Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
The Tonnis radiographic classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has been used as a prognostic indicator for patients with walking-age DDH. The International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) classification, a new radiographic classification system, has been proposed to be more reliable by its creators. We sought to validate its reliability using independent observers, to compare it to the Tonnis method, and to assess its prognostic significance in a large cohort of patients.', 'A consecutive series of walking-age DDH patients were examined radiographically and classified by the Tonnis and IHDI schemes by 3 independent observers. Interobserver agreement was determined using the Kappa method. Clinical data were collected on patients with regard to success of closed reduction, need for later pelvic osteotomy, and presence of subsequent radiographic avascular necrosis (AVN). The prognostic value of the Tonnis and IHDI classifications to predict these clinical outcomes was determined.', 'A total of 287 hips were available for analysis of the classification schemes. In total, 235 hips underwent attempted closed reduction and were eligible for analysis of successful closed reduction, and 131 hips had >4-year follow-up and were utilized for analysis of late pelvic osteotomy and AVN. Both classifications showed excellent interobserver reliability and in general, there was nonstatistically significant better reliability for the IHDI versus the Tonnis classification. In multivariate analysis, both IHDI and Tonnis classifications were found to be predictive of successful closed reduction and need for late pelvic osteotomy. Both methods showed trends toward being predictive of AVN rate, without statistical significance.

Ex Output:
Is a New Radiographic Classification System for Developmental Hip Dysplasia Reliable and Predictive of Successful Closed Reduction and Late Pelvic Osteotomy?

Ex Input:
Despite much clinical experience, there are few published accounts of the surgical manifestations of HIV/AIDS in children and still fewer guidelines for the best or most appropriate treatment. Our primary objective was to document the incidence of HIV infection in children who presented with a surgical emergency to a major pediatric surgical unit in South Africa. If possible, we aimed to provide a description of the impact of the disease in a surgical pediatric population and to raise awareness of the mode of presentation of HIV to the pediatric surgeon in a developing nation, now that specific antiretroviral therapies are available.', 'This was a prospective observational study of consecutive surgical emergency admissions to the Division of Paediatric Surgery at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, between April 1 and May 31, 2005. Consent for inclusion in the study was sought in all cases. The clinical profile of children presenting during the study period was recorded. If relevant, permission was sought from the parent/guardian to undertake HIV status testing if this were not already known.', 'Three hundred ninety-one children were admitted as emergency cases during the study period. Thirty-seven (9.5%) of 391 were excluded, because consent could not be obtained, leaving 354 children. Ages ranged between 1 day and 17 years, with a median age of 3 years. The diagnosis in most was trauma/burns (42%) and abdominal emergencies (27%). Infections occurred in 13% of these patients. Human immunodeficiency virus status was already known in 10 (3%) of 354 patients, and only 18 (5%) of 344 children were tested; of these, 10 (55%) were positive. As expected, the predominant surgical presentation of HIV positive children was sepsis. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in those children not tested is unknown.

Ex Output:
Are surgeons failing to recognize children with HIV infection?

Ex Input:
Eotaxin proteins are a potential therapeutic target in treating the peribronchial eosinophilia associated with allergic airway diseases. Since inflammation is often associated with an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress is a mechanistically imperative factor in asthma. Astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside) is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory activity and newly found in persimmon leaves and green tea seeds. This study elucidated that astragalin inhibited endotoxin-induced oxidative stress leading to eosinophilia and epithelial apoptosis in airways.', 'Airway epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the absence and presence of 1-20 M astragalin. Western blot and immunocytochemical analyses were conducted to determine induction of target proteins. Cell and nuclear staining was also performed for ROS production and epithelial apoptosis.', 'When airway epithelial cells were exposed to 2 g/ml LPS, astragalin nontoxic at 20 M suppressed cellular induction of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and ROS production enhanced by LPS. Both LPS and H2O2 induced epithelial eotaxin-1 expression, which was blocked by astragalin. LPS activated and induced PLC1, PKC2, and NADPH oxidase subunits of p22phox and p47phox in epithelial cells and such activation and induction were demoted by astragalin or TLR4 inhibition antagonizing eotaxin-1 induction. H2O2-upregulated phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK was dampened by adding astragalin to epithelial cells, while this compound enhanced epithelial activation of Akt and ERK. H2O2 and LPS promoted epithelial apoptosis concomitant with nuclear condensation or caspase-3 activation, which was blunted by astragalin.

Ex Output:
Does astragalin inhibit airway eotaxin-1 induction and epithelial apoptosis through modulating oxidative stress-responsive MAPK signaling?