Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) by simultaneous biventricular pacing is now widely accepted as a new therapeutic option for patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). Recent studies have shown comparable hemodynamic benefits of left ventricular (LV) pacing alone. The clinical usefulness of CRT, however, might be compromised by potential exaggeration of arrhythmogenic substrates through a modification of ventricular repolarization.', 'We compared ECG parameters during sinus rhythm (SR), atrioventricular synchronous pacing at the right ventricular apex (RV(end)P), at LV epicardium (LV(epi)P), and at both sites (BiVP) in acute homodynamic studies of 14 CHF patients scheduled for CRT (QRS duration = 144 +/- 23 msec, LVEF = 27 +/- 10%). The maximum rate of increase in LV pressure (LVdp/dt(max)) was decreased significantly during RV(end)P, whereas it was increased similarly during LV(epi)P and BiVP compared with SR. QTc was increased during RV(end)P (by 10.2%) and LV(epi)P (by 26.1%). QTc dispersion (QTc(max)-QTc(min) in the six precordial leads) was also increased during LV(epi)P (by 66.5%). These parameters were unaffected during BiVP. JTc was unchanged, and the interval from the peak to the end of the T wave (Tc(peak-end)) was increased slightly (by 19.3%) during RV(end)P. Both JTc and Tc(peak-end) were increased dramatically during LV(epi)P (by 18.2% and 55.4%, respectively), but increased only modestly during BiVP (by 6.6% and 15.8%, respectively).
Answer: LV(epi)P causes much greater increase in spatial dispersion of ventricular repolarization than BiVP in CHF patients. BiVP may have a substantial advantage over LV(epi)P to minimize the proarrhythmic perturbation of ventricular repolarization in association with CRT.
Does biventricular pacing have an advantage over left ventricular epicardial pacing alone to minimize proarrhythmic perturbation of repolarization?

Context: Women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are at increased risk of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and preeclampsia. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) directly alter trophoblast function. Treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) reduces the risk of RPL but not preeclampsia. Moreover, LMWH stimulates trophoblast sFlt-1 release, an anti-angiogenic factor associated with preeclampsia. Since vitamin D deficiency is associated with APS and preeclampsia, this study sought to determine the effect of vitamin D on trophoblast function in the setting of aPL and LMWH.', 'A human first trimester trophoblast cell line (HTR8) and primary trophoblast cultures were treated with or without aPL in the presence and absence of vitamin D, LMWH or both. Trophoblast secretion of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors were measured by ELISA.', 'Vitamin D alone or in combination with LMWH attenuated the aPL-induced trophoblast inflammatory response in the HTR8 cells and primary cultures. While vitamin D did not have any impact on aPL-mediated modulation of angiogenic factors in the primary trophoblast, it significantly inhibited LMWH-induced sFlt-1 release.
Answer: LMWH in combination with vitamin D may be more beneficial than single-agent therapy by preventing aPL-induced trophoblast inflammation and reversing LMWH-induced sFlt-1 secretion.
Does vitamin D reverse aPL-induced inflammation and LMWH-induced sFlt-1 release by human trophoblast?

Context: To investigate the inhibitory effects of adenovirus-mediated NDRG2 on the proliferation of human renal cell carcinoma cell line OS-RC-2 in vitro.', 'NDRG2 was harvested by RT-PCR, confirmed by DNA sequencing, and then cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pIRES2-EGFP, which encodes green fluorescent protein (GFP), to construct pIRES2-EGFP-NDRG2 plasmid. OS-RC-2 cells with NDRG2 negative expression were transfected with pIRES2-EGFP-NDRG2 plasmid. The growth of transfected OS-RC-2 cells was observed under light and fluorescence microscopes. After colony-forming cell assays, cell proliferation detection and MTT assays, the growth curves of cells in each group were plotted to investigate the inhibitory effects of adenovirus-mediated NDRG2 on the proliferation of OS-RC-2 cells. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that NDRG2 protein was specifically located on subcellular organelle.', 'A eukaryotic expression vector pIRES2-EGFP-NDRG2 was successfully constructed. After NDRG2 transfection, the growth of OS-RC-2 cells was inhibited. Flow cytometry showed that cells were arrested in S phase but the peak of cell apoptosis was not present, and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that NDRG2 protein was located in mitochondrion.
Answer: NDRG2 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of OS-RC-2 cells in vitro and its protein is specifically expressed in the mitochondrion.
Does adenovirus-mediated NDRG2 inhibit the proliferation of human renal cell carcinoma cell line OS-RC-2 in vitro?