input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: CHAPTER REVIEW 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System Gametes are the reproductive cells that combine to form offspring. Organs called gonads produce the gametes, along with the hormones that regulate human reproduction. The male gametes are called sperm. Spermatogenesis, the production of sperm, occurs within the seminiferous tubules that make up most of the testis. The scrotum is the muscular sac that holds the testes outside of the body cavity. Spermatogenesis begins with mitotic division of spermatogonia (stem cells) to produce primary spermatocytes that undergo the two divisions of meiosis to become secondary spermatocytes, then the haploid spermatids. During spermiogenesis, spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (formed sperm). Upon release from the seminiferous tubules, sperm are moved to the epididymis where they continue to mature. During ejaculation, sperm exit the epididymis through the ductus deferens, a duct in the spermatic cord that leaves the scrotum. The ampulla of the ductus deferens meets the seminal vesicle, a gland that contributes fructose and proteins, at the ejaculatory duct. The fluid continues through the prostatic urethra, where secretions from the prostate are added to form semen. These secretions help the sperm to travel through the urethra and into the female reproductive tract. Secretions from the bulbourethral glands protect sperm and cleanse and lubricate the penile (spongy) urethra. The penis is the male organ of copulation. Columns of erectile tissue called the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum fill with blood when sexual arousal activates vasodilatation in the blood vessels of the penis. Testosterone regulates and maintains the sex organs and sex drive, and induces the physical changes of puberty. Interplay between the testes and the endocrine system precisely control the production of testosterone with a negative feedback loop. Q: What is responsible for the physical changes of puberty? A:
OPTIONS:
- nicotine
- caffeine
- adrenaline
- testosterone
output: testosterone

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Nonvascular plants include the mosses, the hornworts, and the liverworts. Q: What type of plants are the mosses, the hornwarts, and the liverworts considered to be? A:

OPTIONS:
- spirogyra
- Vascular
- xerophyte
- nonvascular

A: nonvascular

input: OPTIONS:
- velocity
- density
- duration
- intensity Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The energy of sound waves spreads out over a greater area as the waves travel farther from the sound source. This diagram represents just a small section of the total area of sound waves spreading out from the source. Sound waves actually travel away from the source in all directions. As distance from the source increases, the area covered by the sound waves increases, lessening their intensity. Q: As distance from the source increases, the area covered by the sound waves increases, lessening what? A:
A:
output: intensity

Answer the following question given this paragraph: 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney The functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, consists of the renal corpuscle, PCT, loop of Henle, and DCT. Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle extending into the medulla. About 15 percent of nephrons are juxtamedullary. The glomerulus is a capillary bed that filters blood principally based on particle size. The filtrate is captured by Bowman's capsule and directed to the PCT. A filtration membrane is formed by the fused basement membranes of the podocytes and the capillary endothelial cells that they embrace. Contractile mesangial cells further perform a role in regulating the rate at which the blood is filtered. Specialized cells in the JGA produce paracrine signals to regulate blood flow and filtration rates of the glomerulus. Other JGA cells produce the enzyme renin, which plays a central role in blood pressure regulation. The filtrate enters the PCT where absorption and secretion of several substances occur. The descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle consist of thick and thin segments. Absorption and secretion continue in the DCT but to a lesser extent than in the PCT. Each collecting duct collects forming urine from several nephrons and responds to the posterior pituitary hormone ADH by inserting aquaporin water channels into the cell membrane to fine tune water recovery. Q: What is a capillary bed that filters blood principally based on particle size? A:

OPTIONS:
- buds
- vein
- plexus
- glomerulus

Answer: glomerulus

Problem: OPTIONS:
- cellulose
- sugar
- chlorophyll
- pyruvate
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: During glycolysis, each glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of what compound? A:
Answer: pyruvate

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Atoms form covalent bonds by sharing valence electrons. The valence electrons are located in atomic orbitals. However, when a bond forms, the structure of the atomic orbitals changes. In this lesson, we will see how the atomic orbitals interact to share valence electrons and form different types of covalent bonds. Q: What do atoms form by sharing valence electrons? A:

OPTIONS:
- phenotype bonds
- neutron bonds
- ionic bonds
- covalent bonds

Answer:
covalent bonds