TASK DEFINITION: Given an abstract, generate a keyword (a noun phrase) that best describes the focus or contribution of the paper. Such keywords can be directly from the given abstract or outside it.
PROBLEM: Abstract: Active forms of vitamin D3, 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, were administered in an open-design study to 40 patients with psoriasis vulgaris in three ways: to 17 patients 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 was given orally at a dose of 1.0 micrograms/day for 6 months, to four patients 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was given orally at a dose of 0.5 microgram/day for 6 months, and 19 patients were given 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 applied topically at concentration of 0.5 microgram/g of base for 8 weeks. Improvement was observed at the end of the individual study periods in 13 (76%) patients in Group 1 with a mean period of treatment (+/- SD) of 2.7 +/- 0.6 months, in one patient in Group 2 at 3 months after the start of treatment, and in 16 (84%) patients in Group 3 when the chemical was applied for 3.3 +/- 1.2 weeks. No side-effects were observed in any of these trials. These data suggest that psoriasis may respond to active metabolites of vitamin D3 and that abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism or in responsiveness of the skin cells to active metabolites of vitamin D may be involved in the pathogenesis of this skin disease.

SOLUTION: Adolescence

PROBLEM: Abstract: Macroporous polystyrene and polyvinylpyridine beads with quaternary ammonium and tertiary groups were tailor-made for the adsorption of unconjugated bilirubin. In vitro studies in order to obtain high adsorption capacity, the synthesized macroporous resin should have an average pore size of about 160 A and with surface area as large as possible. As the crosslinking of the resin increased from 4%-40% the amount of bilirubin adsorbed increased from 0.17 mg/g to 2.0 mg/g. Resins containing strong basic groups have higher adsorption capacities than their corresponding weak base groups. Adsorption mechanism studies showed that both chemical and physical adsorption took place. Adsorption of bilirubin in plasma was some what lower than in buffer solution.

SOLUTION: Adsorption

PROBLEM: Abstract: In routine clinical practice and in research interviews like the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), symptoms attributed to physical illness are excluded from contributing positively toward psychiatric diagnoses. The maximal rate of underdiagnosis which results from this diagnostic rule was determined in 114 patients with diabetes mellitus. When symptoms attributed to diabetes (total = 296, mean = 2.6 per patient) were discounted, 256 diagnoses were made. Eighteen additional diagnoses (a 6.7% increase) were appreciated when these excluded symptoms were considered as psychiatrically significant; however, only two of these new diagnoses were given to patients previously without a psychiatric diagnosis. The authors concluded that the DIS is sensitive in its detection of psychiatric illness in diabetes and perhaps other physical illnesses as well.

SOLUTION:
Adult