In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Citations in footnotes typically are shortened versions of the full citation that can be found in your bibliography or Works Cited at the end of your paper. Writing out the full citation first makes it easier to create your footnotes, and ensures that you've included all sources you used. For most style guides, the use of footnotes does not replace the need for a list of references at the end of your paper. Even if a full list of references isn't strictly required, it can help place your paper in context. While the basic information included in a citation is almost always the same, different style guides have slightly different formats. Generally, you'll list the author's name first, followed by the title of the source. Include publication information, then close with the page number where the material you quoted or paraphrased appears. For example, suppose you've paraphrased information from a book by Reginald Daily, titled Timeless wikiHow Examples: Through the Ages. If you were using Chicago style, your footnote citation would look something like this: Reginald Daily, Timeless wikiHow Examples: Through the Ages (Minneapolis: St. Olaf Press, 2010), 115. Often, you'll cite to the same source more than once in the same paper. You typically only have to give the full footnote citation for the source once. Later citations include the author's last name, a shortened version of the title, and the page number where the material you quoted or paraphrased can be found. For example, suppose later on in your paper you need to cite Reginald Daily's wikiHow book again. Your shortened citation might look something like this: Daily, wikiHow Examples, 130. Sometimes, a sentence requires a citation to more than one source. Place a single footnote at the end of the sentence and include the citations to both sources in the same footnote, rather than having 2 footnotes at the end of the sentence. For example, suppose you have a sentence in your text comparing the conclusions in Reginald Daily's book with the observations in another book on the same topic. Your footnote might look something like this: Reginald Daily, Timeless wikiHow Examples: Through the Ages (Minneapolis: St. Olaf Press, 2010), 115; Mary Beth Miller, The wiki Revolution (New York: New Tech Press, 2018), 48. Signal words and phrases, such as "but see" or "see also" let your readers know that there are other authors who agree or disagree with the information in the original source you cited. Typically, you would use the additional source to establish the relative reliability of the source you cited. For example, if Miller's work reached a conclusion that was contrary to the conclusion Daily reached, your footnote might look something like this: Reginald Daily, Timeless wikiHow Examples: Through the Ages (Minneapolis: St. Olaf Press, 2010), 115; but see Mary Beth Miller, The wiki Revolution (New York: New Tech Press, 2018), 48. If you believe it would be helpful to your readers, you can add a brief parenthetical comment after the second source that explains why you included it. A citation footnote may include nothing but the citation. However, occasionally you may need to explain something about the source or its relation to your paper. For example, suppose you want to include a brief explanation as to why you're citing Daily's book, despite the fact that it was published in 2010. Your footnote might look something like this: Reginald Daily, Timeless wikiHow Examples: Through the Ages (Minneapolis: St. Olaf Press, 2010), 115. Although published in 2010, Daily's work provides a jumping-off point for research in this area.
Summary: Write your bibliography page before placing footnotes. Type a citation for the source following the appropriate style guide. Use shortened citations for subsequent uses of the source. Separate multiple citations with semi-colons. Include signal phrases to explain relationships between sources. Add contextual information if necessary.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Keep the bow facing vertically downward with the frog pointed up. Rest your hand on top in an open "handshake" position, with your palm resting lightly on top of the frog. The "frog" refers to the enclosed mechanism that holds and tightens the bow hair. A "handshake" position simply refers to the sort of position you would hold your hand in if you were preparing to shake hands with someone. Note that this method is one of the most common ways to hold a German bow, but it is not the only way. If you want to explore different techniques, talk it over with a bass teacher or with a more experienced bassist. Gradually turn the bow sideways, drawing the frog further into the palm of your hand and pointing the bow inward toward your body. The tip of your bent thumb should just barely touch the tip of your index finger, and both should rest lightly on top of the bow. Do not pinch the bow in between your thumb and index finger. They should only rest on top of the bow and should not grab onto it directly. Keep your hands relaxed and flexible to allow for movement, but not a loss of control, as you play. The wrist should bend slightly as you play downward in order to keep the bow straight across the strings. Similarly, the fingers will straighten a bit as you play, but be sure they do not hyperextend, which will reduce your control and make your transitions difficult on the backstroke.
Summary:
Hold the bow downward. Turn the bow until it touches your index finger. Maintain your hold while playing.