Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: To investigate localization and distribution of integrin subunit 1, 2 and 3 and morphological changes of ligand-recepter binding in thrombi of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) patients and explore activation of circulated immune cells, inflammatory immune adherence and coagulation response in acute venous thrombosis.', 'Thrombi were collected from patients with acute PE. Immunohistochemistry was done to detect the expression and distribution of integrin 1, 2 and 3 in cells within thrombi, and ligands of integrin subunit 1, 2 and 3 were also determined by immunohistochemistry within the thrombi.', '1) Acute venous thrombi were red thrombi composed of skeletons and filamentous mesh containing large amounts of red blood cells and white blood cells; 2) Integrin subunit 1, 2 and 3 were expressed on lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets; 3) No expression of integrin 1 ligands: Laminin, Fibronectin, Collagen I or Collagen-II on lymphocytes; integrin 2 ligands including ICAM, factor X and iC3b are distributed on neutrophils, and ligand fibrinogen bound to neutrophils; integrin 3 was expressed on platelets which form the skeleton of thrombi and bound to fibrinogen to construct mesh structure; 4) Factor Xa was expressed on the filamentous mesh; 5) Filamentous mesh was fully filled with red blood cell dominant blood cells.
Answer: Acute venous thrombosis is an activation process of circulated lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets mainly, and a whole process including integrin subunit 2 and 3 binding with their ligands. Activation of immune cells, inflammatory immune adherence and coagulation response are involved in the acute venous thrombosis.

Answer: Are activation of circulated immune cells and inflammatory immune adherence involved in the whole process of acute venous thrombosis?

Question: Context: Anorectal manometry provides objective information about anorectal function, but its results depend on the examiner's skill, the type of equipment, and subject characteristics like age or gender. This single institution, prospective study was performed to investigate the effect of gender and age on the results of anorectal manometry.", 'All included subjects completed a questionnaire to assess their bowel function. The survey included 13 validated questions (eight on constipation and five on incontinence) and was used to exclude subjects with pathological constipation or incontinence. Subjects with normal bowel function underwent anorectal manometry to measure anal sphincter length (ASL), maximum resting pressure (MRP), and maximum squeeze pressure (MSP), and the results were compared by gender and age.', 'The mean age of the 154 participants (94 male and 60 female) was 59.1 years. ASL was greater in men (4.23 vs. 3.85 cm, p<0.001). MRP was not significantly different according to gender (p=0.93), but MSP was higher in men (190.18 vs. 116.49 mmHg, p<0.001). ASL did not correlate with age (p=0.707). MRP was inversely related to age in both men (R (2)=0.152, p<0.001) and women (R (2)=0.282, p<0.001), and MSP only in women (R (2)=0.210, p<0.001).
Answer: Anorectal manometric parameters are influenced by gender and age. This should be taken into consideration when interpreting manometric readings in a clinical setting.

Answer: Are anorectal manometric parameters influenced by gender and age in subjects with normal bowel function?

Question: Context: Pain in infancy is a developmental process. Due to the underdeveloped pain pathways in the spinal cord, the threshold of stimulation and sensation of pain is low at birth and has potential impacts on increasing the central effects of pain. Primary trauma during infancy can cause long term changes in structure and function of pain pathways that continue until adulthood. Lack of pain management in children can result in morbidity and mortality.', 'In this study we examined the duration of post-operative analgesia in children when clonidine is added to bupivacaine in caudal anesthesia.', 'In this clinical trial, 40 children aged 1-8 years who were candidates for elective inguinal hernia repair were studied. Induction and maintenance of anesthesia were achieved using sodium thiopenthal, halothane and nitrous oxide. Children were randomly divided into 2 groups in a double-blind fashion, and were given caudal anesthesia with 0.125% bupivacaine (1ml/kg) alone or b bupivacaine plus 2 g/kg clonidine. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded peri-operatively. Analgesia was evaluated using objective pain scale (OPS) and sedation was assessed using Ramsay sedation scale (RSS). Acetaminophen was administered rectally for cases with OPS score greater than five.', 'Duration of analgesia was found to be significantly longer in the group given bupivacaine plus clonidine (mean 417.50 min vs. 162.00 min). Peri-operative hypotension or bradycardia, post-operative respiratory depression, nausea or vomiting were not recorded in any patient.
Answer: We concluded that addition of clonidine to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of post-operative analgesia without any respiratory or hemodynamic side-effects.

Answer:
Does addition of clonidine in caudal anesthesia in children increase duration of post-operative analgesia?