In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an architecturally diverse organelle that serves as a membrane source for the replication of multiple viruses. Flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus, induce unique single-membrane ER invaginations that house the viral replication machinery 1 . Whether this virus-induced ER remodeling is vulnerable to antiviral pathways is unknown. Here, we show that flavivirus replication at the ER is targeted by the interferon (IFN) response. Through genome-scale CRISPR screening, we uncovered an antiviral mechanism mediated by a functional gene pairing between IFI6, an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) cloned over 30 years ago 2 , and HSPA5, which encodes the ER-resident HSP70 chaperone BiP. We reveal that IFI6 is an ERlocalized integral membrane effector that is stabilized through interactions with BiP. Mechanistically, IFI6 prophylactically protects uninfected cells by preventing formation of virus-induced ER membrane invaginations. Notably, IFI6 has little effect on other mammalian RNA viruses, including the related Flaviviridae member hepatitis C virus, which replicates in double-membrane vesicles that protrude outward from the ER. These findings support a model in which the IFN response is armed with a membrane-targeted effector that discriminately blocks the establishment of virus-specific ER microenvironments required for replication. Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
A CRISPR screen identifies IFI6 as an ER-resident interferon effector that blocks flavivirus replication HHS Public Access Author manuscript

This review examines the question of whether exercise can be used as an experimental model to further our understanding of innate antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) and their role in susceptibility to infection at mucosal surfaces. There is strong evidence to suggest that AMPs, in combination with cellular and physical factors, play an important role in preventing infection. Although AMPs act directly on microorganisms, there is increasing recognition that they also exert their protective effect via immunomodulatory mechanisms, especially in noninflammatory conditions. Further studies that manipulate physiologically relevant concentrations of AMPs are required to shed light on the role they play in reducing susceptibility to infection. Evidence shows that in various form prolonged and/or exhaustive exercise is a potent modulator of the immune system, which can either sharpen or blunt the immune response to pathogens. The intensity and duration of exercise can be readily controlled in experimental settings to manipulate the degree of physical stress. This would allow for an investigation into a potential dose-response effect between exercise and AMPs. In addition, the use of controlled exercise could provide an experimental model by which to examine whether changes in the concentration of AMPs alters susceptibility to illness.
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins, exercise and innate mucosal immunity

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess epidemiological and clinical features of human bocavirus (HBoV) coinfection with other viruses. Method: Children coinfected with HBoV between January 2012 and December 2014 were enrolled and retrospectively reviewed. Result: A total of 984 patients were stratified into five groups: HBoV infection alone (n 249), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection alone (n 649), HBoV coinfection with RSV (n 28), with human rhinovirus (HRV) (n 39) and with other virus (n 19). Length of hospitalization was longer in HBoV coinfection with RSV group than HBoV (9.0 days vs. 7.0 days, p 0.001), RSV (9.0 days vs. 8.0 days, p 0.016) infection alone group. Pneumonia was more common in the HBoV coinfection with RSV group compared with the HBoV, RSV infection alone group, respectively (75.0% vs. 44.2%, 31.3%, p < 0.001). HBoV DNA copy numbers (383 000 copies/ml) were positively correlated with the length of hospitalization (r 0.334, p < 0.001). K E Y W O R D S : coinfection, human bocavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, disease severity, acute respiratory infections Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first identified in 2005 in nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from children with respiratory diseases [1]. Since then, HBoV has been detected worldwide, with prevalence rates between 1. 5% and 19% [2-4]. The recent widespread use of molecular methods has markedly increased the ability to identify respiratory V C The Author(s) [
Impact of RSV Coinfection on Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infections