.5-3.8 billion years, arise from a pre-existing organism or, in the case of sexually reproducing organisms, from the cooperation of two organisms, an example of social evolution that we will consider in greater detail in Chapter 4. We will also see that breakdowns in such social systems can lead to the death of the organism or the disruption of the social system. Cancer is the most obvious example of an anti-social behavior; in evolutionary terms, it can, initially, be rewarded (more copies of the cancerous cell are produced) but ultimately leads to the extinction of the cancer, and often the death of the organism within which the cancer occurs.48 This is because evolutionary mechanisms are not driven by long term outcomes, but only by immediate ones. Spontaneous generation and the origin of life
The ubiquity of organisms raises obvious questions: how did life start and what led to all these different types of organisms? At... Q: Within an organism, the cells that give rise to the next generation are known as germ cells, while those that do not (that is, the cells that die when the organism dies) are known as what cells? A:

OPTIONS:
- xylem
- neural
- cloning
- somatic

A: somatic

input: OPTIONS:
- mitochondria
- lysosomes
- fibroblasts
- ribosomes Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ribosomes are the organelles on which proteins are made during protein synthesis . Ribosomes are found throughout the cytosol of the cell and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum organelle. Ribosomes order amino acids using messenger RNA (mRNA) as a template in a process called translation. Ribosomes are made from complexes of ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and proteins called ribonucleoproteins . Each ribosome is divided into two subunits. The smaller subunit binds to the mRNA pattern, while the larger subunit binds to the transfer RNA (tRNA) and the growing polypeptide chain. More about the ribosome will be discussed in the Cell Structures: Ribosomes (Advanced) concept. Q: What are the organelles on which proteins are made during protein synthesis called? A:
A:
output: ribosomes

Answer the following question given this paragraph: In the 1780s, an American scientist named Benjamin Thompson, also known as Count Rumford, was hired by the Elector of Bavaria to supervise the manufacture of cannons. During the manufacturing process, teams of horses harnessed to a large-toothed wheel supplied the power needed to drill a hole several inches in diameter straight down the center of a solid brass or bronze cylinder, which was cooled by water. Based on his observations, Rumford became convinced that heat and work are equivalent ways of transferring energy. Q: According to count rumford, which two are equivalent ways of transferring energy? A:

OPTIONS:
- addition and multiplication
- osmosis and heredity
- time and space
- heat and work

Answer: heat and work

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cell phone signals are carried through the air as microwaves. You can see how this works in the Figure below . A cell phone encodes the sounds of the caller's voice in microwaves by changing the frequency of the waves. This is called frequency modulation. The encoded microwaves are then sent from the phone through the air to a cell tower. From the cell tower, the waves travel to a switching center. From there they go to another cell tower and from the tower to the receiver of the person being called. The receiver changes the encoded microwaves back to sounds. Q: What is the name of the mechanism in which sounds are encoded in microwaves by changing their frequency? A:

OPTIONS:
- molecular modulation
- shape modulation
- mechanical modulation
- frequency modulation

A:
frequency modulation