Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Transcription of plastid-encoded genes requires two different DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, a nuclear-encoded polymerase (NEP) and plastid-encoded polymerase (PEP). Recent studies identified two related pfkB-type carbohydrate kinases, named FRUCTOKINASE-LIKE PROTEIN (FLN1 and FLN2), as components of the thylakoid bound PEP complex in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Sinapis alba (mustard). Additional work demonstrated that RNAi-mediated reduction in FLN expression specifically diminished transcription of PEP-dependent genes.', 'Here, we report the characterization of Arabidopsis FLN knockout alleles to examine the contribution of each gene in plant growth, chloroplast development, and in mediating PEP-dependent transcription. We show that fln plants have severe phenotypes with fln1 resulting in an albino phenotype that is seedling lethal without a source of exogenous carbon. In contrast, fln2 plants display chlorosis prior to leaf expansion, but exhibit slow greening, remain autotrophic, can grow to maturity, and set viable seed. fln1 fln2 double mutant analysis reveals haplo-insufficiency, and fln1 fln2 plants have a similar, but more severe phenotype than either single mutant. Normal plastid development in both light and dark requires the FLNs, but surprisingly skotomorphogenesis is unaffected in fln seedlings. Seedlings genetically fln1-1 with dexamethasone-inducible FLN1-HA expression at germination are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type. Induction of FLN-HA after 24 hours of germination cannot rescue the mutant phenotype, indicating that the effects of loss of FLN are not always reversible. Examination of chloroplast gene expression in fln1-1 and fln2-1 by qRT-PCR reveals that transcripts of PEP-dependent genes were specifically reduced compared to NEP-dependent genes in both single mutants.

Ex Output:
0

Ex Input:
Evidence for an association between phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase II alpha (PIP5K2A) and schizophrenia was recently obtained and replicated in several samples. PIP5K2A controls the function of KCNQ channels via phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) synthesis. Interestingly, recent data suggest that KCNQ channels suppress basal activity of dopaminergic neurons and dopaminergic firing. Activation of KCNQ accordingly attenuates the central stimulating effects of dopamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, and phenylcyclidine.', 'The aim of this study was to explore the functional relevance of PIP5K2A, which might influence schizophrenic behavior.', 'Here, we study the effects of the neuronal PIP5K2A on KCNQ2, KCNQ5, KCNQ2/KCNQ3, and KCNQ3/KCNQ5 in the Xenopus expression system.', 'We find that wild-type PIP5K2A but not the schizophrenia-associated mutant (N251S)-PIP5K2A activates heteromeric KCNQ2/KCNQ3 and KCNQ3/KCNQ5, the molecular correlate of neuronal M channels. Homomeric KCNQ2 and KCNQ5 channels were not activated by the kinase indicating that the presence of KCNQ3 in the channel complex is required for the kinase-mediated effects. Acute application of PI(4,5)P2 and a PIP2 scavenger indicates that the mutation N251S renders the kinase PIP5K2A inactive.

Ex Output:
1

Ex Input:
Structural abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may interfere with the interaction of cortical and limbic networks involved in emotional regulation and contribute to chronic depressive syndromes in the elderly. This study examined the relationship of regional anterior cingulate cortical volumes with treatment remission of elderly depressed patients. We hypothesized that patients who failed to remit during a 12-week controlled treatment trial of escitalopram would exhibit smaller anterior cingulate gray matter volumes than patients who remitted.', 'The participants were 41 non-demented individuals with non-psychotic major depression. After a 2-week single-blind placebo period, subjects who still had a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) of 18 or greater received escitalopram 10 mg daily for 12 weeks. Remission was defined as a HDRS score of 7 or below for at least 2 consecutive weeks. The patient sample consisted of 22 depressed patients who achieved remission during the study and 19 depressed patients who remained symptomatic. High-resolution magnetization-prepared rapidly acquired gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequences were acquired on a 1.5 T scanner and regional ACC volumes were manually outlined (dorsal, rostral, anterior subgenual, and posterior subgenual).', 'Repeated measure analyses revealed that patients who failed to remit following escitalopram treatment had smaller dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate gray matter volumes than patients who remitted, whereas subgenual cortical volumes did not differ between the groups.

Ex Output:
0