Given a paragraph, generate a claim that is supported by the given paragraph. 1) The claim must contain information from within the paragraph. 2) A sentence within the paragraph can be used as a claim. 3) The claim should not have contradictions within the paragraph. 4) The claim should be at most one sentence long.

[EX Q]: An influenza virus vaccine vial sits on the counter of medical center in Great Neck, New York, October 22, 2004. REUTERS/Shannon Stapleton SS But they said school closings would create significant hardships for working parents, who might be forced to create informal daycare arrangements that would undo efforts to contain the spread of flu. "We find school closings would be less effective than some studies have suggested," said Dr. Simon Cauchemez of Imperial College London, whose study appears in the journal Nature. "The main effect would be to slow and flatten the outbreak so the numbers becoming ill in the worst week of the outbreak might be reduced by up to 40 percent, reducing peak demand on health-care systems," Cauchemez said in an e-mail. Health experts almost universally agree that a global epidemic a pandemic of influenza is overdue. The most likely cause now is H5N1 avian influenza, which could evolve into a form that passes easily from person to person. Government estimates suggest vaccines and drugs will not be enough to slow or prevent a flu pandemic. The U.S. pandemic plan recommends closing schools and implementing strategies to limit social contact as a way to limit transmission. If done quickly, such widespread measures combined with drugs and vaccines might reduce transmission in a large city by as much as 80 percent, by one estimate. But such estimates are often based on widely varying assumptions, Cauchemez said. He and colleagues instead used public health data from France that compared flu transmission when school was in session and during school holidays. They found school holidays prevent 16 to 18 percent of seasonal influenza cases. When extrapolated to a pandemic, they said prolonged school closure might reduce the cumulative number of cases by 13 to 17 percent, and peak attack rates by 39 to 45 percent. But that impact would be reduced if it proved too difficult to keep children apart. "If we want the policy to have an impact, children must be kept relatively isolated and not cared for in groups," Cauchemez said. U.S. cities that quickly closed schools and discouraged public gatherings during the great flu pandemic of 1918 which killed tens of millions of people globally had as many as 50 percent fewer deaths than cities that took less decisive measures, according to a recent study. Cauchemez said an especially deadly pandemic might provide strong incentives for people to keep their children at home. "It might nonetheless be difficult for a lot of working parents to be absent from their work for months to look after their kids," he said. Cauchemez said a prolonged outbreak might force working parents to put their children into informal daycare settings, a risk governments need to consider when they formulate pandemic flu plans. "We can't predict how people will behave, but we need to be aware that if this happens, school closings might have no effect at all on flu transmission," he said. H5N1 bird flu only rarely infects people now. It has killed 239 out of 379 infected, according to the World Health Organization, but could easily mutate into a form that one person could pass to another, and governments around the world are preparing for the possibility.
[EX A]: School closings may be no holiday for flu pandemic.

[EX Q]: Nguyen's suicide has sparked a contentious legal battle headed to Massachusetts' highest court over whether schools can be held responsible when students take their own lives. The case is being closely watched by colleges and universities, who say a decision against the Massachusetts Institute of Technology would place an unreasonable burden on untrained employees to stop suicides. "It would be groundbreaking," said Gary Pavela, a consultant on law and policy issues in higher education and author of a book about legal questions surrounding student suicides. "It would cause alarm in higher education," he said. The student's family says his death was preventable and that the school had a legal duty to use reasonable care to protect him from harm. Nguyen's professors and other MIT officials knew he was a suicide risk, but failed to get him the help he needed, an attorney for Nguyen's family argues. Months before Nguyen's death, a professor encouraged his colleagues to pass him or they might have "blood on their hands." Moments before Nguyen jumped, the professor "read him the riot act" over an email Nguyen sent to another MIT official that they deemed inappropriate, court records say. "Academic freedom is not a license to needlessly and recklessly endanger students known to be at risk of death with impunity; and this court should not allow it to become one at institutions that routinely admit students many with mental health issues as young as their mid-teens," attorney Jeffrey Beeler wrote in court documents. Beeler declined to comment and said Nguyen's family didn't want to speak to the media. MIT says the school wasn't aware of the severity of his condition and he was treated by outside professionals and refused on-campus resources. None of the nine professionals who treated Nguyen while he was at MIT believed he was an imminent risk of killing himself, the school says. "Mr. Nguyen's suicide was a tragedy. That does not warrant a legal conclusion that MIT or any individual associated with MIT had a legal duty to prevent it," attorneys for the school, two professors and one dean named in the lawsuit say in court documents. MIT, which refused to answer questions about the case, said in a statement it "remains committed to the well-being of its students, offering a robust network of support resources, including comprehensive mental health services." Nguyen's family attorney disputes the idea that the man didn't want help and has accused MIT of blaming the victim. No state supreme court has ever found that colleges and universities have a legal duty to prevent student suicides, MIT's attorneys say. Courts have generally been reluctant to do so because, among other things, suicide is an impulsive act that's difficult to predict, Pavela said. A Massachusetts trial court judge ruled in 2005 that an MIT housemaster and dean could be held responsible for the death of a woman who lit herself on fire in her dorm room. But Elizabeth Shin's case, which was later settled for an undisclosed amount, never reached the state's highest court. The Supreme Judicial Court will hear arguments in Nguyen's case on Tuesday after a lower court judge tossed the lawsuit last year. A group of 18 colleges and universities including Harvard University and Boston College is urging the court to reject the case, saying a decision in favor of the family could have devastating consequences. Fear of liability may cause professors and others without mental health expertise to overreact to concerns, which in turn could discourage students from coming forward with their problems, the schools say. Dr. Paul Appelbaum, a psychiatry expert at Columbia University, agrees. "To the extent that you heighten every resident assistant's sensitivity to the risk of suicidality, with the threat of liability hanging over them, they are far more likely to over predict, over intervene, see it where it's not," Appelbaum said. The Nguyen family attorney and their supporters including the Massachusetts Academy of Trial Attorneys say the schools' concerns are baseless. Beeler, in his filing, said he merely wants the court to affirm that the duty to provide reasonable care "extends to the ivory tower as it does every other civilized corner of the Commonwealth." Thomas Murphy, chair of the amicus committee of the Massachusetts Academy of Trial Attorneys, says a jury should get to decide whether MIT was negligent and caused Nguyen's suicide. "Maybe the school can convince them that they didn't cause (Nguyen's suicide) and it was going to happen anyway," he said. ___ Follow Alanna Durkin Richer at http://twitter.com/aedurkinricher. Read more of her work at http://bit.ly/2hIhzDb
[EX A]: Case stirs question of school liability for student suicides.

[EX Q]: There's no mention of how much a gonorrhea vaccine might cost. In the U.S. meningitis B vaccine Bexsero, which contains manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline, costs $99 for a pediatric dose and $106 for an adult dose. Two doses are required. A discussion of cost and cost-effectiveness is particularly important when considering a widespread public vaccination campaign. The story just passes the bar, giving actual numbers far down in the story. It states researchers "found people who were vaccinated were 31 percent less likely to be infected with gonorrhea than those who hadn't received the meningococcal B vaccine." We would have liked to see that data higher in the story. Instead, the story states in the third paragraph that the gonorrhea rate was "significantly lower" among those who were vaccinated. The story doesn't give the overall risk of getting gonorrhea, so it's hard to tell whether a 31 percent drop amounts to a significant benefit for individuals. The study itself states that the findings provide preliminary evidence of "moderate" cross-protection, and we think that should have been given more discussion so people get a better sense of how little is known about the efficacy compared to other vaccines. Any vaccine has potential side effects, and these aren't mentioned. According to the CDC, more than half of the people who get meningitis B vaccines have mild problems such as headaches or soreness where the shot was given. Fainting, allergic reactions and shoulder pain are less common effects. Also, the vaccine appears to be only moderately effective, meaning people may get infected regardless. Overall, not much is known about this vaccine's safetywhether it's being used for meningitis or gonorrhea. As Bloomberg News explained, many health experts decry the lack of data on the vaccine. Discussing this issue would have made the story stronger. The story states that the findings were observational and adds: "Clinical trials will need to be conducted to see if the effect researchers have observed is actually due to the meningococcal B vaccine." It explains that only a particular vaccine component that protects against one strain of meningitis appears to offer some protection against gonorrhea, while meningococcal vaccines that protect against other strains do not. The story could have mentioned the number of vaccinated young people in the study, which was nearly 15,000. The story dramatizes the threat of antibiotic resistance with an unattributed statement: "The last remaining drugs to cure this sexually transmitted infection are showing signs they may only have a few more years of usefulness left." It also gives a quote from a GSK spokeswoman who calls the findings "a positive step in the search for a vaccine against this common and distressing disease that is increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatment." As this Scientific American article explains, that actual rate of antibiotic-resistancewhile on the riseis still pretty small. Independent sources would have been useful on this point, but we wouldn't say this rises to the level of disease mongering. The story reports that the study was funded by GSK and Auckland Uniservices, the commercialization arm of the University of Auckland. It does not mention that one of the researchers in the study has been a paid consultant for GSK and other drugmakers. The story appears to use one independent source, Dr. Jean Longtin, head of Quebec's public health laboratory. It also quotes from an accompanying editorial by Kate Seib, of Australia's Institute for Glycomics, who declared no conflicts. There's no discussion of other strategies to address the spread of gonorrhea. The CDC has urged the development of new treatments for gonorrhea. Public health education, including condom use, can prevent new cases. A report sponsored by health agencies in the U.S. and the United Kingdom highlighted the need for strong data-driven public health surveillance to better understand how resistant strains evolve and get transmitted, as well as point-of-care diagnostic testing to identify resistant strains. At least a line or two discussing these alternatives would have informed readers that the vaccine isn't the only solution. The story says the single-component vaccine used in New Zealand is no longer made but that the component is part of GSK's Bexsero vaccine, which is on the market. The story also distinguishes the B vaccine from others on the market: "Meningococcal vaccines that protect against the other strains do not seem to have the same effect (on gonorrhea)." Significance is conveyed in the headline: "Vaccine shows protection against gonorrhea for first time, study says." The story does not appear to rely on the news release fromThe Lancet.
[EX A]:
Vaccine shows protection against gonorrhea for first time, study says