Q: If cauliflower doesn't have access to boron, an essential nutrient, it will begin to experience a variety of unappealing symptoms. Its head will turn brown, its leaf tips will die and its leaves will distort, and its stem may become hollow and brown. To treat this problem, boron must be introduced into the plant's soil immediately. Feed the plant with seaweed extract immediately and repeat every two weeks until symptoms disappear. For subsequent crops, add boron to the soil by mixing in compost or planting cover crops of vetch or clover. Clubroot is a fungal infection that causes large growths on the roots of plants in the family Brassicaceae (which includes cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and other plants). These root growths interfere with the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients, causing it to grow asymmetrically, wilt, and eventually die. Worst of all is the fact that clubroot is contagious and can easily spread from plant to plant. To prevent a case of clubroot from ruining your entire cauliflower crop, swift, aggressive action must be taken. Pull infected plants up by their roots and discard them (don't compost them). Be sure to remove the entire root system - any fungus left in the ground can release spores and continue spreading. To prevent clubroot from returning, use one of the following methods: Improve the drainage of your soil by adding organic matter (clubroot thrives in moist environments). Plant a cover crop of winter rye and till it into your soil before planting cauliflower. Rotate your crops. Do not plant brassicas or in the same area two years in a row. Increase the alkalinity of your soil by mixing in hydrated lime in the fall (clubroot thrives in acidic soils) Lay thin sheets of clear, construction-grade plastic over infected soil during sunny weather. Leave in place for 1 - 1.5 months. The plastic acts as a sort of "greenhouse", trapping the sun's rays to heat the soil and kill the fungus. Another common fungal disease of cauliflower is blackleg. Blackleg causes irregular grey lesions or holes in the leaves and is sometimes accompanied by root rot. Like clubroot, this disease is difficult to treat, so preventative cures are the best bet. In particular, crop rotation is an effective technique for reducing the chance of blackleg. Don't plant cauliflower (or another member of the Brassicaceae family) in the same location more than one year in a row - this gives any remaining blackleg fungus in the growing site a year to die off. Additionally, in the event of blackleg, remove all plant debris left over after a harvest. This dead or dying plant material can contain live fungi for months, leading to the re-infection of the next crop. If you have any doubts about whether certain seeds are contaminated with the fungus or not, washing the seeds in hot water can help remove the fungus prior to planting.
A: Treat boron deficiency with seaweed extract. Stop clubroot by eliminating infected plants. Prevent blackleg by practicing crop rotation.

Q: Write a "L" on the inside of the foot to remind yourself that this piece will be for your left moccasin and put a dot where the T intersects. Write a "R" on the inside of the leather and again, mark a dot where the T intersects. You are only cutting out the sole template, which looks like a rough outline of your foot.
A: Take a large piece of leather at least 20 inches (50.8cm) by 16 inches (40.6cm) and trace the entire triangular left foot template on the inside of the leather using a pencil. Flip the template over and repeat the previous step for your right foot. Once you've transferred both triangle templates, cut out the foot outline from the paper template. Trace the left sole onto a new piece of the leather and write "L" on the inside to remind yourself that this outline is for the left sole. Flip the sole template over and repeat the previous step for your right foot, being sure to mark a "R" on the inside of the leather. Cut out all four pieces from the leather using scissors.

Q: Most people have heard the phrase "supply and demand" used in reference to the mysterious forces governing market economies, but many don't understand these concepts' full implications. "Demand" refers to the desire for a good or service in the marketplace. Generally, if all other factors are equal, demand for a product will fall as its price increases. For example, let's say that a company is about to release a new model of television. The more they charge for this new model, the fewer televisions they can expect to sell overall. This is because consumers have limited amounts of money to spend and, by paying for a more expensive television, they may have to forego spending money on other things which can give them some greater benefit (groceries, gasoline, mortgage, etc.). Conversely, the law of supply dictates that products and services that demand a high price will be supplied at a high rate. Essentially, people who sell things want to make as much revenue as possible by selling lots of expensive products, so, if a certain type of product or service is very lucrative, producers will rush to produce that product or service. For example, let's say that right before Mother's Day, tulips become very expensive. In response to this, the farmers who have the ability to produce tulips will pour resources into this activity, generating as many tulips as possible to take advantage of the high-price situation. One very common way that economists express the relationship between supply and demand is via 2-dimensional x/y graph. Usually, in this case, the x axis is set as Q, the quantity of goods in the marketplace, and the y axis is set as P, the price of the goods. Demand is expressed as a curve sloping from the top left to the bottom right of the graph and supply is expressed as a curve sloping from the bottom left to the top right. The intersection of the supply and demand curves is the point at which the market is at equilibriumin other words, the point at which producers are producing precisely as many goods and services as consumers demand. Marginal utility is the increase in satisfaction a consumer gets from consuming one additional unit of a good or service. In very general terms, the marginal utility of goods and services is subject to diminishing returnsin other words, each additional unit purchased provides less and less benefit to the consumer. Eventually, the marginal utility of the good or service diminishes to the point that it's not "worth it" for the consumer to purchase an additional unit. For example, let's say that a consumer is very hungry. She goes to a restaurant and orders a hamburger for $5. After this hamburger, she's still a little hungry, so she orders another hamburger for $5. The marginal utility of this second hamburger is slightly less than that of the first since it provides less satisfaction in terms of relief from hunger for its cost than the first hamburger does. The consumer decides not to buy a third hamburger because she's full, and thus, the third hamburger has virtually no marginal utility for her. Consumer surplus is broadly defined as the difference between an item's "total value" or "total value received" to consumers and the actual price that they pay for it. In other words, if consumers pay less for a product than what it's worth to them, consumer surplus represents their "savings". As a simplified example, let's say that a consumer is in the market for a used car. He has given himself $10,000 to spend. If he buys a car with everything he wants for $6,000, we can say that he has a consumer surplus of $4,000. In other words, the car was worth $10,000 to him, but he ended up with the car and a surplus of $4,000 to spend as he pleases on other things.
A:
Understand the law of demand. Understand the law of supply. Understand how supply and demand are represented graphically. Understand marginal utility. Understand consumer surplus.