Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Embryonic-like stem cells (ELSCs) express embryonic stem cell-specific marker genes, such as SSEA-4, Oct-4 and Nanog, and can be induced to differentiate into cells of all 3 germ layers. Our preliminary data showed that ELSCs isolated from human bone marrow express multipotent antigen markers and differentiate into multinucleated myotube-like cells more efficiently than do mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from the same source. We investigated the therapeutic effect of ELSCs in dystrophin/utrophin double knock-out (dko) mice, one of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy animal models, by systemically transplanting them through tail-vein injection.', 'ELSCs and MSCs were both isolated from human bone marrow. Two months after equal amounts of ELSCs or MSCs were injected through tail-vein injection, we evaluated skeletal muscle motor function and serum creatine kinase activity and measured dystrophin expression by means of immunostaining, Western blotting and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.', 'ELSCs positive for Oct-4 and Nanog-3 expressed higher levels of SSEA-4, FZD-9 and CD105 and were induced to differentiate into myotube-like cells more efficiently than did MSCs in vitro. Transplantation of ELSCs through the tail vein improved motor function and decreased serum creatine kinase activity at 2 months after cell transplantation. In addition, dystrophin protein and messenger RNA were upregulated and the skeletal muscle histology was improved in these dko mice transplanted with ELSCs.

A: Does systemic delivery of human bone marrow embryonic-like stem cells improve motor function of severely affected dystrophin/utrophin-deficient mice?
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Q: Repeated hypoglycemia is associated with hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF), a syndrome of defective counterregulation.', 'HAAF increases the risk of severe hypoglycemia in diabetes, although its mechanism remains unresolved. Because beta-endorphin influences the autonomic response to hypoglycemia via opioid receptor activation, we hypothesized that it is also involved in the pathogenesis of HAAF.', 'We asked whether opioid receptor blockade during antecedent hypoglycemia (60 mg/dl) on d 1 would prevent development of HAAF on d 2 in eight nondiabetic subjects (five males, 3 females; age, 28 +/- 3.5 yr; body mass index, 24.2 +/- 2.1 kg/m(2)). On four occasions, d 1 was: 1) two 90-min hypoglycemic clamps (N-); 2) two 90-min hypoglycemic clamps plus naloxone (N+); 3) two euglycemic 90-min clamps (C); or 4) two euglycemic 90-min clamps plus naloxone (C+).', 'Day 1 hypoglycemia caused marked deterioration of d 2 hormonal responses to hypoglycemia, consistent with HAAF-i.e. decreased plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucagon compared to control (C) (374 +/- 71 vs. 810 +/- 94, 307 +/- 65 vs. 686 +/- 98, and 71 +/- 9 vs. 93 +/- 4 pg/ml, respectively, P < 0.01), as well as in endogenous glucose production (24 vs. 163%; P < 0.01). In contrast, naloxone on d 1 completely prevented the defective counterregulatory responses; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucagon (852 +/- 82, 769 +/- 77, and 98 +/- 7 pg/ml) and endogenous glucose production recovery (167%) were identical to those after d 1 euglycemia (P < NS for all). Infusion of naloxone alone during euglycemia on d 1 (C+) had no effect on d 2 responses.

A: Is hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure prevented by opioid receptor blockade?
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Q: To identify risk factors for hearing impairment among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.', 'A total of 68 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled between March and September of 2011. Pure-tone auditory tests were carried out for each patient at the following speech frequencies: 250; 500; 1,000; 2,000; 4,000 and 8,000Hz. Participants were classified as having hearing impairment if the average of the pure-tone thresholds measured at 500, 1000 and 2000Hz in either ear exceeded 25dBHL. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory parameters and diabetes-associated complications were analyzed.', 'Patients were divided into those with (n=32) and without (n=36) hearing impairment. Hearing impaired participants had a higher urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio than those without (223.1 vs 56.5mg/g, respectively). After adjustment for age, sex and other risk factors, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio remained significantly associated with hearing impairment (odds ratio 9.07, 95% confidence interval 1.73-47.43, P=0.009). There were no significant differences in oxidative stress between the two groups.

A:
Is severity of hearing impairment positively associated with urine albumin excretion rate in patients with type 2 diabetes?
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