Answer the following question given this paragraph: Community Dynamics Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time. Sometimes these changes are induced by environmental disturbances such as volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, fires, and climate change. Communities with a stable structure are said to be at equilibrium. Following a disturbance, the community may or may not return to the equilibrium state. Succession describes the sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community over time. In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed land is colonized by living things; in secondary succession, part of an ecosystem is disturbed and remnants of the previous community remain. Primary Succession and Pioneer Species Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or rock is exposed: for example, following the eruption of volcanoes, such as those on the Big Island of Hawaii. As lava flows into the ocean, new land is continually being formed. On the Big Island, approximately 32 acres of land is added each year. First, weathering and other natural forces break down the substrate enough for the establishment of certain hearty plants and lichens with few soil requirements, known as pioneer species (Figure 45.32). These species help to further break down the mineral rich lava into soil where other, less hardy species will grow and eventually replace the pioneer species. In addition, as these early species grow and die, they add to an ever-growing layer of decomposing organic material and contribute to soil formation. Over time the area will reach an equilibrium state, with a set of organisms quite different from the pioneer species. Q: Loss of what eventually threatens other species not impacted directly, because of their interconnectedness; as species disappear from an ecosystem others are threatened by changes in available resources? A:

OPTIONS:
- technology
- oxygen
- climate
- biodiversity

Answer: biodiversity

Problem: OPTIONS:
- plumbing systems
- thermal systems
- electromagnetic systems
- hydraulic systems
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hydraulic car lifts also use fluid to transmit pressure and increase force. The lifts are used to raise cars, which are very heavy, so mechanics can work on them from underneath. Controls in airplanes use fluids to transmit pressure and increase force so a flick of a switch can raise or lower heavy landing gear. To see animations of hydraulic systems such as these, go to URLs:. Q: What kind of systems use fluid to transmit pressure and increase force? A:
Answer: hydraulic systems

Problem:OPTIONS:
- bark
- flowers
- skin
- stem

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What pathway in a plant do water and nutrients travel through from the roots to the leaves? A:
****
A: stem

Answer the following question given this paragraph: As the organism grows more sophisticated, gene regulation becomes more complex, though prokaryotic organisms possess some highly regulated systems. Some human genes are controlled by many activators and repressors working together. Obviously, a mutation in a cis-regulatory region, such as the promoter, can greatly affect the proper expression of a gene. It may keep the gene permanently off, such that no protein can be made, or it can keep the gene permanently on, such that the corresponding protein is constantly made. Both of these can have detremental effects on the cell. Q: As the organism grows more sophisticated, what happens to the process of gene regulation? A:
OPTIONS:
- degenerates
- becomes fractured
- becomes simplified
- becomes more complex
becomes more complex

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Kinetic energy is the energy of moving matter. Anything that is moving has kinetic energyfrom atoms in matter to stars in outer space. Things with kinetic energy can do work. For example, the spinning saw blade in the photo above is doing the work of cutting through a piece of metal. Q: What type of energy is the energy of moving matter? A:
OPTIONS:
- dynamic energy
- residual energy
- potential energy
- kinetic energy

Answer: kinetic energy

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The standard cell potential is positive, so the reaction is spontaneous as written. Tin is oxidized at the anode, while silver ion is reduced at the cathode. Note that the voltage for the silver ion reduction is not doubled even though the reduction half-reaction had to be doubled to balance the overall redox equation. Q: Tin is oxidized at the anode, while silver ion is reduced at? A:
OPTIONS:
- anodyne
- iodine
- gamma
- cathode
output:
cathode