Q: In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes yprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to uprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 45004000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Otzi the Iceman, a male dated from 33003200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

Answer the following questions:
1. Does copper occur naturally?
2. How long has it been used?
3. When was it discovered?
4. Where?
5. What was found in North Iraq?
6. What is it dated?
7. What metals were used by people before copper?
8. How many sequences did copper metallurgy have?
9. What happened in 2800 BC?
10. Where was copper mined in the roman era?
11. What color does copper turn in architecture?
A: 1. Yes
2. 10,000 years
3. 9000 BC
4. Middle East
5. A copper pendant
6. 8700 BC
7. Gold and meteoric iron
8. Four
9. Copper was discovered sometimes before then
10. Cyprus
11. Green verdigris or patina
Q: It was a boring day out on the range for cowboy Bob. He was riding around on his horse. It was a good animal, and its name was Steve. Steve was an old friend to Bob. He had been carrying Bob around on his back for almost five years, and both of them knew every inch of the range on which they rode. Bob's job was to keep watch over the cattle who ate and grew fat off the nice grass which grew on the range near the farm. It was a good job for cowboy Bob. He was a friendly cowboy with a nice beard, but he still preferred to be alone most of the time. He never got lonely on the range, with his horse Steve to keep him company and the nice view. As he did his job, he would sometimes get wet from the rain, and every day he would have to rise before the sun did, but still Bob was very happy, and he was never sad or angry or scared. Watching the sun rise orange in the distance was always a fun way for Bob to start the day. Sometimes, Bob would even sing to keep the cattle calm. Bob also had to keep the other animals away from the cattle, the wolf and the snake and the coyote. Bob and Steve were happy having each other as friends.

Answer the following questions:
1. Was it a boring day on the range?
2. What was cowboy Bob doing?
3. Was it a good horse?
4. What was it's name?
5. Were steve and cowboy Bob old friends?
6. Did they know the range they rode on well?
7. What did the cattle eat?
8. Who's job was it to watch over them?
9. Was it a good job for him?
10. Did he prefer to be alone most of the time?
11. Did he ever get lonely on the range?
12. Who kept him company?
13. Did it ever rain?
14. When did he have to wake up?
15. Was he ever sad or angy ot scared?
16. What color was the sun when it rose in the distance?
17. What did he have to keep away from the cattle?
18. Were Bob and Steve happy having each other as friends?
A:
1. yes
2. riding around on his horse
3. yes
4. Steve
5. yes
6. yes
7. grass
8. Bob's
9. yes
10. yes
11. no
12. Steve
13. yes
14. before the sun did
15. no
16. orange
17. other animals
18. yes