TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: We measured the effect of two weight adjusted i.v. doses (0.2 mg per 70 kg and 0.4 mg per 70 kg) of the potent opioid buprenorphine on analgesia and respiratory depression in healthy volunteers. The aim of the study was to compare buprenorphine's behaviour with respect to the occurrence of ceiling (or apparent maximum) in these typical micro-opioid protein-(MOP) receptor effects.", 'Ten subjects (5 males) received 0.2 mg per 70 kg, 10 others (5 males) 0.4 mg per 70 kg i.v. buprenorphine. Steady-state inspired minute ventilation at a fixed end-tidal Pco(2) of 7 kPa was measured before drug infusion and at regular intervals after drug infusion. Experimental pain was induced using transcutaneous electrical stimulation and a gradually increasing current. Pain tolerance was measured at regular intervals before and after drug infusion. The studies lasted 8 h.', 'After infusion of the drug ventilation showed a rapid decline and reached peak depression between 150 and 180 min after drug administration. This effect was dose-independent with respect to timing and magnitude. At peak respiratory depression minute ventilation was 13.1 (sd 1.8) litre min(-1) in the 0.2 mg group vs 12.0 (sd 1.3) litre min(-1) in the 0.4 mg group (n.s.). At buprenorphine 0.2 mg a small short-lived analgesic effect was observed with a maximum increase in pain tolerance current of 6.7 (sd 2.8) mA occurring at 75 min after drug administration. Peak analgesic effect was 29% above baseline current. In contrast, buprenorphine 0.4 mg caused a large and long-lived analgesic effect with a maximum increase in pain tolerance current of 23.8 (sd 7.4) mA occurring at 130 min after drug administration. Peak analgesic effect was 160% above baseline current (0.4 vs 0.2 mg, P<0.01).\Question: Does buprenorphine induce ceiling in respiratory depression but not in analgesia?

SOLUTION: While buprenorphine's analgesic effect increased significantly, respiratory depression was similar in magnitude and timing for the two doses tested. We conclude that over the dose range tested buprenorphine displays ceiling in respiratory effect but none in analgesic effect.

PROBLEM: Context: To determine whether fertilization rate serves as a biological assay, reflects oocyte quality, and may be used to help predict patient implantation rate.', 'Retrospective cohort study.', 'Academic center.', 'Couples undergoing 3603 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles from 2001 to 2007.', 'None.', 'We compared the implantation rate among cycles with high versus low fertilization rate. Univariate analyses were performed to determine the association of implantation rate with potential confounding variables: age, day-3 follicle-stimulating hormone level, day-3 estradiol level, antral follicle count, oocyte number, cycle attempts, embryo grading, and number of embryos transferred. Multivariate analysis was then performed to determine whether the fertilization rate remained an independent predictor.', 'Cutoffs for fertilization rate were 50% for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and 75% for conventional insemination. Higher ICSI fertilization was statistically significantly associated with the implantation rate (25.2% vs. 17.8 %). After adjusting for variables associated with implantation rate, fertilization rate for ICSI remained a strong independent predictor of implantation. Higher conventional insemination fertilization was statistically significantly associated with implantation (32.1% vs. 25.7%) and remained a statistically significant predictor after adjustment.\Question: Is fertilization rate an independent predictor of implantation rate?

SOLUTION: Fertilization is a strong, independent predictor of implantation rate and may be useful in modeling to guide decision making for the number of embryos to transfer.

PROBLEM: Context: Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a naturally occurring biologically active lysophospholipid. Recent studies suggested that sphingosine 1-phosphate is released into the blood flow from activated platelets upon stimulation to exert multiple biological phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate on sinus automaticity, ventricular contraction and coronary blood flow.', 'The canine isolated, blood-perfused sinoatrial node and papillary muscle preparations were used.', 'Sphingosine 1-phosphate increased the sinoatrial rate, while it decreased the coronary blood flow, which was followed by a weak negative inotropic effect. These positive chronotropic and coronary vasoconstrictor effects were not attenuated by the beta- and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists atenolol and prazosin, respectively. Furthermore, sphingosine 1-phosphate did not affect the adenylate cyclase activity of the membrane preparations made from the canine right atrium and right ventricle, indicating the involvement of a novel signaling pathway in sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced cardiac effects.\Question: Does sphingosine 1-phosphate induce sinus tachycardia and coronary vasoconstriction in the canine heart?

SOLUTION:
These results may provide a clue to better understanding the physiological as well as the pathophysiological regulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the heart.