instruction:
In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling
question:
of the twenty-one jurisdictions referred to by the court as applying the rule, six have since expressly overruled their earlier decisions on which this court relied: massachusetts (to the extent of automobile liability insurance), minnesota, new jersey, new york, pennsylvania, and virginia (in automobile accident litigation only).
answer:
overruling

question:
all judges have expressed agreement with the conclusions herein respecting overruling long.
answer:
overruling

question:
today, in line with the united states supreme court precedent in macdonald and our court of appeals' admonitions, we hereby overrule our decisions in callaway and in boseman.
answer:
overruling