Answer the following question given this paragraph: So far, we have discussed elements and compounds that are electrically neutral. They have the same number of electrons as protons, so the negative charges of the electrons is balanced by the positive charges of the protons. However, this is not always the case. Electrons can move from one atom to another; when they do, species with overall electric charges are formed. Such species are called ions. Species with overall positive charges are termed cations, while species with overall negative charges are called anions. Remember that ions are formed only when electrons move from one atom to another; a proton never moves from one atom to another. Compounds formed from positive and negative ions are called ionic compounds. Individual atoms can gain or lose electrons. When they do, they become monatomicions. When atoms gain or lose electrons, they usually gain or lose a characteristic number of electrons and so take on a characteristic overall charge. Table 3.6 "Monatomic Ions of Various Charges" lists some common ions in terms of how many electrons they lose (making cations) or gain (making anions). There are several things to notice about the ions in Table 3.6 "Monatomic Ions of Various Charges". First, each element that forms cations is a metal, except for one (hydrogen), while each element that forms anions is a nonmetal. This is actually one of the chemical properties of metals and nonmetals: metals tend to form cations, while nonmetals tend to form anions. Second, most atoms form ions of a single characteristic charge. When sodium atoms form ions, they always form a 1+ charge, never a 2+ or 3+ or even 1 charge. Thus, if you commit the information in Table 3.6 "Monatomic Ions of Various Charges"to memory, you will always know what charges most atoms form. (In Chapter 9 "Chemical Bonds", we will discuss why atoms form the charges they do. ) Table 3.6 Monatomic Ions of Various Charges H+ Na+ K+ Ions formed by losing a single electron. Q: Electrons can move from one atom to another; when they do, specimens called what, with overall electric charges, are formed? A:
OPTIONS:
- atoms
- molecules
- cations
- ions
ions

Answer the following question given this paragraph: To ensure that no more than one sperm fertilizes the egg, once the acrosomal reactions take place at one location of the egg membrane, the egg releases proteins in other locations to prevent other sperm from fusing with the egg. If this mechanism fails, multiple sperm can fuse with the egg, resulting in polyspermy. The resulting embryo is not genetically viable and dies within a few days. Q: What is the term for if multiple sperm fuse with an egg? A:
OPTIONS:
- fraternization
- in vitro fertilization
- pollenation
- polyspermy

Answer: polyspermy

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Phytoplankton are "plant-like" plankton. Since they make food by photosynthesis, they live in the photic zone. Most are algae. Q: Which type of plankton make food via photosynthesis? A:
OPTIONS:
- dinoflagellates
- common plankton
- zooplankton
- phytoplankton
Answer: phytoplankton

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Echinoderms lack respiratory and excretory systems. Instead, the thin walls of their tube feet allow oxygen to diffuse in and wastes to diffuse out. Echinoderms also lack a centralized nervous system. They have an open circulatory system and lack a heart. On the other hand, echinoderms have a well-developed coelom and a complete digestive system. Echinoderms use pheromones to communicate with each other. They detect the chemicals with sensory cells on their body's surface. Some echinoderms also have simple eyes (ocelli) that can sense light. Like annelids, echinoderms have the ability to regenerate a missing body part. Q: What can echinoderms sense with their simple eyes? A:
OPTIONS:
- colors
- shapes
- electricity
- light
output: light

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Amino acids are molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These molecules are called the building blocks of life because they create proteins. Proteins are complex organic molecules that make up cells. They are the most abundant class of biological molecules. Q: What are complex organic molecules that make up cells? A:

OPTIONS:
- sugars
- carbohydrates
- acids
- proteins

A: proteins

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Bird beaks are generally adapted for the food they eat. For example, the sharp, hooked beak of a raptor is well suited for killing and tearing apart prey. The long beak of the hummingbird in Figure below co-evolved with the tube-shaped flowers from which it sips nectar. Q: What part of a bird is adapted for the food it eats? A:
OPTIONS:
- teeth
- head
- eye
- beak
beak