What lacks a vertebral column, or backbone?
Options:
- (A) fungi
- (B) parasites
- (C) cacti
- (D) Leptospirosis
- (E) insects
- (F) bushes
- (G) Conifers
- (H) anostrans
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Let's think first: Invertebrates are animals that lack a vertebral column, or backbone. Principal invertebrates are anostracans and ostracods. Anostrans lack a vertebral column, or backbone.... So the answer is [(H)]

Individuals who move into or out of a community increase:
Options:
- (A) homogeneity
- (B) energy usage
- (C) power
- (D) monoculture
- (E) competition
- (F) adding heat
- (G) population
- (H) gene flow
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Let's think first: Gene flow occurs when individuals move into or out of a population. Community health focuses on the health of populations or groups. Gene flow occurs when individuals move into or out of a community.... So the answer is [(H)]

Mutations that lead to cancer usually effect genes that aid in what?
Options:
- (A) illness
- (B) health
- (C) disease
- (D) blood transfer
- (E) chemotherapy
- (F) respiraration
- (G) mitosis
- (H) recovery
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Let's think first: Mutations that lead to cancer usually occur in genes that control the cell cycle. Mitosis is part of the cell cycle. Mutations that lead to cancer usually occur in genes aiding in mitosis.... So the answer is [(G)]

Macroevolution most likely occurs over what period of time?
Options:
- (A) Summer
- (B) length
- (C) eons
- (D) long
- (E) growth
- (F) Earth
- (G) years
- (H) scale
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Let's think first: Macroevolution occurs over geologic time above the level of the species. All geologic time can be divided into two eons. Macroevolution occurs over eons.... So the answer is [(C)]

Producers that are adapted to very dry environments are called what?
Options:
- (A) xerophytes
- (B) ragweed
- (C) mammals
- (D) dry plants
- (E) animals
- (F) cactus
- (G) alpacas
- (H) bacteria
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Let's think first: Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes. If the plant is green, it is a producer. Producers that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes.... So the answer is [(A)]

What does the base of the food chain provide food for?
Options:
- (A) It helps them survive
- (B) sediments
- (C) Most plants
- (D) other organisms
- (E) our planet
- (F) energy systems
- (G) fruits
- (H) Animal survival
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Let's think first: Producers are organisms that produce food for themselves and other organisms. Producers are the base of the food chain. The base of the food chain help provide food for other organisms.... So the answer is [(D)]