Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preconditioning protects neurons against traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in rats. This study sought to test whether Nrf2, a transcription factor, mediated LPS-induced preconditioning.', 'The TSCI model was established using a standardized NYU impactor on adult female rats. Rats were pretreated with LPS (0.2mg/kg, IP; 72h before injury). Nrf2 was silenced by injecting a lentivirus encoding RNAi against Nrf2 into injured spinal cords. Neurologic function was assessed by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 7d and 14d after TSCI. Neuronal apoptosis was measured by a TUNEL staining. Ultrastructure was observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The protein expression of HO-1, NQO1 and GCLC was examined using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting.', 'The injection of a lentivirus effectively transfected GFP into injured spinal cords. The expression of Nrf2 was significantly decreased in spinal cords receiving a lentivirus encoding RNAi against Nrf2. BBB scores showed that TSCI markedly impaired nervous function, which was markedly preserved by LPS pretreatment. Nrf2 knockdown significantly suppressed LPS pretreatment-induced protection of nervous function. TEM images and TUNEL staining showed an increase in apoptotic cells when Nrf2 was silenced. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting analysis exhibited that LPS pretreatment significantly upregulated the expression of anti-oxidative proteins including HO-1, NQO1 and GCLC, which was suppressed when Nrf2 expression was silenced in injured spinal cords.

Answer: Does lipopolysaccharide-induced preconditioning protect against traumatic spinal cord injury by upregulating Nrf2 expression in rats?

Question: Wnt proteins are important for developmental processes and certain diseases. WNT5A is a non-canonical Wnt protein that previously has been shown to play a role in the progression of malignant melanoma. High expression of WNT5A in melanoma tumors correlates to formation of distant metastasis and poor prognosis. This has partly been described by the findings that WNT5A expression in melanoma cell lines increases migration and invasion.', 'Malignant melanoma cell lines were treated with rWNT5A or WNT5A siRNA, and mRNA versus protein levels of soluble mediators were measured using RT-PCR, cytokine bead array and ELISA. The induced signaling pathways were analyzed using inhibitors, Rho-GTPase pull down assays and western blot. Ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy was used to analyze microvesicles. Gene expression microarray data obtained from primary malignant melanomas was used to verify our data.', 'We show that WNT5A signaling induces a Ca2+-dependent release of exosomes containing the immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic proteins IL-6, VEGF and MMP2 in melanoma cells. The process was independent of the transcriptional machinery and depletion of WNT5A reduced the levels of the exosome-derived proteins. The WNT5A induced exosomal secretion was neither affected by Tetanus toxin nor Brefeldin A, but was blocked by the calcium chelator Bapta, inhibited by a dominant negative version of the small Rho-GTPase Cdc42 and was accompanied by cytoskeletal reorganization. Co-cultures of melanoma/endothelial cells showed that depletion of WNT5A in melanoma cells decreased endothelial cell branching, while stimulation of endothelial cells with isolated rWNT5A-induced melanoma exosomes increased endothelial cell branching in vitro. Finally, gene expression data analysis of primary malignant melanomas revealed a correlation between WNT5A expression and the angiogenesis marker ESAM.

Answer: Does wNT5A induce release of exosomes containing pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive factors from malignant melanoma cells?

Question: Persistent platelet function while on antiplatelet therapy affects outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).', 'To evaluate whether platelet reactivity measured by collagen-epinephrine (CEPI) or collagen-ADP (CADP) closure times (CT) with Platelet Function Analyzer 100 (PFA-100) is related to very early, in-hospital cardiovascular events in patients with ACS.', 'The study included 91 patients with ACS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation who were treated with aspirin and clopidogrel. Patients were stratified in accordance with both CEPI-CT (<190 s or >190 s), reflecting aspirin resistance, and our own cut-off point for CADP-CT measured at a mean of 6 days after admission. In-hospital events included re-infarction, cardiac arrest, recurrent angina, severe arrythmias, pulmonary oedema and cardiogenic shock.', 'Patients were divided into 4 study groups: group 1 with CADP-CT <104 s (n=10, 11.0%), group 2 with CEPI-CT <190 s (n=10, 11.0%), group 3 with CADP-CT <104 s and CEPI-CT <190 s (n=9, 9.9%) and a control group with both CT values above the cut-off limits (n=62, 68.1%). The baseline clinical characteristics and received treatment of each subgroup were similar. A test for a trend between controls, group 1 or 2 and group 3 disclosed statistical significance (p <0.001). When analysed separately, only patients from group 3 had a higher incidence of negative outcomes compared to controls (p <0.005; relative risk RR - 9.0; 95% CI 2.4-33.9).

Answer:
Is persistent platelet activation related to very early cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes?