input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. CHAPTER XIX.

VITTORIA.

General Clausel fell back as Wellington advanced to Burgos, and the British laid siege to the castle of that place. Like all Wellington's sieges this was commenced with a wholly insufficient train of artillery, and without the time necessary to carry out regular siege operations. A considerable portion of the army were posted so as to watch Clausel. The place was badly fortified, but the French under Governor Dubreton defended themselves with immense skill and courage, the English assaults were repulsed, successful sorties were made by the garrison, and at last, after the failure of the fourth assault, the siege was given up, and the allied armies turned their faces once more towards Portugal.

It was time; the operations in the south upon which Wellington had relied to keep at least a portion of the French forces engaged, had failed signally, and the French generals were bringing up their troops from all parts of Spain, and General Souham, having under him Generals Clausel, Maucune, and Foy, with a force far superior to that of the British, advanced to give battle. Then Wellington, whose Anglo-Portuguese troops were much weakened by sickness, fell back rapidly, sending orders to General Hill, who commanded the troops left behind in Madrid, to evacuate that city, and to fall back and unite with him on the Tormes.

It was only by some masterly maneuvering and some stiff fighting at Venta de Pozo, on the Carrion, and on the Huebra, that Wellington drew off his army to Ciudad Rodrigo. 1. What two countries were fighting?
2. Who laid siege to a place?
3. And who commanded?
4. Where?
5. Who was defending the castle?
6. Led by who?
7. Was the siege successful for the English?
8. Did the French have a larger army?
9. Who had sick soldiers?
10. What ethnicity were they?
numbered_answers: 1. The French and the English
2. the British
3. General Clausel
4. Burgos
5. the French
6. Governor Dubreton
7. no
8. no
9. Wellington
10. Anglo-Portuguese

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world. 1. What was the first university?
2. What did it put in place?
3. What was that?
4. When?
5. What is the basis of the word university?
6. What language?
7. What word?
8. When did these start to form?
9. Were they different from other groups?
10. How were they similar?
11. Did they have any rights together?
12. Why?
13. And who else?
14. What made them unique?
15. What else defined them?
16. Is the idea of academic freedom recognized today?
17. How was it recognized?
18. When?
19. By how many schools?
20. Why was that date chosen?
numbered_answers: 1. The University of Bologna
2. the Constitutio Habita
3. it guaranteed a traveling scholar unhindered passage in the interests of education
4. in 1158 or 1155
5. a number of persons associated into one body
6. Latin
7. universitas
8. when urban town life emerged
9. no
10. they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members
11. yes
12. they were guaranteed by charters issued by princes
13. prelates
14. the notion of academic freedom
15. yes
16. yes
17. with the Magna Charta Universitatum
18. on 18 September 1988
19. 430
20. it was 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna's foundation

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. CHAPTER SEVEN.

Twelve months passed away, and Christmas came again, with its frost and snow and sunshine--its blazing fires, its good cheer, and its merry greetings.

Many a Christmastide had now passed over the head of our blacksmith, John Thorogood, and his excellent wife Mary, but Time had touched them lightly in its flight. They both looked young and hale, and full of vigour. The only difference in them was a wrinkle or two at the corners of the eyes, and a few grey hairs mingling with the brown. Perhaps John was a little more corpulent than when he was a youth; but he could wield the fore-hammer as easily and powerfully as ever.

A cloud, however, had been gathering over their happy home during the past year. Molly--the sweet active girl who had never known a day's illness from her childhood--had fallen into bad health. Her step had lost its spring, but her cheerful spirit was unsubdued.

"You're better to-day, Molly darling?" asked the smith, in a tone which showed he was not sure of the answer.

"Yes, father, much better." Molly did not use endearing terms, but the sweetness of her looks and voice rendered such needless.

She was pale and thin, and could not check the touch of sadness in her tones.

"Fred is sure to come, darling," said Mrs Thorogood, stopping in her preparations for supper to smooth her daughter's fair head.

"Oh yes, mother, I know that Fred is sure to come," returned Molly, with a laugh and a little blush. "No fear of _him_. I was not thinking of him, but of Jim. It is the first Christmas we shall have spent without him. Dear Jim! I wonder what company he will have to spend it with him in the backwoods." 1. What is John's profession?
2. Who is his wife?
3. And his daughter?
4. True or False: This is the first Christmas the family has to spend without Jim.
5. Do John and Mary look much different since last holiday?
6. Is John as strong as he once was?
7. Does Molly have an upbeat personality?
8. Is she in good health currently?
9. True or False: It was unusual for the daughter to be sick.
10. In what country does the passage take place?
11. How is John different from in his youth?
12. Has John put on a bit of weight since his youth?
13. Does Molly think Fred will return?
14. How about Mrs. Thorogood?
15. What was Mrs. Thorogood getting ready for the family?
16. Who asks if Molly's health has improved?
17. True or False: Molly could hide her sadness.
18. How is Molly's skin color described?
19. What does Molly wonder about Jim?
20. What chapter is the passage from?
numbered_answers:
1. blacksmith
2. Mary
3. Molly
4. true
5. no
6. yes
7. yes
8. no
9. true
10. unknown
11. a wrinkle or two at the corners of the eyes, and a few grey hairs mingling with the brown.
12. yes if that's what corpulent means
13. yes
14. yes
15. supper
16. the smith
17. false
18. pale
19. what company he will have to spend it with him in the backwoods."
20. SEVEN