Information: - The logical form of a sentence (or proposition or statement or truthbearer) or set of sentences is the form obtained by abstracting from the subject matter of its content terms or by regarding the content terms as mere placeholders or blanks on a form. In an ideal logical language, the logical form can be determined from syntax alone; formal languages used in formal sciences are examples of such languages. Logical form, however, should not be confused with the mere syntax used to represent it; there may be more than one string that represents the same logical form in a given language. - Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief: "pistis" and "doxa". Simplified, we may say that "pistis" refers to "trust" and "confidence", while "doxa" refers to "opinion" and "acceptance". The English word "orthodoxy" derives from "doxa". Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth. - Non-classical logics (and sometimes alternative logics) is the name given to formal systems that differ in a significant way from standard logical systems such as propositional and predicate logic. There are several ways in which this is done, including by way of extensions, deviations, and variations. The aim of these departures is to make it possible to construct different models of logical consequence and logical truth. - The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and was the first alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants. It is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. Apart from its use in writing the Greek language, in both its ancient and its modern forms, the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics, science and other fields. - A classical language is a language with a literature that is "classical". According to UC Berkeley linguist George L. Hart, "it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature." - Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth may also often be used in modern contexts to refer to an idea of "truth to self," or authenticity. - Classical logic (or standard logic) is an intensively studied and widely used class of formal logics. Each logical system in this class shares characteristic properties: - The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects. There are about 445 living Indo-European languages, according to the estimate by "Ethnologue", with over two-thirds (313) of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch. The most widely spoken Indo-European languages by native speakers are Spanish, English, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Persian and Punjabi, each with over 100 million speakers. Today, 46% of the human population speaks an Indo-European language natively, by far the highest of any language family. - A propositional attitude is a mental state held by an agent toward a proposition. Propositional attitudes are often assumed to be the fundamental units of thought and their contents, being propositions, are true or false. An agent can have different propositional attitudes toward the same proposition (e.g., S believes that her ice-cream is cold, and S fears that her ice-cream is cold). - The classical Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is a writing system originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. The Latin alphabet evolved from the visually similar Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet, which was itself descended from the Phoenician abjad, which in turn was derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics. The Etruscans who ruled early Rome adopted the Cumaean Greek alphabet which was modified over time to become the Etruscan alphabet, which was in turn adopted and further modified by the Romans to produce the Latin alphabet. - Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the end of the 19th century with the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy. - Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. - A referent is a person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refers. For example, in the sentence "Mary saw me", the referent of the word "Mary" is the particular person called Mary who is being spoken of, while the referent of the word "me" is the person uttering the sentence. - The term proposition has a broad use in contemporary philosophy. It is used to refer to some or all of the following: the primary bearers of truth-value, the objects of belief and other "propositional attitudes" (i.e., what is believed, doubted, etc.), the referents of that-clauses, and the meanings of declarative sentences. Propositions are the sharable objects of attitudes and the primary bearers of truth and falsity. This stipulation rules out certain candidates for propositions, including thought- and utterance-tokens which are not sharable, and concrete events or facts, which cannot be false. - In propositional logic , modus ponendo ponens ( Latin for '' the way that affirms by affirming '' ; generally abbreviated to MP or modus ponens ) or implication elimination is a valid , simple argument form and rule of inference . It can be summarized as '' P implies Q ; P is asserted to be true , so therefore Q must be true . '' The history of modus ponens goes back to antiquity . While modus ponens is one of the most commonly used concepts in logic it must not be mistaken for a logical law ; rather , it is one of the accepted mechanisms for the construction of deductive proofs that includes the '' rule of definition '' and the '' rule of substitution '' . Modus ponens allows one to eliminate a conditional statement from a logical proof or argument ( the antecedents ) and thereby not carry these antecedents forward in an ever - lengthening string of symbols ; for this reason modus ponens is sometimes called the rule of detachment . Enderton , for example , observes that '' modus ponens can produce shorter formulas from longer ones '' , and Russell observes that '' the process of the inference can not be reduced to symbols . Its sole record is the occurrence of q ( the consequent ) ... an inference is the dropping of a true premise ; it is the dissolution of an implication '' . A justification for the '' trust in inference is the belief that if the two former assertions ( the antecedents ) are not in error , the final assertion ( the consequent ) is not in error '' . In other words : if one statement or proposition implies a second one , and the first statement or proposition is true , then the second one is also true . If P implies Q and P is true , then Q is true . An example is : If it is raining , I will meet you at the theater . It is raining . Therefore , I will meet you at the theater . Modus ponens can be stated formally as : \ frac ( P \ to Q , \ ; P ) ( \ therefore Q ) where the rule is that whenever an instance of '' P Q '' and '' P '' appear by themselves on lines of a logical proof , Q can... - In logic, a rule of inference, inference rule or transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion (or conclusions). For example, the rule of inference called "modus ponens" takes two premises, one in the form "If p then q" and another in the form "p", and returns the conclusion "q". The rule is valid with respect to the semantics of classical logic (as well as the semantics of many other non-classical logics), in the sense that if the premises are true (under an interpretation), then so is the conclusion. After reading the paragraphs above, choose the best answer for the entity that related to 'modus ponens' with the relationship of 'part of'. Choices: - 19th century - 9th century - back - body - classical logic - english - family - greek alphabet - history - human - language - latin alphabet - literature - logic - logical system - may - name - person - philosophy - russian - sentence - state - string - syntax - the following - writing - writing system
The answer to this question is:
classical logic