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Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (19032002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (19222002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A. Simon (19162001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (19282006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (19232008) a PolishAmerican social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; Robert C. Solomon (19422007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2003); Peter Goldie (19462011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; Nico Frijda (19272015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book The Emotions (1986).

Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?
Answer: Robert C. Solomon
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By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sortsinging, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainmenta show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).

In what century did saloons become established?
Answer: 18th
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Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting the presence of substances produced by pathogens, and by directly identifying an organism by its genotype. Other techniques (such as X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR) are used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent. The images are useful in detection of, for example, a bone abscess or a spongiform encephalopathy produced by a prion.

What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?
Answer:
microscopic features