Article: Dead or diseased stems will be darker in color than healthy, living stems. They may appear splotchy or wrinkled. If you cut them down, the wood inside might be dry, instead of damp. Note where the damage ends, then cut a few inches/centimeters below that. After cutting the stem off, take a look at the exposed wood. If it still looks dead or diseased, trim it further. You may have to remove it entirely in extreme cases. Remember to clean your shears after each cut that you make. This may seem like a lot of extra work, but you don't want to transfer the infection to healthy wood. Don't discard these stems by tossing them into the trash or compost bin. If there are any pests on these stems, they'll continue to thrive. Diseases may also spread into compost and contaminate it. Burn the stems, if possible. If you can't burn the stems, treat with an fungicide or pesticide that's intended for the disease. Spray your shears with rubbing alcohol, then wipe them down. If you don't have any on hand, use a solution of 1 part bleach and 10 parts water instead. If you trimmed off a dead or diseased stem, then you need to clean the shears after each cut that you make. If you don't do this, you risk transferring the infection. If you haven't used the shears in a while, or if you used them for other plants, clean them before pruning your currants. Redcurrants are especially susceptible to sawfly caterpillars. Keeping the base of the bush free of leaves will help deter these pests. Leaves grow on thin stems, so a pair of pruning shears or secateurs should be large enough to cut through them. You will have to think ahead and use your best judgement for this. Take a stem that's close to the ground, and gently pull downward on it to stimulate the weight of the berries. If the stem reaches the ground, cut it shorter. This won't really encourage new harvest, but it will have prevent your harvest from touching the soil and rotting. Another reason you don't want the stems to hang too close to the ground is because they might get tangled up in weeds.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Remove any dead or diseased stems as soon as you see them. Destroy any diseased or infested stems to prevent contamination. Clean your tools with rubbing alcohol or bleach after you use them. Keep the foliage sparse at the bottom of the bush to control pests. Make sure that the stems don't touch the ground once laden with berries.
Article: We do this in English as well. For example, you would say "I run," but you would add and "s" for "he runs." Conjugation in French works similarly; for every pronoun (I, he, she, it, we, you) there is a different conjugation. There are more French pronouns then English, but they are still easy to remember: Je: I Tu: You Il, elle, on: He, she, it Nous: We Vous: You (plural or formal) Ils, elles: They (male), they (female). An unconjugated verb is called the "infinitive." In English you simply at the word "to," so the infinitive is "to be," "to see," or "to write." In French the infinitive is one word -- like "aller" (to go), "ouvrir" (to open) or "repondre" (to respond). The infinitive is the base verb, or what changes as you conjugate. For example, in English you would not say, "He to be," you would say "he is." This is how we conjugate the verb "to be" in English. In French the large majority of verbs fall under three categories based on the ending of the infinitive. For each of these three categories there is a set of rules for conjugation. -er Verbs: This includes verbs like "parler" (to talk) and "manger" (to eat). -ir Verbs: This includes verbs like "applaudir" (to clap) and "finir" (to finish). -re Vebrs: This includes verbs like "entendre" (to hear). There are, unfortunately, some verbs in French that no longer use the same rules to conjugate. Almost every tense of these verbs is different, so you often have to look irregular verbs up separately. While by no means exhaustive, this list shows some of the most common irregular verbs: etre: To be Avoir: To have Aller: To go Vouloir: To want Faire: To make, to do Mettre: To put, to place.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Know that conjugation is when you change a verb based on who it involves. Remember the French pronouns. Note the infinitive of verbs. Recognize the three types of "regular" verbs. Know what verbs are irregular.
Article: Calculating EOL assumes first that there are two or more events that may happen, and, for each event, two or more possible courses of action that you could take. You need to begin by listing each event and each course of action that you could choose. For this first step, simply make two columns, headed "Events" and "Actions," and write your options under each one. For example, suppose you are the head of a marketing department and you must choose between two advertising campaigns for a new product. One is a gradual introduction into the market and the other is a more extreme approach. These are your two "Actions," which can be designated algebraically as A1 and A2. You do not know whether demand will be high or low. These represent the two "Events," which can be designated algebraically as E1 and E2. A payoff table is a grid that schematically illustrates your events and actions. Across the top row, labeled "Alternative Courses of Action," write down the names of your two actions. In a column on the right, label it "Events" and list the events that could occur. For the marketing example, your top row will have two columns labeled "Gradual" and "Extreme." The first column of your payoff table will have the heading "Events." Under this heading, fill in the labels "High demand" and "Low demand." Because this particular payoff table had two events and two actions, there should be four blank spaces in the table. You will fill these with data as you proceed. You will need to make some assumptions or otherwise provide data for the calculations to come. These data will need to come from your knowledge of the field, from marketing research, or any other reliable sources that you use. For the marketing example, assume that research informs you that a gradual marketing campaign in a low demand market will generate a profit of $1 million, while an extreme marketing campaign in a low demand market will create a loss of $5 million. Additionally, you predict that if demand is high, a gradual campaign will create a profit of $4 million, while an extreme campaign in a high demand market will general a profit of $10 million. These assumptions or predictions represent the data that you will use to continue calculating the EOL. Notice that each of the four blank spaces in the table correspond to some combination of events and actions. Use your predicted or assumed values to complete the blank table. Given the marketing example, the upper left space represents a gradual campaign in a low demand market. Fill in this space with the corresponding value of 1 (you can count in millions for this problem). The second space on the top row represents an extreme campaign in a low demand, with a value of -5. The negative number represents a predicted financial loss. The bottom row should be filled in with 4 and 10, respectively. This completed grid is your payoff table for this problem.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Make a list of possible events and courses of action. Create a payoff table. Gather data from research. Enter the data into the table.