instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: The present study aimed to identify the relationship between glycemic variability (GV) and the 10-y risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with good glycemic control.', 'Two-hundred forty consecutive T2DM patients (HbA1c7.0%) without CVD were included to calculate the 10-y CVD risk by Framingham risk score (FRS), and divided into 3 groups: low-risk group (FRS10%), intermediate-risk group (>10%, 20%) and high-risk group (>20%). Inter-group differences of GV were determined by comparing the SD of blood glucose (SDBG), mean amplitudes of glycemic excursion (MAGE), and mean of daily differences (MODD) gathered from 72-h continuous glucose monitoring system.', 'The levels of SDBG and MAGE significantly increased along with the raises of 10-y CVD risk of T2DM patients (p<0.01). FRS was positively correlated with age, systolic blood pressure, SDBG and MAGE (r=0.717, 0.525, 0.509 and 0.485 respectively, p<0.01), while negatively correlated with the level of HDL-C (r=-0.348, p<0.01). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that increased MAGE [OR: 1.623(1.198-2.316), p<0.001] and patients with high urine albumin excretion rates [OR: 1.743(1.247-2.793), p<0.001] were independent predictors for high 10-y CVD risk.\Question: Is glycemic variability evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring system associated with the 10-y cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients with well-controlled HbA1c?
answer:
GV predicts independently the 10-y CVD risk of T2DM patients with well-controlled HbA1c.

question:
Context: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for periodontal disease and affects various cellular functions. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) play an important role in periodontal tissue regeneration; however, the effect of hyperglycemia on PDLSCs is unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether hyperglycemia affects periodontal tissue regeneration, using human PDLSCs and high-glucose medium as a model of DM.', 'PDLSCs were obtained from healthy adult human mandibular third molars. Cell proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression were investigated by culturing PDLSCs in media supplemented with four different glucose concentrations representative of control patients (5.5 mM), patients with postprandial or controlled DM (8.0 mM), and patients with uncontrolled DM (12.0 and 24.0 mM). The molecular effects of hyperglycemia on PDLSC physiology were examined with a focus on the nuclear factor (NF)-(B signaling pathway. The involvement of NF-B was investigated with a specific NF-B inhibitor in PDLSCs under hyperglycemic conditions.', 'High glucose levels inhibited PDLSC proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts but induced NF-B activation and subsequent interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 expression. Treatment with an NF-B inhibitor rescued the defects in cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation and inhibited the IL-6 expression caused by the high-glucose environment.\Question: Do high Glucose Concentrations Suppress the Proliferation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells and Their Differentiation Into Osteoblasts?
answer:
The results of this study demonstrate that hyperglycemia inhibits human PDLSC proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation.

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Context: Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a fungus of the Botryosphaeriaceae that causes grapevine vascular disease, especially in regions with hot climates. Fungi in this group often remain latent within their host and become virulent under abiotic stress. Transcriptional regulation analysis of L. theobromae exposed to heat stress (HS) was first carried out in vitro in the presence of grapevine wood (GW) to identify potential pathogenicity genes that were later evaluated for in planta expression.', 'A total of 19,860 de novo assembled transcripts were obtained, forty-nine per cent of which showed homology to the Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, Neofusicoccum parvum or Macrophomina phaseolina. Three hundred ninety-nine have homology with genes involved in pathogenic processes and several belonged to expanded gene families in others fungal grapevine vascular pathogens. Gene expression analysis showed changes in fungal metabolism of phenolic compounds; where genes encoding for enzymes, with the ability to degrade salicylic acid (SA) and plant phenylpropanoid precursors, were up-regulated during in vitro HS response, in the presence of GW. These results suggest that the fungal L-tyrosine catabolism pathway could help the fungus to remove phenylpropanoid precursors thereby evading the host defense response. The in planta up-regulation of salicylate hydroxylase, intradiol ring cleavage dioxygenase and fumarylacetoacetase encoding genes, further supported this hypothesis. Those genes were even more up-regulated in HS-stressed plants, suggesting that fungus takes advantage of the increased phenylpropanoid precursors produced under stress. Pectate lyase was up-regulated while a putative amylase was down-regulated in planta, this could be associated with an intercellular growth strategy during the first stages of colonization.\Question: Does global transcriptional analysis suggest Lasiodiplodia theobromae pathogenicity factors involved in modulation of grapevine defensive response?
answer:
L. theobromae transcriptome was established and validated. Its usefulness was demonstrated through the identification of genes expressed during the infection process. Our results support the hypothesis that heat stress facilitates fungal colonization, because of the fungus ability to use the phenylpropanoid precursors and SA, both compounds known to control host defense.