Answer the following question given this paragraph: Interaction of Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressures The normal unit used to express pressures within the cardiovascular system is millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). When blood leaving an arteriole first enters a capillary bed, the CHP is quite highabout 35 mm Hg. Gradually, this initial CHP declines as the blood moves through the capillary so that by the time the blood has reached the venous end, the CHP has dropped to approximately 18 mm Hg. In comparison, the plasma proteins remain suspended in the blood, so the BCOP remains fairly constant at about 25 mm Hg throughout the length of the capillary and considerably below the osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid. The net filtration pressure (NFP) represents the interaction of the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, driving fluid out of the capillary. It is equal to the difference between the CHP and the BCOP. Since filtration is, by definition, the movement of fluid out of the capillary, when reabsorption is occurring, the NFP is a negative number. NFP changes at different points in a capillary bed (Figure 20.16). Close to the arterial end of the capillary, it is approximately 10 mm Hg, because the CHP of 35 mm Hg minus the BCOP of 25 mm Hg equals 10 mm Hg. Recall that the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures of the interstitial fluid are essentially negligible. Thus, the NFP of 10 mm Hg drives a net movement of fluid out of the capillary at the arterial end. At approximately the middle of the capillary, the CHP is about the same as the BCOP of 25 mm Hg, so the NFP drops to zero. At this point, there is no net change of volume: Fluid moves out of the capillary at the same rate as it moves into the capillary. Near the venous end of the capillary, the CHP has dwindled to about 18 mm Hg due to loss of fluid. Because the BCOP remains steady at 25 mm Hg, water is drawn into the capillary, that is, reabsorption occurs. Another way of expressing this is to say that at the venous end of the capillary, there is an NFP of 7 mm Hg. Q: In the cardiovascular system, net filtration pressure represents the interaction of osmotic pressures and what other pressures? A:
OPTIONS:
- uptake
- homeostatic
- hydrophilic
- hydrostatic

Answer: hydrostatic

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Centipedes have what on their foremost trunk segment, used to paralyze prey and aid in defense? A:
OPTIONS:
- board claws
- animal claws
- diploid claws
- poison claws
Answer: poison claws

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: All of the examples of potential energy described above involve movement or the potential to move. The form of energy that involves movement is called mechanical energy. Other forms of energy also involve potential energy, including chemical energy and nuclear energy. Chemical energy is stored in the bonds between the atoms of compounds. For example, food and batteries both contain chemical energy. Nuclear energy is stored in the nuclei of atoms because of the strong forces that hold the nucleus together. Nuclei of radioactive elements such as uranium are unstable, so they break apart and release the stored energy. Q: What is the type of energy that involves movement? A:
OPTIONS:
- molecular energy
- thermal energy
- light energy
- mechanical energy
output: mechanical energy

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure below shows a diagram of Mercury's interior. Mercury is one of the densest planets. Scientists think that the interior contains a large core made mostly of melted iron. Mercury's core takes up about 42% of the planet's volume. Mercury's highly cratered surface is evidence that Mercury is not geologically active. Q: What do scientist's believe mercury's core is mostly made of? A:

OPTIONS:
- water
- quicksilver
- helium gas
- melted iron

A: melted iron

input: OPTIONS:
- velocity of sound
- momentum of sound
- force of sound
- speed of sound Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The speed of sound is the distance that sound waves travel in a given amount of time. The speed of sound in dry air at 20 C is 343 meters per second. Q: What is the distance that sound waves travel in a given amount of time called? A:
A:
output: speed of sound

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Detecting Electromagnetic Waves from Space A final note on star gazing. The entire electromagnetic spectrum is used by researchers for investigating stars, space, and time. As noted earlier, Penzias and Wilson detected microwaves to identify the background radiation originating from the Big Bang. Radio telescopes such as the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico and Parkes Observatory in Australia were designed to detect radio waves. Infrared telescopes need to have their detectors cooled by liquid nitrogen to be able to gather useful signals. Since infrared radiation is predominantly from thermal agitation, if the detectors were not cooled, the vibrations of the molecules in the antenna would be stronger than the signal being collected. The most famous of these infrared sensitive telescopes is the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The earliest telescopes, developed in the seventeenth century, were optical telescopes, collecting visible light. Telescopes in the ultraviolet, X-ray, and -ray regions are placed outside the atmosphere on satellites orbiting the Earth. The Hubble Space Telescope (launched in 1990) gathers ultraviolet radiation as well as visible light. In the X-ray region, there is the Chandra X-ray Observatory (launched in 1999), and in the -ray region, there is the new Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (launched in 2008taking the place of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 19912000. PhET Explorations: Color Vision Make a whole rainbow by mixing red, green, and blue light. Change the wavelength of a monochromatic beam or filter white light. View the light as a solid beam, or see the individual photons. Q: What is used for cooling detectors of infrared telescopes? A:
OPTIONS:
- hand nitrogen
- material nitrogen
- carbon dioxide
- liquid nitrogen
Answer:
liquid nitrogen