instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Guillotine below-knee amputation (BKA) for wet gangrene is an unfortunate complication of poorly controlled diabetes. We examined risk factors associated with wound complications after amputation formalization in this patient population.', 'Retrospective data over a 4-year period were collected for patients undergoing guillotine BKA for wet gangrene followed by staged formalization. Patients with abnormal distal pulses underwent evaluation before formalization to stratify for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Those patients with palpable pulses and no known PAD went to formalization without further investigation. Poor operative candidates underwent delayed formalization to allow for preoperative optimization. Patient history, interval between surgeries, pathology, and preformalization laboratories were tested for significance. Primary outcome was postformalization wound complication.', 'Fifty-six amputations in 55 patients met inclusion criteria. Wound complications after formalization occurred in 18 cases, all BKAs (32%). A history of PAD was present in 19 patients (34.5%). On pathology, 23 patients (41%) had small-vessel atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis. There was no association between wound complications and history of PAD (P = 0.4), preformalization albumin (P = 0.09), glucose (P = 0.9), white blood cell count (P = 0.4), or delayed versus expedited formalization (P = 0.8). Only the presence of microvascular disease on formal pathology was predictive of wound complications (P = 0.03). There was no association between microvascular disease on pathology and a history of PAD (P = 0.07).
answer:
Is unrecognized arteriosclerosis associated with wound complications after below-knee amputation?

question:
Asthma is a multi-factorial inflammatory disease associated with increased oxidative stress and altered antioxidant defences. We have evaluated the effect of choline on oxidative stress in a mouse model of airway disease.', 'Balb/c mice were sensitised with 100 microg of ovalbumin on days 0 and 14, and challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin on days 25-27. Mice were administered 1 mg kg(-1) of choline via oral gavage or intranasal route on days 14-27. Mice were also administered 100 mg kg(-1) of alpha-lipoic acid as standard antioxidant. Total cell counts, eosinophils and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and isoprostanes levels were measured in BAL fluid. IL-13 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were also measured in BAL fluid and spleen cell culture supernatant. Nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) p65 protein expression was measured after last ovalbumin challenge in nuclear and cytosolic extracts of lungs.', 'Compared with ovalbumin-challenged mice, choline and alpha-lipoic acid treated mice had significantly reduced eosinophilic infiltration and EPO activity in BAL fluid. Choline and alpha-lipoic acid treatment reduced ROS production and isoprostanes level significantly in BAL fluid and thus suppressed oxidative stress. Choline and alpha-lipoic acid administration by either route decreased lipid peroxidation levels and down regulated NFkappaB activity. Further, choline and/or alpha-lipoic acid treatment suppressed TNF-alpha level significantly as compared with that of ovalbumin-challenged mice.
answer:
Does choline supplementation reduce oxidative stress in mouse model of allergic airway disease?

question:
Our objective was to determine whether adenosine-induced ischemia exerts a delayed cardiac protective effect in patients with stable effort angina ischemic heart disease.', 'The study group was comprised of 32 patients (men) with symptoms of stable effort angina, aged 38-65 years (Group 1), and 18 clinically healthy subjects (3 women, 15 men), aged 35-55 years (Control group). The study protocol included baseline ECG and treadmill echocardiogram (ET1); ECG and adenosine echocardiogram performed 7 days after ET1; repeated exercise test exactly 24 h after adenosine infusion (ET2). Increases in heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, maximum ST-segment depression (max IST) and total ST-segment depression (SIST) on ECG were compared, as well as left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), end-systolic (LVESV) volume, ejection fraction (EF), and wall motion synergy index (WMSI).', 'No statistically significant differences were found in the increased values of the investigated electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in either group on either exercise test. The only positive trend was observed in LVEDV. In Group 1 LVEDV increased significantly from rest values during ET1, whereas during ET2 LVEDV did not change.
answer:
Does adenosine-activated myocardial ischemia induce delayed preconditioning?