In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
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Question: A paper he wrote about the geometrical representation of a certain kind of property by means of surfaces so excited Maxwell that he made a model illustrating the method. During the early 1880s, this man worked on a modification of the quaternion which he thought could be adapted into a new system of vector analysis, but it had little impact. He developed an "electrical theory of light" which presumed that light is a disturbance propagating through relatively fine-grained media, while his last work was a treatise on Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics which he completed a year before his death in 1903. His greatest discovery was popularized by the Dutch scientist who experimentally confirmed it, Hendrik Roozeboom. His most famous work was translated by Le Chatelier and Ostwald, and established a basis for the theory of the thermodynamic properties of heterogenous substances. FTP, name this founder of physical chemistry, an American scientist known for his namesake phase rule.

Answer: Science

Question: Fascinated in his youth by the sea and ships, he spent two years of his reign traveling throughout Europe learning the techniques of shipbuilding, but upon his return was forced to put down a revolt of the streltsy. Originally joint emperor with his retarded brother Ivan under the regency of his half-sister Sophia, he soon seized power, and later had his son Alexei tortured to death to maintain his rule. His seizure and eventual loss of Azov was his first notable attempt to gain greater maritime access, which was completed with his gain of a section of the Baltic coast, where he founded his new capital, modeled on the Western ideas he forced upon his country. FTP, who was this victor in the Great Northern War who from 1682-1725 ruled Russia

Answer: History

Question: This work approvingly quotes Schopenhauer's advice to a dishonest guardian on how to keep a ward from growing too intelligent. This work satirizes one concept as resembling the story of "Tono, the Great Dane" who forms his idea of the "Great Dog" after his own attributes, leading to the happy conclusion he is the Great Dog. It praises piecemeal engineering over utopian engineering because of the latter's want of large scale social experimentation. Besides "Nature and Convention", and "Aestheticism, Perfectionism, and Utopianism", this work's second volume dicsusses "The Rise of Oracular Philosophy" and "Hegel and the New Tribalism. " The first volume classifies one man as a great sociologist but decries him for a vision of fascism and totalitarianism. Opening with a chapter on "The Spell of Plato", for 10 points name this defense of liberal democracy by Karl Popper.

Answer:
Social Science