Answer the following question given this paragraph: Viruses were first described by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892. He described a "non-bacterial pathogen" infecting tobacco plants. This was soon followed by the identification of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898. Since then, about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail, although it is believed that there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth, and are the most abundant type of biological entity. Viruses can be classified with a taxonomic structure from order to species. No kingdom classification exists. Viruses, not being made of cells, do not fall into any of the six prokaryotic or eukaryotic kingdoms. Q: What is the most abundant type of biological entity on the earth? A:
OPTIONS:
- bacteria
- reptiles
- insects
- viruses
viruses

Answer the following question given this paragraph: All alkali metals are very soft and can be cut easily with a knife. Due to their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent them from reacting with oxygen or water vapor in the air. The reactions between alkali metals and water are particularly vigorous and include the rapid production of large quantities of hydrogen gas. Alkali metals also react easily with most nonmetals. All of the alkali metals are far too reactive to be found in nature in their pure elemental form. For example, all naturally occurring sodium exists as a compound, such as sodium chloride (table salt). Q: The reactions between alkali metals and water are particularly vigorous and include the rapid production of large quantities of what gas? A:
OPTIONS:
- helium
- oxygen
- carbon
- hydrogen

Answer: hydrogen

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Duckweed: Jonathan Jordan; Cattails: User:JoJan/Wikimedia Commons. Duckweed and cattails are respectively the primary producers in standing and running freshwater biomes . Duckweed: CC BY 2.0; Cattails: CC BY 3.0. Q: Duckweed and cattails serve what role in the food chain in freshwater biomes? A:
OPTIONS:
- tertiary consumer
- secondary consumer
- primary consumer
- primary producer
Answer: primary producer

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: the conditions, amino acids can act as either acids or bases, which means that proteins act as buffers. The pH at which an amino acid exists as the zwitterion is called theisoelectric point (pI). The amino acids in a protein are linked together by peptide bonds. Protein chains containing 10 or fewer amino acids are usually referred to as peptides, with a prefix such as di- or tri- indicating the number of amino acids. Chains containing more than 50 amino acid units are referred to as proteins orpolypeptides. Proteins are classified globular or fibrous, depending on their structure and resulting solubility in water. Globular proteins are nearly spherical and are soluble in water; fibrous proteins have elongated or fibrous structures and are not soluble in water. Protein molecules can have as many as four levels of structure. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in the chain. The secondary structure is the arrangement of adjacent atoms in the peptide chain; the most common arrangements are -helices or -pleated sheets. The tertiary structureis the overall three-dimensional shape of the molecule that results from the way the chain bends and folds in on itself. Proteins that consist of more than one chain have quaternary structure, which is the way the multiple chains are packed together. Four types of intramolecular and intermolecular forces contribute to secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure: (1) hydrogen bonding between an oxygen or a nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom, either on the same chain or on a neighboring chain; (2) ionic bondingbetween one positively charged side chain and one negatively charged side chain; (3) disulfide linkages between cysteine units; and (4) dispersion forcesbetween nonpolar side chains. Because of their complexity, protein molecules are delicate and easy to disrupt. Adenatured protein is one whose conformation has been changed, in a process called denaturation, so that it can no longer do its physiological job. A... Q: Protein chains containing 10 or fewer amino acids are usually referred to as what? A:
OPTIONS:
- polypeptides
- protons
- carboxyl
- peptides
output: peptides

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ligaments are made of tough protein fibers and connect bones to each other. Your bones, cartilage, and ligaments make up your skeletal system . Q: What is the term for tough protein fibers that connects bones to each other? A:

OPTIONS:
- tetons
- cords
- muscles
- ligaments

A: ligaments

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The atmosphere has layers. The layers correspond with how temperature changes with altitude. By understanding the way temperature changes with altitude, we can learn a lot about how the atmosphere works. Q: The layers of the atmosphere correspond with what changes with altitude? A:
OPTIONS:
- friction
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- temperature
temperature