Answer the following question given this paragraph: Copying and passing on genes (genetics) In which we consider the dynamics of genes and gene expression, and how genome dynamics leads to families of genes and facilitates evolutionary change. We consider how DNA is organized within a cell and how its organization influences gene expression. Finally we consider the behavior of regulatory networks at the molecular level and the role of molecular level noise in producing interesting behaviors. At this point we have introduced genes, DNA, and proteins, but we have left unresolved a number of important questions. These include how genomes are organized, how they evolve, how new genes and alleles are generated, and how they work together to produce the various behaviors that organisms display.327 We will touch on such trendy topics such as epigenetics (which is probably less interesting than most suppose) and the rather complex molecular and cellular level processes behind even the simplest biological behaviors. The details, where knownand often they are notare beyond the scope of this course, but the basic themes are relatively straightforward, although it does takes some practice to master this type of thinking. The key is to keep calm and analyze on! Genomes and their organization Genomes are characterized by two complementary metrics, the number of base pairs of DNA and the number of genes present within this DNA. The number of base pairs is easier to measure, we can count them. This can, however, lead to a mistaken conclusion, namely that the number of base pairs of DNA within the genome of a particular species, organism, or even tissue within an organism is fixed and constant. In fact genomes are dynamic, something that we will return to shortly. The genome of an organism (and generally the cells of which it is composed) consists of one or more DNA molecules. When we talk about genome size we are talking about the total number of base pairs present in all of these DNA molecules added together. The organism with one of the largest known genomes is the plant... Q: The genome of an organism consists of one or more what? Choices: - hemoglobin molecules - require molecules - rna molecules - dna molecules A:
dna molecules
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Gases assume the shape of their container. Q: Which form of matter assumes the shape of its container? Choices: - solids - liquids - crystals - gas A:
gas
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: No doubt you've had a sore throat before, and you've probably eaten cheese or yogurt. If so, then you've encountered the fascinating world of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. They also lack other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes are tiny and sometimes bothersome, but they are the most numerous organisms on Earth. Without them, the world would be a very different place. Prokaryotes are the simplest organisms. The first cells and organisms to evolve would be classified as prokaryotic. Q: What group of single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus comprises the most numerous organisms on earth? Choices: - eukaryotes - carbohydrates - fungi - prokaryotes A:
A: prokaryotes
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Alkenes and alkynes can be reduced with hydrogen gas to form alkanes. Q: What can alkenes and alkynes be reduced with to form alkanes? Choices: - acids - oxygen - enzymes - hydrogen gas A:
Answer: hydrogen gas
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: A theory is constantly tested. If some data does not agree with the theory, the theory can be revised. If the theory cannot match the data, it is thrown out. That being said, sometimes a theory is well-established; it has a lot of evidence to back it up. A well-established theory is unlikely to be overthrown. It may just need to be modified a bit. But science does not prove anything beyond a shadow of a doubt. Q: In science, what is constantly tested, sometimes revised, sometimes thrown out and sometimes well-established? Choices: - a technique - a study - a variable - a theory A:
**Answer**
a theory
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Prokaryotes and the Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is part of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds to ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen gas by myriad processes, many of which are carried out only by prokaryotes. As illustrated in Figure 22.19, prokaryotes are key to the nitrogen cycle. The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen from the air, but this nitrogen is not usable by plants, which are primary producers. Gaseous nitrogen is transformed, or "fixed" into more readily available forms such as ammonia through the process of nitrogen fixation. Ammonia can be used by plants or converted to other forms. Another source of ammonia is ammonification, the process by which ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Ammonia released to the atmosphere, however, represents only 15 percent of the total nitrogen released; the rest is as N2 and N2O. Ammonia is catabolized anaerobically by some prokaryotes, yielding N2 as the final product. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrification in soils is carried out by bacteria belonging to the genera Nitrosomas, Nitrobacter, and Nitrospira. The bacteria performs the reverse process, the reduction of nitrate from the soils to gaseous compounds such as N2O, NO, and N2, a process called denitrification. Q: Prokaryotes and the nitrogen cycle nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is part of proteins and this? Choices: - nuclear forces - nerve cells - molecules - nucleic acids A:
A: nucleic acids