Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: The DSM-5 encompasses a wide range of symptoms for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Symptoms are commonly added up to sum-scores, and thresholds differentiate between healthy and depressed individuals. The underlying assumption is that all patients diagnosed with MDD have a similar condition, and that sum-scores accurately reflect the severity of this condition. To test this assumption, we examined the number of DSM-5 depression symptom patterns in the "Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression" (STAR*D) study.', 'We investigated the number of unique symptom profiles reported by 3703 depressed outpatients at the beginning of the first treatment stage of STAR*D.', 'Overall, we identified 1030 unique symptom profiles. Of these profiles, 864 profiles (83.9%) were endorsed by five or fewer subjects, and 501 profiles (48.6%) were endorsed by only one individual. The most common symptom profile exhibited a frequency of only 1.8%. Controlling for overall depression severity did not reduce the amount of observed heterogeneity.
[A]: Is depression a consistent syndrome : An investigation of unique symptom patterns in the STAR*D study?

[Q]: To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO)-induced autophagy in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.', "The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in HDPCs. Apoptosis was detected by means of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and apoptosis- or autophagy-related signal molecules were observed by Western blot analysis. Acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles were stained with acridine orange to detect autophagy in the presence of 3-methyladenine (3MA) used to inhibit autophagy. To explore the mechanism underlying autophagy and its protective role against apoptosis, compound C, the chemical AMPK inhibitor, was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05).", 'SNP decreased viability of the HDPCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Exposing the HDPCs to SNP increased the levels of p62 and LC3-II, the typical markers of autophagy, and increased the number of acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles, indicating the appearance of autophagy as detected by acridine orange staining (p<0.05). Pretreatment with 3MA decreased cell viability but increased cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3, apoptosis indicators, in the SNP-treated HDPCs (p<0.05). SNP activated AMPK/ULK signaling, while the inhibition of AMPK by compound C enhanced apoptotic cell death induced by SNP in the HDPCs (p<0.05).
[A]: Do nitric oxide-induced autophagy and the activation of AMPK pathway protect against apoptosis in human dental pulp cells?

[Q]: The higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fetuin-A is shown to have proangiogenic and proinflammatory effects.', 'This study included 245 T2DM patients consisting of 95 cases with non-diabetic retinopathy (NDR), 78 cases with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 72 cases with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), in addition to 65 healthy controls. Serum fetuin-A, VEGF and CRP concentrations and related parameters were measured.', 'Significant positive correlations were found between fetuin-A and VEGF and CRP, and between VEGF and CRP in T2DM patients (all p<0.001). After adjustment for confounders, fetuin-A was correlated independently with VEGF and CRP in NPDR and PDR patients, but not in NDR subjects. In addition, fetuin-A was correlated independently with HOMA-IR (all 4 groups), HbA1c (NDR, NPDR and PDR groups) and duration of diabetes (PDR group). When compared with NDR and control subjects, NPDR and PDR patients had higher HOMA-IR.
[A]:
Are serum fetuin-A levels independently correlated with vascular endothelial growth factor and C-reactive protein concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy?