Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

The Jarzynski equality gives the upper bound on the bounds provided by this statement. The fluctuation theorem is sometimes used to reconcile Loschmidts paradox, which was formulated as a criticism of this statement. Claude Shannon and Louis Brillouin resolved an apparent violation of this statement by applying it to information theory, thereby showing that Maxwell's Demon had to obey this law. Clausius first formulated this law, which is equivalent to Kelvin's formulation that heat cannot transfer from a cooler body to a hotter one. For ten points, identify this scientific law which states that the entropy of the universe is always increasing.
Science