In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and surgical success rates of amniotic membrane (AM) transplantation performed for corneal perforation closure using a novel technique.', 'This study included 6 eyes from 6 patients with corneal perforation who had received AM transplantation between May 2011 and April 2012. The AM was collected from human placenta shortly after cesarean section. In surgery, the AM was folded into pleats and used to plug the wound using 10-0 nylon suture. The wound was then covered with an AM seal. After reepithelialization and AM scarring, sutures were removed.', 'All 6 patients had successful wound closure with 1 surgery. One patient underwent optical keratoplasty later, and 1 patient required combined preserved sclera transplantation. The absolute value of astigmatism decreased to <3.50 diopters (D) 3 months after surgery and to <3.00 D 6 months after surgery in patients with peripheral AM transplants. The visual acuity gradually improved over the first 3 months after surgery, and visual acuity gains were maintained at the 6-month postoperative mark.\Question: Do '' Pleats fold '' technique of amniotic membrane transplantation for management of corneal perforations?

Ex Output:
The AM transplantation procedure may be an effective option for treating corneal perforations when the wound is circular or irregular, except for incised wounds. Our "Pleats Fold" AM transplantation technique can achieve definite closure and effectively repair wounds of various sizes. Postoperative astigmatic values were acceptable. Therefore, we recommend this procedure for repairing lesions <3 mm in diameter that do not involve the central cornea and that are infection free.

Ex Input:
Context: CTLA4IgG that binds to B7 effectively inhibits the signaling of CD28/B7 pathway and induces antigen-specific T-cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. We examined whether the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in a murine heterotopic airway transplantation model is T cell dependent and whether CTLA4IgG abrogates the development of obliterative bronchiolitis.', 'Tracheae with main bronchi from C3H/He (H2k), BALB/C (H2d), or C57BL/6 (H2b) mice were transplanted heterotopically into subcutaneous pockets on the backs of BALB/C or BALB/C nu/nu mice on day 0. Recipient mice were untreated or intraperitoneally treated with either CTLA4IgG or human IgG with different time and dose schedules.', 'The development of obliterative bronchiolitis, which leads to luminal obliteration by fibrous tissue in a murine heterotopic airway transplantation model, was T cell dependent and the development of obliterative bronchiolitis was significantly abrogated by the CTLA4IgG treatment. However, the normal ciliated columnar respiratory epithelial cells in allografts were lost and replaced by flattened attenuated epithelial cells even after the CTLA4IgG treatment. We further demonstrated that CTLA4IgG treatment did not result in the induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness.\Question: Does blocking the CD28-B7 T-cell costimulatory pathway abrogate the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in a murine heterotopic airway model?

Ex Output:
We demonstrated that the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in a murine heterotopic airway model involves both CD28/B7-dependent and -independent processes. The luminal obliteration by fibrous tissue is clearly CD28/B7 dependent and can be inhibited by CTLA4IgG. The luminal obliteration of allografted trachea by fibrous tissues and the loss of ciliated columnar respiratory epithelial cells represent distinct disease processes.

Ex Input:
Context: Deficiency of the antiprotease alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) contribute to the development of early onset emphysema. CS-induced apoptosis of alveolar cells including endothelial cells plays critical role in the lung destruction. AAT deficiency is associated with increased lung tissue destruction as well. We hypothesize that AAT protects lung alveoli from noxious environmental stimuli such as CS-induced apoptosis.', 'Porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) were exposed to CS in the presence or absence of AAT (20 microM). AAT internalization and markers for apoptosis were assessed by confocal microscopy. Flow cytometry was performed in parallel to quantify the number of AAT-loaded and apoptotic cells.', 'We demonstrated that exogenous AAT accumulated in PAEC and protected cells from CS-induced apoptosis. AAT-loaded CS-exposed cells exhibited increased amounts of chaperone HSP-70 in their cytosol and less apoptosis inducing factor in their nuclei compared to AAT-untreated, CS-exposed cells.\Question: Does endothelial alpha-1-antitrypsin attenuate cigarette smoke induced apoptosis in vitro?

Ex Output:
Our results suggest that AAT is taken up by endothelial cells via two mechanisms and that intracellular AAT may have a protective role in CS-induced endothelial apoptosis. This may open new insights into the field of endothelial serpins as agents capable of protecting the vasculature from environment-derived noxious substances.