question: Geophysics is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term "geophysics" sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.

Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins date back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 AD. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox; and instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.
1. What is the main topic of this article?
2. When was this term recognized as a separate discipline in the sciences?
3. When was it first studied, though without a name?
4. Do modern geophysics include the water cycle as part of this science?
5. Did earlier ones?
6. What was an important part of earlier versions of the compass?
7. Do modern geophysics include the oceans as part of this science?
8. Do modern geophysics include volcanoes as part of this science?
9. What was one type of scientist that was important in the development of the theory of plate tectonic?
10. Do geophysics include magnetic fields as part of this science?
****
answer: 1. Geophysics
2. 19th century
3. unknown
4. Yes
5. No
6. unknown
7. Yes
8. Yes
9. Isaac Newton
10. Yes

question: In a far away land known as Board, there was a great man named Pawn. This was a very odd land because the only thing to do was play chess. Pawn did not very much care for chess as he was very bored with it. Another problem Pawn had was that he didn't like some of the other people in this land. They had names like Bishop, Queen, Rook, and Knight. And most of all, there was King. He was the greatest person in Board. One day, during their normal battle, Pawn saw an opening to move to the far end of Board. He almost got hurt by Knight but he got away. Amazingly, when he got to the other end he became as powerful as Queen. With this amazing power, Pawn chose to help keep King safe. All was well until Pawn woke up and knew that it was only a dream. He was still Pawn.
1. what was the place called?
2. was there a lot to do there?
3. what could you do there?
4. who was the best guy in the place?
5. where there other there?
6. who?
7. anyone else?
8. who?
9. who was he?
10. did the care for the other?
11. who did he dislike?
12. did he get injured?
13. why not?
14. did he transform?
15. into what
16. what did he do then?
17. then what happened?
18. did any of this really happen?
19. why not?
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answer: 1. Board
2. no
3. play chess
4. King
5. They had names like Bishop, Queen, Rook, and Knight
6. Bishop, Queen, Rook, and Knight
7. Yes
8. Pawn
9. a great man
10. no
11. Bishop, Queen, Rook, and Knight
12. no
13. he got away
14. yes
15. he became as powerful as Queen
16. keep King safe
17. he woke up
18. no
19. it was a dream

question: The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.
1. What was the first university?
2. What did it put in place?
3. What was that?
4. When?
5. What is the basis of the word university?
6. What language?
7. What word?
8. When did these start to form?
9. Were they different from other groups?
10. How were they similar?
11. Did they have any rights together?
12. Why?
13. And who else?
14. What made them unique?
15. What else defined them?
16. Is the idea of academic freedom recognized today?
17. How was it recognized?
18. When?
19. By how many schools?
20. Why was that date chosen?
****
answer:
1. The University of Bologna
2. the Constitutio Habita
3. it guaranteed a traveling scholar unhindered passage in the interests of education
4. in 1158 or 1155
5. a number of persons associated into one body
6. Latin
7. universitas
8. when urban town life emerged
9. no
10. they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members
11. yes
12. they were guaranteed by charters issued by princes
13. prelates
14. the notion of academic freedom
15. yes
16. yes
17. with the Magna Charta Universitatum
18. on 18 September 1988
19. 430
20. it was 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna's foundation