Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: To investigate the effectiveness, related knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hand hygiene (HH) among dental students with different levels of clinical experience.', "This was a cross-sectional analytical study. Bacterial samples on the participants' hands were obtained using a swab technique before and after handwashing, for oral surgical procedures. After culturing, the colony-forming units were counted. Self-reported questionnaires reflecting the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to HH were completed by the participants.", 'This study was performed in a primary oral health care institution, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University (Bangkok, Thailand). Bacterial samples and self-reported questionnaires were collected in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Bacterial culture was performed in the Department of Microbiology.', 'The 120 participants comprised first, second, third-year clinical training students (CTs), and postgraduate dental students (PGs) (32, 34, 30, and 24 participants, respectively).', "More than 99% of the bacteria were eliminated from the participants' hands after handwashing. Significantly higher numbers of bacteria were recovered from the hands of the PGs compared with those of the CTs, and the hands of the third-year CTs compared with those of the first-year CTs (p < 0.001), after HH. The first-year CTs had the highest attitude scores, whereas the PGs had the lowest practice scores. The knowledge scores were similar in all groups.

Answer: 1

Question: The incidence, prevalence, and mortality of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are increasing worldwide. Protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) is upregulated in many common human cancers. However, its expression in ICC has not been studied. The present study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of PTK7 in ICC.', 'The role of PTK7 was studied in vitro by suppressing PTK7 expression in ICC cell lines. The in vivo effect of PTK7 was evaluated using a nude mouse model inoculated with a human ICC cell line. We also examined the role of PTK7 in human ICC samples.', 'Cells with high PTK7 expression exhibited higher proliferation, DNA synthesis, invasion, and migration abilities than did cells with low PTK7 expression. The knockdown of PTK7 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) in high PTK7 expressing cells resulted in impairment of invasion, migration, and DNA synthesis through the regulation of several cell-cycle-related proteins. It also induced cell apoptosis and decreased phospho-RhoA expression. In a xenograft nude mouse model, PTK7 siRNA resulted in a reduction of the tumor size, compared with scrambled siRNA injection. PTK7 expression was higher in human ICC than in the normal bile duct. Patients with low expression of PTK7 had a longer disease-free survival and overall survival than those with high expression.

Answer: 0

Question: To evaluate if the preexistant filling state, assessed by right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), and right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), would define the subsequent hemodynamic effects of increases in airway pressure (Paw).', 'Prospective open clinical study.', 'Postoperative intensive care unit, university hospital.', 'Twenty-two consecutive ventilator-dependent patients with mild to severe acute lung injury with Murray scores (scoring infiltrates on chest radiograph, oxygenation index, lung compliance, and the level of positive end-expiratory pressure) ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 without history of preexisting cardiopulmonary disease.', 'Paw varied during apnea from 0 to 10, 20, and 30 cm H2O using inspiratory hold maneuvers of 15 secs.', 'Cardiac index and right ventricular ejection fraction were measured by the thermodilution technique. We made measurements in triplicate using manual injection of iced saline. Right ventricular volumes were calculated. Increasing Paw induced variable changes in cardiac index among subjects (+6% to -43% change from baseline 0 cm H2O Paw values), which correlated with percentage changes in both stroke index (r2 = .89) and right ventricular EDVI (r2 = .75), whereas heart rate and right ventricular ejection fraction did not change. The change in cardiac index from 0 to 30 cm H2O Paw correlated with baseline values for RAP, PAOP, and right ventricular EDVI (r2 = .68, .43, and .34, respectively, p < 0.01). Increases in RAP correlated with lung compliance if baseline RAP was >10 mm Hg but did not if it was < or =10 mm Hg. Similarly, patients with baseline RAP < or =10 mm Hg had a greater decrease in cardiac index than patients with a RAP >10 mm Hg (for 30 cm H2O Paw: -30% +/- 9% vs. -8% +/- 7%, p < .01).

Answer:
1