Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Pulmonary Ventilation The difference in pressures drives pulmonary ventilation because air flows down a pressure gradient, that is, air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in pressure; atmospheric pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure. Air flows out of the lungs during expiration based on the same principle; pressure within the lungs becomes greater than the atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary ventilation comprises two major steps: inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and expiration is the process that causes air to leave the lungs (Figure 22.17). A respiratory cycle is one sequence of inspiration and expiration. In general, two muscle groups are used during normal inspiration: the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Additional muscles can be used if a bigger breath is required. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity, creating a larger thoracic cavity and more space for the lungs. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles moves the ribs upward and outward, causing the rib cage to expand, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. Due to the adhesive force of the pleural fluid, the expansion of the thoracic cavity forces the lungs to stretch and expand as well. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, creating a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. As a result, a pressure gradient is created that drives air into the lungs. Q: Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in what? A:

OPTIONS:
- gravity
- resistance
- thrust
- pressure

A: pressure

input: OPTIONS:
- saliva
- urine
- blood
- sperm Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sperm are released from the body during ejaculation . Ejaculation occurs when muscle contractions propel sperm from the epididymis. The sperm are forced through the ducts and out of the body through the urethra. As sperm travel through the ducts, they mix with fluids from the glands to form semen. Hundreds of millions of sperm are released with each ejaculation. Q: What is released from the body during ejaculation? A:
A:
output: sperm

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Pneumonia is a disease in which some of the alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid so they can no longer exchange gas. Symptoms of pneumonia typically include coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fatigue. Pneumonia may be caused by an infection or an injury to the lungs. Q: What the name of the disease where some of the alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid so they can no longer exchange gas? A:

OPTIONS:
- leukemia
- lung cancer
- emphysema
- pneumonia

Answer: pneumonia

Problem: OPTIONS:
- cells
- minerals
- acids
- proteins
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ion Transport The Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions are important components of intracellular and extracellular fluids. Both Na+ and Ca2+ are found primarily in extracellular fluids, such as blood plasma, whereas K + and Mg2+ are found primarily in intracellular fluids. Substantial inputs of energy are required to establish and maintain these concentration gradients and prevent the system from reaching equilibrium. Thus energy is needed to transport each ion across the cell membrane toward the side with the higher concentration. The biological machines that are responsible for the selective transport of these metal ions are complex assemblies of proteins called ion pumps. Ion pumps recognize and discriminate between metal ions in the same way that crown ethers and cryptands do, with a high affinity for ions of a certain charge and radius. Defects in the ion pumps or their control mechanisms can result in major health problems. For example, cystic fibrosis, the most common inherited disease in the United States, is caused by a defect in the transport system (in this case, chloride ions). Similarly, in many cases, hypertension, or high blood pressure, is thought to be due to defective Na+ uptake and/or excretion. If too much Na+ is absorbed from the diet (or if too little is excreted), water diffuses from tissues into the blood to dilute the solution, thereby decreasing the osmotic pressure in the circulatory system. The increased volume increases the blood pressure, and ruptured arteries called aneurysms can result, often in the brain. Because high blood pressure causes other medical problems as well, it is one of the most important biomedical disorders in modern society. For patients who suffer from hypertension, low-sodium diets that use NaCl substitutes, such as KCl, are often prescribed. Although KCl and NaCl give similar flavors to foods, the K + is not readily taken up by the highly specific Na+-uptake system. This approach to controlling hypertension is controversial, however,. Q: Ion pumps, the biological machines responsible for the selective transport of metal ions, are complex assemblies of what? A:
Answer: proteins

Problem:OPTIONS:
- machinery
- batteries
- mechanical energy
- electricity

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sunlight is turned into electricity at a solar power plant. A large group of mirrors focuses sunlight on one place. This place is called a receiver ( Figure below ). At the receiver, a liquid such as oil or water is heated to a high temperature. The liquid transfers its heat by conduction . In conduction, energy moves between two objects that are in contact. The warmer object transfers heat to the cooler object. At a solar power plant, the energy conducted by the heated liquid is used to make electricity. Q: What does a solar power plant turn sunlight into? A:
****
A: electricity

Problem:OPTIONS:
- prostate
- urethra
- kidney
- urinary bladder

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The urinary bladder is a hollow and muscular organ. It is shaped a little like a balloon. It is the organ that collects urine. Q: What is the hollow and muscular balloon-shaped organ that collects urine? A:
****
A:
urinary bladder