Part 1. Definition
In this task, you're given a paragraph and title from the research paper. Your task is to classify whether the given title is suitable or not for the research paper based on the given paragraph. Return "True" if title is proper according to paragraph else "False".
Part 2. Example
Paragraph: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic originating from China in 2002 was caused by a previously uncharacterized coronavirus that could be identified by specific RT-PCR amplification. Efforts to control future SARS outbreaks depend on the accurate and early identification of SARS-CoV infected patients. A real-time fluorogenic RT-PCR assay based on the 3 -noncoding region (3 -NCR) of SARS-CoV genome was developed as a quantitative SARS diagnostic tool. The ideal amplification efficiency of a sensitive SARS-CoV RT-PCR assay should yield an E value (PCR product concentration increase per amplification cycle) equal to 2.0. It was demonstrated that the 3 -NCR SARS-CoV based RT-PCR reactions could be formulated to reach excellent E values of 1.81, or 91% amplification efficacy. The SARS-CoV cDNA preparations derived from viral RNA extract and the cloned recombinant plasmid both exhibit the identical amplification characteristics, i.e. amplification efficacy using the same PCR formulation developed in this study. The viral genomic copy (or genomic equivalences, GE) per infectious unit (GE/pfu) of SARS-CoV used in this study was also established to be approximate 1200-1600:1. The assay's detection sensitivity could reach 0.005 pfu or 6-8 GE per assay. It was preliminarily demonstrated that the assay could efficiently detect SARS-CoV from clinical specimens of SARS probable and suspected patients identified in Taiwan. The 3 -NCR based SARS-CoV assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity testing samples of patients with acute respiratory disease from a non-SARS epidemic region.
Title: Development and evaluation of an efficient 3 -noncoding region-based SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV
Answer: True
Explanation: The answer is true because the title of the paragraph is correct where it described the development of 3 -noncoding region of SARS-CoV genome and assay efficiently detecting SARS-CoV from clinical specimens.
Part 3. Exercise
Paragraph: We report the first case of transmission of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus to a physician during the resuscitation of an infant with fatal pneumonia. The physician exhibited numerous furuncles. This case highlights the necessity for health care workers to protect themselves against transmission of infectious diseases from patient to care giver. Severe respiratory diseases, in immunocompetent infants, and chronic furunculosis have been associated with Staphylococcus aureus strains producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a cytotoxin that causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis [1] . PVL-producing S. aureus is known to cause rapidly extensive and necrotizing pneumonia in children and young adults. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of transmission of PVL-producing S. aureus to a physician during the resuscitation of an infant with fatal pneumonia. Case report. A 4-month-old boy was admitted to the pediatric ward of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul hospital (Paris) with a history of 3 days of cough and 1 day of moderate fever. Physical examination revealed only mild respiratory distress. Findings on a chest radiogram were normal, as were the WBC count and the C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels. Bronchiolitis was diagnosed, and the patient did not receive antibiotics. Progressive respiratory failure developed during the 12 h after admission, and the patient required nasal oxygenation. While a physical examination was being performed by a physician, the patient experienced cardiac arrest. Resuscitation measures, including oral intubation, oxygenation, bag-valve-mask ventilation, chest compression, and intravenous administration of adrenaline, were immediately performed and were continued for 1 h, without success. It was notable that blood flow from the trachea was observed during intubation. Repeated oral and tracheal suction was performed. Because the resuscitation took place in the general pediatric ward, health care workers participating in the resuscitation did not wear any protection, such as a facial mask and gloves. A necropsy was performed, and the findings revealed right lobar pneumonia with a necrotizing hemorrhage of the entire right lung and one-half of the left lung. A culture specimen from tracheal aspirates grew methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Identification of S. aureus was based on colony morphology, coagulation of citrated rabbit plasma (bioMerieux), and production of clumping factor (determined with the Staphyslide test; bioMerieux). The methicillin resistance was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method, with the use of a 5-mg oxacillin disk, in accordance with the NCCLS recommendations [2], after 24-48 h of incubation at 35C. The S. aureus isolate was only resistant to penicillin and amoxicillin and was susceptible to methicillin, aminosides, macrolides, quinolones, and cotrimoxazole. On day 5, the physician who had performed intubation presented with numerous furuncles of the fingers and face. Samples were obtained from the skin lesions. At the same time, nasal samples were obtained from the 15 health care workers who had participated in the resuscitation. S. aureus strains susceptible to methicillin were isolated from samples from the physician and from 5 other health care workers. The isolate from the infant (S1, isolated from a tracheal sample) and 7 isolates from the 6 health care workers (S2, isolated from skin lesions of 1 physician; S4 and S5, from nasal and anal samples from another physician; and S3, S6, S7, and S8, from nasal samples from 4 nurses) were genotyped and analyzed for the presence of the PVL gene. PFGE, used for genotyping, was performed on DNA fragments obtained by digestion with the restriction enzyme SmaI by use of a CHEF-MAPPER apparatus. The PFGE banding patterns were compared visually. Strains were considered genetically distinguishable if their restriction patterns differed by 3 bands [3] . The isolates from the infant (S1) and from 1
Title: Transmission of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Producing Staphylococcus aureus to a Physician during Resuscitation of a Child
Answer:
True