Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

CHAPTER XIX.

VITTORIA.

General Clausel fell back as Wellington advanced to Burgos, and the British laid siege to the castle of that place. Like all Wellington's sieges this was commenced with a wholly insufficient train of artillery, and without the time necessary to carry out regular siege operations. A considerable portion of the army were posted so as to watch Clausel. The place was badly fortified, but the French under Governor Dubreton defended themselves with immense skill and courage, the English assaults were repulsed, successful sorties were made by the garrison, and at last, after the failure of the fourth assault, the siege was given up, and the allied armies turned their faces once more towards Portugal.

It was time; the operations in the south upon which Wellington had relied to keep at least a portion of the French forces engaged, had failed signally, and the French generals were bringing up their troops from all parts of Spain, and General Souham, having under him Generals Clausel, Maucune, and Foy, with a force far superior to that of the British, advanced to give battle. Then Wellington, whose Anglo-Portuguese troops were much weakened by sickness, fell back rapidly, sending orders to General Hill, who commanded the troops left behind in Madrid, to evacuate that city, and to fall back and unite with him on the Tormes.

It was only by some masterly maneuvering and some stiff fighting at Venta de Pozo, on the Carrion, and on the Huebra, that Wellington drew off his army to Ciudad Rodrigo.

1. What two countries were fighting?
2. Who laid siege to a place?
3. And who commanded?
4. Where?
5. Who was defending the castle?
6. Led by who?
7. Was the siege successful for the English?
8. Did the French have a larger army?
9. Who had sick soldiers?
10. What ethnicity were they?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. The French and the English
2. the British
3. General Clausel
4. Burgos
5. the French
6. Governor Dubreton
7. no
8. no
9. Wellington
10. Anglo-Portuguese

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Northern Europeans spend a lot of time in their cold and cloudy winters planning their summer holidays. They are proud of their healthy color when they return home after the holiday. But they also know that a certain amount of sunshine is good for their bodies and general health.

In ancient Greece people knew about the healing powers of the sun, but this knowledge was lost. At the end of the nineteenth century a Danish doctor, Niels Finsen, began to study the effect of sunlight on certain diseases, especially diseases of the skin. He was interested not only in natural sunlight but also in artificially produced rays. Sunlight began to play a more important part in curing sick people.

A Swiss doctor, Auguste Rollier, made full use of the sun in his hospital at Lysine. Lysine is a small village high up in the Alps. The position is important: the rays of the sun with the greatest healing power are the infra-red and ultra-violet rays; but ultra-violet rays are too easily lost in fog and the polluted air near industrial towns. Dr. Roller found that sunlight, fresh air and good food cure a great many diseases. He was particularly successful in curing certain forms of tuberculosis with his "sun-cure".

There were a large number of children in Dr. Roller's hospital. He decided to start a school where sick children could be cured and at the same time continue to learn. It was not long before his school was full.

In winter, wearing only shorts, socks and boots, the children put on their skis after breakfast and left the hospital. They carried small desks and chairs as well as their school books. Their teacher led them over the snow until they reached a slope which faced the sun and was free from cold winds. There they set out their desks and chairs, and school began.

Although they wore hardly any clothes, Roller's pupils were very seldom cold. That was because their bodies were full of energy which they got from the sun. But the doctor knew that sunshine can also be dangerous. If, for example, tuberculosis is attacking the lungs, unwise sunbathing may do great harm.

Today there is not just one school in the sun. There are several in Switzerland, and since Switzerland is not the only country which has the right conditions, there are similar schools in other places.

1. Who started an outdoor school in Switzerland?
2. How did they reach their destination in winter?
3. Did they take their own desks and chairs with them?
4. What else?
5. What was one factor is choosing where to set up their desks?
6. What else?
7. Weren't the students cold?
8. Were they wearing a lot of clothing?
9. Then why weren't they freezing?
10. Is there a condition in which sunlight can be dangerous?
11. What is that?
12. Where in Switzerland is Rollier's school?
13. Is it the only one in the country?
14. Which rays have the greatest effect?
15. What does fog do to ultra violet rays?
16. Are they stronger near big cities?
17. What things did Dr. Rollier believe helped fix many diseases?
18. Any others?
19. What do people from Northern Europe spend a lot of time on during the winter?
20. What ancient civilization was aware of the sun's powers?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Auguste Rollier
2. on skis
3. yes
4. school books
5. was free from cold winds
6. faced the sun
7. No.
8. No
9. their bodies were full of energy
10. Yes
11. If tuberculosis is attacking the lungs
12. Lysine
13. No
14. infra-red and ultra-violet rays
15. they get lost
16. no
17. Sunlight
18. artificially produced rays
19. planning their summer holidays
20. Greece

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

(CNN) -- Throughout his career as a television anchorman, Walter Cronkite had a few memorable run-ins with other powerful figures at CBS News, one of his producers told CNN.

Walter Cronkite occasionally butted heads with executives at CBS News, his former producer says.

Sanford "Sandy" Socolow, who worked at CBS News for 32 years, more than four of them as Cronkite's producer, said Cronkite ran into trouble soon after he took over for Douglas Edwards in the "CBS Evening News" anchor chair.

"The first night up, he ended the show by saying, I'm paraphrasing, 'That's the news. Be sure to check your local newspapers tomorrow to get all the details on the headlines we are delivering to you.'"

That didn't fly.

"The suits -- as we used to call them -- went crazy," Socolow told CNN, referring to CBS executives. "From their perspective, Cronkite was sending people to read newspapers instead of watching the news. There was a storm."

CBS News President Richard Salant met with Cronkite, who initially resisted, then agreed to change his sign-off, Socolow said. Watch friends and admirers weigh in on the death of a giant "

"In the absence of anything else, he came up with 'That's the way it is.'"

But that too ruffled feathers, Socolow said.

"Salant's attitude was, 'We're not telling them that's the way it is. We can't do that in 15 minutes,' which was the length of the show in those days. 'That's not the way it is.'"

Still, Cronkite persisted and that's the way it was from then on. Watch what happened the one time Cronkite failed to say it "

1. What network did Walter Cronkite have a career with?
2. What was his job role while working there?
3. Who did he replace as anchorman?
4. Did he say anything at the end of his first news cast?
5. What did he say?
6. Did the producers approve of that?
7. Why not?
8. So how did he agree to end the news?
9. Was the news president okay with that?
10. Did he continue to end the news that way?
11. Who was the news president?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. CBS.
2. Anchorman.
3. Douglas Edwards
4. Yes.
5. 'That's the news. Be sure to check your local newspapers tomorrow to get all the details on the headlines we are delivering to you.'"
6. No.
7. He was sending people to read newspapers.
8. 'That's the way it is.'
9. No.
10. Yes.
11. Richard Salant.