Student A:A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance. Such species are described as playing a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community. A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions. Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether.

Answer this question based on the passage: a species that has an essential role in maintaining ecosystem structure is called a?
Student B:OK... The important part for answering this question is: Such species are described as playing a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community.
A keystone species.

Problem:Within the executive branch itself, the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the priorities of the government. The president can issue rules, regulations, and instructions called executive orders, which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require approval of the United States Congress. Executive orders are subject to judicial review and interpretation.

Based on this passage, what can the president do without congress approval?
Solution:OK... The relevant information to answer the above question is: The president can issue rules, regulations, and instructions called executive orders, which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require approval of the United States Congress.
issue rules , regulations , and instructions called executive orders.

Student A:Karen Lucille Hale (born June 14, 1989) is an American actress and singer. Earlier in her career, she was sometimes credited as Lucy Kate Hale. Hale first came to prominence as one of the five winners of the reality show American Juniors, a children's spin off of American Idol. She is best known for her role as Aria Montgomery on the Freeform series Pretty Little Liars, which won her a People's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actress in 2014. The same year, she released her debut studio album, Road Between.

Answer this question: who plays as aria in pretty little liars?
Student B:OK... The important part for answering this question is: She is best known for her role as Aria Montgomery on the Freeform series Pretty Little Liars, which won her a People's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actress in 2014.
Karen Lucille Hale.

Problem:Context: Dartmoor Zoological Park (originally Dartmoor Wildlife Park) is a 30-acre (12 ha) zoo near the village of Sparkwell, on the south-west edge of Dartmoor, in the county of Devon in the South West of England. It was opened in 1968 by Ellis Daw who ran it until its licence was revoked and it was forced to close in 2006. The zoo was bought in August 2006 by Benjamin Mee who moved in with his two children Milo and Ella and reopened the zoo in July 2007, later writing a book about his experiences called We Bought a Zoo (2008). A 2011 film of the same title was loosely based on the book.

Question: where is dartmoor zoo from we bought a zoo?
Solution:OK... To answer this question, we should know that: Dartmoor Zoological Park (originally Dartmoor Wildlife Park) is a 30-acre (12 ha) zoo near the village of Sparkwell, on the south-west edge of Dartmoor, in the county of Devon in the South West of England.
near the village of Sparkwell , on the south - west edge of Dartmoor , in the county of Devon in the South West of England.

Student A:The Cullinan Diamond is the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, weighing 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g), discovered at the Premier No. 2 mine in Cullinan, modern-day South Africa, on 26 January 1905. It was named after the chairman of the mine, Thomas Cullinan.

Answer this question: where was the world's largest diamond found?
Student B:OK... The relevant information is: The Cullinan Diamond is the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, weighing 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g), discovered at the Premier No. 2 mine in Cullinan, modern-day South Africa, on 26 January 1905.
the Premier No. 2 mine in Cullinan , modern - day South Africa.

Student A:The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics. Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine, seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle (Romans 5: 12 -- 21 and 1 Corinthians 15: 22) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51: 5. Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence (or "hurtful desire"), affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom. The Jansenist movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will.

Answer this question based on the passage: when did the doctrine of original sin begin?
Student B:
OK... This is the relevant information: The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics.
the 2nd century.