Article: In determining whether the use of copyrighted material is considered "fair," courts consider the purpose and character of the use. If the material is used in a way that is transformative, meaning that it alters the fundamental character of the original work, the use is considered fair. However, if the new version merely copies or supersedes the original work, then the use is not fair. For example, a poet who uses a line from a T.S. Eliot poem in her own poem is likely within the doctrine of "fair use" because she is using it to create a new poem. The purpose for which you use the copyrighted work is also critical. Generally, the following uses are deemed "fair use" of copyrighted material: Criticism and comment-- for example, while copying a song lyric is generally not permitted, it may be considered "fair use" if reproduced within the context of a music review. News reporting Research and scholarship Non-profit educational use-- for example, photocopying of limited portions of written works by teachers for classroom use. Parody Another factor courts consider is the nature of the copyrighted work. Certain types of works, like unpublished or highly creative works, are protected more closely. Therefore, your use of such works is more likely to violate copyright law. Determine whether the work you want to use is published or unpublished. If only a few copies were made and it was never intended for public distribution, it is likely unpublished and any use of it could be risky. Ask yourself if the work is highly creative or purely factual. If you choose to take material from a work that is highly creative, like a poem or a song, you are more likely to violate copyright law. Courts also consider the amount of the copyrighted work that was used and the relative importance of that section to the work as a whole. For example, copying a few lines from a novel could be safely within fair use unless those lines are critical to the heart of the overall work. On the other hand, even copying one line of a song might violate copyright law because the total content of the song is so short. A final factor courts consider is the impact of your use on the existing and potential market value of the original work. Ask yourself: will your use of the copyrighted work deprive the owner of the copyright of a significant source of potential or existing income? For example, a sculptor used copyrighted photographs to create sculptures and sold them for several hundred thousand dollars. Even though the sculptor used the photographs in a way that was entirely new, a court found the sculptor had violated copyright law by depriving the photographer of a potential market that existed for his photographs.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Create something new rather than copying. Use only for certain purposes. Consider the nature of the copyrighted work. Restrict your use to a small and relatively insignificant portion of the copyrighted work. Evaluate how your use will affect the value of the original work.
Article: Transfer the peppercorns, mustard seeds, and coriander seeds to a mortar and crush into a powder using a pestle. If you do not have a mortar and pestle, you could also grind the spices with a coffee grinder or the side of a knife. If using a coffee grinder, make sure to clean the machine well before using it for coffee. If using a knife, crush the seeds and peppercorns into powder by smashing them on a cutting board with the side of your knife, using the heel of your hand to apply pressure to flat side of the blade from the other side. Toss the ground peppercorns, mustard seeds, and coriander seeds together with the red pepper flakes, allspice berries, mace, crushed cinnamon sticks, crushed bay leaves, cloves, and ground ginger in a small bowl. Make sure that the spices all appear evenly distributed throughout the entire mixture. Set aside for the pastrami brine. Place the rest of the pickling spice in a resealable plastic container and store until needed for another recipe. The spices can be stored at room temperature.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Grind the seeds. Combine the ground seeds with the other spices. Remove 3 to 4 Tbsp (45 to 60 ml).
Article: "Settings" is the grey gear icon--it should be on your iPod's home screen. You can disable your apps' background refresh from here. Background refresh is when apps you have open (but not active) refresh their information, either over data or via wifi. This eats up a huge amount of battery life. This will disable your apps' background refresh. Your apps should no longer refresh in the background.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Open the Settings app. Find and open the "General" tab. Tap "Background App Refresh". Swipe the switch next to "Background App Refresh" to the "Off" position. Close your Settings app.