Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A type of work called expansion work (or pressure-volume work) occurs when a system pushes back the surroundings against a restraining pressure, or when the surroundings compress the system. An example of this occurs during the operation of an internal combustion engine. The reaction of gasoline and oxygen is exothermic. Some of this energy is given off as heat, and some does work pushing the piston in the cylinder. The substances involved in the reaction are the system, and the engine and the rest of the universe are the surroundings. The system loses energy by both heating and doing work on the surroundings, and its internal energy decreases. (The engine is able to keep the car moving because this process is repeated many times per second while the engine is running. ) We will consider how to determine the amount of work involved in a chemical or physical change in the chapter on thermodynamics. Q: What type of work called occurs when a system pushes back the surroundings against a restraining pressure? A:

OPTIONS:
- shape work
- contrast work
- retention work
- expansion work

A: expansion work

input: OPTIONS:
- birth
- adolescence
- ovulation
- vivipary Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Vivipary refers to the development and nourishment of an embryo within the mother's body but not inside an egg. Birth may be followed by a period of parental care of the offspring. This reproductive strategy occurs in almost all mammals including humans. Q: What refers to the development and nourishment of an embryo within the mother's body but not inside an egg? A:
A:
output: vivipary

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Light also behaves like a package of energy. It turns out that for light, the energy of the "package" of energy is proportional to its frequency. (For most waves, energy is proportional to wave amplitude, or the height of the wave. ) The mathematical equation that relates the energy (E) of light to its frequency is. Q: For most waves, energy is proportional to what, a term that describes the height of the wave? A:

OPTIONS:
- wave frequency
- wave volume
- wave threshold
- wave amplitude

Answer: wave amplitude

Problem: OPTIONS:
- blood
- plasma
- air
- surfactant
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Birth Prior to birth, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, mucus, and surfactant. As the fetus is squeezed through the birth canal, the fetal thoracic cavity is compressed, expelling much of this fluid. Some fluid remains, however, but is rapidly absorbed by the body shortly after birth. The first inhalation occurs within 10 seconds after birth and not only serves as the first inspiration, but also acts to inflate the lungs. Pulmonary surfactant is critical for inflation to occur, as it reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. Preterm birth around 26 weeks frequently results in severe respiratory distress, although with current medical advancements, some babies may survive. Prior to 26 weeks, sufficient pulmonary surfactant is not produced, and the surfaces for gas exchange have not formed adequately; therefore, survival is low. Q: Prior to birth, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, mucus, and what else? A:
Answer: surfactant

Problem:OPTIONS:
- hepatitis
- anemia
- colitis
- diabetes

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Diabetes is another type of noninfectious disease. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas doesn't make enough insulin or else the body's cells are resistant to the effects of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose from the blood. Q: What occurs when the pancreas doesn't make enough insulin or else the body's cells are resistant to the effects of insulin? A:
****
A: diabetes

Problem:OPTIONS:
- the mirror breaks
- mirror brightens
- cleaner mirror
- foggy mirror

Answer the following question given this paragraph: If you take a hot shower in a closed bathroom, the mirror is likely to "fog" up. The "fog" consists of tiny droplets of water that form on the cool surface of the mirror. Why does this happen? Some of the hot water from the shower evaporates, so the air in the bathroom contains a lot of water vapor. When the water vapor contacts cooler surfaces, such as the mirror, it cools and loses energy. The cooler water particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them. They come together and form droplets of liquid water. Q: What results when the water vapor from a hot shower contacts the cooler surface of a mirror? A:
****
A:
foggy mirror