In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

The speaker of one work by this author observes the "little promontory" on which the titular creature stood. In one of his works, a boy is brought to tears by the "he-birds" calls for his lost mate, and repeatedly makes out the word "death" from the rustling of the ocean. The speaker of another of his poems declares that he sees the "clouds of the west" and the "flood tide below [him]" face to face, while the speaker of his most famous work states that "what [he] assumes, you shall assume" after proclaiming that he celebrates himself. For 10 points, name this American poet whose poems "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" and "Song of Myself" appear in Leaves of Grass.
Literature

Matousek developed a method for analyzing covered objects by taking the difference between two close measurements called the spatially-offset variety of spectroscopy named for this effect, which has another variety with competing explanations proposed by Albrecht and Creighton and by Jeanmaire and Van Duyne, and occurs on rough metal surfaces. Another form can, due to the properties of the Kramers-Heisenberg formula, dominate the x-ray fluorescence spectrum. This effect, which comes in the aforementioned surface-enhanced and resonance varieties, was discovered independently by Mandelstam and Landsburg. This process can be described as a photon exciting a molecule into a virtual energy state, and it sees energy either absorbed or released in its Stokes and anti-Stokes forms. For 10 points, name this process by which a photon is inelastically scattered.
Science

The Kairos Document was a theological response to this policy, and CODESA I and II attempted to negotiate an end to it. The National Party implemented this policy after coming to power under Daniel Malan, and many of its opponents were convicted in the Rivonia Trial. Harold Macmillan denounced this policy in his "Wind of Change" speech, and the Spear of the Nation was one of the most militant opponents of it. Many of the opponents of this policy were imprisoned on Robben Island, and after it was ended, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was set up. Ended by Frederick Willem de Klerk and opposed by Nelson Mandela, for 10 points, name this policy of racial segregation in South Africa.
History