Make use of the article to answer the questions.

In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a fewtypically only one or twomonophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic "with respect to" the excluded subgroups. The arrangement of the members of a paraphyletic group is called a paraphyly. The term is commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in linguistics.

The term was coined to apply to well-known taxa like reptiles (Reptilia) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestorincluding all extant reptiles as well as the extinct synapsidsexcept for mammals and birds. Other commonly recognized paraphyletic groups include fish, monkeys and lizards.

If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. A paraphyletic group cannot be a clade, which is a monophyletic group.

Groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor are said to be "monophyletic". A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more subsidiary clades (monophyletic groups) are excluded to form a separate group. Ereshefsky has argued that paraphyletic taxa are the result of anagenesis in the excluded group or groups. For example, dinosaurs are paraphyletic with respect to birds because birds possess many features that dinosaurs lack and occupy a distinctive niche.

1. what is it said to be if many subgroups are missing?
2. what group cannot be a clade?
3. what is monophyletic?
4. what are groups that include all descendants of a common ancestor?
5. is a paraphyletic group monophyletic?
6. what are dinosaurs?
7. what was the term coined to apply to?
8. like?
9. what contains the last common ancestor of reptiles?
10. does it also include all it's descendants?
11. are mammals and birds included?
12. are there other commonly recognized groups?
13. how many?
14. please name one
15. and what else?
16. what would the last be?
17. shat is a subfield of biology mentioned in the article?
18. and what term is used in phylogenetics?
19. what is that?
20. who argues that paraphyletic taxa are the result of anagenesis?

Numbered answers:
1. polyparaphyletic
2. A paraphyletic group
3. a clade
4. "monophyletic".
5. yes
6. For example, dinosaurs are paraphyletic with respect to birds because birds possess many features that dinosaurs lack and occupy a distinctive niche.
7. well-known taxa
8. reptiles
9. Reptilia
10. yes
11. no
12. yes
13. Three
14. fish
15. monkeys
16. lizards
17. phylogenetics
18. paraphyly.
19. The arrangement of the members of a paraphyletic group
20. Ereshefsky