TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: When these devices exploit their voltage-dependent variable capacitance they are known as varactors. Barring the creation of local hot spots, a non-destructive avalanche current is produced by electron-hole pair propagation when the electric field within the (*) depletion region of these devices reaches a critical value. Majority carriers exist in an energy state greater than the Fermi energy in the Schottky barrier variety and those that operate in reverse breakdown are named after Zener. For 10 pointsname these devices that allow current to pass in only one direction.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: In a 1984 study, J.G. Miller showed that this was less common among Indian Hindus than Americans. The common term for it was first coined in the work "The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings", while studies by Daniel Gilbert have shown it to be more common when cognitive load is high. Lee Ross coined the term for it in 1977, while Edward Jones and Victor Harris demonstrated it in a famous 1967 experiment in which subjects read essays and were then asked to rate the authors attitudes toward Fidel Castro. Also called the "correspondence bias," FTP, name this psychological tendency to over-emphasize personality attributes and under-emphasize situational attributes in explaining the behavior of others.

SOLUTION: Social Science

PROBLEM: The equation that balances a pressure difference against this force times twice the mean curvature is given by Young and Laplace. Mass transport due to differentials in this force is named for Marangoni. Molecules with nonpolar and polar ends, which often may be used as (*) detergents or emulsifiers, act to decrease it; they are called surfactants. This force, which causes capillary action, arises in its namesake location because cohesive forces are exerted from only one direction, unlike in the bulk fluid. For 10 points, name this force present at the surface of a liquid.

SOLUTION:
Social Science