input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Phenotypes and Genotypes Two alleles for a given gene in a diploid organism are expressed and interact to produce physical characteristics. The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to as its phenotype. An organism's underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both the physically visible and the non-expressed alleles, is called its genotype. Mendel's hybridization experiments demonstrate the difference between phenotype and genotype. For example, the phenotypes that Mendel observed in his crosses between pea plants with differing traits are connected to the diploid genotypes of the plants in the P, F1, and F2 generations. We will use a second trait that Mendel investigated, seed color, as an example. Seed color is governed by a single gene with two alleles. The yellow-seed allele is dominant and the green-seed allele is recessive. When true-breeding plants were cross-fertilized, in which one parent had yellow seeds and one had green seeds, all of the F1 hybrid offspring had yellow seeds. That is, the hybrid offspring were phenotypically identical to the true-breeding parent with yellow seeds. However, we know that the allele donated by the parent with green seeds was not simply lost because it reappeared in some of the F2 offspring (Figure 8.5). Therefore, the F1 plants must have been genotypically different from the parent with yellow seeds. The P plants that Mendel used in his experiments were each homozygous for the trait he was studying. Diploid organisms that are homozygous for a gene have two identical alleles, one on each of their homologous chromosomes. The genotype is often written as YY or yy, for which each letter represents one of the two alleles in the genotype. The dominant allele is capitalized and the recessive allele is lower case. The letter used for the gene (seed color in this case) is usually related to the dominant trait (yellow allele, in this case, or "Y"). Mendel's parental pea plants always bred true because both. Q: What is the term for an organism's underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both the physically visible and the non-expressed alleles? A:
OPTIONS:
- divergency
- trait map
- phenotype
- genotype
output: genotype

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: The fluid surrounding cells is hemolymph in insects and other animals with an open type of what system? A:

OPTIONS:
- lymphatic
- vascular
- pulmonary
- circulatory

A: circulatory

input: OPTIONS:
- nerves
- brain
- fluids
- muscles Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder that causes gradual deterioration of what? A:
A:
output: muscles

Answer the following question given this paragraph: 4. Electricity is made when some type of energy turns a turbine. Explain how this happens and give two examples. Q: What is created when energy turns a turbine? A:

OPTIONS:
- light
- torque
- force
- electricity

Answer: electricity

Problem: OPTIONS:
- enough mutations
- enough chromosomes
- chromosome deversity
- large mutations
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: It is believed that large mutations form new genes. Mutations that duplicate large sections of DNA are a major source of genetic material for new genes. It is thought that tens to hundreds of genes are duplicated in animal genomes every million years. Most genes belong to larger families of genes of shared ancestry. These gene families have domains within the protein with a particular and independent function. These domains have corresponding conserved regions within their genes. It is through duplication mutations that such gene families formed. Genetic recombination after duplication of different domains forms new combinations of domains with new functions. For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for color vision and one for night vision; all four arose from a single ancestral gene. Q: What is essential for forming new genes? A:
Answer: large mutations

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Names of ionic compounds are derived from the names of the ions, with the name of the cation coming first, followed by the name of the anion. If an element can form cations of different charges, there are two alternate systems for indicating the compound's name. In the Stock system, a roman numeral in parentheses indicates the charge on the cation. An example is the name for FeCl2, which is iron(II) chloride. In the common system, the suffixes -ous and -ic are used to stand for the lower and higher possible charge of the cation, respectively. These suffixes are attached to a stem representing the element (which frequently comes from the Latin form of the element name). An example is the common name for FeCl2, which is ferrous chloride. The formula mass of an ionic compound is the sum of the masses of each individual atom in the formula. Care must be taken when calculating formula masses for formulas containing multiple polyatomic ions because the subscript outside the parentheses refers to all the atoms in the polyatomic ion. Q: The name of the cation comes first, followed by the name of the anion, in what kind of compound? A:

OPTIONS:
- magnetic compound
- localized compound
- covalent bonds
- ionic compound

Answer:
ionic compound