An x-ray is often the first test a doctor will order. Many bone cancers will show up on an x-ray. While a doctor may be able to see a tumor, the x-ray will only tell the doctor if it's there, not if it's malignant (cancer) or benign (not cancer). A biopsy is when the doctor removes a sample of tissue from a tumor to send to a laboratory. The lab then tests the tissue to see if the tissue is cancerous or not. The doctor may perform a needle biopsy, where they insert a large needle into the tumor to remove tissue. They will apply an anesthetic first. On the other hand, they may perform a surgical biopsy. In this case, they will cut into your skin, and then take either a piece of the tumor or the whole tumor. Before the biopsy, they will give you appropriate pain meds or anesthesia. If your doctor suspects the cancer has spread, then they may order a CT scan. However, they may also order one to help do a biopsy, since they can use it to show them where the needle should go. A CT scan is basically a series of x-rays that the computer forms into a 3D image of your body. Another scan the doctor may use is an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. These scans use radio waves and magnetic fields to produce images, and they are useful for looking at soft tissue. These scans show whether the cancer, if there is any, has spread to surrounding tissue. If your doctor locates cancer, they may order a bone scan to get a closer look. A bone scan is a type of x-ray, but they use a needle to inject a bit of radiation into your veins so they can get a more detailed look. After your doctor has reviewed your tests, they should be able to tell you if you have cancer and what stage it is in. Stages range from stage I to stage IV, depending on the severity of your cancer. Stage I is cancer completely confined to 1 bone. Also, the cancer is not aggressive. Stage II means the cancer is confined to 1 bone, but the cancer is aggressive. In stage III, the cancer has developed in multiple places on the same bone. Stage IV cancer means it has spread to other areas of the body.
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One-sentence summary -- Be ready for an x-ray. Expect a biopsy. Ask about a computed topography (CT) scan. Be ready for a MRI. Agree to a bone scan. Ask your doctor what stage of cancer you're in, if you have it.

Apply masking tape to your tire behind the rim and 12 inches (2.55.1cm) surrounding it As you sand the scratches away and apply paint to cover your repairs, this will keep anything from getting on your tires. Rub any scratches and small dents with the sandpaper to smooth out any rough edges. Hold your sandpaper over the damaged area rub it back and forth across the surface. Continue sanding the rim's damage until the scratches or dents feel smooth instead of rough. Wipe off any dust from the sandpaper with a dry cloth. Lift a small amount of spot putty from its container with a putty knife. Apply the spot putty to the damaged area with pressure, spreading it around with the putty knife. This will help the putty fill in any scratches or dents as fully as possible. Use your fingers to shape the putty and smooth it over the damage to prevent raised areas on your rim. Try to keep the spot putty within the damaged area, as applying it to flat, non-damaged areas can create unsightly bumps. How long the putty will take to dry depends on the brand as well as the size of the damage you're repairing. It should, however, take between 30 minutes to 2 hours. Read the putty's instructions carefully to determine how long you'll need to let it dry. Once the putty is completely dry, use 400-grit sandpaper to smooth out any remaining raised areas caused by the spot putty. Hold your sandpaper over the areas you filled with putty and rub it back and forth over the surface until the raised areas look level with the rest of the rim.
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One-sentence summary -- Cover the tire with masking tape. Sand your scratches with 240-grit sandpaper. Fill in scratches or dents with metal-reinforced spot putty. Let the putty dry for up to 2 hours. Sand the putty down with 400-grit sandpaper for a smoother finish.

The bridge, also known as the press, is an advanced back stretch, but also a key component of the valdez. Start by laying on your back with your legs bent at a 90-degree angle. Keep your feet planted on the ground. Place your hands by your ears, palm down. Make sure your fingers are pointing towards your feet, and your elbows are pointing towards the ceiling. Lift your back off the ground by pushing up with your hands and feet. Keep your hands and feet on the ground as you lift. Your goal is to lift your back completely off the ground while keeping your arms and legs straight. Standing straight up, lift your arms over your head. Keep your arms straight, with your palms facing the ceiling, and your fingers pointing behind you. Arch your back backward and slowly move your arms closer to the floor. Look for the ground behind you. Use your arms to feel for the ground so that you don't hit your head when you land. When you feel the ground, firmly plant your hands to complete the backbend. If you are having trouble performing a standing backbend, use a wall to help you. Stand facing away from the wall. As you start your backbend place your hands on the wall and walk yourself down to the ground. To do a backbend kick-over, start by doing a standing backbend. Once you've completed your standing backbend, kick your legs over your head until you land back on your feet. Make sure you have enough momentum to get your legs over your body, and onto the ground behind you. If you are having trouble kicking your legs over, try performing a bridge in front of a wall. Keep your feet next to the wall, and walk your feet up the wall before you push off. You may find that you can't quite kick your legs over your body the first few times that you attempt a kick-over. If you try to kick, but keep landing in the bridge position, that's okay. Kick-overs are difficult, and it will take a lot of practice to complete one. A back walkover is a combination of a backbend and kick-over. Standing straight, extend one leg directly in front of you. Keep your other leg planted firmly on the ground. Keep your arms close to your ears with your hands in the air. Keep your arms straight and tight. Move into a standing backbend and let your extended leg move with your body. Keep your leg straight and don't let it move from side to side. As your hands touch the floor, let your extended leg go over your body. Your standing leg should follow until both feet are on the ground. Finish in a lunge position with your front foot pointing forward, and your back foot slightly turned out.
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One-sentence summary --
Perfect your bridges. Practice standing backbends. Learn to do backbend kick-overs. Teach yourself back walkovers.