input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Radiation can be absorbed or shielded by materials, such as the lead aprons dentists drape on us when taking x rays. Lead is a particularly effective shield compared with other materials, such as plastic or air. How does the range of radiation depend on material? Ionizing radiation interacts best with charged particles in a material. Since electrons have small masses, they most readily absorb the energy of the radiation in collisions. The greater the density of a material and, in particular, the greater the density of electrons within a material, the smaller the range of radiation. Collisions Conservation of energy and momentum often results in energy transfer to a less massive object in a collision. This was discussed in detail in Work, Energy, and Energy Resources, for example. Different types of radiation have different ranges when compared at the same energy and in the same material. Alphas have the shortest range, betas penetrate farther, and gammas have the greatest range. This is directly related to charge and speed of the particle or type of radiation. At a given energy, each , , or will produce the same number of ionizations in a material (each ionization requires a certain amount of energy on average). The more readily the particle produces ionization, the more quickly it will lose its energy. The effect of charge is as follows: The has a charge of +2q e , the has a charge of q e , and the . Q: Radiation can be absorbed or shielded by materials, particularly what material used to make protective aprons worn by x-ray administrators? A:
OPTIONS:
- cotton
- steel
- carbon
- lead
output: lead

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 7.14 Lactic acid fermentation is common in muscle cells that have run out of oxygen. Q: Lactic acid fermentation is common in muscle cells that have run out of what? A:

OPTIONS:
- carbon
- helium
- nitrogen
- oxygen

A: oxygen

input: OPTIONS:
- embryo sac
- neural sac
- algae sac
- yolk sac Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: On the ventral side of the embryonic disc, opposite the amnion, cells in the lower layer of the embryonic disk (the hypoblast) extend into the blastocyst cavity and form a yolk sac. The yolk sac supplies some nutrients absorbed from the trophoblast and also provides primitive blood circulation to the developing embryo for the second and third week of development. When the placenta takes over nourishing the embryo at approximately week 4, the yolk sac has been greatly reduced in size and its main function is to serve as the source of blood cells and germ cells (cells that will give rise to gametes). During week 3, a finger-like outpocketing of the yolk sac develops into the allantois, a primitive excretory duct of the embryo that will become part of the urinary bladder. Together, the stalks of the yolk sac and allantois establish the outer structure of the umbilical cord. The last of the extra-embryonic membranes is the chorion, which is the one membrane that surrounds all others. The development of the chorion will be discussed in more detail shortly, as it relates to the growth and development of the placenta. Q: On the ventral side of the embryonic disc, opposite the amnion, cells in the lower layer of the embryonic disk (the hypoblast) extend into the blastocyst cavity and form this? A:
A:
output: yolk sac

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Did you notice that none of these statements relates to the identity of the gas? This means that all gases should behave similarly. A gas that follows these statements perfectly is called an ideal gas. Most gases show slight deviations from these statements and are called real gases. However, the existence of real gases does not diminish the importance of the kinetic theory of gases. One of the statements of the kinetic theory mentions collisions. As gas particles are constantly moving, they are also constantly colliding with each other and with the walls of their container. There are forces involved as gas particles bounce off the container walls (Figure 8.9 "Gas Pressure"). The force generated by gas particles divided by the. Q: Gases can be classifed as real or what? A:

OPTIONS:
- noble
- shape
- dense
- ideal

Answer: ideal

Problem: OPTIONS:
- multiply protons and neutrons
- subtract protons from electrons
- divide protons and neutrons
- add up protons and neutrons
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The atomic weight of an element is a weighted average of its isotopes. Q: How do you determine the atomic weight of an element? A:
Answer: add up protons and neutrons

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Abrasion is another type of mechanical weathering. With abrasion, one rock bumps against another rock. Gravity causes abrasion as a rock tumbles down a slope. Moving water causes abrasion it moves rocks so that they bump against one another ( Figure below ). Strong winds cause abrasion by blasting sand against rock surfaces. Finally, the ice in glaciers cause abrasion. Pieces of rock embedded in ice at the bottom of a glacier scrape against the rock below. If you have ever collected beach glass or pebbles from a stream, you have witnessed the work of abrasion. Q: What kind of weathering is abrasion? A:

OPTIONS:
- molecular
- electromagnetic
- natural
- mechanical

Answer:
mechanical