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Get pH testing strips at your local pool store, big-box store, or order them online. Follow the product's instructions, which are typically dipping the strip into the water and checking its color against the range listed on the product. Some pH test kits require you to fill a small tube with pool water and add drops which change color based on the pH. Record the pH level in a small notebook to track the change over time. The pH of your pool changes frequently due to many causes. This is why it's important to check often. Write the pH down in a notebook to track it as it changes over time. . Test strips change color when exposed to water. The color corresponds to the pH level. Match the color to the package and you'll find the current pH level. The ideal pH level for a pool is between 7.4 and 7.8. Determine how many points you need to raise the pH. For example, the color of your test strip might show the yellow of a banana. According to your product, this means the pH level is 7.2. You'd want to raise the pH by a minimum of .2 and a maximum of .6.

summary: Test the pool water's pH level with test strips. Check the chemical levels one to two times per week. Aim for a pH level of 7.4 to 7.8.

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A wide or broad rule of law may apply to all types of different factual situations that are similar to the case at hand. In contrast, a narrow or limited rule of law may only apply to a certain set of circumstances. Some court decisions address a point of law using very broad, generalized principles that can apply to a variety of factual situations. For instance, suppose a case established a rule of law that the Uniform Commercial Code applies to the sale of all motor vehicles. If the precedent case dealt with a truck, a court that later had a similar case involving a car rather than a truck would still follow the same rule of law. Other decisions are very fact-specific and restricted only to the case in which the rule is stated. A narrow rule of law gives courts the ability to distinguish similar cases based on slightly different facts from the precedent. If a rule of law only applies to a very specific factual situation, then courts won't be necessarily bound to reach the same result in cases in which the facts vary somewhat. The court decision will often state that its ruling is limited to a certain set of facts if it is intended to be a narrow rule of law. Otherwise, if the case is not too fact-specific, it is likely to be a broader rule of law. A broad rule of law will encompass many cases and fact situations because it is not limited to a particular set of facts. A narrow rule of law may only ever apply to a single case and set of circumstances.

summary: Note that the ratio decidendi may be expressed in wide or narrow terms. Determine whether the rule of law in your case is broad or narrow. Realize that a broad rule of law will tend to apply to many more cases than a narrow rule of law.

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Your dachshund will likely provide signals that she needs to use the bathroom, such as suddenly getting excited or racing around the house. The best way to teach your dachshund to go outside is to provide the opportunity. Take her out a leash. Always take her to the same spot, so she associates it with going to the bathroom. Try to take your dog out every 1 to 2 hours. You will need to take very young puppies outside more often, maybe as regularly as 20 minutes. Pick a phrase for bathroom time, such as "potty time." Use it when you are taking your dachshund outside, as well as when she goes to the bathroom so that she will associate the phrase with going outside to urinate or defecate. When your dachshund does use the bathroom outside, praise her up and down. Also, provide a tangible reward--a treat. Feed her one when she's done using the bathroom. If you catch your dachshund in the process of using the bathroom inside, startle her a bit with an "uh-oh" or slightly sharp noise. That should stop the process. Take her outside to her bathroom spot to finish. If she goes outside, provide a treat. Clean up the spot thoroughly. Use a cleaner specifically for pet messes, as they are designed to break down the smell. If your dachshund can smell it, she may return to the same spot. Punishments will likely just make the dachshund afraid of you, meaning she won't go around you but she may do so when you're not around. In addition, if you don't catch the dog in the act, she's not likely to associate your anger with going to the bathroom in the house. Dachshunds in particular take a little longer to train than other dogs. Make sure you continue to train your dog so she can be as potty trained as possible.
summary: Learn the signs. Take your dachshund outside regularly. Use a verbal cue. Provide rewards. Interrupt accidents. Skip the punishment. Be patient.