Question: In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure "p"= 10Pa. Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state. For example, as discussed below, the standard state of a gas is conventionally chosen to be unit pressure (usually in bar) ideal gas, regardless of the temperature. However, most tables of thermodynamic quantities are compiled at specific temperatures, most commonly or, somewhat less commonly, .

The standard state should not be confused with standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases, nor with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry.

For a given material or substance, the standard state is the reference state for the material's thermodynamic state properties such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and for many other material standards. The standard enthalpy change of formation for an element in its standard state is zero, and this convention allows a wide range of other thermodynamic quantities to be calculated and tabulated. The standard state of a substance does not have to exist in nature: for example, it is possible to calculate values for steam at 298.15K and 10Pa, although steam does not exist (as a gas) under these conditions. The advantage of this practice is that tables of thermodynamic properties prepared in this way are self-consistent. 1. What is a standard state?
2. Used for what?
3. In what field is this used?
4. Is its use interchangeable with STP?
5. Does the standard state of a thing need to actually be possible?
6. Why not?
7. What's an example of something that standard state measures?
8. What is most data about thermodynamic quantities gathered at?
9. What tends to be more important than temperature in standard state?
10. What pressure is defined as normal? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. a reference point
2. to calculate its properties
3. chemistry
4. no
5. no
6. so tables of thermodynamic properties are self-consistent.
7. unit pressure ideal gas
8. the standard state
9. pressure
10. 10Pa

Question: CHAPTER XV.

BERT COMES BACK.

One raw March evening, when the wind was roaring among the gray branches of the maples like a lion in wrath, some one knocked on the door.

"Come in!" shouted Anson, who was giving baby her regular ride on his boots.

"Come in!" added Flaxen.

Gearheart walked in slowly, closed the door behind his back, and stood devouring the cheerful scene. He was poorly dressed and wore a wide, limp hat; they did not know him till he bared his head.

"Bert!" yelled Anson, tossing the baby to his shoulder and leaping toward his chum, tramping and shaking and clapping like a madman, scaring the child.

"My gosh-all-hemlock! I'm glad to see ye! Gimme that paw again. Come to the fire. This is Flaxie" (as though he had not had his eyes on her face all the time). "Be'n sick?"

Bert's hollow cough prompted this question.

"Yes. Had some kind of a fever down in Arizony. Oh, I'm all right now," he added in reply to an anxious look from Flaxen.

"An' this is----"

"Baby--Elsie," she replied, putting a finishing touch to the little one's dress, mother-like.

"Where's he?" he asked a little later.

Anson replied with a little gesture, which silenced Bert at the same time that it explained. And when Flaxen was busy a few moments later, Anson said:

"Gone up the spout."

At the table they grew quite gay, talking over old times, and Bert's pale face grew rosier, catching a reflection of the happy faces opposite. 1. Who had a baby?
2. Who was not dressed well?
3. Was he wearing a something on his head?
4. What?
5. Did they recognize him at first?
6. At what point did they know it was him?
7. What was the baby's name?
8. And what was she wearing?
9. Was Bert's face tanned?
10. Was the mood as they spoke at the table happy?
11. Did more than one person say, "Come in" at the beginning?
12. Who said it?
13. Was the story set in the month of May?
14. What month?
15. Did Gearheart leave the door open?
16. What was Gearheart's first name?
17. Had Bert been ill?
18. How?
19. In what state?
20. Did Anson frighten the baby when he saw Bert? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. Anson
2. Gearheart
3. yes
4. wide, limp hat
5. no
6. when he bared his head
7. Elsie
8. dress
9. unknown
10. yes
11. yes
12. Anson and Flaxen
13. no
14. March
15. no
16. Bert
17. "Yes
18. Had some kind of a fever
19. Arizony
20. yes

Question: CHAPTER III

The morning of departure arrived. The men-at-arms were drawn up in the court like so many statues of steel; Leonard Ashton sat on horseback, his eyes fixed on the door; Gaston d'Aubricour, wrapped in his gay mantle, stood caressing his Arab steed Brigliador, and telling him they should soon exchange the chilly fogs of England for the bright sun of Gascony; Ralph Penrose held his master's horse, and a black powerful charger was prepared for Eustace, but still the brothers tarried.

"My Eleanor, this should not be!" said Reginald as his wife clung to him weeping. "Keep a good heart. 'Tis not for long. Take heed of your dealings with cousin Fulk. She knows not what I say. Father Cyril, keep guard over her and my boy, in case I should meet with any mishap."

"I will, assuredly, my son," said the Chaplain, "but it is little that a poor Priest like me can do. I would that grant to the Clarenhams were repealed."

"That were soon done," said Reginald, "but it is no time for a loyal vassal to complain of grievances when his liege lord has summoned him to the field. That were to make the King's need be his law. No! no! Watch over her, good father, she is weak and tender. Look up, sweet heart, give me one cheerful wish to speed me on my journey. No? She has swooned. Eleanor! my wife--"

"Begone, begone, my son," said Father Cyril, "it will be the better for her." 1. Who was the priest?
2. Who is Eleanor married to?
3. Who was his cousin?
4. Who was crying?
5. Did they leave at night?
6. What was Leonard looking at?
7. What was he sitting on?
8. Who was wearing gay apparel?
9. What kind of horse did he have?
10. What was it's name?
11. Was the fog cold?
12. What country was foggy?
13. Who was holding on to the master's ride?
14. What color was it?
15. Was it weak?
16. Did the siblings rush out?
17. Who has very little money?
18. What did they want repealed?
19. Where was it sunny?
20. Who fainted? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. Father Cyril.
2. Reginald.
3. Fulk.
4. Eleanor.
5. No.
6. The door
7. A horse.
8. Gaston d'Aubricour.
9. An Arab steed.
10. Brigliador.
11. Yes.
12. England.
13. Ralph Penrose.
14. Black.
15. No.
16. No.
17. The Priest.
18. The Clarenhams.
19. Gascony.
20. Eleanor.