INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Scientists have found that language actually helps influence the way you think. For example, people who grow up in cultures that use the cardinal points (north, south, east, west) rather than things like right and left as in English, actually have acquired the ability to locate the cardinal points with the aid of a compass. Learn at least one other language. Scientists also found that bilinguals (people who speak more that one language) see the world according to the language that they are using. Learning a new language will help introduce you to new methods of thinking. Learning is not just about going to school and memorizing some facts. Learning is something that takes a lifetime and can include a wide variety of things. When you're always learning, you're always thinking and being exposed to new ways of thinking. Be wary about your use of and appeal to authority. Don't rely on other people's opinions, even if they seem to know what they are talking about. Check facts, look at alternate viewpoints. If you see holes in their arguments or reasoning, look into it. Don't ever just stop looking into something just because an authority figure (like the news, or your professor, or your senator). Now, if a variety of independent sources are making the same argument or claim, it's more likely that it is true. Practice a healthy skepticism about what you uncover. Make sure that you find information that is corroborated by more than one source (it's best to look for independent sources). Look into who is making the claims (are they subsidized by big oil companies, do they have a stake in propagating misinformation, do they simply have no idea what they're talking about?). Try new things and get outside your comfort zone. The more you do this, the easier it will be to look at opinions and ideas that don't immediately conform to your worldview. It will also introduce you to ideas that you would never have encountered. So try out a cooking class, or learn to knit, or get interested in amateur astronomy. There are certain things you can do which can help increase your thinking abilities. Thinking is just like any muscle in your body. The more you use your brain, the stronger it will get and the better you'll be able to think. Do math. Doing math on a regular basis can be a huge boost to your mental facilities and can help make diseases like Alzheimer's less likely for you. Do a little bit of math each day (it doesn't have to be calculus, but when you're adding, do it in your head rather than on a calculator, etc.). Memorize a poem. Not only is this a great party trick (especially if it's a long poem), but it will help improve your memory, which in turn will help your thinking skills. You can also memorize some quotes to whip out in conversation, when the time is right. Engage regularly in mini-challenges like taking a different route home from work, listening to new music, watching a documentary on a new topic, learning a new word, trying a new sport, taking a little time to paint or draw, practicing a foreign language, or volunteering. Learning something new not only gives you a new skill or piece of information, it helps grow your mind. Try to learn or do something new every day. This could include anything from brushing your teeth with your non-dominant hand to doing a lesson on a free learning site like Duolingo, Code Academy, or any other platform that speaks to your interests.

SUMMARY: Use language to change your thinking. Learn widely. Use mind building exercises. Challenge yourself to learn something new every day.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: For Chicago or Turabian style formatting, the name you use as the first part of your citation depends on the focus of the video and why you're referencing it in your work. For example, suppose you have the video of an interview that you want to use as a reference in your paper. If the person being interviewed is the reason you're referencing the video, you would put their name first in the citation. However, if your paper evaluated interviewing styles and techniques, your focus would be on the interviewer, so you'd put their name first. Names are listed in "last name, first name" format. For example: "Harwood, John." If the principle subject of the video is the video itself, or if there is no principle subject, leave this part of the citation off and move on to the title. For a full video, place the title of the video in italics immediately following the first name or names that you listed in your citation. Use the same capitalization as in the video itself. If you're citing a shorter clip, put the title in quotation marks rather than in italics. For example: Harwood, John. "The Pros and Cons of Biden." Include the names of the director or key performers, if they are relevant to the reason you are citing the work. This typically comes up when citing motion pictures or creative works. For example: "Joe Versus the Volcano. Directed by John Patrick Shanley." Tell readers where and when the video was published and distributed. Start with the year of copyright or publication, then the location, then the production or distribution company. If the year the video was made differs from the copyright year, include that year at the end. For example: "Joe Versus the Volcano. Directed by John Patrick Shanley. 1990. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002." Close your citation by identifying specifically how you accessed the video. For online video clips, include the time length of the recording and a direct URL to the video. For example: "Harwood, John. "The Pros and Cons of Biden." New York Times video, 2:00.August 23, 2008.http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=a425c9aca92f51bd19f2a621fd93b5e266507191." If you watched the video using a physical medium, such as a DVD, you don't need as much information. For example: "Joe Versus the Volcano. Directed by John Patrick Shanley. 1990. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002. DVD." Chicago and Turabian styles use either footnotes or parenthetical citations. The format for footnotes is similar to the format for the bibliography. For parenthetical citations, simply use the last name listed first in your citation, followed by a comma and the year of publication. For example: "(Harwood, 2008)." If the title of the video appears first in your full citation, you can use the first word from the title, or a keyword. Just make sure it adequately identifies the correct citation. For example: "("Joe," 1990).

SUMMARY:
Start with the principle subject of the video. Provide the title of the work. Provide a date of copyright or publication. Note the medium or where the video can be found. Use the author-date system for in-text citations.