Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin: CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR, , born: 13 July 100BC 15 March 44BC), usually called Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He is also known as a notable author of Latin prose.

In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as "Populares" were opposed by the "Optimates" within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both the Channel and the Rhine, when he built a bridge across the Rhine and crossed the Channel to invade Britain.

These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53BC. With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. Caesar refused the order, and instead marked his defiance in 49BC by crossing the Rubicon with the 13th Legion, leaving his province and illegally entering Roman Italy under arms. Civil war resulted, and Caesar's victory in the war put him in an unrivalled position of power and influence. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. Name one person in an alliance with Caesar?
2. And another?
3. What was the nickname of this alliance in the Roman Senate?
4. Which group opposed them?
5. Naame one person in the Optimates?
6. And another?
7. Which river did Caesar cross in defiance?
8. When?
9. With whom?
10. What happened then?
11. Who won?
12. When were the Gallic wars completed?
13. Which rivers did Caesar cross in those wars?
14. How did he get across the Rhine>
15. Why did he cross the channel?
16. What did the senate ask him to do after the Gallic wars?
17. When was he born?
18. When did he die?
19. Was he an author?
20. of what?
Answer: 1. Pompey
2. Crassus
3. Populares
4. Optimates
5. Cato the Younger
6. Cicero
7. Rubicon
8. 49BC
9. the 13th Legion,
10. Civil war
11. Caesar
12. 51BC
13. the English Channel and the Rhine
14. he built a bridge
15. to invade Britain
16. step down from his military command
17. 13 July 100BC
18. 15 March 44BC
19. yes
20. Latin prose

Problem: Most people know that Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, and the first person to win it twice. However, few people know that she was also the mother of a Nobel Prize winner.

Born in September, 1897, Irene Curie was the first of the Curies' two daughters. Along with nine other children whose parents were also famous scholars, Irene studied in their own school, and her mother was one of the teachers. She finished her high school education at the College of Sevigne in Paris.

Irene entered the University of Paris in 1914 to prepare for a degree in mathematics and physics. When World War I began, Irene went to help her mother, who was using X-ray facilities to help save the lives of wounded soldiers. Irene continued the work by developing X-ray facilities in military hospitals in France and Belgium. Her services were recognized in the form of a Military's Medal by the French government.

In 1918, Irene became her mother's assistant at the Curie Institute. In December 1924, Frederic Joliot joined the Institute, and Irene taught him the techniques required for his work. They soon fell in love and were married in 1926. Their daughter Helene was born in 1927 and their son Pierre five years later.

Like her mother, Irene combined family and career. Like her mother, Irene was awarded a Nobel Prize, along with her husband, in 1935. Unfortunately, also like her mother, she developed leukemia because of her work with radioactivity . Irene Joliot Curie died from leukemia on March 17, 1956.
1. What did Irene Curie's mother do?
2. Who studied at the school?
3. Did Irene?
4. What school?
5. where?
6. What was she the first woman to do?
7. Was she the first woman to receive the Nobel prize?
8. What else was she known for?
9. Who was the other winner?
10. What did Irene enter college to study?
11. What did she develop?
12. like who?
13. What did she develop in military hospitals?
14. Where were these xray facilities?
15. Was she married?
16. to who?
17. Where did they meet?
18. What did he do there?
19. Was he there to work?
20. Who taught him there?
Answer: 1. teacher
2. Nine children whose parents were also famous scholars.
3. Yes.
4. College of Sevigne
5. Paris
6. unknown
7. No, Marie Curie was.
8. The first person to win it twice and a mother of a winner.
9. Irene Curie
10. mathematics and physics
11. leukemia
12. her mother
13. Military's Medal
14. military hospitals in France and Belgium
15. Yes.
16. Frederic Joliot
17. Curie Institute
18. unknown
19. Yes, but job title is unknown.
20. Irene

question: A telescope is an optical instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. They found use in both terrestrial applications and astronomy.

Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors to collect and focus the light. In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s. The word "telescope" now refers to a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.

The word "telescope" (from the Ancient Greek , "tele" "far" and , "skopein" "to look or see"; , "teleskopos" "far-seeing") was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei's instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei. In the "Starry Messenger", Galileo had used the term "perspicillum".

The earliest existing record of a telescope was a 1608 patent submitted to the government in the Netherlands by Middelburg spectacle maker Hans Lippershey for a refracting telescope. The actual inventor is unknown but word of it spread through Europe. Galileo heard about it and, in 1609, built his own version, and made his telescopic observations of celestial objects.
1. When was it invented?
2. What year?
3. By whom?
4. Who asked for government recognition?
5. Who also made one?
6. Are they only used for looking at stars?
7. How are they used?
8. Where does the name come from?
9. What words?
10. Who first called it that?
11. When?
12. How is it used today?
13. Where was it first made?
14. What were used inside them?
15. What were later added?
16. Why?
17. Is this the only type available?
18. What kind came to be in the 1930s?
19. What kind came later?
20. Where was the term first used?
****
answer:
1. at the beginning of the 17th century,
2. 1608
3. The actual inventor is unknown
4. Hans Lippershey
5. Galileo
6. no
7. in both terrestrial applications and astronomy
8. the Ancient Greek
9. "tele" "far" and , "skopein" "to look or see"; , "teleskopos" "far-seeing"
10. Giovanni Demisiani
11. 1611
12. as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.
13. the Netherlands
14. glass lenses
15. mirrors
16. to collect and focus the light
17. no
18. radio telescopes
19. infrared
20. at a banquet