You are given a sentence in Japanese. Your job is to translate the Japanese sentence into English.

[EX Q]:
[EX A]: So these were some of the first studies to see this tied in to game theory.

[EX Q]:
[EX A]: It's not just numbers on a piece of paper.

[EX Q]:
[EX A]:
And they use a red hot iron needle to make a hole through the muzzle.