In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Chronic marijuana use has been associated with impairments of learning, memory, and executive functions. Little is known, however, about the effects of marijuana use on other cognitive domains, such as decision-making, which are thought to play an important role in addiction and drug abuse.', 'The purpose of the present study was to determine if long-term heavy marijuana users employ different decision-making strategies than individuals with minimal marijuana exposure.', 'Volunteers were assigned to a cannabis (n = 10) or control group (n = 10) based upon history of prior marijuana use. Demographic and neuropsychological variables were evaluated, and a decision-making task--the gambling task (GT) was administered.', 'Although few demographic and neuropsychological differences were noted between groups, marijuana users made more decisions that led to larger immediate gains despite more costly losses than controls.\Question: Do long-term heavy marijuana users make costly decisions on a gambling task?

Ex Output:
These data suggest that long-term heavy marijuana users may have specific deficits in the ability to balance rewards and punishments that may contribute to continued drug-taking behavior. It is unknown, however, whether the basis for such deficits might be attributed directly to marijuana exposure or pre-existing genetic or behavioral differences.

Ex Input:
Context: To assess plantarflexion moment and hip joint moment after-effects following walking on a split-belt treadmill in healthy individuals and individuals post-stroke.', 'Cross-sectional study.', 'Ten healthy individuals (mean age 57.6 years (standard deviation; SD 17.2)) and twenty individuals post-stroke (mean age 49.3 years (SD 13.2)).', 'Participants walked on an instrumented split-belt treadmill under 3 gait periods: i) baseline (tied-belt); ii) adaptation (split-belt); and iii) post-adaptation (tied-belt). Participants post-stroke performed the protocol with the paretic and nonparetic leg on the faster belt when belts were split. Kinematic data were recorded with the Optotrak system and ground reaction forces were collected via the instrumented split-belt treadmill.', 'In both groups, the fast plantarflexion moment was reduced and the slow plantarflexion moment was increased from mid-stance to toe-off in the post-adaptation period. Significant relationships were found between the plantarflexion moment and contralateral step length.\Question: Is plantarflexion moment a contributor to step length after-effect following walking on a split-belt treadmill in individuals with stroke and healthy individuals?

Ex Output:
Split-belt treadmills could be useful for restoring step length symmetry in individuals post-stroke who present with a longer paretic step length because the use of this type of intervention increases paretic plantarflexion moments. This intervention might be less recommended for individuals post-stroke with a shorter paretic step length because it reduces the paretic plantarflexion moment.

Ex Input:
Context: Sphingolipid metabolism is altered in diabetes and we analyzed the plasma concentrations of sphingolipid species to investigate their association with the development of albuminuria in type 1 patients with diabetes.', 'Samples were collected from 497 type 1 diabetic patients during their enrollment into the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). We determined plasma concentrations of multiple ceramide species and individual sphingoid bases and their phosphates using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and investigated their association with the development of albuminuria during 14-20 years of follow-up.', 'Patients exhibited normal albumin excretion rates (AER <40 mg/24h) at the time of plasma sampling. Although the majority of patients (N = 291; 59%) exhibited normal levels of albuminuria throughout follow-up, 141 patients (28%) progressed to microalbuminuria (40 mg/24h AER<300 mg/24h), while 65 (13%) progressed to macroalbuminuria (AER 300 mg/24h). To test the association of log transformed plasma sphingolipid level with the development of albuminuria, generalized logistic regression models were used where normal, micro- and macroalbuminuria were the outcomes of interest. Models were adjusted for DCCT treatment group, baseline retinopathy, gender, baseline HbA1c %, age, AER, lipid levels, diabetes duration, and the use of ACE/ARB drugs. Increased plasma levels of very long, but not long chain ceramide species measured at DCCT baseline were associated with decreased odds to develop macroalbuminuria during the subsequent nineteen years (DCCT Baseline to EDIC year 8).\Question: Are decreased plasma levels of select very long chain ceramide species associated with the development of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes?

Ex Output:
These studies demonstrate, prospectively, that decreased plasma levels of select ceramide species are associated with the development of macroalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes.