instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Islet function is regulated by islet autonomic nerves. These nerves harbour not only the classical neurotransmitters, acetyl choline and noradrenaline, but also neuropeptides. This study examined whether the neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and gastrin releasing polypeptide (GRP) contribute to the regulation of insulin secretion in model experiments by using receptor gene deleted mice.', 'Anaesthetized mice with genetic deletion of one of the PACAP receptors (PAC1 receptors) or one of the GRP receptors (GRP receptor) or their wildtype counterparts were given glucose through a gastric gavage (150 mg) or intravenously (0.25, 0.50 or 1 g/kg). Blood samples were taken regularly during the following 120 min (after gastric glucose) or at 1 min (after intravenous glucose) for analysis of glucose and insulin.', 'The insulin response to gastric glucose was suppressed by 66% in PAC1 receptor gene deleted mice in association with impaired glucose elimination, whereas the insulin response to intravenous glucose was impaired by 36% only. The insulin response to glucose was suppressed in GRP receptor gene deleted mice by 24% together with impaired glucose elimination, whereas the insulin response to intravenous glucose was not significantly suppressed.
answer:
Is the insulin response to gastric glucose reduced in PAC1 and GRP receptor gene deleted mice?

question:
Aggrecanase cleavage at the 392Glu-393Ala bond in the interglobular domain (IGD) of aggrecan, releasing N-terminal 393ARGS fragments, is an early key event in arthritis and joint injuries. Here, we use a quantitative immunoassay of aggrecan ARGS neoepitope fragments in human synovial fluid to determine if this cleavage-site specific method better identifies joint pathology than previously available less specific aggrecan assays.', 'Synovial fluid (SF) from 26 people with healthy knees (reference) and 269 patients were analyzed in a cross-sectional study. Patient groups were acute inflammatory arthritis, acute knee injury, chronic knee injury and knee osteoarthritis (OA). Aggrecan ARGS fragments were assayed by ELISA using the monoclonal antibody OA-1. Total aggrecan content was analyzed by an ELISA using the monoclonal antibody 1-F21, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan by Alcian blue precipitation.', 'Aggrecan ARGS fragment concentrations in all groups differed from the reference group (P < 0.001). The acute inflammatory arthritis group had the highest median level, 177-fold greater than that of the reference group. Median levels (in pmol ARGS/ml SF) were: reference 0.5, acute inflammatory arthritis 88.5, acute knee injury 53.9, chronic knee injury 0.5 and OA 4.6. In contrast, aggrecan and sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentrations varied much less between groups, and only acute inflammatory arthritis and acute knee injury were found to have a two-fold increase in median levels compared to the reference.
answer:
Is synovial fluid level of aggrecan ARGS fragments a more sensitive marker of joint disease than glycosaminoglycan or aggrecan levels : a cross-sectional study?

question:
Bariatric surgery not only elicits weight loss but also rapidly resolves diabetes. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigates how diabetes and liver steatosis are improved after duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) compared with a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog and correlations between bile acids and GLP-1 secretion.', 'We initially determined the effects of bile acids on GLP-1 in vitro and then assigned 12 male 16-week-old Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats to groups that underwent DJB, a sham operation, or were treated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide (n=4 each). Blood glucose, insulin, GLP-1, serum bile acids, liver steatosis, and the number of GLP-1 positive cells (L cells) in the small intestine and colon were investigated in the three groups at eight weeks postoperatively.', 'Levels of GLP-1mRNA were upregulated and GLP-1 secretion increased in cells incubated with bile acids in vitro. Weight gain was suppressed more in the DJB than in the sham group in vivo. Diabetes was more improved and GLP-1 levels were significantly higher in the DJB than in the sham group. Serum bile acids were significantly increased, the number of L cells in the ileum was upregulated compared with the sham group, and liver steatosis was significantly improved in the DJB compared with the other two groups.
answer:
Does duodenal-jejunal bypass improve diabetes and liver steatosis via enhanced glucagon-like peptide-1 elicited by bile acids?