TASK DEFINITION: In this task, we ask you to rewrite a sentence in simple English without changing its general meaning. Essentially, you want to make the sentence easier to read by using simpler words, utilizing more straightforward sentence structures, and omitting non-essential information etc.
PROBLEM: In computing , a crash , or system crash , occurs when a computer program such as a software application or an operating system stops functioning properly and exits .

SOLUTION: A Computer crash is when a computer program stops running normally .

PROBLEM: The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types : sanguine , choleric , melancholic , and phlegmatic .

SOLUTION: The temperaments are " sanguine " , " choleric " , " melancholy " , and " phlegmatic " .

PROBLEM: The word " republic " comes from the Latin term " res publica " , which literally means " public thing , " " public matter , " or " public affair " and was used to refer to the state as a whole .

SOLUTION:
The word republic comes from the Latin language words " res publica " , which means a " public thing " .