In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

A failed naval expedition led by this country's Blanco Encalada resulted in the 1837 Treaty of Paucarpata, while its 1925 Constitution began its Presidential Republic period. This modern day country was captured in a campaign led by Pedro de Valdivia; that campaign saw fighting against its native Araucanian or Mapuche Indians. This country's Patria Vieja period of independence was ended at the Disaster of Rancagua. Its independence campaign was led by men like the Carrera Brothers and Bernardo O'Higgins, and the 19th century saw the flourishing of its free port Valparaiso. For 10 points, name this South American country led in the 20th century by Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet.
History

Earthworms uniquely use the molecule lombricine to react with this molecule. This molecule activates P2X3 and P2X2/3, two receptors that control pain responses, and in conjunction with luciferin this molecule is responsible for the light of fireflies. In the muscular tissue of chordates, this compound donates a group to creatine. In proteins, this molecule, first synthesized by Alexander Todd, is almost always bound by a magnesium cofactor, and large quantities of this molecule are produced via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain. For 10 points, name this molecule discovered by Karl Lohmann,, the energy currency of the cell.
Science

This man's troops donned surplus slaughterhouse tunics while fighting against Juan Manuel de Rosas. In another campaign, he won at Calatafimi after landing at Marsala. He was ordered not to attack Trentino, but he earlier defeated the Neapolitans at the Volturno River. This leader of the Expedition of the Thousand allied with the prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, the Count di Cavour, to install Victor Emmanuel II as king. For 10 points, name this leader of the Red Shirts during the Risorgimento, the military leader behind Italian unification.
History