Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Context: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Although insulin resistance contributes to cardiac hypertrophy, the relationship between insulin resistance and LVH in patients with ADPKD has not been previously studied.', 'We performed M-mode and color Doppler echocardiography on 176 family members (106 patients and 70 healthy relatives) from 16 families with polycystic kidney disease type 1 (PKD1). Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated using the Penn equation and corrected for body surface area. Fasting insulin and glucose concentrations were measured and insulin resistance was evaluated by means of the homeostasis model assessment.', 'In multivariate regression analysis, insulin resistance was significantly associated with LVMI in healthy relatives (P < 0.01) and patients with PKD1 (P < 0.05) independent of age, weight, systolic blood pressure, and albuminuria.
Answer: Insulin resistance is associated with LVMI in patients with PKD1 independently of other factors known to increase LVMI.
[EX A]: Is insulin resistance related to left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with polycystic kidney disease type 1?

[EX Q]: Context: Cigarette smoke disrupts the protective barrier established by the airway epithelium through direct damage to the epithelial cells, leading to cell death. Since the morphology of the airway epithelium of smokers does not typically demonstrate necrosis, the most likely mechanism for epithelial cell death in response to cigarette smoke is apoptosis. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke directly up-regulates expression of apoptotic genes, which could play a role in airway epithelial apoptosis.', 'Microarray analysis of airway epithelium obtained by bronchoscopy on matched cohorts of 13 phenotypically normal smokers and 9 non-smokers was used to identify specific genes modulated by smoking that were associated with apoptosis. Among the up-regulated apoptotic genes was pirin (3.1-fold, p < 0.002), an iron-binding nuclear protein and transcription cofactor. In vitro studies using human bronchial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and an adenovirus vector encoding the pirin cDNA (AdPirin) were performed to test the direct effect of cigarette smoke on pirin expression and the effect of pirin expression on apoptosis.', 'Quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed a 2-fold increase in pirin expression in the airway epithelium of smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.02). CSE applied to primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures demonstrated that pirin mRNA levels increase in a time-and concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.03, all conditions compared to controls). Overexpression of pirin, using the vector AdPirin, in human bronchial epithelial cells was associated with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells assessed by both TUNEL assay (5-fold, p < 0.01) and ELISA for cytoplasmic nucleosomes (19.3-fold, p < 0.01) compared to control adenovirus vector.
Answer: These observations suggest that up-regulation of pirin may represent one mechanism by which cigarette smoke induces apoptosis in the airway epithelium, an observation that has implications for the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced diseases.
[EX A]: Is upregulation of pirin expression by chronic cigarette smoking associated with bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis?

[EX Q]: Context: Serious adverse outcomes from perioperative hypothermia are well documented. Consequently, intraoperative warming has become routine. We thus evaluated the efficacy of a novel, nondisposable carbon-fiber resistive-heating system. Twenty-four patients undergoing open abdominal surgery lasting approximately 4 h were randomly assigned to warming with 1) a full-length circulating water mattress set at 42 degrees C, 2) a lower-body forced-air cover with the blower set on high, or 3) a three-extremity carbon-fiber resistive-heating blanket set to 42 degrees C. Patients were anesthetized with a combination of continuous epidural and general anesthesia. All fluids were warmed to 37 degrees C, and ambient temperature was kept near 22 degrees C. Core (tympanic membrane) temperature changes among the groups were compared by using factorial analysis of variance and Scheffe F tests; results are presented as means +/- SD. Potential confounding factors did not differ significantly among the groups. In the first 2 h of surgery, core temperature decreased by 1.9 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C in the circulating-water group, 1.0 degrees C +/- 0.6 degrees C in the forced-air group, and 0.8 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C in the resistive-heating group. At the end of surgery, the decreases were 2.0 degrees C +/- 0.8 degrees C in the circulating-water group, 0.6 degrees C +/- 1.0 degrees C in the forced-air group, and 0.5 degrees C +/- 0.4 degrees C in the resistive-heating group. Core temperature decreases were significantly greater in the circulating-water group at all times after 150 elapsed minutes; however, temperature changes in the forced-air and resistive-heating groups never differed significantly. Even during major abdominal surgery, resistive heating maintains core temperature as effectively as forced air.
Answer: Efficacy was similar for forced-air and resistive heating, and both maintained intraoperative core temperature far better than circulating-water mattresses. We thus conclude that even during major abdominal surgery, resistive heating maintains core temperature as effectively as forced air.
[EX A]:
Are resistive-heating and forced-air warming comparably effective?