Information: - The Arica School, also known as the Arica Institute (which is its incorporated educational organization) or simply as Arica, is a human potential movement group founded in 1968 by Bolivian-born philosopher Oscar Ichazo (born 1931). The school is named after the city of Arica, Chile, where Ichazo once lived and where he led an intensive months-long training in 1970 and 1971 before settling in the United States where the Arica Institute (incorporated in 1971) has since been headquartered. - Gestalt therapy is an existential/experiential form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility, and that focuses upon the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapistclient relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person's life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation. - Claudio Benjamin Naranjo Cohen (born November 24, 1932) is a Chilean-born psychiatrist of Arabic/Moore, Spanish and Jewish descent who is considered a pioneer in integrating psychotherapy and the spiritual traditions. He is one of the three successors named by Fritz Perls (founder of Gestalt Therapy), a principal developer of Enneagram of Personality theories and a founder of the Seekers After Truth Institute. He is also an elder statesman of the US and global human potential movement and the spiritual renaissance of the late 20th century. He is the author of various books. - Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernandez, Salas y Gomez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. - Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (July 8, 1893 March 14, 1970), better known as Fritz Perls, was a noted German-born psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Perls coined the term 'Gestalt therapy' to identify the form of psychotherapy that he developed with his wife, Laura Perls, in the 1940s and 1950s. Perls became associated with the Esalen Institute in 1964, and he lived there until 1969. His approach to psychotherapy is related to, but not identical to, Gestalt psychology, and it is different from Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy. - Oscar Ichazo (born July 24, 1931) is the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School, which he established in 1968. - The Enneagram of Personality , or simply the Enneagram ( from the Greek words ( ennea , meaning '' nine '' ) and ( gramma , meaning something '' written '' or '' drawn '' ) ) , is a model of human personality which is principally understood and taught as a typology of nine interconnected personality types . Although the origins and history of many of the ideas and theories associated with the Enneagram of Personality are a matter of dispute , contemporary Enneagram understandings are principally derived from the teachings of Oscar Ichazo and Claudio Naranjo . Naranjo 's theories were partly influenced by some earlier teachings of G. I. Gurdjieff . As a typology the Enneagram defines nine personality types ( sometimes referred to as '' enneatypes '' ) , which are represented by the points of a geometric figure called an enneagram , which , it is believed , also indicate some of the connections between the types . There are different schools of thought among Enneagram teachers , therefore their ideas on some theoretical aspects are not always in agreement . The Enneagram of Personality has been widely promoted in both business management and spiritual contexts through seminars , conferences , books , magazines , and DVDs . In business contexts it is generally used as a typology to gain insights into workplace dynamics ; in spirituality it is more commonly presented as a path to higher states of being , essence , and enlightenment . It has been described as a method for self - understanding and self - development . The Enneagram has been criticized as being pseudoscience and subject to interpretation , making it difficult to test or validate scientifically and as '' an assessment method of no demonstrated reliability or validity '' . The skeptic Robert Todd Carroll has characterized the Enneagram as an example of a pseudoscientific theory that '' ca n't be tested because they are so vague and malleable that anything relevant can be shoehorned to fit the theory '' . What entity does 'enneagram of personality' has the relation 'part of' with?
psychology