INPUT ARTICLE: Article: The present value of the bond's principal tells you its current worth based on the current market interest rate. For this calculation, you need to know the current market interest rate. Also, you need to know the length of time until the bond expires and the number of interest payments per year. For example, suppose ABC Company issues 5-year, $500,000, 10% bonds. Interest is paid semi-annually. The current market interest rate is 12 percent. In this example, the current market interest rate is 12 percent. The length of time until the bond expires is 5 years. Divide the annual current market interest rate by the number of interest payments per year. Using the example above, the annual market interest rate is 12 percent. Interest payments are paid semi-annually, or twice per year. The market rate per period is 6 percent (.12/2=.06){\displaystyle (.12/2=.06)}. Multiply the number of interest payments per year by the number of years until the bond reaches maturity. This tells you how many interest payments will be made over the life of the bond. In the above example, interest is paid out semi-annually, or twice per year. The number of years until maturity is five. The total number of interest payments is 52=10{\displaystyle 5*2=10}. This is used to calculate the present value of the bond based on the current market interest rate. The formula for PVIF is 1/(1+r)n{\displaystyle 1/(1+r)^{n}}. In this formula, "r" is the interest rate per period. Also, "n" is the total number of interest payments. PVIF = 1/(1+.06)10=0.5584{\displaystyle 1/(1+.06)^{10}=0.5584} Present value of the principal = principal * PVIF $500,0000.5584=$279,200{\displaystyle \$500,000*0.5584=\$279,200}

SUMMARY: Gather the information. Calculate the current market interest rate for each payment period. Calculate the total number of interest payments. Calculate the Present Value Interest Factor (PVIF).

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: A good pumpkin for painting has a smooth, even surface with no bruises, scratches, or blemishes. Pumpkins with light or very light or shallow ribbing will have the smoothest surfaces. Avoid pumpkins with too many lumps and bumps, or they will be difficult to paint. Look out for any cuts or wormholes that will cause problems, and make sure that the pumpkin is flat enough to sit upright. Watch out for any soft spots in the pumpkin because that may be a sign of rot. You want your pumpkin to be fresh and to last as long as possible. Almost any variety of pumpkin can be painted, but the following are especially good: Baby Pam, Sugar Pie, Neon, Lumina, or Cotton Candy. Gently remove any dirt or grime using a dampened paper towel or a baby wipe. Use a soft, dry cloth to thoroughly but gently dry your pumpkin. Avoid brushing the pumpkin with a hard brush because you might bruise or scratch your pumpkin or just damage the skin. Take care not to get the stem area (top) or the blossom end (bottom) of the pumpkin wet. This can cause the pumpkin to rot. Before you start painting, you should have your heart set on a design. Almost any design can look good on a pumpkin, as long as it's not too complicated. Faces are popular, but you could also choose a black cat, bats, a haunted house, geometric shapes, or anything you like. Once you've chosen your design, lightly sketch it on a piece of paper for reference. Let the shape of your pumpkin inspire your design. For example, a squarish pumpkin could become Frankenstein's head. Who says painting pumpkins is just for Halloween? You can paint your pumpkin to echo a fall theme, such as painting leaves or scarecrows, or just paint something completely random on your pumpkin. Have fun with painting your pumpkin and paint a self-portrait or a portrait of a member of your family. Though this is optional, applying a sealer to the pumpkin's surface before painting will help the paint better adhere to the surface. Purchase a craft-grade sealer at a hobby or craft store. Sealers are available in either aerosol cans or squeeze bottles, according to your preference. Use a brush to apply a liberal coat of sealer evenly to the entire surface of the pumpkin, and allow to dry thoroughly. Clean this brush thoroughly if you plan on using it for painting. Give the sealer time to dry before you move on to paint the pumpkin.
Summary: Choose your pumpkin. Clean and dry your pumpkin. Choose a design. Apply a sealer (optional).

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Once you are bitten by a mosquito that is carrying dengue fever, the average time for symptoms to begin is four to seven days. While the average incubation period is from of four to seven days, you may experience symptoms as early as three days or as late as two weeks after being bitten. A high fever is the first symptom to appear. Fevers with dengue fever are high, ranging from 102F to 105F (38.9C to 40.6C). The high fever lasts for two to seven days, returns to normal or even a little below normal, then can rebound. You may develop a high fever again that can last for several more days. The initial symptoms that develop after the fever begins are generally non-specific, and are described as flu-like in nature. Common symptoms that occur after the fever begins include severe frontal headache, pain behind the eyes, severe joint and muscle pain, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and a rash. Dengue fever was once called "break-bone fever" due to the severe pain that is sometimes felt in the joints and muscles. Other common symptoms caused by the virus can create hemodynamic changes, or changes that alter the flow of blood in the body. Examples of blood flow changes seen with dengue fever include nosebleeds, bleeding from the gums, and areas of bruising. Additional symptoms related to changes in blood flow may be evident by reddened areas in the eyes and a sore or inflamed throat. The rash usually begins three to four days after you developed the fever, can get better for one to two days, but then can come back. The initial rash often involves the facial area, and can appear as flushed skin or spotty and reddened areas. The rash does not itch. The second rash begins on the trunk area, then spreads to the face, the arms, and the legs. The second rash can last from two to three days. In some cases, a rash that is made of small dots, called petechiae, may appear anywhere on the body as the fever subsides. Other rashes that sometimes occur include an itchy rash on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

SUMMARY:
Expect an incubation period of four to seven days. Take your temperature. Watch for flu-like symptoms. Monitor for symptoms of unusual bleeding. Evaluate the rash.