question: On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.

Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.
1. Was there thinking about evolution before Darwin?
2. Why were these ideas controversial?
3. Who was supportive of these ideas?
4. anyone else?
5. Who did not support it?
6. How did the scientific mainstream think about the idea?
7. What was the name of Darwin's book?
8. When was it in print?
9. what month
10. Is it considered literature?
11. What kind?
12. What do people this this is the foundation for?
13. What did the book talk about?
14. About what?
15. Does all life come from one place?
16. What kind of pattern does evolution have?
17. Do populations change overnight?
18. how long does it take?
19. Where did he get his evidence?
20. When?
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answer: 1. yes
2. people thought humans were unique
3. dissident anatomists
4. the general public
5. the Church of England
6. they did not accept it
7. On the Origin of Species
8. 1859
9. November
10. yes
11. scientific literature
12. evolutionary biology
13. a scientific theory
14. evolution
15. yes
16. a branching one
17. no
18. generations
19. his beagle expedition
20. the 1830s

question: English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global "lingua franca". Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia (Angeln) peninsula in the Baltic Sea. It is closely related to the Frisian languages, but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as by Latin and Romance languages, particularly French.

English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, and was a period in which the language was influenced by French. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries. Through all types of printed and electronic media, as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the "lingua franca" in many regions and in professional contexts such as science, navigation and law.
1. Has english developed over time?
2. when did early modern english begin?
3. when did it become global?
4. when was that?
5. is english most commonly used internationally?
6. when did middle english begin?
7. what kind of language is english?
8. when was english first spoken?
9. in what country?
10. is it related to frisian languages?
11. what has influenced it?
****
answer: 1. yes
2. the late 15th century
3. the influence of the British Empire
4. 17th to mid-20th centuries
5. yes
6. the late 11th century
7. a West Germanic language
8. in medieval times
9. England
10. yes
11. other Germanic languages

question: There are stories about two US Presidents,Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren,which attempt to explain the American English term OK. We don't know if either story is true,but they are both interesting.

The first explanation is based on the fact that President Jackson had very little education. In fact,he had difficulty reading and writing. When important papers came to Jackson,he tried to read them and then had his assistants explain what they said. If he approved of a paper, he would write "all correct" on it. The problem was that he didn't know how to spell. So what he really wrote was "ol korekt". After a while,he shortened that term to "OK".

The second explanation is based on the place where President Van Buren was born,Kinderhook,New York. Van Buren's friends organized a club to help him become president. They called the club the Old Kinderhook Club,and anyone who supported Van Buren was called "OK".
1. What two men are mentioned in this story?
2. What degree did Jackson earn?
3. How many theories are explained here?
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answer:
1. US Presidents
2. None, President Jackson had very little education
3. Two