TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and N-cadherin interact to transduce intracellular signals. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of this interaction are unclear. This study attempted to detect changes in GDNF-induced -catenin phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in C6 glioma cells.', 'C6 glioma cells were treated with GDNF (70 ng/mL) and membrane and cytoplasmic proteins were extracted. A N-cadherin antibody was used for co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP). Western blot analysis using the co-IP protein was completed using antibodies for -catenin, Src and -actin. Immunocytochemistry was conducted with the same antibodies. To determine if Src induced phosphorylation of -catenin Tyr-654, Western blot analysis was also performed on nuclear proteins from C6 cells treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 using then p- -catenin antibody.', 'After induced by GDNF, C6 cell membrane -catenin was phosphorylated at Tyr-654 and subsequently separated from the N-cadherin/-catenin complex. Further study confirmed that the induction by GDNF significantly increased cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of phospho--catenin (Tyr-654) in C6 glioma cells. There was also an increase in the binding of non-receptor protein kinase Src with N-cadherin on the inner cell membrane surface. Src induced phosphorylation of -catenin Tyr-654 induced by GDNF decreased significantly.\Question: Does glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promote -catenin phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in glioma cells?

SOLUTION: The results of our study demonstrate that GDNF increases the intracellular phosphorylation level of -catenin through N-cadherin/Src signaling, which subsequently stimulates the nuclear translocation of -catenin. This study provides a theoretical basis for us to reveal the role of biological mechanisms on glioma cell by GDNF.

PROBLEM: Context: To investigate whether intracavitary physiotherapy is superior to endometrial scratching in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection- embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) cycles.', 'According to the inclusion criteria defined by our hospital, 63 patients with RIF were included in the retrospective study. 20 patients who received intracavitary physiotherapy were classified into Group A, 8 patients with both intracavitary physiotherapy and endometrial scratching were into Group B, and 35 patients who underwent endometrial scratching were into Group C. The primary outcome measures were implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. The secondary outcome measure was pregnancy outcome.', 'There were no statistical differences in implantation and clinical pregnancy rates between Groups A and C (29.41 vs 35.59 %, 45.00 vs 48.57 % respectively, P > 0.05), Groups B and C (36.36 vs 35.59 %, 50.00 vs 48.57 % respectively, P > 0.05). In addition, no statistical differences were discovered in pregnancy outcomes between Groups A and C (P > 0.05), Groups B and C (P > 0.05).\Question: Is intracavitary physiotherapy inferior to endometrial scratching in patients with recurrent implantation failure?

SOLUTION: Intracavitary physiotherapy is not inferior to endometrial scratching on improving implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in patients with RIF after IVF/ICSI cycles.

PROBLEM: Context: Nocturnal stridor and respiratory abnormalities are important features of multiple system atrophy (MSA) with relevance to patient survival, and they are detected and evaluated mainly through video-polysomnography (video-PSG). Diurnal laryngoscopy seems to yield abnormal findings only in the presence of significant vocal cord (VC) dysfunction.', 'To assess whether specific electrophysiological patterns of diurnal EMG of VC muscles may indicate nocturnal stridor or respiratory dysfunctions in MSA patients.', 'Seventeen patients with probable MSA were examined. A full-night video-PSG to collect standard breathing parameters (apnea/hypopnea index, mean HbSAO', 'Both the laryngeal EMG abnormalities (based on MUAP analysis and kinesiologic EMG investigation of VC muscles) and the laryngoscopic alterations correlated with video-PSG respiratory abnormalities. Specific patterns of EMG findings were consistently found in MSA subjects with nocturnal stridor detected at PSG. In particular, the following EMG findings were related to the severity of breathing abnormalities and the presence of stridor on video-PSG: neurogenic pattern on MUAP analysis of the PCA, paradoxical activation of the TA during inspiration and tonic EMG activity of the TA during quiet breathing.\Question: Are specific patterns of laryngeal electromyography during wakefulness associated to sleep disordered breathing and nocturnal stridor in multiple system atrophy?

SOLUTION:
Electromyographic/kinesiologic investigation of VC muscles during wakefulness provides additional information on the pathophysiology of the respiratory abnormalities in MSA patients that could be useful for guiding the choice of the best appropriate treatment and care.