TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: A maximum independent set for this data structure can be found in linear time by adding alternating levels. In this structure, any two vertices or nodes must be connected by a single simple path, and thus it is connected and acyclic. By using (*) union-find with disjoint sets, one type of this structure containing all the vertices of a connected graph can be constructed. One variety of this data structure can be used to easily implement a binary search. This structure also comes in red-black and self-balancing-binary varieties. For 10 points, identify this data structure from computer science, a hierarchical graph in which "leaf" nodes ultimately flow from a "root" node.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: It holds only when the molecular attraction between different components is equal to the attraction of any one component in its pure state. Dealing primarily with changes in colligative properties, it allows for the calculation of molecular weights of dissolved substances and leads to the definition of a solution as ideal. FTP, identify this law that relates the vapor pressure and mole fraction of a solution, a law named for its French discoverer.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: This man wrote that "promises, covenants, and oaths...can have no hold on an atheist" a year before he argued against the idea that rightful kings are direct descendants of Adam, refuting Robert Filmer. This man believed that money removed a natural limit on accumulation, and described man's mixture of his labor with nature as the basis of our entitlement to property. The Jeffersonian phrase "consent of the governed" echoes this man's view that government must secure "life, liberty, and estate." For 10 points, name this man who wrote Two Treatises of Government in 1690, a British social contract theorist.

SOLUTION:
History