In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
Background: Prevention of infection with airborne pathogens and exposure to airborne particulates and aerosols (environmental pollutants and allergens) can be facilitated through use of disposable face masks. The effectiveness of such masks for excluding pathogens and pollutants is dependent on the intrinsic ability of the masks to resist penetration by airborne contaminants. This study evaluated the relative contributions of a mask, valve, and Micro Ventilator on aerosol filtration efficiency of a new N95 respiratory face mask. Methods: The test mask was challenged, using standardized methods, with influenza A and rhinovirus type 14, bacteriophage 174, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and model pollutants. The statistical significance of results obtained for different challenge microbial agents and for different mask configurations (masks with operational or nonoperational ventilation fans and masks with sealed Smart Valves) was assessed. Results: The results demonstrate >99.7% efficiency of each test mask configuration for exclusion of influenza A virus, rhinovirus 14, and S. aureus and >99.3% efficiency for paraffin oil and sodium chloride (surrogates for PM 2.5 ). Statistically significant differences in effectiveness of the different mask configurations were not identified. The efficiencies of the masks for excluding smaller-size (i.e., rhinovirus and bacteriophage 174) vs. larger-size microbial agents (influenza virus, S. aureus) were not significantly different. Conclusions: The masks, with or without features intended for enhancing comfort, provide protection against both small-and large-size pathogens. Importantly, the mask appears to be highly efficient for filtration of pathogens, including influenza and rhinoviruses, as well as the fine particulates (PM 2.5 ) present in aerosols that represent a greater challenge for many types of dental and surgical masks. This renders this individual-use N95 respiratory mask an improvement over the former types of masks for protection against a variety of environmental contaminants including PM 2.5 and pathogens such as influenza and rhinoviruses.

Ex Output:
Assessment of a respiratory face mask for capturing air pollutants and pathogens including human influenza and rhinoviruses

Ex Input:
We previously showed that erythropoietin (EPO) attenuates the morphological signs of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in swine [1] without, however, improving neurological function. The clinical use of EPO has been cautioned most recently due to serious safety concerns arising from an increased mortality in acute stroke patients treated with EPO and simultaneously receiving systemic thrombolysis [2]. Carbamylated EPO (cEPO) is an EPO derivative without erythropoietic activity and devoid of the EPO side eff ects, but with apparently well maintained cytoprotective qualities [3]. We therefore tested the hypothesis whether cEPO may be equally effi cient as EPO in reducing morphological as well as functional aortic occlusion-induced spinal cord I/R injury. Methods In a randomized and blinded trial pigs received either vehicle (control, n = 9), EPO or cEPO, respectively (n = 9 each; 5,000 IU/kg over 30 minutes before and during the fi rst 4 hours of reperfusion). Animals underwent 30 minutes of thoracic aortic balloon occlusion with catheters placed immediately downstream of the A. subclavia and upstream of the aortic trifurcation. Spinal cord function was assessed by motor evoked potentials (MEP as percentage of the amplitude before aortic occlusion) and lower limb refl exes (assessed as the subjective strength of response) for a period of 10 hours after reperfusion. Tissue damage was evaluated using Nissl staining. Results Both EPO-treated and cEPO-treated animals presented with attenuated spinal cord injury in the Nissl staining (median (quartile) percentage of damaged neurons in the thoracic segments: control 27 (25,44), cEPO 8 (4,10), and EPO 5 (5,7), P <0.001 vs control group; in the lumbar segments: control 26 (19,32), cEPO 7 (5,13), EPO 8 (5,10), P <0.001 vs control group). However, while only cEPO treatment was associated with recovery of the MEP amplitude to pre-occlusion values when compared with the control group (P <0.05), lower limb refl ex response was comparably restored stronger in both treatment groups (P <0.05 vs control). Conclusions In a clinically relevant porcine model mimicking aortic crossclamping during vascular surgery repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm, cEPO protected spinal cord function and integrity as eff ective as EPO when applied at equipotent doses. Acknowledgements Supported by the Deutsche Forschungs gemeinschaft (SCHE 899/2-2). Figure 1 (abstract P2). Phenylbutyrate reduced the unfolded protein response. Introduction In awake, spontaneously breathing mice, inhaling hydrogen sulfi de (H 2 S) induced a hibernation-like metabolic state characterised by reduced energy expenditure and hypothermia [1], which protected against otherwise lethal hypoxia [2] and hemorrhage [3] as a result of impaired cellular energy metabolism [4]. Therefore, we investigated the metabolic eff ects of inhaled H 2 S in our model of resuscitated murine septic shock. Methods Sixteen hours after induction of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham operation, anesthetized and mechanically ventilated mice received 100 ppm H 2 S or vehicle over 5 hours at body temperatures of 38 and 27C, respectively. During the observation period, hyperdynamic hemodynamics were maintained by colloid resuscitation and noradrenaline infusion [5]. Endogenous glucose production was calculated from blood 13 C6-glucose isotope enrichment derived from the rate of appearance of stable, non-radioactive labeled 1,2,3,4,5,6-13 C6 glucose during continuous isotope infusion [6]. Whole-body glucose oxidation rate was derived from the total CO 2 -production rate, the mixed expiratory 13 CO 2 / 12 CO 2 isotope ratio and the 13 C6-glucose infusion rate after the steady state was achieved. Results While endogenous glucose production was not aff ected by hypothermia, it was signifi cantly higher in the septic animals when compared with the corresponding sham operated groups, most likely due to the ongoing noradrenaline infusion. In contrast, despite the catecholamine infusion and higher glucose release, whole body glucose oxidation was signifi cantly reduced in normothermic septic animals. During hypothermia, H 2 S shifted substrate towards preferential glucose utilisation, but this eff ect disappeared in the septic mice. Conclusions H 2 S inhalation alone does not infl uence glucose metabolism once temperature is maintained at normothermic levels in anesthetised and mechanically ventilated mice. The H 2 S-related shift of energy metabo lism towards preferential carbohydrate oxidation present during hypothermia is blunted during sepsis, possibly as a result of the ongoing catecholamine treatment.

Ex Output:
P1 Comparison of carbamylated versus recombinant erythropoietin during spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury P2 Sodium 4-phenylbutylate protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by reducing unfolded protein response-mediated apoptosis in mice P3 Time-dependent eff ects of intravenous H 2 S during long-term, resuscitated porcine hemorrhagic shock

Ex Input:
Cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell immunosurveillance for intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, is controlled by classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia molecules, and ideally, these antiviral T-cell populations are defined by the specific peptide and restricting MHC allele. Surprisingly, despite the utility of the cat in modeling human viral immunity, little is known about the Feline Leukocyte Antigen class I complex (FLAI). Only a few coding sequences with uncertain locus origin and expression patterns have been reported. Of 19 class I genes, 3 loci -FLAI-E, -H and -K -are predicted to encode classical molecules, and our objective was to evaluate their status by analyzing polymorphisms and tissue expression. Using locus-specific, PCR-based genotyping, we amplified 33 FLAI-E, -H, and -K alleles from 12 cats of various breeds, identifying, for the first time, alleles across 3 distinct loci in a feline species. Alleles shared the expected polymorphic and invariant sites in the 1/ 2 domains, and full-length cDNA clones possessed all characteristic class Ia exons. Alleles could be assigned to a specific locus with reasonable confidence, although there was evidence of potentially confounding interlocus recombination between FLAI-E and -K. Only FLAI-E, -H and -K-origin alleles were amplified from cDNAs of multiple tissue types. We also defined hypervariable regions across these genes, which permitted the assignment of names to both novel and established alleles. As predicted, FLAI-E, -H, and -K fulfill the major criteria of class Ia genes. These data represent a necessary prerequisite for studying epitope-specific antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses in cats.

Ex Output:
Polymorphisms and Tissue Expression of the Feline Leukocyte Antigen Class I Loci FLAI-E, -H and -K