INPUT ARTICLE: Article: When you want to clean non-porous surfaces such as toilets and showers, sinks, and vinyl or tile floors, use a bleach to water ratio of 1:32. Add a half cup (118.3 ml) of bleach to a gallon (3.8 L) of water. Mix this in a sturdy plastic bucket. Using a mop for floors or a clean rag for other surfaces, carefully dip into the solution and wring the mop or rag out. Wipe the surface in sweeping motions. Go in a back and forth pattern to make sure you cover the whole area. Make sure not to clean with bleach on surfaces like wood, leather, canvas, or carpet. Bleach will stain and fade this type of porous surface. If you let the bleach solution dry on the surface, it can leave residue. Always use a bucket of clean water, and a clean mop or rag if possible, to completely rinse the surface. A bleach odor may remain in the air after you rinse the surface, which is okay.

SUMMARY: Mix bleach and water in a ratio of 1:32. Apply the solution to the surface you want to disinfect. Rinse the surface with clean, cold water.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: A cystoscopy is one of the primary means of detecting bladder cancer. A doctor will insert a cystoscope (a very thin, flexible tube) into your urethra and push it up into your bladder. The doctor then uses the tube to fill your bladder with sterile water, enabling them to look at the lining of your bladder with the camera on the cystoscope. This will allow the doctor to detect any visible signs of cancer in your bladder. The procedure should take about 5 minutes, and you'll probably need to urinate after it's been completed. Prepare for this procedure by avoiding taking any blood-thinning drugs. If you're unsure if any prescription drugs that you routinely take will thin your blood, ask your doctor. When performing a rigid cystoscopy, your doctor will insert a slightly larger and less flexible tube into your urethra, through which the doctor can pass small tools to aid in their diagnosis of bladder cancer. The doctor will perform a rigid cystoscopy if the results of the initial cystoscopy were inconclusive, or if they want to take a tissue sample. The cystoscopy is not painful, although you will probably be given some local anesthesia at the beginning of the procedure. Do not take any blood-thinning drugs before the rigid cystoscopy procedure. In some cases (for both a cystoscopy and a rigid cystoscopy), your doctor will discuss the results with you immediately after the procedure. If tissue samples need to be sent to a laboratory, your doctor will contact you once the results have been returned. If the doctor sees what could be visual signs of cancerous cells in your bladder during the cystoscopy, they'll likely want to take a biopsy sample. If you consent, the doctor will pass small tools through the cystoscope which allow them to scrape small amounts of tissue off of the lining of your bladder. Like the cystoscopy itself, this is a relatively mild outpatient procedure. However, the doctor may request that you not eat or drink for up to 6 hours before the biopsy. You will also likely be placed under a general anesthesia for the procedure. In medical terminology, this bladder biopsy is known as a Transurethral resection of bladder tumor, or TURBT.
Summary: Undergo a cystoscopy. Consent to a rigid cystoscopy, if needed. Provide tissue samples during the cystoscopy.

. Buy a tile that's durable and aesthetically pleasing to you. Purchase more tile than you'll need. A good rule of thumb is to get 15% more tiles to account for tiles you may need to cut to fit in narrow spaces and tiles that will break in the shipping process. There are many different types of tile available: Ceramic and porcelain tiles cost around a dollar per square foot and are attractive, long-lasting, and durable. For that classic look in your bathroom, it's hard to beat ceramic or porcelain tiles. Make sure the tile you purchase is rated for use on floors. Vinyl tiles are also common, easy to install, and cheap. It's also self-adhering, so you won't need anything beyond the tiles themselves to do it yourself. Other kinds of tile will require more work and materials. If you use vinyl, you won't need to buy anything else. Just follow the adhering instructions on the package and following the alignment guidelines below. Plastic laminate and linoleum tiles generally come in planks, rather than tiles, but are sometimes popular. They are also more expensive, ranging upward of 4 dollars per square foot. Other tiles made of wood, cork, stone, or glass are also available but tend to be more expensive. These require other sorts of polyurethane coatings to avoid dings and dents, but are a good option if you like the look. To lock the tiles in and create a solid floor for your bathroom, you'll need to first layer a thin amount of mortar to set the tiles and grout to connect them to one another. Mortar usually comes in two varieties, pre-mix and unmixed mortar that comes in a box. All you need to do to mix it is add water and the pre-mixed tubs are usually more expensive, but buy whichever variety works for you. In addition to the tiles, mortar, and grout, you'll also need: Measuring tape Cement board Utility knife 2 large buckets and a large sponge Notched trowel Hammer and roofing nails Tile cutter or wet saw Tile spacers Level, square, and chalk line Grout float and sealant Knee pads
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One-sentence summary -- Purchase tiles Purchase thin-set mortar and grout. Buy tools.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Look for something that looks like a tiny onion at the base of a green stem (which fades from lime to emerald green upward from the bulb). The stems are usually thicker and sturdier than green onions to support the bulbs. Spring onions are a more mature version of green onions, hence they have a larger bulb. Most markets and grocers sell spring onions with the bulbs attached and the tops of the stems trimmed down to about 4 inches (10cm) to 6 inches (15cm) long. They'll often be sold in a batch of 5 or 6 bulbs with the tops attached. True to their name, spring onions are harvested in the spring, so depending on where you live, you're more likely to see them at farmer's markets around those times. If you notice there are small bulbs that look similar to garlic at the base, those are shallots. They grow in tight clusters and typically look a little like small brown onions, only more elongated. You'll be able to spot them because they aren't sold with the greens on top. Shallots come in purple, brown, and gray varieties (the gray ones are especially rare and considered to be a French delicacy). Shallots are harvested in summer and fall, so that's usually the best time to eat them. You can also give them a sniffthey have a zingy, sulfuric smell.

SUMMARY:
Identify spring onions by their long green stems and white bulbs. Notice the bunched, garlic-like clusters that are a hallmark of shallots.