Premise:
"Living standards can be compared in terms of real GDP per capita, which historically in the United States has doubled every 35 years."
Hypothesis: The living standards of the United States are the best in the world.

it is not possible to tell

Premise:
"Sometimes the operative constraint is physical--you can't build airports just any old place."
Hypothesis: The space needs to be taken into consideration.

yes

Premise:
"He went on to become the king's principal artist."
Hypothesis: He became the king's main artist.
yes