The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.

The English word scientist is relatively recentfirst coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. What scientist is relatively recent?
2. Who first coined the word scientist?
3. When?
4. What did people call themselves before scientists?
5. What did they investigate?
6. How long have empirical investigations of the natural world been described?
7. Who was one of the people who described these investigations?
8. What did Thales describe?
9. Recently?
10. Have the scientific methods only been used since 2001?
11. What has been employed since the Middle Ages?
12. Is science defined broadly?
13. What have historians of science defined science sufficiently?
Answer: 1. William
2. William Whewell
3. 19th century.
4. natural philosophers
5. nature
6. unknown
7. Roger Bacon
8. natural world
9. 16th- and 17th-century
10. unknown
11. scientific methods
12. no
13. Traditionally

Problem: Air travel makes some people very nervous. The crowds, the noise and flying itself can cause unease. But there are classes that people can take to help them defeat the fear of flying. And now we are going to talk about similar training for service dogs that suffer from the same problem.

Service dogs almost never leave the side of the people they care for. You will see them working on buses, trains and other public transport systems. But the busy environment in an airport can trouble even the best trained working dog.

People with disabilities depend on their dogs. They also need the dogs to remain calmly on duty on the airplane, even when the flight is not smooth. This takes special training. The Air Hollywood K9 Flight School is one place where such help can be found.

The school has a piece of equipment that provides the sights, sounds and even the feel of an airplane in flight. It is called a flight simulator . The simulator was built for filming airplane scenes in movies.

Sandy Alexander lives in Newport Beach, California. He has a disability that requires his two-year-old dog, Doc, to be always at his side. Mr. Alexander took the dog to the flight school to get him ready for plane trips. He says Doc did not like the bumpy part of the flight simulation. "When that started he was pretty _ and looked up at me and wasn't sure what was gong on."

"Dogs need to be exposed gradually and repetitively to stimulation, to the environment, to loud noises, to sounds and other dogs so that when this experience happens to them on a daily basis, they are able to act in a way that they are used to acting and don't get excitable," days dog trainer, Mary Segall.

Dog owners who have attended the training say they now feel much more at ease about future flights. Their dogs also seem ready for take-off.
1. Who depends on dogs?
2. do service dogs leave the people?
3. What is the name of the school?
4. who does it train?
5. How can people overcome the fear?
6. What is the equipment in school called?
7. What does it provide?
8. Where does sandy live?
9. does he have a disability?
10. does he have a service dog?
11. what is his name?
12. how old is he?
13. where do you see service dogs?
14. was doc happy with the simulation?
15. how do dog owners feel about the training?
16. who is a trainer mentioned?
17. do dogs need to do the simulation many times?
18. and what else?
19. why was the simulator originally made?
20. can the airport upset the best dog?
Answer: 1. People with disabilities.
2. almost never
3. The Air Hollywood K9 Flight School
4. Service dogs
5. There are classes
6. a flight simulator
7. the sights, sounds and even the feel of an airplane in flight
8. Newport Beach, California
9. Yes
10. Yes
11. Doc
12. 2 years
13. buses, trains and other public transport systems.
14. Not at first
15. More at ease
16. Mary Segall
17. Yes
18. to the environment, to loud noises, to sounds and other dogs
19. For filming airplane scenes in movies.
20. Yes

question: (CNN)A dark intersection. A church van full of parishioners. And tragedy.

That's about all police in Glades County, Florida, had to work with early Monday, hours after a van with 18 people inside ran a stop sign, crossed a four-lane highway and plunged into a shallow water-filled ditch. Eight people died. Ten others, including a 4-year-old child, were injured, according to police.

Investigators don't know why it happened, Florida Highway Patrol spokesman Lt. Greg Bueno told CNN affiliate WPBF. The driver died, and police haven't been able to interview passengers yet.

"Our hearts go out to the families of the victims," Bueno said. "It breaks your heart to see something like this happen."

Some relatives of the crash victims, all of whom were from the Independent Haitian Assembly of God in Fort Pierce, gathered at the rural intersection Monday morning. Others went to the church.

"We've lost a lot of family members, church family," Phillipe Dorce, who said he lost his father, told WPBF. "All we can do is pray (to) God to help us out. Pray for us. It's very sad for us."

Linda Dolce told the news site TCPalm.com that her grandmother died in the crash. She'd arrived from Haiti six years ago.

"She loved singing and helping people," TCPalm.com quoted her as saying. "She was exciting; she was the best lady to us."

Laura Lochard told the site that her uncle died in the crash, leaving behind four children, the youngest of which is 16, whom he brought to the United States from Haiti. He was like a father to her, too, she said.
1. Where did this story take place?
2. What happened?
3. Did anyone die?
4. How many were injured?
5. What were all the passengers members of?
6. What did the family do?
7. What about the other family members?
8. What was the only thing they can do?
9. What police department worked the accident
10. Who was the LT?
11. What was the news site that interviewed some people?
12. What country did some of the people come from?
****
answer:
1. Glades County, Florida
2. van with 18 people inside ran a stop sign
3. Eight people died
4. Ten
5. Independent Haitian Assembly of God in Fort Pierce
6. gathered at the accident site
7. Others went to the church.
8. Pray
9. Florida Highway Patrol
10. Lt. Greg Bueno
11. TCPalm.com
12. Haiti