Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Hostile neck anatomy is assumed to be associated with increased surgical risk for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and is often considered a reason to choose carotid stenting or medical management. This retrospective case-control study evaluated whether, and how much, anatomically hostile necks represent a condition of higher surgical risk of early and late mortality and major or minor morbidity.', 'The data for 966 homogeneous CEA patients was prospectively entered in a computer database. Seventy-seven had a hostile neck anatomy due to previous oncologic surgery or neck irradiation, restenoses after CEA, high carotid bifurcation, or bull-like and inextensible neck. A case-control matched-pair cohort study considered sex, age (5-year intervals), and year of operation. Regional anesthesia was used for all operations for atherosclerotic stenosis >or=70%, conforming to the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, at a single center and by one surgeon or under his direct supervision.', 'The hostile neck patients and the control group were matched for age, sex, carotid-related symptoms, degree of stenoses, and main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Intraoperative variables were substantially equivalent in the two groups; however, procedure length and clamping time were, respectively, about 22 minutes (P = .0001) and 7 minutes longer (P = .01) in the hostile neck group. Rates of postoperative mortality and neurologic events were equivalent. Peripheral nerve lesions were multiple and significantly more frequent in the hostile neck patients (21% with >or=1 cranial nerve lesion vs 7% of controls, P = .03), yet all were transient and limited to a few months. The subgroups of patients with hostile neck, restenoses, and bull-like inextensible necks required the longest operative and clamping time, and those with bull-like and high bifurcation had the most frequent cranial nerve dysfunctions. At the respective follow-up of 47 and 45 months, survival curves (P = .48) and the incidence of restenoses and fatal and nonfatal strokes were similar (5 and 4, respectively).
[EX A]: Does the hostile neck increase the risk of carotid endarterectomy?

[EX Q]: To develop a scale and survey the measurement of patient adherence and patient recruitment, and to explore how these methods impact the results in randomized controlled trials of interventions to improve patient adherence to medications.', 'Analytic survey of a purposively selected sample of patient adherence intervention trials from a systematic review, assessing the quality of adherence measurement and patient recruitment methods.', 'We identified 44 different measures of adherence, with qualities ranging from valid and objective to unreliable and subjective. The median overall quality of measures of adherence was 5 (interquartile range [IQR], 3; range, 0-9, 9 is high quality). The quality of the measures was associated with variation in the estimate of adherence (Spearman r=0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.83). The median overall quality of patient recruitment methods was 2 (IQR, 1; maximum score 6, higher is better). There was no significant correlation between the power of the trial to detect an effect and the quality of the patient recruitment methods.
[EX A]: Are adherence measurement and patient recruitment methods poor in intervention trials to improve patient adherence?

[EX Q]: We analyzed the involvement of thromboxane (TX) A2/prostaglandin (PG) H2 (TP) receptor in ischemia-induced neovascularization in mice.', 'Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by right femoral artery ligature in male C57BL/6J mice (n=7 per group). Animals were then treated with or without TP receptor antagonist (S18886, 5 or 10 mg/kg per day; ramatroban, 10 mg/kg per day) or aspirin (30 mg/kg per day) in drinking water for 21 days. Hindlimb ischemia raised plasma level of TXB2, the stable metabolite of TXA2, by 4.7-fold. This increase was blocked by aspirin treatment whereas S18886 (5 or 10 mg/kg per day) had no effect. However, neither S 18886 nor aspirin affected postischemic neovascularization. We next assessed the putative involvement of TXA2 signaling in angiotensin II (Ang II) proangiogenic pathway. Ang II (0.3 mg/kg per day) enhanced TXB2 plasma levels by 2.6-fold over that of control (P<0.01). Ang II-induced TXB2 upregulation was reduced by cotreatment with Ang II type I receptor antagonist (candesartan, 20 mg/kg per day). Angiographic score, capillary number, and foot perfusion were improved by 1.7-, 1.7-, and 1.4-fold, respectively, in Ang II-treated mice compared with controls (P<0.05). Ang II proangiogenic effect was associated with a 1.6-fold increase in VEGF-A protein content (P<0.05) and a 1.4-fold increase in the number of Mac-3-positive cells (ie, macrophages) in ischemic areas (P<0.05). Interestingly, treatments with TP receptor antagonists or aspirin hampered the proangiogenic effects of Ang II.
[EX A]:
Does thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor activation mediate angiotensin II-induced postischemic neovascularization?