The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML; ISO 8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 defines generalized markup:

Generalized markup is based on two postulates:

HTML was theoretically an example of an SGML-based language until HTML 5, which admits that browsers cannot parse it as SGML (for compatibility reasons) and codifies exactly what they must do instead.

DocBook SGML and LinuxDoc are better examples, as they were used almost exclusively with actual SGML tools.

SGML is an ISO standard: "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing Text and office systems Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)", of which there are three versions:

SGML is part of a trio of enabling ISO standards for electronic documents developed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 Document description and processing languages) :

SGML is supported by various technical reports, in particular

SGML descended from IBM's Generalized Markup Language (GML), which Charles Goldfarb, Edward Mosher, and Raymond Lorie developed in the 1960s. Goldfarb, editor of the international standard, coined the "GML" term using their surname initials. Goldfarb also wrote the definitive work on SGML syntax in "The SGML Handbook". The syntax of SGML is closer to the COCOA format. As a document markup language, SGML was originally designed to enable the sharing of machine-readable large-project documents in government, law, and industry. Many such documents must remain readable for several decadesa long time in the information technology field. SGML also was extensively applied by the military, and the aerospace, technical reference, and industrial publishing industries. The advent of the XML profile has made SGML suitable for widespread application for small-scale, general-purpose use. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. What does SGML stand for?
2. What's it used for
3. what is an exclusive tool?
4. and?
5. Who was it applied by?
6. who else?
7. and?
8. What came before SGML?
9. who developed it?
10. and?
11. and the third?
Answer: 1. Standard Generalized Markup Language
2. defining generalized markup languages
3. DocBook SGML
4. LinuxDoc
5. the military
6. the aerospace industry
7. Also the technical reference industry
8. GML
9. Charles Goldfarb
10. Edward Mosher
11. Raymond Lorie

Problem: Wide awake in Aunt Bet's Southern house, Annie Van Lew shivered at the sounds of distant guns. It was bad enough that America was at war, but the young Virginia girl was not used to battles being fought this close. _ .Annie sat up in bed and listened.Had a stranger broken in? Earlier, the family had heard that captured officers recently escaped from a prison nearby.

Quietly opening her bedroom door, Annie walked out. A figure in a black gown was walking down the hall. It was Aunt Bet, carrying a candle in one hand and a plate of fried chicken in the other.

Annie followed her aunt to a stairway at the far end of the house. Aunt Bet climbed to the top, and opened a door leading to the attic . Annie followed closely behind.

In the attic, Aunt Bet stopped at a chest of drawers, moved it aside, and felt along the wall behind it. Slowly a door sprang open, revealing a hidden room. A thin man stepped out of the opening. As Aunt Bet handed him the plate of food, the young man saw Annie in the doorway and froze.

Desperately shaking her head "no", the girl raised one finger to her lips. The officer understood and shifted his look. Quickly Annie went back downstairs and hid, waiting until after Aunt Bet left to return. Back inside the attic,Annie called softly to the man inside, who told her where to find the hidden spring.

Soon the young officer stood in the open doorway. A small candle burned on a table behind him and, in its soft light, Annie studied his face. Clear eyes reflected the calm of one who faced death bravely.

Smiling, he said,"What trouble you should have gotten into if your aunt had turned around!" That night, Annie learned Aunt Bet was one of many daring Southerners whose hatred of slavery drove them to risk their lives by spying for the North. The girl chatted as she dared, wishing her new friend luck when he said he would leave at dawn.

Back in her room, Annie felt proud and was determined to guard her family's secret to the end.
1. What made Annie shiver?
2. Where was she staying?
3. What rumor had they heard?
4. Where had they fled from?
5. Who was in the hall?
6. What was she holding?
7. anything else?
8. where did she go?
9. what was up there?
10. where was he?
11. what covered the entrance?
12. what did the man do when he saw Annie?
13. when did she go back?
14. how did she find the secret latch?
15. did he seem afraid?
16. what was Aunt Bet doing?
17. for who?
18. when was the man leaving?
19. how did she feel?
20. why was Bet doing this?
Answer: 1. sounds of distant guns
2. Aunt Bet's Southern house
3. captured officers recently escaped
4. a prison nearby
5. Aunt Bet
6. a candle in one hand
7. fried chicken
8. attic
9. A thin man
10. a hidden room
11. a chest of drawers
12. froze
13. after Aunt Bet left
14. The man told her where to find it.
15. No
16. spying
17. the North
18. at dawn
19. proud
20. hatred of slavery

question: CHAPTER IV. STEPPING-STONES

When Nat went into school on Monday morning, he quaked inwardly, for now he thought he should have to display his ignorance before them all. But Mr. Bhaer gave him a seat in the deep window, where he could turn his back on the others, and Franz heard him say his lessons there, so no one could hear his blunders or see how he blotted his copybook. He was truly grateful for this, and toiled away so diligently that Mr. Bhaer said, smiling, when he saw his hot face and inky fingers:

"Don't work so hard, my boy; you will tire yourself out, and there is time enough."

"But I must work hard, or I can't catch up with the others. They know heaps, and I don't know anything," said Nat, who had been reduced to a state of despair by hearing the boys recite their grammar, history, and geography with what he thought amazing ease and accuracy.

"You know a good many things which they don't," said Mr. Bhaer, sitting down beside him, while Franz led a class of small students through the intricacies of the multiplication table.

"Do I?" and Nat looked utterly incredulous.

"Yes; for one thing, you can keep your temper, and Jack, who is quick at numbers, cannot; that is an excellent lesson, and I think you have learned it well. Then, you can play the violin, and not one of the lads can, though they want to do it very much. But, best of all, Nat, you really care to learn something, and that is half the battle. It seems hard at first, and you will feel discouraged, but plod away, and things will get easier and easier as you go on."
1. What does the teacher tell Nat to when he sits beside him?
2. What's something he gives as an example?
3. Which student can't?
4. But what is he good at?
5. And what's something else he said Nat could do?
6. Can any of the other kids?
7. Do they want to?
8. What else does he do?
9. Does he think learning will become more simple for him?
10. What day was this?
11. What time of day?
12. Where was Nat?
13. Did he feel anxious?
14. What was he afraid of?
15. Where did he go to sit down?
16. What made him thankful for sitting there?
17. What else?
18. And lastly?
19. Who gave him that seat?
20. What did he tell Nat not to do?
****
answer:
1. You know a good many things which they don't,
2. You can keep your temper.
3. Jack.
4. Numbers.
5. Play the violin.
6. No.
7. Very much.
8. Really care to learn something.
9. Yes,
10. Monday.
11. Morning.
12. School.
13. Yes.
14. He should have to display his ignorance.
15. In the deep window.
16. He could turn his back on the others.
17. No one could hear his blunders.
18. No one could see he blotted his copybook.
19. Mr. Bhaer.
20. Work so hard.