Read the following article and answer the question. Article: To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" _ . Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce, the makers and dealers first find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction--the firm and the customer--and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. Question: What was the main concern of industries before the marketing concept was widely accepted? Answer:
OPTIONS:
- The needs of the market.
- The efficiency of production.
- The satisfaction of the user.
- The preferences of the dealer.
The efficiency of production.
--
Read the following article and answer the question. Article: Three wishes A man and his wife were very poor. They kept hoping for new clothes and good food. The man enjoyed eating, and he especially liked cakes. One night an old woman came to their house and told them she would let them have three wishes. They could wish for anything they wanted. The man had just finished eating a piece of bread for his dinner, but he was still hungry. He said, "I wish I had a big cake!" Suddenly a cake appeared on his plate. "You fool!" His wife cried. "You could have wished for a house full of wonderful food, but you wished for a cake. I wish that cake was on the end of your foolish nose! " Immediately the cake stuck to the end of his nose. Then the man and his wife started blaming each other. "It's your fault!" the man cried. "No, it's your fault!" she answered. What could they do? The cake was still stuck to the husband's nose. "Oh!" the wife cried. "I wish none of this had ever happened!" Immediately the cake was gone, and the man was saying, "I'm still hungry. How I wish I had some cakes! " But of course nothing happened. Question: The man quarreled with his wife because _ . Answer:
OPTIONS:
- he always enjoyed eating
- his wife hoped that he asked for a house
- the cake stuck to the end of his nose according to his wife's wish.
- he didn't want anything except cakes
the cake stuck to the end of his nose according to his wife's wish.
--
Read the following article and answer the question. Article: Home gardens are very common in America. They can provide people with fresh vegetables, but hard work should be done. For example, you have to fight against insects and animals in home gardens, because they like the fresh vegetables as much as us. Maybe you will surround a small garden with a wire fence, but this may not keep out birds or some digging animals. Instead, it can reduce unwanted visitors. You can remove harmful insects by hand. But if you want to use poisons, be extremely careful. Be sure to follow all the safety directions. There is another way to fight insects-avoid planting a crop in the same place every year. Insects lay eggs in the soil, so they reappear yearly. Moving a crop from place to place in the garden can keep insects away from the plants they like to eat. To reduce garden work, spread eight to ten centimetres of _ under and around vegetables. Mulch can be made of tree bark or the pages of newspapers. Mulch will help limit the growth of weeds and hold water in the soil. Mulch also provides fertilizer as it breaks down. You can talk to an agricultural adviser about other fertilizers to add to the soil. Harvest vegetables during the cool part of the morning if possible. Here is some advice for some popular kinds of vegetables: Harvest beans and peas when they have grown full, bright and green. Do not wait too long. Heads of broccoli should be harvested before any yellow flowers appear. More growth will develop later for a continuous harvest. Some greens like collards , mustard and spinach produce more leaves after the first harvest. They will continue to grow all the season. Pick green onions when they reach the desired size. Pick other onions when their top leaves turn yellow. A home garden can be hard work for several months. But a good harvest is the best reward. Question: According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? Answer:
OPTIONS:
- To reduce garden work, you can make use of newspapers.
- Mulch such as tree bark and the pages of newspapers provides fertilizer as it breaks down.
- Harvest beans and peas when they have grown full, bright and green.
- Some greens like collards, broccoli and spinach produce more leaves after the first harvest.
Some greens like collards, broccoli and spinach produce more leaves after the first harvest.
--
Read the following article and answer the question. Article: The rising sea waters caused by global warming have inspired a Russian architect to design a hotel that could be built on water as well as land.The eco-friendly "Ark" could be constructed in just a few months anywhere in the world, the designer says. It's called "The Ark",but looks more like a ship sitting upside down on the water.A new design by Russian architect A1exander Remizov challenges the tradition of land-based hotel and would provide a shelter in the future--should the world face a modern-day flood as described in the Bible. The building of the hotel could be fast and simple."Prefabricated section could be put together in three to four months," Remizov said. The versatile structure could be constructed in most corners of the earth, even in earthquake-prone areas.Constructing "The Ark"--which would include 14 000 square meters of living space---would cost roughly the same as building an energy-efficient house. The self-supporting structure would be built around a central post, connecting wind generators and heat pumps on its roof with the basement,where solar,wind,and thermal energy could be stored and turned into electricity. Remizov has designed the building without glass,choosing instead the lasting and self-cleaning foil that could defend itself against rough weather conditions.That foil would be fastened to metals,which would also collect rainwater.The building would also feature an indoor jungle, creating its microclimate. Question: Which of the following might be the shortest time to make the parts of "The Ark"? Answer:
OPTIONS:
- 14 months.
- 3 months.
- 4 months.
- 7 months.
3 months.
--