Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[EX Q]: Lymphocyte alterations have been associated with an increased prevalence of acute respiratory infections in COPD patients. AM3 is an oral immunomodulator that normalizes the defective functions of peripheral blood natural killer and phagocytic cells in COPD patients and improves their health-related quality of life.', 'To characterize putative systemic abnormalities of the T-cell compartment in COPD patients, and to investigate whether AM3 can restore such abnormalities.', 'The study was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in a cohort of COPD patients. The results were also compared to those of nonsmoker and ex-smoker healthy control subjects.', 'Outpatient departments of four hospitals.', 'Seventy COPD patients were randomized to receive either AM3 or a placebo orally for 90 consecutive days. Populations of 36 healthy nonsmokers and 36 healthy ex-smokers were used as control subjects.', 'Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma proteins in response to the T-cell polyclonal mitogens were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment.', 'The proliferative response was significantly decreased in COPD patients. Decreased production of IFN-gamma was the only defect in the profiles of the cytokine measures, and was selectively observed in COPD patients, but not in nonsmoker and ex-smoker healthy control subjects. Treatment with AM3 significantly restored the PBMC proliferative response to polyclonal mitogens and significantly promoted stimulated IFN-gamma production in these patients. The normalization of these proliferative responses was not related to significant variations in the numbers of peripheral blood monocytes, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells or of any major naive/memory/activated T-cell subset. The increased IFN-gamma production in the AM3 study arm was associated with an increase in the mean of number of IFN-gamma molecules produced per CD8+ T cells.
[EX A]: 1

[EX Q]: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is one of the key strategies for the improvement of survival in pancreatic cancer; however, no method to predict the response has yet been established. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the predictive value of REG4, a new member of the regenerating (REG) islet-derived family of proteins.', 'Stably REG4-expressing cells were established from a pancreatic cancer cell line and exposed in vitro to gamma-ray or gemcitabine to investigate the relevance of REG4 to the resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In 23 patients with resectable pancreatic cancer, the serum concentration of REG4 was measured before preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and the histologic response was evaluated after the surgery.', 'A 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and fluorescence activated cell scanning (FACS) revealed that REG4-overexpressing cells were resistant to gamma-radiation but showed a modest resistance to gemcitabine. The patients with a higher REG4 level, but not carcinoembryonic antigen or CA-19-9, showed an unfavorable histologic response to chemoradiotherapy (Spearman, rho = 0.439, P = 0.039). The patients showing a higher REG4 level experienced local recurrence postoperatively.
[EX A]: 1

[EX Q]: Severe malaria (SM) is classically associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Little information is available on the contribution of P. vivax to severe disease. There are some epidemiological indications that P. vivax or mixed infections protect against complications and deaths. A large morbidity surveillance conducted in an area where the four species coexist allowed us to estimate rates of SM among patients infected with one or several species.', 'This was a prospective cohort study conducted within the framework of the Malaria Vaccine Epidemiology and Evaluation Project. All presumptive malaria cases presenting at two rural health facilities over an 8-y period were investigated with history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory assessment. Case definition of SM was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria adapted for the setting (i.e., clinical diagnosis of malaria associated with asexual blood stage parasitaemia and recent history of fits, or coma, or respiratory distress, or anaemia [haemoglobin < 5 g/dl]). Out of 17,201 presumptive malaria cases, 9,537 (55%) had a confirmed Plasmodium parasitaemia. Among those, 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.7%-6.8%) fulfilled the case definition of SM, most of them in children <5 y. In this age group, the proportion of SM was 11.7% (10.4%-13.2%) for P. falciparum, 8.8% (7.1%-10.7%) for P. vivax, and 17.3% (11.7%-24.2%) for mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. P. vivax SM presented more often with respiratory distress than did P. falciparum (60% versus 41%, p = 0.002), but less often with anaemia (19% versus 41%, p = 0.0001).
[EX A]:
0