In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Glioblastomas treated with bevacizumab may develop low-signal apparent diffusion coefficient (low-ADC) lesions, which may reflect increased tumor cellularity or atypical necrosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between low-ADC lesions and overall survival (OS). We hypothesized that growing low-ADC lesions would be associated with shorter OS.', 'We retrospectively identified 52 patients treated with bevacizumab for the first (n = 42, 81%) or later recurrence of primary glioblastoma, who had low-ADC lesions and 2 post-bevacizumab scans 90 days apart. Low-ADC lesion volumes were measured, and normalized 5th percentile histogram low-ADC values were recorded. Using OS as the primary endpoint, semiparametric Cox models were fitted to ascertain univariate and multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) with significance at P = .05.', 'Median OS was 9.1 months (95% CI = 7.2-14.3). At the second post-bevacizumab scan, the volume of the low-ADC lesion (median: 12.94 cm(3)) was inversely associated with OS, with larger volumes predicting shorter OS (HR = 1.014 [95% CI = 1.003-1.025], P = .009). The percent change in low-ADC volume (median: 6.8%) trended toward increased risk of death with growing volumes (P = .08). Normalized 5th percentile low-ADC value and its percent change were not associated with OS (P > .51). Also correlated with shorter OS were the pre-bevacizumab nonenhancing volume (P = .025), the first post-bevacizumab enhancing volume (P = .040), and the second post-bevacizumab enhancing volume (P = .004).\Question: Do large-volume low apparent diffusion coefficient lesions predict poor survival in bevacizumab-treated glioblastoma patients?

Answer: The volume of low-ADC lesions at the second post-bevacizumab scan predicted shorter OS. This suggests that low-ADC lesions may be considered important imaging markers and included in treatment decision algorithms.

Question: Context: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease mediated by IgG autoantibodies targeting desmogleins (Dsgs). The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab is increasingly used in corticosteroid-resistant PV patients. In a subset of rituximab-treated patients in remission, high ELISA index values have been reported; however, their significance remains so far unclear.', 'To address the discrepancy between anti-Dsg3 serum antibody titers and disease severity.', '6 rituximab-treated PV patients were prospectively followed-up for two years and anti-Dsg3 autoantibodies levels and pathogenic activity were measured.', 'All patients achieved complete remission without any serious side effects. Both anti-Dsg3 autoantibodies (p = 0.031) and their pathogenic activity (p = 0.003) were significantly related to disease severity. However, in selected patients, the dissociation index was a more sensitive indicator for PV clinical activity than the ELISA index.\Question: Does the pathogenic activity of anti-desmoglein autoantibodies parallel disease severity in rituximab-treated patients with pemphigus vulgaris?

Answer: Our findings have demonstrated the existence of non-pathogenic autoantibodies in PV patients in remission, establishing the basis for the design of a system able to precisely monitor the course of disease.

Question: Context: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is thought be involved in the modulation of intestinal motility. CGRP receptor is composed of receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 combined with calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) for CGRP. We investigated the role of CGRP in mice with experimentally induced colitis.', 'We used dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis in mice. We compared the severity of colitis in wild-type (WT) mice, mice treated with a CGRP receptor antagonist (CGRP', 'The severity of inflammation in DSS-induced colitis increased markedly in CGRP\Question: Does rAMP1 suppress mucosal injury from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice?

Answer:
The findings of this study suggest that RAMP1 exerted mucosal protection in DSS-induced colitis via attenuation of recruitment of inflammatory cells and of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.