input: In economics, the Gini coefficient (sometimes expressed as a Gini ratio or a normalized Gini index) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality. It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper "Variability and Mutability" ().

The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example, levels of income). A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has the same income). A Gini coefficient of 1 (or 100%) expresses maximal inequality among values (e.g., for a large number of people, where only one person has all the income or consumption, and all others have none, the Gini coefficient will be very nearly one). However, a value greater than one may occur if some persons represent negative contribution to the total (for example, having negative income or wealth). For larger groups, values close to or above 1 are very unlikely in practice. Given the normalization of both the cumulative population and the cumulative share of income used to calculate the Gini coefficient, the measure is not overly sensitive to the specifics of the income distribution, but rather only on how incomes vary relative to the other members of a population. The exception to this is in the redistribution of wealth resulting in a minimum income for all people. When the population is sorted, if their income distribution were to approximate a well-known function, then some representative values could be calculated. 1. What could I use to measure the differences in income in a population?
2. Using that, what would even Steven look like?
3. Who invented this way of measuring?
4. Did he publish any of his work?
5. When?
6. What was it called?
7. What is this coefficient primarily used to measure?
8. In what?
9. Is it used for anything other than income inequality?
10. What else is it called?
11. If only one person somehow has all the money and everybody else has none, what would the Gini coefficient be? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. ,the Gini coefficient
2. zero
3. Corrado Gini
4. yes
5. 1912
6. Variability and Mutability
7. inequality
8. among values of a frequency distribution
9. no
10. Gini ratio
11. One

input: (CNN) -- Gen. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, a bespectacled college professor turned soldier in the defense of the Union, often returned to Gettysburg, that legendary battlefield where on a grim and terrible July day in 1863, Chamberlain and his regiment, the 20th Maine, held the extreme left flank of the Union army against an attack by near overwhelming odds, launched by equally gallant troops from Alabama.

Chamberlain's regiment held the line. As the years passed, the Medal of Honor recipient would go back to Gettysburg with comrades to contemplate and to pray. He came to call that hallowed ground the "Vision Place of Souls." He wrote that where great deeds were accomplished, a "spirit" of greatness lingered.

What would he and his comrades, and those who faced them beneath that hot July sun say to us today? For our "Vision Place of Souls," are now off limits, forbidden lands, "Verboten" to all. What would they say to us?

In what is described as a government shutdown, the Beltway around Washington is still jammed with the commuters to federal offices, White House and congressional staffers continue to work, but by a highly selective process, our national memorials to the living and fallen who served in World War II, Korea and Vietnam are closed.

Few veterans have the means to travel to remote islands of the Pacific, the beaches of Normandy, the woods of the Hurtgen and Bastogne to visit but one more time their "Vision Place," where with family and comrades they can say, "Here I fought," or say, "Here is where my friend Charlie -- remember my telling you about him? -- here is where he died." For them, the monuments have become their 'Vision Place," their gathering place, the place of remembrance, of pride, and of tears. 1. What person is this passage talking about?
2. What was his profession before being a soldier?
3. He turned into a soldier in defense of what?
4. Did he have any medal?
5. Which one?
6. Why would he go to Gettysburg?
7. Would he go alone?
8. With who then?
9. What did he call that ground?
10. What did he write? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. Gen. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
2. college professor
3. the Union
4. yes
5. Medal of Honor
6. to contemplate and to pray.
7. no
8. comrades
9. Vision Place of Souls
10. where great deeds were accomplished, a "spirit" of greatness lingered.

input: There is no doubt that Apple is well aware of the increased competition in the market and could be in a hurry to put another device out there, said Ramon Llamas, senior research analyst at IDC Mobile Devices Technology and Trends. Given its history with product launches and business policy, though, Apple probably isn't going to rush an iPhone release simply to put it on shelves, he said.

"If you're Tim Cook (CEO of Apple), you're thinking if you want to pay more attention to how to keep growing that bottom line and keep investors happy, or continue with the same approach from Apple, which is do what we can do and manage products and releases in the best way they can work for us. Apple usually does things in their own time ,and I'm having a hard time buying this May or June timeline." Llamas told Mac News World.

While it,s probable that Apple is definitely in a testing stage for its next smartphone , consumers likely have a standard wait for the finished product, said Colin Gibbs, analyst at GigaOm Pro.

"It typically takes a year or longer to create a state-of-the-art smartphone, so no one should be surprised Apple is in the testing stages with the next iPhone. And while it's possible that Apple could launch the next iPhone this spring or summer, I'm not expecting to see it until a little later in the year," he told Mac News World.

When it does launch, though, it could be in a variety of colors, said Gibbs. "Apple has already tested the waters with releasing colored devices when it revamped(,)its iPod line last fall, so it's not too much of a stretch to believe it would want the new twist with its smartphone, as well".

"I wouldn't be surprised if the new iPhone becomes available in some new colors,'' he said. "That could be done pretty cheaply ,and it would give Apple a new marketing angle." 1. Who is Tim Cook?
2. What should you think if you were him?
3. How long does it take to make a great smartphone?
4. Is Apple testing the next iPhone?
5. When could it hit the market?
6. Will it only be in one color?
7. Are they aware of the competition out there?
8. Who is Ronald llamas?
9. Does he think Apple will rush the iPhone release?
10. What does Colin Gibbs say about waiting for the release?
11. Who is he? Return numbered answers in your output.

output:
1. CEO of Apple
2. you're thinking if you want to pay more attention to how to keep growing that bottom line and keep investors happy
3. a year or longer
4. yes
5. later in the year
6. it could be in a variety of colors
7. yes
8. senior research analyst at IDC Mobile Devices Technology and Trends
9. no
10. consumers likely have a standard wait
11. an analyst at GigaOm Pro