Article: Mulliken electronegativity is a slightly different way of measuring electronegativity than is used in the Pauling table above. To find Mulliken electronegativity for a certain atom, find that atom's first ionization energy. This is the energy required to make the atom discharge a single electron. This is something you'll probably have to look up in chemistry reference materials. This site has a good table you may want to use (scroll down to find it). As an example, let's say that we're trying to find the electronegativity of lithium (Li). In the table on the site above, we can see that its first ionization energy is 520 kJ/mol. This is a measure of the energy gained when an electron is added to an atom to form a negative ion. Again, this is something you'll need to look up in reference material. This site has resources you may want to browse. The electron affinity of lithium is 60 kJ mol-1. When you're using kJ/mol as units for your energies, the equation for Mulliken electronegativity is ENMulliken = (1.97103)(Ei+Eea) + 0.19. Plug your values into the equation and solve for ENMulliken. In our example, we would solve like this: ENMulliken = (1.97103)(Ei+Eea) + 0.19 ENMulliken = (1.97103)(520 + 60) + 0.19 ENMulliken = 1.143 + 0.19 = 1.333
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Find the first ionization energy of your atom. Find the electron affinity of the atom. Solve the Mulliken electronegativity equation.
Article: Go to www.Pathoma.com/sign-up. There you can read about the variety of membership options available, including a free 1-month trial. Most med students get the most benefit out of signing up for the 21-month access package, which gives you full video and text access. This also means that you can download materials on to your phone for 24-7 study access. To sign up for an account, you'll need to provide your name, address, and current school affiliation. You'll also have to agree to be the only user for your account. An account costs $84.95 for 3 months, $99.95 for 12 months, or $119.95 for 21 months. Find a group of classmates or friends who are at a similar stage in medical school. Create a study schedule that you all can stick with over time. Devote at least a portion of your time each meeting to discussing Pathoma and its materials. Some groups also use this as an opportunity to share a single membership to the Pathoma website, although this is prohibited according to the website's membership terms. You can either do this online or with a hard copy of the book. Give yourself ample time to make your way through it in 45-minute reading segments. Try not to take notes this first go-round, just enjoy the material and try to get a feel for the full coverage of the book. This is also useful if you are trying to decide between going with Pathoma or Goljan's Rapid Review. The Pathoma text is over 200 pages long, so don't expect to make your way through it in only a day or 2. Each time that you encounter a particular definition, term, or explanation that you need to know by memorization, write it on a notecard. This goes for the material found in the text, study aids, and visual materials. You can also color-code your cards by theme for easy reference. For example, you can put each separate definition on a pink card. You can even sketch quick illustrations on to the cards. This can be especially useful when studying the cell structure of certain diseases. If paper cards aren't your thing, use Anki or Firecracker to make electronic cards. These can be saved to your phone so that you can study anywhere and anytime. This is a creative way to approach a study session. When you are pretty comfortable with the Pathoma site, sit down with a friend and let them browse through it. Encourage them to ask lots of questions, so that you can explain what they are seeing or hearing. This lets you become the teacher, which is a great way to learn more. Anyone who is familiar with studying complex material knows that repetition is key. Go through your notecards until you can repeat the information back quickly and easily. Read over the same portions of the text multiple times. Watch the videos repeatedly until you can predict what comes next.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Sign up for a Pathoma account. Put together a study group. Read straight through the text at least once. Make a flashcard for all important facts. Teach the Pathoma site to non-medical friends or family. Look at the same information over and over again.
Article: Canned vegetables are generally high in sodium. To cut the salt from these, buy canned vegetables that say "no salt added" on the label. That ensures you are getting the vegetable without added salt. If you want a little bit of salt to taste, you can add a small amount of salt when you put the food on the plate. Consider cooking your vegetables with spices and herbs to eliminate the need for added salt. For example, try adding rosemary and thyme to green beans or ginger and sage to carrots. Many sauces, such as pasta sauces, have a lot of added sodium. Most brands offer a sodium free option. If you can't find sodium free, you may find a reduced sodium option. Make sure to check the serving size. Reduced sodium varieties may not be low in sodium if the serving size is smaller than what you would eat. Canned beans are full of unnecessary salt. However, beans are a really healthy food. To get away from this, try dried beans. This will give you the benefits without added sodium. Dried beans take longer to cook, so cook enough for multiple servings for the week. Many grain items may be full of sodium and other unhealthy additives, especially if you buy flavored varieties. Replace these sodium-heavy versions with plain, whole grains that are relatively salt free. For example, instant oatmeal not only contains added sodium, but sugar as well. Plain, steel cut oats are a healthier option. When buying cereal, look for brands that have whole grains as the first ingredient. Make sure to buy a brand with a low sodium content. Try whole grain pasta, brown rice, quinoa, buckwheat, and bulgur. Condiments are pantry staples, but they can be loaded with salt. Read the labels carefully and compare brands and types before buying. If available, get a reduced sodium, low-sodium, or no-sodium added variety. Condiments may include ketchup, mustard, dressing, olives, pickles, relish, dips, and soy sauce. Consider leaving the condiments off your food completely.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Look for "no salt added" canned vegetables. Buy sodium-free sauces. Choose dry beans. Buy whole grains. Use caution with condiments.