In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Q: Context: Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for the development of kidney injury. Considering that female sex hormones may play a preventative role in both cardiovascular and renal diseases, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of female sex hormones on hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction.', "Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE) and C57 control female mice underwent an ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery and after 2 months, creatinine clearance, uremia and proteinuria were determined. Renal oxidative stress and lipid deposition were also quantified. Values are presented as meanSEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.", 'Creatinine clearance (L/min) was similar between C57 (17117) and ApoE (14026) mice underwent sham surgery. OVX resulted in a reduced glomerular filtration rate in both C57 (1128, ~-35%, p<0.05) and ApoE (6110, ~-56%, p<0.05) animals. Plasma levels of urea (mg/dL) were higher in both ApoE groups (Sham: 737; OVX: 738, p<0.05) when compared to C57 animals (Sham: 493; OVX: 604), with no changes among ovariectomized groups. Proteinuria levels (mg/24 h) were similar between C57 (Sham: 25.15.7; OVX: 33.74.7) and ApoE sham animals (26.43.5), however, 24-h urine protein excretion was augmented in ApoE OVX animals (49.65.8, p<0.05). Histological kidney analysis demonstrated that the absence of female sex hormones resulted in increased oxidative stress, which was more severe in ApoE mice (C57 Sham: 9.20.4; C57 OVX: 22.91.0; ApoE Sham: 13.90.7; ApoE OVX: 34.01.4 au x 103, p<0.05). As expected, ApoE mice presented higher lipid deposition, which was not affected by OVX (C57 Sham: 00; C57 OVX: 00; ApoE Sham: 6.81.6; ApoE OVX: 5.20.8% x 10-2, p<0.05). Ovariectomy resulted in a similar reduction in ER- protein expression in the renal cortex (C57: 0.780.04; ApoE: 0.810.04 au, p<0.05) when compared to sham animals (C57:1.000.04; ApoE: 1.030.03 au).\Question: Do endogenous female sex hormones delay the development of renal dysfunction in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice?

A: Taken together these data indicate that female sex hormones may delay hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction and emphasizes the importance of plasma cholesterol control in post-menopausal women.
****
Q: Context: It is common in public health and epidemiology that the outcome of interest is counts of events occurrence. Analysing these data using classical linear models is mostly inappropriate, even after transformation of outcome variables due to overdispersion. Zero-adjusted mixture count models such as zero-inflated and hurdle count models are applied to count data when over-dispersion and excess zeros exist. Main objective of the current paper is to apply such models to analyse risk factors associated with human helminths (S. haematobium) particularly in a case where there's a high proportion of zero counts.", 'The data were collected during a community-based randomised control trial assessing the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel in Malawi, and a school-based cross sectional epidemiology survey in Zambia. Count data models including traditional (Poisson and negative binomial) models, zero modified models (zero inflated Poisson and zero inflated negative binomial) and hurdle models (Poisson logit hurdle and negative binomial logit hurdle) were fitted and compared.', 'Using Akaike information criteria (AIC), the negative binomial logit hurdle (NBLH) and zero inflated negative binomial (ZINB) showed best performance in both datasets. With regards to zero count capturing, these models performed better than other models.\Question: Do zero adjusted models with applications to analysing helminths count data?

A: This paper showed that zero modified NBLH and ZINB models are more appropriate methods for the analysis of data with excess zeros. The choice between the hurdle and zero-inflated models should be based on the aim and endpoints of the study.
****
Q: Context: Bleeding in ACS patients is an independent marker of adverse outcomes. Its prognostic impact is even worse in elderly population. Current bleeding risk scores include chronological age but do not consider biologic vulnerability. No studies have assessed the effect of frailty on major bleeding. The aim of this study is to determine whether frailty status increases bleeding risk in patients with ACS.', 'This prospective and observational study included patients aged 75years admitted due to type 1 myocardial infarction. Exclusion criteria were severe cognitive impairment, impossibility to measure handgrip strength, cardiogenic shock and limited life expectancy due to oncologic diseases. The primary endpoint was 30-day major bleeding defined as a decrease of 3g/dl of haemoglobin or need of transfusion.', 'A total of 190 patients were included. Frail patients (72, 37.9%) were older, with higher comorbidity features and with a higher CRUSADE score at admission. On univariate analysis, frailty predicted major bleeding during 30-day follow-up despite less frequent use of a P2Y12 inhibitor (66.2% vs 83.6%, p=0.007) and decreased catheterisation rate (69.4% vs 94.1%, p<0.001). Major bleeding was associated with increased all-cause mortality at day 30 (18.2% vs 2.5%, p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, frailty was an independent predictor for major bleeding.\Question: Does frailty predict major bleeding within 30days in elderly patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome?

A:
Frailty phenotype, as a marker of biological vulnerability, is an independent predictor of major bleeding in elderly patients with ACS. Frailty can play an important role in bleeding risk stratification and objective indices should be integrated into routine initial evaluation of these patients.
****