Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The placenta develops throughout the embryonic period and during the first several weeks of the fetal period; placentation is complete by weeks 1416. As a fully developed organ, the placenta provides nutrition and excretion, respiration, and endocrine function (Table 28.1 and Figure 28.12). It receives blood from the fetus through the umbilical arteries. Capillaries in the chorionic villi filter fetal wastes out of the blood and return clean, oxygenated blood to the fetus through the umbilical vein. Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from maternal blood surrounding the villi through the capillaries and into the fetal bloodstream. Some substances move across the placenta by simple diffusion. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and any other lipid-soluble substances take this route. Other substances move across by facilitated diffusion. This includes water-soluble glucose. The fetus has a high demand for amino acids and iron, and those substances are moved across the placenta by active transport. Maternal and fetal blood does not commingle because blood cells cannot move across the placenta. This separation prevents the mother's cytotoxic T cells from reaching and subsequently destroying the fetus, which bears "non-self" antigens. Further, it ensures the fetal red blood cells do not enter the mother's circulation and trigger antibody development (if they carry "non-self" antigens)at least until the final stages of pregnancy or birth. This is the reason that, even in the absence of preventive treatment, an Rh mother doesn't develop antibodies that could cause hemolytic disease in her first Rh+ fetus. Although blood cells are not exchanged, the chorionic villi provide ample surface area for the two-way exchange of substances between maternal and fetal blood. The rate of exchange increases throughout gestation as the villi become thinner and increasingly branched. The placenta is permeable to lipid-soluble fetotoxic substances: alcohol, nicotine, barbiturates, antibiotics, certain pathogens, and many other substances... Q: Capillaries in the chorionic villi filter fetal wastes out of the blood and return clean, oxygenated blood to the fetus through what? A:
OPTIONS:
- separates vein
- Back Vein
- skin vein
- umbilical vein
Answer: umbilical vein

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. They stick to tears in blood vessels and to each other, forming a plug at the site of injury. They also release chemicals that are needed for clotting to occur. Q: What is the term for the cell fragments involved in blood clotting, which stick to tears in blood vessels and to each other? A:
OPTIONS:
- molecules
- droplets
- cells
- platelets
output: platelets

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Acceleration occurs when a force is applied to a moving object. Q: What occurs when force is applied to a moving object? A:

OPTIONS:
- stimulation
- inertia
- transmission
- acceleration

A: acceleration

input: OPTIONS:
- whales
- birds
- bears
- fish Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The earliest and simplest vertebrates are fish. Fish also have the greatest number of vertebrate classes. Think about some of the fish you are familiar with, such as fish you eat or fish you may have seen in aquariums. Q: What are the earliest and simplest vertebrates? A:
A:
output: fish

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What do you call the formation of a water vapor pocket? A:

OPTIONS:
- conduction
- precipitation
- coagulation
- cavitation

Answer: cavitation

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The largest-mass stars become black holes . These extremely large stars end their life in the same way as a medium-mass star in that they become a supernova. After the outer layers are blown away in the supernova, however, the core of the star shrinks down in volume but still has a huge mass. The density of this object is extremely high, even denser than neutron stars. This dense object will have a gravitational force so large that not even light can escape from the body. (A companion topic to this occurs in The General Theory of Relativity where we see than extremely strong gravitational attraction can even attract light. ) These objects appear black because light cannot leave them, that is, they pull all light back to their surface. Black holes capture everything nearby due to their massive gravity and so they grow in size. Black holes are a common topic for science fiction but keep in mind, they are simply a very dense ball of matter with intense gravitational attraction. Q: Very large stars eventually become what extremely dense space regions, which are so dense that no light can escape from them? A:

OPTIONS:
- worm holes
- dark matter
- moons
- black holes

A:
black holes