Problem: Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late 20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism which marked a departure from modernism. While encompassing a broad range of ideas, postmodernism is typically defined by an attitude of skepticism, irony or rejection toward grand narratives, ideologies and various tenets of universalism, including objective notions of reason, human nature, social progress, moral universalism, absolute truth, and objective reality. Instead, it asserts to varying degrees that claims to knowledge and truth are products of social, historical or political discourses or interpretations, and are therefore contextual or socially constructed. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, irreverence and self-referentiality.

The term "postmodernism" has been applied both to the era following modernity and to a host of movements within that era (mainly in art, music, and literature) that reacted against tendencies in modernism. Postmodernism includes skeptical critical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, architecture, fiction, feminist theory, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-Francois Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Frederic Jameson.

The term "postmodern" was first used around the 1880s. John Watkins Chapman suggested "a Postmodern style of painting" as a way to depart from French Impressionism. J. M. Thompson, in his 1914 article in "The Hibbert Journal" (a quarterly philosophical review), used it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion, writing: "The raison d'etre of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition."
1. When was the term first used?
2. Who suggested a postmodern style of painting?
3. Who wrote The Hibbert Journal?
4. What is postmodernism defined as?
5. Has it been applied to art?
6. What philosophers is it associated with?
7. What schools of thought is it associated with?
8. Is it applied to literature?
9. Is it applied to music?
10. When was it developed?
11. How is post modern thought characterized?
Answer: 1. around the 1880s
2. John Watkins Chapman
3. J. M. Thompson
4. it is typically defined by an attitude of skepticism, irony or rejection toward grand narratives
5. yes
6. Jean-Francois Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Frederic Jameson
7. deconstruction and post-structuralism
8. yes
9. yes
10. in the mid- to late 20th century
11. it is broadly characterized by tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism

Problem: Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.

Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting.
1. Lighting includes the use of both kinds of what light?
2. how is indoor lighting usually accomplished?
3. is Alcove lighting direct or indirect?
4. how is Alcove lighting frequently done?
5. what is it a form of?
6. is alcove lighting a form of back lighting?
7. what is another name for Lighting?
8. what can proper lighting improve?
9. does it also help people psychologically?
10. what kind of lighting can save energy?
11. what are a few kinds that are mentioned?
12. is lighting also used in design?
13. how important is it to interior design?
Answer: 1. artificial and natural
2. using light fixtures
3. indirect
4. with fluorescent lighting
5. lighting
6. Yes
7. illumination
8. the appearance of an area
9. Yes
10. Daylighting
11. windows, skylights, or light shelves
12. Yes
13. it is a key part

Problem: CHAPTER XVIII. IN THE MOAT

Fortunio and the Marquise reached the window side by side, and they were in time to hear a dull splash in the waters fifty feet below them. There was a cloud over the little sickle of moon, and to their eyes, fresh from the blaze of candle-light, the darkness was impenetrable.

"He is in the moat," cried the Marquise excitedly, and Valerie, who sat on the floor whither she had slipped when Fortunio shook her off, rocked herself in an agony of fear.

To the horrors about her--the huddled bodies lying so still upon the floor, the bloody footprints everywhere, the shattered furniture, and the groans of the man with the wounded thigh--to all this she was insensible. Garnache was dead, she told herself; he was surely dead; and it seemed as if the very thought of it were killing, too, a part of her own self.

Unconsciously she sobbed her fears aloud. "He is dead," she moaned; "he is dead."

The Marquise overheard that piteous cry, and turned to survey the girl, her brows lifting, her lips parting in an astonishment that for a second effaced the horrors of that night. Suspicion spread like an oil stain in her evil mind. She stepped forward and caught the girl by one of her limp arms. Marius, paler than his stunning had left him, leaned more heavily against the door-post, and looked on with bloodshot eyes. If ever maiden avowed the secret of her heart, it seemed to him that Valerie avowed it then.
1. who went to the window
2. Were they in a line
3. what did they hear when they walked up
4. how far down
5. who was sitting on the floow
6. what emotion was she feeling
7. what was everywhere on the floor
8. what was broken
9. did a woman have the injured thigh
10. Who was dead
11. who heard the cry
12. who did he look over
13. how was the girl caught
14. what chapter is this story in
15. what covered the moon
16. what word was compared to an oil stain
17. who leaned against the door post
18. how was Garnache killed
19. what word was used to describe the darkness
Answer:
1. Fortunio and the Marquise
2. no
3. a dull splash
4. 50 feet down
5. Valerie
6. fear
7. bloody footprints
8. furniture
9. no
10. Garnache was dead,
11. The Marquise
12. the girl,
13. by one of her limp arms.
14. CHAPTER XVIII
15. There was a cloud
16. Suspicion
17. Marius
18. unknown
19. impenetrable.