instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: To determine whether fertilization rate serves as a biological assay, reflects oocyte quality, and may be used to help predict patient implantation rate.', 'Retrospective cohort study.', 'Academic center.', 'Couples undergoing 3603 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles from 2001 to 2007.', 'None.', 'We compared the implantation rate among cycles with high versus low fertilization rate. Univariate analyses were performed to determine the association of implantation rate with potential confounding variables: age, day-3 follicle-stimulating hormone level, day-3 estradiol level, antral follicle count, oocyte number, cycle attempts, embryo grading, and number of embryos transferred. Multivariate analysis was then performed to determine whether the fertilization rate remained an independent predictor.', 'Cutoffs for fertilization rate were 50% for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and 75% for conventional insemination. Higher ICSI fertilization was statistically significantly associated with the implantation rate (25.2% vs. 17.8 %). After adjusting for variables associated with implantation rate, fertilization rate for ICSI remained a strong independent predictor of implantation. Higher conventional insemination fertilization was statistically significantly associated with implantation (32.1% vs. 25.7%) and remained a statistically significant predictor after adjustment.\Question: Is fertilization rate an independent predictor of implantation rate?
answer:
Fertilization is a strong, independent predictor of implantation rate and may be useful in modeling to guide decision making for the number of embryos to transfer.

question:
Context: To assess how different imputation methods used to account for missing variance data in primary studies influence tests of heterogeneity and pooled results from a meta-analysis with continuous outcomes.', 'Point and variance estimates for changes in serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were variably reported among 48 primary longitudinal studies of living kidney donors (71%-78% of point estimates were reported, 8%-13% of variance data were reported). We compared the results of meta-analysis, which either were restricted to available data or used four methods to impute missing variance data. These methods used reported P-values, reported nonparametric summaries, results from other similar studies using multiple imputation, or results from estimated correlation coefficients.', 'Significant heterogeneity was present in all four outcomes regardless of the imputation methods applied. The random effects point estimates and 95% confidence intervals varied little across imputation methods, and the differences were not clinically significant.\Question: Do imputing variance estimates alter the conclusions of a meta-analysis with continuous outcomes : a case study of changes in renal function after living kidney donation?
answer:
Different methods to impute the variance data in the primary studies did not alter the conclusions from this meta-analysis of continuous outcomes. Such reproducibility increases confidence in the results. However, as with most meta-analyses, there was no gold standard of truth, and results must be interpreted judiciously. The generalization of these findings to other meta-analyses, which differ in outcomes, missing data, or between-study heterogeneity, requires further consideration.

question:
Context: To investigate the effect of microtubule stabilization with low-dose paclitaxel on renal fibrosis, focusing on the transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1)-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) signaling cascade.', "Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham/vehicle, sham/paclitaxel, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)/vehicle and UUO/paclitaxel. Rats were treated with a 0.3mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of paclitaxel or vehicle twice per week for 14days. Half of the rats in each group were sacrificed respectively on day 7 and 14 after operation. Inner medullar collecting duct (IMCD) cells stimulated with TGF-1 were incubated with 0, 1 and 2 nM paclitaxel for 24 and 72hours. Histological changes were assessed using periodic acid-Schiff and Masson's trichrome. The TGF-1-induced PAI-1 signaling and status of extracellular matrix proteins were evaluated by western blot analysis.", 'In the UUO kidneys, paclitaxel significantly attenuated tubular damage and interstitial collagen deposition, as well as -smooth muscle actin (-SMA), TGF-1 and PAI-1 protein expression. Paclitaxel also inhibited the UUO-induced activation of Smad2/3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, paclitaxel treatment did not inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) or p38 expression. In TGF-1-treated IMCD cells, treatment with 1 and 2 nM paclitaxel for 72h reduced fibronectin, -SMA and PAI-1 protein expression. Moreover, a 2 nM dose of paclitaxel for 24h significantly inhibited the TGF-1-stimulated activation of Smad2/3, JNK and ERK1/2 in IMCD cells.\Question: Does low-dose paclitaxel ameliorate renal fibrosis by suppressing transforming growth factor-1-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 signaling?
answer:
Paclitaxel at low non-cytotoxic doses ameliorates renal fibrosis by inhibiting multiple steps in the TGF-1-induced PAI-1 signaling including Smads and mitogen-activated protein kinases.