TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: Background: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been associated with several disease complexes, including reproductive failure. The aim of this study was to identify the subtypes of PCV2 that are associated with reproductive failure in pigs from the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil and to investigate co-infections with other infectious organisms. Findings: Samples of 168 aborted foetuses or mummified foetuses from five farrow-to-finish swine farms known to be infected with PCV2 and located in the State of Sao Paulo were tested for PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were additionally tested for porcine parvovirus (PPV), Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. by PCR. PCV2 was detected in 18 of the samples (10.7%). PPV, Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp were found in 2, 10 and 0 cases, respectively. Eleven PCV2 strains were sequenced and determined to be either genotype 2a (n = 1) or 2b (n = 10). The findings indicate that the frequency of PCV2 infections in aborted porcine foetuses from the State of Sao Paulo is rather low (10.7%) and that co-infection with other pathogens is common and may be involved in PCV2 associated reproductive failure. No repeatable, characteristic amino acid motifs for regions of the PCV2 capsid protein seemed to be associated with abortion in sows.

SOLUTION: Detection of porcine circovirus genotypes 2a and 2b in aborted foetuses from infected swine herds in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

PROBLEM: We previously identified unusual variants of Moloney and Friend ecotropic mouse gammaretroviruses that have altered host range and are cytopathic in cells of the wild mouse species Mus dunni. Cytopathicity was attributed to different amino acid substitutions at the same critical env residue involved in receptor interaction: S82F in the Moloney variant Spl574, and S84A in the Friend mouse leukemia virus F-S MLV. Because M. dunni cells carry a variant CAT-1 cell surface virus receptor (dCAT-1), we examined the role of this receptor variant in cytopathicity and host range. We expressed dCAT-1 or mCAT-1 of NIH 3T3 origin in cells that are not normally infectible with ecotropic MLVs and evaluated the transfectants for susceptibility to virus infection and to virus-induced syncytium formation. The dCAT-1 transfectants, but not the mCAT-1 transfectants, were susceptible to virus-induced cytopathicity, and this cytopathic response was accompanied by the accumulation of unintegrated viral DNA. The dCAT-1 transfectants, however, did not also reproduce the relative resistance of M. dunni cells to Moloney MLV, and the mCAT-1 transfectants did not show the relative resistance of NIH 3T3 cells to Spl574. Western analysis, use of glycosylation inhibitors and mutagenesis to remove receptor glycosylation sites identified a possible role for cell-specific glycosylation in the modulation of virus entry. Virus entry and virus-induced syncytium formation using the CAT-1 receptor are mediated by a small number of critical amino acid residues in receptor and virus Env. Virus entry is modulated by glycosylation of cellular proteins, and this effect is cell and virus-specific.

SOLUTION: Role of receptor polymorphism and glycosylation in syncytium induction and host range variation of ecotropic mouse gammaretroviruses

PROBLEM: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the 34 ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a public health emergency of 35 international concern declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). An immuno-36 informatics approach along with comparative genomic was applied to design a multi-epitope-37 based peptide vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 combining the antigenic epitopes of the S, M and E 38 proteins. The tertiary structure was predicted, refined and validated using advanced 39 bioinformatics tools. The candidate vaccine showed an average of 90.0% world population 40 coverage for different ethnic groups. Molecular docking of the chimeric vaccine peptide with the 41 immune receptors (TLR3 and TLR4) predicted efficient binding. Immune simulation predicted 42 significant primary immune response with increased IgM and secondary immune response with 43 high levels of both IgG1 and IgG2. It also increased the proliferation of T-helper cells and 44 cytotoxic T-cells along with the increased INF- and IL-2 cytokines. The codon optimization and 45 mRNA secondary structure prediction revealed the chimera is suitable for high-level expression 46 and cloning. Overall, the constructed recombinant chimeric vaccine candidate demonstrated 47 significant potential and can be considered for clinical validation to fight against this global 48 threat, COVID-19. 49 50 51 52 53

SOLUTION:
Epitope-based chimeric peptide vaccine design against S, M and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2 1 etiologic agent of global pandemic COVID-19: an in silico approach 2 3