Answer the following question given this paragraph: Vertebral Column Developmental anomalies, pathological changes, or obesity can enhance the normal vertebral column curves, resulting in the development of abnormal or excessive curvatures (Figure 7.21). Kyphosis, also referred to as humpback or hunchback, is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region. This can develop when osteoporosis causes weakening and erosion of the anterior portions of the upper thoracic vertebrae, resulting in their gradual collapse (Figure 7.22). Lordosis, or swayback, is an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy. The accumulation of body weight in the abdominal region results an anterior shift in the line of gravity that carries the weight of the body. This causes in an anterior tilt of the pelvis and a pronounced enhancement of the lumbar curve. Scoliosis is an abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column. Compensatory curves may also develop in other areas of the vertebral column to help maintain the head positioned over the feet. Scoliosis is the most common vertebral abnormality among girls. The cause is usually unknown, but it may result from weakness of the back muscles, defects such as differential growth rates in the right and left sides of the vertebral column, or differences in the length of the lower limbs. When present, scoliosis tends to get worse during adolescent growth spurts. Although most individuals do not require treatment, a back brace may be recommended for growing children. In extreme cases, surgery may be required. Excessive vertebral curves can be identified while an individual stands in the anatomical position. Observe the vertebral profile from the side and then from behind to check for kyphosis or lordosis. Then have the person bend forward. If scoliosis is present, an individual will have difficulty in bending directly forward, and the right and left sides of the back will not be level with each other in the bent position. Q: An excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region is also known as what? A:
OPTIONS:
- lordosis
- babesiosis
- osmosis
- kyphosis
kyphosis

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Visible Light The range of photon energies for visible light from red to violet is 1.63 to 3.26 eV, respectively (left for this chapter's Problems and Exercises to verify). These energies are on the order of those between outer electron shells in atoms and molecules. This means that these photons can be absorbed by atoms and molecules. A single photon can actually stimulate the retina, for example, by altering a receptor molecule that then triggers a nerve impulse. Photons can be absorbed or emitted only by atoms and molecules that have precisely the correct quantized energy step to do so. For example, if a red photon of frequency f encounters a molecule that has an energy step,. Q: What kind of light ranges from red to violet? A:
OPTIONS:
- infrared light
- x rays
- ultraviolet light
- visible light

Answer: visible light

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Tides in the ocean can also turn a turbine to create electricity. This energy can then be stored until needed ( Figure below ). Q: A turbine using tides in the ocean can create what type of energy? A:
OPTIONS:
- conversion
- diffused
- kinetic
- electricity
Answer: electricity

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Diseases of the cardiovascular system are common and may be life threatening. Examples include atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. A healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of such diseases developing. This includes avoiding smoking, getting regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy percent of body fat. Q: Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease are examples of what type of body system disease? A:
OPTIONS:
- connective system
- digestive system
- excretory system
- cardiovascular system
output: cardiovascular system

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section. The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. ("Corona" is Latin for "crown. ") The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections. Q: What is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides? A:

OPTIONS:
- median plane
- parasagittal plane
- anatomical plane
- sagittal plane

A: sagittal plane

Answer the following question given this paragraph: As pictured below ( Figure below ), some grazing animals, especially sheep and goats, eat grass right down to the roots. They may even pull the grass entirely out of the ground. Grazing animals can kill the grass. They may thin it out so much that it offers little protection to the soil. If animals are kept in the same place too long, the soil may become completely bare. The bare soil is easily eroded by wind and water. Q: By pulling out grass by its roots and over-grazing, livestock contribute to what negative process? A:
OPTIONS:
- migration
- evolution
- immigration
- erosion
erosion