In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Women with Turner syndrome (TS) have an increased prevalence of hearing loss, with conductive (CHL) and sensorineural (SNHL) components. The association between hearing loss and clinical parameters, particularly oestrogen and previous growth hormone (GH) treatment, was investigated.', 'A cross-sectional study of pure tone audiometry tests in an adult TS population. Previous ENT history, karyotype, anthropomorphic measurements and the impact of oestrogen and childhood GH therapy were assessed. One hundred and thirty-eight women (median age 29, range 16-67 years) completed the study.', 'Normal hearing was found in 20.3% of women, CHL in 18.8%, SNHL in 57.2% and confounding factors in 3.6%. Neither CHL nor SNHL were associated with oestrogen deficiency or GH treatment independent of age. CHL but not SNHL was more common in those with a history of recurrent otitis media (p < 0.01) and monosomy 45,X (p < 0.01).\Question: Are oestrogen deficiency and growth hormone treatment in childhood associated with hearing in adults with turner syndrome?

Answer: Current regimens of oestrogen and GH therapy have no impact on adult hearing loss in TS, independent of age. The prevalence of SNHL increases with age. CHL but not SNHL is associated with ENT history and karyotype. According to present evidence, the only possible intervention to reduce hearing loss in women with TS remains assiduous treatment of ENT problems in childhood.

Question: Context: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF1) is strongly induced following brain injury and polarises microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Augmentation of TGF1 responses may therefore be beneficial in preventing inflammation in neurological disorders including stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, several other cell types display immunogenic potential and identifying the effect of TGF1 on these cells is required to more fully understand its effects on brain inflammation. Pericytes are multifunctional cells which ensheath the brain vasculature and have garnered recent attention with respect to their immunomodulatory potential. Here, we sought to investigate the inflammatory phenotype adopted by TGF1-stimulated human brain pericytes.', 'Microarray analysis was performed to examine transcriptome-wide changes in TGF1-stimulated pericytes, and results were validated by qRT-PCR and cytometric bead arrays. Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and LDH/Alamar Blue®️ viability assays were utilised to examine phagocytic capacity of human brain pericytes, transcription factor modulation and pericyte health.', 'TGF1 treatment of primary human brain pericytes induced the expression of several inflammatory-related genes (NOX4, COX2, IL6 and MMP2) and attenuated others (IL8, CX3CL1, MCP1 and VCAM1). A synergistic induction of IL-6 was seen with IL-1/TGF1 treatment whilst TGF1 attenuated the IL-1-induced expression of CX3CL1, MCP-1 and sVCAM-1. TGF1 was found to signal through SMAD2/3 transcription factors but did not modify nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) translocation. Furthermore, TGF1 attenuated the phagocytic ability of pericytes, possibly through downregulation of the scavenger receptors CD36, CD47 and CD68. Whilst TGF did decrease pericyte number, this was due to a reduction in proliferation, not apoptotic death or compromised cell viability.\Question: Does tGF-beta1 regulate human brain pericyte inflammatory processes involved in neurovasculature function?

Answer: TGF1 attenuated pericyte expression of key chemokines and adhesion molecules involved in CNS leukocyte trafficking and the modulation of microglial function, as well as reduced the phagocytic ability of pericytes. However, TGF1 also enhanced the expression of classical pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes which can disrupt BBB functioning, suggesting that pericytes adopt a phenotype which is neither solely pro- nor anti-inflammatory. Whilst the effects of pericyte modulation by TGF1 in vivo are difficult to infer, the reduction in pericyte proliferation together with the elevated IL-6, MMP-2 and NOX4 and reduced phagocytosis suggests a detrimental action of TGF1 on neurovasculature.

Question: Context: This study was performed to examine the association between household food insecurity, self-efficacy and infant feeding styles in mothers with children under 2 years old in Varamin, Iran.', "In this cross-sectional study, 423 mothers aged 17-40 years from different areas of Varamin were selected by a multistage sampling methods from October 2013 to February 2014. The questionnaires consisted of three valid instruments, including: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire and Mother's Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, t tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlations and multiple linear regressions. Structural equation modeling was also used.", "Mild and moderate-severe food insecurity was observed in 39.5 and 12.8 % of the households respectively. Mean score of mother's self-efficacy in food secure households was 32.5 3.7; while in mild food insecure and moderate-severe food insecure households were 31.9 3.1 and 28.4 4.0, respectively (P = 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between household food insecurity and mother's self-efficacy (r = -0.297, P < 0.01). Significant correlation was seen between mother's self-efficacy and the maternal infant feeding styles. Household food insecurity and mother's self-efficacy had significant relationship with mother-infant feeding styles: control of home food access [ (SE)] = [-0.015(0.004), P = 0.001]; restriction for weight control [ = 0.038(0.013), P = 0.003]; restriction for health [ = 0.019(0.008), P = 0.027] and encouragement [=0.018(0.006), P = 0.001]. The model had sufficient fitness with data of the research (CFI = 0.927, RMSEA = 0.076).\Question: Does mother 's Self-Efficacy mediate the Relationship Between Household Food Insecurity and Maternal Infant Feeding Styles?

Answer:
Our findings suggest that performing interventions in order to enhance mother's self-efficacy in food insecure households can lead to improve positive maternal feeding behaviors.