QUES: The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with Evariste Galois in the 1830s. After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870. Modern group theoryan active mathematical disciplinestudies groups in their own right.a["] To explore groups, mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller, better-understandable pieces, such as subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups. In addition to their abstract properties, group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely (its group representations), both from a theoretical and a computational point of view. A theory has been developed for finite groups, which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups announced in 1983.aa["] Since the mid-1980s, geometric group theory, which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects, has become a particularly active area in group theory.
What year did mathematicians begin studying groups in their own right?

ANS: unanswerable

QUES: Additionally, there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff, including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel).
The Personnel Chief is also known as what?

ANS: the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom

QUES: Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from 12 million in 1999-2000 to 11 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to 6.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to 0.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were 0.06 million in 2004-05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about 0.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%.
By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?

ANS: 11 million

QUES: The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later). As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format.
Which manufacturers are exempt from CIPA DC-004?

ANS:
unanswerable