Question: San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino (), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (), is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy, situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains. Its size is just over , with a population of 33,562. Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Serravalle. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.

The country takes its name from Marinus, a stonemason originating from the Roman colony on the island of Rab, in modern-day Croatia. In 257 CE Marinus participated in the reconstruction of Rimini's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates. Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in 301 CE; thus, San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic.

San Marino is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ("Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini"), a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century, that dictate the country's political system, among other matters. The country is considered to have the earliest written governing documents, or constitution, still in effect. 1. Who governs San Marino?
2. Who is San Marino named after?
3. What was his occupation?
4. Where is Rab?
5. Is San Marino a young state?
6. How old is it?
7. Is it a peaceful republic?
8. How many people live there?
9. What happened in 257 CE?
10. What did Marinus do after that?
11. When did that happen? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. the Constitution of San Marino
2. Marinus
3. a stonemason
4. Croatia
5. no
6. unknown
7. yes
8. 33,562.
9. Marinus participated in the reconstruction of Rimini's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates.
10. Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano
11. 301 CE

Q: Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (, Jawi: ), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was in .

At the peak of the Bruneian Empire, Sultan Bolkiah (reigned 14851528) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo, including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo, Seludong (modern-day Manila), and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The maritime state was visited by Spain's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War.

During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline. The Sultanate ceded Sarawak (Kuching) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, in 1959 a new constitution was written. In 1962, a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British.

1. Nation of Brunei
2. Southeast Asia
3. South China Sea
4. 14851528
5. Sarawak and Sabah

Numbered questions:
1. What is the official name of Brunei?
2. Where is it geographically?
3. What body of water is it by?
4. When did Sultan Bolkaih rule?
5. What modern day areas did he rule over?

input: The region, as part of Lorraine, was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and then was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century, and formalized as one of the provinces of France. The Calvinist manufacturing republic of Mulhouse, known as Stadtrepublik Mulhausen, became a part of Alsace after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798. Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine, since it was a vital part of the duchy, and later because German possession as the imperial province (Alsace-Lorraine, 18711918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine (including Alsace) four times in 75 years.

With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia. 1. What happened to the Alsace region with the fall of Rome?
2. Were these mostly hunters?
3. What languages did they influence?
4. What river runs through the area?
5. When did Alsace get integrated into Austrasia?
6. What was the fight that led to that?
7. What religion did they practice after that?
8. What happened in 843?
9. What did that do?
10. Who split up the area?
11. How many pieces?
12. What later happened to the part that Alsace was in?
13. Of those, what was Alsace's division called?
14. Did Lotharingia last a long time?
15. What did Alsace become next?
16. When did France first get control of the area?
17. What else is Alsace known as?
18. Did France keep control of the region ever since?
19. What other country had it?
20. How many times did it change hands in the 19th and 20th centuries? Return numbered answers in your output.

output:
1. Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni.
2. No
3. Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss
4. Rhine
5. 5th century AD
6. Battle of Tolbiac
7. Christian
8. the Treaty of Verdun
9. the Frankish realm was formally dissolved
10. the grandsons of Charlemagne
11. three
12. It was divided into three parts
13. Lotharingia, or Lorraine
14. No
15. Swabia
16. 17th century
17. Lorraine
18. No
19. Germany
20. four