input: OPTIONS:
- crater
- cavern
- valley
- caldera Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: During a massive eruption all of the material may be ejected from a magma changer. Without support, the mountain above the empty chamber may collapse. This produces a huge caldera . Calderas are generally round, bowl-shaped formations like the picture in Figure below . Q: After a massive eruption what will a mountain collapsing above an empty chamber create? A:
A:
output: caldera

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The pancreas and liver secrete fluids that aid in digestion. Q: What two organs secrete fluids that aid in digestion? A:

OPTIONS:
- kidney and gall bladder
- stomach and lung
- spleen and bladder
- pancreas and liver

Answer: pancreas and liver

Problem: OPTIONS:
- carbon dioxide
- heavy pollution
- chemicals in waterways
- air pollution
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Air pollution causes acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming. Q: What causes acid rain? A:
Answer: air pollution

Problem:OPTIONS:
- divergent
- convergent
- pioneer
- founder

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Founder effect occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population. By chance, allele frequencies of the founders may be different from allele frequencies of the population they left. An example is described in the Figure below . Q: What effect occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population? A:
****
A: founder

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Rotation Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint. Rotation of the neck or body is the twisting movement produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between adjacent vertebrae. At a pivot joint, one bone rotates in relation to another bone. This is a uniaxial joint, and thus rotation is the only motion allowed at a pivot joint. For example, at the atlantoaxial joint, the first cervical (C1) vertebra (atlas) rotates around the dens, the upward projection from the second cervical (C2) vertebra (axis). This allows the head to rotate from side to side as when shaking the head "no. " The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint formed by the head of the radius and its articulation with the ulna. This joint allows for the radius to rotate along its length during pronation and supination movements of the forearm. Rotation can also occur at the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip. Here, the humerus and femur rotate around their long axis, which moves the anterior surface of the arm or thigh either toward or away from the midline of the body. Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body is called medial (internal) rotation. Conversely, rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline is lateral (external) rotation (see Figure 9.12f). Be sure to distinguish medial and lateral rotation, which can only occur at the multiaxial shoulder and hip joints, from circumduction, which can occur at either biaxial or multiaxial joints. Q: What is the name of a joint in which one bone rotates in relation to another bone? A:
OPTIONS:
- gliding
- hinge
- ball and socket
- pivot joint
pivot joint

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Early researchers in radioactivity found that the emissions from radioactivity could be classified into three distinct types according to their penetrating power. One type of radiation could barely penetrate a sheet of paper. The second type could pass through as much as 3 mm of aluminum. The third type was extremely penetrating and could pass through several centimeters of lead. They named these three types of radiation alpha , beta , and gamma respectively. Eventually, each type of radiation was further identified. Alpha particles are the nuclei of helium atoms, . Beta particles are electrons, and gamma rays are very high energy photons (even higher energy than x-rays). Q: Alpha, beta and gamma are three types of what? A:
OPTIONS:
- directions
- mutation
- convection
- radiation

Answer:
radiation