Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Endosymbiosis We have mentioned that both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes. Have you wondered why? Strong evidence points to endosymbiosis as the explanation. Symbiosis is a relationship in which organisms from two separate species depend on each other for their survival. Endosymbiosis (endo- = "within") is a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other. Endosymbiotic relationships abound in nature. We have already mentioned that microbes that produce vitamin K live inside the human gut. This relationship is beneficial for us because we are unable to synthesize vitamin K. It is also beneficial for the microbes because they are protected from other organisms and from drying out, and they receive abundant food from the environment of the large intestine. Scientists have long noticed that bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are similar in size. We also know that bacteria have DNA and ribosomes, just as mitochondria and chloroplasts do. Scientists believe that host cells and bacteria formed an endosymbiotic relationship when the host cells ingested both aerobic and autotrophic bacteria (cyanobacteria) but did not destroy them. Through many millions of years of evolution, these ingested bacteria became more specialized in their functions, with the aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria and the autotrophic bacteria becoming chloroplasts. The Central Vacuole Previously, we mentioned vacuoles as essential components of plant cells. If you look at Figure 4.8b, you will see that plant cells each have a large central vacuole that occupies most of the area of the cell. The central vacuole plays a key role in regulating the cell's concentration of water in changing environmental conditions. Have you ever noticed that if you forget to water a plant for a few days, it wilts? That's because as the water concentration in the soil becomes lower than the water concentration in the plant, water moves out of the central vacuoles and cytoplasm. As the central vacuole... Q: What is the term for a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other? A:
OPTIONS:
- parasite
- symbiosis
- parthenogenesis
- endosymbiosis
Answer: endosymbiosis

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: As the human population continues to grow, different factors limit population in different parts of the world. Space, clean air, clean water, and food to feed everyone are limiting in some locations. Worldwide though, human ingenuity has not placed a limit on the population. Not only does the population increase, the rate of population growth increases. Q: Is the rate of population growth increasing or decreasing? A:
OPTIONS:
- suggesting
- Vanishing.
- preventing
- increasing
output: increasing

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Plant Parasites Protist parasites of terrestrial plants include agents that destroy food crops. The oomycete Plasmopara viticola parasitizes grape plants, causing a disease called downy mildew (Figure 13.18a). Grape plants infected with P. viticola appear stunted and have discolored withered leaves. The spread of downy mildew caused the near collapse of the French wine industry in the nineteenth century. Q: Which parasite causes downy mildew in grape plants? A:

OPTIONS:
- taphrina confusa
- epichloe typhina
- chrysomyxa ledi
- plasmopara viticola

A: plasmopara viticola

input: OPTIONS:
- wind
- fire
- mud
- rain Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is the term for liquid water falling from the sky? A:
A:
output: rain

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Different forms, or allotropes, of carbon are diamond, graphite, and fullerenes. Q: Different forms, or allotropes, of carbon are diamond, graphite, and what? A:

OPTIONS:
- ligands
- vesicles
- carbonite
- fullerenes

Answer: fullerenes

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Two natural products of mollusks used for decorations and jewelry are pearls and nacre. A pearl is the hard, round object produced within the mantle of a living shelled mollusk. Pearls are produced by many bivalves when a tiny particle of sand or grit is trapped between the mantle and the shell. It's as if the mollusk has a splinter. The mollusk forms a protective covering around the irritant. Most pearls used as jewelry are made by pearl oysters and freshwater mussels; most of the ones sold are cultured and not wild. Natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries. Q: What is the term for the hard, round object produced within the mantle of a living shelled mollusk? A:

OPTIONS:
- ball
- root
- glass
- pearl

A:
pearl