Information: - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe type of muscular dystrophy. The symptom of muscle weakness usually begin around the age of four in boys and worsens quickly. Typically muscle loss occurs first in the upper legs and pelvis followed by those of the upper arms. This can result in trouble standing up. Most are unable to walk by the age of 12. Affected muscles may look larger due to increased fat content. Scoliosis is also common. Some may have intellectual disability. Females with a single copy of the defective gene may show mild symptoms. The disorder is X-linked recessive. About two thirds of cases are inherited from a person's parents, while one third of cases are due to a new mutation. It is caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein dystrophin. Dystrophin is important to maintain the muscle fiber's cell membrane. Genetic testing can often make the diagnosis at birth. Those affected also have a high level of creatine kinase in their blood. No cure for muscular dystrophy is known. Physical therapy, braces, and corrective surgery may help with some symptoms. Assisted ventilation may be required in those with weakness of breathing muscles. Medications used include steroids to slow muscle degeneration, anticonvulsants to control seizures and some muscle activity, and immunosuppressants to delay damage to dying muscle cells. DMD affects about one in 5,000 males at birth. It is the most common type of muscular dystrophy. The average life expectancy is 26; however, with excellent care, some may live into their 30s or 40s. Gene therapy, as a treatment, is in the early stages of study in humans. - Dystroglycan is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "DAG1" gene. - Originally identified as Kirsten ras associated gene (krag), Sarcospan (SSPN) (is a 25-kDa transmembrane protein located in the dystrophin-associated protein complex of skeletal muscle cells, where it is most abundant. It contains four transmembrane spanning helices with both N- and C-terminal domains located intracellularly. Loss of SSPN expression occurs in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin is required for proper localization of SSPN. SSPN is also an essential regulator of Akt signaling pathways. Without SSPN, Akt signaling pathways will be hindered and muscle regeneration will not occur. - Dystrophin is a rod - shaped cytoplasmic protein , and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane . This complex is variously known as the costamere or the dystrophin - associated protein complex . Many muscle proteins , such as - dystrobrevin , syncoilin , synemin , sarcoglycan , dystroglycan , and sarcospan , colocalize with dystrophin at the costamere . The dystrophin gene is one of the longest human genes known , covering 2.5 megabases ( 0.08 % of the human genome ) at locus Xp21 . The primary transcript measures about 2,400 kilobases and takes 16 hours to transcribe ; the mature mRNA measures 14.0 kilobases . The 79 exons code for a protein of over 3500 amino acid residues . 'dystrophin' is related to which object entity through the relation of 'ortholog'? Choices: - dag1 - dmd - sarcospan
dmd
(Question)
Information: - Florinda Bolkan (born Florinda Soares Bulcao; 15 February 1941) is a Brazilian actress. - An Erotic thriller is a film genre defined by a thriller with a thematic basis in illicit romance or erotic fantasy. Most erotic thrillers contain scenes of softcore sex and nudity, but the frequency and explicitness of those scenes varies. - Anthony Peter "Tony" Musante, Jr. (June 30, 1936 November 26, 2013) was an American actor, probably best known for the TV series "Toma". - Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection. - Laura Antonelli (born Laura Antonaz; 28 November 1941 22 June 2015) was an Italian film actress, who appeared in 45 films between 1965 and 1991. - The Trap ( Italian : La Gabbia ) , also known as Collector 's Item , Dead Fright and The Cage , is a 1985 erotic thriller starring Tony Musante , Laura Antonelli , and Florinda Bolkan . 'the trap ' is related to which object entity through the relation of 'instance of'? Choices: - area - brazil - continent - country - debate - february - film - film genre - forest - frequency - genre - june - november - ocean - republic - romance - series
(Answer)
film