In APA style, the author's name is inverted, meaning you list the last name first. Place a comma after the last name, then the first initial. Separate the names of multiple authors with commas, using an ampersand (&) before the last name. For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J." If the paper was published in an academic journal, include the year in parentheses after the authors' names. If the paper was unpublished, such as a print-only thesis or dissertation, use the year the paper was written. For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012)." If the date, or any other information, are not available, use the guide at http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html. Use sentence capitalization to write out the full title of the research paper, capitalizing the first word and any proper names. If it has a subtitle, place a colon and capitalize the first word of the subtitle. For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer." If you found the research paper in a database maintained by a university, corporation, or other organization, include any index number assigned to the paper in parentheses after the title. For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. (Report No. 1234)." If the paper was published in an academic journal or magazine, use the same format that you would for any other article. For unpublished articles, provide as much information as possible to direct your readers to the research paper. For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. (Report No. 1234). Retrieved from Alaska University Library Archives, December 24, 2017." When you write a statement that comes from the research paper, include the last names of the authors along with the year the paper was published or written. For example: "(Kringle & Frost, 2012)." If there was no date on the research paper, use the abbreviation n.d.: "(Kringle & Frost, n.d.)."

Summary: Start with the author's last name and first initial. Provide the year the paper was published. List the title of the research paper. Include information on where you found the paper. Use a parenthetical citation in the body of your paper.

A topographer is a newer version of the keratometer. Your doctor will have you sit at a table and look into a bowl. This bowl's inner surface is covered in a pattern of concentric rings. A digital camera sits at the base of the bowl and charts the cornea's surface by measuring the reflected pattern in the eye. This basically creates a contour map of your eye, and it's an excellent technique for measuring irregular astigmatism. Most corneal topography tests measure 8,000 to 10,000 points on the cornea, making it the most accurate keratometry test. Other advanced ways of measuring astigmatism include autorefractors that measure refraction, and the IOLMaster that makes extensive measurements of the interior and exterior of the eye. The IOLMaster is usually used before cataract surgery. The Placido disc is an old-fashioned, hand-held device that is shaped like a giant lollipop. The disc has several sets of concentric circles painted on one side, and is used to measure the regularity of your cornea's surface. Your doctor holds the disc up to their own eye with the rings pointed towards you, and they look into your eye. Sit still and look straight ahead. The image of your cornea reflects back, and where there is irregular shape it makes the concentric rings look distorted to your doctor. This old-fashioned method can help to diagnose keratoconus, a disorder that causes irregular astigmatism due to thinning and protruding of the cornea. The shape of your posterior cornea (the back surface of the cornea) can influence the severity of your astigmatism. Keratometry can only measure the front of your cornea, but Scheimpflug imaging uses tomography to get more accurate readings of how thick your cornea is and what the back of it looks like. This method can be helpful in predicting how successful surgery may be in correcting your astigmatism.

Summary: Use a corneal topographer for more precise measurements. Try a Placido disc for irregular astigmatism. Use a Scheimpflug device to measure the posterior cornea.

in cold water. Before boiling white rice, it's a good idea to rinse it. That removes any dusty starch that might be on the rice so it doesn't stick together when it cooks. Place 1 cup (195 g) medium- or long-grain white rice in a strainer, and rinse it under cold running water. Rinsing the rice isn't always necessary. Some rice may have more starch on it than others, though, so you may just want to get in the habit of doing it with every batch that you boil. Add 2 cups (470 ml) of water to a small saucepan, and place it on the stove at medium-high to high heat. Allow the water to heat until it comes to a roiling boil. When you're making white rice, use a use a 1:2 ratio for the rice and water. That means for every 1 cup of rice you plan to make, use 2 cups of water. As it cooks, rice expands so it's important to use a pan that's large enough for the amount that you're making. In general, a 2-quart (2.5 L) pan is large enough for 1 to 2 cups of uncooked rice. Once the water comes to a boil, add the rice and teaspoon of (2.84 g) salt and stir gently. Allow the pot to come to a gentle simmer. You can also add 1 tablespoon (14 g) of butter or oil to flavor the rice and keep it from sticking together as it cooks. After the pot reaches a simmer, turn the burner's heat down to low, and cover the pot with its lid. Allow the rice to cook for approximately 18 minutes. At that point, start checking its texture. When the rice is finished, it will be firm but not crunchy. You want it to be tender, so it's okay if it's somewhat sticky. However, make sure that you don't cook it so long that it becomes gummy. Don't take the lid off the pot before the 18 minute mark. It helps trap steam that aids in the cooking process, so if you remove the lid, it may take longer for the rice to finish. If you don't have a lid for your pot, use foil to cover it while the rice cooks. Just make sure to cinch the foil around the edges so the steam can't escape. If there's still water left in the pot when the rice is finished cooking, you should drain it. Just tilt it over the sink to allow the excess water to drip out. Once the rice is finished cooking, turn off the heat but leave the rice in the pot with the lid on. Let it sit and steam for another 5 minutes to finish off the cooking process. Just before you're ready to serve, take the lid off the pot and use a fork or spoon to comb through the rice and fluff it. Transfer the rice to a bowl or individual plates and serve. It's a good idea to allow the rice to sit for another 2 to 3 minutes after fluffing before you serve it. That gives it some time to dry out so it's not too wet and sticky when you serve it.
Summary: Rinse the rice Bring the water to a boil. Add the rice and salt to the pot. Cover the pot and cook until the rice is tender. Allow the rice to sit in the pot for several minutes. Fluff the rice with a fork and serve.