In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Q: Context: Animals control the speed of motion to meet behavioral demands. Yet, the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that a class of segmentally arrayed local interneurons (period-positive median segmental interneurons, or PMSIs) regulates the speed of peristaltic locomotion in Drosophila larvae.', 'PMSIs formed glutamatergic synapses on motor neurons and, when optogenetically activated, inhibited motor activity, indicating that they are inhibitory premotor interneurons. Calcium imaging showed that PMSIs are rhythmically active during peristalsis with a short time delay in relation to motor neurons. Optogenetic silencing of these neurons elongated the duration of motor bursting and greatly reduced the speed of larval locomotion.\Question: Does a group of segmental premotor interneurons regulate the speed of axial locomotion in Drosophila larvae?

A: Our results suggest that PMSIs control the speed of axial locomotion by limiting, via inhibition, the duration of motor outputs in each segment. Similar mechanisms are found in the regulation of mammalian limb locomotion, suggesting that common strategies may be used to control the speed of animal movements in a diversity of species.
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Q: Context: Proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays an important role in vascular pathobiology, being involved in the development of coronary restenosis and atherosclerosis. The activation of nuclear proto-oncogenes appears to be a final common pathway onto which various mitogenic signals coverage. Accordingly, we attempted to determine whether the activation of the c-myc nuclear proto-oncogene is essential for human SMC proliferation and explored the possibility of inhibiting their growth using antisense oligonucleotides directed against c-myc messenger RNA (mRNA).', 'Proliferation of human SMCs was associated with an increase in c-myc mRNA expression after growth stimulation. Using 15-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (oligomers), we tested their growth-inhibitory effect in SMCs in vitro. Antisense oligomers directed against the translation initiation region of the human c-myc gene exhibited a significant antiproliferative effect, whereas sense and mismatched oligomers did not inhibit the growth. The growth-inhibitory effect of c-myc antisense oligomers was dose dependent and preventable by an excess of sense oligomers. Furthermore, growth inhibition of SMCs treated with c-myc antisense oligomers was associated with a marked decrease in the c-myc mRNA level. Phosphorothioate oligomers remained stable in medium containing 20% serum and were detectable in SMCs as early as 1 hour after cell exposure. Intact oligomers rapidly accumulated intracellularly and persisted within human SMCs for at least 16 hours.\Question: Does downregulation of c-myc expression by antisense oligonucleotides inhibit proliferation of human smooth muscle cells?

A: c-myc antisense oligomers reduced c-myc expression and produced a significant growth inhibition of human SMCs, indicating an important role of c-myc gene activation in the process of SMC proliferation. Furthermore, extracellular stability and rapid cellular uptake provide the basis for future studies assessing the therapeutic role of the c-myc antisense approach in reducing SMC proliferation in the process of vascular restenosis.
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Q: Context: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have the potential to improve incorporation of allograft bone in revision surgery. This could result in improved fixation and graft incorporation.', 'We evaluated the effect of mixing OP-1 (BMP-7) with morselized allograft in hip revisions. In a case-control study, 20 acetabular revisions (10 in the study group, 10 controls) and 41 femoral revisions (11 in study group, 30 controls) were done using impaction allografting. The migration of the cups and stems was studied with radiostereometric analysis (RSA) for up to 5 years. Changes of bone mineral density around the femoral component were measured with dual energy X-ray adsorptiometry for 2 years. Bone remodeling and the extent of radiolucent lines were evaluated on conventional radiographs after 5 years. The clinical results were documented using Harris hip score.', 'In the cup study, there was no significant difference in implant migration between the study and control groups. 4 sockets in the study group were classified as radiographically loose after 5 years and 2 of them were revised after 5 years. After 2 years, the stems in the study group showed slightly increased posterior tilt (0.3 degrees , p = 0.03). 1 stem in the study group loosened and was revised during the third year of observation.\Question: Does mixing bone graft with OP-1 improve cup or stem fixation in revision surgery of the hip : 5-year follow-up of 10 acetabular and 11 femoral study cases and 40 control cases?

A:
The sample size and study design in our evaluation did not allow any firm conclusions. Absence of any trend to improved fixation and early revisions in the study group prompted us to stop recruitment to this study.
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