TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Breast reconstruction (BR) following mastectomy for breast cancer has been shown to improve quality of life and body image; however, there is significant geographic variation in BR rates. We explored factors associated with BR following mastectomy.', 'This is a population-based data linkage study consisting of cancer registry records linked to hospital inpatient episodes for 4104 women aged 20years and over-diagnosed with a first primary invasive localized stage breast cancer between 1997 and 2012 in Queensland, Australia, who underwent a mastectomy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model predictors of BR.', 'Overall, 481 women (11.7%) underwent reconstruction. Proportions increased over time and were higher for younger women. Younger age, more recent diagnosis, living in high or very high accessibility areas or less disadvantaged areas, smaller tumours and attending a private or high-volume hospital independently increased the odds of reconstruction. The geographical disparity reduced significantly over time.
Answer: Geographical barriers to accessing BR have reduced; however, continued monitoring and further research to inform strategies to further reduce subgroup disparities remain a priority.

SOLUTION: Does geographical disparity in breast reconstruction following mastectomy have reduced over time?

PROBLEM: Context: The aim of this clinical study were to compare the clinical efficacy of ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) when used in combination with autogenous cortical bone graft (ACB) in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.', 'The study was planned as a split-mouth design. Fifteen patients with chronic periodontitis at 30 sites (six men, nine women; 42 7 years) were included. Treatment sites had probing pocket depths (PPD) of 6 mm and osseous defect depths of 4 mm as radiographically assessed. Following the initial periodontal therapy, patients were randomly assigned to two treatments in contralateral areas of the dentition: ACB + ABS or ACB alone. At baseline and 6 mo after surgery, clinical parameters of plaque index, gingival index, PPD, clinical attachment level and gingival recession (GR) were recorded. The primary outcome variable was the change in clinical attachment level between baseline and 24 wk after surgery. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected immediately before surgery and at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 wk after the surgery. Gingival crevicular fluid volume was calculated and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in gingival crevicular fluid were measured.', 'PPD decreased, clinical attachment level improved and gingival index decreased significantly in response to both modes of treatment (p < 0.05). Both treatment modalities resulted in a significant gain in radiographic bone levels compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Intergroup comparisons showed that there was a significantly higher gain in clinical attachment level in the ABS/ACB group compared to ACB group (p < 0.05) with significantly less GR (p < 0.05). Similarly, vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly higher in the ABS/ACB group at postoperative weeks 2 and 4 compared to the ACB group (p < 0.01).
Answer: The findings suggest that ABS enhances the soft tissue healing during the periodontal defect fill by the ACB by stimulating angiogenesis and vascular endothelial cell function, prevents GR and thereby increases the clinical attachment gain.

SOLUTION: Does ankaferd blood stopper enhance healing after osseous grafting in patients with intrabony periodontal defects?

PROBLEM: Context: Obese twins have lower saturated and higher long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) compared to their lean monozygotic (MZ) co-twin. Whether this holds for metabolically distinct deep (DSAT) and superficial (SSAT) depots is unknown. Here we use non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure the FA unsaturation in body mass index (BMI) discordant MZ twins in DSAT and SSAT and their relationship to ectopic fat content and body fat distribution. The main finding is further confirmed in an independent cohort using standardized measurement times.', 'MRS and magnetic resonance imaging were used to measure DSAT and SSAT unsaturation and their relationship to intramyocellular lipids (IMCL), hepatocellular lipids (HCL) and the amount of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in 16 pairs of healthy monozygotic twins (MZ) discordant for BMI. A second independent cohort of 12 healthy volunteers was used to measure DSAT unsaturation and IMCL with standardized measurement time. One volunteer also underwent repeated random measurements of DSAT unsaturation and IMCL.', 'In accordance with biopsy studies SSAT unsaturation was higher in the heavier twins (15.21.0% vs. 14.41.5%, P=0.024) and associated with SAT volume (R=0.672, P=0.001). DSAT unsaturation did not differ between twins (11.40.8 vs. 11.01.0, P=0.267) and associated inversely with IMCL content (R=-0.462, P=0.001). The inverse association between DSAT unsaturation and IMCL was also present in the participants of the second cohort (R=-0.641, P=0.025) and for the repeated sampling at random of one person (R=-0.765, P=0.027).
Answer: DSAT and SSAT FA unsaturation shows distinct associations with obesity and IMCL in MZ twins, reflecting compartment-specific metabolic activities. The FA unsaturation in the DSAT depot associates inversely with IMCL content, which raises the possibility of cross talk between the DSAT depot and the rapid turnover IMCL depot.

SOLUTION:
Does deep subcutaneous adipose tissue lipid unsaturation associate with intramyocellular lipid content?