Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/njuksl pn tan/; Locally: i/njuksl pn tan/), commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea. Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and Tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county itself, a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974.[not in citation given] The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie.

The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastle's economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, from which the city contributes 13 billion towards the United Kingdom's GVA. Among its icons are Newcastle Brown Ale; Newcastle United football club; and the Tyne Bridge. It has hosted the world's most popular half marathon, the Great North Run, since it began in 1981.

1. Where are people who speak the Geordie dialect from?
2. When did that city become a county?
3. Was it part of another county before that?
4. Which one?
5. When did it lose its county status?
6. What athletic event is hosted there?
7. What kind of trade developed there?
8. In what century?
9. What kind of area did it become later?
10. What was it named after?
11. Whose son was he?
12. Did he have any other siblings?
13. Are his sibling younger or older than him>
14. What is Newcastle's full name?
15. Which part of England is it in?
16. Where is it in relation to Edinburgh?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Newcastle and the surrounding area
2. 1400
3. yes
4. Northumberland
5. 1974
6. the Great North Run
7. the wool trade
8. the 14th century
9. a major coal mining area
10. the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose
11. William the Conqueror
12. yes
13. younger
14. Newcastle upon Tyne
15. North East England,
16. 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the ancient Greek word dialektos, "discourse", from dia, "through" and lego, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

One usagethe more common among linguistsrefers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect. According to this definition, any variety of a language constitutes "a dialect", including any standard varieties.

The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the "dialects" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian "dialects," are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly "dialects" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called "dialects" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of "dialect," as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian.

1. How many ways is the term dialect used?
2. What is a dialect related to a class?
3. What about a regional dialect?
4. What about a dialect related to a certain ethnicity?
5. How many types of linguistic phenomena?
6. What is the standard language not considered in the other usage?
7. Where are the regional Italian dialects actually derived from?
8. What caused the development of regional versions or varieties of standard Italian?
9. What are variations on standard Italian known as?
10. What is the origin of the term dialect?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. in two ways
2. a sociolect
3. a regiolect.
4. as ethnolect
5. two ways
6. unknown
7. from Vulgar Latin
8. a mix of national and local
9. they are known as regional Italian
10. from the Greek word for "discourse"