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If this happens often, it may be chronic. Consider the health of the person at hand. Is this a result of sickness? Was anything unusual going on at the time that could have had a lowering effect on blood sugar levels? What's more, stay relaxed. There may not be a bigger problem at hand. You will need to ascertain if the symptoms point to dangerously low blood pressure. Generally, the symptoms include dizziness, lightheadedness, unsteadiness, dimming or blurring of vision, weakness, fatigue, nausea, cold, clammy skin, fainting, and pale skin. Bring water to a boil and steep the tea for 5-7 minutes to get the full flavor. Add 1 teaspoon (4 g) of sugar for an added boost to your blood pressure. The increase will happen within 45 minutes of drinking the tea. When blood volume is increased and dehydration is alleviated, hypotension may disappear. Sports drinks containing electrolytes return lost minerals to the body, too. Drinking these or water will keep dehydration from happening. Another way of spiking blood pressure (temporarily, that is) is to drink caffeine. Scientists aren't quite sure how or why it does this, but it's thought that it either blocks hormones that widen your arteries or pumps up your adrenaline levels, directly causing a rise in blood pressure. The excess salt helps make blood pressure rise. That's why heart patients are usually on low-sodium diets. Sodium is known to raise blood pressure (and sometimes greatly), so doctors generally recommend limiting it. Check with your healthcare professional before you up your intake -- if you consume an amount that's not good for you, it can lead to heart failure (especially if you're older). Raise the legs and put on compression stockings, if available. These are the same stockings that people use to reduce varicose veins and they're just as good for reducing blood pooling up in the legs. The problem could easily be failure to follow doctor's orders. Many medications lower or heighten blood pressure, even if just as a side effect. Certain combinations can also be more powerful than when taken alone. Make sure they (or you as the case may be) understand the importance of not missing doses. Or not taking too much! In addition to their regular meds, know that acetaminophen (Tylenol) and certain anti-inflammatories and anti-depressants can also spike blood pressure levels. If you have some readily available, consider adding it in this instance. It's common for even healthy individuals to experience a dip in blood pressure when they rise after long periods of sitting. When going to stand (especially upon getting out of bed), sit up straight first and rise slowly. If you're able, get regular exercise to promote blood flow. If it's a chronic issue, keep up the exercise and eat small meals often.

summary: Assess the situation. Brew a cup of hot black tea. Insist the patient drink plenty of water or other fluids. Provide something salty for the patient to eat. Think of circulation needs in relation to blood pressure. Determine whether or not the patient has missed necessary medications. Give any missed medications to the patient. Pump your feet and dance around on your hands a few times before standing up.

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If you don't have the basics of anatomy and physiology down, you can easily get lost when studying pathology. So if you know this week in your pathology class you're going to be studying respiratory pathology, review lung anatomy and physiology the weekend before. That way you can focus on the pathology information, instead of trying to remember stuff you learned in past semesters. Pathology, like most medical fields, requires that you learn a lot of information. One of the best ways to commit all that information to memory is spread out your studying. Review your class notes each day, and rewrite notes on particularly difficult topics. You can also re-teach yourself concepts by going over your notes and speaking out loud as if you were explaining the concept to someone else. As you're reading, look up pathology terms you don't know, even if they're not directly related to the topic you're studying. Chances are that term will come up again, and knowing how it functions in different contexts will help you learn pathology more generally. You can use a paper dictionary, or a medical dictionary website like MediLexicon. There will always be people in your class who get certain things more quickly than you do, and you will always get things more quickly than others. Forming a study group helps you benefit from your classmates' strength. Get together once or twice a week to study together.

summary: Brush up on the anatomy and physiology associated with the pathology you're learning. Space out your studying. Keep a medical dictionary near you while you study. Form a study group.

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Puppies up to two weeks old are tiny in size. They haven't opened their eyes yet. The puppies do not move around very much and stay close to their mother. They mainly only root, feed from the mother, and sleep. Puppies open their eyes when they are around two to three weeks old. They start walking and adventuring out of the whelping box during this time. They appear to become more aware of their surroundings and they begin to explore on their own. This is characteristic of puppies up to around five to six weeks old. Puppies generally get their food from their mother until between five to seven weeks old. Puppies who are transitioning to eating solid foods and who are becoming independent of their mother are probably around six to eight weeks old. As the puppy grows, they start becoming more active. By eight weeks old, the puppy is acting how people typically expect a puppy to act. Because their teeth are coming in, they begin chewing on things. They also begin playing in an energetic manner and exploring everything around them. They may also start acting restless or whining due to their teeth. They will also spend a lot of time sleeping in between playing and chewing. Puppies have a growth spurt between eight and sixteen weeks of age, and then they continue visibly growing over the next several months. As they age, puppies will lose their puppy coats and gain their adult coat. Puppy coats are very soft, while adult coats are denser and thicker. Puppies who are between six to twelve months old will start testing their boundaries. They get an increase in energy and are distracted easily by everything. They may start chewing more things around the house, and they love to explore and may wander off. At this age, the puppy may ignore you and forget behaviors they previously learned. Most puppies will have reached their full size by the time they are between eight and twelve months old. Larger breeds will continue growing for up to two years. A dog under two years is still considered an adolescent. They have some puppy-like qualities, like chewing and energy, but they may have calmed some. Unspayed female dogs typically have their first heat at 6-24 months old. You can tell that your dog is in heat if she's nervous, very alert, and gets distracted easily. You also might notice that her vulva is swollen, or producing blood-tinged or straw-colored vaginal discharge. A male puppy's testicles should descend into its scrotum within the first 7 weeks after birth. You'll be able to tell because the testicles will be much more noticeable. If you are unable to figure out how old the puppy is based on the teeth or developmental stage, you can take them to the vet. The vet will be able to look at the size and breed, along with the teeth, and give you a fairly accurate estimated age. Whenever you first get a puppy, you should take them to the vet to get a checkup. The vet can tell you their age during your first visit.
summary: Look for small puppies with closed eyes. Notice if the puppy is just starting to walk. Check to see if your puppy is eating solid food. Watch for increased chewing and playing. Monitor the puppy's growth. Watch for a change in their coat. Watch for behavioral problems. Determine if the puppy has slowed their growth and development. Observe whether a female puppy is in heat. Check a male puppy's genitals to get an idea of his age. Take the puppy to the vet.