Problem:OPTIONS:
- deformity
- hypothyroidism
- retinopathy
- achondroplasia

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Whereas cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, and phenylketonuria are all autosomal recessive disorders, achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder. Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism in humans. Achondroplasia is a result of an autosomal dominant mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene 3 (FGFR3), which causes an abnormality of cartilage formation. FGFR3 normally has a negative regulatory effect on bone growth. In achondroplasia, the mutated form of the receptor is constitutively active (constantly "turned on") and this leads to severely shortened bones. Individuals with achondroplasia are heterozygous for the mutation (one mutant copy, one normal copy). Homozygous for the achondroplasia mutation is lethal prior to birth or shortly after birth. Q: What is the most common cause of dwarfism? A:
****
A: achondroplasia

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The orbits of the planets are elliptical. Q: What shape is the orbit of a planet? A:
OPTIONS:
- cleaved
- vertical
- spiral
- elliptical
elliptical

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The first continents were small but they grew over time. Supercontinents have formed at least five times in Earth history. Q: Supercontinents have formed at least how many times in earth history? A:
OPTIONS:
- twenty
- nine
- two
- five

Answer: five

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: All objects absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation. The rate of heat transfer by radiation is largely determined by the color of the object. Black is the most effective, and white is the least effective. People living in hot climates generally avoid wearing black clothing, for instance (see Take-Home Experiment: Temperature in the Sun). Similarly, black asphalt in a parking lot will be hotter than adjacent gray sidewalk on a summer day, because black absorbs better than gray. The reverse is also trueblack radiates better than gray. Thus, on a clear summer night, the asphalt will be colder than the gray sidewalk, because black radiates the energy more rapidly than gray. An ideal radiator is the same color as an ideal absorber, and captures all the radiation that falls on it. In contrast, white is a poor absorber and is also a poor radiator. A white object reflects all radiation, like a mirror. (A perfect, polished white surface is mirror-like in appearance, and a crushed mirror looks white. Q: The rate of heat transfer by radiation is largely determined by what? A:
OPTIONS:
- scope
- sound
- environment
- color
Answer: color

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: When homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis I, crossing-over can occur. Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. It results in new combinations of genes on each chromosome. Q: What is the term for the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes? A:
OPTIONS:
- inheritance
- asexual reproduction
- meiosis
- crossing-over
output: crossing-over

Problem: OPTIONS:
- it evolves
- it contracts
- it introduces
- it expands
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: When water is heated in the boiler, it expands. It might burst the pipes of the system if it weren't for the expansion tank. This tank holds excess water after it expands. Q: What happens to water when it is heated in the broiler? A:
Answer:
it expands