Problem: Katharine Meyer Graham was once described as "the most powerful woman in America." She was not a government official or elected representative. She owned and published The Washington Post. Under her leadership, it became one of the most important newspapers in the country. Katharine Meyer was born in New York City in 1917. Her father was a successful investment banker and became an important financial official. Her family was very rich. Katharine grew up in large houses in New York and Washington. Her parents were often away from home, traveling and working, Katharine was often lonely. Katherine Meyer graduated from the University of Chicago in Illinois in 1938. In 1933, her father bought a failing newspaper, The Washington Post. It was the least successful one of five newspapers in Washington. Katharine Graham returned to Washington and got a job editing letters to the editor of her father's newspaper. She married Philip Graham. He was a clerk for Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter but soon accepted a job at his wife's father's newspaper. Mr. Graham improved The Washington Post. He bought Newsweek and several television stations. He also established close ties with important political leaders. However, Mr. Graham treated his wife badly. He had an affair with a young reporter. For many years, Mr. Graham suffered from mental illness. He killed himself in 1963. Katharine Graham had four children to raise and a newspaper to operate. At first, she was only concerned about finding a way to keep control of The Washington Post until her sons were old enough. She did not think she had the ability to do an important job. She had no training in business or experience in operating a large company. In those days, it was unusual for a woman to be the head of a business. Women were expected to look after their homes and children. Katharine Graham met with officials of The Washington Post. She was elected president of The Washington Post Company. She had no idea about how to operate a newspaper. So she decided to learn. She began by hiring Benjamin C.Bradlee. He later became chief editor. Mr. Bradlee improved the newspaper. He hired excellent reporters and editors. They began doing important investigative reporting. In 1969, Mrs. Graham became publisher as well as president of The Washington Post Company. In the 1970s, The Washington Post became famous around the world because of two major successes.
1. What was Katharine Meyer Graham described as?
2. What company did she own?
3. Where was she born?
4. What did her father do for a living?
5. Where did she grow up?
6. Where did she go to school?
7. Who did she marry?
Answer: 1. the most powerful woman in America
2. The Washington Post
3. New York City
4. investment banker
5. New York and Washington
6. Illinois
7. Philip Graham

Problem: (CNN) -- At first glance, they could almost pass for masterpieces by Monet or Renoir.

But these impressionist-style paintings -- which are changing hands for thousands of dollars -- were painted by a five-year-old girl who is unable to speak.

Meet Iris Halmshaw, an autistic child from Leicestershire, UK, who has been producing these striking artworks since she was three.

She has autism, a condition that has made her unable to communicate except through the medium of art.

"From the first painting, she filled the paper with color and it wasn't random -- it was considered and thought out," says her mother, Arabella Carter-Johnson.

"She was so excited and happy I knew that we had found a key into her world and a way of interacting with her."

Autism changed everything

The journey started when Iris was two. Carter-Johnson and her husband, Peter-Jon Halmshaw, realized that something was wrong: she had not picked up any words, and rarely made eye contact.

"We researched it ourselves," her mother recalls, "but as parents, you are always hoping that there was some other explanation."

Iris was officially diagnosed as a child with autism. According to Carter-Johnson, the doctor was "depressing" because he told them that very few therapies worked.

Not to be deterred, the couple embarked on "long nights of research", which led them to the idea of art therapy.

The little girl picked up painting techniques astonishingly quickly, and before long was spending much time at work on her canvases.

Remarkably for a child of her age, her sessions involved about two hours of consistent concentration.
1. Where does Iris live?
2. What was thought out?
3. who said this?
4. When did her parents start to think something was wrong?
5. why?
6. What did they do first?
7. Was she ever offically diagnosed?
8. with what?
9. were there a lot of options for help?
10. how did that make the parents feel?
11. Were they able to find a therapy?
12. what?
13. How did they find that?
14. How did Iris do with it?
15. How long were her sessions?
16. What type of paintings does she do?
17. Is she selling them?
18. for how much?
19. What could these pass for?
20. Does Iris speak?
Answer: 1. Leicestershire, UK,
2. her art
3. her mother
4. when she was two
5. she had not picked up any words, and rarely made eye contact.
6. research
7. yes
8. autism.
9. No
10. depressed
11. yes
12. art therapy.
13. long nights of research
14. The little girl picked up painting techniques astonishingly quickly,
15. 2 hours
16. impressionist-style paintings
17. yes
18. 1000's of dollars
19. Monet or Renoir.
20. no

Problem: Cladistics (from Greek , "klados", i.e., "branch") is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group's most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors. Therefore, members of a group are assumed to share a common history and are considered to be closely related.

The techniques and nomenclature of cladistics have been applied to other disciplines. (See phylogenetic nomenclature.)

The original methods used in cladistic analysis and the school of taxonomy derived from the work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig, who referred to it as phylogenetic systematics (also the title of his 1966 book); the terms "cladistics" and "clade" were popularized by other researchers. Cladistics in the original sense refers to a particular set of methods used in phylogenetic analysis, although it is now sometimes used to refer to the whole field.

What is now called the cladistic method appeared as early as 1901 with a work by Peter Chalmers Mitchell for birds and subsequently by Robert John Tillyard (for insects) in 1921, and W. Zimmermann (for plants) in 1943. The term "clade" was introduced in 1958 by Julian Huxley after having been coined by Lucien Cuenot in 1940, "cladogenesis" in 1958, "cladistic" by Cain and Harrison in 1960, "cladist" (for an adherent of Hennig's school) by Mayr in 1965, and "cladistics" in 1966. Hennig referred to his own approach as "phylogenetic systematics". From the time of his original formulation until the end of the 1970s, cladistics competed as an analytical and philosophical approach to phylogenetic inference with phenetics and so-called evolutionary taxonomy. Phenetics was championed at this time by the numerical taxonomists Peter Sneath and Robert Sokal and the evolutionary taxonomist Ernst Mayr.
1. What is the main topic?
2. What's the word's country of origin?
3. What is it?
4. How long ago did it appear?
5. By who?
6. How?
7. Did anyone else write about it?
8. Who was next?
9. How many years later?
10. What was his focus?
11. Who was next?
12. What was his focus?
13. When?
14. How are organisms classified under this approach?
15. Who coined "clade"?
Answer:
1. Cladistics
2. from Greek , "klados"
3. an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group's most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors
4. as early as 1901
5. by Peter Chalmers Mitchell
6. with a work about birds
7. yes
8. Robert John Tillyard
9. 20
10. insects
11. W. Zimmermann
12. plants
13. 1943
14. organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group's most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors
15. Julian Huxley