TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: To investigate the incidence of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery and its association with mortality in a patient population receiving ibuprofen and gentamicin perioperatively.', 'Retrospective study with Cox regression analysis to control for possible preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative confounders.', 'University hospital-based single-center study.', 'All patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting valve surgery during 2012.', 'None.', 'Acute surgery within 24 hours of coronary angiography, previous nephrectomy, preoperative sCr >2.26 mg/dL and selective cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass were used as exclusion criteria. Acute kidney injury was defined, using the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Six hundred eight patients were included in the study. Mean age was 68.2 9.7 years, and 81% were males. Acute kidney injury was seen in 28.1% of the patients. Overall mortality at one year was 7% and 3% in the no-AKI group. At one year, mortality was 15% in patients with AKIN stage 1 and AKIN stage 2 compared to 70% in AKIN stage 3. A hazard ratio of 2.34 (95% CI: 1.21-4.51, p = 0.011) and 5.62 (95% CI: 2.42-13.06), p<0.0001) were found for AKIN stage 1 and 2/3 combined, respectively.\Question: Is acute kidney injury independently associated with higher mortality after cardiac surgery?

SOLUTION: More than 28% of the patients undergoing elective or subacute cardiac surgery developed AKI in this contemporary cohort. Furthermore, acute kidney injury was an independent predictor of increased mortality irrespective of the perioperative risk factors.

PROBLEM: Context: In this study, we compared the diagnostic performance of the standard SPECT with motion-frozen (MF) myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) in obese patients.', 'A total of 90 consecutive obese patients (body mass index, 30.1-46.8, average, 34.3 +/- 3.6; age, 63 +/- 12 y; 30% women) underwent standard supine rest (201)Tl/stress (99m)Tc dual-isotope gated MPS and cardiac catheterization within 3 mo. MF images were obtained by nonlinear warping of cardiac phases to the end-diastolic position. Total perfusion deficit (TPD) was obtained for summed (S-TPD) and motion-frozen (MF-TPD) datasets with sex-specific standard and MF normal limits.', 'The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) by MF-TPD was significantly larger than that for S-TPD (0.93 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.88 +/- 0.32, P < 0.05). MF-TPD had higher specificity (77% vs. 55%, P < 0.05) and accuracy (89% vs. 80%, P < 0.05) than did S-TPD.\Question: Does motion-frozen myocardial perfusion SPECT improve detection of coronary artery disease in obese patients?

SOLUTION: MF processing of MPS improves CAD detection in obese patients.

PROBLEM: Context: Two recent genome-wide association studies identified the liver expressed transmembrane protein adiponutrin to be associated with liver related phenotypes such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver function enzymes. These associations were not uniformly reported for various ethnicities. The aim of this study was to investigate a common non-synonymous variant within adiponutrin (rs738409, exon 3) with parameters of liver function in three independent West Eurasian study populations including a total of 4290 participants.', 'The study was performed in (1) the population based Bruneck Study (n=783), (2) the Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention Program in Subjects at High Individual Risk Study from Austria based on a healthy working population (n=1705), and the Utah Obesity Case-Control Study including a group of 1019 severely obese individuals (average body mass index 46.0 kg/m(2)) and 783 controls from the same geographical region of Utah. Liver enzymes measured were alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT).', 'A strong recessive association of this polymorphism was found with age and gender adjusted ALT and AST concentrations: being homozygous for the minor allele resulted in a highly significant increase of ALT concentration of 3.53 U/l (p=1.86 x 10(-9)) and of AST concentration of 2.07 U/l (p=9.58 x 10(-6)), respectively. The associations were consistently found in all three study populations.\Question: Does a common variant in the adiponutrin gene influence liver enzyme values?

SOLUTION:
The highly significant associations of this transversion polymorphism within the adiponutrin gene with increased ALT and AST concentrations support a role for adiponutrin as a susceptibility gene for hepatic dysfunction.