Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Gnathostomes: Jawed Fishes Gnathostomes or "jaw-mouths" are vertebrates that possess jaws. One of the most significant developments in early vertebrate evolution was the development of the jaw, which is a hinged structure attached to the cranium that allows an animal to grasp and tear its food. The evolution of jaws allowed early gnathostomes to exploit food resources that were unavailable to jawless fishes. Early gnathostomes also possessed two sets of paired fins, allowing the fishes to maneuver accurately. Pectoral fins are typically located on the anterior body, and pelvic fins on the posterior. Evolution of the jaw and paired fins permitted gnathostomes to expand from the sedentary suspension feeding of jawless fishes to become mobile predators. The ability of gnathostomes to exploit new nutrient sources likely is one reason that they replaced most jawless fishes during the Devonian period. Two early groups of gnathostomes were the acanthodians and placoderms (Figure 29.10), which arose in the late Silurian period and are now extinct. Most modern fishes are gnathostomes that belong to the clades Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes. Q: What is the hinged structure attached to the cranium that allows an animal to grasp and tear its food? A:

OPTIONS:
- tooth
- neck
- throat
- jaw

A: jaw

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Visual Communication in Animals. Many animals use visual cues to communicate. Q: The process in which animals use visual cues to communicate is known as what? A:

OPTIONS:
- visual indication
- peripheral communication
- distinctive communication
- visual communication

A: visual communication

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature. It is placed in contact with an object and allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the object (they will have the same temperature). The operation of a thermometer is based on some property, such as volume, that varies with temperature. The most common thermometers contain liquid mercury, or some other liquid, inside a sealed glass tube. The liquid expands and contracts faster than the glass tube. Therefore, when the temperature of the thermometer increases, the liquid volume expands faster than the glass volume, allowing the liquid to rise in the tube. The positions of the liquid in the tube can then be calibrated for accurate temperature readings. Other properties that change with temperature can also be used to make thermometers; liquid crystal colors and electrical conductivity change with temperature, and are also relatively common thermometers. Q: What device is used to measure temperature? A:

OPTIONS:
- compass
- anemometer
- barometer
- thermometer

A: thermometer

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. A waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock ( Figure below ). The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step. This creates a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream. Q: What process is involved in the formation of a waterfall, when a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock? A:

OPTIONS:
- calcification
- migration
- evaporation
- erosion

A:
erosion