Information: - The Geological Society of America (GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences. - The Paleontological Society , formerly the Paleontological Society of America , is an international organisation devoted to the promotion of paleontology . The Society was founded in 1908 in Baltimore , Maryland , and was incorporated in April 1968 in the District of Columbia . The Society publishes the bi-monthly Journal of Paleontology and the quarterly Paleobiology , holds an annual meeting in the autumn in conjunction with the Geological Society of America , sponsors conferences and lectures , and provides grants and scholarships . The Society has five geographic sections -- Pacific Coast ( founded March 1911 ) , North - Central ( founded May 1974 ) , Northeastern ( founded March 1977 ) , Southeastern ( founded November 1979 ) , Rocky Mountain ( founded October 1985 ) , and South - Central ( founded November 1988 ) . - Before Present (BP) years is a time scale used mainly in geology and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as commencement date of the age scale, reflecting the fact that radiocarbon dating became practical in the 1950s. The abbreviation "BP", with the same meaning, has also been interpreted as "Before Physics"; that is, before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, making dating after that time likely to be unreliable. - Paleoecology (also spelt palaeoecology) uses data from fossils and subfossils to reconstruct the ecosystems of the past. It involves the study of fossil organisms and their associated remains (such as shells, teeth, pollen, and seeds), which can help in the interpretation of their life cycle, living interactions, natural environment, communities, and manner of death and burial. Such interpretations aid the reconstruction of past environments (paleoenvironments). - Paleontology or palaeontology (or ) is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5thcentury BC. The science became established in the 18thcentury as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19thcentury. The term itself originates from Greek , "palaios", i.e. "old, ancient", , "on" (gen. "ontos"), i.e. "being, creature" and , "logos", i.e. "speech, thought, study". - Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules. - In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as "Nature" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, and must agree to publish it. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record. - Jean Leopold Nicolas Frederic Cuvier (23 August 1769 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in natural sciences research in the early 19th century and was instrumental in establishing the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology through his work in comparing living animals with fossils. - Ecology (from , "house", or "environment"; -, "study of") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography, and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. - The Journal of Paleontology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of paleontology. It is published by The Paleontological Society. - FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under the DOS operating system. FOSSIL is an acronym for "Fido Opus SEAdog Standard Interface Layer". "Fido" refers to FidoBBS, "Opus" refers to Opus-CBCS BBS, and "SEAdog" refers to a Fidonet compatible mailer. The standards document that defines the FOSSIL protocol is maintained by the Fidonet Technical Standards Committee. - The Holocene is the geological epoch that began after the Pleistocene at approximately 11,700 years before present. The term "Recent" (usually capitalised) has often been used as an exact synonym of "Holocene", although this usage is discouraged in 21st-century science. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Ancient Greek words ("holos", whole or entire) and ("kainos", new), meaning "entirely recent". It has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1, and can be considered an interglacial in the current ice age based on that evidence. - Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species). After reading the paragraphs above, choose the best answer for the entity that related to 'paleontological society' with the relationship of 'instance of'. Choices: - 1 - abbreviation - acronym - age - anatomy - argument - article - atmosphere - august - biology - burial - century - change - competition - construction - data - energy - environment - evidence - experiment - field - fossil - geological epoch - geology - history - house - interface - january - journal - magazine - matter - may - name - nutrient - operating system - organization - paleontology - peer - period - population - production - publication - publishing - scale - science - scientific journal - scientific method - serial - society - species - speech - standard - study - term - time
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