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Save and quit your Minecraft game to access your screenshot. Your screenshot will be saved onto your computer in a specific file. With Windows, you'll need to search %appdata% with the search function Windows offers. You can access this by pressing Win+s. You could also open the "Run" application to perform the search. After you have typed this in and pressed Enter, you'll be greeted with the "roaming" folder, which is where you will access the Minecraft directory. Select the folder named ".minecraft". Once within this folder, select the "screenshots" folder and you'll have found all of your screenshots. They will all be in the .png format. Once you locate the folder, consider creating a shortcut to your desktop for easier access. If you would rather find your screenshot folder quicker, type in your search bar %appdata%\.minecraft\screenshots. This should bring you directly to the folder.
Exit the game. Search for the folder. Access roaming folder. Find the screenshot folder. Select your screenshot. Use a shortcut.