Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CALPAIN-5 (CAPN5) gene in PCOS susceptibility.', 'We analysed four intronic polymorphisms of the CAPN5 gene in 148 well-characterized women with PCOS and 606 unrelated controls. We performed a case-control study and an intracohort analysis of clinical characteristics associated with PCOS.', 'Analysis of haplotypes distribution between PCOS population compared to controls showed a strong deviation (P = 0.00029). The haplotypes GGCA and GGTG were overrepresented in PCOS patients (P = 0.009 and P = 0.001, respectively). In addition, we identified several CAPN5 haplotypes associated with phenotypic differences observed between PCOS patients, such as the presence of obesity (P = 0.02), cardiovascular complications (P = 0.02), familial antecedents of obesity (P = 0.003) and of hypertension (P = 0.007) and type 2 diabetes mellitus aggregation (P = 0.04).
Answer: These results suggest a role of CAPN5 gene in PCOS susceptibility in humans. Moreover, novel candidate risk alleles have been identified, within CAPN5 gene, which could be associated with important phenotypic and prognosis differences observed in PCOS patients.

A: Are specific haplotypes of the CALPAIN-5 gene associated with polycystic ovary syndrome?
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Q: Context: Behavioral studies of spatial navigation in aging indicate that orientation using an allocentric reference frame (object-centered orientation) is impaired, whereas orientation using egocentric processes (self-centered orientation) is not. It has been proposed that navigational deficits may result from more general alterations of perception and attention or executive functions. The purpose of this study is to assess allocentric and egocentric representation in elderly individuals, and to determine if age-related deficits in spatial navigation are related to an attentional decline.', 'We assessed encoding of the position of geometrical shapes, depending specifically on an allocentric or egocentric reference frame, during ERP recording in young and old subjects.', 'Aging was associated with a performance decline in allocentric, but not egocentric, encoding. Both allocentric and egocentric conditions elicited parietal early components P1 and N1, reflecting top-down modulation, and components P2 and N2, reflecting selective attention and stimulus categorization. We observed age-associated effects on N1 and N2 amplitudes and on N2 latency in both spatial conditions. Moreover, impaired allocentric performance in older subjects was associated with a greater P2 amplitude and delayed P2 latency compared with younger subjects.
Answer: These results suggest that elderly individuals present with deficits when spatial orientation relies on allocentric representation, and are associated with age-related deficits in spatial attention.

A: Is allocentric but not egocentric orientation impaired during normal aging : an ERP study?
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Q: Context: We evaluated the prognostic value of mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation.', 'Plasma concentrations of MR-proADM were measured at baseline and after 12months in 87 AF patients in whom radiofrequency ablation was performed. The association between MR-proADM and AF recurrence was tested by univariable and multivariable Cox models.', 'In all 87 patients radiofrequency ablation was successfully performed. Of the total population 54% had paroxysmal AF. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 54% (minimum 25%). After 12months of follow-up, 71% of the patients were free of AF recurrence. At baseline, mean MR-proADM in the total population was 0.72nmol/l0.22. Patients with AF recurrence had significantly higher baseline MR-proADM (0.89nmol/l0.29) as compared with patients without AF recurrence (0.65nmol/l0.14; p<0.001). After 12months, mean MR-proADM plasma concentration remained higher in patients with AF recurrence (0.81nmol/l0.22 as compared with patients free of AF 0.54nmol/l0.20; p<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for MR-proADM yields a specificity of 98% and a sensitivity of 64% with an optimal cut-off value of 0.82nmol/l to predict recurrence of AF after catheter ablation. In the logistic regression analysis only MR-proADM remained independently predictive for AF recurrence.
Answer: This is the first study revealing the association between MR-proADM elevation before ablation and poor outcomes after ablation of AF. Larger studies are needed to validate these results.

A:
Do mid-regional proadrenomedullin levels predict recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation?
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