instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: Studies in chronic noncancer pain settings have found that opioid use increases health care utilization. Despite the key role of analgesics, specifically opioids, in the setting of cancer pain, there is no literature to our knowledge about the relationship between adherence to prescribed around-the-clock (ATC) analgesics and acute health care utilization (hospitalization) among patients with cancer pain.', 'To identify adherence patterns over time for cancer patients taking ATC analgesics for pain, cluster these patterns into adherence types, combine the types into an adherence risk factor for hospitalization, identify other risk factors for hospitalization, and identify risk factors for inconsistent analgesic adherence.', 'Data from a 3-month prospective observational study of patients diagnosed with solid tumors or multiple myeloma, having cancer-related pain, and having at least one prescription of oral ATC analgesics were collected. Adherence data were collected electronically using the medication event-monitoring system. Analyses were conducted using adaptive modeling methods based on heuristic search through alternative models controlled by likelihood cross-validation scores.', 'Six adherence types were identified and combined into the risk factor for hospitalization of inconsistent versus consistent adherence over time. Twenty other individually significant risk factors for hospitalization were identified, but inconsistent analgesic adherence was the strongest of these predictors (ie, generating the largest likelihood cross-validation score). These risk factors were adaptively combined into a model for hospitalization based on six pairwise interaction risk factors with exceptional discrimination (ie, area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve of 0.91). Patients had from zero to five of these risk factors, with an odds ratio of 5.44 (95% confidence interval 3.09-9.58) for hospitalization, with a unit increase in the number of such risk factors.\Question: Do patterns of analgesic adherence predict health care utilization among outpatients with cancer pain?
answer:
Inconsistent adherence to prescribed ATC analgesics, specifically the interaction of strong opioids and inconsistent adherence, is a strong risk factor for hospitalization among cancer outpatients with pain.

question:
Context: Population-based studies of associations between subclinical hypercortisolism and risk for disease states, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, have been difficult to assess because of imprecise measures of glucocorticoid exposure. Alternative measures (salivary cortisol and adrenal gland volume) have not been systematically compared with 24-h urine free cortisol (UFC) in a healthy population.', 'Our objectives were: 1) to determine whether 24-h UFC and total daily salivary cortisol correlated with each other, adrenal gland volume, and salivary cortisol after dexamethasone suppression and 2) to evaluate the association of adrenal gland volume with salivary cortisol after dexamethasone suppression.', 'This was a cross-sectional study of 20 healthy, premenopausal African-American women aged 18-45 yr.', 'Salivary cortisol was assessed at six time points throughout the day simultaneous with 24-h UFC collection. Adrenal gland volume was measured by computed tomography scan. Dexamethasone-suppressed salivary cortisol was measured at 0800 h after administration of 0.5 mg dexamethasone at 2300 h the prior evening.', 'Dexamethasone-suppressed salivary cortisol levels correlated strongly with individual, timed salivary cortisol measurements, total daily salivary cortisol (rs=0.75; P=0.0001; n=20), and adrenal gland volume (rs=0.66; P=0.004; n=17). Total daily salivary cortisol and adrenal gland volume also correlated (rs=0.46; P=0.04; n=19). In contrast, 24-h UFC levels did not correlate with any of the other hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis measures.\Question: Do adrenal gland volume and dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol correlate with total daily salivary cortisol in African-American women?
answer:
A dexamethasone suppression test or adrenal gland volume may be alternative measures for characterizing subtle subclinical hypercortisolism in healthy adults.

question:
Context: Activation of the transcription factor NF-B and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators have been considered as major events of acute pancreatitis (AP). Karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2), a member of the importin family, reportedly modulates p65 subcellular localization.', 'This study aimed to investigate the expression and possible functions of KPNA2 in the AP cell and animal model, focusing on its association with NF-B activation.', 'An AP cell model was established with the cerulein-stimulated AR42J and isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells. The AP rat model was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of cerulein. The secretion of TNF-, IL-6, and LDH was detected by ELISA kits and the production of NO using nitric oxide kit. Expression of KPNA2 was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. Expression levels of IKK, phosphorylation of p65, and total p65 were detected by Western blot. Co-localization of KPNA2 with p65 was observed by immunofluorescence assay. To determine the biological functions of KPNA2 in cerulein-induced inflammatory response, RNA interference was employed to knockdown KPNA2 expression in AR42J and isolated pancreatic acini cells.', 'Cerulein stimulated KPNA2 expression and IL-6, TNF-, NO, and LDH production in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Cerulein triggered the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-B p65 subunit, indicating the NF-B activation. The co-localization and nuclear accumulation of KPNA2 and p65 were detected in cerulein-treated cells. Knocking down KPNA2 hindered cerulein-induced nuclear transportation of p65 and alleviated the subsequent inflammatory response in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Additionally, KPNA2 expression was significantly up-regulated in cerulein-induced AP rat model.\Question: Does karyopherin Alpha 2 promote the Inflammatory Response in Rat Pancreatic Acinar Cells Via Facilitating NF-B Activation?
answer:
KPNA2-facilitated p65 nuclear translocation promotes NF-B activation and inflammation in acute pancreatitis.