Answer the following question given this paragraph: Bundles of fibers can be used to transmit an image without a lens, as illustrated in Figure 25.15. The output of a device called an endoscope is shown in Figure 25.15(b). Endoscopes are used to explore the body through various orifices or minor incisions. Light is transmitted down one fiber bundle to illuminate internal parts, and the reflected light is transmitted back out through another to be observed. Surgery can be performed, such as arthroscopic surgery on the knee joint, employing cutting tools attached to and observed with the endoscope. Samples can also be obtained, such as by lassoing an intestinal polyp for external examination. Fiber optics has revolutionized surgical techniques and observations within the body. There are a host of medical diagnostic and therapeutic uses. The flexibility of the fiber optic bundle allows it to navigate around difficult and small regions in the body, such as the intestines, the heart, blood vessels, and joints. Transmission of an intense laser beam to burn away obstructing plaques in major arteries as well as delivering light to activate chemotherapy drugs are becoming commonplace. Optical fibers have in fact enabled microsurgery and remote surgery where the incisions are small and the surgeon's fingers do not need to touch the diseased tissue. Q: Endoscopes are used to explore the body through various orifices or these? A:
OPTIONS:
- dermal tears
- major incisions
- ocular cavity
- minor incisions
minor incisions

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: In neurons, what often involves gated sodium channels? A:
OPTIONS:
- fermentation
- excitation
- polarization
- depolarization

Answer: depolarization

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Inside the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells is the cytoplasm. It contains several structures, including ribosomes, a cytoskeleton, and genetic material. Ribosomes are sites where proteins are made. The cytoskeleton helps the cell keep its shape. The genetic material is usually a single loop of DNA. There may also be small, circular pieces of DNA, called plasmids . (see Figure below ). The cytoplasm may contain microcompartments as well. These are tiny structures enclosed by proteins. They contain enzymes and are involved in metabolic processes. Q: A flower's colors come from what part of the plant? A:
OPTIONS:
- glycogen
- Petiole
- Internode
- vacuole
Answer: vacuole

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The prostate gland secretes a fluid that mixes with sperm to help form semen. Semen is a whitish liquid that contains sperm. It passes through the urethra and out of the body. Q: What gland secretes a fluid that mixes with sperm to help form semen? A:
OPTIONS:
- testicle
- thymus
- thyroid
- prostate gland
output: prostate gland

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Nearly all earthquakes occur at plate boundaries, and all types of plate boundaries have earthquakes. Q: Nearly all earthquakes occur where? A:

OPTIONS:
- plate centers
- in Asia
- in large cities
- plate boundaries

A: plate boundaries

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Binary fission occurs when a parent cell simply splits into two daughter cells. This method is described in detail in the lesson "Cell Division. " Bacteria reproduce this way. You can see a bacterial cell reproducing by binary fission in Figure below . Q: How does bacteria reproduce? A:
OPTIONS:
- sexual reproduction
- budding
- pollination
- binary fission
binary fission