Q: Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered. The concept of justice differs in every culture. An early theory of justice was set out by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work "The Republic". Advocates of divine command theory argue that justice issues from God. In the 17th century, theorists like John Locke argued for the theory of natural law. Thinkers in the social contract tradition argued that justice is derived from the mutual agreement of everyone concerned. In the 19th century, utilitarian thinkers including John Stuart Mill argued that justice is what has the best consequences. Theories of distributive justice concern what is distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the "proper" distribution. Egalitarians argued that justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality. John Rawls used a social contract argument to show that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness. Property rights theorists (like Robert Nozick) take a deontological view of distributive justice and argue that property rights-based justice maximizes the overall wealth of an economic system. Theories of retributive justice are concerned with punishment for wrongdoing. Restorative justice (also sometimes called "reparative justice") is an approach to justice that focuses on restoring what is good, and necessarily focuses on the needs of victims and offenders.

Answer the following questions:
1. Who wrote "The Republic"?
2. What was his nationality?
3. What was his job or occupation, what he is known for?
4. Who controls justice according to those who believe divine command theory?
5. Who controls justice according to those who believe in social contract tradition?
6. When did John Stuart Mill live?
7. What type of thinker was he known as?
8. What group believed that justice can only exist when people are equal?
9. Robert Nozick was known to be what type of theorist?
10. What theorists focus on restoration of good?
11. Restorative justice focus on the needs of what two groups?
12. Who was first to discuss and write about justice, John Stuart Mill or John Locke?
13. Was the "natural law" or the "social contract" view of justice discussed and written about first?
A: 1. Plato.
2. Greek.
3. Philosopher.
4. God.
5. Everyone concerned.
6. In the 19th century.
7. Utilitarian thinkers.
8. Egalitarians.
9. Property rights theorist.
10. Restorative justice
11. Victims and offenders.
12. John Locke.
13. Natural law.
Q: (CNN) -- After months of bloodshed, intrigue and revenge that made Yemen seem like an Arabian version of Hamlet, President Ali Abdullah Saleh has finally transferred his powers to his vice president, and elections are to be held in three months.

At the ceremony in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to seal the transition deal worked out by the Gulf Cooperation Council, Saleh seemed relaxed and even chuckled as he signed several copies of the agreement, the result of intense diplomatic shuttling by U.N. envoy Jamal bin Omar and growing pressure from the international community.

But Saleh also took a parting shot at his opponents, saying they had destroyed in months everything that had been built over years.

April Longley Alley, Yemen analyst at the International Crisis Group, says the Riyadh deal offers an "opportunity to move past the current political impasse and to deal with critical issues like deteriorating economic and humanitarian conditions as well as the very difficult task of institutional reform."

Even so, Longley Alley and other analysts expect the epilogue to be anything but predictable. There are plenty of competing elements left behind: the thousands of mainly young demonstrators who took to the streets of Sanaa and other cities in January to demand democratic change, the tribal alliance that took up arms against Saleh, secessionists in the south and a Shiite rebellion in the north, well-organized Islamist groups and a budding al Qaeda franchise.

Perhaps the most powerful figure in Yemen now is Brig. Gen. Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, commander of the 1st Armored Division. He defected in March and took a chunk of the army with him. His units now control northern districts of the capital and are facing off against powerful remnants of the Saleh clan. The president's son, Ahmed Ali Abdullah Saleh, long groomed to be his successor, and his nephew, Yahya Muhammad Saleh, command the most effective units.

Answer the following questions:
1. Where did the bloodshed occur
2. Name the president who transferred his power?
3. to who?
4. When will the election take place?
5. What was happening at the ceremony?
6. How was Saleh's reaction?
7. did he sign papers?
8. Did he blame his opponents?
9. What did he say?
10. Name the UN envoy?
A: 1. unknown
2. President Ali Abdullah Saleh s
3. to his vice president
4. three months.
5. to seal the transition deal worked out by the Gulf Cooperation Council
6. seemed relaxed
7. Yes
8. Yes
9. they had destroyed in months everything that had been built over years.
10. Jamal bin Omar
Q: CHAPTER LXXX.

SHOWING HOW AFFAIRS SETTLED THEMSELVES AT NONINGSBY.

We must now go back to Noningsby for one concluding chapter, and then our work will be completed. "You are not to go away from Noningsby when the trial is over, you know. Mamma said that I had better tell you so." It was thus that Madeline had spoken to Felix Graham as he was going out to the judge's carriage on the last morning of the celebrated great Orley Farm case, and as she did so she twisted one of her little fingers into one of his buttonholes. This she did with a prettiness of familiarity, and the assumption of a right to give him orders and hold him to obedience, which was almost intoxicating in its sweetness. And why should she not be familiar with him? Why should she not hold him to obedience by his buttonhole? Was he not her own? Had she not chosen him and taken him up to the exclusion of all other such choosings and takings?

"I shall not go till you send me," he said, putting up his hand as though to protect his coat, and just touching her fingers as he did so.

"Mamma says it will be stupid for you in the mornings, but it will not be worse for you than for Augustus. He stays till after Easter."

"And I shall stay till after Whitsuntide unless I am turned out."

"Oh! but you will be turned out. I am not going to make myself answerable for any improper amount of idleness. Papa says you have got all the law courts to reform."

Answer the following questions:
1. What did Madeline tell Felix he must not do?
2. Who told her to say this?
3. What is Felix's surname?
4. What did Madeline put her finger in?
5. Did Felix feel like he was hers?
6. What did she seem to have the right to do?
7. What did he pretend to do with his hand?
8. What did he do at the same time?
9. Who remains until after a holiday?
10. What holiday?
A:
1. He was not to go away from Noningsby.
2. Mamma
3. Graham
4. one of his buttonholes
5. yes
6. hold him to obedience by his buttonhole
7. protect his coat
8. touching her fingers as he did so
9. Augustus
10. Easter