In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
The objectives were to determine the median infective dose (ID 50 ) of Cryptosporidium parvum and to describe the dose-response relationship including associated clinical illness in experimentally challenged dairy calves. Within the first 24 h of life, 27 test calves were experimentally challenged with C. parvum oocysts and 3 control calves were sham dosed. Test calves received 1 of 8 possible doses (25, 50, 100, 500, 1 10 3 , 1 10 4 , 1 10 5 , and 1 10 6 oocysts). All 27 test calves developed diarrhea. Fecal oocyst shedding occurred in 25 (92.6%) test calves and in 0 control calves. The 2 non-shedding test calves both received 25 oocysts. There was an inverse relationship between dose and time to onset of fecal oocyst shedding (P = 0.005). There was no relationship found between dose and duration (P = 0.2) or cessation (P = 0.3) of fecal oocyst shedding. In addition, there was not a significant relationship between log-dose and the log-peak oocysts (P = 0.2) or log-total oocysts (P = 0.5) counted/g of feces across the dose groups. There was a positive dose-response relationship between log-dose and diarrhea (P = 0.01). However, when controlling for other factors, such as onset and cessation of fecal oocyst shedding, dose was not a significant predictor of diarrhea (P = 0.5). Onset and cessation of fecal oocyst shedding were found to be the best predictors of diarrhea (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.04, respectively). The ID 50 for fecal oocyst shedding was 5.8 oocysts, for diarrhea was 9.7 oocysts, and for fecal oocyst shedding with diarrhea was 16.6 oocysts. Given that the ID 50 of C. parvum is far less than would be excreted into the environment by a naturally infected calf, prevention and control of cryptosporidiosis is a formidable challenge.

Ex Output:
Cryptosporidium parvum: Determination of ID 50 and the dose-response relationship in experimentally challenged dairy calves

Ex Input:
2 The abbreviations used are: S, spike; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MLV, murine leukemia virus; DC-SIGN, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-gubbing non-integrin, ACE2, argiotensin I conserting enzyme 2. FIGURE 4. Introduction of alanine residues in the S2 region modulates elastase-induced virus entry mediated by SARS-CoV S. A and B, pseudotyped virion infections were performed as described for Fig. 2. Infection was induced by treatment with elastase (A) or trypsin (B). Results are presented as relative light units (RLU). Error bars represent the S.E. of three independent experiments. C, cleavage of SARS-CoV by elastase. HEK293T cells expressing the wild type (WT) or mutant SARS-CoV spike protein were treated with 50 g/ml elastase. Cell surface proteins were biotinylated and precipitated, and cleavage products of the SARS-CoV spike protein were analyzed in Western blot with an antibody recognizing the C9 tag at the C terminus of the protein.

Ex Output:
Elastase-mediated Activation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein at Discrete Sites within the S2 Domain * S

Ex Input:
In view of the restricted knowledge on the diversity of coronaviruses in poultry other than chicken, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in quail, pheasant, and partridge from two regions of Northern Italy. To this end, pools of tracheal and cloacal swabs from European quail (Coturnix Coturnix) and intestinal tract from pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus) and partridge (Perdix Perdix) flocks, with or without enteric signs, were collected during 2015. Avian coronavirus (Gammacoronavirus) was detected in quail not vaccinated against Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) and in pheasants vaccinated with an IBV Massachusetts serotype. Based on DNA sequences for the gene encoding the S protein, the avian coronaviruses detected in the quail and pheasant are related to the IBV 793B and Massachusetts types, respectively. However, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) analyses showed the susceptibility of quail also to Deltacoronaviruses, suggesting that quail and pheasant avian coronaviruses share spike genes identical to chicken IBV spike genes and quail might host Deltacoronavirus.

Ex Output:
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY Gamma and Deltacoronaviruses in quail and pheasants from Northern Italy 1