Q: Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic might seek to reconstruct the original text (the archetype or autograph) as closely as possible. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate versions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history. The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a "critical edition" containing a scholarly curated text.

Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct.[citation needed] Although biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed. Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur'an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972, which possibly date back to the 78th centuries.

Answer the following questions:
1. Is the Bible ancient?
2. What other works are considered ancient?
3. How many copies do they survive in?
4. is the relationship of copies to the original always clear?
5. What type of scholars debate about the sources?
6. How long have they debated about them?
7. What are they debating about the readings?
8. What presumably had one original souce?
9. Did Greek plays also have one original?
10. Is there a question about how many originals the Gospels had?
11. What type of criticism is there interest in applying to the Qur'an?
12. When did this interest develop?
13. Whose manuscript had been discovered?
14. How far back might it date?
15. Is that earlier or later than when we put a man on the moon?
16. Does Textual criticism concern itself with any books?
17. Who made alterations when they copied manuscripts?
18. How did they make copies?
19. What does the critic want to do to the original text?
20. Can the same process be used for intermediate versions?
A: 1. Yes
2. the Greek tragedies
3. hundreds
4. No
5. Textual scholars
6. for centuries
7. which sources are most closely derived from the original
8. biblical books that are letters
9. Yes
10. Yes
11. textual
12. after 1972
13. Sana'a
14. to the 78th centuries.
15. earlier
16. yes
17. Ancient scribes
18. by hand
19. reconstruct it
20. Yes
Q: The Philippines (; or "Filipinas" ), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: "Republika ng Pilipinas"), is a unitary sovereign state and island country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Vietnam to the west, Palau to the east and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south.

The Philippines' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons, but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world's greatest biodiversity. The Philippines has an area of , and a population of approximately /1e6 round 0 million. It is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. , approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, comprising one of the world's largest diasporas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred. Then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans.

Answer the following questions:
1. What country is the focus of the article?
2. Where is it located?
3. Does it share any land borders with other countries?
4. What kind of borders does it share?
5. With how many countries?
6. What kind of extreme weather does it experience?
7. Who were the first residents?
8. Who came next?
9. What ocean is it in?
10. What is the official name of the country?
11. How many islands does it include?
12. How many groups of people did the residents exchange with?
13. How many people from the country don't live there?
14. Is it far from the equator?
15. Are there a lot of different types of plants and animals in the country?
16. How is it divided up?
17. What are they?
18. How many seas border it?
19. What is the capital city?
20. Do a lot of people live in the country compared to the rest of the world's countries?
A: 1. The Philippines
2. Southeast Asia
3. No
4. maritime
5. Five
6. Earthquakes and typhoons
7. Negritos
8. Austronesian peoples
9. Pacific
10. Republic of the Philippines
11. 7,641
12. Four
13. Approximately 10 million
14. No
15. Yes
16. Three main geographical divisions from north to south
17. Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
18. Three
19. Manila
20. Yes
Q: CHAPTER XXVII

Philippa and Helen looked at one another a little dolefully across the luncheon table.

"I supposes one misses the child," Helen said.

"I feel too depressed for words," Philippa admitted.

"A few days ago," Helen reminded her companion, "we were getting all the excitement that was good for any one."

"And a little more," Philippa agreed. "I don't know why things seem so flat now. We really ought to be glad that nothing terrible has happened."

"What with Henry and Mr. Lessingham both away," Helen continued, "and Captain Griffiths not coming near the place, we really have reverted to the normal, haven't we? I wonder--if Mr. Lessingham has gone back."

"I do not think so," Philippa murmured.

Helen frowned slightly.

"Personally," she said, with some emphasis, "I hope that he has."

"If we are considering the personal point of view only," Philippa retorted, "I hope that he has not."

Helen looked her disapproval.

"I should have thought that you had had enough playing with fire," she observed.

"One never has until one has burned one's fingers," Philippa sighed. "I know perfectly well what is the matter with you," she continued severely. "You are fretting because curried chicken is Dick's favourite dish."

"I am not such a baby," Helen protested. "All the same, it does make one think. I wonder--"

"I know exactly what you were going to say," Philippa interrupted. "You were going to say that you wondered whether Mr. Lessingham would keep his promise."

"Whether he would be able to," Helen corrected. "It does seem so impossible, doesn't it?"

Answer the following questions:
1. What was Dick's favorite meal?
2. Who does this worry?
3. Who hopes that Lessingham has returned?
4. Does Philippa agree?
5. Out of what consideration?
6. Where were the two talking?
7. Were they cheerful?
8. Whom did they miss?
9. What is the child's name?
10. Is Lessingham the only one gone?
11. Who else is gone?
12. Who won't come near?
13. How does Philippa feel?
14. Who says the other has played with fire?
15. Has Philippa had enough of it?
16. Does Helen deny being something?
17. What?
18. What does she wonder about Lessingham?
19. To do what?
20. Does it seem likely to her?
A:
1. curried chicken
2. Helen
3. Helen
4. no
5. personal point of view
6. across the luncheon table
7. no
8. the child
9. Henry
10. no
11. Henry
12. Captain Griffiths
13. depressed
14. Helen
15. unknown
16. yes
17. a baby
18. Whether he would be able to
19. keep his promise
20. no