In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: To investigate the independent relationship of individual- and area-level socio-economic status (SES) with the presence and severity of visual impairment (VI) in an Asian population.', 'Cross-sectional data from 9993 Chinese, Malay and Indian adults aged 40-80 years who participated in the Singapore Epidemiology of eye Diseases (2004-2011) in Singapore. Based on the presenting visual acuity (PVA) in the better-seeing eye, VI was categorized into normal vision (logMAR0.30), low vision (logMAR>0.30<1.00), and blindness (logMAR1.00). Any VI was defined as low vision/blindness in the PVA of better-seeing eye. Individual-level low-SES was defined as a composite of primary-level education, monthly income<2000 SGD and residing in 1 or 2-room public apartment. An area-level SES was assessed using a socio-economic disadvantage index (SEDI), created using 12 variables from the 2010 Singapore census. A high SEDI score indicates a relatively poor SES. Associations between SES measures and presence and severity of VI were examined using multi-level, mixed-effects logistic and multinomial regression models.', 'The age-adjusted prevalence of any VI was 19.62% (low vision = 19%, blindness = 0.62%). Both individual- and area-level SES were positively associated with any VI and low vision after adjusting for confounders. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of any VI was 2.11(1.88-2.37) for low-SES and 1.07(1.02-1.13) per 1 standard deviation increase in SEDI. When stratified by unilateral/bilateral categories, while low SES showed significant associations with all categories, SEDI showed a significant association with bilateral low vision only. The association between low SES and any VI remained significant among all age, gender and ethnic sub-groups. Although a consistent positive association was observed between area-level SEDI and any VI, the associations were significant among participants aged 40-65 years and male.\Question: Do composite Measures of Individual and Area-Level Socio-Economic Status Are Associated with Visual Impairment in Singapore?

Answer: In this community-based sample of Asian adults, both individual- and area-level SES were independently associated with the presence and severity of VI.

Question: Context: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of low-energy femoral insufficiency fractures in elderly patients.', 'The study retrospectively evaluated the clinical course of 4 patients with low-energy femoral shaft and subtrochanteric fractures admitted to our department between 2009 and 2011. Three patients had prior long-term alendronate therapy and one had prior glucocorticoid therapy.', 'There were 5 femoral shaft fractures, 2 incomplete shaft fractures, 2 subtrochanteric and 1 intertrochanteric fractures. All femoral shaft fractures had characteristic fracture patterns with thickened lateral cortices at the proximal fragment. Six femurs had excessive medial femoral bowing, which complicated intramedullary nailing. Additional fractures were seen on both femurs of one patient who had been primarily treated with short implants. A bifocal femoral fracture was seen in one femur. Union was achieved in all patients. Two patients were able to walk independently, one with a cane and one with double crutches.\Question: Does femoral insufficiency fractures in the elderly - excessive medial femoral bowing complicate intramedullary nailing?

Answer: We suggest the addition of another radiographic pattern of 'excessive medial femoral bowing' in low-energy femoral shaft fractures in elderly patients. This bowing complicates intramedullary nailing. Moreover, these insufficiency fractures should be fixed with long cephalomedullary nails.

Question: Context: The human inspiratory muscles respond to a brief occlusion of the upper airway during inspiration with a profound short-latency reflex inhibition. This inhibition contrasts with the excitatory stretch reflex of limb muscles and may protect the airway from aspiration. It was postulated that this reflex would be altered in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who have repetitive upper airway occlusion.', 'Subjects underwent overnight polysomnography, as well as muscle reflex studies. For the reflex studies (performed during wakefulness), occlusions lasting 250 milliseconds were delivered during inspiration. Surface electromyogram was recorded over the scalenes, parasternal intercostals, and chest wall (overlying diaphragm).', 'Research and sleep laboratories.', 'Nineteen subjects with untreated OSA (9 moderate and 10 severe) and 9 healthy control subjects.', 'In the subjects with severe OSA, the duration of the inhibition was prolonged by at least 25% compared with control subjects. The peak of the inhibitory response for scalenes occurred significantly later for subjects with severe OSA than for control subjects (by 76 +/- 5 ms vs 60 +/- 3 ms [mean +/- SEM], respectively). Onset latencies of the later excitatory response were delayed for scalenes, parasternal intercostals, and chest wall recordings (eg, scalenes: 105 +/- 9 ms for subjects with severe OSA vs 83 +/- 5 ms for control subjects).\Question: Does brief airway occlusion produce prolonged reflex inhibition of inspiratory muscles in obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer:
The latency of peak inhibition and duration of inhibition were positively correlated with the respiratory disturbance index for all muscle groups. These changes may reflect adaptation in central respiratory paths due to repetitive loading during sleep.