Question: Information: - Chludov Psalter ( Russian : ; Moscow , Hist . Mus . MS. D.129 ) is an illuminated marginal Psalter made in the middle of the 9th Century . It is a unique monument of Byzantine art at the time of the Iconoclasm , one of only three illuminated Byzantine Psalters to survive from the 9th century . According to one tradition , the miniatures are supposed to have been created clandestinely , and many of them are directed against Iconoclasts . Many contain explanations of the drawings written next to them , and little arrows point out from the main text to the illustration , to show which line the picture refers to . The polemical style of the whole ensemble is highly unusual , and a demonstration of the furious passions the Iconoclast dispute generated . The psalter measures 195 mm by 150 mm and contains only 169 folios . The outer edges of the pages are normally left blank in order to be covered with illustrations . The text and captions were written in a diminutive uncial script , but many of these were rewritten in crude minuscule about three centuries later . The book contains the Psalms in the arrangement of the Septuagint , and the responses to be chanted during their recitation , which follow the Liturgy of Hagia Sophia , the Imperial church in Constantinople . In the illustration to the right , the miniaturist illustrated the line '' They gave me gall to eat ; and when I was thirsty they gave me vinegar to drink '' with a picture of a soldier offering Christ vinegar on a sponge attached to a pole . Below is a picture of the last Iconoclast Patriarch of Constantinople , John the Grammarian rubbing out a painting of Christ with a similar sponge attached to a pole . John is caricatured , here as on other pages , with untidy straight hair sticking out in all directions , which was considered ridiculous by the elegant Byzantines . Nikodim Kondakov hypothesized that the psalter was created in the famous monastery of St John the Studite in Constantinople . Other scholars believe that the liturgical responses it... - An icon (from Greek "eikn" "image") is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from Eastern Christianity and certain Eastern Catholic churches. The most common subjects include Christ, Mary, saints and/or angels. Though especially associated with "portrait" style images concentrating on one or two main figures, the term also covers most religious images in a variety of artistic media produced by Eastern Christianity, including narrative scenes. - The Fall of Constantinople ('; Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21-year-old Mehmed the Conqueror, the seventh sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53-day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453. - Damnatio memoriae is the Latin phrase literally meaning "condemnation of memory," meaning that a person must not be remembered. - It is the nominal form of the prepositional Latin phrase "" literally "in the state in which", which itself is a shortening of the original phrase ', meaning "in the state in which things were before the war". To maintain the status quo is to keep the things the way they presently are. The related phrase ', literally "the state in which before", means "the state of affairs that existed previously". - Moscow (or ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 16.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city. - Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (3301204 and 12611453), and also of the brief Latin (12041261), and the later Ottoman (14531923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD. - An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The creation of early predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban planning, which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources leads to human impact on the environment. - Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states. - Iconoclasm is the destruction of religious icons and other images or monuments for religious or political motives. Over time, the word, usually in the adjectival form, has also come to refer to aggressive statements or actions against any well-established status quo. It is a frequent component of major political or religious changes. The term does not generally encompass the specific destruction of images of a ruler after his death or overthrow ("damnatio memoriae"). - The book of hours is a Christian devotional book popular in the Middle Ages. It is the most common type of surviving medieval illuminated manuscript. Like every manuscript, each manuscript book of hours is unique in one way or another, but most contain a similar collection of texts, prayers and psalms, often with appropriate decorations, for Christian devotion. Illumination or decoration is minimal in many examples, often restricted to decorated capital letters at the start of psalms and other prayers, but books made for wealthy patrons may be extremely lavish, with full-page miniatures. - The Litany of the Saints (Latin: Litani Sanctorum) is a formal prayer of the Roman Catholic Church and Western Rite Orthodox communities. It is a prayer to the Triune God, which also includes invocations for the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Angels and all the martyrs and saints upon whom Christianity was founded, and those recognised as saints through the subsequent history of the church. Following the invocation of the saints, the Litany concludes with a series of supplications to God to hear the prayers of the worshippers. It is most prominently sung during the Easter Vigil, All Saints' Day, and in the liturgy for conferring Holy Orders. - Byzantine art is the name for the artistic products of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from Rome's decline and lasted until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward. - Russia (from the Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara. - A psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms, often with other devotional material bound in as well, such as a liturgical calendar and litany of the Saints. Until the later medieval emergence of the book of hours, psalters were the books most widely owned by wealthy lay persons and were commonly used for learning to read. Many Psalters were richly illuminated and they include some of the most spectacular surviving examples of medieval book art. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'chludov psalter' exhibits the relationship of 'instance of'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - area - art - book of hours - capital - catholic church - church - city - civilization - collection - component - comune - conquest - country - decoration - degree - empire - environment - federation - history - human settlement - icon - illumination - infrastructure - keep - latin phrase - manuscript - material - name - narrative - natural environment - page - part - peninsula - people - person - population - prayer - psalter - reason - region - roman catholic church - saint - siege - sociology - state - status - style - time - two - union - volume - war - word - work - work of art - year
Answer:
manuscript