This once-a-day pill can greatly reduce the risk of HIV infection, but only if used as prescribed. PrEP is recommended for people who do not have HIV, but are exposed to HIV-positive sexual partners or objects regularly. Visit a doctor every 3 months when taking PrEP, to check your HIV status and monitor for renal (kidney) problems. There are no known effects of PrEP on a fetus, but there have not been many studies. Talk to your doctor if you are on PrEP and become pregnant. PrEP is only able to prevent you from contracting HIV and not other STDs. Even while taking PrEP, it is important to continue using protection while having sex. If you think you've been exposed to HIV, talk to a medical worker at an HIV clinic or hospital immediately. If you start taking PEP drugs as soon as possible, and no later than 72 hours after exposure, there is a chance that you will fight off the HIV infection. You must take the drug (or more typically two or three drugs) daily for 28 days, or as directed by the health worker. Because this is not a guaranteed method of protection, you should still be tested for HIV after the drugs are done, and a second time 3 months later. Until you test negative, tell your sexual partners that you may have HIV. If you are exposed frequently, take PrEP as a constant daily pill instead, as described above. HIV-positive people who take antiretroviral drugs can have significant success managing their infection levels. Some of these people consider this ongoing treatment an important tool to help prevent spreading the infection to their HIV-negative partners. Researchers and workers in the HIV prevention community are divided on how effective this message is. Some studies show that people who use "treatment as prevention" (TasP) are more likely to skip other forms of protection, such as condoms. While treatment can certainly reduce the risk of transmitting the infection, it is not a guarantee. Each person involved should receive regular testing to measure the risk involved. Someone infected with HIV should receive regular testing to determine the "viral load," or concentration of HIV in the bodily fluids. With constant treatment, HIV positive people can have "undetectable viral loads." It's important to understand that someone with an undetectable viral load still has HIV, and may still be able to transmit HIV to a sexual partner. While some studies show very promising results about low (or potentially nonexistent) transmission rates, more studies are needed for accurate risk assessment. Some people with undetectable viral loads in their blood may have much greater viral loads in their semen or other bodily fluids. All of the suggestions listed here are risk mitigation techniques. There is no such thing as completely safe sex or safe drug use. Things can go wrong. Accidents happen. Whether or not you use protection while having sex, you should get tested for HIV every 3 to 6 months. If you engage in any behaviors that increase your risk of contracting HIV, such as unprotected sex or sharing needles with someone, seek the advice of a medical professional as soon as you can in order to determine the best course of action.
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One-sentence summary -- Consider Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for long-term protection. Use Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) immediately after exposure. Understand treatment as prevention. Understand undetectable viral loads. Get tested regularly.

One of the keys to having a positive relationship with your teen is good communication. You need to be able to talk to one other and make your feelings and desires clear. If you are able to communicate effectively, you might find that you need to discipline your teen less frequently. An important component of good communication is a clear explanation of your expectations. Let your teen know exactly what you expect from him or her. For example, maybe you are focusing on helping them succeed in school. Let your teen know which grades you consider acceptable. Maybe you are aiming for them to get all A's and B's. Tell your teen your expectations and explain that you will help him or her meet them. If you are focused on better grades, explain that you need your son or daughter to study at least X amount of hours per week. Or make a requirement that all homework is done before they hang out with their friends. You can also set expectations for non-tangible outcomes. Maybe you feel your teen has developed an attitude problem. Set clear expectations that they are to speak respectfully to all members of the family. Try putting your expectations in writing. This will help reinforce the words you are saying. As a teen, your child is starting to spend more and more time away from home--and you. School days are longer, there are more activities to join, and more friends to hang out with. To develop a strong relationship with your teen, it is important that you know what is going on in their life. In order to do that, you need to ask questions. Ask questions that require more than a "yes" or "no" answer. You'll get more descriptive answers. Instead of "Did you do your homework?", try, "What have you been working on in English class?" Set aside time each day to talk to your son or daughter about how things are going. It can be casual, but make sure to ask questions to see how they are doing. You could say, "How are you feeling about your big soccer game coming up on Saturday?" Communicating effectively is a great way to strengthen your relationship with your teen. It's not enough to just ask questions, though. You need to actively listen to what they are saying. There are many things you can do to become a better listener. When your teen talks, try restating what they say. For example, you could say, "I'm hearing you say that you are frustrated that your friends all have later curfews than you." This will not only show that you are engaged in the conversation, but it helps to clarify any issues. Offer feedback. When you are talking to your teen, it's a good idea to offer your initial feelings on a topic. For instance, you could say, "I'm not against giving you a bigger allowance. But we'll need to talk about an increase in responsibilities, too." Give validation. Let your teen know that you acknowledge their feelings. Be specific, saying things like, "I know that you are really sad that your dad moved out. That is totally understandable." Good communication with your teen can be challenging, partially because they might not always be in the mood to talk. Try to choose a good time if you need to have an important discussion with them. Don't wait until right before bed or as he or she is headed out the door to school. Consider talking while you are doing an activity together. While you're cooking dinner together would be a good time to check in with them. If your teen seems resistant to talking, consider choosing a different time for your conversation. You want it to be constructive for both of you. Try to be patient. Teens will often only open up with they feel like it. When the moment comes, be ready to listen and don't don't brush them off.
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One-sentence summary --
Make your expectations clear. Ask questions. Actively listen. Choose the right time.