TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Pirfenidone (5 methyl-1-phenyl-2(1H)-pyridone) is a novel anti-fibrotic agent, which has been shown to decrease collagen deposition in a variety of animal models in vivo, and recently in hepatic fibrosis also. At cellular level, we have recently demonstrated that pirfenidone is able to inhibit proliferation of hepatic stellate cells induced by platelet-derived growth factor, as well as collagen type I accumulation and alpha1(I) procollagen mRNA expression.', 'To evaluate if pirfenidone maintains its anti-fibrotic properties also when administered after the induction of hepatic damage and to further investigate the molecular mechanisms leading to the anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone.', 'Rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine (10 mg/kg) for 5 weeks received a liquid diet containing 0.5% pirfenidone starting from the third week. Pirfenidone treatment reduced the degree of liver injury, as determined by alanine aminotransferase values and necro-inflammatory score, which was associated with reduced hepatic stellate cells proliferation and collagen deposition. Treatment with dimethylnitrosamine increased transcripts levels for transforming growth factorbeta1, procollagen alpha1(I), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 by 7-, 7-, 4- and 15-fold, respectively. Pirfenidone administration downregulated elevated levels of those transcripts by 50-60%, and this was associated with a 70% reduction in collagen deposition.

SOLUTION: Is the anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone in rat liver fibrosis mediated by downregulation of procollagen alpha1 ( I ) , TIMP-1 and MMP-2?

PROBLEM: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan and has been shown to minimize rejection in animal models of renal transplantation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is unavoidable in renal transplantation and correlates with shorter graft survival times. Despite its favorable effects on rejection, there is evidence that IDO may facilitate renal IRI. Differentiating the negative impact of IDO on IRI from its pro-tolerant effects in allograft rejection is of clinical relevance. In these studies we hypothesized that constitutive IDO activity may influence renal genes associated with recovery from IRI, and that IDO inhibition may unmask these effects.', 'We examined the renal transcriptome in a rat model of IRI with and without IDO inhibition with 1-methyl-d-tryptophan (1-MT), and assessed for alterations in the gene expression signature.', 'These studies demonstrated that during recovery from renal IRI, pre-treatment with 1-MT alleviated alterations in 105 coding sequences associated with IRI, and in turn triggered new changes in 66 non-coding transcripts, the majority of which were represented by small nucleolar RNA.

SOLUTION: Does indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibition alter the non-coding RNA transcriptome following renal ischemia-reperfusion injury?

PROBLEM: Bone graft to reconstruct the temporomandibular joint for ankylosis patient is effective. This study used three-dimensional measurement to evaluate the effect between free coronoid process graft (CPG) and costochondral graft (CCG) in the temporomandibular joint reconstruction.', 'Patients treated with CPG or CCG from 2011 to 2014 were included in the study. Postoperative computed tomography scan data within 1 week and during at least 6 months follow-up after operation were imported into Proplan CMF 1.4 software (Materialize, Belgium) for three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement. Heights of the mandibular ramus were measured and compared between the 2 groups. Maximum mouth opening and occlusion were also evaluated and compared before and after operation.', 'Ten patients with 15 reconstructed joints were included in the study. In the CPG group, the decrease of ramus height was 5.4 mm after a mean follow-up period of 16.8 months (ranged from 6 to 22 months), whereas in the CCG group, it was 2.4 mm after a mean follow-up period of 14.4 months (ranged from 6 to 30 months). There was significant difference of ramus height decrease between the CPG group and the CCG group (P < 0.05). Maximum mouth opening was significantly increased after operation than before in both groups (P < 0.05). Open bite happened in 4 of 5 patients in the CPG group, and 1 of 5 patients in the CCG group.

SOLUTION:
Do a Comparison of the Effect Between Coronoid Process Graft and Costochondral Graft in the Reconstruction of Temporomandibular Joint?