instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: Insomnia increases in prevalence with age, is strongly associated with depression, and has been identified as a risk factor for suicide in several studies. The aim of this study was to determine whether insomnia severity varies between those who have attempted suicide (n = 72), those who only contemplate suicide (n = 28), and those who are depressed but have no suicidal ideation or attempt history (n = 35).', 'Participants were middle-aged and older adults (age 44-87, M = 66 years) with depression. Insomnia severity was measured as the sum of the early, middle, and late insomnia items from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. General linear models examined relations between group status as the independent variable and insomnia severity as the dependent variable.', 'The suicide attempt group suffered from more severe insomnia than the suicidal ideation and non-suicidal depressed groups (p < 0.05). Differences remained after adjusting for potential confounders including demographics, cognitive ability, alcohol dependence in the past month, severity of depressed mood, anxiety, and physical health burden. Moreover, greater insomnia severity in the suicide attempt group could not be explained by interpersonal difficulties, executive functioning, benzodiazepine use, or by the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder.\Question: Is insomnia associated with suicide attempt in middle-aged and older adults with depression?
answer:
Our results suggest that insomnia may be more strongly associated with suicidal behavior than with the presence of suicidal thoughts alone. Accordingly, insomnia is a potential treatment target for reducing suicide risk in middle-aged and older adults.

question:
Context: Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for the development of kidney injury. Considering that female sex hormones may play a preventative role in both cardiovascular and renal diseases, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of female sex hormones on hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction.', "Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE) and C57 control female mice underwent an ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery and after 2 months, creatinine clearance, uremia and proteinuria were determined. Renal oxidative stress and lipid deposition were also quantified. Values are presented as meanSEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.", 'Creatinine clearance (L/min) was similar between C57 (17117) and ApoE (14026) mice underwent sham surgery. OVX resulted in a reduced glomerular filtration rate in both C57 (1128, ~-35%, p<0.05) and ApoE (6110, ~-56%, p<0.05) animals. Plasma levels of urea (mg/dL) were higher in both ApoE groups (Sham: 737; OVX: 738, p<0.05) when compared to C57 animals (Sham: 493; OVX: 604), with no changes among ovariectomized groups. Proteinuria levels (mg/24 h) were similar between C57 (Sham: 25.15.7; OVX: 33.74.7) and ApoE sham animals (26.43.5), however, 24-h urine protein excretion was augmented in ApoE OVX animals (49.65.8, p<0.05). Histological kidney analysis demonstrated that the absence of female sex hormones resulted in increased oxidative stress, which was more severe in ApoE mice (C57 Sham: 9.20.4; C57 OVX: 22.91.0; ApoE Sham: 13.90.7; ApoE OVX: 34.01.4 au x 103, p<0.05). As expected, ApoE mice presented higher lipid deposition, which was not affected by OVX (C57 Sham: 00; C57 OVX: 00; ApoE Sham: 6.81.6; ApoE OVX: 5.20.8% x 10-2, p<0.05). Ovariectomy resulted in a similar reduction in ER- protein expression in the renal cortex (C57: 0.780.04; ApoE: 0.810.04 au, p<0.05) when compared to sham animals (C57:1.000.04; ApoE: 1.030.03 au).\Question: Do endogenous female sex hormones delay the development of renal dysfunction in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice?
answer:
Taken together these data indicate that female sex hormones may delay hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction and emphasizes the importance of plasma cholesterol control in post-menopausal women.

question:
Context: The basic mechanisms underlying the association between early life maternal separation and adulthood psychiatric disorders are largely unknown. One possible candidate is the central serotonergic system, which is also abnormal in psychiatric illnesses. Neuroadaptational changes in serotonergic transporter and serotonergic 1A receptors may underlie links between early life stress and adulthood psychiatric disorders.', 'The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of a rat model of maternal separation on serotonergic transporter and serotonergic 1A receptor densities and function in adult rat forebrain.', 'Rat pups were separated from dams from postnatal day 2 to postnatal day 14, each day, for zero time, 15 min and 180 min to determine the time-course of effects. A non-handled group was added to control for the effects of handling by an experimenter compared with the animal facility-reared group. Quantitative [(125)I]3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropan-2beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester and [(125)I]-mPPI autoradiography was used to determine serotonergic transporter and serotonergic 1A densities, respectively. Adult rats were challenged with saline or serotonergic 1A agonist (+) 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, 0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone were determined.', 'serotonergic transporter and serotonergic 1A densities were significantly lower in the non-handled group in the paraventricular, arcuate, dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The non-handled group also displayed lower serotonergic transporter and serotonergic 1A densities in the basolateral anterior, basolateral ventral and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei. Serotonergic transporter densities were also decreased in the CA3 area of the hippocampus in the non-handled group. In contrast, the maternal separation 15 min group displayed the highest serotonergic transporter and serotonergic 1A densities in the basomedial nucleus of amygdala, basolateral anterior nucleus of amygdala, basolateral ventral nucleus of amygdala and basomedial nucleus of amygdala amygdaloid nuclei.\Question: Does maternal separation alter serotonergic transporter densities and serotonergic 1A receptors in rat brain?
answer:
Early life maternal separation and the extent of handling can alter adult brain serotonergic transporter and serotonergic 1A levels and function in the forebrain. Alterations in these serotonergic systems by early rearing conditions might increase vulnerability for behavioral disorders in adulthood.