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Never go into a pruning job without some sort of plan or idea. Visualize what you need to cut first. Ideally, you want to have a central branch growing straight up, and then some lateral branches coming off of that. The upper branches should be shorter than the lower branches. The collar is the joint between the branch and the trunk. You want to cut right up to this joint; do not cut the branch flush to the trunk or leave a stub. Hold the branch while you cut it so that it doesn't tear the bark while it falls. If the branch is too thick, cut it halfway through from the underside, then cut it the rest of the way through from the top. Make your cuts perpendicular to the ground. If they angle upward, they will collect water and rot. The large, central, upward-growing branch is your leader branch. Any other large branches are competing with it for nutrients. Prune 1 or 2 of these branches off, 3 if absolutely necessary. If you need to cut more off, save them for the next year, otherwise you will shock the tree. Don't cut branches thicker than 8 inches (20cm). Think twice before cutting that third limb. If it looks healthy, strong, and is not getting in the way, it would be best to leave it. These branches will cast too much shade when the leaves develop. Crisscrossing branches, or branches that are crowded too closely together, also need to be thinned. If you notice any branches that are closer than 24 inches (61cm) to the ground, cut them off as well. If the tree is overgrown, leave 20 to 24in (51 to 61cm) gaps between the tips of the branches. If the tree is stunted, leave 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15cm) gaps instead. Water shoots are thin branches that do not develop fruit or foliage. They are not worth keeping because the tree will waste energy on them that could be otherwise spent on producing fruit. Trim the water shoots off starting from the uppermost branches, then work your way down. If you need to remove more than a third of the canopy, save it for the following winter. If you remove too much at once, you are more likely to stress the tree. If the tree gets stressed, it will produce watershoots, which you will have to trim back later. If you need to, spread the pruning out over 2 to 3 years. A lot of old trees suffer from problems, such as biennial bearing, cankers, powdery mildew, and scabs. They may also become host to rosy apple aphids and woolly aphids. Keep track of these as you prune, then treat them immediately after pruning. If you aren't sure how to treat these, ask for advice at your local nursery.

summary: Visualize what you need to cut and how much. Prune the dead or diseased branches as close as possible to the collar. Remove 1 or 2 of the larger limbs, if necessary. Cut back any excess branches that block light. Trim off all water shoots, starting from the top. Do not remove more than a third of the canopy. Look for signs of pests and disease and treat them accordingly.

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A little bit of sunlight is healthy for you, but too much can increase your risk of skin cancer. Look for a sunscreen that has an SPF of 30 or higher, and make sure that it's waterproof so it doesn't come off as easily when you sweat. Rub the sunscreen onto any skin that's still exposed and work it in until it's clear. The sunscreen will help block UV rays that cause sunburn so you can work outdoors for an extended period of time. Don't forget areas that are commonly missed, such as your face, ears, and the back of your neck. Wear light colors and thin fabrics, such as cotton, rayon, or linen, while you're gardening so you don't overheat while you're working out in the sun. If it's still too warm to wear long sleeves or pants, then it's okay to wear T-shirts and shorts as long as you're careful around plants and put on sunscreen. Long sleeves and pants also help protect you from skin irritants in plants as well as insects. While sunscreen can protect your face from sunburn, try putting on a hat that has a wide brim so your face is out of direct sunlight. Large pairs of sunglasses can also help block out harmful rays and make it easier to see while you're outside. You can buy gardening hats online or from any outdoors store. While you're in the garden, always have a bottle of water on hand and take regular sips as you work. This will help you stay cool and hydrated if it's hot out, and will also help keep your skin well-hydrated as you lose water from exertion and sweating. Most doctors recommend drinking at least 8 glasses of water a day. If you're working up a sweat, you may need more. A good rule of thumb is to drink whenever you start to feel thirsty.

summary: Wear water-resistant sunscreen that has an SPF of at least 30. Cover as much skin as you can with long-sleeved shirts and pants. Put on a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses for additional sun protection. Keep yourself well-hydrated.

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Start with action and scene so your reader is grabbed right away. Focus on a scene involving your narrator or your main character. Begin with a scene that will give the reader a sense of the narrative voice and the style of the rest of the novel. For example, you may begin with a scene involving the main character and their mother. The relationship between the main character and the mother character may then be carried on throughout the rest of the novel. A short novel should only focus on one conflict or situation involving your main character. This will prevent the novel from growing into a longer narrative and make it easier for you to stay focused while you write. Have one central conflict in the novel and go from there. Try to summarize the central conflict or plot of the novel in one sentence. If you can do this, the conflict or plot is likely clear enough for the short novel. For example, you may have a central conflict like, "Teenager Mary Heti struggles to come out to her religious mother and deal with being a social outcast in a small Southern town." Keep your number of characters within one to four maximum in the short novel. This will help you avoid getting overwhelmed by too many characters in such a short work. You may focus on one or two main characters and one or two secondary characters. You should also limit your settings so the reader can be immersed in the novel. For example, you may have one main setting, like the small American town where the narrator lives. You may then have one secondary setting, like the summer camp in the woods she goes to for one month. A short novel should move fast to keep the reader engaged. Repeat key themes and ideas throughout the novel. Have recurring scenes or moments so the novel feels well paced. For example, you may have the narrator go see a doctor on a recurring basis as part of the novel's structure. Or you may have a main character who charts the movement of a star in the sky throughout the novel to tie it all together. A short novel lends itself to an ending that packs an emotional punch. Surprise your reader with a good twist at the end. Set up the reader's expectations and then knock them down. Make the ending surprising and unexpected, as this will leave the reader satisfied when they put the novel down. For example, you may have a satisfying ending where the mother character accepts the main character for who they are, despite her religious beliefs.
summary: Begin in scene. Have one central conflict. Include a limited number of characters and settings. Use repetition and pacing. Have a strong ending.