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When you do get a chance to ask for feedback, the last thing you want to do is show up unprepared. Before asking for feedback and advice, take some time to think about where you need them most. Taking the time to prepare beforehand will show you respect the person's time and willingness to discuss things with you. If you can, consider sending a list of these points by email before meeting with the person. This will let them give your request some thought before you meet, allowing for more effective feedback. Keep your list short. Two or three points should be sufficient. Examples of points you can mention are your performance on specific projects, specific flaws they think might need fixing or your attitude. Avoid asking only very specific or overly vague questions. Ideally, most of your questions should fall somewhere on the spectrum between these two options. Of course, you can have specific requests and more general questions, but you should mix and match the two categories. This will ensure that you receive a complete feedback, which will help you more effectively put it into action. If you're concerned about your performance on a specific project or task, definitely ask about it. You should also ask questions that encourage positive feedback, such as "What are some things I'm doing well?" Whether the answers you're getting are too vague or you're just not exactly understanding what you're being told, you shouldn't let the matter lie. Don't hesitate to ask them to clarify their point. Ask for examples. For instance, if you're told that your time management skills could use work, ask for an example of a situation that better time management could have improved. Do so politely, otherwise, you might not get the feedback you want.
Prepare a list of specific points that need feedback. Vary your questions. Go after specific information.