In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
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Question: It is equal to the enthalpy change minus the temperature times the entropy change. Under standard conditions, it is also equal to negative R T times the natural log of K, where R is the gas law constant, T is the absolute temperature, and K is the equilibrium constant for the reaction; thus a high negative value indicates a forward-going reaction. FTP, identify this quantity, named for a Yale chemist, which is a measure of the spontaneity of a reaction.

Answer: Science

Question: In one work, this thinker consults with a monk to better understand the concept of proximate power. This thinker divided hypotheses into three categories depending on what absurdities would be implied by accepting the hypothesis as true or false. This man participated in the Formulary Controversy with a series of letters in which he attacked Antonio Escobar's use of casuistry and lambasted the moral lapses of the Jesuits. After a carriage accident and a subsequent religious vision, he published his Memorial, which led to him taking up the cause of the Jansenists. He is the namesake of an idea that suggests that the belief in God represents the possibility of infinite gain while only imposing a finite loss. For 10 points, name this author of the Provincial Letters and Pensees, a French philosopher who is the namesake of a "wager" and a mathematical triangle.

Answer: Social Science

Question: It mediates the quantum field of the same name, which has a constant vacuum expectation value of 246 gigaelectronvolts. It is CP-even, but because it is a scalar particle, it has zero spin. Several alternate models, such as top quark condensate theory, have been proposed in which it need not (*) exist, as it is the only particle in the Standard Model that has yet to be observed. FTP, name this hypothetical boson, sometimes called the God particle, thought to be responsible for giving mass to the gauge bosons.

Answer:
Science