In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been associated with alterations in brain morphology using region of interest analyses that have focused on stress-sensitive target regions. This study was designed to ascertain the effects on gray matter volume (GMV) of exposure to CSA in healthy young adult college students selected based on exposure history regardless of psychiatric outcome. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) provided unbiased delineation of the most significantly affected brain regions.', 'High-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets were obtained for 23 unmedicated female subjects with CSA and 14 healthy female control subjects of equivalent age and socioeconomic status with no history of trauma. Cortical surface-based analysis (FreeSurfer) was performed to verify VBM results.', 'Gray matter volume was reduced by 12.6% and 18.1% in right and left primary visual (V1) and visual association cortices of abused subjects. This reduction was directly related to duration of CSA before age 12. Gray matter volume of left and right V1 correlated with measure of visual memory (r = .353, p = .032 and r = .448, p = .005). Cortical surface-based analysis indicated that GMV of abused subjects was reduced in the left fusiform (p = .004), left middle occipital (p = .04), and right lingual (p = .002) gyri.\Question: Is childhood sexual abuse associated with reduced gray matter volume in visual cortex of young women?

Output: Early visual experience exerts a strong influence on the developing mammalian visual cortex. Present findings indicate that exposure to CSA may also affect the development of this region and are apparent even in a population of subjects who are sufficiently healthy to matriculate.

Input: Consider Input: Context: During reactive hyperemia, the brachial artery in some individuals constricts prior to dilation. Our aim was to describe the frequency of high-flow-mediated constriction (H-FMC) in adults, and its relationship to body composition and biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic risk.', 'Two hundred forty-six adults (124 male, 122 female; 367 years old) were assessed for H-FMC via sonographic imaging of the brachial artery. Blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipids, and body composition assessed via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were collected. H-FMC was characterized as a 10-second average of maximal postocclusion constriction. Independent t test was used to compare H-FMC versus non-H-FMC individuals.', 'H-FMC was observed in approximately 69% of adult participants (54 obese, 57 overweight, and 59 normal weight). Total body mass (82.317.5 versus 76.316.3 kg, p=0.012), fat mass (27.711.5 versus 23.810.5 kg, p=0.012), body mass index (27.74.9 versus 26.15.0 kg/m\Question: Is high-flow-mediated constriction in adults influenced by biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic risk?

Output: Increased body mass, fat mass, and body mass index were associated with a greater H-FMC. When H-FMC was present, the FMD response to reactive hyperemia was significantly lower. Because H-FMC has been observed to negatively affect FMD response to reactive hyperemia, we suggest that H-FMC should be noted when analyzing and interpreting FMD data. H-FMC may be an ancillary measure of endothelial health. ©️ 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2016.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Inflammation within paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), a key circulatory control center in the hypothalamus, is an important pathology of sympathetic hyperactivity. Brain inflammation is mainly mediated by microglia, innate immune cells in the brain. Activated microglia produce inflammatory cytokines with alteration of their morphology. Increase in inflammatory cytokines synthesis coincides with activation of microglia within PVN of angiotensin II-induced hypertensive model and myocardial infarction-induced heart failure model. Although the increase in inflammatory cytokines and the microglial activation within PVN were also seen in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the model of essential hypertension, their involvement in blood pressure regulation has still be fully clarified. In the present study, we examined whether activated microglia within PVN were involved in maintenance of established severe hypertension with sympathoexcitation.', 'Minocycline (25mg/kg/day), an inhibitor of microglial activation, or vehicle were orally administered to stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats for 2 weeks from 15-weeks-old, the age of established hypertension.', 'Systolic blood pressure was comparable between minocycline treated-SHRSP and vehicle treated-SHRSP, whereas morphological analysis of microglia revealed smaller cell size in minocycline treated-SHRSP than vehicle treated-SHRSP, implying that minocycline deactivated microglia within PVN.\Question: Is activation of microglia within paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus involved in maintenance of established hypertension?
Output: Activated microglia with morphological alteration within PVN are not involved in the maintenance of established severe hypertension, and inflammation within PVN could not be the therapeutic target of established hypertension.