Question: The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the LuriaDelbruck experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.

The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy. 1. What was demonstrated in 1943?
2. By what?
3. What has been less effective?
4. What kind?
5. What is dependent on several factors?
6. What does that include?
7. What might depend on the growth phase?
8. What does it require?
9. Anything else?
10. What might get rid of infections? Provide a numbered list of answers.
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A numbered of answers: 1. antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes
2. the LuriaDelbruck experiment.
3. . Antibiotics
4. penicillin and erythromycin
5. The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy
6. host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial.
7. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials
8. ongoing metabolic activity
9. division of bacterial cells.
10. antibacterials

Question: A daughter's duty? Adult daughters are often expected to caregiver for older parents. In 2007, Jorjan Sarich and her dad moved from California to Idaho. It was where he wanted to live his rest time.

"I left my occupation, I left my friends; he did the same thing," said Sarich, who bought a house with her father, George Snyder, in the China Gardens neighborhood of Hailey after his health began to decline. Though a graduate student struggling to finish her dissertation , Sarich chose to be her dad's full-time caregiver.

"It's only now, several years later, that I'm realizing how much work it was. It's the kind of exhaustion that sleep doesn't cure," she said.

About 6 million Americans provide care to elderly relatives or friends living outside of nursing homes. Laurel Kennedy, author of "The Daughter Trap" (Thomas Dunne Books, $25.95), says that women bear a disproportionate share of the burden -- about 70 percent of hands-on care giving such as bathing.

"I want to be clear: Women don't hate this," Kennedy said. "What they hate is that everyone just assumes they'll do it."

Kennedy is calling for _ equal to the rise of affordable child care and day care: Employers should help working caregivers by offering accommodations. Men should step up more often. It's unfair that women are always chosen to provide care for an elderly family member.

Despite the hard work it took on Sarich -- interrupted sleep and the knowledge that his 2009 death was the end game, she would do it again. Since about half a century had gone by, she wasn't the person he remembered, and he wasn't the person she remembered either. Caring for her father changed how each saw the other. 1. What year did Jorjan move?
2. Who did she take with her?
3. Where did they move to?
4. And where did they come from?
5. What was her father's name?
6. Who was George's caregiver?
7. How many Americans are caregivers for elderly friends and relatives?
8. Who wrote The Daughter Trap?
9. How much of the caregiver duties are normally assigned to women?
10. What was the name of their neighborhood?
11. And what town was it in? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. 2007
2. Her dad
3. Idaho
4. California
5. George Snyder
6. Jorjan
7. 6 million
8. Laurel Kennedy
9. 70 percent
10. China Gardens
11. Hailey

Question: Chapter XXXII.

The seniors of the party at Benfield Lodge were all assembled one morning in a parlor, when its master and the baronet were occupied in the perusal of the London papers. Clara had persuaded her sisters to accompany her and Francis in an excursion as far as the village.

Jane yet continued reserved and distant to most of her friends; while Emily's conduct would have escaped unnoticed, did not her blanched cheek and wandering looks at times speak a language not to be misunderstood. With all her relatives she maintained the affectionate intercourse she had always supported; though not even to her aunt did the name of Denbigh pass her lips. But in her most private and humble petitions to God, she never forgot to mingle with her requests for spiritual blessings on herself, fervent prayers for the conversion of the preserver of her life.

Mrs. Wilson, as she sat by the side of her sister at their needles, first discovered an unusual uneasiness in their venerable host, while he turned his paper over and over, as if unwilling or unable to comprehend some part of its contents, until he rang the bell violently, and bid the servant to send Johnson to him without a moment's delay.

"Peter," said Mr. Benfield doubtingly, "read that--your eyes are young, Peter; read that."

Peter took the paper, and after having adjusted his spectacles to his satisfaction, he proceeded to obey his master's injunctions; but the same defect of vision as suddenly seized the steward as it had affected his master. He turned the paper sideways, and appeared to be spelling the matter of the paragraph to himself. Peter would have given his three hundred a year to have had the impatient John Moseley a hand, to relieve him from his task; but the anxiety of Mr. Benfield overcoming his fear of the worst, he inquired in tremulous tone-- 1. Whose eyes were better suited for reading?
2. Did he wear glasses, also?
3. How did he turn the paper to read it?
4. Was he having trouble deciphering it?
5. Where were the seniors gathered?
6. Was there a party?
7. Where?
8. What was being read in the parlor?
9. What was Clara planning?
10. Who was coming with her?
11. How far were they going to go? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. Pryrt
2. yes
3. sideways
4. yes
5. a parlor
6. yes
7. Benfield Lodge
8. the London papers
9. Clara had persuaded her sisters to accompany her and Francis in an excursion
10. her sisters and Francis
11. to the village