TASK DEFINITION: Generate an explanation for the given claim using the provided supporting material from the paragraph. Please consider the following points while generating an output. 1) The claim will always have supporting proof in the paragraph, and the paragraph will have a clear point of view supporting the claim. 2) There can be instances where direct correlation to the claim is not available. Make use of the sentences in the paragraph to provide a corresponding output supporting the claim. 3) The explanation should be at least one and at most twelve sentences long.
PROBLEM: Paragraph: For Simmers, a retired Hagerstown police officer, that helplessness developed into frustration as he and his then 18 year-old daughter Brooke ran into a series of roadblocks and administrative red tape in seeking treatment for her heroin addiction in late 2013. "We tried all the things that we thought would help," said Simmers, during a special lecture sponsored by the Shepherd University Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Sport Studies at Erma Ora Byrd auditorium Monday night. However, after multiple tries to get and stay clean, accompanied by a succession of relapses, Brook Simmers, then 19 years-old, died of a heroin overdose in April 2015 when she was found in the back seat of her car in a church parking lot. Simmers' attitude toward drug addiction was somewhat different in the early1980s after he had graduated high school. "When I finished school, President Ronald Reagan had a big push then for the war on drugs," Simmers said. "The way we were going to do it is handcuffs and incarceration." Simmers joined the Air Force where he trained dogs to sniff out narcotics. Discharged four years later, he was hired by the Hagerstown Police Department in the early 1990s where he was assigned to the narcotics unit and eventually became part of a Drug Enforcement Administration Task Force. "I was targeting users and dealers any type of narcotics," Simmers said. "My feeling back then was 'make as many arrests as you possibly can.' " Simmers recalled the day his daughter called him in late 2013 to ask for help, telling him she had developed an addiction to the opioid pain killer Percocet. The next year and half would be an in-the-field education for Simmers and his daughter, running into seemingly counter intuitive administrative regulations to securing Brooke immediate addiction treatment. According to Simmers, Brooke was initially refused insurance coverage for treatment because she was deemed a non-critical candidate. "Her addiction had not progressed to the point where she needed in-patient treatment," Simmers said "It was not serious enough, they said, because she had not been arrested, she had not overdosed, and she had not been hospitalized." Instead, Brooke was approved for out-patient treatment where she would go to daily classes every night. "I didn't want to take that as an answer," Simmers said. "If you are having a heart attack with chest pains, the doctors are not going to say, 'well you're still conscious. Let's not call an ambulance just yet.'" After attending two weeks of out- patient classes, Brooke dropped out, telling her father she had her addiction under control. She returned to work In a few months, Simmers again heard from his daughter. "She had lost her job, and she had started to look unkempt, which was very unlike her," Simmers said. "You could tell that things were spinning out of control again. She said she was now addicted to heroin and was shooting up every morning." Now 18 years old, Brooke had to be the one to commit to treatment. Brooke was eventually accepted to an in-patient treatment facility in early 2014. However, Simmers later found out that she had checked herself out against medical advice and had relapsed back to drug use. After a few more attempted recoveries and relapses including an overdose at a heroin dealer's house in Baltimore, Maryland. Seeing his daughter's drug addiction struggles first hand changed Simmers perspective on drug abuse and its unrelenting pull on the user. "An addict is not a weak-minded person," Simmer said. "I am not of that camp anymore." In the wake of his daughter's death, Simmers and his wife Dana decided to start "Brooke's House," a public charity whose goals is to build a long-term, residential treatment facility for young women suffering from addiction in Smithsburg, Maryland. The HPERS department presented Simmers with a $300 donation from the Vince Gonino Fund to help with the construction of Brooke's House. "This is one small way for HPERS faculty and students to give back to community and help fight drug addiction," said Professor Stacey Kendig, department chair of HPERS. ___ Information from: The Journal, http://journal-news.net/ Claim: Daughter's addiction changed former officer's perspective.

SOLUTION: Kevin Simmers knows the feeling of helplessness in fighting heroin addiction first hand.

PROBLEM: Paragraph: Shares of the company traded marginally down at $132.47, after having closed up 1.7% on Monday. (bit.ly/2ZkZGze) J&J said that the FTC had issued a "civil investigative demand," or CID, the equivalent of a subpoena to determine if the contracting practices were legal. Pfizer Inc filed a lawsuit against J&J in 2017, saying its rival's contracts with health insurers for blockbuster rheumatoid arthritis drug, Remicade, were anticompetitive and aimed at blocking sales of Pfizer's biosimilar called Inflectra. Pfizer said in the lawsuit that J&J had contracted with many insurers to give discounts in exchange for giving preference to Remicade, and to only pay for Inflectra in cases where Remicade proved to be ineffective. Inflectra was approved in 2016 while Remicade went on the market in 1998. Remicade is an infused treatment for chronic autoimmune disorders and costs about $4,000 per dose, or $26,000 a year, Pfizer said in the lawsuit. J&J has denied any wrongdoing and is fighting the Pfizer lawsuit. Pfizer said in a statement that it had received a CID in June. "As Pfizer's complaint alleges, J&J's unlawful conduct is designed to prevent Inflectra from being able to compete on its primary point of differentiation price. Today, Inflectra has an average selling price (ASP) that is more than 22% lower than Remicade," the company said in a statement. "Despite these facts, J&J has not lost substantial volume or share of sales counter to what should occur in a competitive market." Biosimilars are intended to be lower-cost alternatives to expensive biotech medicines. But since they are made from living cells and it is not possible to make an exact copy of the branded medicine, they are not automatically substituted for the existing branded drug the way a generic drug would be. The drugs treat ailments like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Claim: J&J says FTC probing efforts to protect arthritis drug Remicade.

SOLUTION: The Federal Trade Commission issued civil subpoenas to Johnson and Johnson in June as part of an investigation into whether contracting practices for its blockbuster rheumatoid arthritis drug, Remicade, violated antitrust laws, the company said in a regulatory filing on Monday.

PROBLEM: Paragraph: Some of the most memorable scenes in White Wilderness, Disney's 1958 Academy Award-winning "True-Life Adventure" nature documentary about wildlife in the snowy northern portions of the North American continent, were ones featuring the death of lemmings who drowned after jumping off cliffs and into the sea. But the scenes shown in the documentary were staged by filmmakers in order to replicate supposed real-life behavior of lemmings that could not be captured on film, and thus did Disney perpetuate for generations to come the legend of periodic, inexplicable mass suicides by lemmings who die by hurling themselves off of cliffs. The narration in the film accompanying the lemmings scenes begins as follows: It is said of this tiny animal that it commits mass suicide by rushing into the sea in droves. The story is one of the persistent tales of the Arctic, and as often happens in Man's nature lore, it is a story both true and false, as we shall see in a moment. What the audience then sees is what appears to be a horde of lemmings entering the Arctic sea by jumping off cliffs and scampering across rock-covered beaches to enter the water from the shore, whereupon they swim out to sea and (we're told by the narrator) eventually drown not quite because they're simply committing suicide, the film states, but because they've supposedly mistaken the vast expanse of the Arctic sea for a lake and assumed there's a reachable shore just across the water. A kind of compulsion seizes each tiny rodent and, carried along by an unreasoning hysteria, each falls into step for a march that will take them to a strange destiny. That destiny is to jump into the ocean. They've become victims of an obsession a one-track thought: 'Move on! Move on!' This is the last chance to turn back, yet over they go, casting themselves out bodily into space and so is acted out the legend of mass suicide. None of what was shown in the film was realistic lemming behavior, however. Disney's White Wilderness was filmed the Canadian province of Alberta, which is not a native habitat for lemmings and is landlocked with no outlet to the sea. The filmmakers had to import lemmings to Alberta for use in the documentary (reportedly by purchasing them from Inuit children who had caught them in other provinces); through the use of carefully controlled camera angles and tight editing, the filmmakers made no more than a few dozen lemmings look like a much larger number, placing them on turntables to create a frenzied migration effect and then herding them off a cliff and into the water (which was actually the Bow River, not an Arctic sea). Nine different photographers spent three years shooting and assembling footage for the various segments that comprise White Wilderness, and it is not known whether Walt Disney approved or was aware of the activities of James R. Simon, the principal photographer for the lemmings sequence. Certainly nature documentaries are notoriously difficult to film as wild animals are not terribly cooperative, and many nature shows and films of this era (including Disney's "True-Life Adventure" movies and the Wild Kingdom television series) staged events to capture exciting footage for their audiences. Nonetheless, in this case what was depicted on screen was a complete fabrication, not a recreation of real animal behavior that filmmakers were unable to capture on film. Lemmings do not periodically hurl themselves off cliffs and into the sea. Cyclical explosions in population do occasionally induce lemmings to attempt to migrate to areas of lesser population density, and when such migrations occur, some lemmings do die by falling over cliffs or drowning in lakes or rivers. These deaths are neither acts of "suicide" nor the result of compulsive unreasoning behavior, however; they're accidental deaths resulting from lemmings' venturing into unfamiliar territories and being crowded and pushed over dangerous ledges or venturing into the water in a quest to reach new territory. As the Alaska Department of Fish and Game noted in an article about this myth: "Disney had to have gotten that idea from somewhere," said Thomas McDonough, the state wildlife biologist. Disney likely confused dispersal with migration, he added, and embellished a kernel of truth. Lemming populations fluctuate enormously based on predators, food, climate and other factors. Under ideal conditions, in a single year a population of voles can increase by a factor of ten. When they've exhausted the local food supply, they disperse, as do moose, beaver and many other animals. Lemmings can swim and will cross bodies of water in their quest for greener pastures. Sometimes they drown. Dispersal and accidental death is a far cry from the instinctive, deliberate mass suicide depicted in "White Wilderness," but [the White Wilderness narrator] explains that life is tough in the lemmings' "weird world of frozen chaos." The voice-over implies that lemmings take the plunge every seven to ten years to alleviate overpopulation. "What people see is essentially mass dispersal," said zoologist Gordon Jarrell, an expert in small mammals with the University of Alaska Fairbanks. "Sometimes it's pretty directional. The classic example is in the Scandinavian mountains, where (lemmings) have been dramatically observed. They will come to a body of water and be temporarily stopped, and eventually they'll build up along the shore so dense and they will swim across. If they get wet to the skin, they're essentially dead." Jarrell said when people learn that he works with lemmings, the mass suicide issue often comes up. Claim: Filmmakers staged lemming death scenes for the Disney nature documentary White Wilderness.

SOLUTION:
"It's a frequent question," he said "'Do they really kill themselves?' No. The answer is unequivocal, no they don't."