Problem: OPTIONS:
- years
- eons
- decades
- millennia
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fermentationof grains to produce beer, and of fruits to produce wineis an ancient art that humans in most cultures have practiced for millennia. Wild yeasts are acquired from the environment and used to ferment sugars into CO2 and ethyl alcohol under anaerobic conditions. It is now possible to purchase isolated strains of wild yeasts from different wine-making regions. Louis Pasteur was instrumental in developing a reliable strain of brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for the French brewing industry in the late 1850s. This was one of the first examples of biotechnology patenting. Many secondary metabolites of fungi are of great commercial importance. Antibiotics are naturally produced by fungi to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, limiting their competition in the natural environment. Important antibiotics, such as penicillin and the cephalosporins, are isolated from fungi. Valuable drugs isolated from fungi include the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine (which reduces the risk of rejection after organ transplant), the precursors of steroid hormones, and ergot alkaloids used to stop bleeding. Psilocybin is a compound found in fungi such as Psilocybe semilanceata and Gymnopilus junonius, which have been used for their hallucinogenic properties by various cultures for thousands of years. As simple eukaryotic organisms, fungi are important model research organisms. Many advances in modern genetics were achieved by the use of the red bread mold Neurospora crassa. Additionally, many important genes originally discovered in S. cerevisiae served as a starting point in discovering analogous human genes. As a eukaryotic organism, the yeast cell produces and modifies proteins in a manner similar to human cells, as opposed to the bacterium Escherichia coli, which lacks the internal membrane structures and enzymes to tag proteins for export. This makes yeast a much better organism for use in recombinant DNA technology experiments. Like bacteria, yeasts grow easily in culture, have a short generation time,... Q: Fermentationof grains to produce beer, and of fruits to produce wineis an ancient art that humans in most cultures have practiced for how long? A:
Answer: millennia

Problem:OPTIONS:
- infrared light
- x rays
- ultraviolet light
- visible light

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Visible Light The range of photon energies for visible light from red to violet is 1.63 to 3.26 eV, respectively (left for this chapter's Problems and Exercises to verify). These energies are on the order of those between outer electron shells in atoms and molecules. This means that these photons can be absorbed by atoms and molecules. A single photon can actually stimulate the retina, for example, by altering a receptor molecule that then triggers a nerve impulse. Photons can be absorbed or emitted only by atoms and molecules that have precisely the correct quantized energy step to do so. For example, if a red photon of frequency f encounters a molecule that has an energy step,. Q: What kind of light ranges from red to violet? A:
****
A: visible light

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cellular respiration uses oxygen in addition to glucose. It releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Cellular respiration actually "burns" glucose for energy. However, it doesn't produce light or intense heat like burning a candle or log. Instead, it releases the energy slowly, in many small steps. The energy is used to form dozens of molecules of ATP. Q: In addition to glucose, what gas is used during cellular respiration? A:
OPTIONS:
- methane
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
- oxygen
oxygen

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Volcanic eruptions can be devastating, particularly to the people who live close to volcanoes. Volcanologists study volcanoes to be able to predict when a volcano will erupt. Many changes happen when a volcano is about to erupt. Q: Who study volcanoes to be able to predict when a volcano will erupt? A:
OPTIONS:
- vocologists
- virologists
- ornithologists
- volcanologists

Answer: volcanologists

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ecosystems need energy. Many ecosystems get their energy in the form of sunlight, which enters the ecosystem through photosynthesis . This energy then flows through the ecosystem, passed from producers to consumers . Plants are producers in many ecosystems. Energy flows from plants to the herbivores that eat the plants, and then to carnivores that eat the herbivores. The flow of energy depicts interactions of organisms within an ecosystem. Q: Energy from sunlight enters many ecosystems through what process? A:
OPTIONS:
- multiplication
- reproduction
- isolation
- photosynthesis
Answer: photosynthesis

input: OPTIONS:
- concept rna
- anderson rna
- dirscriptor rna
- messenger rna Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. mRNA is produced in the nucleus, as are all RNAs. Q: What carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? A:
A:
output:
messenger rna