Your rod cells take about 30 to 45 minutes to adapt to a change of light around you. Rod cells can only see black and white and have poor resolution but are very sensitive in night vision circumstances. Photopigments are chemicals contained in both rod and cone cells that are light-sensitive and convert what you see into a language that your brain can understand. Rhodopsin is a photopigment found in rod cells that is critical to night vision. Your ability to adapt to darkness depends on some things that may be out of your control, such as your age, previous eye injury or damage, and any existing eye conditions. In order to see in the darkness, you need to understand what it takes to improve your utilisation of the rod cells and manipulate your eyes to more quickly adapt to a sudden change in light. If you are trying to look at a dim light, don't look directly at it. By doing this, you are utilising your rod cells instead of your cone cells which would happen if you look directly at the dim light. This trick is often used by astronomers. Rod cells don't pick up the color red, so 2030 minutes of wearing red tinted glasses before you go into a dark area can help you to detect motion around you more quickly. By blocking everything in the visible spectrum except red, the glasses will allow your rods to adjust to "darkness" of a sort before you head out. This is a common trick that aviators use when they don't have time to sit in perfect darkness and adjust before night-flying. Light sources will force your pupils to contract and diminish your night vision. The pupil works like the aperture part of a camera, getting smaller or larger depending on the amount of light that is entering the eye. The more light, the smaller the pupil gets. In lower light situations, your pupil opens wide to let in as much light as possible. By looking directly into a light source, you are extending the amount of time it will take for your vision to adjust, or readjust, to the low light. If you can't avoid looking at a light source, cover or close one eye, or safely divert your gaze, until it passes. Take steps before you get in the car to help enhance your vision as you drive at night. As just mentioned, try to avoid looking directly at an oncoming light source. If someone comes around the bend with their high-beams on, protecting one eye will prevent you from getting "flash blindness" in both eyes, allowing you to more easily adjust back to the darkness. Look at the white line off to the right but still on your side of the road. This allows you to maintain a safe course, see movement around you with your peripheral vision and still avoid looking directly into someone's high beams. Dim your dash lights to a low but safe level to help your vision while driving at night. Also, use your mirror's "night" setting. This helps to reduce glare from vehicles that are behind you. Clean your headlights, wipers, and windshield regularly. Spots on the windshield become sources of glare when you are driving at night. Have regular maintenance on your car that includes headlight and fog light adjustments. Even a degree or two of difference can prevent your lights from causing vision problems for other drivers. The best way to see in the dark is to let yourself slowly acclimate by relaxing in perfect darkness for 20 to 30 minutes. To adjust to the darkness more quickly, wear an eye mask, or close and cover your eyes, to give your eyes a chance to adjust before entering a darkened area. Try an eyepatch. By protecting one eye from light for 20 to 30 minutes, you will be able to enter a darkened area with that eye already accustomed to the darkness. Your eyes have natural blind spots and navigating your way through an area in darkness can cause problems if you try to center your gaze. Try to focus your gaze on the side of any object you think is there, or just off-center of the direction you are going as you move forward through a dark area. This allows your peripheral vision to help detect movement and object shape much better than trying to look at something directly. Using your peripheral vision engages more rod cells, which are key in navigating your way through a dark area, identifying shapes, and detecting movement. Remember, your rod cells do not see color or detail, and they are your guide in the darkness. The night sky provides a source of light. By positioning yourself as low as possible, the light from the night sky or a window provides enough contrast to help the rod cells in your eyes do their job more easily. In some forms of martial arts training, students are often instructed to stay as low as possible, using the sky to illuminate objects and opponents by creating a silhouette. While the rods in your eyes are far more light-sensitive than the cones, they can only discriminate between black and white and provide low-quality images by contrasting the available light source behind objects. Close your eyes tightly and use the palms of your hands to apply slight pressure to your eyes.. After about 5 or 10 seconds into the massage, the normal blackness turns to white for a few seconds. When the white fades and the blackness returns, open your eyes and your vision will be better in the darkness. Special Forces have reportedly used a similar method of squeezing their eyes shut tightly for five to 10 seconds once they were in a dark area. Science has not proven the efficacy of this technique, but it may be helpful for some people. Be sure you move around safely if you are attempting to do so before your eyes have adjusted to the darkness. Keep both feet on the ground, your arms outstretched, and move slowly. Listen for changes in sound that may indicate a door, hallway, or window. Be sure to move your arms and hands to avoid walking into a tree or the edge of an open door. Research is ongoing, but promising, in working with people that are blind. They are developing the ability to perform clicking sounds with their tongue, termed "flash sonar", which is similar to the sonar used by bats. By using flash sonar, people can locate objects in front and around them in a remarkable way. For example, one person demonstrated this method by using clicking sounds made with her tongue to "scan" the space in front of her until she could locate a pot held by another person. With a few more clicks, she could identify the type and contour of the lid on the pot. Another person that is considered a flash sonar expert can ride a mountain bike through difficult terrain and navigate an obstacle course without incident by using this technique. The experts of flash sonar claim that it is a skill that anyone can develop.
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One-sentence summary -- Utilise your rod cells. Wear red-tinted glasses or goggles. Avoid looking directly at any light sources. Improve your night vision while driving. Let your eyes adjust to the darkness naturally. Use your peripheral vision. Get low to create silhouettes and look for contrast. Massage your eyes gently. Use all your senses to "see". Consider learning to see with sound.

Article: The middle button is between the top and bottom button. If your lapel's roll is soft, and extends past the first button, use the middle button. You should always keep this button fastened when standing. It is never customary to undo the middle button when you're standing up. With a flat lapel, you should button the top two buttons. The suit will look better this way. You can also use the top button if you personally prefer this look as long as your lapel does not extend past the first button. Again, the middle button should always be fastened when standing. This is also customary when wearing a three button suit. This will help prevent creases. Always remember to re-fasten the buttons when you stand. Under no circumstances should you fasten the lower button. This is never considered customary. Only use the top and middle button on a three button suit. Some three button suits are called 2 1/2 suits. In these suits, the lower button almost always constricts movement when fastened. It is a particularly big faux pas to fasten all three buttons in a 2 1/2 suit, and it will also be very uncomfortable.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Button the middle button when standing. Button the top button in some situations. Undo all the buttons when seated. Avoid buttoning the lower button.