Answer the following question given this paragraph: Food Chains. These two food chains represent complex systems in nature. They make the systems easier to understand. These are simple conceptual models. Models of very complex systems are often based on mathematical equations or computer simulations. Q: What kind of tool, often based on mathematical equations or computer simulations, helps us understand complex systems? Choices: - levels - planes - panels - models A:
models
Answer the following question given this paragraph: In the nematic phase, only the long axes of the molecules are parallel, and the ends are staggered at random intervals. In the smectic phase, the long axes of the molecules are parallel, and the molecules are also arranged in planes. Finally, in thecholesteric phase, the molecules are arranged in layers; each layer is rotated with respect to the ones above and below it to give a spiral structure. The molecular order increases from the nematic phase to the smectic phase to the cholesteric phase, and the phases become increasingly opaque. Molecules that form liquid crystals tend to be rigid molecules with polar groups that exhibit relatively strong dipoledipole or dipoleinduced dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, or some combination of both. Some examples of substances that form liquid crystals are listed in Figure 11.27 "Structures of Typical Molecules That Form Liquid Crystals*" along with their characteristic phase transition temperature ranges. In most cases, the intermolecular interactions are due to the presence of polar or polarizable groups. Aromatic rings and multiple bonds between carbon and nitrogen or oxygen are especially common. Moreover, many liquid crystals are composed of molecules with two similar halves connected by a unit having a multiple bond. Figure 11.27 Structures of Typical Molecules That Form Liquid Crystals*. Q: In the nematic phase, only the long axes of the molecules are parallel, and the ends are staggered at random intervals. in the smectic phase, the long axes of the molecules are parallel, and the molecules are also arranged in planes. finally, in thecholesteric phase, the molecules are arranged in layers; each layer is rotated with respect to the ones above and below it to give it this? Choices: - layer structure - kinetic energy - symmetry - spiral structure A:
spiral structure
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate metabolic processes. Catabolic hormones stimulate the breakdown of molecules and the production of energy. These include cortisol, glucagon, adrenaline/epinephrine, and cytokines. All of these hormones are mobilized at specific times to meet the needs of the body. Anabolic hormones are required for the synthesis of molecules and include growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, insulin, testosterone, and estrogen. Table 24.1 summarizes the function of each of the catabolic hormones and Table 24.2 summarizes the functions of the anabolic hormones. Q: Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate these? Choices: - brain signals - hormone levels - nutrient levels - metabolic processes A:
A: metabolic processes
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Before the atmosphere became oxygenated, the planet was subjected to strong radiation; thus, the first organisms would have flourished where they were more protected, such as in ocean depths or beneath the surface of Earth. At this time, too, strong volcanic activity was common on Earth, so it is likely that these first organismsthe first prokaryoteswere adapted to very high temperatures. These are not the typical temperate environments in which most life flourishes today; thus, we can conclude that the first organisms that appeared on Earth likely were able to withstand harsh conditions. Microbial mats may represent the earliest forms of life on Earth, and there is fossil evidence of their presence, starting about 3.5 billion years ago. A microbial mat is a large biofilm, a multi-layered sheet of prokaryotes (Figure 13.3a), including mostly bacteria, but also archaea. Microbial mats are a few centimeters thick, and they typically grow on moist surfaces. Their various types of prokaryotes carry out different metabolic pathways, and for this reason, they reflect various colors. Prokaryotes in a microbial mat are held together by a gummy-like substance that they secrete. The first microbial mats likely obtained their energy from hydrothermal vents. A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in Earth's surface that releases geothermally heated water. With the evolution of photosynthesis about 3 billion years ago, some prokaryotes in microbial mats came to use a more widely available energy sourcesunlightwhereas others were still dependent on chemicals from hydrothermal vents for food. Q: Before the atmosphere became oxygenated, the planet was subjected to what harmful energy source, meaning the first organisms would have flourished where they were more protected? Choices: - evaporation - conduction - convection - radiation A:
Answer: radiation
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Every species has a characteristic number of what? Choices: - ribosomes - receptors - DNA - chromosomes A:
**Answer**
chromosomes
(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chemical reactions that take place inside living things are called biochemical reactions . Living things depend on biochemical reactions for more than just energy. Every function and structure of a living organism depends on thousands of biochemical reactions taking place in each cell. Q: What do you call chemical reactions that take place inside living things? Choices: - contaminated reactions - autonomous reactions - physical reactions - biochemical reactions A:
(Answer)
biochemical reactions