Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Context: Preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have prognostic value in patients with various operable tumors. The aim of our study was to determine whether NLR and PLR are predictive of survival in thymic carcinoma patients after complete resection.', 'A total of seventy-nine patients who underwent complete resection of thymic carcinoma at our hospital between January 2005 and December 2015 were retrospectively enrolled. Differential leukocyte counts were collected before surgery, and the relationships of NLR, PLR, and other patient clinical variables with survival were estimated by Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.', 'Univariate analysis found that a high level of NLR was associated with lower disease-free survival (DFS) (HR: 3.385, 95% CI: 1.073-10.678, P=0.037) and lower overall survival (OS) (HR: 12.836, 95% CI: 1.615-101.990, P=0.016). The optimal NLR threshold of 4.1 could stratify the patients with high risk of recurrence or metastasis (P=0.026) and death (P=0.006). Meanwhile, the NLR value of >4.1 in those patients was associated with bigger tumor size (P=0.035) and more advanced Masaoka stages (P=0.040) compared with NLR 4.1. However, the PLR and other variables were not significantly associated with survival in thymic carcinoma patients.
Answer: The preoperative NLR of >4.1 was significantly associated with larger tumor size, more advanced Masaoka stages and reduced DFS and OS, but was not an independent predictor of survival in thymic carcinoma patients after complete resection.
[EX A]: Is prognostic value of preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio superior to platelet-lymphocyte ratio for survival in patients who underwent complete resection of thymic carcinoma?

[EX Q]: Context: Women with a family history of breast cancer face considerable uncertainty about whether to pursue standard screening, intensive screening, or prophylactic surgery. Accurate and individualized risk-estimation approaches may help these women make more informed decisions. Although highly penetrant genetic variants have been associated with familial breast cancer (FBC) risk, many individuals do not carry these variants, and many carriers never develop breast cancer. Common risk variants have a relatively modest effect on risk and show limited potential for predicting FBC development. As an alternative, we hypothesized that additional genomic data types, such as gene-expression levels, which can reflect genetic and epigenetic variation, could contribute to classifying a person's risk status. Specifically, we aimed to identify common patterns in gene-expression levels across individuals who develop FBC.", 'We profiled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from women with a family history of breast cancer (with or without a germline BRCA1/2 variant) and from controls. We used the support vector machines algorithm to differentiate between patients who developed FBC and those who did not. Our study used two independent datasets, a training set of 124 women from Utah (USA) and an external validation (test) set from Ontario (Canada) of 73 women (197 total). We controlled for expression variation associated with clinical, demographic, and treatment variables as well as lymphocyte markers.', 'Our multigene biomarker provided accurate, individual-level estimates of FBC occurrence for the Utah cohort (AUC = 0.76 [0.67-84]) . Even at their lower confidence bounds, these accuracy estimates meet or exceed estimates from alternative approaches. Our Ontario cohort resulted in similarly high levels of accuracy (AUC = 0.73 [0.59-0.86]), thus providing external validation of our findings. Individuals deemed to have "high" risk by our model would have an estimated 2.4 times greater odds of developing familial breast cancer than individuals deemed to have "low" risk.
Answer: Together, these findings suggest that gene-expression levels in peripheral blood cells reflect genomic variation associated with breast cancer risk and that such data have potential to be used as a non-invasive biomarker for familial breast cancer risk.
[EX A]: Do gene-expression patterns in peripheral blood classify familial breast cancer susceptibility?

[EX Q]: Context: We previously showed that the cardioversion threshold (CVT) for ventricular tachycardia (VT) is phase dependent when a single monophasic shock (1MP) is used.', 'The purpose of this study was to extend these findings to a biphasic shock (1BP) and to compare the efficacy of phase-independent multiple monophasic (5MP) and biphasic shocks (5BP).', 'Panoramic optical mapping with blebbistatin (5 microM) was performed in postmyocardial infarction rabbit hearts (n = 8). Flecainide (1.64 +/- 0.68 microM) was administered to promote sustained arrhythmias. 5MP and 5BP were applied within one VT cycle length (CL). Results were compared to 1BP and antitachycardia pacing.', 'We observed monomorphic VT with CL = 149.6 +/- 18.0 ms. Similar to 1MP, CVTs of 1BP were found to be phase dependent, and the maximum versus minimum CVT was 8.6 +/- 1.7 V/cm versus 3.7 +/- 1.9 V/cm, respectively (P = .0013). Efficacy of 5MP was higher than that of 1BP and 5BP. CVT was 3.2 +/- 1.4 V/cm for 5MP versus 5.3 +/- 1.9 V/cm for 5BP (P = .00027). 5MP versus averaged 1BP CVT was 3.6 +/- 2.1 V/cm versus. 6.8 +/- 1.5 V/cm, respectively (P = .00024). Antitachycardia pacing was found to be completely ineffective in this model.
Answer: Maintenance of shock-induced virtual electrode polarization by multiple monophasic shocks over a VT cycle is responsible for unpinning of reentry leading to self-termination. Elimination of virtual electrode polarization by shock polarity reversal during multiple biphasic shocks proved ineffective. A significant reduction in CVT can be achieved by applying multiple monophasic shocks within one VT CL or one single shock at the proper coupling interval.
[EX A]:
Do multiple monophasic shocks improve electrotherapy of ventricular tachycardia in a rabbit model of chronic infarction?