Given a disfluent sentence, modify the sentence to it to its equivalent fluent form, preserving the meaning of the sentence.

[EX Q]: What do petrologists no what do unstable isotope studies indicate?
[EX A]: What do unstable isotope studies indicate?

[EX Q]: What is offered by the metaphysical or rather conceptual definition of pushes and pulls?
[EX A]: The conceptual definition of pushes and pulls are offered by what?

[EX Q]: What region of the Rhine um actually what decreased the rate of flow and caused the ground water level to rise?
[EX A]:
What decreased the rate of flow and caused the ground water level to rise?