Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cancer and Epigenetic Alterations Silencing genes through epigenetic mechanisms is also very common in cancer cells. There are characteristic modifications to histone proteins and DNA that are associated with silenced genes. In cancer cells, the DNA in the promoter region of silenced genes is methylated on cytosine DNA residues in CpG islands. Histone proteins that surround that region lack the acetylation modification that is present when the genes are expressed in normal cells. This combination of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation (epigenetic modifications that lead to gene silencing) is commonly found in cancer. When these modifications occur, the gene present in that chromosomal region is silenced. Increasingly, scientists understand how epigenetic changes are altered in cancer. Because these changes are temporary and can be reversedfor example, by preventing the action of the histone deacetylase protein that removes acetyl groups, or by DNA methyl transferase enzymes that add methyl groups to cytosines in DNAit is possible to design new drugs and new therapies to take advantage of the reversible nature of these processes. Indeed, many researchers are testing how a silenced gene can be switched back on in a cancer cell to help re-establish normal growth patterns. Genes involved in the development of many other illnesses, ranging from allergies to inflammation to autism, are thought to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. As our knowledge of how genes are controlled deepens, new ways to treat diseases like cancer will emerge. Q: Silencing genes through epigenetic mechanisms is commonly practiced on what type of uncontrolled cells? Choices: - giving cells - neutral cells - innoculous cells - cancer cells A:
cancer cells
Answer the following question given this paragraph: All reptiles have a cloaca , a single exit and entrance for sperm, eggs, and waste, located at the base of the tail. Most reptiles lay amniotic eggs covered with leathery or hard shell. These eggs can be placed anywhere as they don't have to be in a moist environment, like the eggs of amphibians. However, not all species lay eggs, as certain species of squamates can give birth to live young. Q: Most reptiles lay what kind of eggs? Choices: - hard-shelled - umbilical - roe - amniotic A:
amniotic
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses of cells. It is generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide without limits. Cancer genes can be inherited. You can learn more about hereditary cancer by watching the video at the following link: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=LWk5FplsKwM (4:29). Q: What is the disease in which cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses? Choices: - bronchitis - diabetes - HIV - cancer A:
A: cancer
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Joules and calories are the units of energy and heat. Q: Joules and calories are the units of what? Choices: - weight and energy - mass and potential - heat and velocity - energy and heat A:
Answer: energy and heat
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next Choices: - robust efficiency - underlie efficiency - hypothesized efficiency - trophic efficiency A:
**Answer**
trophic efficiency
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: the conscious perception of the how the body interacts with the environment. The visceral senses are most often below the limit of conscious perception because they are involved in homeostatic regulation through the autonomic nervous system. The sensory exam tests the somatic senses, meaning those that are consciously perceived. Testing of the senses begins with examining the regions known as dermatomes that connect to the cortical region where somatosensation is perceived in the postcentral gyrus. To test the sensory fields, a simple stimulus of the light touch of the soft end of a cotton-tipped applicator is applied at various locations on the skin. The spinal nerves, which contain sensory fibers with dendritic endings in the skin, connect with the skin in a topographically organized manner, illustrated as dermatomes (Figure 16.13). For example, the fibers of eighth cervical nerve innervate the medial surface of the forearm and extend out to the fingers. In addition to testing perception at different positions on the skin, it is necessary to test sensory perception within the dermatome from distal to proximal locations in the appendages, or lateral to medial locations in the trunk. In testing the eighth cervical nerve, the patient would be asked if the touch of the cotton to the fingers or the medial forearm was perceptible, and whether there were any differences in the sensations. Q: The visceral senses are most often below the limit of conscious perception because they are involved in this? Choices: - subtle regulation - sensory balance - homeostatic manipulation - homeostatic regulation A:
A: homeostatic regulation