Given an abstract, generate a keyword (a noun phrase) that best describes the focus or contribution of the paper. Such keywords can be directly from the given abstract or outside it.
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Question: Abstract: To examine the gastric emptying characteristics of selected test drinks varying in carbohydrate composition and concentration, twenty-five runners ingested 400 ml of a solution in one or more of a series of trials followed by either 15 min seated rest or 15 min running (50 to 70% VO2 max). The solutions tested at rest included water, 5.0% maltodextrin, 3.0% maltodextrin + 2% glucose (MG5.0), and 4.5% maltodextrin + 2.6% fructose (MF7.1). Solutions tested during running included water, MG5.0, MF7.1, 5.5% maltodextrin + 2% glucose, and 5.5% maltodextrin + 2% fructose. At rest and during running, water emptied significantly (P less than 0.5) faster than all other drinks. In the running trials, the volume of gastric residue of 5.5% maltodextrin + 2% fructose (221.7 +/- 11.0 ml) was significantly greater than water (103.4 +/- 19.0 ml), MG5.0 (153.3 +/- 16.8 ml), and MF7.1 (167.3 +/- 14.8), suggesting an inhibitory role of glucose on gastric emptying. Running resulted in a significantly lower volume of gastric residue of water, MG5.0, and MF7.1 (103.4 +/- 19.0, 153.3 +/- 16.8, and 167.3 +/- 14.8 ml, respectively) as compared to the corresponding drinks at rest (209.3 +/- 12.6, 287.7 +/- 16.0, and 271.0 +/- 17.8 ml, respectively). These results suggest a possible advantage for including maltodextrin and fructose as carbohydrate sources in athletic drinks. Furthermore, the rate of gastric emptying is enhanced while running, possibly due to increased mechanical movement of fluid within the stomach.

Answer: Beverages

Question: Abstract: A simple preoperative classification is described to predict the intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy rates following distal tubal microsurgery. Laser CO2 microsurgical salpingostomies were performed on 76 patients between January 1979 and January 1984. All of the patients underwent a preoperative assessment, which included hysterosalpingogram and laparoscopy, to formulate a preoperative classification based on a point system. The patients were divided into four groups according to tubal damage, with a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy rate of 58.3% in grade I, 36.6% in grade II, 9.5% in grade III, and 0% in grade IV. The patients were divided into four groups according to adhesions, with a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy rate of 38.8% with no adhesion, 32.0% with mild adhesions, 26.6% with moderate adhesions, and 5.5% with severe adhesions. From these results, a preoperative management is proposed for patients being considered for either distal tubal microsurgery or in vitro fertilization.

Answer: Adhesions

Question: Abstract: The glucocorticoid receptor binding capacity of rat thymus cells disappears when the cells are depleted of ATP by anaerobiosis, and rapidly reappears when ATP levels are restored. Loss and recovery of binding capacity occurs even when protein synthesis is suppressed with cycloheximide. In view of this and similar work in other cell systems, we proposed that in cells deprived of ATP the receptor is present in a form--the 'null receptor' form, as we shall call it--that cannot bind hormone. Although many subsequent observations support this idea, no direct evidence has appeared for the existence of the null receptor. We have attempted to detect the null receptor in WEHI-7 mouse thymoma cells with a monoclonal antibody to the glucocorticoid receptor. Here we report that the null receptor is bound in the nuclei of ATP-depleted cells, and is present in amounts comparable to those of receptors in normal cells.

Answer:
Adenosine Triphosphate