Problem: Trondheim (), historically Kaupangen, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Sr-Trndelag county, Norway. It has a population of 187,353 (January 1, 2016), and is the third most populous municipality in Norway, although the fourth largest urban area. It is the third largest city in the country, with a population (2013) of 169,972 inhabitants within the city borders. The city functions as the administrative centre of Sr-Trndelag county. Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva. The city is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), St. Olavs University Hospital and other technology-oriented institutions.

The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post, and it served as the capital of Norway during the Viking Age until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros; since then, it has remained the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and the Nidaros Cathedral. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality dates from 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller.

The city was originally given the name by Olav Tryggvason. It was for a long time called "Nidaros" (), or "Niaross" in the Old Norse spelling. But it was also just called "kaupangr" ("city") or, more specifically, "kaupangr i rondheimi" ("the city in the district rondheimr", i.e. Trndelag). In the late Middle Ages people started to call the city just "rondheimr". In the Dano-Norwegian period, during the years as a provincial town in the united kingdoms of Denmark-Norway, the city name was spelled "Trondhjem".
1. Where is Trondheim located?
2. WHen was it founded?
3. Who originally gave it it's name?
4. What is it's populationi as of 2013?
5. What was it notable for from 1152 to 1537?
6. What fjord south shore lies near it?
7. What did people start to call the city in the middle ages?
8. Is it known for it's educational institudes?
9. Can you name one of them?
10. When does the current municipality date to?
11. When was it incorperated?
12. What county does it function as the administrative seat for?
13. How does it rank in populous in Norwar?
Answer: 1. Norway
2. 997
3. Olav Tryggvason
4. 169,972
5. the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros
6. Trondheim Fjord
7. rondheimr
8. yes
9. the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
10. 1964
11. 1838
12. Sr-Trndelag county
13. third

Problem: Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich). It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan areas, and with more than ten million inhabitants, the largest in Germany. Cologne is about 45km southwest of North Rhine-Westphalia's capital of Dusseldorf and 25km northwest of Bonn.

Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine, near Germany's borders with Belgium and the Netherlands. The city's famous Cologne Cathedral ("Kolner Dom") is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne. The University of Cologne ("Universitat zu Koln") is one of Europe's oldest and largest universities.

Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the 1st century AD as the Roman "Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium", from which it gets its name. "Cologne", the French version of the city's name, has become standard in English as well. The city functioned as the capital of the Roman province of "Germania Inferior" and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the Franks in 462. During the Middle Ages it flourished on one of the most important major trade routes between east and west in Europe. Cologne was one of the leading members of the Hanseatic League and one of the largest cities north of the Alps in medieval and Renaissance times. Prior to World War II the city had undergone several occupations by the French and also by the British (19181926). Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II, with the Royal Air Force (RAF) dropping of bombs on the city. The bombing reduced the population by 95%, mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed almost the entire city. With the intention of restoring as many historic buildings as possible, the successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique cityscape.
1. What does RAF stand for?
2. In WW II, what was one of the most heavily bombed places in Germany?
3. Which region is it located in?
4. How many people does it have?
5. When was it founded?
6. In which territory?
7. What was the Roman name for it?
8. What is the French name for it?
9. What province was it the capital of?
10. And who was headquartered there?
11. What happened in 462?
12. What is the fourth-largest city in Germany?
13. What river is it located on both sides of?
14. What does it have that's the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne?
15. Was the University of Cologne built recently?
16. What is the German name for The University of Cologne?
17. What was Cologne one of the leading members of?
18. Before World War II, who was it occupied by?
19. And who else?
Answer:
1. Royal Air Force
2. Cologne
3. North Rhine-Westphalia
4. more than ten million
5. in the 1st century AD
6. Ubii
7. Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
8. Cologne
9. Germania Inferior
10. the Roman military
11. it was occupied by the Franks
12. Cologne
13. the Rhine
14. the Cologne Cathedral
15. no
16. Universitat zu Koln
17. the Hanseatic League
18. the French
19. the British