In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level is inversely correlated with the risk of atherosclerosis. However, the cellular mechanism by which HDL exerts antiatherogenic actions is not well understood. In this study, we focus on the lipid components of HDL as mediators of the lipoprotein-induced antiatherogenic actions.', 'HDL and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) stimulated the migration and survival of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These responses to HDL and S1P were almost completely inhibited by pertussis toxin and other specific inhibitors for intracellular signaling pathways, although the inhibition profiles of migration and survival were different. The HDL-stimulated migration and survival of the cells were markedly inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides against the S1P receptors EDG-1/S1P1 and EDG-3/S1P3. Cell migration was sensitive to both receptors, but cell survival was exclusively sensitive to S1P1. The S1P-rich fraction and chromatographically purified S1P from HDL stimulated cell migration, but the rest of the fraction did not, as was the case of the cell survival.\Question: Does high-density lipoprotein stimulate endothelial cell migration and survival through sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors?

Answer: HDL-induced endothelial cell migration and survival may be mediated by the lipoprotein component S1P and the lipid receptors S1P1 and S1P3.

Question: Context: Trauma centers are currently benchmarked on mortality outcomes alone. However, pay-for-performance measures may financially penalize centers based on complications. Our objective was to determine whether the results would be similar to the current standard method of mortality-based benchmarking if trauma centers were profiled on complications.', 'We analyzed data from the National Trauma Data Bank from 2007 to 2010. Patients 16 years or older with blunt or penetrating injuries and an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 9 or higher were included. Risk-adjusted observed-to-expected (O/E) mortality ratios for each center were generated and used to rank each facility as high, average, or low performing. We similarly ranked facilities on O/E morbidity ratios defined as occurrence of any major complication. Concordance between hospital performance rankings was evaluated using a weighted statistic. Correlation between morbidity- and mortality-based O/E ratios was assessed using Pearson coefficients. Sensitivity analyses were performed to mitigate the competing risk of death for the morbidity analyses.', 'A total of 449,743 patients from 248 facilities were analyzed. The unadjusted morbidity and mortality rates were 10.0% and 6.9%, respectively. No correlation was found between morbidity- and mortality-based O/E ratios (r = -0.01). Only 40% of the centers had similar performance rankings for both mortality and morbidity. Of the 31 high performers for mortality, only 11 centers were also high performers for morbidity. A total of 78 centers were ranked as average, and 11 ranked as low performers on both outcomes. Comparison of hospital performance status using mortality and morbidity outcomes demonstrated poor concordance (weighted = 0.03, p = 0.22).\Question: Does benchmarking trauma centers on mortality alone reflect quality of care : implications for pay-for-performance?

Answer: Mortality-based external benchmarking does not identify centers with high complication rates. This creates a dichotomy between current trauma center profiling standards and measures used for pay-for-performance. A benchmarking mechanism that reflects all measures of quality is needed.

Question: Context: Obstetric complications involving birth hypoxia are implicated in the etiology of disorders with dopaminergic dysfunction, such as schizophrenia. Cesarean section (C-section) birth in both humans and rats is associated with increased mild respiratory distress and with reduced levels of circulating catecholamines at birth, which normally serve to prime the lungs and activate other processes promoting extrauterine adaptation. Using a rat model, it has been found that C-section birth can produce long-term changes in central nervous system (CNS) dopamine function, compared to vaginal birth.', 'The present experiments tested if administering exogenous epinephrine at birth could reverse long-term changes in dopaminergic parameters in C-sectioned rats.', 'In the absence of stress at adulthood, no differences were observed between C-sectioned and vaginally born rats in levels of in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. However, after repeated mild stress at adulthood, C-sectioned rats showed increased TH activity in nucleus accumbens and increased DAT in dorsal striatum and accumbens, compared to vaginally born controls. A single injection of epinephrine to C-sectioned rats just after birth prevented the increased TH activity and DAT binding seen in C-sectioned rats after repeated mild stress at adulthood. There was also a trend for epinephrine at birth to partially reverse an increase in amphetamine-induced locomotion seen in C-sectioned rats at adulthood.\Question: Does epinephrine administration at birth prevent long-term changes in dopaminergic parameters caused by Cesarean section birth in the rat?

Answer:
These results suggest that variations in levels of circulating catecholamines in the neonate at the time of birth could contribute to subtle long-term changes in CNS function.