Problem:OPTIONS:
- carbonates acid
- ethylene acid
- ascorbic acid
- acetic acid

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The two smallest carboxylic acids are formic acid (found in the stingers of ants) and acetic acid (found in vinegar). Many organic compounds are considerably more complex than the examples described here. Many compounds, such as cholesterol discussed in the chapter-opening essay, contain more than one functional group. The formal names can also be quite complex. In http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gobch12through http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch15, we will examine the characteristics and chemistry of other important organic compounds and functional groups. Q: The two smallest carboxylic acids are formic acid and what else? A:
****
A: acetic acid

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The properties of liquids are intermediate between those of gases and solids but are more similar to solids. In contrast to intramolecular forces, such as the covalent bonds that hold atoms together in molecules and polyatomic ions, intermolecular forces hold molecules together in a liquid or solid. Intermolecular forces are generally much weaker than covalent bonds. For example, it requires 927 kJ to overcome the intramolecular forces and break both OH bonds in 1 mol of water, but it takes only about 41 kJ to overcome the intermolecular attractions and convert 1 mol of liquid water to water vapor at 100C. (Despite this seemingly low value, the intermolecular forces in liquid water are among the strongest such forces known!) Given the large difference in the strengths of intra- and intermolecular forces, changes between the solid, liquid, and gaseous states almost invariably occur for molecular substances without breaking covalent bonds. Q: The properties of liquids are intermediate between those of gases and solids but are more similar to? A:
OPTIONS:
- gases
- oils
- plasma
- solids
solids

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Oxidation often involves the loss of hydrogen, the gain of oxygen, or the loss of electrons. Q: What often involves the loss of hydrogen, the gain of oxygen, or the loss of electrons? A:
OPTIONS:
- decomposition
- precipitation
- carbonation
- oxidation

Answer: oxidation

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Salamanders are carnivorous , eating only other animals, not plants. They will eat almost any smaller animal, such as worms, centipedes, crickets, spiders, and slugs. Some will even eat small invertebrates. Finally, salamanders have the ability to grow back lost limbs, as well as other body parts. This process is known as regeneration. Q: What is the term used for the ability of salamanders to grow back lost limbs and other body parts? A:
OPTIONS:
- extraction
- transformation
- expansion
- regeneration
Answer: regeneration

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The frequency , , is the number of cycles an object goes through in 1 second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 cycle per sec. Q: What is the base unit that frequency is typically measured in? A:
OPTIONS:
- watt
- volume
- degrees
- hertz
output: hertz

Problem: OPTIONS:
- specialists
- archaebotanists
- protobotanists
- paleobotanists
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Evolution of Angiosperms Undisputed fossil records place the massive appearance and diversification of angiosperms in the middle to late Mesozoic era. Angiosperms ("seed in a vessel") produce a flower containing male and/or female reproductive structures. Fossil evidence (Figure 26.6) indicates that flowering plants first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous, about 125 million years ago, and were rapidly diversifying by the Middle Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago. Earlier traces of angiosperms are scarce. Fossilized pollen recovered from Jurassic geological material has been attributed to angiosperms. A few early Cretaceous rocks show clear imprints of leaves resembling angiosperm leaves. By the mid-Cretaceous, a staggering number of diverse flowering plants crowd the fossil record. The same geological period is also marked by the appearance of many modern groups of insects, including pollinating insects that played a key role in ecology and the evolution of flowering plants. Although several hypotheses have been offered to explain this sudden profusion and variety of flowering plants, none have garnered the consensus of paleobotanists (scientists who study ancient plants). New data in comparative genomics and paleobotany have, however, shed some light on the evolution of angiosperms. Rather than being derived from gymnosperms, angiosperms form a sister clade (a species and its descendents) that developed in parallel with the gymnosperms. The two innovative structures of flowers and fruit represent an improved reproductive strategy that served to protect the embryo, while increasing genetic variability and range. Paleobotanists debate whether angiosperms evolved from small woody bushes, or were basal angiosperms related to tropical grasses. Both views draw support from cladistics studies, and the so-called woody magnoliid hypothesiswhich proposes that the early ancestors of angiosperms were shrubsalso offers molecular biological evidence. Q: What term describes scientists who debate the origin of the earliest plants? A:
Answer:
paleobotanists