Article: Like any stone, yellow sapphire occasionally contains inclusions and negative space inside the stone. When a gem-cutter slices into one of these imperfections, a small hole can develop. Most jewelers prefer to keep the hole in the gem rather than cut it away, but untrustworthy jewelers sometimes fill the stone with glass or borax paste to add weight and make the stone appear higher quality. Examine the stone by shining a light on it. Patches of unevenness are usually a good indication of this practice. Foil backing reflects more light, making the color of the yellow sapphire look more vibrant and the luster of the gem look brighter. The backing can be hard to see if the stone is already fitted into a setting, but careful examination of the base of the stone under magnification can often reveal a foil backing. Moreover, this potential falsification is more commonly found in antique jewelry, meaning that you may not need to worry about it quite as much if purchasing a new piece. If you have any doubts about the seller you plan to buy from, consider buying loose stones or stones with settings that give you a look at the bottom of the stone. Claw, tension, and channel settings are good examples. On the other hand, closed settings, like the bezel mounting, are often used by scammers to hide flaws and evidence of fraudulence. True yellow sapphire is a pure yellow, but similar, less precious imitations often have slightly different hues. Citrine has a slight green tint, golden topaz has strong traces of orange, and yellow tourmaline has a brighter, lemon-like hue. While a certificate does not give you the same assurance that physically checking the stone might, it does provide you with the satisfaction of knowing that the stone was checked and approved by an official, trusted organization. Look for certificates from national gem societies like the Gemological Institute of America or the American Gem Society.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Watch out for fillings. Be aware of foil backed stones. Keep setting in mind. Note the color. Look for a certificate.

Problem: Article: Go to https://www.ubuntu.com/download/server in your computer's web browser. It's a green button on the right side of the page. Your Ubuntu Server disk image (ISO) will begin downloading onto your computer. Go to https://rufus.akeo.ie/ in your computer's web browser. Scroll down to the "Download" heading, then click Rufus 3.1 below the heading to prompt the launch file to begin downloading. Insert a flash drive that has at least 4 GB of storage capacity on it into one of your computer's rectangular USB ports. Keep in mind that the flash drive will be completely erased during the installation drive creation process. You may want to copy any existing files on the flash drive onto your computer before proceeding. Double-click the downloaded Rufus file, then click Yes when prompted. It's on the right side of the Rufus window. This will open a File Explorer window. Go to the location of the Ubuntu Server file, then double-click it to open it in Rufus. It's at the bottom of the Rufus window. Your ISO file will begin burning onto your flash drive. You may have to click through a few prompts (e.g., click OK to begin the process) before your flash drive will begin burning. This may take several minutes. Once your flash drive finishes burning, you can proceed to the next part. Don't remove your flash drive once the burning completes. You'll need to keep your flash drive inserted throughout the installation process.
Summary: Open the Ubuntu Server download page. Click Download. Open the Rufus website. Download Rufus. Plug a flash drive into your computer. Run Rufus. Click SELECT. Open the downloaded ISO file. Click START. Wait for the burning to finish.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Use a tape measure or extendable slide rule to measure the width of the window opening at the base, middle, and top. Write down the smallest of these measurements as the width. Be sure to measure from the surface of the jambs or frame, not from the short extensions that hold the window in place. A slide rule with extension may result in more accurate interior measurements. If you are using a tape measure, make sure you account for the width of the tape measure itself, which is usually printed on its label. Your window may be surrounded by a plastic or aluminum jamb liner that slots around its vertical sides. This will be removed before the replacement window is installed, so measure its width and add it to the width of the window opening. If you cannot access the liner's width to measure, use 1/2" (1.25 cm) as an approximation. From the windowsill surface closest to the window itself, measure the height to the top of the window opening. Do this at the left, center, and right edges, and write down the smallest result as the height. If your windowsill is sloped, measure from the highest point, which is usually right against your window. Measure the depth between the two stops that extend in front of the window frame. Try to measure at the shortest point, but it is not vital that you measure in three places as you did the weight and height. If you cannot open your window, measure the depth on each side and add them together. Alternatively, approximate by measuring the depth on the interior side and multiplying by two. To the result from either of these methods, add the thickness of your glass pane if you know it. A single pane of glass varies in thickness, but 1/8" (3mm) is a reasonable estimate. There is usually a minimum depth required for installing a specific replacement window or storm window, but as long as the depth is larger than that minimum, you do not need an exact measurement. Measure the window opening from the top left corner to the bottom right corner and write it down. Measure the distance from the opposite corners (top right to bottom left) and compare with the first measurement. If these lengths are not equal, your window opening is not square or rectangular. In this scenario, you should let the manufacturer of the new windows or shutters know that the opening is "racked" and give them these measurements. Some manufacturers of replacement windows, storm windows, or exterior shutters may request that you order items slightly narrower than the size of your opening to make sure they fit. You may follow that manufacturer's instructions to reduce the size by the appropriate amount, or give them the exact dimensions of your window opening. The important point to remember is to be absolutely clear which method you are using, since if both you and the manufacturer narrow the window size, it may not fit at all.

SUMMARY: Measure the width at three points and use the smallest measurement. Account for the lining around the window if present. Measure the height at three points. Measure the depth of the window if you are installing replacement windows. Check whether the window opening is rectangular. Be clear about where you measured when ordering windows or shutters.

Use one slightly larger than a shoe box if you have one. You can close the flaps or cut them off, depending on what you want. If you want to have a removable roof, you should leave the bottom on. Cut flat lines on two opposite sides. On the other two sides, go up to a point in the middle, like a roof. Basically, you're creating a triangle shape on top of a rectangle or square shape. For this part, you can use scissors. The roof should be a single piece of cardboard large enough to reach over the edges of the roof space. Bend it in half so it rests correctly over the roof angle. Use a pencil to draw where you want doors and windows. Use a craft knife or scissors to cut them out. For the doors, leave one edge uncut, so you have a door that opens and shuts. Use hot glue to glue the roof in place. Trace the glue along the top edges of the cardboard, and then set the roof in place. You can leave the roof off if you want a removable roof, as long as you left the bottom on for structure.
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One-sentence summary --
Pick a box to use. Place one of the open ends on the bottom. Create the roof structure. Cut out the roof. Cut out the doors and windows. Glue the roof on.