Q: The United States presidential election of 2012 was the 57th quadrennial American presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. The Democratic nominee, incumbent President Barack Obama, and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, were elected to a second term, defeating the Republican nominee, former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney and his running mate, Representative and future House Speaker Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.

As the incumbent president, Obama secured the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition. The Republican Party was more fractured; Mitt Romney was consistently competitive in the polls, but faced challenges from a number of more conservative contenders whose popularity each fluctuated, often besting Romney's. Romney effectively secured the nomination by early May as the economy improved, albeit at a persistently laggard rate. The campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising, including from new nominally independent Super PACs. The campaigns focused heavily on domestic issues: debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession in terms of economic recovery and job creation. Other issues included long-term federal budget issues, the future of social insurance programs, and the Affordable Care Act. Foreign policy was also discussed including the phase-out of the Iraq War, the size of and spending on the military, preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons, and appropriate counteractions to terrorism.

Answer the following questions:
1. who secured the democratic nomination?
2. What election year is the article about?
3. Did Obama have opposition securing his nomination?
4. Who was competitive in the pools for the republicans?
5. Did Romney face opposition?
6. Who secured the republican nomination?
7. Was foreign policy discussed in the campaigns?
8. Who was Obama's running mate?
9. Who was elected to a second term?
10. What state is Romney the former governor of?
11. Who was Romney's running mate?
12. When did Romney secure his nomination?
13. the campaign was marked by a sharp rise in what?
14. What did the campaigns focus a lot on?
15. Were federal budget issues focused on?
16. Was the Affordable care act discussed?
17. Who were they trying to prevent from obtaining nuclear weapons?
A: 1. Obama
2. 2012
3. no
4. Mitt Romney
5. yes
6. Mitt Romney
7. yes
8. Joe Biden
9. Barack Obama and Joe Biden
10. Massachusetts
11. Paul Ryan
12. early May
13. fundraising
14. domestic issues
15. yes
16. yes
17. Iran

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Jamie Oliver has been invited by Gordon Brown to prepare a banquet at No.10 for President Barack Obama and other leaders of the G20, offering a cut-price menu to reflect times when trade and industry are far from prosperous and the rate of employment is decreasing.

Downing Street sources say Oliver, the well-known chef, will cook using "honest high-street products" and avoid expensive or "fancy" ingredients.

The prime minister is trying to avoid a repeat of the embarrassment last year when he sat down to an 18-course banquet at a Japanese summit to discuss world food shortages.

Obama, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany and other leaders will be served by apprentices from Fifteen, the London restaurant Oliver founded to help train young people in poverty in order to make a living by mastering a skill.

Brown wants the dinner to reflect the emphasis of the London summit, which he hopes will lead to an agreement to lift the world out of recession."To be invited to cook for such an important group of people, who are trying to solve some of the world's major problems, is really a privilege," said Oliver.

"I'm hoping the menu I'm working on will show British food and produce is some of the best in the world, but also show we have pioneered a high-quality apprentice scheme at Fifteen London that is giving young people a skill to be proud of."

The chef has not yet finalized me menu, but is expected to draw inspiration from his latest book, Jamie's Ministry of Food, which has budget recipes for beef and ale stew and "impressive" chocolate fudge cake. (

)

1. Where is No 10?
2. What has Jamie Oliver been asked to do?
3. Who is one of the leaders of the G20?
4. And another?
5. And still another?
6. Who will they be served by?
7. Who invited Jamie Oliver to make the banquet?
8. What is his title?
9. What does he want the dinner to reflect?
10. Is the rate of employment increasing?
11. What kind of ingredients will be used?
12. What kind will be avoided?
13. What was the purpose of Oliver's restaurant?
14. in order to do what?
15. What does Brown hope the summit will lead to?
16. An agreement to do what?
17. What is Jamie Oliver's latest book?
18. What kind of recipes does it have?
19. Name one?
20. Name another?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Fifteen, the London restaurant
2. prepare a banquet
3. President Barack Obama
4. President Nicolas Sarkozy
5. Chancellor Angela Merkel
6. apprentices
7. Gordon Brown
8. prime minister
9. times when trade and industry are far from prosperous
10. no
11. honest high-street products
12. expensive or "fancy"
13. to help train young people in poverty
14. make a living
15. an agreement
16. lift the world out of recession
17. Jamie's Ministry of Food
18. budget recipes
19. ale stew
20. chocolate fudge cake

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.

Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic. In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief", though this definition is now thought by some analytic philosophers to be problematic because of the Gettier problems while others defend the platonic definition. However, several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist.

Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, communication, and reasoning; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of "acknowledgment" in human beings.

The definition of knowledge is a matter of ongoing debate among philosophers in the field of epistemology. The classical definition, described but not ultimately endorsed by Plato, specifies that a statement must meet three in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed. Some claim that these conditions are not sufficient, as Gettier case examples allegedly demonstrate. There are a number of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick's arguments for a requirement that knowledge 'tracks the truth' and Simon Blackburn's additional requirement that we do not want to say that those who meet any of these conditions 'through a defect, flaw, or failure' have knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the evidence for the belief necessitates its truth.

1. Who said knowledge is justified true belief?
2. Do recent philosophers agree?
3. Why do some disagree?
4. How is knowledge obtained?
5. Is it implicit or explicit?
6. What does it mean to be implicit?
7. And explicit?
8. What term is used for the study of knowledge?
9. How many processes are involved with acquiring knowledge?
10. Are these simple processes?
11. Would communicating be one of them?
12. Is there much disagreement about the definition of knowledge?
13. In the classical sense, how many things must be true for something to be considered knowledge?
14. What are those?
15. Who described this definition?
16. Did he agree with the premise?
17. What do some philosophers claim?
18. What showed that that is likely the case?
19. What requirement would Nozick add to the list?
20. What does Kirkham say the definition should also require?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. Plato
2. some do
3. because of the Gettier problems
4. unknown
5. its both
6. like as with practical skill or expertise
7. as in the theoretical understanding of a subject
8. epistemology
9. Three
10. no
11. yes
12. yes
13. three
14. it must be justified, true, and believed.
15. Plato
16. no
17. they claim that these conditions are not sufficient
18. Gettier case examples
19. that knowledge tracks the truth
20. evidence