Q: Chapter 3: A Terrible Disaster.

It was an anxious time for his wife, after Gregory started. He, and those with him, had left with a feeling of confidence that the insurrection would speedily be put down. The garrison of Khartoum had inflicted several severe defeats upon the Mahdi, but had also suffered some reverses. This, however, was only to be expected, when the troops under him were scarcely more disciplined than those of the Dervishes, who had always been greatly superior in numbers, and inspired with a fanatical belief in their prophet. But with British officers to command, and British officers to drill and discipline the troops, there could be no fear of a recurrence of these disasters.

Before they started, Mrs. Hilliard had become intimate with the wife of Hicks Pasha, and those of the other married officers, and had paid visits with them to the harems of high Turkish officials. Visits were frequently exchanged, and what with these, and the care of the boy, her time was constantly occupied. She received letters from Gregory, as frequently as possible, after his arrival at Omdurman, and until he set out with the main body, under the general, on the way to El Obeid.

Before starting, he said he hoped that, in another two months, the campaign would be over, El Obeid recovered, and the Mahdi smashed up; and that, as soon as they returned to Khartoum, Hicks Pasha would send for his wife and daughters, and the other married officers for their wives; and, of course, she would accompany them.

Answer the following questions:
1. What was to be put down?
2. slowly?
3. Whow was Mrs. Hillard intimate with?
4. of who?
5. any others?
6. Who was more disciplined than the Dervishes?
7. under who?
8. Which officers were to command?
9. and what were they to do?
10. what were they to do to the troops?
11. why?
12. What happened to Mahdi?
13. brought on by who?
14. of?
15. Who did Mrs. Hillard pay visits to?
16. who was she with?
17. Who did she receive letters from?
18. When did he feel the campaign would be over?
19. Was he certain of this?
20. How did he feel about it?
A: 1. the insurrection
2. speedily
3. the wife
4. Hicks Pasha
5. those of the other married officers
6. the troops
7. Gregory
8. British officers
9. command
10. drill and discipline them
11. so that there could be no fear of a recurrence of these disasters.
12. severe defeats
13. The garrison
14. Khartoum
15. the wives
16. the wife of Hicks Pasha
17. Gregory
18. in another two months
19. no
20. hopeful
Q: A few years ago, Paul Gerner began to gather a group of architects in Las Vegas to ask them what it would take to design a public school that used 50 percent less energy, cost much less to build and obviously improved student learning. "I think half of them fell off their chairs," Gerner says.

Gerner manages school facilities for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes ; they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.

Green schools are appearing all over, but in Clark County, which stands out for its vastness, such aggressive targets are difficult because design requirements like more natural light for students go against the realities of a desert climate. "One of the biggest challenges is getting the right site orientation ," Mark. McGinty, a director at SH Architecture, says. His firm recently completed a high school in Las Vegas. "You have the same building, same set of windows, but if its orientation is incorrect and it faces the sun, it will be really expensive to cool."

Surprisingly, the man responsible for one of re most progressive green-design competitions has doubts about ideas of eco-friendly buildings. "I don't believe in the new green religion," Gerner says. "Some of the building technologies that you get are impractical. I'm interested in those that work." But he wouldn't mind if some green features inspire students. He says he hopes to set up green energy systems that allow them to learn about the process of harvesting wind and solar power. "You never know what's going to start the interest of a child to study math and science," he says.

Answer the following questions:
1. WHat new type of school design is being explored?
2. Where are they being tried?
3. Is location causing a problem for this type anywhere?
4. Where?
5. Why is it a problem there?
6. What is a benefit of the new school type?
7. Who asked for school designs featuring energy savings and cheaper building plans?
8. Did his specifications surprise anyone?
9. How many schools does he need to build?
10. How many new pupils will be coming into the school system?
11. Whay can't they squeeze into the current buildings?
12. Are all of the new schools built already?
13. How many are done then?
14. How many teams are currently working on designs?
15. How many will have their designs used for other schools?
16. Is everyone a hug fan of the new ecological based building philosophy?
17. Who has doubts?
18. WHay?
19. Does he think there is anything good about the trend?
20. What subjects in particular?
A: 1. Green schools
2. all over
3. yes
4. Clark County
5. desert climate
6. teaching students about the process of harvesting wind and solar power.
7. Paul Gerner
8. yes
9. 73
10. 143,000
11. they are already crowded
12. no
13. unknown
14. Four
15. three
16. no
17. Gerner
18. Some of the building technologies are impractical.
19. Some green features might inspire students.
20. math and science
Q: When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.

Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar assisted in layout. To fabricate the board, the finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards.

Answer the following questions:
1. How is the term PCB used?
A:
1. printed wiring board