Question: Svalbard (; prior to 1925 known by its Dutch name Spitsbergen, meaning "jagged mountains") is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Situated north of mainland Europe, it is about midway between continental Norway and the North Pole. The islands of the group range from 74 to 81 north latitude, and from 10 to 35 east longitude. The largest island is Spitsbergen, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeya.

Administratively, the archipelago is not part of any Norwegian county, but forms an unincorporated area administered by a governor appointed by the Norwegian government. Since 2002, Svalbard's main settlement, Longyearbyen, has had an elected local government, somewhat similar to mainland municipalities. Other settlements include the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research station of Ny-Alesund, and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. Ny-Alesund is the northernmost settlement in the world with a permanent civilian population. Other settlements are farther north, but are populated only by rotating groups of researchers.

The islands were first taken into use as a whaling base in the 17th and 18th centuries, after which they were abandoned. Coal mining started at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent communities were established. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the 1925 Svalbard Act made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. They also established Svalbard as a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol remain the only mining companies in place. Research and tourism have become important supplementary industries, with the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault playing critical roles. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft and boats serve inter-community transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear serves as the main gateway. 1. what is the name of the airport?
2. what were the islands first used as?
3. when?
4. is it still used for the same purpose today?
5. who mainly stays further in the north?
6. is it part of any norwegian county?
7. what is it's dutch name?
8. when was it known by this name?
9. is it in the pacific ocean?
10. then where?
11. how many supplemental industries have become important?
12. which ones?
13. what kind of mining goes on?
14. when did this start?
15. which mining community can you find?
16. what has happened since 2002?
17. what does the dutch name mean?
18. Spitsbergen is bigger than which islands?
19. where is the research station?
20. what did the 1925 act do? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. Svalbard Airport
2. as a whaling base
3. in the 17th and 18th centuries
4. no
5. rotating groups of researchers
6. no
7. Spitsbergen
8. prior to 1925
9. no
10. the Arctic Ocean
11. two
12. Research and tourism
13. Coal mining
14. at the beginning of the 20th century
15. Barentsburg
16. Longyearbyen has had an elected local government
17. "jagged mountains"
18. Nordaustlandet and Edgeya
19. Ny-Alesund
20. It made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway.

Question: Chapter 4: An Experiment.

Marie Vaillant, after remaining six weeks at the chateau, returned to England; and Philip, with a party of twelve men, escorted her to La Rochelle. Her visit was cut short somewhat, at the end, by the imminence of the outbreak of hostilities, in which case she might have found a difficulty in traversing the country. Moreover, La Rochelle would probably be besieged, soon after the war began; for being both an important town and port, the Catholics would be anxious to obtain possession of it, and so cut off the Huguenots from escape to England, besides rendering it difficult for Elizabeth to send a force to their assistance.

"It has been a pleasant time," the countess said, on the morning of her departure; "and your presence has taken me back five-and-twenty years, Marie. I hope that when these troubles are past you will again come over, and spend a happier time with me. I was going to say that I will look well after Philip, but that I cannot do. He has cast his lot in with us, and must share our perils. I am greatly pleased with him, and I am glad that Francois will have him as a companion in arms. Francois is somewhat impulsive, and liable to be carried away by his ardour; and Philip, although the younger, is, it seems to me, the more thoughtful of the two. He is one I feel I can have confidence in. He is grave, yet merry; light hearted in a way, and yet, I think, prudent and cautious. It seems strange, but I shall part with Francois with the more comfort, in the thought that he has Philip with him. 1. what would be besieged?
2. when?
3. was it important?
4. as what?
5. who was leaving?
6. how long had she been there?
7. where had she stayed?
8. where was she going to?
9. was any group anxious?
10. which?
11. who did they want to stop?
12. from doing what?
13. to where?
14. who wouldn't find it easy to send help?
15. who was escorting Marie?
16. how far back had philips presence taken her?
17. what is her title?
18. who was more thoughtful than Philip?
19. who is grave yet merry?
20. how many men did he escort her with Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. La Rochelle
2. soon after the war began
3. Yes
4. town and port
5. Marie Vaillant
6. six weeks
7. at the chateau
8. La Rochelle
9. Yes
10. the Catholics
11. the Huguenots
12. escaping
13. England
14. Elizabeth
15. Philip
16. unknown
17. countess
18. unknown
19. Philip
20. twelve

Question: A cappella [a kapplla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for alla breve.

A cappella music was originally used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot. Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing, as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance. The madrigal, up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accompanied form, is also usually in a cappella form. Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella,[citation needed] and this practice has continued in both of these religions as well as in Islam. 1. What is Gregorian chant an example of?
2. What does that mean?
3. What does it mean in Italian?
4. Is the madrigal a cappella?
5. When did someone add instruments?
6. Was most music from the Renaissance a cappella?
7. Do religions use it?
8. How many?
9. Which ones?
10. Is there another one?
11. Is it used as a synonym?
12. What is a synonym for alla breve?
13. How often is it used that way?
14. What is accompanied singing called?
15. Did a cappella always mean unaccompanied singing?
16. Did it have something to do with Polyphony?
17. what kind?
18. Is this different from Baroque concertato
19. When did a cappella get it's current meaning?
20. Was this due to some kind of ignorance? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. of a cappella singing,
2. singing without instrumental accompaniment,
3. "in the manner of the chapel"
4. Usually
5. in the early Baroque
6. the majority of secular vocal music was
7. yes
8. Three
9. Jewish and Christian
10. Islam
11. unknown
12. A cappella
13. rarely
14. cantata
15. no
16. Yes
17. Renaissance
18. yes
19. In the 19th century
20. yes