Problem: Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects.

All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particlesusually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter", and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.
1. What did the term matter include prior to the 20th century?
2. And excluded?
3. What does science consider these particles to be?
4. What is a type of massless particle?
5. Is it matter?
6. What is one example of fundamental particles?
7. What's another?
8. What are they considered?
9. What is the term matter loosely used to refer to?
10. What is the effective size of point particles?
Answer: 1. ordinary matter composed of atoms
2. other energy phenomena
3. massless particles
4. photons
5. no
6. leptons
7. quarks
8. they are considered "point particles"
9. composite particles
10. no size or volume.

Q: Todd is a small boy in the town of Rocksville. Todd thinks his town is the best place in the world, and out of all the places in Rocksville, Todd loves to play in Lake Keet the most. Lake Keet is a small lake with fish, plants, and even little shells. Todd's favorite part was the big rock in the middle of the lake. Todd lives pretty close to the lake, so he gets to go there a lot, but could never to get to the rock in the middle. Todd's dad never lets him swim too far because Todd can't swim very well. During summer, Todd told his dad that he wanted to get to the rock before break ended. Todd's dad told him he had to try his hardest. If he did, then Todd's dad would watch him swim every day. If Todd wanted to try and get to the rock, his dad would follow him there to make sure he was safe. Todd's dad wrote this down in his notebook so he wouldn't forget. After a week, Todd made his first try to get to the rock, and his dad followed him like he said he would. Todd didn't make it to the rock before he got tired and had to turn around. He practiced even harder for the next two weeks and wanted to try again. So, a month after summer started, Todd tried to reach the rock again. This time, Todd gave it his all and got all the way to the rock. He was very happy, and his dad was very proud of his son's hard work. To celebrate, Todd's dad carved Todd's name and the date into a tree. This way, they would always remember Todd's hard work.

Answer the following questions:
1. Where does Todd like to have fun?
2. Is he a good swimmer?
3. What did he like best at the lake?
4. When did he get there?
5. Did the boy carve his name in a tree?
6. Who did?
7. What happened on his first try?
8. Did he give up?
9. How long did he practice harder for?
10. What would his dad do as a reward?
A: 1. Lake Keet
2. no
3. the big rock
4. in a month
5. no
6. Todd's dad
7. he didn't make
8. no
9. two weeks
10. carved Todd's name

Problem: A mosque (; from ) is a place of worship for followers of Islam.

There are strict and detailed requirements in Sunni jurisprudence ("fiqh") for a place of worship to be considered a mosque, with places that do not meet these requirements regarded as "musalla"s. There are stringent restrictions on the uses of the area formally demarcated as the mosque (which is often a small portion of the larger complex), and, in the Islamic "Sharia" law, after an area is formally designated as a mosque, it remains so until the Last Day.

Many mosques have elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls, in varying styles of architecture. Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula, but are now found in all inhabited continents. The mosque serves as a place where Muslims can come together for "salat" ( "salat", meaning "prayer") as well as a center for information, education, social welfare, and dispute settlement. The imam leads the congregation in prayer.

The word entered English from a French word that probably derived from Italian "moschea", a variant of Italian "moscheta", from either Middle Armenian ("mzkit'") or Medieval Greek ("masgidion") or Spanish "mezquita", from the Arabic "masjad" meaning "place of worship" or "prostration in prayer", either from Nabataean "masgdha" or from Arabic "sajada" meaning "to bow down in prayer", probably ultimately from Aramaic "sghedh".
1. What languaged did the word mosque enter the English language from?
2. and what languaged did the French word probably derivve from?
3. What is a mosque?
4. Where did mosques originate?
5. Are there mosques on other continents?
6. Do mosques serve many fucntions?
7. like what?
8. Do some religions have restrictions for places of worship to be considered a mosque?
9. what are some aspects of some mosques architecture?
10. What is the Spanish word that the word mosque possibly came from?
Answer:
1. French
2. Italian
3. a place of worship for followers of Islam.
4. the Arabian Peninsula
5. Yes
6. Yes
7. a place of prayer, center for information, education, social welfare, and dispute settlement.
8. Yes
9. elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls
10. Arabic