Answer the following question given this paragraph: 3.6 Active Transport The combined gradient that affects an ion includes its concentration gradient and its electrical gradient. Living cells need certain substances in concentrations greater than they exist in the extracellular space. Moving substances up their electrochemical gradients requires energy from the cell. Active transport uses energy stored in ATP to fuel the transport. Active transport of small molecular-size material uses integral proteins in the cell membrane to move the materialthese proteins are analogous to pumps. Some pumps, which carry out primary active transport, couple directly with ATP to drive their action. In secondary transport, energy from primary transport can be used to move another substance into the cell and up its concentration gradient. Endocytosis methods require the direct use of ATP to fuel the transport of large particles such as macromolecules; parts of cells or whole cells can be engulfed by other cells in a process called phagocytosis. In phagocytosis, a portion of the membrane invaginates and flows around the particle, eventually pinching off and leaving the particle wholly enclosed by an envelope of plasma membrane. Vacuoles are broken down by the cell, with the particles used as food or dispatched in some other way. Pinocytosis is a similar process on a smaller scale. The cell expels waste and other particles through the reverse process, exocytosis. Wastes are moved outside the cell, pushing a membranous vesicle to the plasma membrane, allowing the vesicle to fuse with the membrane and incorporating itself into the membrane structure, releasing its contents to the exterior of the cell. Q: The cell expels waste and other particles through a process called what? A:
OPTIONS:
- biosynthesis
- metamorphisis
- endocytosis
- exocytosis
exocytosis

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are increasing. Fossil fuel burning is increasing. The rise in fossil fuel burning is increasing the CO 2 in the atmosphere. Q: What gas is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned? A:
OPTIONS:
- hydrogen
- glucose
- helium
- co2

Answer: co2

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Runoff is precipitation that flows over the surface of the land. This water may travel to a river, lake, or ocean. Runoff may pick up fertilizer and other pollutants and deliver them to the water body where it ends up. In this way, runoff may pollute bodies of water. Q: What is precipitation that flows over the surface of the land? A:
OPTIONS:
- blizzard
- seawater
- storm surge
- runoff
Answer: runoff

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The core is the Sun's innermost layer. The core is plasma. It has a temperature of around 15 million degrees Celsius (C). Nuclear fusion reactions create the immense temperature. In these reactions, hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium. This releases vast amounts of energy. The energy moves toward the outer layers of the Sun. Energy from the Sun's core powers most of the solar system. Q: The innermost layer of the sun is known as what? A:
OPTIONS:
- photosphere
- surface
- convective zone
- core
output: core

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: As you know, density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. Since gases all occupy the same volume on a per mole basis, the density of a particular gas is dependent on its molar mass. A gas with a small molar mass will have a lower density than a gas with a large molar mass. Gas densities are typically reported in g/L. Gas density can be calculated from molar mass and molar volume. Q: What is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance? A:

OPTIONS:
- weight
- diameter
- height
- density

A: density

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom are called valence electrons. They determine many of the properties of an atom, including how reactive it is. Q: What do you call the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom? A:
OPTIONS:
- Inner electrons
- shell electrons
- Proper electrons
- valence electrons
valence electrons