input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: At one time in history, it was thought that only living things were capable of synthesizing the carbon-containing compounds present in cells. For that reason, the term organic was applied to those compounds. Eventually it was proved that carbon-containing compounds could be synthesized from inorganic substances, but the term organic has remained. Currently, organic compounds are defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides. By this definition, compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) are considered to be inorganic. Organic chemistry is the study of all organic compounds. Q: Organic compounds are defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and what else? A:
OPTIONS:
- gases
- crystals
- acids
- oxides
output: oxides

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Scientists have long wanted to find the most basic building blocks of the universe. They asked, "what are the fundamental particles of matter that cannot be subdivided into smaller, simpler particles," and "what holds these particles together?" The quest for fundamental particles began thousands of years ago. Scientists thought they had finally found them when John Dalton discovered the atom in 1803 (see the timeline in Table below ). The word atom means "indivisible," and Dalton thought that the atom could not be divided into smaller, simpler particles. Q: John dalton thought that what unit, which means "indivisible", could not be divided into smaller, simpler particles? A:

OPTIONS:
- electron
- nucleus
- neutron
- atom

A: atom

input: OPTIONS:
- nucleus
- cell
- DNA
- atom Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Following the discovery of the electron, J. J. Thomson developed what became known as the " plum pudding " model in 1904. Plum pudding is an English dessert similar to a blueberry muffin. In Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom, the electrons were embedded in a uniform sphere of positive charge like blueberries stuck into a muffin. The positive matter was thought to be jelly- like or a thick soup. The electrons were somewhat mobile. As they got closer to the outer portion of the atom, the positive charge in the region was greater than the neighboring negative charges and the electron would be pulled back more toward the center region of the atom. Q: Thomson's plum pudding model shows the structure of what? A:
A:
output: atom

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Endosymbiosis We have mentioned that both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes. Have you wondered why? Strong evidence points to endosymbiosis as the explanation. Symbiosis is a relationship in which organisms from two separate species depend on each other for their survival. Endosymbiosis (endo- = "within") is a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other. Endosymbiotic relationships abound in nature. We have already mentioned that microbes that produce vitamin K live inside the human gut. This relationship is beneficial for us because we are unable to synthesize vitamin K. It is also beneficial for the microbes because they are protected from other organisms and from drying out, and they receive abundant food from the environment of the large intestine. Scientists have long noticed that bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are similar in size. We also know that bacteria have DNA and ribosomes, just as mitochondria and chloroplasts do. Scientists believe that host cells and bacteria formed an endosymbiotic relationship when the host cells ingested both aerobic and autotrophic bacteria (cyanobacteria) but did not destroy them. Through many millions of years of evolution, these ingested bacteria became more specialized in their functions, with the aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria and the autotrophic bacteria becoming chloroplasts. The Central Vacuole Previously, we mentioned vacuoles as essential components of plant cells. If you look at Figure 4.8b, you will see that plant cells each have a large central vacuole that occupies most of the area of the cell. The central vacuole plays a key role in regulating the cell's concentration of water in changing environmental conditions. Have you ever noticed that if you forget to water a plant for a few days, it wilts? That's because as the water concentration in the soil becomes lower than the water concentration in the plant, water moves out of the central vacuoles and cytoplasm. As the central vacuole... Q: What is the term for a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other? A:

OPTIONS:
- parasite
- symbiosis
- parthenogenesis
- endosymbiosis

Answer: endosymbiosis

Problem: OPTIONS:
- salinity model
- reactivity model
- particle model
- hybridization model
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The hybridization model helps explain molecules with double or triple bonds. Consider the ethene molecule (C 2 H 4 ), which contains a double covalent bond between the two carbon atoms and single bonds between the carbon atoms and the hydrogen atoms. The entire molecule is planar. Q: Which model helps explain molecules with double or triple bonds? A:
Answer: hybridization model

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Today in many countries, death rates have gone down but birth rates remain high. This means that the population is growing. Figure below shows the growth rates of human populations all over the world. Q: Which veins return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart? A:

OPTIONS:
- jugular
- varicose
- respiratory
- pulmonary

Answer:
pulmonary