INPUT ARTICLE: Article: There are many types of handling equipment for stallions, but that standard halter and lead is most common. Use a sturdy leather or nylon breeding halter with strong buckles, and a heavy-duty leadfor instance, an 8ft (2.4m) cotton lead with a 40in (100cm) brass chain. Watch and learn how experienced stallion handlers use halters and leads before trying to manage a stallion with them yourself. Make sure the halter you use fits properly. It should not be so tight that it is constricting or painful, but also not so loose that it may cause chafing or discomfort. The halter should provide a snug fit at all points on the stallion. When you begin a training session, attach the lead rope, hold it in both hands while maintaining ample slack, and face forward while standing just in front of the horse's left shoulder. Always watch how the stallion reacts to you so you can move your hands and fingers if you need to. This position makes it less likely that the stallion will unintentionally injure you, and it also helps clarify your dominant position in the relationship. By remaining in view and in the leading position, you establish the fact that you're in charge of the situation. It's also important to maintain focus on the stallion. Don't let your mind wander or engage in conversations with other people. Keep your eyes and your focus on the horsethis signals to the stallion that it must stay focused on you. Watch the stallion's body language to determine when it's getting energetic or when it's had enough. From your position just past the left shoulder, hold the lead rope under the horse's chin and apply steady pressure to the lead. Maintain consistent pressure on the lead until your stallion moves forward, then release pressure on the rope. Never yank or jerk on the lead rope. Maintain steady pressure on the lead, and stay assertive but composed in your demeanor. Use your elbow that's closest to the stallion to press on its neck if it starts getting worked up. That way, you're at a safe distance from the stallion and you affirm that you're in control. Early on, a single step or two forward should be considered a success. Once your stallion consistently follows your cue to move forward, introduce additional cues. Maintain your leading position and your assertive but composed temperament throughout the process. Try the following: Halt. While maintaining hold of the lead rope, turn your body toward the horse and assertively say "whoa" or "halt." Apply only light pressure to the lead rope to indicate that you want the horse to stop. Move back. Use the same maneuver as for moving forward, but apply the steady pressure on the rope downward and back. As soon as the horse steps backward, release all pressure. Turn right and left. As with moving forward and backward, apply consistent pressure on the rope in the direction you want the stallion to move. Instead of chastising mistakes, give verbal praiselike a simple "good boy"to acknowledge appropriate behavior and obedience. Verbal guidance and praise can be used along with a food reward, for example. Some trainers will firmly but calmly repeat words such as "manners" and "wait" while feeding, while using a lunge whip to keep the horse at a safe distance (without hitting the horse). When the time is right, the handler will say "okay" or a word to express to the stallion that it may eat, then offer gentle praise.

SUMMARY: Put on a halter and lead rop] to start a leading session. Assume a leading position and keep your focus on the stallion. Use the lead rope to teach the stallion to go forward. Teach the cues to halt, move back, and turn. Offer praise and rewards for obedience.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Physical abuse is any action done to a woman with the intention of harming or endangering her. It can also include forcing her to physically act in any way that is against her will. Physical abuse can include: Punching, kicking, hitting, or attacking a woman physically. Using a weapon to physically injure a woman. Using physical strength to make a woman do something, act submissive, or give up control. Physical abuse often results in injuries like cuts and bruises. The person doing the abusing may force the woman to cover up these injuries. If you see a woman with the following, she may be in an abusive physical relationship: Marks of injury like burns, bruises, open wounds, and unexplained fractures. She may avoid contact with everyone. You may notice she trembles a lot and is startled easily. Sexual abuse is when a woman is forced to engage in sexual acts against her consent. It can also include another person controlling her ability to choose what to do with her body, such as forcing her to go through with a pregnancy or have an abortion. Sexual abuse may also include: Forcing the woman to have sex or engage in sexual activities, or forcing her to watch while someone else engages in sexual activities. Harming the woman during intercourse. There are certain signs that you can look out for if you are concerned that a woman you may know is being sexually abused. However, many of these signs are physical and can be covered up by clothing, which will make it hard to recognize. Signs include: Bruises around her buttocks, breasts, and genitals. Difficulty walking, sitting or moving. Unexplained pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, or stomach and abdominal pain. Signs of exhaustion. A common sign of physical abuse is giving unbelievable excuses to account for reoccurring injuries. The woman may seem to have a new injury, and a new excuse, every day. The person abusing her may threaten her with more violence if she tells anyone what really happened to her, so she comes up with excuses for each injury. If you notice that a woman you know seems to have a new injury every day, you should consider confronting her about her situation. See Method 4 for more information. Some abusers may force the woman to remain isolated in order to hide the injuries that have been inflicted upon her. If you have attempted to see your friend on several occasions, and she has declined or given odd excuses, you may be right in becoming suspicious.
Summary: Understand what physical abuse is. Identify signs that a woman is being abused physically. Be aware of what sexual abuse is. Recognize signs that a woman is being sexually abused. Listen for excuses that don't make sense. Take note if you are not allowed to see or interact with the woman for suspicious reasons.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: You only have five minutes left, but don't focus on that or worry about how badly you might do on the test. Clear your mind and try to think only about the material you remember learning that you will be quizzed on. During a study of highly anxious ninth graders taking a biology final, it was found that the students who took a couple of minutes to write down what they were worried about with the test did better on it than those who sat quietly during those couple of minutes. This technique tends to work especially for people who are constant worriers, because worrying clouds your thinking and causes you to miss questions that you may actually know. Make a quick list of the biggest points from the material: characters and plot, formulae, or important dates and events. Try to do it from memory, but if you can't, glance at your notes for a couple of minutes first and then get writing. You may actually have more than five minutes if you remember about the test early enough. You could use the ride to school, lunch, recess, or between classes, before the class that the test is in.

SUMMARY:
Take deep breaths. Write down your worries. Do a simple recall. Use any time available as extra study time.