Text: throughout the 1990s the amount of garden waste increased steadily.

Correct capitalization: Throughout the 1990s the amount of garden waste increased steadily.

Text: moreover, most of the world's countries cannot afford the highly expensive drugs needed to beat leukaemia.

Correct capitalization: Moreover, most of the world's countries cannot afford the highly expensive drugs needed to beat leukaemia.

Text: a bourgeois town, known also for its casinos and hotels, royan is a very sunny city all-year-round.

Correct capitalization: A bourgeois town, known also for its casinos and hotels, Royan is a very sunny city all-year-round.

Text: same as /s /e. may be used to modify /t.

Correct capitalization:
Same as /S /E. May be used to modify /T.