question: Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, development starting in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.

Initially intended for use inside the Bell System, AT&T licensed Unix to outside parties from the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial variants of Unix from vendors such as the University of California, Berkeley (BSD), Microsoft (Xenix), IBM (AIX) and Sun Microsystems (Solaris). AT&T finally sold its rights in Unix to Novell in the early 1990s, which then sold its Unix business to the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) in 1995, but the UNIX trademark passed to the industry standards consortium The Open Group, which allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems compliant with the Single UNIX Specification (SUS). Among these is Apple's macOS, which is the Unix version with the largest installed base as of 2014.

From the power user's or programmer's perspective, Unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the "Unix philosophy", meaning that the operating system provides a set of simple tools that each perform a limited, well-defined function, with a unified filesystem as the main means of communication and a shell scripting and command language to combine the tools to perform complex workflows. Aside from the modular design, Unix also distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language that allowed Unix to reach numerous platforms.
1. what OS is the article about?
2. what is it?
3. where did it come from?
4. when did they let other work on their OS?
5. are there different versions?
6. how do they differ?
7. who released some versions?
8. what was their flavor named?
9. who else?
10. what did they call theirs?
11. anyone else?
12. what were their flavors named?
13. who bought the rights to from the phone company?
14. when?
15. did they resell it?
16. when?
17. who bought it?
18. is that an acronym?
19. what does it stand for?
20. as of 2014 which flavor has the largest install base?
****
answer: 1. Unix
2. a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems
3. the original AT&T Unix
4. in the late 1970s
5. Yes
6. some are academic and others commercial
7. the University of California, Berkeley
8. (BSD)
9. Microsoft
10. (Xenix)
11. IBM and Sun Microsystems
12. (AIX) and (Solaris)
13. Novell
14. in the early 1990s
15. Yes
16. 1995
17. SCO
18. Yes
19. the Santa Cruz Operation
20. Apple's macOS

question: (CNN) -- David Cameron must have whiplash. Practically overnight this week, the British prime minister went from being one of the leading voices demanding that Syria's President Bashar al-Assad be punished for using chemical weapons, to a humbled, chastened politician with his hands tied.

British lawmakers voted Thursday night against even the possibility of using force against Syria, forcing Cameron to concede bluntly, "We will not be taking part in military action."

What do Syria's neighbors think?

The vote was close -- seven MPs out of the 557 who voted could have changed the result -- and the outcome was a shock. Prime ministers aren't supposed to lose votes on the use of military force. British media said it hadn't happened in hundreds of years.

But although the result was stunning in one sense, in another it wasn't surprising.

Over more than seven hours of debate on Syria loomed one chilling specter: Iraq.

Bergen: Syria is a problem from hell for the U.S.

Britain feels badly burned by the way Tony Blair led the country into war there a decade ago, and Cameron was fighting a defensive battle against the memory of Blair from the moment he kicked off debate in the House of Commons: "I'm deeply mindful of the lessons of previous conflicts, in particular the deep concerns of the country of what went wrong in Iraq. We're not invading a country; we're not searching for chemical weapons."

It's an argument he needed to make.

Why Russia, China, and Iran are standing by Syria
1. Who must have whiplash?
2. Who is he
3. Are his hands tied?
4. Was he demanding Bashar al-Assad be punished
5. Who is that
6. Who voted against the use of force
7. When?
8. against who?
9. Was the vote close
10. How many MPs voted
11. What was the thing looming over the debate
12. What was the specter?
13. How many hours was that debate?
14. How does Britain feel
15. What did he do?
16. Who was fighting a defensive battle?
17. WHO was fighting a defensive battle?
****
answer: 1. David Cameron
2. British prime minister
3. yes
4. yes
5. British prime minister
6. British lawmakers
7. Thursday night
8. using force against Syria
9. yes
10. 557
11. Prime ministers aren't supposed to lose votes on the use of military force
12. Iraq.
13. Over more than seven hours
14. badly burned by the way Tony Blair
15. led the country into war there a decade ago
16. against the memory of Blair
17. Cameron

question: JERUSALEM (CNN) -- Israeli troops have completed their withdrawal from Gaza after a three-week military campaign against Hamas militants, the Israel Defense Forces said Wednesday.

Palestinians look at an damaged rocket launcher left behind by Israeli forces.

"The forces are now redeployed outside the Gaza Strip, and are prepared for any development," a military statement read.

During their withdrawal, Israeli troops warned Gaza residents to avoid unexploded bombs or shells left behind and report their location to Israeli authorities.

Israel said it had achieved its goal to halt Hamas' firing of rockets into southern Israel from Gaza. Hamas, the Palestinian militant group that has controlled the territory since 2007, also declared victory in the conflict during a rally in Gaza City on Tuesday.

Israeli troops began to withdraw Sunday following tentative, separate cease-fire declarations by Israel Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Hamas.

U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who visited the territory Tuesday, criticized both sides and the international community for what he called their "collective political failure" in settling the decades-old Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

"I have condemned from the outbreak of this conflict the excessive use of force by Israeli forces in Gaza. I view the rocket attacks into Israel as completely unacceptable. We need to restore basic respect for civilians," he said. Watch troops prepare to withdraw "

The conflict, which began December 27, has left more than 1,300 Palestinians and 13 Israelis dead.

Confirmation of the Israeli withdrawal came within a day of the inauguration of Barack Obama as the new president of the United States, replacing George W. Bush, whose administration was among the most supportive of Israel in decades. Ban said he hoped Obama would consider settling the conflict "a matter of priority."
1. What goal did Israel achieve?
2. Where were the rockets being aimed?
3. From where?
4. Who told the troops to withdraw?
5. What is his title?
6. When were the cease-fire orders announced?
7. How long did the campaign last?
8. What did the troops warn locals to avoid?
9. What should they do if any are found?
10. to who?
11. Did Hamas also claim to have won the conflict?
12. When did they make this statement?
13. During what type of gathering?
14. In what city?
15. Was Ban Ki-moon impressed with the resolution?
16. What is his title?
17. How long had the conflict persisted?
18. Between which two groups?
19. Whose rocket attacks did he find unacceptable?
20. Were there any casualties?
21. On one side, or both sides?
22. Which side suffered more losses?
23. With how many?
24. In contrast to how many Israelis?
25. Which U.S. President supported Israel?
26. Who was he replaced by?
****
answer:
1. end rocket firing
2. into southern Israel
3. Gaza
4. Ehud Olmert
5. Israel Prime Minister
6. Sunday
7. three weeks
8. unexploded bombs or shells
9. report their location
10. Israeli authorities
11. yes
12. Tuesday
13. a rally
14. Gaza
15. no
16. U.N. Secretary-General
17. decades
18. Israelis and Palestinians
19. Israeli
20. yes
21. both sides
22. Palestinians
23. more than 1,300
24. 13
25. George W. Bush
26. Barack Obama