Information: - The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm. It implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase "by the Grace of God", attached to the titles of a reigning monarch. - John Locke (29 August 1632 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence. - Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. - The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. John Locke defined freedom under the rule of law as follows: - Rev Prof Samuel Rutherford (or Samuell Rutherfoord; 29 March 1661) was a Scottish Presbyterian pastor, theologian and author, and one of the Scottish Commissioners to the Westminster Assembly. - Nulla poena sine lege ( Latin : no penalty without a law ) is a legal principle , requiring that one can not be punished for doing something that is not prohibited by law . This principle is accepted and codified in modern democratic states as a basic requirement of the rule of law . A description and analysis of the principle can be found in Shahram Dana , Beyond Retroactivity to Realizing Justice : The Principle of Legality in International Criminal Law Sentencing , 99 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY 857 ( 2009 ) After reading the paragraphs above, choose the best answer for the entity that related to 'nulla poena sine lege' with the relationship of 'instance of'. Choices: - assembly - august - behavior - collective - constitution - formation - god - history - law - march - nation - october - philosophy - phrase - political philosophy - precedent - principle - process - realm - rule - scottish - single - society - state - system - theory - tradition - will
phrase

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Information: - Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over . The population of Mali is 14.5million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Senegal rivers. The country's economy centers on agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's prominent natural resources include gold, being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent, and salt. About half the population lives below the international poverty line of $1.25 (U.S.) a day. A majority of the population (90%) are Muslims. - Ahmad Baba al - Massufi al - Timbukti , full name Abu al - Abbas Ahmad ibn Ahmad al - Takruri Al - Massufi al - Timbukti ( October 26 , 1556 -- 1627 ) , was a medieval Songhai writer , scholar , and political provocateur in the area then known as the Western Sudan . Throughout his life , he wrote more than 40 books and is often noted as having been Timbuktu 's greatest scholar . He died in 1627 . - Timbuktu (pron.: ), also spelled as Tinbuktu, Timbuctoo and Timbuktoo (; Koyra Chiini: "Tumbutu"), is a historical and still-inhabited city in the West African nation of Mali, situated north of the River Niger on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. The town is the capital of the Timbuktu Region, one of the eight administrative regions of Mali. It had a population of 54,453 in the 2009 census. After reading the paragraphs above, choose the best answer for the entity that related to 'ahmad baba al massufi' with the relationship of 'country of citizenship'. Choices: - mali - senegal
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mali