In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Besides chronic stress, chronic pain is a prevalent determinant for depression. Changes induced in specific brain regions by sustained pain may alter the processing of affective information, thus resulting in anxiodepressive disorders. Here, we compared the role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the posterior insular cortex in the anxiodepressive, sensory, and affective aspects of chronic pain.', 'Neuropathic pain was induced by cuffing the right sciatic nerve of C57BL/6J mice. Lesions were performed by local injection of ibotenic acid and chronic activation of the ACC by optogenetic stimulation. Anxiodepressive-related behaviors were evaluated through the novelty suppressed feeding, marble burying, splash, and forced swimming tests. Mechanical thresholds were determined using von Frey filaments, and the relief of spontaneous pain was determined by using place conditioning.', 'The ACC lesion prevented the anxiodepressive consequences of chronic pain without affecting the sensory mechanical allodynia. Conversely, the tonic or spontaneous pain and the anxiodepressive consequences of pain remained present after posterior insular cortex lesion, even though the mechanical allodynia was suppressed. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of the ACC was sufficient to induce anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in naive animals.\Question: Is the anterior cingulate cortex a critical hub for pain-induced depression?

Answer: Our results show that, at cortical level, the sensory component of chronic pain remains functionally segregated from its affective and anxiodepressive components. Spontaneous tonic pain and evoked allodynia can be experimentally dissociated. Furthermore, the ACC appears as a critical hub for mood disorders, including for the anxiodepressive consequences of chronic pain, and thus constitutes an important target for divulging the underlying mechanism.

Question: Context: Excessive infant crying, or infantile colic, is a common and often stress-inducing problem for parents that can ultimately result in child abuse. From previous research it is known that maternal depression is related to excessive crying, but so far little is known about the influence of paternal depression.', "In a prospective, population-based study, we obtained information on both maternal and paternal depressive symptoms at 20 weeks of pregnancy by using the Brief Symptom Inventory. Parental depressive symptoms were related to excessive crying in 4426 two-month-old infants. The definition of excessive crying was based on the widely used Wessel's criteria (ie, crying >3 hours for >3 days in the past week).", 'After adjustment for depressive symptoms of the mother and relevant confounders, we found a 1.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.52) higher risk of excessive infant crying per SD of paternal depressive symptoms.\Question: Are paternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy related to excessive infant crying?

Answer: Our findings indicate that paternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy might be a risk factor for excessive infant crying. This finding could be related to genetic transmission, interaction of a father with lasting depressive symptoms with the infant, or related indirectly through contextual stressors such as marital, familial, or economic distress.

Question: Context: To determine whether the cellular physiology of the lens actively maintains the optical properties of the lens and whether inhibition of lens transport affects overall visual quality.', 'One lens from a pair of bovine lenses was cultured in artificial aqueous humor (AAH), while the other was cultured in either AAH-High-K+ or AAH + 0.1 mM ouabain for 4 hours. Lens pairs or whole enucleated eyes were then imaged in 4.7 Tesla (T) high-field small animal magnet. Lens surface curvatures, T1 measurements of water content, and T2 measurements of water/protein ratios were extracted from cultured lenses, while the geometrical parameters that define the optical pathway were obtained from whole eyes. Gradients of refractive index (GRIN), calculated from T2 measurements, and the extracted geometric parameters were inputted into optical models of the isolated lens and the whole bovine eye.', 'Inhibiting circulating fluxes by inhibiting the Na/K-ATPase with ouabain or depolarization of the lens potential by High K+ caused changes to lens water content, the water/protein ratio (GRIN) and surface geometry that manifested as an increase in optical power and a decrease in negative spherical aberration in cultured lenses. Changes to optical properties of the lens resulted in a myopic shift that impaired vision quality in the optical model of the bovine eye.\Question: Does active Maintenance of the Gradient of Refractive Index be Required to Sustain the Optical Properties of the Lens?

Answer:
The cellular physiology of the lens actively maintains its optical properties and inhibiting the Na/K/ATPase induces a myopic shift in vision similar to that observed clinically in patients who go on to develop cataract.