In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[Q]: This man was the subject of a 1949 Henry Cowell opera designed as a satire against Dwight Eisenhower. He died in exile after a conservative coup led by his successor, Ramn Freire. When his father became viceroy of Peru, he was sent to London, where he met Francisco de Miranda and joined the independentist Lautaro Lodge. He began his public life as a deputy to the Cabildo from La Laja. His cavalry charge at the battle of Chacabuco allowed him to enter Santiago in triumph along with Jose de San Martin in March 1818. FTP, name this descendant of Irish officers in Spanish service, the first ruler of an independent Chile.
[A]: History

[Q]: This philosopher advocated the adoption of a federal system in Considerations on the Government of Poland. He contrasted the natural and physical types of the title concept in his Discourse on Inequality. He also wrote an epistolary novel subtitled The New Heloise, and a treatise dealing with the education of the titular boy, Emile. His most famous work discusses a society controlled by the general will of its people and asserts that man is born free, but is everywhere in chains. For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract.
[A]: Social Science

[Q]: One of these organisms was the basis of the rII system used by Benzer for single nucleotide mapping,
and the cosmid uses elements derived from one of these organisms. The first stretch of DNA ever
sequenced by Frederick Sanger was from one type of this organism, dubbed phi X, and the Luria-Delbruck
experiment used them to show that mutations are spontaneous. Another experiment using them labeled
their DNA with phosphorus-32 and their proteins with sulfur-35 in order to show that nucleic acids are the
material of heredity; that experiment was performed by Hershey and Chase using the T4 type. For 10
points, name these viruses which infect bacteria.
[A]:
Science