Problem: Article: Latitude measures how far a point is north or south of the equator. Since the earth is round, distance from the equator is measured in angular degrees with the equator being 0 degrees and the northernmost point -- the North Pole -- being at 90 degrees. The southernmost point -- the South Pole -- is also at 90 degrees. Latitude is measured in degrees north when in the northern hemisphere and degrees south when in the southern hemisphere. Longitude measures how far a point is east or west of the prime meridian -- arbitrarily set as Greenwich, England. Since the Earth is round, distance from the prime meridian is measured in angular degrees with the prime meridian being at 0 degrees longitude. As you move east or west, the longitude measures up to 180 degrees of the prime meridian. 180 degrees longitude is known as the international dateline. Longitude is given as degrees east when in the eastern hemisphere and west when in the western hemisphere. Degrees are a large unit of measurement so to get an accurate location, longitude and latitude are divided to the decimal point referred to as decimal degrees. For example, you may see latitude as 35.789 degrees North. Global Position Systems (GPS) often show decimal degrees but printed maps do not. Online topographic maps express longitude and latitude decimal degrees in degrees, minutes and seconds. Each degree equals 60 minutes, while each minute equals 60 seconds. The comparison to time allows for easier subdivision. First, always assume that the top of the map is north.The numbers on the right and left side of a map refer to the latitude. The numbers on the top and bottom of the map are the longitude. Remember how to convert time in order understand a map using decimal degrees as degrees, minutes, and seconds: 15 seconds = one quarter of a minute = 0.25 minutes 30 seconds = half a minute = 0.5 minutes 45 seconds = three quarters of a minute = 0.75 minutes
Summary: Understand latitude. Understand longitude. Know the accuracy of your readings. Understand how they appear on a map.

Problem: Article: Buy the meat, and select the ingredients that you are going to use to make your sausage. You don't have to follow the recipe exactly. You can choose the spices that you like and eliminate the ones that you don't care for as much. Get creative and blend your own spice mix. If you want to make your sausage from scratch, especially if you plan on doing it more than once, it's worth getting a meat grinder. It makes sure that the meat is ground up properly, and it also enables you to grind the sausage to the exact specifications dictated by your recipe. More importantly, it saves time. Some standard mixers come with a meat grinder attachment, which works very well for making sausage. Get a grinder with both coarse and fine settings since different recipes call for different meat textures. If you would prefer not to grind your own meat, you can ask the butcher to grind it for you. This is another vital piece of equipment if you plan on making sausage more than once. Stuffing sausage into pork casings greatly improves the taste of your sausage because it allows the flavors to mix and marinate with each other. This doesn't happen as much when the meat isn't in a casing. You can stuff sausages by hand if you're an expert stuffer -- which you're probably not. So, most likely, the results won't be as good. Some meat grinders come with a sausage stuffing apparatus. If you prefer not to buy a sausage stuffer, you can make loose sausage meat by forming it into patties instead. The most common casings are made from salted pork intestines. They are available at many butcher shops as well as online, and they are most commonly sold by the foot. Fifteen feet (4.6 m) of pork casings, for instance, is roughly equivalent to 1 pound. If you prefer not to use the traditional casings made of pork, synthetic casings made from collagen are available as well. You also can use blanched savoy cabbage leaves as casings if you want to avoid using pork. Before you get started, clear out your freezer to make room for the meat, fat, and all of the equipment you'll be using, including the bowls. It's very important to keep everything cold while you're making sausage. If the fat starts to get soft, it won't properly emulsify with the meat. That means when it comes time to cook the sausage, the fat will separate from the meat instead of cooking with it. In other words, the sausage will be ruined. Keeping everything cold prevents this from happening. Freeze the meat and fat solid before you get to work. This way when you're working, it will still remain cool even as it thaws. Place the equipment in the freezer for a couple of hours before you start making sausage. When you're ready to start, check to make sure everything is cold enough. The ingredients and equipment should be so cold that it's uncomfortable to work with them. If your meat and materials start to warm up during the sausage-making process, periodically put them back in the freezer to cool down. Then, take them out when they're cool enough to work with again.
Summary: Gather your ingredients. Get a meat grinder. Buy a sausage stuffer. Choose casings for your sausages. Chill the meat and sausage-making equipment.

Problem: Article: People lie for different reasons and it's usually not clear-cut. Though your friend's lying may have hurt you, that may not have been their intention. Think about the underlying goal behind your friend's lie. What purpose did the lie serve? Did it get them out of trouble, make them look good in front of others, or prevent someone's feelings from getting hurt? For example, your friend may have told you they weren't seeing anyone, but you later find out they were secretly in a relationship. They may have lied because they weren't ready to introduce their date or weren't sure if the relationship was serious. Your friend may have lied due to extreme pressure or influence from you or someone else. To see if this is the case, look back over your behavior before the lie. Did you do or say something that influenced the lie? For instance, your best friend lies about seeing your girlfriend with someone else because you just said "Everyone is trying to tear us apart." They may have lied so they aren't accused of sabotaging your relationship. Before you make up your mind about things, get a second opinion. Talk to a parent, sibling, or another close friend about what happened. Laying out the events to someone else could help you get a different perspective. Say something like, "Hey, Rita, I'm worried that Jen is lying about something. How has she seemed to you lately?" A straightforward confrontation may be the best way to address your best friend's lying. Stay calm, call out the lie, and ask them to explain themselves. Use "I" statements to cut down on defensiveness. You might say, "I know you lied to me about having plans this weekend. I heard you on the phone with Sarah. Can you help me understand why you lied?" If you and your friend are in a group, you might pull them aside to confront them privately. Don't let your pal know you've caught their scent. Continue the conversation by querying them for more info. Ask clarifying questions that help uncover the truth. Let's say your friend lies and says, "Yeah, I didn't do anything this weekend, but study." Don't say, "You're lying!" Go for a more subtle approach, like "Hmph, that's weird. Josh said he saw you down at the creek on Saturday. He must have been mistaken, huh?" Act as though the lie were funny. Playfully deflect to get your friend to admit the truth. You might say, "Oh my goodness, I actually think your nose got bigger just now!" Letting on that you know they're lying without direct confrontation may ease tension and help you get to the truth. As hard as it may be, sometimes lies aren't worth the effort. If your friend's lie is minor and not hurting anyone, just overlook it. There's no use creating negative energy between you and your bestie over a little white lie.
Summary:
Figure out their motive. Reflect on your own actions. Get someone else's input. Be direct. Play dumb and ask for more info. Laugh it off. Ignore it.