Q: A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is an historian of prehistory. Although "historian" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere.

During the "Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt" trial, it became evident that the court needed to identify what was an "objective historian" in the same vein as the reasonable person, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of "the man on the Clapham omnibus". This was necessary so that there would be a legal bench mark to compare and contrast the scholarship of an objective historian against the methods employed by David Irving, as before the "Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt" trial, there was no legal precedent for what constituted an objective historian.

Answer the following questions:
1. when did historian become a professional occupation?
2. where?
3. what trial is mentioned?
4. what did the court need?
5. for what?
6. can historians study pre-history?
7. what are they specifically called?
8. what do you need to have now to regarded as a historian these days?
9. can amateurs be referred to as historians?
10. was there legal precedent before the Irving V Pengquin Books and Lipstadt trial?
A: 1. late nineteenth century
2. Germany and elsewhere
3. "Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt"
4. legal precedent
5. constituted an objective historian
6. Yes
7. historian of prehistory
8. graduate degrees
9. Yes
10. No
Q: A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters.

Answer the following questions:
1. who is the fleet carrier meant to work with
2. what do they provide
3. what were escort carriers made for?
4. what are the ones used by Russia called?
5. what were they designed for?
6. what did they support?
7. which is the fastest?
8. why do the light aircrafts of a smaller size?
9. who uses the Soviet carriers now?
10. what is added on top?
A: 1. main fleet
2. an offensive capability.
3. to provide defense for convoys of ships.
4. called heavy aviation cruisers
5. were designed to deploy alone or with escorts
6. fighters and helicopters.
7. A fleet carrier
8. reduced aircraft capacity
9. Russia
10. flight deck
Q: Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend, because of fossil-fuel burning. Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide, making up almost half of the crust's mass.

Many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water. It is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O 3), strongly absorbs UVB radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation, but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog. At even higher low earth orbit altitudes, sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is the article about?
2. What is its symbol?
3. it's numeral?
4. is it abundant?
5. how does it rank?
6. What is more abundant?
7. What makes up O2?
8. What seems to be lowering earths levels of O2?
9. Does O2 exist inside our planet?
10. How is O2 released by plants? What process?
11. What is O3?
12. Where is this found?
13. Is it found near the face of the planet?
14. What is this called?
15. Does smog cause this?
16. What can erode space vehicles?
17. At what level?
A:
1. Oxygen
2. O
3. Eight
4. Yes
5. third
6. hydrogen and helium
7. two atoms of oxygen
8. fossil-fuel burning
9. Yes
10. photosynthesis
11. ozone
12. high-altitude
13. Yes
14. a pollutant
15. Yes
16. atomic oxygen
17. higher low earth orbit altitudes