Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
To describe the common locations of active trigger points (TrPs) in the temporalis muscle and their referred pain patterns in chronic tension type headache (CTTH), and to determine if pressure sensitivity maps of this muscle can be used to describe the spatial distribution of active TrPs.', 'Forty women with CTTH were included. An electronic pressure algometer was used to assess pressure pain thresholds (PPT) from 9 points over each temporalis muscle: 3 points in the anterior, medial and posterior part, respectively. Both muscles were examined for the presence of active TrPs over each of the 9 points. The referred pain pattern of each active TrP was assessed.', 'Two-way analysis of variance detected significant differences in mean PPT levels between the measurement points (F=30.3; P<0.001), but not between sides (F=2.1; P=0.2). PPT scores decreased from the posterior to the anterior column (P<0.001). No differences were found in the number of active TrPs (F=0.3; P=0.9) between the dominant side the nondominant side. Significant differences were found in the distribution of the active TrPs (chi2=12.2; P<0.001): active TrPs were mostly found in the anterior column and in the middle of the muscle belly. The analysis of variance did not detect significant differences in the referred pain pattern between active TrPs (F=1.1, P=0.4). The topographical pressure pain sensitivity maps showed the distinct distribution of the TrPs indicated by locations with low PPTs.

Ex Output:
1

Ex Input:
The appetite-stimulating properties of cannabis are well documented and have been predominantly attributed to the hyperphagic activity of the psychoactive phytocannabinoid, (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol ((9)-THC). However, we have previously shown that a cannabis extract devoid of (9)-THC still stimulates appetite, indicating that other phytocannabinoids also elicit hyperphagia. One possible candidate is the non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG), which has affinity for several molecular targets with known involvement in the regulation of feeding behaviour.', 'The objective of the study was to assess the effects of CBG on food intake and feeding pattern microstructure.', 'Male Lister hooded rats were administered CBG (30-120mg/kg, per ora (p.o.)) or placebo and assessed in open field, static beam and grip strength tests to determine a neuromotor tolerability profile for this cannabinoid. Subsequently, CBG (at 30-240mg/kg, p.o.) or placebo was administered to a further group of pre-satiated rats, and hourly intake and meal pattern data were recorded over 2h.', 'CBG produced no adverse effects on any parameter in the neuromotor tolerability test battery. In the feeding assay, 120-240mg/kg CBG more than doubled total food intake and increased the number of meals consumed, and at 240mg/kg reduced latency to feed. However, the sizes or durations of individual meals were not significantly increased.

Ex Output:
1

Ex Input:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of smoking status after a diagnosis of lung cancer on reported pain levels. We conducted a telephone survey of patients with lung cancer identified from 4 participating sites between September 2004 and July 2006. Patients were asked to rate their usual pain level over the past week on a 0 to 10 rating scale on which 0 was "no pain" and 10 "pain as bad as you can imagine." We operationally defined persistent smokers as patients who reported continuing to smoke after their lung cancer diagnosis. A logistic regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis that persistent smokers report higher usual pain levels than nonsmokers. Overall, 893 patients completed the survey. The majority (76%) was found to have advanced cancer (stages IIIb and IV). The mean age was 63 years (SD = 10). Seventeen percent of the patients studied were categorized as persistent smokers. The mean pain score for the study sample was 3.1 (SD = 2.7) and 41% reported moderate (4 to 6) or severe pain (7 to 10). A greater proportion of persistent smokers reported moderate or severe pain than nonsmokers or former smokers (P < .001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking status was associated with the usual pain even after adjusting for age, perceived health status, and other lung cancer symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and trouble eating. In conclusion, patients who continue to smoke after a diagnosis of lung cancer report higher levels of usual pain than nonsmokers or former smokers. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms that relate nicotine intake to pain and disease progression in late-stage lung cancer.

Ex Output:
0