TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Neurotensin-1 (NT1) receptor agonists have been proposed as putative antipsychotic drugs. Recently, brain-penetrating NT analogs produced by stability-enhancing modification of the smallest NT fragment, NT(8-13), have demonstrated antipsychotic-like efficacy after acute systemic injection in several preclinical animal tests predictive for antipsychotic efficacy. However, the evidence regarding the persistence versus tolerance of these effects after repeated administration is ambiguous. Previous studies have used compounds that nonselectively activated both NT1 and NT2 receptors or used continuous slow, central infusion of doses rather than daily acute administration, both factors which may have contributed to the ambiguity in the literature regarding the emergence of tolerance.', 'To determine if tolerance develops to the antipsychotic-like effects of NT1 receptor agonists, we investigated the effects of subchronic daily systemic administration of PD149163, a brain-penetrating NT analog with selectivity for the NT1 receptor, on amphetamine-induced locomotor activation, a classic preclinical test of antipsychotic efficacy.', 'Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with eight consecutive daily subcutaneous (SC) injections of PD149163 or saline. On the ninth day, rats received a pair of SC injections consisting of PD149163 or saline, followed by amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline. Locomotor activity was then measured in photobeam-equipped cages.', "The results indicated that repeated daily administration of PD149163 was able to antagonize amphetamine's locomotor-activating effect comparable to that of the first dose, despite that repeated administration of PD149163 produced an increase in baseline locomotor activity not seen after the first dose.

SOLUTION: Does the reversal of amphetamine-induced locomotor activation by a selective neurotensin-1 receptor agonist exhibit tolerance?

PROBLEM: Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury may occur after renal transplantation, thoracoabdominal aortic surgery, and renal artery interventions.', 'To investigate the therapeutic effects of aprotinin on tissue protection against I/R injury in a rat model. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, was also tested to assess the experimental model.', 'Twenty-four rats were categorized into 3 groups of 8 rats each: those receiving isotonic sodium chloride solution (control group); NAC, 150 mg/kg; and aprotinin, 40,000 KIU/kg. The animals underwent unilateral nephrectomy after 60 minutes of warm ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion of the kidney. Malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation marker, and antioxidant glutathione levels were measured in the kidney parenchyma. Tissue samples were obtained for histologic analysis.', 'Compared with the control group, the NAC group demonstrated significantly low levels of malondialdehyde (P = .04) and high levels of glutathione (P = .01). At histopathologic analysis, less acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and cellular swelling was noted in the NAC group (P = .002 and P = .005, respectively). In the aprotinin group, histopathologic analysis revealed less tissue damage in terms of ATN (P < .001, cellular swelling (P < .001), and vacuolysis (P = .002). Compared with the NAC group, ATN (P = .01), vacuolysis (P = .04), and congestion (P = .05) were significantly less in the aprotinin group.

SOLUTION: Does serine protease inhibitor aprotinin ameliorate renal injury in a rat model of ischemia-perfusion injury?

PROBLEM: Violence-exposed youth rarely receive mental health services, even though exposure increases risk for academic and psychosocial problems. This study examines the association between violence exposure and mental health service contact. The 4 forms of violence exposure were peer, family, sexual, and witnessing.', 'Data are from 1534 Boston public high school students who participated in a 2008 self-report survey of violence exposure and its correlates. Multivariate logistic regressions estimated associations between each form of violence with service contact, then examined whether associations persisted when controlling for suicidality and self-injurious behaviors.', 'In unadjusted models, violence-exposed students more often reported service contact than their peers. However, in multivariate models, only exposure to family (odds ratio [OR] = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-2.31) and sexual violence (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.29-4.20) were associated with service contact. Associations attenuated when controlling for suicidality and self-injurious behaviors, indicating they were largely explained by self-harm. Sexual violence alone remained associated with mental health service contact in fully adjusted models, but only for girls (OR=3.32, 95% CI=1.30-8.45), suggesting sex-specific pathways.

SOLUTION:
Do mental health service use among high school students exposed to interpersonal violence?