TASK DEFINITION: Given a paragraph, generate a claim that is supported by the given paragraph. 1) The claim must contain information from within the paragraph. 2) A sentence within the paragraph can be used as a claim. 3) The claim should not have contradictions within the paragraph. 4) The claim should be at most one sentence long.
PROBLEM: This year's National Health Interview Survey was the first to ask about sexual orientation in addition to health habits in its 57-year history, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said. Bisexual women were twice as likely to experience serious anxiety while bisexual men were more likely to indulge in binge drinking than others, according to the survey. In the survey of more than 34,500 Americans age 18 and above, 1.6 percent reported that they were gay and 0.7 percent reported that they were bisexual. A total of 96.6 percent reported being straight and 1.1 percent either said they were "something else," did not know or declined to answer. Roughly twice as many women than men identified as bisexual, with 0.9 percent of female respondents saying they were attracted to both sexes. Bisexual women were twice as likely to report having serious anxiety than any other group, with almost 11 percent saying they had been distressed in the past month. Among bisexual men, almost 52 percent said they had five drinks or more in a night during the past year compared with only 31 percent of straight men. Gays and bisexuals fared as well or better than their straight peers in some areas, like exercising, taking HIV tests and receiving flu vaccines. "The differences went both ways, and it depends on the specific indicator that you were looking at," said Brian Ward, a lead author on the survey and health statistician for the CDC's statistical arm. The CDC said the survey findings were in line with other research on health and sexual orientation, though a smaller proportion of people in this survey identified as bisexual than in other studies.

SOLUTION: Government report finds 2.3 percent of Americans gay or bisexual.

PROBLEM: "This pandemic is not only a public health crisis, it is also fueling an economic crisis the likes of which we have not seen since the Great Depression," Hancock said at a news conference. Denver has seen steep declines in sales, lodging and other taxes since the pandemic hit Colorado two months ago, and the state is still under a safer-at-home order that has placed restrictions on businesses. City leaders say the drop in tax revenue is affecting the fund that pays for police and fire services, as well as street maintenance. American cities, from Puyallup, Washington, to Miramar, Florida, have also furloughed employees to save money in the face of dire economic forecasts. In April, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti released a spending plan he called "a document of our pain" that includes service cuts and furloughs for nearly 16,000 workers. Under the proposal, city employees would take 26 furlough days, the equivalent of a 10% pay cut, in the coming year. The spending reductions in Los Angeles are likely to be a sign of what's to come at city halls across the nation, as jobless lines grow and local treasuries see steep drops in tax revenue. Denver's planned furloughs, which do not apply to uniformed employees like firefighters, police officers and sheriff's deputies, will save the city about $16 million. The city also is reducing travel, hiring and purchases, and it is asking departments to cut 7.5% from their budgets. About 3,000 of Denver's 12,000 employees are uniformed workers. "I want everyone to know that we have worked to exhaust every other tool we had before taking this step," said Hancock, who repeated his call for lawmakers to include cities in the next federal stimulus package. "The reality is this: If cities can't recover, there will be no national recovery," he said. Brendan Hanlon, the city's chief financial officer, said he thought the fallout from the 2008-2009 Great Recession was astonishing, but the current crisis will be harder to address. "I could have never imagined seeing the numbers that we're seeing right now and the gravity that it means to the services that we provide to the public every day here in Denver," he said. The city last instituted furloughs in 2011. A survey by the National League of Cities found nearly universal agreement that cities would be hit hard by revenue shortfalls caused by the coronavirus outbreak, and in many cases furloughs and layoffs would be used to close budget gaps.

SOLUTION: Denver to furlough thousands of workers amid coronavirus.

PROBLEM: The article does not include information about the psychological and financial costsof biopsies forwomen with a false positive diagnosis of breast cancer. Among women with a personal history of breast cancer, 1.7 %were referred forbiopsies that determined there was no secondbreast cancer while 1% of the women without breast cancer had false positive determinations. The article does point out that 18% of women with a personal history of breast cancer were called back for additional imaging or biopsies compared with 8.3% of those without breast cancer but there is no discussion of the psychological or financial costs connected with the additional imaging. By quantifying the benefits of screening mammography for women with a personal history of breast cancer in absolute numbers, the story presents this information accurately and in a useful, understandable way for women with breast cancer. The storydiscusses false positives & interval cancers & provides explanations of both of these problems associated with screening mammography. The story does not explain that the study was a retrospective study based on mammograms performed from 1996-2007 in five states at facilities affiliated with the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. There is no mention in the story of the possible confounding factors such as the biological factors associated with treatment of the first cancers that were noted by the study authors. The story also fails to include information about the subgroups of women with the highest observed cancer rates for whom the study authors note that alternate screening might be considered. The headline of this story misleads the reader by stating that "Mammograms May Not Be Fool-Proof at Catching Second Cancers." No type of screening for breast cancer is fool-proof whether it is for an initial diagnosis or for a second breastcancer. Regarding the accuracy of screening mammography for an initial breast cancer diagnosis, the Komen for the Cure website states that in women age 50 and older "between six and 27 percent of breast cancers may be missed by mammography alone." Mammography is most effective in women 50 and older. Quotes from two independent sources are included in the article. Dr. William Audeh, director of the Wasserman Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center,presents possible explanations forsome of the higher false positives amongwomen with apersonal history of breast cancer. Quotes from both Dr. Audeh andDr. Robert Smith, director of cancer screening for the American Cancer Society,point out that screening mammography may not have been as effective among women witha personal history of breast cancer as it wasin those without a breastcancerdiagnosis but that most of the cancers detected were stage I or ductal carcinoma in situ, a non-invasive breast cancer. The article could have noted that study authors declared no conflicts of interestandthat the study was funded by a grant from the National Cancer Institute. Satisfactory mostly because of the inclusion of the comments by Dr Audeh about MRI, which is really the only acceptable alternative to mammography for followup of breast cancer survivors, and it is still unclear how MRI and mammography should be used in concert. Not applicable. Mammography is widely available and recommendations for annual mammography screening after a breast cancer diagnosis are standard. So the story didn't need to specifically discuss the availability. Satisfactory. The novelty of mammography is not in question, and the whole point of the story was the new study about mammography's performance in breast cancer survivors vs. controls. It may have been helpful for readers to knowthat the studywas the first to examine the accuracy of screening mammography for women with a personal history of breast cancer. Thearticle does not rely solely on a news release. It includes several explanatory quotes from Dr. Diana Miglioretti, one of the co-authors of the study as well as quotes from two doctors not connected with the study.

SOLUTION:
Mammograms May Not Be Fool-Proof at Catching Second Cancers