Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Human inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), is associated with leukocyte accumulation in the inflamed intestinal tissue. Recent studies strongly suggest a role of beta1 integrin receptors in regulating tissue damage and disease symptoms related to inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the collagen-binding alpha2beta1 integrin (CD49b/CD29) in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice.", 'Colitis was induced in mice through oral administration of 2% dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water. Rectal administration of anti-alpha2-monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1 group was compared with oral treatment with betamethasone in another group and rectal administration of a control antibody in a third group. Clinical and histological signs of colitis, neutrophil infiltration into the colon mucosa, and gene expression of metalloproteinases were assessed.', 'Rectal administration of anti-alpha2-mAb was found to significantly reduce weight loss from 13.5% +/- 6.5% to 2.2% +/- 0.2% (P = 0.013 versus control mAb) and mucosal neutrophil infiltration from 47.2 +/- 10.0 to 6.6 +/- 8.0 neutrophils per counted area (P < 0.05 versus control mAb). Metalloproteinase gene expression was suppressed through anti-alpha2-mAb treatment. The protective effect against colitis seen after anti-alpha2beta1 integrin treatment was found to be favorable to the effect seen after high-dose oral betamethasone.

Output: 0

Input: Consider Input: To study the healing effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) on diabetic foot ulcers.', 'A total of 127 consecutive patients were screened and 61 diabetic subjects were recruited into this double-blind randomized controlled study. Predetermined criteria were used for diagnosis and classification of the diabetic wound. The patients were randomized into three groups. All patients attended our Diabetes Ambulatory Care Center every other week for joint consultation with the diabetologist and the podiatrist. Group 1 (control) was treated with Actovegin 5% cream (Actovegin), group 2 with Actovegin plus 0.02% (wt/wt) hEGF, and group 3 with Actovegin plus 0.04% (wt/wt) hEGF. The study end point was the complete closure of the wound. Failure to heal was arbitrarily defined as incomplete healing after 12 weeks.', 'Final data were obtained from 61 patients randomly assigned into three groups. The mean ages of the patients, wound sizes, wound duration, metabolic measurements, and comorbidities were comparable within groups, except that group 3 had more female patients. Mean follow-up for the patients was 24 weeks. Data were cutoff at 12 weeks, and results were analyzed by intention to treat. After 12 weeks, in group 1 (control) eight patients had complete healing, two patients underwent toe amputation, and nine had nonhealing ulcers. In group 2 (0.02% [wt/wt] hEGF) 12 patients experienced wound healing, 2 had toe amputations, and 7 had nonhealing ulcers. Some 20 of 21 patients in group 3 (0.04% [wt/wt] hEGF) showed complete wound healing. Healing rates were 42.10, 57.14, and 95% for the control, 0.02% (wt/wt) hEGF, and 0.04% (wt/wt) hEGF groups, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis suggested that application of cream with 0.04% (wt/wt) hEGF caused more ulcers to heal by 12 weeks and increased the rate of healing compared with the other treatments (log-rank test, P = 0.0003).

Output: 1

Input: Consider Input: Caffeine is a commonly used drug for apnea of prematurity. It may, however, also have a beneficial effect on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is the most common complication of extreme preterm birth.', 'To study the inflammatory, structural and functional effects of caffeine in an animal model of BPD.', 'Preterm New Zealand-Dendermonde rabbits (gestational day 28; term 31) were randomized to three groups: normoxia-placebo (N-P), hyperoxia-placebo (H-P) and hyperoxia-caffeine (H-C). Lung function was assessed on postnatal day 5, along with airway morphometry, vascular morphometry and a score observing airway inflammation.', 'Caffeine improved lung function by increasing lung volume [mean displaced volume N-P: 40.1 6 ml/kg, H-P: 27.8 8 ml/kg and H-C: 34.4 7 ml/kg (p < 0.05); total lung capacity: N-P: 1.17 0.1 ml, H-P: 0.67 0.1 ml and H-C: 1.1 0.1 ml (p < 0.05)], decreasing tissue damping [N-P: 2.7 0.3 cm H2O/ml, H-P: 4.6 0.6 cm H2O/ml and H-C: 3.2 0.4 cm H2O/ml (p < 0.05)], elastance [N-P: 9.3 2.4 cm H2O/ml, H-P: 19.2 7.4 cm H2O/ml and H-C: 10.7 2 cm H2O/ml (p < 0.05)] and compliance [N-P: 0.06 0.01 cm H2O/ml, H-P: 0.054 0.01 cm H2O/ml and H-C: 0.07 0.013 cm H2O/ml (p < 0.05)]. Caffeine also improved histology by decreasing alveolar size [linear intercepts; N-P: 83.6 1.7, H-P: 82.9 1.6 and H-C: 67.3 1.4 (p < 0.05)], increasing radial alveolar count (N-P: 6.6 0.5, H-P: 5.7 0.6 and H-C: 7.05 0.5) and decreasing the acute inflammation score [N-P: 0.3 0.1, H-P: 0.5 0.1 and H-C: 0.4 0.1 (p < 0.05)].
Output: 1