Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Energy needs in infants are decreased after surgery because of growth inhibition (resulting from catabolic stress metabolism), decreased insensible losses, and inactivity. Using standardized formulas that account for growth, activity, and insensible losses during this stress period can lead to overfeeding in excess of 200% of the actual measured requirement. Overfeeding during this acute injury period can result in increased CO2 production from lipogenesis. This study determined the effects of a reduced rate of mixed caloric repletion on infant energy use during the early postoperative period.', 'C-reactive protein (CRP), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), measured energy expenditure (MEE), and total urinary nitrogen (TUN) were measured serially in seven infants (average age, 78 days) during the first 72 hours after abdominal or thoracic surgery. Nonprotein respiratory quotient (RQnp), and values for oxidation of carbohydrate (Ce) and fat (Fe) were calculated. Injury severity was stratified based on serum CRP concentrations of > or = 6.0 mg/dL (high stress) or < 6.0 mg/dL (low stress). Recovery from acute stress was analyzed by comparing studies in which CRP had decreased to < or = 2.0 mg/dL (resolving stress group) with those in which CRP values were greater than 2.0 mg/dL (acute stress group).', 'Average total caloric intake (64.56 +/- 18.51 kcal/kg/d; approximately 50% of predicted energy requirement) exceeded average MEE (42.90 +/- 9.98 kcal/kg/d) by approximately 50%. Average TUN was 0.18 +/- 0.07 g/kg/d (high stress 0.2 +/- 0.05 versus low stress 0.16 +/- 0.09 g/kg/d). Average RQnp was 1.05 +/- 0.13 and average Ce was 37.28 +/- 16.86 kcal/kg/d. The average calculated Fe was 0.0 +/- 12.27 kcal/kg/d, reflecting approximately equal amounts of fat oxidized compared with fat generated from excess glucose (lipogenesis). When individual studies were analyzed at a CRP cutpoint of 2.0 mg/dL, overfeeding (RQ > 1.0) was significantly less likely in the resolving (2/6 studies, 33.4%) versus acute stress (9/13 studies, 69.2%, Z test P < .001) group. Five of seven (5/7) patients (9/19 individual studies) had negative Fe values (average -9.89 +/- 10.02) reflecting net lipogenesis. The RQnp for these nine studies was 1.14 +/- 0.11 versus 0.97 +/- 0.09 for the remaining 10, and this difference was significant (P < .01). A significant correlation existed between carbohydrate intake and VCO2 (Pearson r = .6951, P < .01). In addition, there was a good correlation between carbohydrate intake and VCO2 (Pearson r = .6591, P < .01). The coefficient of variation for MEE was 8.0% (low stress) versus 30.2% (high stress).

Ex Output:
Do early postoperative alterations in infant energy use increase the risk of overfeeding?

Ex Input:
The potential for a compound to cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity is a matter of extreme interest for human health risk assessment. To assess liver and kidney toxicity, repeated-dose toxicity (RDT) studies are conducted mainly on rodents. However, these tests are expensive, time-consuming and require large numbers of animals. For early toxicity screening, in silico models can be applied, reducing the costs, time and animals used. Among in silico approaches, structure-activity relationship (SAR) methods, based on the identification of chemical substructures (structural alerts, SAs) related to a particular activity (toxicity), are widely employed.', 'We identified and evaluated some SAs related to liver and kidney toxicity, using RDT data on rats taken from the hazard evaluation support system (HESS) database. We considered only SAs that gave the best percentages of true positives (TP).

Ex Output:
Does identification of structural alert for liver and kidney toxicity using repeated dose toxicity data?

Ex Input:
To examine whether alcohol-related attentional bias (AB) can be reduced by training heavy drinkers to attend to soft drinks as an alternative to alcohol. Diminishing AB is important because AB has been suggested to be a significant factor in the development, maintenance and relapse of addictive behaviours. AB was trained in a clinically relevant design, and we studied the generalization of this training. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: We assigned randomly 106 heavy drinking male college and university students to the attentional re-training (AR; modified visual-probe task) or control condition (standard visual-probe task).', 'Laboratory at Maastricht University.', 'We measured the effects of AR on the visual-probe task with stimuli that were presented in the AR and with new stimuli, and on an alternative measure of AB, the flicker paradigm. We further measured effects on craving and preference for either an alcohol beverage or a soft drink.', 'After AR, participants had learned to avoid alcohol stimuli and had developed an AB for soft drinks. This effect was restricted to stimuli used in the AR. The flicker task, where AB for alcohol was found in both the AR and control groups, was not affected by the AR. No effect was found on craving and the preference task.

Ex Output:
Does attentional re-training decrease attentional bias in heavy drinkers without generalization?