Answer the following question given this paragraph: Genomic DNA Before discussing the steps a cell must undertake to replicate, a deeper understanding of the structure and function of a cell's genetic information is necessary. A cell's DNA, packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule, is called its genome. In prokaryotes, the genome is composed of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule in the form of a loop or circle (Figure 10.2). The region in the cell containing this genetic material is called a nucleoid. Some prokaryotes also have smaller loops of DNA called plasmids that are not essential for normal growth. Bacteria can exchange these plasmids with other bacteria, sometimes receiving beneficial new genes that the recipient can add to their chromosomal DNA. Antibiotic resistance is one trait that often spreads through a bacterial colony through plasmid exchange. Q: In prokaryotes, what is composed of a single, double-stranded dna molecule in the form of a loop or circle? Choices: - allele - rNA - chromosomes - genome A:
genome
Answer the following question given this paragraph: NaNO 3(s) + H 2 SO 4(l) NaHSO 4(s) + HNO 3(g) The Ostwald process is the commercial method for producing nitric acid. This process involves the oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide, NO; oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide, NO2; and further oxidation and hydration of nitrogen dioxide to form nitric acid: 4NH 3(g) + 5O 2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(g) 2NO(g) + O 2(g) 2NO 2(g) 3NO 2(g) + H 2 O(l) 2HNO 3(aq) + NO(g) Or 4NO 2(g) + O 2(g) + 2H 2 O(g) 4HNO 3(l) Pure nitric acid is a colorless liquid. However, it is often yellow or brown in color because NO2 forms as the acid decomposes. Nitric acid is stable in aqueous solution; solutions containing 68% of the acid are commercially available concentrated nitric acid. It is both a strong oxidizing agent and a strong acid. The action of nitric acid on a metal rarely produces H2 (by reduction of H+) in more than small amounts. Instead, the reduction of nitrogen occurs. The products formed depend on the concentration of the acid, the activity of the metal, and the temperature. Normally, a mixture of nitrates, nitrogen oxides, and various reduction products form. Less active metals such as copper, silver, and lead reduce concentrated nitric acid primarily to nitrogen dioxide. The reaction of dilute nitric acid with copper produces NO. In each case, the nitrate salts of the metals crystallize upon evaporation of the resultant solutions. Nonmetallic elements, such as sulfur, carbon, iodine, and phosphorus, undergo oxidation by concentrated nitric acid to their oxides or oxyacids, with the formation of NO2: S(s) + 6HNO 3(aq) H 2 SO 4(aq) + 6NO 2(g) + 2H 2 O(l) C(s) + 4HNO 3(aq) CO 2(g) + 4NO 2(g) + 2H 2 O(l) Nitric acid oxidizes many compounds; for example, concentrated nitric acid readily oxidizes hydrochloric acid to chlorine and chlorine dioxide. A mixture of one part concentrated nitric acid and three parts concentrated hydrochloric acid (called aqua regia, which means royal water) reacts vigorously with metals. This mixture is particularly useful in... Q: The ostwald process is the commercial method for producing what? Choices: - citric acid - deoxyribonucleic acid - chlorine - nitric acid A:
nitric acid
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: These mutations may result in a protein with the same function, with altered function, or with no function. Silent mutations , as they code for the same amino acid, will have no altered effect on the protein. Missense mutations may have a minor effect or a dramatic effect on the protein. Nonsense mutations usually have the most dramatic effet. Depending on the position of the premature stop codon, nonsense mutations may result in an unstable mRNA that cannot be translated, or in a truncated mRNA and a much "smaller" protein without any significant activity. Q: Which kind of mutations have the most dramatic effect on proteins? Choices: - arbitrary mutations - sight mutations - cancerous mutations - nonsense mutations A:
A: nonsense mutations
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Blood from the lungs enters the left atrium of the heart. The left atrium pumps the blood to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the body. This loop is represented by the red arrows in Figure above . Q: Which side of the heart does blood from the lungs enter into? Choices: - right ventricle - left ventricle - right atrium - left atrium A:
Answer: left atrium
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Natural selection for a polygenic trait changes the distribution of phenotypes. It may have a stabilizing, directional, or disruptive effect on the phenotype distribution. Q: Natural selection for what type of trait changes the distribution of phenotypes? Choices: - parent trait - major trait - maladaptive trait - polygenic trait A:
**Answer**
polygenic trait
Answer the following question given this paragraph: (PRL) in females. Prolactin stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands following childbirth. Prolactin levels are regulated by the hypothalamic hormones prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) which is now known to be dopamine. PRH stimulates the release of prolactin and PIH inhibits it. The posterior pituitary releases the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates contractions during childbirth. The uterine smooth muscles are not very sensitive to oxytocin until late in pregnancy when the number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus peaks. Stretching of tissues in the uterus and vagina stimulates oxytocin release in childbirth. Contractions increase in intensity as blood levels of oxytocin rise until the birth is complete. 22 Hormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus causes the release of a substance whose effects then inhibit further release. In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range. For example, the anterior pituitary signals the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood then feed back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland. 24 The main mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, which regulates the concentration of ions in urine, sweat, and saliva. Aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by a decrease in blood concentrations of sodium ions, blood volume, or blood pressure, or an increase in blood potassium levels. Q: What stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands following childbirth? Choices: - progesterone - estrogen - melanin - prolactin A:
prolactin