Q: The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML; ISO 8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 defines generalized markup:

Generalized markup is based on two postulates:

HTML was theoretically an example of an SGML-based language until HTML 5, which admits that browsers cannot parse it as SGML (for compatibility reasons) and codifies exactly what they must do instead.

DocBook SGML and LinuxDoc are better examples, as they were used almost exclusively with actual SGML tools.

SGML is an ISO standard: "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing Text and office systems Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)", of which there are three versions:

SGML is part of a trio of enabling ISO standards for electronic documents developed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 Document description and processing languages) :

SGML is supported by various technical reports, in particular

SGML descended from IBM's Generalized Markup Language (GML), which Charles Goldfarb, Edward Mosher, and Raymond Lorie developed in the 1960s. Goldfarb, editor of the international standard, coined the "GML" term using their surname initials. Goldfarb also wrote the definitive work on SGML syntax in "The SGML Handbook". The syntax of SGML is closer to the COCOA format. As a document markup language, SGML was originally designed to enable the sharing of machine-readable large-project documents in government, law, and industry. Many such documents must remain readable for several decadesa long time in the information technology field. SGML also was extensively applied by the military, and the aerospace, technical reference, and industrial publishing industries. The advent of the XML profile has made SGML suitable for widespread application for small-scale, general-purpose use.

Answer the following questions:
1. What does SGML stand for?
2. What's it used for
3. what is an exclusive tool?
4. and?
5. Who was it applied by?
6. who else?
7. and?
8. What came before SGML?
9. who developed it?
10. and?
11. and the third?
A: 1. Standard Generalized Markup Language
2. defining generalized markup languages
3. DocBook SGML
4. LinuxDoc
5. the military
6. the aerospace industry
7. Also the technical reference industry
8. GML
9. Charles Goldfarb
10. Edward Mosher
11. Raymond Lorie
Q: "It's this time of year when the weather starts warming up and frogs start breeding - but they haven't been breeding," says John Wilkinson, research and monitoring officer at the Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust (ARC).

Amphibians are just one of the groups of animals that nature observers fear may have problems reproducing this year, as groundwater levels are even lower now than in the infamously dry summer of 1976, according to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). According to the UK's Centre for Hydrology and Ecology the average rainfall so far this winter has been the lowest since 1972.

"If ponds dry up totally," says Mr. Wilkinson, "you could have lots of dead tadpoles." Drier and windier conditions could also make it more difficult for juvenile amphibians to survive their journeys between wet habitats.

But Peter Brotherton, the biodiversity manager for Natural England, says that "drought is part of nature's cycle", and, at present, a lot of animals, plants and insects are still in hibernation. This means that the population picture is unclear. "However, when we get extreme events, we get animals dying," he says. "And what is worrying is that normally at this time of year we expect soil to be near saturation after winter."

Charlie Kitchin, the RSPB's site manager of the Nene Washes in Cambridgeshire, says the 2,000-acre wetland and grassland area is now struggling following two winters with relatively little winter rain and no flooding. One species that could suffer, he says, is the black-tailed godwit . "There are only 50 breeding pairs in the country, and we have 40 of them, and everything is bone-dry," Mr Kitchin says.

But one bad nesting season, he says, is "not the end of the world". "One of the features of flood plains is that they're _ anyway," he adds. "But if they fail to breed another year, the population is likely to dip again."

Answer the following questions:
1. What is feared to have reproduction issues?
2. What specific species could fare worse?
3. When was the last time the average rainfall was this little?
4. What is usually saturated by this time of year?
5. What does the acronym Defra stand for?
6. What is the 2,000 - acre wetland in Cambridgeshire calles?
7. Who says drought is a part of nature's cycle?
8. His occupation?
9. for what company?
10. Who does Jon Wilkinson work for?
A: 1. Amphibians
2. tadpoles
3. 1972.
4. the black-tailed godwit .
5. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
6. the Nene Washes
7. Peter Brotherton
8. the biodiversity manager
9. Natural England
10. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust
Q: CHAPTER XXXVII: The Great Fight

Down from the top of the ridge back of the pond of Paddy the Beaver plunged Lightfoot the Deer, his eyes blazing with rage. He had understood the screaming of Sammy Jay. He knew that somewhere down there was the big stranger he had been looking for.

The big stranger had understood Sammy's screaming quite as well as Lightfoot. He knew that to run away now would be to prove himself a coward and forever disgrace himself in the eyes of Miss Daintyfoot, for that was the name of the beautiful stranger he had been seeking. He MUST fight. There was no way out of it, he MUST fight. The hair on the back of his neck stood up with anger just as did the hair on the neck of Lightfoot. His eyes also blazed. He bounded out into a little open place by the pond of Paddy the Beaver and there he waited.

Meanwhile Sammy Jay was flying about in the greatest excitement, screaming at the top of his lungs, "A fight! A fight! A fight!" Blacky the Crow, over in another part of the Green Forest, heard him and took up the cry and at once hurried over to Paddy's pond. Everybody who was near enough hurried there. Bobby Coon and Unc' Billy Possum climbed trees from which they could see and at the same time be safe. Billy Mink hurried to a safe place on the dam of Paddy the Beaver. Paddy himself climbed up on the roof of his house out in the pond. Peter Rabbit and Jumper the Hare, who happened to be not far away, hurried over where they could peep out from under some young hemlock-trees. Buster Bear shuffled down the hill and watched from the other side of the pond. Reddy and Granny Fox were both there.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is this chapter called?
2. Who was screaming?
3. Who heard him?
4. Was he angry?
5. Who else understood Sammy's screaming?
6. Why didn't he run away?
7. Would that disgrace him?
8. to who?
9. was he angry too?
10. how could you tell?
11. Was he as angry as Lightfoot?
12. Where did he wait?
13. Who did he wait for?
14. What was Sammy Jay saying?
15. Who heard him first?
16. Where did Blacky the Crow hurry to?
A:
1. The Great Fight
2. Sammy Jay.
3. Lightfoot the Deer
4. Yes.
5. The big stranger
6. To run away would prove himself a coward
7. Yes.
8. Miss Daintyfoot
9. Yes.
10. The hair on the back of his neck stood up
11. unknown
12. a little open place
13. Lightfoot
14. "A fight! A fight! A fight!"
15. unknown
16. Paddy's pond.