This task is about writing a correct answer for the reading comprehension task. Based on the information provided in a given passage, you should identify the shortest continuous text span from the passage that serves as an answer to the given question. Avoid answers that are incorrect or provides incomplete justification for the question.

Passage: Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere (a skywave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location. Matching the receiving antenna's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength. Question: What reflector can change the waves polarization?
ionosphere

Passage: Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years. Question: What group took issue with the Roman canons?
the Presbyterians

Passage: The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to timeline, were Besiktas Gymnastics Club (1903), Galatasaray Sports Club (1905) and Fenerbahce Sports Club (1907) in Istanbul. Football clubs were formed in other provinces too, such as Karsyaka Sports Club (1912), Altay Sports Club (1914) and Turkish Fatherland Football Club (later Ulkuspor) (1914) of Izmir. Question: When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire?
19th century