Q: What kind of compound, contained in coffee and alcohol, increases urine volume? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Diuretics and Fluid Volume A diuretic is a compound that increases urine volume. Three familiar drinks contain diuretic compounds: coffee, tea, and alcohol. The caffeine in coffee and tea works by promoting vasodilation in the nephron, which increases GFR. Alcohol increases GFR by inhibiting ADH release from the posterior pituitary, resulting in less water recovery by the collecting duct. In cases of high blood pressure, diuretics may be prescribed to reduce blood volume and, thereby, reduce blood pressure. The most frequently prescribed anti-hypertensive diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide. It inhibits the Na+/ Cl symporter in the DCT and collecting duct. The result is a loss of Na+ with water following passively by osmosis. Osmotic diuretics promote water loss by osmosis. An example is the indigestible sugar mannitol, which is most often administered to reduce brain swelling after head injury. However, it is not the only sugar that can produce a diuretic effect. In cases of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, glucose levels exceed the capacity of the tubular glucose symporters, resulting in glucose in the urine. The unrecovered glucose becomes a powerful osmotic diuretic. Classically, in the days before glucose could be detected in the blood and urine, clinicians identified diabetes mellitus by the three Ps: polyuria (diuresis), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger). Choices: - anabolic - acid - additive - diuretic A:
diuretic

Q: Bacteria may become untreatable if they develop what in response to multiple antibiotics? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Evasion of the Immune System by Pathogens It is important to keep in mind that although the immune system has evolved to be able to control many pathogens, pathogens themselves have evolved ways to evade the immune response. An example already mentioned is in Mycobactrium tuberculosis, which has evolved a complex cell wall that is resistant to the digestive enzymes of the macrophages that ingest them, and thus persists in the host, causing the chronic disease tuberculosis. This section briefly summarizes other ways in which pathogens can "outwit" immune responses. But keep in mind, although it seems as if pathogens have a will of their own, they do not. All of these evasive "strategies" arose strictly by evolution, driven by selection. Bacteria sometimes evade immune responses because they exist in multiple strains, such as different groups of Staphylococcus aureus. aureus is commonly found in minor skin infections, such as boils, and some healthy people harbor it in their nose. One small group of strains of this bacterium, however, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, has become resistant to multiple antibiotics and is essentially untreatable. Different bacterial strains differ in the antigens on their surfaces. The immune response against one strain (antigen) does not affect the other; thus, the species survives. Another method of immune evasion is mutation. Because viruses' surface molecules mutate continuously, viruses like influenza change enough each year that the flu vaccine for one year may not protect against the flu common to the next. New vaccine formulations must be derived for each flu season. Genetic recombinationthe combining of gene segments from two different pathogensis an efficient form of immune evasion. For example, the influenza virus contains gene segments that can recombine when two different viruses infect the same cell. Recombination between human and pig influenza viruses led to the 2010 H1N1 swine flu outbreak. Pathogens can produce immunosuppressive molecules that... Choices: - affinity - weakness - acceptance - resistance A:
resistance

Q: Q: What type of maps detail detail the types and locations of rocks found in an area? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Geologic maps detail the types and locations of rocks found in an area. Choices: - contour maps - polar maps - gnomic maps - geologic maps A:
A: geologic maps

Question: Q: What keeps the moon orbiting earth? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Gravity keeps the Moon orbiting Earth. Gravity keeps the planets orbiting the Sun. Choices: - Coriolis effect - the Sun - axial tilt - gravity A:
Answer: gravity

*Question*
Q: Beryllium hydride consists of a central beryllium atom with two single bonds to what? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Beryllium hydride consists of a central beryllium atom with two single bonds to hydrogen atoms. Recall that it violates the octet rule. Choices: - nitrogen atoms - metabolic atoms - calcium atoms - hydrogen atoms A:
**Answer**
hydrogen atoms

(Q).
Q: While climate change in earth history was due to natural processes, what is primarily to blame for recent global warming? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Climate change in Earth history was due to natural processes. Recent global warming is due mainly to human actions. The burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the air. This creates greater greenhouse effect and global warming. Choices: - wars - volcanos - factories - human actions A:
(A).
human actions