Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Potent antitumor responses can be induced through cytokine immunotherapy. Interleukin (IL)-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are among the most effective cytokines to induce tumor-specific systemic immune responses and can act synergistically. To overcome the limitations of combined use of these two cytokines, we have constructed an IL2-GMCSF fusion protein and characterized its antitumor effects in this study.', 'The expression of IL-2 receptor and GM-CSF receptor of cell lines were detected with quantitative real-time PCR. On this basis, the bioactivities of IL2-GMCSF, especially effects on DC2.4 cells were assayed. Another function of IL2-GMCSF-bridge two types of cells-was assessed by cell contact counting and cytotoxicity assays. The anti-tumor activity in vivo of IL2-GMCSF was evaluated in the melanoma model. The statistical significance among treatment groups were determined by One-Way ANOVA.', 'The fusion protein IL2-GMCSF maintained the activities of IL-2 and GM-CSF, and could significantly promote DC2.4 cell activities, including phagocytosis, proliferation and cytokine secretion. In addition to the inherent cytokine activity, IL2-GMCSF bridges direct cell-cell interactions and enhances splenocyte killing efficacy against multiple tumor cell lines in vitro. Co-injection of IL2-GMCSF and inactivated B16F10 mouse melanoma cells induced complete immunoprotective responses in about 30 % of mice.

A: Does fusion cytokine IL-2-GMCSF enhance anticancer immune responses through promoting cell-cell interactions?
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Q: While the anticholinergic activity of medications has been linked to cognitive decline, few studies have linked anticholinergic burden with falls in older people. We evaluated the relationship between anticholinergic burden and recurrent and injurious falls among community-dwelling older adults.', 'This case-control study was performed on 428 participants aged 65 years, 263 cases with two or more falls or one injurious fall in the preceding 12 months, and 165 controls with no falls in the preceding 12 months. Anticholinergic burden was determined using the anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB) scale. Upper and lower limb functional abilities were assessed with timed up and go (TUG), functional reach (FR) and grip strength (GS). Logistic regression analysis was employed to calculate the mediation effect of TUG, FR and GS on ACB associated falls.', 'Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between an ACB score of 1 with falls (OR, 1.8; 95% CI; 1.1-3.0; p=0.01) and significantly poorer TUG and FR. The association between ACB1 and falls was no longer significant after adjustment for either TUG (OR for ACB associated falls, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.88-2.4; p=0.14) or FR (OR for ACB associated falls, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.89-2.4, p=0.12) but remained significant with GS.

A: Is anticholinergic burden associated with recurrent and injurious falls in older individuals?
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Q: Flat and depressed lesions are becoming increasingly recognized in the esophagus, stomach, and colon. Various techniques have been described for endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of these lesions.', 'To evaluate the efficacy of lift-grasp-cut EMR using a prototype dual-channel forward-viewing endoscope with an instrument elevator in one accessory channel (dual-channel elevator scope) as compared to standard dual-channel endoscopes.', 'EMR was performed using a lift-grasp-cut technique on normal flat rectosigmoid or gastric mucosa in live porcine models after submucosal injection of 4 mL of saline using a dual-channel elevator scope or a standard dual-channel endoscope. With the dual-channel elevator scope, the elevator was used to attain further lifting of the mucosa. The primary endpoint was size of the EMR specimen and the secondary endpoint was number of complications.', 'Twelve experiments were performed (six gastric and six colonic). Mean specimen diameter was 2.27 cm with the dual-channel elevator scope and 1.34 cm with the dual-channel endoscope (P = 0.018). Two colonic perforations occurred with the dual-channel endoscope, vs no complications with the dual-channel elevator scope.

A:
Does use of prototype two-channel endoscope with elevator enable larger lift-and-snare endoscopic mucosal resection in a porcine model?
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