Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Example Input: The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene is located within the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex region, exhibiting the -308 GA promoter region polymorphism and six microsatellites (TNFa-f) spanning the region nearby the TNF locus.', 'In the present study, we evaluated the frequency of -308 GA and TNFa-e polymorphisms and respective haplotypes (in chromosomal sequence: TNFd-TNFe-308GA-TNFc-TNFa-TNFb), in 222 patients with AIDS, 52 of whom exhibited cytomegalovirus retinitis, and in 202 healthy HIV-negative individuals.', 'TNF microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism typings were performed by PCR followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.', 'The TNF-308A allele and the 4-3-G-2-7-1 haplotype were associated with susceptibility to AIDS, whereas the TNFb4 allele and the 3-3-G-1-11-4 haplotype were associated with protection against AIDS development. The TNFc2 allele and the 4-1-G-2-2-1 haplotype, which contains the TNFc2 allele, were associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Example Output: 1

Example Input: Lymphocyte alterations have been associated with an increased prevalence of acute respiratory infections in COPD patients. AM3 is an oral immunomodulator that normalizes the defective functions of peripheral blood natural killer and phagocytic cells in COPD patients and improves their health-related quality of life.', 'To characterize putative systemic abnormalities of the T-cell compartment in COPD patients, and to investigate whether AM3 can restore such abnormalities.', 'The study was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in a cohort of COPD patients. The results were also compared to those of nonsmoker and ex-smoker healthy control subjects.', 'Outpatient departments of four hospitals.', 'Seventy COPD patients were randomized to receive either AM3 or a placebo orally for 90 consecutive days. Populations of 36 healthy nonsmokers and 36 healthy ex-smokers were used as control subjects.', 'Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma proteins in response to the T-cell polyclonal mitogens were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment.', 'The proliferative response was significantly decreased in COPD patients. Decreased production of IFN-gamma was the only defect in the profiles of the cytokine measures, and was selectively observed in COPD patients, but not in nonsmoker and ex-smoker healthy control subjects. Treatment with AM3 significantly restored the PBMC proliferative response to polyclonal mitogens and significantly promoted stimulated IFN-gamma production in these patients. The normalization of these proliferative responses was not related to significant variations in the numbers of peripheral blood monocytes, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells or of any major naive/memory/activated T-cell subset. The increased IFN-gamma production in the AM3 study arm was associated with an increase in the mean of number of IFN-gamma molecules produced per CD8+ T cells.
Example Output: 1

Example Input: Pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive malignancy and efficient therapeutic options are still largely lacking. The importance of interactions between tumor cells and surrounding stromal elements, eg, mononuclear cells, for chemoresistance have been increasingly recognized. In addition, cyclooxygenase-2 is thought to be an important mediator of chemoresistance in several malignancies. The aim of this study was to explore the role of mononuclear cells in pancreatic cancer chemoresistance.', 'Human histiocytic lymphoma U937 cells were differentiated into macrophage-like cells. The effect of U937-conditioned medium on drug-induced pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The contributions of interleukin-1beta and cyclooxygenase-2 were evaluated by specific receptor antagonists and inhibitors. The importance of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway also was determined.', 'U937-conditioned culture medium protected pancreatic cancer cells from drug-induced apoptosis. This protective effect was abolished by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. U937-conditioned medium and interleukin-1beta stimulated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E(2) production in pancreatic cancer cells, which was mediated by activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Transfection of pancreatic cancer cells with cyclooxygenase-2 increased resistance to drug-induced cell death.
Example Output:
0