In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Protein chips have emerged as a promising approach for a wide variety of applications including the identification of protein-protein interactions, protein-phospholipid interactions, small molecule targets, and substrates of proteins kinases. They can also be used for clinical diagnostics and monitoring disease states. This article reviews current methods in the generation and applications of protein microarrays. Understanding complex cellular systems will require the identification and analysis of each of its components and determining how they function together and are regulated. A critical step in this process is to determine the biochemical activities of the proteins and how these activities themselves are controlled and modified by other proteins. Traditionally, the biochemical activities of proteins have been elucidated by studying single molecules, one experiment at a time. This process is not optimal, as it is slow and labor intensive. In contrast to this traditional approach, high-throughput scientific methods have been developed in the last decade to optimize the study of large numbers of molecules, including DNA, proteins and metabolites. DNA microarrays in particular have proved valuable in genomic research (Schena et al., 1995) . They have been used to study gene expression patterns, to locate transcription factor binding sites, and to detect sequence mutations and deletions on a grand scale. However, DNA microarrays tell us only about the genes themselves and provide little information regarding the functions of the proteins they encode. More recently high throughput approaches have been developed for the study of proteins, including profiling of proteins using mass spectrometry (Gavin et al.,
Protein Microarray Technology Types of protein microarrays

Background: Members of the Baculoviridae encode two types of proteins that mediate virus:cell membrane fusion and penetration into the host cell. Alignments of primary amino acid sequences indicate that baculovirus fusion proteins of group I nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPV) form the GP64 superfamily. The structure of these viral penetrenes has not been determined. The GP64 superfamily includes the glycoprotein (GP) encoded by members of the Thogotovirus genus of the Orthomyxoviridae. The entry proteins of other baculoviruses, group II NPV and granuloviruses, are class I penetrenes. Results: Class III penetrenes encoded by members of the Rhabdoviridae and Herpesviridae have an internal fusion domain comprised of beta sheets, other beta sheet domains, an extended alpha helical domain, a membrane proximal stem domain and a carboxyl terminal anchor. Similar sequences and structural/functional motifs that characterize class III penetrenes are located collinearly in GP64 of group I baculoviruses and related glycoproteins encoded by thogotoviruses. Structural models based on a prototypic class III penetrene, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G), were established for Thogoto virus (THOV) GP and Autographa california multiple NPV (AcMNPV) GP64 demonstrating feasible cysteine linkages. Glycosylation sites in THOV GP and AcMNPV GP64 appear in similar model locations to the two glycosylation sites of VSV G. These results suggest that proteins in the GP64 superfamily are class III penetrenes.
Virology Journal Proteomics computational analyses suggest that baculovirus GP64 superfamily proteins are class III penetrenes

Malaria fever has been pervasive for quite a while in tropical developing regions causing high morbidity and mortality. The causal organism is a protozoan parasite of genus Plasmodium which spreads to the human host by the bite of hitherto infected female Anopheles mosquito. In the course of biting, a salivary protein of Anopheles helps in blood feeding behavior and having the ability to elicit the host immune response. This study represents a series of immunoinformatics approaches to design multi-epitope subunit vaccine using Anopheles mosquito salivary proteins. Designed subunit vaccine was evaluated for its immunogenicity, allergenicity and physiochemical parameters. To enhance the stability of vaccine protein, disulfide engineering was performed in a region of high mobility. Codon adaptation and in silico cloning was also performed to ensure the higher expression of designed subunit vaccine in E. coli K12 expression system. Finally, molecular docking and simulation study was performed for the vaccine protein and TLR-4 receptor, to determine the binding free energy and complex stability. Moreover, the designed subunit vaccine was found to induce anti-salivary immunity which may have the ability to prevent the entry of Plasmodium sporozoites into the human host. Malaria still remains one of the most devastating and deadly infectious disease, which is characterized by the intermittent high fevers and it's another form namely cerebral malaria, leads to the neurological complications such as brain injury and coma 1,2 . As per the World Health Organization (WHO) latest estimate, almost 212 million cases of malaria along with 42,900 deaths were reported in December 2016 among 91 countries, worldwide 3 . The high risk of developing malarial infection among a population group depends upon the several factors including the presence of children under the age of 5 years 4 , a patient with HIV co-infection 4 , pregnant woman 4 , mobile population 4,5 , and travelers 6 . The causal organism of malaria is a protozoan parasite belongs to the genus Plasmodium and it spreads by the bite of hitherto infected female Anopheles mosquito 7 . There are mainly four species of Plasmodium namely P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. vivax that are responsible for the disastrous diseased condition among human being. Recently, P. knowlesi was considered as the fifth species with the ability to cause human malaria infection in Southeast Asian countries mainly Malaysia 8 . If we talk about the severity of infection and distribution of disease, P. falciparum is the most severe form of a parasite than other leads to most of the deaths whereas P. vivax is the most widely distributed human parasite outside the sub-Saharan region of Africa and cause huge morbidity. The life cycle of malaria parasite consisting of four stages namely liver stage, blood stage, and transmission stage in human being while the last one is mosquito stage and keeping in mind the end goal to destroy the ailment, each stage ought to be considered for treatment 9 . Artemisinin combination therapy is the first-line treatment for P. falciparum infection in the region where chloroquine resistance has been evolved. Along with the fast onset of action, artemisinin and its derivatives have rapid clearance from the human body, which needs the combination of the slow-clearing drug to
Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi- epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein OPEN