Q: Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.

The advancement of science generally depends on the interplay between experimental studies and theory. In some cases, theoretical physics adheres to standards of mathematical rigor while giving little weight to experiments and observations. For example, while developing special relativity, Albert Einstein was concerned with the Lorentz transformation which left Maxwell's equations invariant, but was apparently uninterested in the MichelsonMorley experiment on Earth's drift through a luminiferous ether. Conversely, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect, previously an experimental result lacking a theoretical formulation.

A physical theory is a model of physical events. It is judged by the extent to which its predictions agree with empirical observations. The quality of a physical theory is also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory differs from a mathematical theorem in that while both are based on some form of axioms, judgment of mathematical applicability is not based on agreement with any experimental results. A physical theory similarly differs from a mathematical theory, in the sense that the word "theory" has a different meaning in mathematical terms. A physical theory involves one or more relationships between various measurable quantities. Archimedes realized that a ship floats by displacing its mass of water, Pythagoras understood the relation between the length of a vibrating string and the musical tone it produces. Other examples include entropy as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and motions of unseen particles and the quantum mechanical idea that (action and) energy are not continuously variable.

1. natural phenomena.
2. yes
3. matematical models
4. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.
5. an explanation of the photoelectric effect
6. the Nobel prize
7. it's a model of physical events/
8. it displaces its mass of water
9. Archimedes
10. Pythagoras understood the relation between thno

Numbered questions:
1. What is theoretical physics used to explain?
2. Can it also predict things?
3. What does it employ?
4. What part of physics is it different from?
5. What did Einstein develop?
6. What did he win for this?
7. What does a physical theory involve?
8. What keeps a boat above water?
9. Who figured this out?
10. Did he also study musical tone?

Q: The Normandy landings (codenamed Operation Neptune) were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 (termed D-Day) of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control, and contributed to the Allied victory on the Western Front.

Planning for the operation began in 1943. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a substantial military deception, codenamed Operation Bodyguard, to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. The weather on D-Day was far from ideal, but postponing would have meant a delay of at least two weeks, as the invasion planners had requirements for the phase of the moon, the tides, and the time of day that meant only a few days in each month were deemed suitable. Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and of developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an Allied invasion.

The amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assaultthe landing of 24,000 American, British, and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight. Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06:30. The target stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions, particularly at Utah and Omaha. The men landed under heavy fire from gun emplacements overlooking the beaches, and the shore was mined and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes, metal tripods, and barbed wire, making the work of the beach-clearing teams difficult and dangerous. Casualties were heaviest at Omaha, with its high cliffs. At Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in house-to-house fighting, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled, using specialised tanks.

1. 24,000
2. Three
3. American, British, and Canadian
4. 1943
5. The Normandy landings
6. yes
7. World War II
8. liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe
9. Nazi control,
10. yes
11. Operation Neptune
12. yes
13. yes
14. 6 June
15. 1944
16. no
17. termed D-Day
18. coast of France
19. yes
20. no

Numbered questions:
1. how many troops landed?
2. from how many countries?
3. please name them
4. when did the planning for this start?
5. what is this that we are talking about?
6. was this during a war?
7. which war?
8. what was the the operation for?
9. from?
10. did this operation have a codename?
11. what?
12. did they come in by water?
13. what about air?
14. what date was this?
15. of what year?
16. was the day called normandy landings?
17. then what?
18. where were the troops landing?
19. anywhere in particular?
20. was it peaceful when they landed?

Q: (CNN) -- Italian manager Gianfranco Zola has been sacked by English Premier League club West Ham, while former England boss Steve McLaren has joined German side Wolfsburg.

The Hammers announced in a statement on their official Web site that they had terminated Zola's contract after a season in which they finished just one place above the relegation zone.

West Ham's new owners, David Gold and David Sullivan, who took control of the club in January, made clear there would be changes at the end of the season, and they have been true to their word.

The official statement read: "West Ham United confirm that they have terminated the contract of Gianfranco Zola.

"The Board of Directors would like to thank him for his contribution and wish him well for the future. The Club will now be focusing its efforts on seeking a replacement."

Meanwhile, ex-England coach Steve McLaren has been confirmed as Wolfsburg's new coach.

McLaren led Dutch side FC Twente to their first ever league title last season and will become the first English coach to take charge of a German side.

A statement on Wolfsburg's official Web site said: "Steve McClaren is to take over as new trainer at VfL Wolfsburg. The 49 year old will start work on July 1st under a two year contract to keep him in Wolfsburg until June 30th 2012."

Former Netherlands and Ajax coach Marco van Basten has ruled himself out of the running to become the next boss of Italian giants AC Milan.

1. English Premier League club West Ham
2. Hammers
3. Steve McLaren
4. 49
5. two years
6. July 1st
7. David Gold and David Sullivan
8. January
9. yes
10. FC Twente
11. Dutch
12. Germany
13. Netherlands and Ajax
14. no
15. he has ruled himself out of the running

Numbered questions:
1. who terminated Zola's contract?
2. what are they also known as?
3. who joined Wolfsburg?
4. how old is he?
5. what is the length of his contract?
6. when does he start?
7. who owns The Hammers?
8. when did the take control of the organization?
9. did McLaren win a title last year?
10. with which club?
11. what country are they from?
12. what country is the team he is going to?
13. Who did Marco Van Basten formerly coach?
14. would he be the next boss of AC Milan?
15. why not?