Please answer the following question: Information: - The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic epoch). It lasted from 237 to 228.4 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event (known as the Carnian Pluvial Event) occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations. - A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. - Archosaurs are a group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives consist of birds and crocodilians. This group also includes all extinct non-avian dinosaurs, extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosauria, the archosaur clade, is a crown group that includes the most recent common ancestor of living birds and crocodilians. It includes two main clades: Pseudosuchia, which includes crocodilians and their extinct relatives, and Ornithosuchia, which includes birds and their extinct relatives (such as non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs). - The Late Triassic is the third and final of three epochs of the Triassic Period in the geologic timescale. The Triassic-Jurassic extinction event began during this epoch and is one of the five major mass extinction events of the Earth. The corresponding series is known as the Upper Triassic. In Europe the epoch was called the Keuper, after a German lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) that has a roughly corresponding age. The Late Triassic spans the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago). The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian ages. - Typothoracisinae is a clade of aetosaurs within the subfamily Aetosaurinae. It is a stem-based taxon defined as all aetosaurs closer to "Typothorax" than to "Stagonolepis" or "Desmatosuchus". As with many aetosaur taxa, most of the synapomorphies that diagnose the clade are found in the osteoderms. These include a strongly acute angle of flexion between the dorsal and lateral flanges of the dorsal and lateral plates and triangular-shaped pelvic and anterior caudal dorsal lateral plates possessing semicircular borders and hook-like eminences. - Aetosaurus is an extinct genus of archosaur reptile belonging to the order Aetosauria. It is generally considered to be the most primitive aetosaur. Three species are currently recognized: "A. ferratus", the type species from Germany and Italy; "A. crassicauda" from Germany; and "A. arcuatus" from eastern North America. Additional specimens referred to "Aetosaurus" have been found from South Africa, the Chinle Group of the southwestern United States, and the Fleming Fjord Formation of Greenland. Specimens of "Aetosaurus" occur in Norian-age strata. - In phylogenetics, apomorphy and synapomorphy refer to derived characteristic of a clade. Apomorphy implies a characteristic that is different from the form of an ancestor, i.e., an innovation, of use in determining membership in a clade. Synapomorphy is a shared derived character or trait state that distinguishes a clade from other organisms. In other words, it is an apomorphy shared by members of a monophyletic group, and thus assumed to be present in their most recent common ancestor. The word synapomorphy, coined by German entomologist Willi Hennig, is derived from the Greek words ', "syn" = shared; ', "apo" = away from; and "", "morphe" = shape.A - Neoaetosauroides is an extinct genus of primitive aetosaur. Its type and only species is "N. engaeus". Fossils have been found from the Los Colorados Formation outcropping along the Sierra Morada River in La Rioja, Argentina, and date back to the Norian age of the Late Triassic. It was the first aetosaur known from the formation, with remains being discovered in the 1960s. - Aetosaurinae is one of the two subfamilies of aetosaurs, the other being Desmatosuchinae. It is a stem-based taxon defined as all aetosaurs more closely related to "Aetosaurus" than to the last common ancestor of "Aetosaurus" and "Desmatosuchus". The only synapomorphy that diagnoses the clade Aetosaurinae is the medial offset of the dorsal eminences of the paramedian osteoderms. A phylogenetic study in 2012 found Aetosaurinae to be paraphyletic, with "Aetosaurus" being the basal-most stagonolepidid and aetosaurines like "Calyptosuchus", "Neoaetosauroides", and the newly described "Aetobarbakinoides" being successively more derived taxa leading up to a clade containing Desmatosuchinae and Typothoracisinae. Under this phylogeny, most traditional aetosaurines are more closely related to "Desmatosuchus" than they are to "Aetosaurus", and the clade Aetosaurinae can only include "Aetosaurus". - Stagonolepis is an extinct genus of stagonolepidid aetosaur known from the Late Triassic (Carnian stage) of Europe. - Calyptosuchus (meaning "covered crocodile") is an extinct genus of crurotarsan from the Late Triassic of North America. As an aetosaur, it was heavily armored and had a pig-like snout used to uproot plants. The genus might be a junior synonym of "Stagonolepis". - Desmatosuchus (from Greek "desmos" 'link' + "soukhos" 'crocodile') is an extinct genus of archosaur belonging to the Order Aetosauria. It lived during the Late Triassic. - Desmatosuchinae is one of the two subfamilies of aetosaurs , the other being Aetosaurinae . It is a stem - based taxon defined as all aetosaurs more closely related to Desmatosuchus than the last common ancestor of Desmatosuchus and Stagonolepis . All synapomorphies that diagnose the clade can be found in the osteoderms . These include tongue - and - groove articulations for lateral plates present in dorsal presacral paramedian plates and large spikes on the lateral cervical , dorsal , and caudal plates . - Aetosaurs ("aetosaur" ; order name "Aetosauria" ; from Greek, (aetos, "eagle") and (sauros, "lizard")) are an extinct order of heavily armoured, medium- to large-sized Late Triassic herbivorous archosaurs. They have small heads, upturned snouts, erect limbs, and a body covered by plate-like scutes. All aetosaurs belong to the family Stagonolepididae. Two distinct subdivisions of aetosaurs are currently recognized, Desmatosuchinae and Aetosaurinae, based primarily on differences in the morphology of the bony scutes of the two groups. Over 20 genera of aetosaurs have been described, and recently there has been controversy regarding the description of some of these genera. 'desmatosuchinae' is related to which object entity through the relation of 'taxon rank'? Choices: - family - form - genus - group - order - series - subfamily
Answer:
subfamily