Q: In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes yprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to uprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 45004000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Otzi the Iceman, a male dated from 33003200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

1. Yes
2. 10,000 years
3. 9000 BC
4. Middle East
5. A copper pendant
6. 8700 BC
7. Gold and meteoric iron
8. Four
9. Copper was discovered sometimes before then
10. Cyprus
11. Green verdigris or patina

Numbered questions:
1. Does copper occur naturally?
2. How long has it been used?
3. When was it discovered?
4. Where?
5. What was found in North Iraq?
6. What is it dated?
7. What metals were used by people before copper?
8. How many sequences did copper metallurgy have?
9. What happened in 2800 BC?
10. Where was copper mined in the roman era?
11. What color does copper turn in architecture?

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Linus Pauling,the only person who has won two undivided Nobel Prizes,was born in Portland,Oregon. He attended Washington High School but because of an unimportant detail he did not receive his diploma until 1962,long after he had received his Bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Orgon State College in 1922. He had chosen to study his major because he could get a good job with it.

He won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the explanation of the structure of complex substance. His interest in the "behavior" of molecules led him from physical chemistry to biological chemistry,especially of the human body. He began with proteins and their main parts,the amino acids ,which are called the"building blocks of life".In 1950,he constructed the first satisfactory model of a protein molecule,a discovery very important to the understanding of the living cell.

During World WarII,Pauling was a member of the Research Board for National Security,for which he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit in 1948. However,the use of the atomic bomb near the end of the war turned Pauling in a new direction. Having long worked on the structure of molecules,he took an immediate interest in the deadly effects of nuclear fallout on human molecular structures.

From then on,Pauling protested the production of the hydrogen bomb and supported the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons. Through his efforts,The NuclearTestBan Treaty,declaring all nuclear tests to be illegal except underground ones,came into effect on October 10,1963,the same day Linus Pauling was awarded the Nobel Peace. 1. who is the story about?
2. did he do anything special?
3. what?
4. more than once?
5. how many times?
6. what did he do during the war to end all wars?
7. was he recognized for his work there?
8. how?
9. in what year?
10. what is his nationality?
11. what was the state of his birth?
12. where did he earn his BS?
13. in what field?
14. what year did he earn it?
15. why did he choose that field?
16. when did he win his first Nobel Prize?
17. in what field?
18. his second?
19. what day?
20. what field?
numbered_answers: 1. Linus Pauling
2. Yes
3. won the nobel prize
4. Yes
5. twice
6. he was a member of the Research Board for National Security
7. Yes
8. he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit
9. 1948
10. American
11. Oregon
12. Orgon State College
13. chemical engineering
14. 1922
15. because he could get a good job with it.
16. 1954
17. Chemistry
18. 1963
19. October 10
20. Peace.

Jordan, officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south; Iraq to the north-east; Syria to the north; Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west; and the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. Later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom, the Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France. The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the then Emir Abdullah I and it became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as "The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan". Jordan captured the West Bank during the 1948 ArabIsraeli War, which it later lost in 1967, and the name of the state was changed to "The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan" in 1949. Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation, and is one of two Arab states to have signed a peace treaty with Israel. The country is a constitutional monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. How long have people lived in Jordan?
2. How many kingdoms cropped up at the end of the Bronze Age there?
3. What were they?
4. And?
5. Last one?
6. Who was the Great Arab revolt aimed at?
7. When was that?
8. What did Britain and France do there?
9. When did Jordan take the West Bank?
10. Did Jordan win that?
11. What was it named after that?
12. Was Jordan an original member of the Arab League?
13. What did they sign with Israel?
14. What kind of treaty?
15. What two powers does the king have great control over there?
16. What river is Jordan on?
17. Who borders Jordan to the north?
18. What two seas does it border?
19. And the other?
20. What's the capital city?
Answer:
1. since the Paleolithic period
2. Three
3. Ammon
4. Moab
5. Edom
6. the Ottomans
7. during World War I
8. partitioned it
9. during the 1948 ArabIsraeli War
10. No
11. "The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan"
12. Yes
13. treaty
14. peace
15. executive and legislative
16. Jordan
17. Syria
18. Dead Sea
19. Red Sea
20. Amman,