Given an abstract, generate a keyword (a noun phrase) that best describes the focus or contribution of the paper. Such keywords can be directly from the given abstract or outside it.

Input: Consider Input: Abstract: Effect of varying concentrations (0 to 800 microM) of three different light chains on sodium-dependent L-(14C)alanine and D-(14C)glucose uptake by rat renal brush border membrane vesicles were studied. One kappa and two lambda type light chains (lambda-1 and lambda-2) were isolated from urines of patients with multiple myeloma. At maximal inhibitory concentrations the kappa chain reduced alanine uptake from 206 +/- 18 to 77 +/- 18 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.005) and glucose uptake from 357 +/- 22 to 146 +/- 8 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001). lambda-1 reduced alanine uptake from 136 +/- 17 to 60 +/- 8 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.005) and glucose uptake from 354 +/- 17 to 77 +/- 14 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001). lambda-2 reduced alanine uptake from 105 +/- 9 to 28 +/- 5 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001) and glucose uptake from 194 +/- 7 to 66 +/- 7 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001). The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (I50) of kappa, lambda-1 and lambda-2 light chains were 68, 76 and 140 microM for alanine uptake and 120, 70 and 105 microM for glucose uptake. Control experiments using bovine serum albumin and beta-lactoglobulin showed no inhibitory effect on alanine and glucose uptake by either protein. These data reveal brush border membrane effects by myeloma light chains and confirm that direct Bence Jones protein nephrotoxicity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney dysfunction associated with multiple myeloma.

Output: Alanine

Input: Consider Input: Abstract: Anestrous hamsters exhibit daily afternoon gonadotropin and progesterone surges, but little estrogen secretion. In the first experiment, short day anestrous females were transferred to long days to detect hormonal changes associated with recovery of cyclicity. Morning and afternoon blood samples were taken at increasing durations in long days. Females autopsied at their first vaginal estrus after transfer to long days differed from long day estrous controls only in their lower uterine weights. Some females at all durations exhibited signs of recovery, though they had not yet shown estrus. They did not display afternoon gonadotropin surges and had low circulating progesterone but high estradiol levels, stimulated uteri, and enhanced follicular development. Results of the second and third experiments provided evidence that the daily gonadotropin surges are not the cause per se of anestrus, and that changes in estrogen secretion are essential for the transition to and from anestrus. Phenobarbital blockade of the daily surges in anestrous females did not result in increased follicular growth and estrogen secretion. Furthermore, daily afternoon injections of gonadotropins it appears that the daily surges in anestrous hamsters simply reflect low estradiol levels. It is still not known what signal promotes rapid follicular maturation during the recovery from anestrus. Once initiated, however, this recovery appears to occur within a few days, with a rapid cascade of events. First, follicular development and estrogen secretion resume, and the daily LH surges cease. Then, progesterone levels decline, and an ovulatory surge of gonadotropins is triggered.

Output: Anestrus

Input: Consider Input: Abstract: We describe a patient with secondary syphilis and facial skin lesions which resembled Sweet's syndrome clinically and histologically. We suggest serological tests for syphilis in patients with Sweet's syndrome.
Output: Adult