Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Oxidants are believed to play a major role in the development of emphysema.', 'This study aimed to determine if the expression of human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) within the lungs of mice protects against the development of emphysema.', 'Transgenic CuZnSOD and littermate mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 1 yr) and compared with nonexposed mice. A second group was treated with intratracheal elastase to induce emphysema.', 'Lung inflammation was measured by cell counts and myeloperoxidase levels. Oxidative damage was assessed by immunofluorescence for 3-nitrotyrosine and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and lipid peroxidation levels. The development of emphysema was determined by measuring the mean linear intercept (Lm).', 'Smoke exposure caused a fourfold increase in neutrophilic inflammation and doubled lung myeloperoxidase activity. This inflammatory response did not occur in the smoke-exposed CuZnSOD mice. Similarly, CuZnSOD expression prevented the 58% increase in lung lipid peroxidation products that occurred after smoke exposure. Most important, CuZnSOD prevented the onset of emphysema in both the smoke-induced model (Lm, 68 exposed control vs. 58 exposed transgenic; p < 0.04) and elastase-generated model (Lm, 80 exposed control vs. 63 exposed transgenic; p < 0.03). These results demonstrate for the first time that antioxidants can prevent smoke-induced inflammation and can counteract the proteolytic cascade that leads to emphysema formation in two separate animal models of the disease.
1

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) may have a role in disordered folliculogenesis in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Though there have been several investigations into circulating AMH levels in patients with PCOS, no previous studies have compared AMH concentrations in the follicular fluid of unstimulated ovaries in women with PCOS with that of normally ovulating women.', 'Follicular fluid was aspirated from 4-8-mm follicles of unstimulated ovaries during routine laparoscopy or laparotomy from women with anovulatory PCOS (n = 11) and those with regular ovulatory cycles (n = 8). Follicular AMH was compared in the two groups. Serum samples were analysed for AMH and endocrine profile.', 'Follicular fluid AMH levels were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in women with anovulatory PCOS (median: 466.2 ng/ml) compared with normal-ovulatory controls (median: 78.0 ng/ml). Mean follicular fluid AMH levels in PCOS patients were 60 times higher than in the serum. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the follicular fluid and serum concentrations of AMH in the PCOS group (r = 0.86; P = 0.007) but not in controls.
0

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a critical causative factor for the development of cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly, which involves many pathophysiological processes. Consequently, inhibition of several pathophysiological pathways is an attractive therapeutic strategy for this disorder. Rutin, a biologically active flavonoid, protects the brain against several insults through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its effect on cognitive deficits and brain damage caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion remains unknown. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of rutin on cognitive impairments and the potential mechanisms underlying its action in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.', 'We used Sprague-Dawley rats with permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), a well-established model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. After rutin treatment for 12 weeks, the neuroprotective effect of rutin in rats was evaluated by behavioural tests, biochemical and histopathological analyses.', 'BCCAO rats showed marked cognitive deficits, which were improved by rutin treatment. Moreover, BCCAO rats exhibited central cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative damage, inflammatory responses and neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, compared with sham-operated rats. All these effects were significantly alleviated by treatment with rutin.
1