input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. A submarine communications cable is a cable laid on the sea bed between land-based stations to carry telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean. The first submarine communications cables, laid in the 1850s, carried telegraphy traffic. Subsequent generations of cables carried telephone traffic, then data communications traffic. Modern cables use optical fiber technology to carry digital data, which includes telephone, Internet and private data traffic.

Modern cables are typically about 1 inch (25mm) in diameter and weigh around 2.5 tons per mile (1.4 tonnes per km) for the deep-sea sections which comprise the majority of the run, although larger and heavier cables are used for shallow-water sections near shore. Submarine cables connected all the world's continents except Antarctica when Java was connected to Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia in 1871 in anticipation of the completion of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line in 1872 connecting to Adelaide, South Australia and thence to the rest of Australia.

After William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone had introduced their working telegraph in 1839, the idea of a submarine line across the Atlantic Ocean began to be thought of as a possible triumph of the future. Samuel Morse proclaimed his faith in it as early as 1840, and in 1842, he submerged a wire, insulated with tarred hemp and India rubber, in the water of New York Harbor, and telegraphed through it. The following autumn, Wheatstone performed a similar experiment in Swansea Bay. A good insulator to cover the wire and prevent the electric current from leaking into the water was necessary for the success of a long submarine line. India rubber had been tried by Moritz von Jacobi, the Prussian electrical engineer, as far back as the early 19th century. 1. When were the first submarine communication cables placed?
2. Where do they lay?
3. What kind of communications did they initially carry?
4. What technology do they currently use?
5. Can they provide internet service?
6. When was the telegraph first introduced?
7. By whom?
8. Did Samuel Morse believe in a oceanic submarine line?
9. Crossing which ocean?
10. What year did he express his support in the project?
11. What year did he perform a test of his own?
12. Which body of water did he use?
13. Who else performed a similar test?
14. Where?
15. How wide are modern cables?
16. Do they reach all of the continents?
17. Which one is excluded?
18. Which continent was the most recent to be connected?
19. What year did it join?
20. Where did it connect?
numbered_answers: 1. 1850s
2. on the sea bed
3. telegraphy
4. optical fiber
5. yes
6. 1839
7. William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone
8. yes
9. the Atlantic
10. 1840
11. 1842
12. New York Harbor,
13. Wheatstone
14. Swansea Bay.
15. 1 inch
16. no
17. Antarctica
18. Australia.
19. 1872
20. Darwin

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Jamie Oliver has been invited by Gordon Brown to prepare a banquet at No.10 for President Barack Obama and other leaders of the G20, offering a cut-price menu to reflect times when trade and industry are far from prosperous and the rate of employment is decreasing.

Downing Street sources say Oliver, the well-known chef, will cook using "honest high-street products" and avoid expensive or "fancy" ingredients.

The prime minister is trying to avoid a repeat of the embarrassment last year when he sat down to an 18-course banquet at a Japanese summit to discuss world food shortages.

Obama, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany and other leaders will be served by apprentices from Fifteen, the London restaurant Oliver founded to help train young people in poverty in order to make a living by mastering a skill.

Brown wants the dinner to reflect the emphasis of the London summit, which he hopes will lead to an agreement to lift the world out of recession."To be invited to cook for such an important group of people, who are trying to solve some of the world's major problems, is really a privilege," said Oliver.

"I'm hoping the menu I'm working on will show British food and produce is some of the best in the world, but also show we have pioneered a high-quality apprentice scheme at Fifteen London that is giving young people a skill to be proud of."

The chef has not yet finalized me menu, but is expected to draw inspiration from his latest book, Jamie's Ministry of Food, which has budget recipes for beef and ale stew and "impressive" chocolate fudge cake. (

) 1. Where is the G20 Summit taking place?
2. Who is example of a G20 leader?
3. And what is his nationality?
4. And who else is a leader?
5. And her nationality?
6. Who was asked to cook at the meeting?
7. What is the name of his business?
8. Is there anything noteworthy about that place?
9. Who gave him the invitation?
10. What is the reason for lowering the prices of the meals?
11. Will he be utilizing high-priced ingredients?
12. What is the meeting hoped to accomplish?
13. Is the menu complete?
14. What is it planned around?
15. What is an example of foods from it?
16. And another?
17. What was the meeting in Japan about?
18. How many courses was the meal there?
19. Was this embarassing for the PM?
20. What is the name of the source in the article?
numbered_answers: 1. London.
2. Nicolas Sarkozy.
3. French.
4. Angela Merkel.
5. German.
6. Jamie Oliver.
7. Fifteen.
8. Founded to help train people.
9. Gordon Brown.
10. To reflect times when trade isn't prosperous.
11. No.
12. An agreement end recession.
13. No.
14. Jamie's Ministry of Food.
15. Beef and ale stew.
16. Chocolate fudge cake.
17. World food shortages.
18. 18.
19. Yes.
20. Downing Street sources.

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. CHAPTER XII

THE ELECTION FOR OFFICERS

On the following morning all of the cadets but Harry Moss appeared in the messroom.

"Joe Davis says Harry is quite sick," said Powell to Dick.

"That's too bad. Have they sent for a doctor?"

"I don't know."

When Lew Flapp heard that Harry was sick he grew pale, and during the morning session could scarcely fix his mind on his studies.

"I hope the little fool don't blab on us," was his thought. "If he does there is no telling what the captain will do. He's altogether too strict for comfort in some things."

No doctor was sent for, so it was finally agreed that Harry Moss was not as ill as had been supposed. But the young cadet did not enter the schoolroom for all of that day.

The sickness had frightened Captain Putnam, who was not yet over the scarlet fever scare, and he questioned Harry thoroughly about what he had been doing, and about what he had been eating and drinking.

At first the young cadet did not dare to tell the truth, but finally he blurted out that he had taken a glass of liquor against his will and it had turned his stomach in a most painful manner.

"Where did you get the liquor?" demanded Captain Putnam sternly.

"I--I--oh, must I tell you, sir?"

"Yes, Harry."

"I--that is, Lew Flapp--Oh, sir, I don't want to be a tattle-tale."

"Did Lew Flapp give you the liquor? Answer me at once." 1. Who might tell on someone?
2. Was he sick?
3. Where wasn't he?
4. What time of the day?
5. Who was worried about him tattling?
6. What did he drink that made him sick?
7. From who?
8. How much did he drink?
9. Did he come to class that day?
10. Did a doctor come?
11. Was he as sick as people thought?
12. Who first said he was sick?
13. Did Harry tell someone about where he got the alcohol?
14. Who?
15. What illness had happened before that he was afraid of?
16. Did Harry lie initially?
17. What did Lew think he was?
18. What type of students were they?
19. Did the captain ask a lot of questions?
20. Was Lew worried about what would happen if he found out?
numbered_answers:
1. Harry
2. yes
3. in the messroom
4. morning
5. Lew Flapp
6. liquor
7. Lew Flapp
8. a glass
9. no
10. No
11. no
12. Joe Davis
13. yes
14. Captain Putnam
15. scarlet fever
16. yes
17. a tattle-tale
18. cadets
19. yes
20. yes