Input: Protestantism
Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?
Output: separation of powers

Input: Modern history
Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.

When did the great Depression end?
Output: 1930s or early 1940s

Input: Premier League
The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth 1 billion a year domestically as of 201314, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of 1.6 billion.

In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?
Output: In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of 1.6 billion.

Input: Portugal
Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacao and the INRB Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biologicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.

By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?
Output:
Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)