Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is associated with many clinical entities characterized by inflammation. We postulated that inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase with FR167653 attenuates inflammation and the development of pulmonary hypertension in monocrotaline-treated rats.', 'Rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) the control group (daily 0.9% saline), (2) the FR group (daily FR167653, 2 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1)), (3) the MCT group (daily 0.9% saline the day after a single monocrotaline dose, 60 mg/kg), and (4) the MCT+FR group (daily FR167653, 2 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), the day after a single MCT dose). Body weight, pulmonary artery pressure, and morphometric changes of the pulmonary artery with the histopathologic method were observed weekly for 4 weeks. Also, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and inflammatory cytokine expression in the lung were measured.', 'Four weeks after monocrotaline administration, mean pulmonary artery pressure in the MCT+FR group was lower than in the MCT group (MCT+FR vs MCT: 24.7 +/- 1.9 vs 36.5 +/- 2.1 mm Hg; P < .05). In morphometric analysis the percentage of medial wall thickness and the percentage of muscularization in the MCT+FR group were reduced compared with those in the MCT group after 4 weeks (P < .05); however, the number of macrophages was not significantly different. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity was significantly attenuated in the MCT+FR group compared with in the MCT group (7.2 +/- 0.52 vs 2.1 +/- 0.23 fold-increase, P < .05, at 1 week). Although mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta were reduced in the MCT+FR group compared with in the MCT group (tumor necrosis factor alpha: 1.18 +/- 0.36 vs 3.05 +/- 1.12 fold-increase, P < .05, at 2 weeks; interleukin 1beta: 2.2 +/- 0.34 vs 4.4 +/- 1.09 fold-increase, P < .05, at 1 week), FR167653 did not suppress increased monocyte chemotactic protein 1 mRNA expression induced by monocrotaline (3.2 +/- 0.62 vs 3.1 +/- 0.42 fold-increase, at 1 week).
Answer: FR167653 significantly attenuates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, ultimately preventing the progression of pulmonary hypertension. These results suggest that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase might play a central role in the molecular events that underlie the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension.
Does specific inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase with FR167653 attenuate vascular proliferation in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats?

Context: Anemia is an established adverse risk factor in cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of preoperative anemia is not well defined in heart surgery. This study evaluates the effect of preoperative anemia on early clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.', 'A retrospective, observational, cohort study of prospectively collected data was undertaken on 7,738 consecutive patients undergoing heart surgery between April 2003 and February 2009. Of these, 1,856 patients with preoperative anemia were compared to 5,882 patients without anemia (control group). According to the World Health Organization, anemia was defined as hemoglobin level<13 g/dl for men and <12 g/dl for women. Selection bias not controlled by multivariable methods was assessed with propensity-adjustment method.', 'Overall mortality was 2.1%. Preoperative anemia was associated with tripling in the risk of death (4.6% vs 1.5%, p<0.0001) and postoperative renal dysfunction (18.5% vs 6.5%, p<0.0001). There was also a significant difference between the anemic and non-anemic group in the risk of postoperative stroke (1.9% vs 1.1%, p=0.008), atrial fibrillation (36.7% vs 33%, p=0.003) and length of hospital stay>7 days (54% vs 36.7%, p<0.0001). In propensity-adjusted, multivariable logistic regression, preoperative anemia was an independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 2.03), postoperative renal dysfunction (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.1) and length of hospital stay>7 days (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.47).
Answer: In patients undergoing heart surgery, preoperative anemia is associated with an increased risk of mortality and postoperative morbidity.
Does preoperative anemia increase mortality and postoperative morbidity after cardiac surgery?

Context: To determine if oligosaccharides of hyaluronan (o-HA) promotes wound recovery by accelerating angiogenesis and to study the mechanisms by which o-HA stimulates endothelial cell (EC) proliferation.', 'Using hyaluronidase digestion, we prepared a mixture of hyaluronan (HA) fragments sizesd 2 to 10 disaccharides units, and studied their effects on EC growth and migration in mimicking wound recovery in vitro. The effects of o-HA on EC growth in vitro were studied by counting cell numbers. The roles of 2 hyaluronan receptors on EC cells, CD44 and RHAMM (Receptor for HA-Mediated Motility), were studied in initiating signaling cascades, using immunoblot assay. Signal transduction was determined by blocking antibodies to CD44 and RHAMM. An in vitro wound healing model was prepared by scratching the cellular layer of cultured EC, and movement of cells into the denuded area was quantified.', 'o-HA was a strong stimulator to EC proliferation at low concentration 10microg/ml compared with native high molecular weight HA (n-HA) (P < 0.01). Signal transduction may be initiated by o-HA via RHAMM receptor on EC membrane, but not CD44. In the in vitro model, the lesion area was nearly completely recovered when the EC layer was exposed to o-HA 40hrs post-injury, whereas the wound area remained half recovered pretreated with native undegraded large HA and control medium.(P < 0.05 from 24 to 40hrs).
Answer: Hyaluronan oligosaccharides may play a role in wound healing by increasing angiogenesis. o-HA-RHAMM binding dependent signal transduction pathway may be important in the regulation of angiogenesis associated with EC proliferation.
Are hyaluronan oligosaccharides potential stimulators to angiogenesis via RHAMM mediated signal pathway in wound healing?