Q: Wikimedia Commons (or simply Commons) is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation.

Files from Wikimedia Commons can be used across all Wikimedia projects in all languages, including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikispecies, Wikisource, and Wikinews, or downloaded for offsite use. The repository contains over 41million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000.

The project was proposed by Erik Moller in March 2004 and launched on September 7, 2004. A key motivation behind the setup of a central repository was the desire to reduce duplication of effort across the Wikimedia projects and languages, as the same file had to be uploaded to many different wikis separately before Commons was created.

The aim of Wikimedia Commons is to provide a media file repository "that makes available public domain and freely-licensed educational media content to all, and that acts as a common repository for the various projects of the Wikimedia Foundation." The expression "educational" is to be understood according to its broad meaning of "providing knowledge; instructional or informative".

Most Wikimedia projects still allow local uploads which are not visible to other projects or languages, but this option is meant to be used primarily for material (such as fair use content) which local project policies allow, but which would not be permitted according to the copyright policy of Commons. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, including licenses which restrict commercial use of materials or disallow derivative works. For this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. Licenses that are acceptable include the GNU Free Documentation License, Creative Commons Attribution and Attribution/ShareAlike licenses, other free content and free software licenses, and the public domain.

Answer the following questions:
1. Who was behind Wikimedia Commons?
2. When did Moller first propose this?
3. When did it come to fruition?
4. What was the main motivation?
5. Before this project, what cumbersome task had to be repeated?
6. Are files available to only a select few?
7. What type of content?
8. What do they mean by the term "education"?
9. What else is Wikimedia Commons known as?
10. Do they charge money?
11. Does it hold audio files?
12. What about pictures?
13. Anything else?
14. What group sponsors it?
15. How many media files are on there?
16. How many edits?
17. Can these be found in different languages?
18. Do they keep copyrighted material?
19. What about freely licensed?
20. Is the Creative Commons Attribution license allowable?
A: 1. Erik Moller
2. March 2004
3. September 7, 2004
4. the desire to reduce duplication of effort across the Wikimedia projects and languages
5. the same file had to be uploaded to many different wikis separately
6. No
7. public domain and freely-licensed educational media content
8. providing knowledge; instructional or informative.
9. Commons
10. No
11. Yes
12. Yes
13. Yes
14. the Wikimedia Foundation.
15. over 41million
16. 100,000,000.
17. Yes
18. No
19. Yes
20. Yes
Q: (CNN) -- Libya's transitional government would prefer to try former leader Moammar Gadhafi's son Saif al-Islam in a Libyan court despite an arrest warrant issued for him by the International Criminal Court, a spokesman said Sunday.

The court's chief prosecutor said Friday it was having "informal conversations" about the surrender of Saif al-Islam Gadhafi, who is wanted for crimes against humanity. But Luis Moreno-Ocampo said the court did not know his whereabouts and would not reveal with whom the court is talking.

Saif al-Islam Gadhafi has realized there is no escape, and wants to negotiate a surrender to limit the damage, said Anees al-Sharif, spokesman for the National Transitional Council's Tripoli Military Council.

But, he said, if the younger Gadhafi is captured in Libya, he will be tried there, as his alleged crimes were committed on Libyan soil. If he is captured outside Libya, the location of his trial will depend on where he is captured because of the ICC arrest warrants, he said.

However, the NTC would prefer to try Saif al-Islam Gadhafi in a Libyan court, as it would like to show that he could receive a fair trial, he said.

Moreno-Ocampo said Friday that if Saif al-Islam Gadhafi is brought before the ICC, he will "have all the rights and be protected," and will be allowed to present a defense.

"We believe we have a strong case," the prosecutor told CNN in an exclusive interview from The Hague. "We believe he should be convicted."

The court believes Saif al-Islam Gadhafi, along with his father and his brother-in-law, Abdulla al-Sanussi, are responsible for crimes against humanity including murder and persecution across the country beginning in February amid anti-government demonstrations, Moreno-Ocampo said.

Answer the following questions:
1. Who has a warrant?
2. Who is he related to?
3. Who issued the arrest?
4. What is the NTC?
5. Who spoke on behalf of them?
6. Where does the NTC want the trial to be?
7. Will he have rights if he goes to trial?
8. Who was the prosecutor speaking to?
9. Where?
10. Does he want him to go free?
A: 1. Saif al-Islam
2. Moammar Gadhafi
3. International Criminal Court
4. National Transitional Counci
5. Luis Moreno-Ocampo
6. where he is captured
7. yes
8. CNN
9. The Hague
10. No
Q: Humans have sewn by hand for thousands of years. It was said that the first thread was made from animal muscle and sinew . And the earliest needles were made from bones. Since those early days, many people have been involved in the process of developing a machine that could do the same thing more quickly and with greater efficiency.

Charles Wiesenthal, who was born in Germany, designed and received a patent on a double-pointed needle that eliminated the need to turn the needle around with each stitch in England in 1755. Other inventors of that time tried to develop a functional sewing machine, but each design had at least one serious imperfection.

Frenchman Barthelemy Thimonnier finally engineered a machine that really worked. However, he was nearly killed by a group of angry tailors when they burned down his garment factory. They feared that they would lose their jobs to the machine.

American inventor Elias Howe, born on July 9, 1819, was awarded a patent for a method of sewing that used thread from two different sources. Howe's machine had a needle with an eye at the point, and it used the two threads to make a special stitch called a lockstitch. However, Howe faced difficulty in finding buyers for his machines in America. In frustration, he traveled to England to try to sell his invention there. When he finally returned home, he found that dozens of manufacturers were adapting his discovery for use in their own sewing machines.

Isaac Singer, another American inventor, was also a manufacturer who made improvements to the design of sewing machines. He invented an up-and-down-motion mechanism that replaced the side-to-side machines. He also developed a foot treadle to power his machine. This improvement left the sewer's hands free. Undoubtedly, it was a huge improvement of the hand-cranked machine of the past. Soon the Singer sewing machine achieved more fame than the others for it was more practical. It could be adapted to home use and it could be bought on hire-purchase. The Singer sewing machine became the first home appliance, and the Singer company became one of the first American multinationals.

However, Singer used the same method to create a lockstitch that Howe had already patented. As a result, Howe accused him of patent infringement . Of course, Elias Howe won the court case, and Singer was ordered to pay Howe royalties . In the end, Howe became a millionaire, not by manufacturing the sewing machine, but by receiving royalty payments for his invention.

Answer the following questions:
1. What was the first thread made from?
2. What about the needles?
A:
1. It was said that the first thread was made from animal muscle and sinew
2. And the earliest needles were made from bones