(Question)
Information: - Gnosticism (from "gnostikos", "having knowledge", from , knowledge) is a modern term categorizing a collection of ancient religions whose adherents shunned the material world which they viewed as created by the demiurge and embraced the spiritual world. Gnostic ideas influenced many ancient religions that teach that "gnosis" (variously interpreted as knowledge, enlightenment, salvation, emancipation or 'oneness with God') may be reached by practicing philanthropy to the point of personal poverty and diligently searching for wisdom by helping others. However, practices varied among those who were Gnostic. - Little is known about Apelles ( mid- 2nd century ) . He was a disciple of Marcion , probably at Rome , but left ( or was expelled from ) the Marcionite society . Tertullian tells us that this was because he had become intimate with a woman named Philumena who claimed to be possessed by an angel , who gave her ' revelations ' which Apelles read out in public . He then went to Alexandria , where he developed his doctrine , a modified Marcionism , which ( according to Tertullian ) admitted that Christ possessed true human flesh but continued to deny the nativity . Apelles wrote a book entitled Syllogisms ( ' reasonings ' ) though the word itself suggests that Apelles may have intended to oppose Marcion 's Antitheses , which set the Old Testament and the New Testament against each other . He is last heard of in Rome in the last portion of the 2nd century . His followers , the ' Apelliacos ' or Apelleasts , are likewise unknown . Tertullian wrote a tract against them which has not survived . Ambrose of Milan in the 4th century directs some of his comments in his De paradiso ( On the Garden of Eden ) against this sect , but whether the sect was still active or whether Ambrose had merely copied another now lost work of Tertullian on the same subject is unknown . Tertullian mentions a teaching of this sect that flesh was constructed for seduced souls by a certain ' fiery prince of evil ' . This seems related to the sort of gnostic ideas held by Basilides or Valentinus . Later Marcionite ideas described by the Armenian Eznik ( or Yeznik Koghbatsi ) seem similar to this . - The term Gnosticism is used by scholars with a wide variety of meanings and levels of specificity. Sometimes the term refers only to those Sethians who used the term "gnostikoi" to describe themselves. Sometimes it is used more broadly to include Valentinians, followers of Basilides, and others. Likewise, one scholar may consider Simon Magus a gnostic, where another considers him a proto-gnostic. Some early Church fathers, such as Irenaeus, seemed to think that all heresies were Gnosticism at root, and thus that any heretic was in a sense a Gnostic. - Tertullian, full name "Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus", c. 155 c. 240 AD, was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. Of Berber origin, he was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity" and "the founder of Western theology." Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'religion' with the subject 'apelles '. Choices: - christian - church - gnosticism
(Answer)
gnosticism

(Question)
Information: - Frederick William , Prince von Hessenstein ( 17 March 1735 , Stockholm - 27 July 1808 , Panker ) , was a Swedish soldier and statesman . He was an extramarital son of King Frederick of Sweden and his mistress Hedvig Taube . - Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Dusseldorf. - Biography. Early life. It is known that Birger grew up and spent his adolescence in Bjalbo, Ostergotland but the exact date of his birth remains uncertain and available historical sources are contradictory. Examinations of his mortal remains indicate that he was probably about 50 upon his death in 1266 which would indicate a birth around 1216. However, his father Magnus Minneskold is assumed to have died no later than 1210, which would lead to an assumed birth a few years earlier. Under any circumstance, he was the son of Ingrid Ylva, who according to Olaus Petri was a daughter of Sune Sik and granddaughter of King Sverker I of Sweden, which would make Birger a matrilineal member of the House of Sverker. His brothers or half-brothers Eskil, Karl, and Bengt were all born long before 1200, and it can therefore be assumed that they had another mother. He was also a nephew of the jarl Birger Brosa from the House of Bjelbo. The combination of this background proved to be of vital importance. - Hedvig Ulrika Taube (31 October 1714 11 February 1744), also Countess von Hessenstein was a Swedish courtier and countess, a Holy Roman countess of the Empire, and royal mistress to king Frederick I of Sweden from 1731 to 1744. She is regarded as the only official royal mistress in Swedish history. - Stockholm (or ) is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 932,917 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area. The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Malaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by a Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. It is also the capital of Stockholm County. - Panker is a municipality in Plon county, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'father' with the subject 'frederick william von hessenstein'. Choices: - birger brosa - birger jarl - frederick i of sweden - include - sverker i of sweden
(Answer)
frederick i of sweden