Answer the following question given this paragraph: 12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille's Law Laminar Flow and Viscosity When you pour yourself a glass of juice, the liquid flows freely and quickly. But when you pour syrup on your pancakes, that liquid flows slowly and sticks to the pitcher. The difference is fluid friction, both within the fluid itself and between the fluid and its surroundings. We call this property of fluids viscosity. Juice has low viscosity, whereas syrup has high viscosity. In the previous sections we have considered ideal fluids with little or no viscosity. In this section, we will investigate what factors, including viscosity, affect the rate of fluid flow. The precise definition of viscosity is based on laminar, or nonturbulent, flow. Before we can define viscosity, then, we need to define laminar flow and turbulent flow. Figure 12.10 shows both types of flow. Laminar flow is characterized by the smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix. Turbulent flow, or turbulence, is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together. Q: What term refers to the friction of fluid, within itself and its surroundings? Choices: - elasticity - volume - salinity - viscosity A:
viscosity
(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cells that are communicating may be right next to each other or far apart. In juxtacrine signaling , also known as contact-dependent signaling, two adjacent cells must make physical contact in order to communicate. Cell communication may also occur over short distances, which is known as paracrine signaling , or over large distances, which is known as endocrine signaling . Q: Cell communication that occurs over short distances is known as what? Choices: - hypersignaling - contraposition signaling - cell echo - paracrine signaling A:
(Answer)
paracrine signaling
Ques: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Animal and Human Parasites and Pathogens Fungi can affect animals, including humans, in several ways. Fungi attack animals directly by colonizing and destroying tissues. Humans and other animals can be poisoned by eating toxic mushrooms or foods contaminated by fungi. In addition, individuals who display hypersensitivity to molds and spores develop strong and dangerous allergic reactions. Fungal infections are generally very difficult to treat because, unlike bacteria, fungi are eukaryotes. Antibiotics only target prokaryotic cells, whereas compounds that kill fungi also adversely affect the eukaryotic animal host. Many fungal infections ( mycoses) are superficial and termed cutaneous (meaning "skin") mycoses. They are usually visible on the skin of the animal. Fungi that cause the superficial mycoses of the epidermis, hair, and nails rarely spread to the underlying tissue (Figure 13.26). These fungi are often misnamed "dermatophytes" from the Greek dermis skin and phyte plant, but they are not plants. Dermatophytes are also called "ringworms" because of the red ring that they cause on skin (although the ring is caused by fungi, not a worm). These fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that break down keratin (a protein found in hair, skin, and nails), causing a number of conditions such as athlete's foot, jock itch, and other cutaneous fungal infections. These conditions are usually treated with over-the-counter topical creams and powders, and are easily cleared. More persistent, superficial mycoses may require prescription oral medications. Q: Antibiotics only target prokaryotic cells - they do not affect fungi, which are not prokaryotic, but instead what? Choices: - chloroplasts - mammals - plants - eukaryotic A:
Ans: eukaryotic
(Q).
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Biochemical compounds are carbon-based compounds that are found in living things. The similarity in biochemical compounds between living things provides evidence for the evolution of species from common ancestors. Q: The similarity in biochemical compounds between living things provides evidence for the evolution of species from what? Choices: - recent ancestors - varied ancestors - rare tribes - common ancestors A:
(A).
common ancestors
Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph: The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. It is regulated by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus, which also secretes hormones. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which is called the "master gland" of the endocrine system because its hormones regulate other endocrine glands. Other endocrine glands include the thyroid gland and pancreas. Q: What specific part of the brain regulates the endocrine system? Choices: - parietal lobe - hippocampus - frontal lobe - hypothalamus A:

Ans:hypothalamus
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Water pollution comes from many sources. One of the biggest sources is runoff. Runoff picks up chemicals such as fertilizer from agricultural fields, lawns, and golf courses. It carries the chemicals to bodies of water. The added nutrients from fertilizer often cause excessive growth of algae, creating algal blooms (see Figure below ). The algae use up oxygen in the water so that other aquatic organisms cannot survive. This has occurred over large areas of the ocean, creating dead zones , where low oxygen levels have killed all ocean life. A very large dead zone exists in the Gulf of Mexico. Measures that can help prevent these problems include cutting down on fertilizer use. Preserving wetlands also helps because wetlands filter runoff. Q: What source of water pollution picks up chemicals from the ground with water and carries them to bodies of water? Choices: - fertilizer - erosion - sediment - runoff A:
runoff