input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A: The discovery of particles smaller than atoms doesn't mean that we should scrap the entire theory. Atoms are still known to be the smallest particles of elements that have the properties of the elements. Also, it is atomsnot particles of atomsthat combine in fixed proportions in compounds. Instead of throwing out Dalton's theory, scientists have refined and expanded on it. Q: What are the smallest particles of elements that maintain their unique properties? A:
OPTIONS:
- protons
- molecules
- electrons
- atoms
output: atoms

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The adductor muscle that closes the jaw is composed of two muscles in mammals: the temporalis and the masseter. These allow side-to-side movement of the jaw, making chewing possible, which is unique to mammals. Most mammals have heterodont teeth, meaning that they have different types and shapes of teeth rather than just one type and shape of tooth. Most mammals are diphyodonts, meaning that they have two sets of teeth in their lifetime: deciduous or "baby" teeth, and permanent teeth. Other vertebrates are polyphyodonts, that is, their teeth are replaced throughout their entire life. Mammals, like birds, possess a four-chambered heart. Mammals also have a specialized group of cardiac fibers located in the walls of their right atrium called the sinoatrial node, or pacemaker, which determines the rate at which the heart beats. Mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) do not have nuclei, whereas the erythrocytes of other vertebrates are nucleated. The kidneys of mammals have a portion of the nephron called the loop of Henle or nephritic loop, which allows mammals to produce urine with a high concentration of solutes, higher than that of the blood. Mammals lack a renal portal system, which is a system of veins that moves blood from the hind or lower limbs and region of the tail to the kidneys. Renal portal systems are present in all other vertebrates except jawless fishes. A urinary bladder is present in all mammals. Mammalian brains have certain characteristics that differ from other vertebrates. In some, but not all mammals, the cerebral cortex, the outermost part of the cerebrum, is highly folded, allowing for a greater surface area than is possible with a smooth cortex. The optic lobes, located in the midbrain, are divided into two parts in mammals, whereas other vertebrates. Q: A unique characteristic of mammals is the ability to chew, this happens by the temporalis and the masseter allowing what? A:

OPTIONS:
- Up and down
- Bakward and forward
- Grinding
- side-to-side movement

A: side-to-side movement

input: OPTIONS:
- skeletal muscle
- controllable muscle
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations 30. Figure 30.39 shows the energy-level diagram for neon. (a) Verify that the energy of the photon emitted when neon goes from its metastable state to the one immediately below is equal to 1.96 eV. (b) Show that the wavelength of this radiation is 633 nm. (c) What wavelength is emitted when the neon makes a direct transition to its ground state? 31. A helium-neon laser is pumped by electric discharge. What wavelength electromagnetic radiation would be needed to pump it? See Figure 30.39 for energy-level information. Ruby lasers have chromium atoms doped in an aluminum oxide crystal. The energy level diagram for chromium in a ruby is shown in Figure 30.64. What wavelength is emitted by a ruby laser?. Q: A desmosome is a cell structure that anchors the ends of what fibers together? A:
A:
output: cardiac muscle

Answer the following question given this paragraph: We know from seismic waves produced by earthquakes that parts of the interior of the Earth are liquid. Shear or transverse waves cannot travel through a liquid and are not transmitted through the Earth's core. Yet compression or longitudinal waves can pass through a liquid and do go through the core. From this information, the temperature of the interior can be 9 estimated. As noticed, the interior should have cooled more from its initial temperature in the 4.510 years since its 9 formation. In fact, it should have taken no more than about 10 years to cool to its present temperature. What is keeping it hot? The answer seems to be radioactive decay of primordial elements that were part of the material that formed the Earth (see the blowup in Figure 31.26). Nuclides such as 238 U and 40 K have half-lives similar to or longer than the age of the Earth, and their decay still contributes energy to the interior. Some of the primordial radioactive nuclides have unstable decay products that also release energy 238 U has a long decay chain of these. Further, there were more of these primordial radioactive nuclides early in the life of the Earth, and thus the activity and energy contributed were greater then (perhaps by an order of magnitude). The amount of power created by these decays per cubic meter is very small. However, since a huge volume of material lies deep below the surface, this relatively small amount of energy cannot escape quickly. The power produced near the surface has much less distance to go to escape and has a negligible effect on surface temperatures. Q: We know from what type of waves produced by earthquakes that parts of the interior of the earth are liquid? A:

OPTIONS:
- volcanic
- electromagnetic
- kinetic
- seismic

Answer: seismic

Problem: OPTIONS:
- visible light
- X-rays
- UV light
- infrared light
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Light with the longest wavelengths is called infrared light . The term infrared means "below red. " Infrared light is the range of light waves that have longer wavelengths and lower frequencies than red light in the visible range of light waves. The sun gives off infrared light as do flames and living things. You can't see infrared light waves, but you can feel them as heat. But infrared cameras and night vision goggles can detect infrared light waves and convert them to visible images. For a deeper understanding of infrared light, watch the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=2--0q0XlQJ0 . Q: Light with the longest wavelengths is called what? A:
Answer: infrared light

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Animals may communicate by sight with gestures, body postures, or facial expressions. Look at the cat in Figure below . There's no mistaking the meaning of its arched back, standing hair, and exposed fangs. It's clearly saying "stay away, or else!" Bees communicate with a waggle dance. They use it to tell other bees where food is located. Q: How do bees communicate to tell other bees where food is located? A:

OPTIONS:
- wing flapping
- mating dance
- high pitch noise
- waggle dance

Answer:
waggle dance