Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Occitan, also known as lenga d'oc by its native speakers, is a Romance language. It is spoken in southern France, Italy's Occitan Valleys, Monaco, and Spain's Val d'Aran; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania. Occitan is also spoken in the linguistic enclave of Guardia Piemontese (Calabria, Italy). However, there is controversy about the unity of the language, as some think that Occitan is a macrolanguage. Others include Catalan in this family, as the distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance among different Occitan dialects. In fact, Catalan was considered an Occitan dialect until the end of the 19th century.

Today, Occitan is an official language in Catalonia, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese is spoken in the Val d'Aran. Occitan's closest relative is Catalan. Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.

Across history, the terms Limousin ("Lemosin"), Languedocien ("Lengadocian"), Gascon, and later Provencal ("Provencal", "Provencau" or "Prouvencau") have been used as synonyms for the whole of Occitan; nowadays, "Provencal" is understood mainly as the Occitan dialect spoken in Provence.

1. What is Occitan the official language of?
2. What subdialect is spoken there?
3. What is Occitan known as by native speakers?
4. What type of language is it?
5. Where is it spoken?
6. Where else?
7. Anywhere else?
8. Where?
9. What are these areas sometimes called?
10. Is there controversy about the language?
11. What kind?
12. What do some think?
13. What about others?
14. What do they think it is similar to?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Catalonia
2. Aranese
3. lenga d'oc
4. a Romance language
5. in southern France
6. Italy's Occitan Valleys
7. yes
8. Monaco and Spain's Val d'Aran
9. Occitania
10. yes
11. about the unity of the language
12. that Occitan is a macrolanguage
13. some include Catalan in this family
14. the distance among different Occitan dialects

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Chad, officially the Republic of Chad ( '; "Republic of the Chad"), is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west. It is the fifth largest country in Africa in terms of area.

Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa. The capital N'Djamena is the largest city.

Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. The religions of Chad are Islam (at 55%), followed by Christianity (at 40%).

Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of Francois Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south's hegemony. However, the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissene Habre defeated his rivals. He was overthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Deby. Since 2003 the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border and destabilised the nation, with hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees living in and around camps in eastern Chad. Unsustainable high birth rates and a lack of agriculture let the country persist in poverty.

1. What is Chad named after?
2. What record does it hold?
3. When did France conquer the area?
4. What did they merge it with?
5. When did Chad become it's own country?
6. Who was in control at that time?
7. When was Habre tossed out?
8. By whom?
9. How many official languages are spoken in Chad?
10. Is one English?
11. Can you name one?
12. How much of the population is Christian?
13. What's the other primary religion?
14. Is that the religion of more than half of the people?
15. Is all of Chad a desert?
16. What major emergency is taking place that's destabilizing the nation?
17. How many refugees are living in eastern Chad?
18. Where are they from?
19. Do they live in houses there?
20. What's one thing that's keeping Chad in poverty?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Lake Chad
2. second-largest in Africa
3. 1920
4. French Equatorial Africa
5. 1960
6. Francois Tombalbaye
7. 1990
8. Idriss Deby
9. Two
10. no
11. Arabic
12. 40%
13. Islam
14. yes
15. no
16. Darfur crisis
17. hundreds of thousands
18. Sudan
19. no in camps
20. high birth rates

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

The University of Michigan (U-M, UM, UMich, or U of M), frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the "Catholepistemiad", or University of Michigania, 20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, the University of Michigan is the state's oldest university. In 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto of what is now known as Central Campus. Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus, two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn, and a Center in Detroit. The University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities.

Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States, Michigan is classified as a "Doctoral University with Very High Research" by the Carnegie Foundation. Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) as well as professional degrees in architecture, business, medicine, law, pharmacy, nursing, social work, public health, and dentistry. Michigan's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world.

1. When was U of M founded?
2. In what city?
3. Is it one of the top research universities in the US?
4. How is it classified?
5. Who gave this it this classification?
6. What are the STEM fields?
7. How many people comprise their living alumni?
8. Is U of M a public or private school?
9. In what city is it located?
10. What was the name of the school when it was founded?
11. When did campus move to Ann Arbor?
12. How many buildings are there?
13. Where are the two regional campuses located?
14. The school was a founding member of what?
15. What fields does the school offer doctoral degrees in?
16. How many fields do they offer professional degrees in?
17. Is one offered in public health?
18. In what city is a "Center" of the University located?
19. Does the school have one of the biggest alumni groups in the world?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. 1817
2. Detroit
3. Yes.
4. "Doctoral University with Very High Research"
5. Carnegie Foundation.
6. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
7. 540,000
8. Public
9. Ann Arbor
10. Catholepistemiad
11. 1837
12. 584
13. Flint and Dearborn
14. Association of American Universities.
15. The humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields
16. Nine
17. Yes.
18. Detroit.
19. Yes.