Q: Leipzig is the most populous city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. With a population of 582,277 inhabitants (1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone) it is Germany's tenth most populous city. Leipzig is located about southwest of Berlin at the confluence of the White Elster, Pleisse, and Parthe rivers at the southern end of the North German Plain.

Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire. The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important medieval trade routes. Leipzig was once one of the major European centers of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing. Leipzig became a major urban center within the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) after the Second World War, but its cultural and economic importance declined.

Leipzig later played a significant role in instigating the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, through events which took place in and around St. Nicholas Church. Since the reunification of Germany, Leipzig has undergone significant change with the restoration of some historical buildings, the demolition of others, and the development of a modern transport infrastructure. Leipzig today is an economic center, the most livable city in Germany, according to the GfK marketing research institution and has the second-best future prospects of all cities in Germany, according to HWWI and Berenberg Bank. Leipzig Zoological Garden is one of the most modern zoos in Europe and ranks first in Germany and second in Europe according to Anthony Sheridan. Since the opening of the Leipzig City Tunnel in 2013, Leipzig forms the centerpiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system. Leipzig is currently listed as Gamma World City and Germany's "Boomtown".

1. Leipzig
2. Yes
3. the fall of communism
4. Saxony
5. Yes
6. Holy Roman Empire
7. economic center
8. most livable city in Germany
9. Yes
10. the centerpiece
11. No

Numbered questions:
1. What is the 10th populous city in Germany?
2. DId this city have anything to do with communism?
3. What?
4. What federal state is in it?
5. Is it a good city for trade?
6. How long ?
7. What is Leipzig according to GfK marketing research instituation?
8. Anything else?
9. Is it important to the S-Bahn Mittledeutschland transit system?
10. Why?
11. Did something open in 2010?

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Karnataka is a state in the south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed "Karnataka" in 1973. Only a small part of the state corresponds to the Carnatic region. The capital and largest city is Bangalore (Bengaluru). Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the south. The state covers an area of , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the classical languages of India, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.

The two main river systems of the state are the Krishna and its tributaries, the Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavathi, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra, in the north, and the Kaveri and its tributaries, the Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavati, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini, in the south. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward, reaching the sea at the Bay of Bengal. 1. What is the topic?
2. What is this?
3. Where is it located?
4. When was it made?
5. What facilitated the creation?
6. What was it known as originally?
7. When was it renamed?
8. What city is the capitol?
9. Is it the biggest?
10. How many rivers are in the state?
11. What are their names?
12. What do these rivers feed?
13. How many people live in the state?
14. When were they counted?
15. Where does this state rank in population?
16. How many districts are in the state?
17. What is the official language?
18. What percentage of India does the state comprise?
19. Where does it rank by area?
20. Does the state border the Arabian sea?
numbered_answers: 1. Karnataka
2. a state
3. state in the south western region of India
4. 1 November 1956
5. States Reorganisation Act.
6. Originally known as the State of Mysore
7. 1973
8. Bangalore
9. yes
10. two
11. Krishna and Kavari
12. sea at the Bay of Bengal
13. 61,130,704
14. 2011 census
15. the eighth largest state by population
16. 30 districts
17. Kannada, one of the classical languages of India,
18. 5.83 percent
19. seventh
20. yes

In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure "p"= 10Pa. Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state. For example, as discussed below, the standard state of a gas is conventionally chosen to be unit pressure (usually in bar) ideal gas, regardless of the temperature. However, most tables of thermodynamic quantities are compiled at specific temperatures, most commonly or, somewhat less commonly, .

The standard state should not be confused with standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases, nor with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry.

For a given material or substance, the standard state is the reference state for the material's thermodynamic state properties such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and for many other material standards. The standard enthalpy change of formation for an element in its standard state is zero, and this convention allows a wide range of other thermodynamic quantities to be calculated and tabulated. The standard state of a substance does not have to exist in nature: for example, it is possible to calculate values for steam at 298.15K and 10Pa, although steam does not exist (as a gas) under these conditions. The advantage of this practice is that tables of thermodynamic properties prepared in this way are self-consistent. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. what is the standard state of a material?
Answer:
1. a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions