Question: Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN, derived from "Formula Translation") is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.

Fortran encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with prior versions. Successive versions have added support for structured programming and processing of character-based data (FORTRAN 77), array programming, modular programming and generic programming (Fortran 90), high performance Fortran (Fortran 95), object-oriented programming (Fortran 2003) and concurrent programming (Fortran 2008).

The names of earlier versions of the language through FORTRAN 77 were conventionally spelled in all-capitals (FORTRAN 77 was the last version in which the use of lowercase letters in keywords was strictly non-standard). The capitalization has been dropped in referring to newer versions beginning with Fortran 90. The official language standards now refer to the language as "Fortran" rather than all-caps "FORTRAN". 1. When was Fortran created?
2. For what purpose?
3. What was a name of an earlier version?
4. Did they purposely spell it with capital letters?
5. Has that practice ended?
6. Starting with which version?
7. What two words were used to come up with the name?
8. What kind of language is it?
9. Did it lead programming of this type?
10. How long has it been in use?
11. List something computationally intensive?
12. Is it used to test and assess the world's fastest computers?
13. What was added to new versions?
14. Did they keep it backwards compatible?
15. What kind of programming did they add support for?
16. What other support was also added?
17. How about in Fortran 95?
18. And in 2008? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. in the 1950s
2. for scientific and engineering applications
3. FORTRAN 77
4. yes
5. yes
6. Fortran 90
7. Formula Translation
8. a general-purpose, imperative programming language
9. yes
10. for over half a century
11. numerical weather prediction
12. yes
13. extensions to the language
14. usually
15. structured programming
16. processing of character-based data
17. high performance
18. concurrent programming

Question: Many people consider their pets members of the family and are very sad when they die, but what if you could clone your dog, cat or bird?

A scientist in New Orleans, who has proved his ability to clone other animals, is now offering the possibility to pet owners here in Wisconsin.

Scientists have not been able to clone dogs, cats or other pets, but if and when the time comes, several companies will be ready and able to do the job.

The question is: Are you ready to clone your pet? Brett Reggio is betting on it.He is working on his Ph. D at Louisian State University. He's successfully cloned a goat five times and wants to try the process on family pets. So he started a business called Lazaron. "What Lazaron provides is the first step in the cloning process. "He said."It's for curing and storing the fiberglass cells that will be used for cloning."

"Your first reaction is yeah! I think I'd like that." said Donna Schacht, a pet owner.

"I don't believe you can ever replace a special love," pet owner Paulette Callattion said.

Most pet owners will tell you freezing your pet's DNA in hopes of one day cloning it is a personal decision.

Scientists say that cloning your own pet doesn't mean that the offspring will have the same intelligence, temperament or other qualities that your pet has. 1. Are scientists allowed to clone pets?
2. What is Reggio's occupation?
3. Has he cloned anything?
4. What?
5. How many times?
6. What does he want to clone next?
7. Did he start a business?
8. Called what?
9. Which stage of the cloning procedure does it perform?
10. What is stored in this step?
11. What are they used for?
12. What is Schacht's first reaction?
13. What about Callattion?
14. How can pet owners prepare for when cloning is legal? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. no
2. doctoral student
3. yes
4. a goat
5. five
6. pets
7. yes
8. Lazaron
9. first
10. fiberglass cells
11. cloning
12. she likes it
13. Doesn't think it replace a special love
14. freezing their pet's DNA

Question: Chapter 6: The Arrival Of Clive.

"I have nearly brought down the story to the present time," Mr. Johnson said. "One event has taken place, however, which was of importance. Muzaffar Jung set out for Hyderabad, accompanied by a French contingent under Bussy. On the way, the chiefs who had conspired against Nazir Jung mutinied against his successor. Muzaffar charged them with his cavalry. Two of the three chief conspirators were killed and, while pursuing the third, Muzaffar was himself killed.

"Bussy at once released from confinement a son of Nazir Jung, proclaimed him Subadar of the Deccan, escorted him to Hyderabad, and received from him the cession of considerable fresh grants of territory to the French. The latter were now everywhere triumphant, and Trichinopoli and Tanjore were, with the three towns held by the English, the sole places which resisted their authority. Muhammud Ali, deeming further resistance hopeless, had already opened negotiations with Dupleix for the surrender of Trichinopoli. Dupleix agreed to his conditions; but when Muhammud Ali found that Count Bussy, with the flower of the French force, had been despatched to Hyderabad, he gained time by raising fresh demands, which would require the ratification of the subadar.

"Luckily for us Mr. Floyer had been recalled, and his place taken by Mr. Saunders; who is, everyone says, a man of common sense and determination. Muhammud Ali urged upon him the necessity for the English to make common cause with him against the enemy, for if Trichinopoli fell, it would be absolutely impossible for the English to resist the French and their allies. Early this year, then, Mr. Saunders assured him that he should be assisted with all our strength, and Muhammud Ali thereupon broke off the negotiations with the French. 1. Who is telling a story?
2. Is it just starting?
3. Who was going somewhere?
4. Where was he going?
5. Was he alone?
6. Who was with him?
7. Who did he attack with horses?
8. How many of them were murdered?
9. Was he one of them?
10. Who do many people say has good logic and fortitude?
11. Who is advised to get along with their enemies?
12. By whom?
13. Did they listen to him?
14. Who was freed from constraint?
15. By whom?
16. What was he then named?
17. What areas were the last still fighting?
18. Were there any others?
19. Who was negotiating?
20. With whom? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. Mr. Johnson
2. no
3. Muzaffar Jung
4. Hyderabad
5. no
6. a French contingent
7. the chiefs
8. three
9. no
10. Mr. Saunders
11. the English
12. Muhammud Ali
13. Yes
14. a son of Nazir Jung
15. Bussy
16. Subadar
17. Trichinopoli and Tanjore
18. the three towns
19. Muhammud Ali,
20. Dupleix