Given an abstract, generate a keyword (a noun phrase) that best describes the focus or contribution of the paper. Such keywords can be directly from the given abstract or outside it.

Q: Abstract: We examined the contributions of dietary protein and mineral to fracture-healing by assessing the mechanical properties of fracture callus in rats that were fed a diet that was deficient in or enriched by these nutrients. In order to isolate the effects of diet on fracture-healing, we developed a method for producing a standard closed femoral fracture with minimum-soft-tissue injury. Three groups of animals were studied. Group I was a control group, in which the rats did not undergo an operation. The rats in Group II underwent intramedullary pinning of the right femur, but no fracture was created. The rats in Group III underwent pinning identical to that used for Group II, after which a closed, transverse femoral fracture was produced. Immediately after surgery, the animals in each group were subdivided into five diet-treatment subgroups. Subgroup A received a regular diet; Subgroup B received a protein-free diet; and Subgroup C received a mineral-free diet that was lacking in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. Subgroup D received a protein-supplemented diet that was composed of three times the calculated requirement of protein, and Subgroup E received a mineral-supplemented diet that was composed of three times the calculated requirements of calcium and phosphorus as well as a therapeutic dose of vitamin D, equivalent to that used in the treatment of osteomalacia. At the end of five weeks, the animals were killed and the right femur of each one was subjected to torsion-testing to failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A: Animal
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Q: Abstract: To determine whether the morphology of dermatophytes plays a role in the clinical manifestation of dermatophytosis, we isolated spores and mycelia from colonies of killed Trichophyton mentagrophytes and tested their ability to induce gross and microscopic cutaneous changes when applied to guinea pig skin. The skin of normal guinea pigs failed to develop any cutaneous changes after inoculation with either dead spores or mycelia. In contrast, guinea pigs that had recovered from a T. mentagrophytes infection reacted to topically applied spores by producing pustules but failed to develop pustules either grossly or microscopically when inoculated with mycelia. Because differences in the activation of C' and the subsequent generation of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemoattractant, C5a, might account for our in vivo findings, we measured the amount of C5a activated in vitro when serum was incubated with equivalent amounts of spores or mycelia. Spores consistently activated more C' to C5a than mycelia, although each could activate serum C'. The results support previous studies that show a direct correlation between the clinical manifestations of a dermatophytic infection and the development of immunity against the dermatophyte. Furthermore, the data suggest that a dermatophyte's predominant morphology during an infection may play a critical role in producing pustules by activating C' and chemoattracting PMNs into the fungus-laden stratum corneum.

A: Animal
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Q: Abstract: The serum levels of the low mol wt form of somatomedin-binding protein (SMBP) were 5-fold higher in both diabetic (n = 44) and nondiabetic pregnant women (n = 14) than in nonpregnant women. No difference was found between women with type 1 diabetes and those with gestational diabetes. There was a negative correlation between maternal levels of SMBP during the last trimester and the birth weight percentile of the infants (r = -0.51). There was a 2- to 3-fold elevation of maternal insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) levels during pregnancy in both diabetic and nondiabetic women. A positive correlation (r = 0.49) was found between maternal IGF-I levels and the birth weight percentiles of their infants. The correlation between the ratio of IGF-I to SMBP, which may reflect the IGF-I available to the placenta, to birth weight percentile was higher (r = 0.57), and the SE of estimate of weight percentile was 23%. The ratio between IGF-I and SMBP in cord blood was correlated with birth weight, although cord blood IGF-I and SMBP values were not. The IGF-II levels in cord serum were 50% higher in the infants of diabetic than in those of nondiabetic mothers. These findings raise the questions of whether maternal SMBP levels influence the amount of IGF-I available for the fetal-placental unit and whether IGF-II participates in glucose homeostasis in the fetus.

A:
Adult
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