TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: Aims: To determine the seroprevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) in New Zealand dogs, and to explore associations with age, sex, breed, month, and geographical region of sampling and reported presence of clinical signs suggestive of respiratory disease. Methods: A total of 1,015 canine serum samples were randomly selected from submissions to a diagnostic laboratory between March and December 2014, and were analysed for CRCoV antibodies using a competitive ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between seroprevalence of CRCoV and breed category, age, sex, sampling month, region, and reported health status of dogs. Results: Overall, 538/1,015 (53.0%) samples were seropositive for CRCoV, with 492/921 (53.4%) positive dogs in the North Island and 46/94 (49%) in the South Island. Age of dog, sampling month, region, and presence of abnormal respiratory signs were included in the initial logistic regression model. Seroprevalence was higher in dogs aged 3 compared with 2 years (p < 0.01). The lowest seroprevalence was observed in July (30/105; 28.5%) and August (32/100; 32%), and the highest in June (74/100; 74%). Seroprevalence in dogs from Auckland was higher than in dogs from the Hawkes Bay, Manawatu, Marlborough, and Waikato regions (p < 0.05). Abnormal respiratory signs (coughing, nasal discharge, or sneezing) were reported for 28/1,015 (2.8%) dogs sampled. Seroprevalence for CRCoV tended to be higher among dogs with respiratory signs (67.9 (95% CI = 47.6-83.4)%) than dogs with no reported respiratory signs (52.6 (95% CI = 49.5-55.7)%). Conclusions: Serological evidence of infection with CRCoV was present in more than half of the dogs tested from throughout New Zealand. Differences in CRCoV seroprevalence between regions and lack of seasonal pattern indicate that factors other than external temperatures may be important in the epidemiology of CRCoV in New Zealand. Clinical relevance: Our data suggest that CRCoV should be included in investigations of cases of infectious canine tracheobronchitis, particularly if these occur among dogs vaccinated with current vaccines, which do not include CRCoV antigens.

SOLUTION: A serological survey of canine respiratory coronavirus in New Zealand

PROBLEM: Foot-and-mouth disease GIS OpenFOAM Livestock infectious diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), cause substantial economic damage to livestock farms and their related industries. Among various causes of disease spread, airborne dispersion has previously been considered to be an important factor that could not be controlled by preventive measures to stop the spread of disease that focus on direct and indirect contact. Forecasting and predicting airborne virus spread are important to make time for developing strategies and to minimise the damage of the disease. To predict the airborne spread of the disease a modelling approach is important since field experiments using sensors are ineffective because of the rarefied concentrations of virus in the air. The simulation of airborne spread during past outbreaks required improvement both for farmers and for policy decision makers. In this study a free license computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code was used to simulate airborne virus spread. Forecasting data from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) was directly connected in the developed model for real-time forecasting for 48 h in three-hourly intervals. To reduce computation time, scalar transport for airborne virus spread was simulated based on a database for the CFD computed airflow in the investigated area using representative wind conditions. The simulation results, and the weather data were then used to make a database for a web-based forecasting system that could be accessible to users. ScienceDirect jo urnal homepage: www .e lsev ie r.com/ locate/issn/153 75110 b i o s y s t e m s e n g i n e e r i n g 1 2 9 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 6 9 e1 8 4 http://dx.

SOLUTION: Web-based forecasting system for the airborne spread of livestock infectious disease using computational fluid dynamics

PROBLEM: . (A) Fourier shell correlation plots for the reconstructions reported in this paper. The FSC=0.5 criterion was used for all maps in determining resolution (Graphs prepared using draw_graph (J.F.F. and R.J.C.G., manuscript in preparation). (B) Left A view of the top side of the 80S ribosome large subunit (both subunits in a smaller view above, for orientation) to show fitted rRNA helices (red) and their agreement with the appearance of grooves on the isosurface of the reconstruction (cyan). The RNA model fitted is from the refined model described in the Supporting Information text. Right Two views of the 80S PK-tRNA-EF-2 structure sliced through in which the cut planes are coloured by density (red high density, blue low density) to show the detailed, 15A resolution density reconstructed, in which individual rRNA helices are resolved. (C) Guinier analysis, after Rosenthal and Henderson (Rosenthal and Henderson, 2003) of the amplitude profiles of the reconstructions reported in this paper. In each plot the uncorrected amplitude profile is shown in grey; it has been fitted with a straight line (red) to give a slope which is the B factor describing in each case. These B factors were applied, negatively, to the reconstructions in order to sharpen them appropriately, yielding the amplitude profiles shown in green (Graphs prepared using draw_guinier (J.F.F. and R.J.C.G., manuscript in preparation). See Supplemental Experimental Procedures for more information. Four views related by 90 rotations, as indicated, of the 80S SL reconstruction fitted with coordinates for the mammalian ribosome as modeled by Chandramouli et al. (2008) into a canine ribosome reconstruction (PDB IDs 2ZKQ and 2ZKR). The 80S SL map is shown as a grey semitransparent surface, the fitted RNA and proteins of the 40S subunit in yellow (backbone for rRNA, ribbon representation for proteins) and of the 60S subunit in blue. The regions for which we cannot identify density and which were left out of the models presented in the main paper are coloured red. They are restricted to the periphery and consist of RNA expansion segments ES4, ES5, ES20, ES24, ES27, ES30 and ES31 of the large subunit and ES3 of the small, and proteins L7A, L18, L35 and the 60S acidic protein. (A) Atomic structure of the 70S ribosome from Thermus thermophilus bound with tRNAs and mRNA (Selmer et al., 2006). The RNA and proteins of both subunits are depicted as yellow ribbons, the P-site tRNA as a grey atomic surface. An eight-residue peptide has been inserted into the structure (taken from an eight-residue stretch of sheet in EF-2), positioned such that it could be attached to the P-site tRNA and points down the tunnel through the large subunit (red atomic surface). (B) Electron density calculated for the structure shown in a. The calculation was done twice -with and without the eight-residue peptide. Both maps were filtered to 15A resolution prior to comparison. Yellow: density for the atomic structure shown in a excepting the P-site tRNA which was not included in the density calculation and the eight residue peptide; grey: density calculated for the P-site tRNA separately and also filtered to 15A resolution; red: difference density computed by subtracting the peptide-less structure from an exactly equivalent structure containing the peptide. It appears that, at 15A resolution, an eight residue peptide can be identified by difference imaging within a ribosome. (C) The same calculation shown in B but all maps were smeared with a B factor of 5,000 A 2 ; the difference density for the eight residues is still visible. (D) A close-up of the tRNA and peptide density shown in b, with the ribosomal RNA and proteins shown as ribbons We note that the tRNA density is much clearer than in our experimental maps, but this is because we have not accounted for the solvent or a scattering envelope in calculating the electron density. In addition, EM data is convoluted by the microscope envelope function.

SOLUTION:
Supplemental Information Direct Observation of Distinct A/P Hybrid-State tRNAs in Translocating Ribosomes