Q: Madonna Louise Ciccone (/tkoni/; Italian: [tikkone]; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Often referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she is often cited as an influence by other artists.

Born in Bay City, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she signed with Sire Records (an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. Records) in 1982 and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She followed it with a series of commercially and critcally successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Throughout her career, Madonna has written and produced most of her songs, with many of them reaching number one on the record charts, including "Like a Virgin", "Into the Groove", "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", and "4 Minutes".

Answer the following questions:
1. Who is Madonna?
2. Does she have different careers?
3. What are those?
4. What other title she has?
5. What lyrics she has written?
6. Was she a producer?
7. What happened in 1982?
8. What top song people recognized her with?
9. Where she came from?
10. When did she release her first song?
A: 1. An American singer.
2. Yes.
3. Songwriter, actress, and businesswoman.
4. Queen of Pop
5. Most of her songs.
6. Yes.
7. Signed with Sire Records.
8. Like a Virgin.
9. Bay City, Michigan.
10. 1983.
Q: 16:9 (1.7:1) (16:9 = 4:3) is an aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9. Since 2010 it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors, and is also the international standard format of HDTV, Full HD, non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television. This has replaced the old .

Dr. Kerns H. Powers, a member of the SMPTE Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production, first proposed the 16:9 (1.7:1) aspect ratio at a time when nobody was creating 16:9 videos. The popular choices in 1980 were: 1.3:1 (based on television standard's ratio at the time), 1.6:1 (the European "flat" ratio), 1.85:1 (the American "flat" ratio), 2.20:1 (the ratio of 70mm films and Panavision) and 2.39:1 (the CinemaScope ratio for anamorphic widescreen films).

Powers cut out rectangles with equal areas, shaped to match each of the popular aspect ratios. When overlapped with their center points aligned, he found that all of those aspect ratio rectangles fit within an outer rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1.7:1 and all of them also covered a smaller common inner rectangle with the same aspect ratio 1.7:1. The value found by Powers is exactly the geometric mean of the extreme aspect ratios, 4:3 (1.3:1) and 2.35:1 (or 64:27, see also for more information), 1.770 which is coincidentally close to 16:9 (1.7:1). Applying the same geometric mean technique to 16:9 and 4:3 yields the aspect ratio, which is likewise used as a compromise between these ratios.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is the most common aspect ratio for TVs?
2. Is this the international standard?
3. For which types of TV?
4. And?
5. Anything else?
6. Who proposed this ratio?
7. Is he a doctor?
8. Was he a member of any professional organizations at the time?
9. Which one?
10. What decade did he make this proposal?
11. Were there other choices then?
12. Was that considered standard?
13. What about in Europe?
14. Was that considered flat?
15. Did America have a flat ratio?
16. What was it?
17. What was used for 70mm movies?
18. Was that used for anything else?
19. What?
20. Did Powers use rectangles with different areas?
A: 1. 16:9 = 4:3) is an aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9. Since 2010 it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors
2. yes
3. HDTV
4. Full HD
5. non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television
6. Kerns H. Powers
7. yes
8. yes
9. SMPTE Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production
10. 1980s
11. 1.3:1
12. yes
13. 1.6:1
14. yes
15. yes
16. 1.85:1
17. 2.20:1
18. yes
19. Panavision
20. no
Q: New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.

In January 1776, it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain's authority, and it was the first to establish its own state constitution. Six months later, it became one of the original 13 states that founded the United States of America, and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the Constitution, bringing that document into effect.

Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state and in northern New England, including Vermont and Maine. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level. The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Its license plates carry the state motto, "Live Free or Die". The state's nickname, "The Granite State", refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is the capital of New Hampshire?
2. True or False: Concord is also the biggest city in the state.
3. What is?
4. What do New Hampshire license plates say?
5. What is the motto?
6. What is the state also called?
7. Why?
8. What is the name of a state that borders New Hampshire?
9. And another?
10. And one more?
11. Is it landlocked?
12. What water does it border?
13. On what side?
14. True or False: Apart from the ocean, the state is surrounded entirely by U.S. territory.
15. What other country's territory borders it?
16. What area in specific?
17. How many states did the U.S. originally have?
18. Was New Hampshire one of them?
19. What did it do in 1788?
20. Was it the first state to do so?
A:
1. Concord
2. False
3. Manchester
4. the state motto
5. "Live Free or Die"
6. The Granite State
7. For its extensive granite formations and quarries.
8. Massachusetts
9. Vermont
10. Maine
11. no
12. Atlantic Ocean
13. to the east
14. False.
15. Canada's
16. the province of Quebec
17. 13
18. Yes.
19. ratify the Constitution
20. no