Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.

[Q]: An antibiotic can also be classified according to the range of pathogens against which it is effective. Penicillin G will destroy only a few species of bacteria and is known as a narrow spectrum antibiotic. Tetracycline is effective against a wide range of organisms and is known as a broad spectrum antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance. Bacteria are termed drug-resistant when they are no longer inhibited by an antibiotic to which they were previously sensitive. The emergence and spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria has continued to grow due to both the over-use and misuse of antibiotics. Gram+ cells are only part of the bacterial world. There are many types of harmful bacteria that are Gram-negative. Penicillin does not work against Gram-negative bacteria, since the Gram- cell wall has an extra layer of protection that interferes with the drug reaching the peptidoglydan in Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Therefore other antibiotics have been developed to work against Gram- cells. Since the introduction of penicillin, a variety of other classes of antibiotics have been discovered and put to use in fighting bacterial infections. Each class of antibiotics has its own mode of action or MOA. The mode of action is specifically how the drug works to disable or kill bacteria. Friendly bacteria help keep you healthy in many ways, so when antibiotics kill friendly bacteria, your health can suffer because you lose these benefits. Additionally, losing friendly bacteria can give other types of bacteria room to multiply, leading to opportunistic infection. Antibiotics are medications used specifically to kill or disable bacteria. All bacteria are prokaryotic. organisms, meaning that their cells are different than cells of the human body. These differences can be exploited, so that antibiotic drugs can kill bacteria without harming us. Most of the bacterial world falls into one of two categories, Gram+ and Gram-, based on Article Summary: Antibiotics are drugs used to fight bacterial infections. Although there are similarities between bacteria and human cells, there are many differences as well. Antibiotics work by affecting things that bacterial cells have but human cells don't. For example, human cells do not have cell walls, while many types of bacteria do. The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall. Bacteria and human cells also differ in the structure of their cell membranes and the machinery they use to build proteins or copy DNA. Antibiotics kill bacteria, not archaea, fungi, or protists. The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in the 1920s made a big impact on human history. Not only did it lead to a cure for bacterial infections that were once deadly, but it also led a big interest in finding new antibiotics. The effects of the antibiotic drug ceftazidine on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The antibiotic kills the bacteria (red) by causing the cell wall to disintegrate (yellow remnants). Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced in nature by soil bacteria and fungi. This gives the microbe an advantage when competing for food and water and other limited resources in a particular habitat, as the antibiotic kills off their competition. How do antibiotics work Antibiotics take advantage of the difference between the structure of the bacterial cell and the host's cell. They either prevent the bacterial cells from multiplying so that the bacterial population remains the same, allowing the host's defence mechanism to fight the infection or kill the bacteria, for example stopping the mechanism responsible for building their cell walls. Query: how does penicillin destroy bacteria
[A]: The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall.

[Q]: Unfortunately, air conditioners don't live as long as people, and in the brutal conditions of Phoenix, Arizona, air conditioners can have remarkably short lives without proper care and maintenance. The average lifespan of an air conditioner is anywhere from 8 to 15 years, but it's hard to say exactly how long any given air conditioner unit will last. The Biggest Factors in Air Conditioner Lifespans Certain factors can influence how long your air conditioner survives, including the size of the air conditioner unit, your duct design, the amount of use and how much maintenance your unit receives. This allows you to control the flow of cooled air into each room of your home, keeping you more comfortable, and allowing your air conditioner to work more efficiently. Your central air conditioner is designed to last anywhere from 15 to 20 years. While there's a good chance it may last far longer, especially if you're meticulous about maintenance, there are still some very compelling reasons to replace it. Air Conditioner Use. Like anything else with moving parts, the more you use your air conditioner, the faster it's going to break down. No matter how good the unit, the more it runs, the sooner it will need to be replaced. Heat pumps -- If you have an electric heat pump heating system, plan on replacing the exterior unit after about 16 years. Thermostats -- Expect your home's thermostat(s) to last about 35 years. Electric radiant heaters -- The most common of this type of room conditioner might be baseboard heaters. The impact of these items can be minor by themselves, but when several parts of the equation are out of whack, your air conditioner may have a very short life. How the different factors can affect your unit: Air Conditioner Size. The size of your air conditioner affects how efficiently it works, as well as how frequently it switches on and off. The Lifespan of a Central Air Conditioner. Per the United States Department of Energy, the average lifespan of a central air conditioner is about 15 to 20 years. Some units may continue operating well beyond the 20-year mark, and others may need to be replaced before the 15 years has passed. How Long Does a Central Air Conditioner Last? Posted on February 8, 2017 by Glen Feurst Whether you're buying a home with central air already installed or you're thinking about replacing your elderly HVAC unit, it's important to understand that a central air conditioner isn't designed to last forever. Twenty years ago, the brand-new central air conditioner units that were available had an average SEER rating of about 12. Today, new systems have an average SEER rating that ranges from 16 to 18, which is far more efficient. The Biggest Factors in Air Conditioner Lifespans. Certain factors can influence how long your air conditioner survives, including the size of the air conditioner unit, your duct design, the amount of use and how much maintenance your unit receives. Ducting -- The NAHB estimates that the ductwork in your home should last about 10 years. A report done by InterNACHI might be more accurate on this HVAC component: their study indicates that ducts should function properly for 60 to 100 years. Query: how long does a central air conditioner last
[A]: A central air conditioner lasts 15 to 20 years.

[Q]: Dickinson College Financial Aid (2014 - 15) 1 Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 75%. 2 Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of Aid Grants: 71%. Loans: 51%. 3 Average Amount of Aid Grants: $28,127. Loans: $6,561. Most colleges report four-, five-, and six-year graduation rates. For colleges in our database, the average five-year graduation rate is 52% and the average six-year graduation rate is 55%. We provide a college's four-, five-, and six-year graduation rates on the Students page of its College Profile. Admissions Data (2015) 1 Dickinson College Acceptance Rate: 47%. 2 GPA, SAT and ACT graph for Dickinson. 3 Top PA colleges SAT score comparison. 4 4-year college SAT score comparison. 5 4-year college ACT score comparison. 6 Top PA colleges ACT score comparison. The average ACT score composite at Dickinson State University is a 20. The 25th percentile ACT score is 18, and the 75th percentile ACT score is 22. In other words, a 18 places you below average, while a 22 will move you up to above average. First of all, you can look at average ACT scores for your state. Although you will find that scores don't vary drastically between states, you may live in a slightly less or more competitive one. You can look at average ACT scores for your school. Many students can access this data on their high school's "Profile" sheet. Based on sampled GPA data collected and applied, it is estimated that the Dickinson State University (DSU) average GPA range for accepted students is around 2.80 - 3.14. 49% of all those who apply are admitted to Dickinson State University, from which 81 percent choose to enroll. As you type, a drop down list of matching colleges will display. 1 If the college you want is on the list, select it. 2 If the college you want isn't on the list, hit the Enter or Return key on your keyboard or click the Find button to see a list of results including all colleges that match the text you entered. IOWA CITY, IowaACT has reached an agreement with the Ho Chi Minh City Department of Education and Training and EMG Education to make the ACT®️ t... IOWA CITY, IowaACT has reached an agreement with the Ho Chi Minh City Department of Education and Training and ... Accepted Applicants Profile. 1 DSU SAT Scores: 1210 - 1513. 2 DSU ACT Scores: 18 - 23. 3 DSU Average GPA: 2.80 - 3.14. Admissions data from the office of Institutional Research at Dickinson College Admissions data from the office of Institutional Research at Dickinson College Skip to content Query: average act scores at dickinson
[A]:
The average ACT score composite at Dickinson State University is a 20.