input: OPTIONS:
- hydroceptive
- covalent
- hydroaversive
- hydrophilic Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Membrane boundaries and capturing energy In which we consider how the aqueous nature of biological systems drives the formation of lipidbased barrier membranes and how such membranes are used to capture and store energy from the environment and chemical reactions. We consider how coupled reactions are used to drive macromolecular synthesis and growth. Defining the cell's boundary A necessary step in the origin of life was the generation of a discrete barrier, a boundary layer, that serves to separate the living non-equilibrium reaction system from the rest of the universe. This boundary layer, the structural ancestor of the plasma membrane of modern cells, serves to maintain the integrity of the living system and mediates the movement of materials and energy into and out of the cell. Based on our current observations, the plasma membrane of all modern cells appears to be a homologous structure derived from a precursor present in the last common ancestor of life. So what is the structure of this barrier (plasma) membrane? How is it built and how does it work? When a new cell is formed its plasma membrane is derived from the plasma membrane of the progenitor cell. As the cell grows, new molecules must be added into the membrane to enable it to increase its surface area. Biological membranes are composed of two general classes of molecules, proteins (which we will discuss in much greater detail in the next section of the course) and lipids. It is worth noting explicitly here that, unlike a number of other types of molecules we will be considering, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, lipids are not a structurally coherent group, that is they do not have one particular basic structure. Structurally diverse molecules, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, are both considered lipids. While there is a relatively small set of common lipid types, there are many different lipids found in biological systems and the characterization of their structure and function(s) has led to a new area of... Q: All lipids have two distinct domains, a hydrophobic and a what? A:
A:
output: hydrophilic

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Which of the following statements about the human eye is false? a. Rods detect color, while cones detect only shades of gray. When light enters the retina, it passes the ganglion cells and bipolar cells before reaching photoreceptors at the rear of the eye. The iris adjusts the amount of light coming into the eye. The cornea is a protective layer on the front of the eye. The main function of the lens is to focus light on the retina and fovea centralis. The lens is dynamic, focusing and refocusing light as the eye rests on near and far objects in the visual field. The lens is operated by muscles that stretch it flat or allow it to thicken, changing the focal length of light coming through it to focus it sharply on the retina. With age comes the loss of the flexibility of the lens, and a form of farsightedness called presbyopia results. Presbyopia occurs because the image focuses behind the retina. Presbyopia is a deficit similar to a different type of farsightedness called hyperopia caused by an eyeball that is too short. For both defects, images in the distance are clear but images nearby are blurry. Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when an eyeball is elongated and the image focus falls in front of the retina. In this case, images in the distance are blurry but images nearby are clear. There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina: rods and cones, named for their general appearance as illustrated in Figure 36.18. Rods are strongly photosensitive and are located in the outer edges of the retina. They detect dim light and are used primarily for peripheral and nighttime vision. Cones are weakly photosensitive and are located near the center of the retina. They respond to bright light, and their primary role is in daytime, color vision. Q: What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina? A:

OPTIONS:
- holes and cones
- circles and cones
- images and cones
- rods and cones

Answer: rods and cones

Problem: OPTIONS:
- mineral
- vitamins
- hydrogen
- energy
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: At each level of a food chain, a lot of energy is lost. Only about 10 percent of the energy passes to the next level. Where does that energy go? Some energy is given off as heat. Some energy goes into animal wastes. Energy also goes into growing things that another consumer can't eat, like fur. It's because so much energy is lost that most food chains have just a few levels. There's not enough energy left for higher levels. Q: In a food chain, only about 10 percent of what passes to the next level? A:
Answer: energy

Problem:OPTIONS:
- ecological
- physical
- chemical
- biological

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Biological sources of air pollution include molds, pollen, and pet dander. Q: Molds, pollen, and pet dander are examples of air pollution with what type of source? A:
****
A: biological

Answer the following question given this paragraph: diploid spore in fungi that is produced by the fusion of two haploid parent cells. Q: Caffeine is an example of what type of drug? A:
OPTIONS:
- depressant
- barbiturate
- nicotine
- psychoactive
psychoactive

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The primary feature shared by all vertebrates is the vertebral column , or backbone. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord. Q: What does the vertebral column , or backbone, protect? A:
OPTIONS:
- disks
- neurons
- axons
- spinal cord

Answer:
spinal cord