Premise:
"The moral strength of his non-violent philosophy was immediately tested in the Punjab, where the hartal erupted into riots."
Hypothesis: The Punjab tested the moral strength of his non-violent philosophy when the hartal erupted into riots there, but it came out stronger than before when peaceful protesters returned.

it is not possible to tell

Premise:
"Is the problem now more severe?"
Hypothesis: Is the problem worse now?

yes

Premise:
"After years of subservience to the West, artists returned to Indian themes in their literature, theatre, and music."
Hypothesis: Indian artists rediscovered their love of Indian culture.
yes