Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Butyrate has been shown to potently regulate energy expenditure and lipid metabolism in animals, yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of butyrate (in the form of butyrate glycerides, BG)-induced lipid metabolism at the level of gene expression in the jejunum and liver of broilers.', 'Two animal experiments were included in this study. In Experiment 1, two hundred and forty male broiler chickens were equally allocated into two groups: 1) basal diet (BD), 2) BG diets (BD + BG). Growth performance was compared between treatments for the 41-day trial. In Experiment 2, forty male broiler chickens were equally allocated into two groups. The general experimental design, group and management were the same as described in Experiment 1 except for reduced bird numbers and 21-day duration of the trial. Growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipid profiles as well as serum and tissue concentrations of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were compared between treatments. RNA-seq was employed to identify both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and treatment specifically expressed genes (TSEGs). Functional clustering of DEGs and TSEGs and signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism were identified using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) and DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 (DAVID-BR). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were subsequently conducted to further examine the expression of genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway identified by DAVID-BR. Dietary BG intervention significantly reduced abdominal fat ratio (abdominal fat weight/final body weight) in broilers. The decreased fat deposition in BG-fed chickens was in accordance with serum lipid profiles as well as the level of lipid metabolism-related enzymes in the serum, abdominal adipose, jejunum and liver. RNA-seq analysis indicated that dietary BG intervention induced 79 and 205 characterized DEGs in the jejunum and liver, respectively. In addition, 255 and 165 TSEGs were detected in the liver and jejunum of BG-fed group, while 162 and 211 TSEGs genes were observed in the liver and jejunum of BD-fed birds, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis with both IPA and DAVID-BR further revealed a significant enrichment of DEGs and TSEGs in the biological processes for reducing the synthesis, storage, transportation and secretion of lipids in the jejunum, while those in the liver were for enhancing the oxidation of ingested lipids and fatty acids. In particular, transcriptional regulators of THRSP and EGR-1 as well as several DEGs involved in the PPAR- signaling pathway were significantly induced by dietary BG intervention for lipid catabolism.

A: Does transcriptome Analysis reveal Regulation of Gene Expression for Lipid Catabolism in Young Broilers by Butyrate Glycerides?
****
Q: Patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) display inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) which correlates with liver lesions. We examined macrophage markers and polarization in the SAT of alcoholic patients and adipokine expression according to liver inflammation; we studied the consequences of alcohol withdrawal.', 'Forty-seven patients with ALD were prospectively included. SAT and blood samples were collected at inclusion and after 1week of alcohol withdrawal. Pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, inflammasome components and products, adipokine expression levels, macrophage markers and polarization in liver and SAT samples were assessed by RT-PCR arrays.', 'mRNA expression level of chemokines (IL8, semaphorin 7A) correlated with hepatic steatosis in both liver and SAT. Liver expression of inflammasome components (IL1, IL18, caspase-1) and SAT IL6 and CCL2 correlated with liver damage. In patients with mild ALD, 1week of alcohol withdrawal was sufficient to decrease expression level of total macrophage markers in the adipose tissue, to orient adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and to decrease the mRNA expression of cytokines/chemokines (IL18, CCL2, osteopontin, semaphorin 7A). In patients with severe ALD, 1week of abstinence was also associated with an increase in CCL18 expression.

A: Does alcohol withdrawal alleviate adipose tissue inflammation in patients with alcoholic liver disease?
****
Q: Hostility may predict coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality, as well as the metabolic syndrome. We tested to see if high levels of the attitudinal and emotional aspects of hostility lead to progression of carotid atherosclerosis in women and if the metabolic syndrome is a mediator of the association.', 'Two hundred nine healthy women were followed during the perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods. Carotid artery ultrasound scans measured intima-media thickness (IMT) an average 7.4 (SD = 0.9, range 4.2-10.8) and 10.5 years (SD = 1.1, range = 6.9-13.0) after baseline. Hostility was measured at baseline and at the first carotid scan with Spielberger Trait Anger (being angry frequently) and Anger In (suppressing angry feelings) scales, and the Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory (hostile, cynical attitudes toward others). Metabolic syndrome was measured at the study entry and through the second carotid scan.', 'Baseline Trait Anger scores predicted an increase in IMT across 3 years (p < .05) and predicted the risk for developing the metabolic syndrome (p < .05). The risk for developing the metabolic syndrome, in turn, predicted an increase in IMT across 3 years (p < .05). Anger suppression and cynical attitudes were not associated with progression of carotid atherosclerosis.

A:
Do trait anger and the metabolic syndrome predict progression of carotid atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged women?
****