Problem:OPTIONS:
- primary succession
- typical succession
- cause succession
- secondary succession

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Secondary succession A classic example of secondary succession occurs in oak and hickory forests cleared by wildfire (Figure 19.27). Wildfires will burn most vegetation, and unless the animals can flee the area, they are killed. Their nutrients, however, are returned to the ground in the form of ash. Thus, although the community has been dramatically altered, there is a soil ecosystem present that provides a foundation for rapid recolonization. Before the fire, the vegetation was dominated by tall trees with access to the major plant energy resource: sunlight. Their height gave them access to sunlight while also shading the ground and other low-lying species. After the fire, though, these trees are no longer dominant. Thus, the first plants to grow back are usually annual plants followed within a few years by quickly growing and spreading grasses and other pioneer species. Due, at least in part, to changes in the environment brought on by the growth of grasses and forbs, over many years, shrubs emerge along with small pine, oak, and hickory trees. These organisms are called intermediate species. Eventually, over 150 years, the forest will reach its equilibrium point and resemble the community before the fire. This equilibrium state is referred to as the climax community, which will remain until the next disturbance. The climax community is typically characteristic of a given climate and geology. Although the community in equilibrium looks the same once it is attained, the equilibrium is a dynamic one with constant changes in abundance and sometimes species identities. The return of a natural ecosystem after agricultural activities is also a well-documented secondary succession process. Q: A wildfire clears a forest of vegetation and animal life, returning their nutrients to the ground leaving a foundation for rapid recolonization. what is this a classic example of? A:
****
A: secondary succession

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Most tissues regulated by the autonomic nervous system receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic input from? A:
OPTIONS:
- Chemosensory center
- peristaltic neurons
- parasympathetic neurons
- postganglionic neurons
postganglionic neurons

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The subfield of thermochemistry studies the energy changes that occur over the course of various chemical reactions. We will first look at how these changes are measured and then go into quantitative descriptions of heat transfer. Calorimetry is a term used to describe the measurement of heat transfers, usually by monitoring changes in the temperature of an isolated system. A calorimeter is a device used to measure temperature changes during chemical processes. The simplest type of calorimeter is the constant-pressure device illustrated in Figure below . Q: What is a device used to measure temperature changes during chemical processes called? A:
OPTIONS:
- altimeter
- alethiometer
- thermometer
- calorimeter

Answer: calorimeter

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ribosomes are small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis. They are found in all cells. Q: What are small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis called. A:
OPTIONS:
- chromosomes
- chloroplasts
- chromosomes
- ribosomes
Answer: ribosomes

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The life sciences are so complex that most scientists focus on just one or two subspecialties. If you want to study insects, what would you be called? An entomologist. If you want to study the tiny things that give us the flu, then you need to enter the field of virology , the study of viruses. If you want to study the nervous system, which life science field is right for you ( Table below , Table below , and Table below )?. Q: What is the study of viruses called? A:
OPTIONS:
- immunology
- microbiology
- biotechnology
- virology
output: virology

Problem: OPTIONS:
- vesicles
- cytoplasm
- nucleotides
- microtubules
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Microtubules , shown in Figure below (a) , are hollow cylinders and are the thickest of the cytoskeleton structures. They are most commonly made of filaments which are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin, and radiate outwards from an area near the nucleus called the centrosome. Tubulin is the protein that forms microtubules. Two forms of tubulin, alpha and beta, form dimers (pairs) which come together to form the hollow cylinders. The cylinders are twisted around each other to form the microtubules. Microtubules help the cell keep its shape. They hold organelles in place and allow them to move around the cell, and they form the mitotic spindle during cell division. Microtubules also make up parts of cilia and flagella, the organelles that help a cell move. Q: What are hollow cylinders and are the thickest of the cytoskeleton structures? A:
Answer:
microtubules