question: A 15-year-old student who invented a flashlight getting power from the holder's body heat is going home today from California with a big prize and a chance to do further research. Ann Makosinski was the only Canadian among the four winners at Google's international science competition. Thousands of young scientists from around the world took part in the competition. Winning the science and technology competition was "a surprise". Ann said, "I think it will have a great influence on my future." Ann thanked her family for encouraging her interest in science and said that her first toy was a box of transistors . The ideas for the invention came from seeing unwanted batteries and her friend's experience. When Ann visited a friend in the Philippines, she saw the friend couldn't study when it became dark because there was no electricity or light. She saw the need for a flashlight that has no batteries - Hollow Flashlight. In her project, Ann wrote "I made two flashlights that do not use any batteries or harmful materials. They do not create any noise and will always work. The flashlight needs at least a 5degCtemperature difference between the holder's body and the environment around to produce light." A video of Ann explaining how she created the flashlight has been watched more than 1.4 million times on the Internet. Though Ann was successful, she has not made a decision about her career path. Ann hope that she can find a way to join her love of film and science together. The four winners were chosen from 15 final competitors from eight countries. The competition attracted thousands of students in 120 countries.
1. What competition was it?
2. Who was one of the winners?
3. Her name?
4. Where was she from?
5. What did she make?
6. Why was this creation a winner?
7. Where did the thought come from?
8. What was the flashlight called?
9. How many final competitors were there?
10. Out of?
****
answer: 1. Google's international science competition
2. A 15-year-old student
3. Ann Makosinski
4. Canada
5. a flashlight
6. because it was a flashlight getting power from the holder's body heat
7. When she visited the Philippines
8. Hollow Flashlight
9. four
10. Thousands

question: In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a fewtypically only one or twomonophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic "with respect to" the excluded subgroups. The arrangement of the members of a paraphyletic group is called a paraphyly. The term is commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in linguistics.

The term was coined to apply to well-known taxa like reptiles (Reptilia) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestorincluding all extant reptiles as well as the extinct synapsidsexcept for mammals and birds. Other commonly recognized paraphyletic groups include fish, monkeys and lizards.

If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. A paraphyletic group cannot be a clade, which is a monophyletic group.

Groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor are said to be "monophyletic". A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more subsidiary clades (monophyletic groups) are excluded to form a separate group. Ereshefsky has argued that paraphyletic taxa are the result of anagenesis in the excluded group or groups. For example, dinosaurs are paraphyletic with respect to birds because birds possess many features that dinosaurs lack and occupy a distinctive niche.
1. what is it said to be if many subgroups are missing?
2. what group cannot be a clade?
3. what is monophyletic?
4. what are groups that include all descendants of a common ancestor?
5. is a paraphyletic group monophyletic?
6. what are dinosaurs?
7. what was the term coined to apply to?
8. like?
9. what contains the last common ancestor of reptiles?
10. does it also include all it's descendants?
11. are mammals and birds included?
12. are there other commonly recognized groups?
13. how many?
14. please name one
15. and what else?
16. what would the last be?
17. shat is a subfield of biology mentioned in the article?
18. and what term is used in phylogenetics?
19. what is that?
20. who argues that paraphyletic taxa are the result of anagenesis?
****
answer: 1. polyparaphyletic
2. A paraphyletic group
3. a clade
4. "monophyletic".
5. yes
6. For example, dinosaurs are paraphyletic with respect to birds because birds possess many features that dinosaurs lack and occupy a distinctive niche.
7. well-known taxa
8. reptiles
9. Reptilia
10. yes
11. no
12. yes
13. Three
14. fish
15. monkeys
16. lizards
17. phylogenetics
18. paraphyly.
19. The arrangement of the members of a paraphyletic group
20. Ereshefsky

question: (CNN) -- Fang Lizhi, a famed Chinese democracy activist, has died in the United States, where he fled in exile more than 20 years ago, fellow activists said.

He was 76.

Fang died Friday in Tucson, Arizona, according to Wang Dan, a prominent student leader of the 1989 Tiananmen Square student protests.

"My most, most respected teacher Fang Lizhi has died," Wang wrote on Facebook. "I am immensely sad. I hope that the Chinese people will forever remember him, that in our history there was a thinker named Fang (Lizhi) who inspired a 1989 generation and awakened the people to aspire to human rights and democracy."

He added, "Sooner or later, there will be a day when China will be proud of Fang Lizhi."

Fang, an accomplished astrophysicist, served as vice president of the elite University of Science and Technology at Hefei, Anhui province. He was dismissed from his job and expelled from the Communist Party in 1987, blamed for sympathizing with student protesters.

He was one of the three noted intellectuals who were publicly criticized during the "anti-bourgeois liberalization" campaign at that time, though Fang continued to speak out for democracy.

In early 1989, he wrote an open letter to Communist Party leader Deng Xiaoping, calling for the release of Chinese political prisoners.

After the bloody crackdown during the Tiananmen protests on June 4, 1989, Fang and his wife Li Shuxian sought refuge inside the U.S. embassy in Beijing.

A year later, they were allowed to leave China for Britain and were soon after granted political refuge in the United States.
1. What kind of scientist was Fang?
2. Where did he work?
3. Where was that located?
4. what was his title?
5. Does he still have that job?
6. Why did he leave?
7. Did he quit
8. Is he still alive?
9. How old was he?
10. Where did his death occur?
11. Was he living there?
12. For how long?
13. How did he come to the U.S.?
14. How many countries did he live in?
15. Who is Wang Dan?
16. What is Fang Lizhi to him?
17. How does he feel about the death?
18. How does he think China should feel about Fang?
19. Who did Fang ask to set prisoners free?
20. When?
****
answer:
1. astrophysicist
2. University of Science and Technolog
3. t Hefei, Anhui province
4. vice president
5. No
6. Due to the Tiananmen protests
7. No
8. No
9. 76.
10. United States
11. Yes
12. more than 20 years
13. In exile
14. Three
15. A prominent student leader of the Tiananmen Square protest
16. Teacher
17. Immensely sad.
18. Proud of Fang Lizhi.
19. Deng Xiaopin
20. 1989