Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and VEGF receptors (VEGFR) play an essential role in the angiogenesis of both pathologic and nonpathologic conditions. However, the prognostic significance of VEGF and VEGFR expression in ovarian carcinoma is unclear.', 'The tissue expression levels of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 in 80 specimens of ovarian carcinoma were examined immnohistochemically. The results obtained were analyzed clinicopathologically.', 'VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 were expressed both in tumor cells and in adjacent endothelial cells of blood and lymph vessels. The tissue expressions of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 were correlated significantly with tumor extension, including peritoneal metastases outside the pelvic cavity (P = 0.0010 and P = 0.0008, respectively), lymph node metastases (P = 0.0030 and P = 0.0018, respectively), and positive ascitic cytology (P = 0.025 and P = 0.0016, respectively). Conversely, there was no significant correlation between VEGF-A and VEGFR-3 expression and clinicopathologic features of ovarian carcinoma. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the expressions of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 also were independent risk factors for peritoneal and lymph node metastases. Survival curves determined by the Kaplan-Meier method and in univariate analysis demonstrated that high expression levels of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 were associated with the 5-year survival rate. In multivariate analysis, high expression levels of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 emerged as independent indicators for disease-specific survival.
[EX A]: Are vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 related closely to the prognosis of patients with ovarian carcinoma?

[EX Q]: Cancer cells frequently exhibit resistance to the cytotoxic effect of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Pretreatment of TRAIL-resistant cells with cisplatin sensitizes them to this ligand. Cisplatin also has been shown to enhance adenoviral transgene expression.', 'This study aims to evaluate the ability of cisplatin to enhance the expression and the cytotoxic effect of the tumor-specific adenoviral vector Ad/gTRAIL, which expresses a green fluorescent protein-TRAIL fusion protein.', 'Cultured cancer cells and normal human cells were infected with Ad/gTRAIL with or without cisplatin pretreatment. Adenoviral transgene expression was determined by using flow cytometry to measure green fluorescent protein fluorescence. Cytotoxicity was measured by using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assays and an apoptosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.', 'Green fluorescent protein-TRAIL fusion protein expression was significantly enhanced by cisplatin pretreatment in cancer cells. Cisplatin treatment before Ad/gTRAIL infection resulted in a 2- to 12-fold increase in green fluorescent protein fluorescence intensity across cancer lines. Although Ad/gTRAIL induced mild cytotoxicity in all cancer lines (inhibitory concentration of 50% values of >500 pfu/cell), pretreatment with cisplatin resulted in a dose-dependent enhancement of Ad/gTRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity, as indicated by the drastic reduction of inhibitory concentration of 50% values to 4 to 42 pfu/cell in all cell lines. There was no cytotoxicity noted in normal cells treated with both cisplatin and Ad/gTRAIL.
[EX A]: Does cisplatin enhance apoptosis induced by a tumor-selective adenovirus expressing tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand?

[EX Q]: Clinical trials of adjuvant radiotherapy after mastectomy have largely excluded women aged 70 years or over, even though they comprise 30% of the breast cancer population. This study examined outcomes in elderly women with high-risk breast cancer treated with or without postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT).', 'Data were analysed for 233 women aged 70 years or over with high-risk breast cancer (tumours > 5 cm or > or = 4 positive axillary nodes) treated with mastectomy and referred to the British Columbia Cancer Agency from 1989 to 1997. Tumour and treatment characteristics were compared between two cohorts: women treated with PMRT (n = 147) vs women treated without PMRT (n = 86). Univariate and multivariate analyses of 10-year Kaplan-Meier locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant recurrence, breast cancer-specific survival and overall survival were carried out.', 'Median follow-up time was 5.5 years. The distribution of tumour sizes was similar in the two groups. Compared with women treated without PMRT, higher proportions of women who underwent PMRT had four or more positive nodes (83% vs 67%, P = 0.01) and positive surgical margins (14% vs 4%, P = 0.02). Systemic therapy, used in 94% of women, was comparable in the two cohorts (P = 0.63). Elderly women treated with PMRT had significantly lower LRR compared with women treated without PMRT (16% vs 28%, P = 0.03). No differences in distant recurrence, breast cancer-specific survival or overall survival were observed in the two treatment groups (all P > 0.05). On multivariate analysis, the omission of PMRT and the presence of high-grade histology were significant predictors of LRR, whereas an increasing number of positive nodes was significantly associated with distant recurrence and overall survival.
[EX A]:
Does postmastectomy radiotherapy reduce locoregional recurrence in elderly women with high-risk breast cancer?