Information: - The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm. It implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase "by the Grace of God", attached to the titles of a reigning monarch. - John Locke (29 August 1632 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence. - Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. - The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. John Locke defined freedom under the rule of law as follows: - Rev Prof Samuel Rutherford (or Samuell Rutherfoord; 29 March 1661) was a Scottish Presbyterian pastor, theologian and author, and one of the Scottish Commissioners to the Westminster Assembly. - Nulla poena sine lege ( Latin : no penalty without a law ) is a legal principle , requiring that one can not be punished for doing something that is not prohibited by law . This principle is accepted and codified in modern democratic states as a basic requirement of the rule of law . A description and analysis of the principle can be found in Shahram Dana , Beyond Retroactivity to Realizing Justice : The Principle of Legality in International Criminal Law Sentencing , 99 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY 857 ( 2009 ) Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'instance of' with the subject 'nulla poena sine lege'. Choices: - assembly - august - behavior - collective - constitution - formation - god - history - law - march - nation - october - philosophy - phrase - political philosophy - precedent - principle - process - realm - rule - scottish - single - society - state - system - theory - tradition - will
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Information: - Guy Carleton Boutilier is a Canadian politician , who sat as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1997 to 2012 . He was elected as a Progressive Conservative , and served in several capacities in the Cabinet of Alberta under Premiers Ralph Klein and Ed Stelmach before being ejected from the PC caucus in July 2009 ; he joined the Wildrose Alliance Party after sitting as an independent for a year . Before entering provincial politics during the 1997 Alberta election , he was involved in municipal politics , having served two terms on the city council of Fort McMurray before being elected mayor of that city in 1992 . When Fort McMurray was amalgamated with the surrounding area to form the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo in 1995 , Boutilier served as the new municipality 's first mayor . - Edward Michael "Ed" Stelmach (born May 11, 1951) is a Canadian politician and served as the 13th Premier of Alberta, Canada, from 2006 to 2011. The grandson of Ukrainian immigrants, Stelmach was born and raised on a farm near Lamont and speaks fluent Ukrainian. He spent his entire pre-political adult life as a farmer, except for some time spent studying at the University of Alberta. His first foray into politics was a 1986 municipal election, when he was elected to Lamont County council. A year into his term, he was appointed reeve. He continued in this position until his entry into provincial politics. - The Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta (often referred to colloquially as Progressive Conservative "Party" of Alberta) is a provincial centre-right party in the Canadian province of Alberta. The party formed the provincial government, without interruption, from 1971 until the party's defeat in the 2015 provincial election. With seven Premiers and at 44 years, this was the longest unbroken run in government at the provincial or federal level in Canadian history. - The University of Alberta (also known as U of A and UAlberta) is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1908 by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta, and Henry Marshall Tory, its first president. Its enabling legislation is the "Post-secondary Learning Act." - Ralph Phillip Klein, (November 1, 1942 March 29, 2013) was a Canadian politician who served as the 12th Premier of Alberta and leader of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta from 1992 until his retirement in 2006. Klein's tenure as premier ended when the Alberta Progressive Conservatives' new leader, Ed Stelmach, assumed office December 14, 2006, exactly fourteen years after Klein first became Premier. His nickname was "King Ralph", a reference to his political longevity and his management style. Klein continued the PC dynasty, winning four consecutive majority governments. Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'member of political party' with the subject 'guy boutilier'. Choices: - progressive conservative association of alberta - tory
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progressive conservative association of alberta