TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Changes of volume status can be readily inferred from variations in diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) measured by ultrasound. However the effect of IVC changes following acute blood loss are not fully established. In this study, three different approaches to measuring IVC variables were compared in healthy blood donors, as a model of acute volume depletion, in order to establish their relative ability to detect acute blood loss.', 'Inspiratory and expiratory IVC diameters were measured before and after blood donation in hepatic long axis, hepatic short axis and renal short axis views using a 2-5MHz curvilinear probe. All measurements were recorded and examined in real-time and post-processing sessions.', 'All windows performed satisfactorily but the renal window approach was feasible in only 30 out of 47 subjects. After blood donation, IVC diameters decreased in hepatic long axis, hepatic short axis and renal short axis (expiratory: -19.9, -18.0, -26.5%; CI 95%: 14.5-24.1; 13.1-22.9; 16.0-35.9, respectively) (inspiratory: -31.1, -31.6, -36.5%; CI 95%: 21.3-40.1; 18.8-45.2; 23.4-46.0, respectively), whereas the IVC collapsibility index increased by 21.6, 22.6 and 19.3% (CI 95%: 11.6-42.9; 18.5-39.5; 7.7-30.0). IVC diameters appeared to return to pre-donation values within 20min but this was only detected by the hepatic long axis view.

SOLUTION: Do inferior vena cava diameters and collapsibility index reveal early volume depletion in a blood donor model?

PROBLEM: To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO)-induced autophagy in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.', "The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in HDPCs. Apoptosis was detected by means of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and apoptosis- or autophagy-related signal molecules were observed by Western blot analysis. Acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles were stained with acridine orange to detect autophagy in the presence of 3-methyladenine (3MA) used to inhibit autophagy. To explore the mechanism underlying autophagy and its protective role against apoptosis, compound C, the chemical AMPK inhibitor, was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05).", 'SNP decreased viability of the HDPCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Exposing the HDPCs to SNP increased the levels of p62 and LC3-II, the typical markers of autophagy, and increased the number of acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles, indicating the appearance of autophagy as detected by acridine orange staining (p<0.05). Pretreatment with 3MA decreased cell viability but increased cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3, apoptosis indicators, in the SNP-treated HDPCs (p<0.05). SNP activated AMPK/ULK signaling, while the inhibition of AMPK by compound C enhanced apoptotic cell death induced by SNP in the HDPCs (p<0.05).

SOLUTION: Do nitric oxide-induced autophagy and the activation of AMPK pathway protect against apoptosis in human dental pulp cells?

PROBLEM: The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and cervical cancer has suggested the design of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against genital warts. The HPV capsid has made of two L1 and L2 coat proteins that have produced late in viral infections. Regarding to the recent studies, two commercial prophylactic vaccines have based on L1 viral like particles (VLPs) could strongly induce antibody responses, and protect human body from HPV infections. However, the use of these HPV vaccines has hindered due to their high cost and some limitations. Currently, among various vaccination strategies, live vector-based vaccines have attracted a great attention.', 'Herein, a non-pathogenic strain of the protozoan organism known as Leishmania tarentolae has utilized to induce potent humoral immunity in mice model.', 'At first, cloning of HPV16 L1 gene into Leishmania expression vector has performed and confirmed by PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes. The promastigotes of Leishmania tarentolae (L.tar) have transfected with linearized DNA construct by electroporation. Protein expression has analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Then, the immunogenicity of leishmania expressing L1 protein (L.tar-L1) has assessed in mice model.', 'Our data has indicated that subcutaneous immunization of mice with the recombinant L.tar-L1 has led to enhance the levels of IgG1 and lgG2a in comparison with control groups. Furthermore, there was no significant increase in antibody levels between two and three times of immunizations.

SOLUTION:
Does a Live Vector Expressing HPV16 L1 generate an Adjuvant-Induced Antibody Response In-vivo?