question: Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.

Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological "tree of life" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilised multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction.

In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book "On the Origin of Species" (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place.
1. Define evolution?
2. Who formulated the theory of evolution?
3. Name his book that he published?
4. what year?
5. Evolutionary processes give rise to what?
6. At what levels?
7. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped by what?
8. Define Evolution by natural selection?
9. Successive generations of populations are replaced by what?
10. Do the DNA sequences have a role in Evolution?
****
answer: 1. Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
2. Charles Darwin
3. On the Origin of Species
4. 1859
5. Biodiversity
6. species, individual organisms, and molecules.
7. speciation and by extinction.
8. natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive,
9. Progeny of parents.
10. Yes.

question: In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" upon reaching a certain valuethe modulus (plural moduli). The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae", published in 1801.

A familiar use of modular arithmetic is in the 12-hour clock, in which the day is divided into two 12-hour periods. If the time is 7:00 now, then 8 hours later it will be 3:00. Usual addition would suggest that the later time should be , but this is not the answer because clock time "wraps around" every 12 hours. Because the hour number starts over after it reaches 12, this is arithmetic "modulo" 12. According to the definition below, 12 is congruent not only to 12 itself, but also to 0, so the time called "12:00" could also be called "0:00", since 12 is congruent to 0 modulo 12.

Modular arithmetic can be handled mathematically by introducing a congruence relation on the integers that is compatible with the operations on integers: addition, subtraction, and multiplication. For a positive integer , two numbers and are said to be ", if their difference is an integer multiple of (that is, if there is an integer such that ). This congruence relation is typically considered when and are integers, and is denoted (some authors use instead of ; in this case, if the parentheses are omitted, this generally means that "mod" denotes the modulo operation, that is, that ).
1. How many hours are on the clock?
2. how is the day divided?
3. who published it?
4. When?
5. in what book?
6. Does 12 equal anything else?
7. What?
8. What time is it 8 hours after 7?
9. what wraps around after 12 hours?
10. what is modular arithmetic?
11. in what study?
12. do letters wrap around?
13. then what does
14. What can 12:00 also mean?
15. Does 3:00 equal 18:00?
16. are the intergers incompatiable?
17. Is the integer negative?
18. what does mod mean?
19. Can it be any number?
20. who developed the modern tech?
****
answer: 1. 12
2. divided into two 12-hour periods
3. Carl Friedrich Gauss
4. 1801.
5. Disquisitiones Arithmeticae",
6. Yes
7. 0
8. Three
9. clock time
10. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers,
11. In mathematics
12. No
13. numbers
14. 0:00
15. unknown
16. no
17. no
18. Modulo operation
19. no
20. Carl Friedrich Gauss

question: CHAPTER IV

Mrs. Penniman, with more buckles and bangles than ever, came, of course, to the entertainment, accompanied by her niece; the Doctor, too, had promised to look in later in the evening. There was to be a good deal of dancing, and before it had gone very far, Marian Almond came up to Catherine, in company with a tall young man. She introduced the young man as a person who had a great desire to make our heroine's acquaintance, and as a cousin of Arthur Townsend, her own intended.

Marian Almond was a pretty little person of seventeen, with a very small figure and a very big sash, to the elegance of whose manners matrimony had nothing to add. She already had all the airs of a hostess, receiving the company, shaking her fan, saying that with so many people to attend to she should have no time to dance. She made a long speech about Mr. Townsend's cousin, to whom she administered a tap with her fan before turning away to other cares. Catherine had not understood all that she said; her attention was given to enjoying Marian's ease of manner and flow of ideas, and to looking at the young man, who was remarkably handsome. She had succeeded, however, as she often failed to do when people were presented to her, in catching his name, which appeared to be the same as that of Marian's little stockbroker. Catherine was always agitated by an introduction; it seemed a difficult moment, and she wondered that some people--her new acquaintance at this moment, for instance-- should mind it so little. She wondered what she ought to say, and what would be the consequences of her saying nothing. The consequences at present were very agreeable. Mr. Townsend, leaving her no time for embarrassment, began to talk with an easy smile, as if he had known her for a year.
1. Who had buckles and bangles?
2. who went with her to the entertainment?
3. Who was expected to come?
4. Was they going to dance?
5. who came up to Catherine?
6. Was she alone?
7. how old was Almond?
8. Was she overeweight?
9. What did she have the airs of?
10. what was one thing she did as a hostess?
11. What was she shaking?
12. Was she goinng to dance?
13. Did she make a short speech?
14. Who was the speech about?
15. Who was Catherine paying attention to?
16. was the man ugly?
17. who had the same name?
18. How did Catherine feel about introductions?
19. Did she know what she would say?
20. Did she consider saying nothing?
****
answer:
1. Mrs. Penniman
2. her niece
3. the Doctor
4. Yes
5. Marian Almond
6. No
7. seventeen
8. No
9. a hostess
10. receiving the company
11. her fan
12. No
13. No
14. Mr. Townsend's cousin
15. Marian
16. No
17. Marian's stockbroker
18. it seemed a difficult moment
19. No
20. Yes