The turnover rate formula is (Employee separations for the period) / (Average number of employees during the period). Some businesses use the word "termination" instead of separation. Both terms refer to a worker leaving the company. Separations can be voluntary or involuntary. A voluntary separation refers to an employee who retires or resigns. In both instances, the worker is making the decision to leave. For example, if Bob is 65 years old and decides to retire, his departure his considered a voluntary separation. When employees are dismissed, that action is considered an involuntary separation. A layoff is also categorized as an involuntary separation event. For example, if Joe is dismissed from the firm after a series of poor performance reviews, his departure is considered an involuntary separation Most businesses calculate the turnover rate at least annually. You can calculate the rate for a shorter period of time, such as a fiscal quarter (3 months). Assume that your total number of workers is 1,000 on January 1st. By December 31 of the same year, the total is 1,200. Your total employee separations for the year is 50. Your average number of employees for the year is (1,000 + 1,200)/ 2 = 1,100 workers. Your turnover rate is (50 separations) / (1,100 average number of workers) = 4.6% (with rounding). That comparison will help you assess how well you supervise and manage employees. The turnover rate also has a big impact on your costs. Say, for example, that you manage a fast food restaurant. This industry normally sees a 30% annual turnover rate. You determine that your restaurant has a 15% turnover rate for the year. Your rate is much lower than the industry average. The lower rate is an indication that you're managing your staff effectively. If the restaurant had a 50% turnover rate, you need to find out why. If your rate is higher than the industry average, you may not be managing or selecting workers effectively. Your turnover rate is higher than expected. Something is not working properly and that issue needs to be addressed. Workers leave your firm for different reasons. If you know why people are leaving your firm, you may be able to take steps to reduce your rate of turnover. Reducing the turnover rate can save you time and money. If the 50 separations in the example are dismissals, they may occur throughout the year. There may not be a specific event that drives dismissals, however there is sometimes a specific cause, such as hiring under-qualified workers. You'll need to analyze the problem before coming to a conclusion. This is also true of resignations. While you can't control retirements, you can take steps to reduce dismissals and resignations. Analyze how you hire, manage, and counsel your employees. See if you can make changes to reduce turnover. The 50 separations could be due to a single layoff due to lost business. Losing business may be a sales and marketing issue instead of a human resources issue. In this case, the changes you need to make are not related closely to managing people.
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One-sentence summary -- Learn the turnover rate formula. Calculate turnover for your firm. Compare your turnover rate with the rates in your industry. Analyze the reasons why people leave the company.

You can find practice written exams either online or through your school. Taking these tests will let you know what you can expect from the real thing. Score your test, and take note if there is a particular area of study you need to brush up on. Go over this subject before you take the real test. When you are confident you are ready, take the written test. In the United States, the written exam has 60 questions and must be completed within two and a half hours. You must get at least a 70% to pass the exam. The written exam is offered in seven different aircraft categories: airplane, helicopter, gyroplane, glider, hot air balloon, gas balloon and ligher-than-air gas ship, depending on what aircraft you have taking lessons on. The exam usually runs for $90 in the United States. The oral test comes right before you take practical flight exam. For this test, the examiner will give you a specific hypothetical flight route, and ask you plan the details including things like the time enroute, the navigation, the fuel burned, etc. You also will go over aeronautical knowledge that you have studied. After the oral exam, you will be asked to act as pilot in the practical examination. You will be asked to start a cross country flight, then plan a course to a nearby airport. This will test your ability to plan on the spot and improvise, which is an essential part of flying as conditions are constantly changing. No matter what, keep your focus and don't get distracted. Some examiners may purposefully try to distract you to see if you have the level-headed temperament needed to fly. The cost of the practical exam in the United States usually run between $300 and $400. Congratulations, you earned your private pilot license! Keep it in the back of your mind that every couple years, you must complete another quick oral exam and check-in. Make sure that the person giving you your license has told you the specifics for maintaining it.
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One-sentence summary -- Take a practice written exam. Take the written exam. Take the oral test. Do the practical exam. Maintain your license.

The first time you mention someone, include their full name (e.g., "Shannon Murnan will become the COO of Toys, Unlimited."). For subsequent mentions, use their last name only (e.g., "Murnan has 20 years of experience with the company and is prepared to take over day-to-day operations."). Avoid using fancy fonts or lettering and stylistic additions. Keep your press release simple and straightforward. Type it in Times New Roman font, and single-space the text. Though it may seem like a small detail, you should only use one space after punctuation, rather than two. Editors notice small details, and too many little errors can get your press release sent to the trash. The numbers one through nine should be spelled out, while numerals are used for 10 and above. This goes for cardinal (1, 2, 3, etc.) as well as ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) numbers. For example, "On Saturday, 250 people attended the ninth annual historical pageant." You should use figures to indicate time, such as "6 p.m." rather than "six o'clock." The Oxford, or serial, comma is used before the word "and" to separate items or phrases in a list. The Associated Press style doesn't use the Oxford comma, so take care not to add it to your press release. For example, write "Designers Jay Hall, Katie Button and Taylor Sullivan will show their collections on Sunday." This is opposed to "Designers Jay Hall, Katie Button, and Taylor Sullivan will show their collections on Sunday."
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One-sentence summary -- Include a person's full name on the first mention only. Use single-spaced Times New Roman font. Put one space after punctuation. Write out numbers smaller than 10. Avoid using the Oxford comma.

Use the bathroom before you go. Adjust your pillow just right because you're going to be back there for a while. Make sure you've eaten. Take off your shoes and relax! Look out the window and see the beautiful scenery go past.
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One-sentence summary --
Get comfortable.