Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PCa) are characterized by intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations, including increased neural density and hypertrophy, pancreatic neuritis and neural invasion (NI) by cancer cells in PCa. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of these neuropathic changes on the quality of pancreatic innervation, intrapancreatic glia, and visceral pain.', 'Pancreatic nerve fiber qualities were characterized by immunohistochemical visualization of various markers, including those for sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) and cholinergic innervation (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT), as well as the glial transcription factor, Sox10, and the neuroepithelial progenitor cell marker, Nestin, in normal pancreas (NP, n=16), CP (n=20), and PCa (n=20) patients. The neural immunoreactivity scores of these markers were correlated with the severity of intrapancreatic neuropathic changes and with abdominal pain sensation of patients.', 'Pancreatic sympathetic innervation was significantly reduced in CP and PCa, whereas parasympathetic innervation did not show major changes. Nestin neuro-immunoreactivity was stronger, and Sox10-immunoreactivity was weaker in CP and PCa than in NP. Pancreatic sympathetic and cholinergic innervation was noticeably decreased in patients with severe pancreatic neuritis, NI by cancer cells, or abdominal pain. Moreover, the neural immunoreactivity for Sox10 and Nestin also varied with intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations and abdominal pain.

Output: 1

Input: Consider Input: The appropriateness of vigorous fluid resuscitation to normal blood pressure following hemorrhage in uncontrolled bleeding has recently been questioned due to the possibility of dislodging clots and exacerbating hemorrhage. To develop a rational blood pressure target that maximizes the metabolic benefits of resuscitation without causing increased blood loss, it was first necessary to determine whether there is a reproducible mean arterial pressure (MAP) at which rebleeding occurs. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the rate and time of resuscitation after injury and the rebleeding MAP in an uncontrolled hemorrhage model.', "Sixty-two anesthetized pigs were instrumented with catheters and splenectomized, and suction tubes were placed in the lateral peritoneal recesses to continuously capture shed blood. With the abdomen open, an aortotomy was made in the infrarenal aorta. At either 5, 15, or 30 minutes after the end of the initial hemorrhage, resuscitation with warmed lactated Ringer's solution was begun at either 100 or 300 mL/min. The rebleeding MAP was determined at the moment blood appeared in the suction tubes.", 'The average pressure at the rebleeding point for all animals was MAP = 64 +/- 2, Systolic = 94 +/- 3, and Diastolic = 45 +/- 2 mm Hg. The pressure at which rebleeding occurred in this aortotomy model was not affected by either time of resuscitation (5-30 min), nor was the rebleeding pressure affected by the rate (100 vs. 300 mL/min) of resuscitation.

Output: 0

Input: Consider Input: Controversy exists over whether or not single-needle liver biopsies are sufficient to compare histological parameters in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.', 'To identify sampling variability, we biopsied four liver specimens per patient, based on biopsy size (needle vs wedge) and location (left vs right lobe), immediately prior to bariatric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.', "Ten prospectively enrolled, morbidly obese patients underwent 40 laparoscopy-guided biopsies; two needle and two wedge from each of 16 left and 16 right liver lobes. The Kappa coefficient for concordance compared histological parameters from left and right lobe needle- and wedge biopsies. Wedge biopsies were considered our 'Gold Standard'.", 'Each patient had two wedge- and two needle liver biopsies. Kappa concordance between all needle and wedge biopsies from right and left lobes showed variability. Wedge- and needle liver biopsies from contralateral lobes had higher concordance with each other, compared to ipsilateral needle/wedge biopsy pairs. Contralateral wedge pairs had higher concordance than contralateral needle/needle pairs. There were no biopsy complications.
Output: 1