In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: To assess how different imputation methods used to account for missing variance data in primary studies influence tests of heterogeneity and pooled results from a meta-analysis with continuous outcomes.', 'Point and variance estimates for changes in serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were variably reported among 48 primary longitudinal studies of living kidney donors (71%-78% of point estimates were reported, 8%-13% of variance data were reported). We compared the results of meta-analysis, which either were restricted to available data or used four methods to impute missing variance data. These methods used reported P-values, reported nonparametric summaries, results from other similar studies using multiple imputation, or results from estimated correlation coefficients.', 'Significant heterogeneity was present in all four outcomes regardless of the imputation methods applied. The random effects point estimates and 95% confidence intervals varied little across imputation methods, and the differences were not clinically significant.\Question: Do imputing variance estimates alter the conclusions of a meta-analysis with continuous outcomes : a case study of changes in renal function after living kidney donation?

Ex Output:
Different methods to impute the variance data in the primary studies did not alter the conclusions from this meta-analysis of continuous outcomes. Such reproducibility increases confidence in the results. However, as with most meta-analyses, there was no gold standard of truth, and results must be interpreted judiciously. The generalization of these findings to other meta-analyses, which differ in outcomes, missing data, or between-study heterogeneity, requires further consideration.

Ex Input:
Context: Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for the development of kidney injury. Considering that female sex hormones may play a preventative role in both cardiovascular and renal diseases, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of female sex hormones on hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction.', "Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE) and C57 control female mice underwent an ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery and after 2 months, creatinine clearance, uremia and proteinuria were determined. Renal oxidative stress and lipid deposition were also quantified. Values are presented as meanSEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.", 'Creatinine clearance (L/min) was similar between C57 (17117) and ApoE (14026) mice underwent sham surgery. OVX resulted in a reduced glomerular filtration rate in both C57 (1128, ~-35%, p<0.05) and ApoE (6110, ~-56%, p<0.05) animals. Plasma levels of urea (mg/dL) were higher in both ApoE groups (Sham: 737; OVX: 738, p<0.05) when compared to C57 animals (Sham: 493; OVX: 604), with no changes among ovariectomized groups. Proteinuria levels (mg/24 h) were similar between C57 (Sham: 25.15.7; OVX: 33.74.7) and ApoE sham animals (26.43.5), however, 24-h urine protein excretion was augmented in ApoE OVX animals (49.65.8, p<0.05). Histological kidney analysis demonstrated that the absence of female sex hormones resulted in increased oxidative stress, which was more severe in ApoE mice (C57 Sham: 9.20.4; C57 OVX: 22.91.0; ApoE Sham: 13.90.7; ApoE OVX: 34.01.4 au x 103, p<0.05). As expected, ApoE mice presented higher lipid deposition, which was not affected by OVX (C57 Sham: 00; C57 OVX: 00; ApoE Sham: 6.81.6; ApoE OVX: 5.20.8% x 10-2, p<0.05). Ovariectomy resulted in a similar reduction in ER- protein expression in the renal cortex (C57: 0.780.04; ApoE: 0.810.04 au, p<0.05) when compared to sham animals (C57:1.000.04; ApoE: 1.030.03 au).\Question: Do endogenous female sex hormones delay the development of renal dysfunction in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice?

Ex Output:
Taken together these data indicate that female sex hormones may delay hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction and emphasizes the importance of plasma cholesterol control in post-menopausal women.

Ex Input:
Context: We investigated the combined effect of tissue plasminogen activator and ischemia on middle cerebral artery (MCA) reactivity to determine whether abnormal MCA function after 2 hours of ischemia was worse in arteries perfused with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA).', 'The intraluminal suture model of focal cerebral ischemia was used to induce 2 hours of ischemia in rats, after which occluded MCAs were removed and studied in vitro with an arteriograph system that allowed control of transmural pressure (TMP) and measurement of lumen diameter. Arteries were either nonischemic (control; n=8), nonischemic and perfused with 400 microg/mL rtPA (rtPA; n=5), ischemic (ISC; n=6), or ischemic and perfused with 400 microg/mL rtPA (ISC-rtPA; n=6). After a 1-hour equilibration at 75 mm Hg, TMP was increased to 125 mm Hg and lumen diameter was recorded at each pressure. Reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh, 0.1 to 10.0 micromol/L) and serotonin (0.01 to 10 micromol/L) was then determined.', 'Control arteries responded myogenically to pressure and increased the amount of tone from 18.5+/-3.8% at 75 mm Hg to 24.8+/-3.0% at 125 mm Hg (P<0.05), which decreased diameter from 241+/-7 to 232+/-6 microm. In contrast, all other groups decreased tone at 125 mm Hg, which demonstrated a loss of myogenicity. The percent tone in each group at 75 versus 125 mm Hg was rtPA, 16.0+/-4.5% versus 11.8+/-3.8%; ISC, 23.5+/-4.5% versus 13. 5+/-3.1%; and ISC-rtPA, 23.5+/-4.2% versus 12.3+/-3.2% (P<0.05 for all). The percent increase in lumen diameter at each concentration of ACh was diminished in all groups compared with control; ISC-rtPA arteries responded the least, which suggests an additive effect of rtPA in ischemic arteries. The percent increase in lumen diameter at 10(-5)mol/L ACh was 23+/-4% for control versus 15+/-2% for rtPA; 17+/-3% for ISC arteries (P<0.05), and 8+/-2% for ISC-rtPA arteries (P<0.01). Sensitivity to serotonin was equally diminished in all groups compared with control: EC(50) (micromol/L) was 0.06+/-0.01 for control, 0.17+/-0.02 for rtPA, 0.22+/-0.07 for ISC, and 0.16+/-0. 04 for ISC-rtPA (P<0.05).\Question: Is postischemic attenuation of cerebral artery reactivity increased in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator?

Ex Output:
These results demonstrate that both ischemia and rtPA perfusion diminish cerebral artery reactivity and that the combination may produce an additive effect. This impaired reactivity may contribute to reperfusion-induced injury during or after thrombolysis by altering upstream cerebrovascular resistance.