instruction:
In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.
question:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Skilled Workforce Enhancement Act of
2001''.

SEC. 2. CREDIT FOR EXPENSES FOR LONG-TERM TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES IN
HIGHLY SKILLED SMALL BUSINESS TRADES.

(a) In General.--Subpart D of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to business-related
credits) is amended by adding at the end the following new section:

''SEC. 45E. EXPENSES FOR LONG-TERM TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES IN HIGHLY
SKILLED SMALL BUSINESS TRADES.

''(a) General Rule.--For purposes of section 38, in the case of a
small business employer, the highly skilled trades training credit
determined under this section for the taxable year is $15,000 for each
employee having a qualified training year ending with or within such
taxable year (whether or not such employee is an employee of the
taxpayer as of the close of such taxable year).
''(b) Definitions.--For purposes of this section--
''(1) Small business employer.--
''(A) In general.--The term 'small business
employer' means, with respect to any taxable year, any
employer who employed an average of 250 or fewer
employees on business days during such taxable year.
''(B) Controlled groups.--For purposes of
subparagraph (A), all persons treated as a single
employer under subsection (b), (c), (m), or (o) of
section 414 shall be treated as a single employer.
''(2) Qualified training year.--
''(A) In general.--The term 'qualified training
year' means each year during the training period in
which the employee received at least 1,500 hours of
training (including on-the-job training and training at
multi-employer training facilities) from the taxpayer
(or any predecessor) under a qualified training program
as an apprentice in any highly skilled trade.
''(B) Highly skilled trades.--For purposes of
subparagraph (A), the term 'highly skilled trades'
means--
''(i) precision machinists,
''(ii) die makers,
''(iii) mold makers,
''(iv) tool and die designers,
''(v) heating, ventilating, air
conditioning, refrigeration, and roofing
contractors,
''(vi) the trade of masonry,
''(vii) plumbers,
''(viii) pipefitters,
''(ix) patternmakers,
''(x) foundry technicians,
''(xi) electricians,
''(xii) recreational marine production and
design workers,
''(xiii) 2-way radio technicians,
''(xiv) welders,
''(xv) shipfitters,
''(xvi) propellor machinists,
''(xvii) electronic instrumentation
specialists, and
''(xviii) other highly skilled trades
specified in regulations prescribed by the
Secretary.
Such term shall not include any trade if the customary
apprenticeship period for such trade is less than 2
years.
''(C) Qualified training program.--
''(i) In general.--The term 'qualified
training program' means a written plan of study
and training for individuals in, or entering
into, highly skilled trades.
''(ii) Description of programs.--A plan
under clause (i) must be a program described in
one of the following subclauses:
''(I) An apprenticeship program
registered and certified with the
Secretary of Labor under section 1 of
the National Apprenticeship Act (29
U.S.C. 50).
''(II) A program licensed,
registered, or certified by the
workforce investment board or
apprenticeship agency or council of a
State or administered in compliance
with apprenticeship laws of a State.
''(III) A program conducted by a
vocational or technical education
school, community college, or
industrial or trade training
organization.
''(IV) A program which conforms to
apprentice training programs developed
or administered by an employer trade
group or committee.
''(V) An industry sponsored or
administered program which is clearly
identified and commonly
recognized within an industry and which meets the requirements of
clause (iii).
''(iii) Requirements.--A program meets the
requirements of this clause if such program--
''(I) is accessible to individuals
without discrimination on the basis of
race, sex, color, religion, or national
origin,
''(II) provides an overview of the
trade, including the history and modern
developments in such trade,
''(III) provides related
instruction of the fundamental,
intermediate, and advanced skills,
techniques, and materials of the trade,
''(IV) provides training in math,
measurement, and blueprint reading
skills, if such skills are required in
the trade,
''(V) provides training on trade
specific tools and equipment,
''(VI) provides on-the-job training
which allows performance of work under
close supervision of an instructor or
skilled worker, and
''(VII) provides periodic review
and evaluation of participants to
demonstrate proficiency in skills,
including the use of tests and
assessment of individual and group
projects.
''(3) Training period.--The term 'training period' means,
with respect to an employee, the period--
''(A) beginning on the date that the employee
begins employment with the taxpayer as an apprentice in
the highly skilled trade, and
''(B) ending on the earlier of--
''(i) the date that such apprenticeship
with the employer ends, or
''(ii) the date which is 4 years after the
date referred to in subparagraph (A).
''(c) Coordination With Other Credits.--The amount of credit
otherwise allowable under sections 51(a) and 1396(a) with respect to
any employee shall be reduced by the credit allowed by this section
with respect to such employee.''.
(b) Credit Made Part of General Business Credit.--Subsection (b) of
section 38 of such Code is amended by striking ''plus'' at the end of
paragraph (12), by striking the period at the end of paragraph (13) and
inserting '', plus'', and by adding at the end the following new
paragraph:
''(14) in the case of a small business employer (as defined
in section 45E(b)), the highly skilled trades training credit
determined under section 45E(a).''.
(c) Denial of Double Benefit.--Section 280C of such Code is amended
by adding at the end the following new subsection:
''(d) Credit for Training Expenses for Employees in Highly Skilled
Small Business Trades.--No deduction shall be allowed for that portion
of the expenses otherwise allowable as a deduction for the taxable year
which is equal to the amount of the credit determined for the taxable
year under section 45E(a).''.
(d) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for subpart D of
part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of such Code is amended by adding
at the end the following new item:

''Sec. 45E. Expenses for long-term
training of employees in highly
skilled small business
trades.''.
(e) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall
apply to expenses paid or incurred in the taxable years ending after
the date of the enactment of this Act.
answer:
Skilled Workforce Enhancement Act of 2001 - Amends the Internal Revenue Code to provide small employers with a highly skilled trades training credit.

question:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''International Cooperative
Antiterrorism Act of 2002''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The use of terrorism is detestable and an illegitimate
means of political expression.
(2) International terrorist organizations pose a direct
threat to the United States, and this threat is becoming more
acute and more difficult to prevent.
(3) The threat from international terrorism is made far
more dangerous by the proliferation of chemical, biological,
and radiological weapons and the means to produce those
weapons.
(4) The prosecution of the war against international
terrorist organizations must continue until those organizations
and the threat they pose to the people and interests of the
United States are eliminated.
(5) The United States can only win the war on terrorism if
it receives cooperation from other countries and entities.
(6) Protecting the United States homeland and United States
interests overseas from terrorism is of the highest priority in
the foreign relations of the United States.
(7) Cooperation in the global war against international
terrorism must be a primary focus of United States foreign
relations, United States assistance, and international security
relations.
(8) Winning the war on terrorism requires cooperation from
the international community, especially in the areas of
preventing the financing of terror, sharing information on
international terror networks, eliminating terror cells, and in
preventing the promotion of anti-Americanism and the
glorification of terrorism in state-owned media and state-
controlled schools.
(9) The promotion of terrorism, intolerance, and virulent
anti-Americanism in state-owned media and state-controlled
education systems is abhorrent and poses a long-term threat to
the safety and security of the United States as well as the
community of nations.
(10) All countries and entities must be encouraged to
cooperate in the global war on international terrorism.
(11) Many foreign governments and entities are doing little
to counter proterrorist and prointolerance messages to mass
audiences, including to school age children.
(12) Countries providing direct or indirect assistance to
international terrorist organizations undermine the direct
security interests of the United States.
(13) Countries demonstrating indifference to or providing
actual endorsement of international terror as a legitimate
political tool make a direct threat to the security interests
of the United States.
(14) The National Commission on Terrorism established by
section 591 of the Foreign Operations Export Financing, and
Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1999, as enacted by Public
Law 105-277 (112 Stat. 2681-210), concluded that the United
States should strengthen its efforts to discourage the broad
range of assistance that countries provide to international
terrorists.
(15) The National Commission on Terrorism further
recommends that the President make more effective use of
authority to designate foreign governments as ''not fully
cooperative'' with the United States counterterrorism efforts.
(16) United States assistance programs and the transfer of
United States Munitions List items are a critical tool of
United States foreign policy and winning the global war on
terrorism.
(17) Countries receiving United States assistance and the
export of items on the United States Munitions List must be
obligated to support the global war on international terror.
(18) Several existing laws, including the USA Patriot Act
of 2001, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Arms Export
Control Act, and the Export Administration Act of 1979 (or
successor statute), prohibit the provision of United States
assistance, and the licensing for export of items on the United
States Munitions List, to countries supporting terror or not
fully cooperating in antiterror efforts of the United States.
These laws should be expanded to include the definition of
''fully cooperative in the global war against international
terrorism'' set forth in this Act, including preventing
promotion of terror in state-owned and controlled media and
educational systems.

SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY.

It shall be the policy of the United States that--
(1) no United States assistance may be provided to any
foreign country or entity that is not making a maximum effort
to be fully cooperative in the global war against international
terrorism; and
(2) no license for export of an item on the United States
Munitions List to a country or entity may be issued if that
country or entity is not making a maximum effort to be fully
cooperative in the war against international terrorism.

SEC. 4. PROHIBITION ON UNITED STATES ASSISTANCE AND COMMERCIAL ARMS
EXPORTS.

(a) United States Assistance.--No United States assistance, other
than humanitarian assistance and cooperative nonproliferation and
counterproliferation programs, may be provided to any country or entity
if the President determines that such country or entity is not making a
maximum effort to be fully cooperative in the global war against
international terrorism.
(b) Commercial Arms Exports.--No license for the export of an item
on the United States Munitions List to any country or entity may be
issued if the President determines that such country or entity is not
making a maximum effort to be fully cooperative in the global war
against international terrorism.

SEC. 5. REQUIREMENT FOR AN ANNUAL REPORT.

(a) Requirement for Report.--The President, in consultation with
the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the
Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development, and the Director of Central Intelligence, shall prepare an
annual report that--
(1) lists each country or entity for which the President
has determined that there is credible evidence that such
country or entity is not being fully cooperative in the global
war against international terrorism under section 4; and
(2) describes for each country or entity listed under
paragraph (1)--
(A) the specific failures of each country or entity
to be fully cooperative in the global war on
international terrorism;
(B) the reasons why such country or entity is not
fully cooperative;
(C) the efforts being made by the United States
Government to promote greater adherence by such
countries or entities with the global war on
international terrorism; and
(D) any removal of a country or entity from the
list in paragraph (1).
(b) Dissemination.--The report required by this section shall--
(1) be submitted to Congress every year by December 31; and
(2) not be classified, except that the report may contain a
classified addendum, if necessary.

SEC. 6. PRESIDENTIAL WAIVER.

United States assistance or exports prohibited by section 4 may be
provided to a country or entity described in that section if the
President--
(1) determines that permitting such assistance or exports
is essential to the national security interests of the United
States; and
(2) not later than 15 days before permitting such
assistance or exports, furnishes a report describing the United
States assistance or exports to be provided to the appropriate
committees of Congress.

SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS.

In this Act:
(1) Expression of support for terrorism against the united
states.--The term ''expression of support for terrorism against
the United States'' means actions or expressions that are
designed to provoke anti-American action, especially of a
violent nature, or to glorify the use of violence against
citizens or government officials of the United States.
(2) Fully cooperative in the global war against
international terrorism.--The term ''fully cooperative in the
global war against international terrorism'' means a country or
entity that is--
(A) preventing the financing of terrorism,
including preventing--
(i) direct financial payments to any
terrorist organization;
(ii) any terrorist organization or any
entity supporting a terrorist organization from
receiving financial services such as brokering,
lending, or transferring currency or credit;
(iii) any person from soliciting funds or
items of value for a terrorist group; and
(iv) any humanitarian or other
nongovernmental organization from providing
financial support to terrorist organizations;
(B) sharing intelligence information with the
United States, including--
(i) releasing information to the United
States related to any terrorist organization;
(ii) cooperating in investigations
conducted by the United States; and
(iii) providing, to the extent possible,
individuals suspected of or supporting
terrorist organizations to United States
investigators; and
(C) acting against terrorist organizations,
including--
(i) preventing terrorist organizations from
committing or inciting to commit terrorist acts
against the United States or its interests
overseas;
(ii) preventing terrorist organizations
from operating safe houses or providing
transportation, communication, false
documentation, identification, weapons
(including chemical, biological, or
radiological weapons), explosives, or training
to terrorists; and
(iii) in the cases of a country--
(I) investigating suspected
terrorists within its national
territory;
(II) enforcing international
agreements and United Nations Security
Council Resolutions against terrorism;
and
(III) curbing any domestic
expression of support for terrorism
against the United States and its
allies in state-owned media, state-
sanctioned gatherings, state-governed
religious institutions, and state-
sanctioned school and textbooks.
(3) Humanitarian assistance.--The term ''humanitarian
assistance'' means any humanitarian goods and services,
including foodstuffs, medicines, and health assistance
programs.
(4) Terrorist organization.--The term ''terrorist
organization'' means an organization designated as a foreign
terrorist organization by the Secretary of State under section
219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189).
(5) United states assistance.--The term ''United States
assistance'' means--
(A) any assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 (including programs under title IV of chapter
2, relating to the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation);
(B) sales, or financing on any terms, under the
Arms Export Control Act;
(C) the provision of agricultural commodities,
other than food, under the Agricultural Trade
Development and Assistance Act of 1954; and
(D) financing under the Export-Import Bank Act of
1945.
(6) United states munitions list.--The term ''United States
Munitions List'' means the defense articles and defense
services controlled by the President under section 38 of the
Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778).
answer:
International Cooperative Antiterrorism Act of 2002 - Prohibits the provision of U.S. assistance (except humanitarian assistance and cooperative nonproliferation and counterproliferation programs), or the issuance of a license for the export of an item on the U.S. Munitions List, to any country or entity that the President has determined is not making a maximum effort to be fully cooperative in the global war against international terrorism. Authorizes the President to waive the requirements of this Act in the national security interests of the United States.

question:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Pre-College Engineering Education
Act''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) According to studies by the National Academy of
Engineering, there is a widespread interest in improving
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
education in elementary and secondary schools.
(2) STEM education is important in part because it can
develop student interest and aptitude in subjects directly
relevant to the Nation's capacity for research and innovation.
This capacity is largely credited with supporting United States
economic health, national security, and quality of life.
(3) STEM education contributes to scientific and
technological literacy, important attributes for all citizens.
(4) Science is the intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior
of the physical and natural world through observation and
experiment.
(5) Engineering is the application of scientific and
mathematical principles to innovate, analyze, design, evaluate,
and manufacture machines, processes, and systems.
(6) The share of engineering education in the Federal STEM
education portfolio, according to a survey by the National
Science and Technology Council, is only 0.4 percent of the
nearly $3,500,000,000 annual expenditures.
(7) Available evidence suggests that pre-college
engineering education can stimulate interest and improve
learning in mathematics and science as well as improve
understanding of engineering and technology.
(8) Engineering education is a vital component in attaining
licensure as a professional engineer that requires rigorous
education, training, experience, and continuing education.
(9) According to the National Academy of Engineering there
is relatively limited experience with engineering education in
elementary and secondary schools.
(10) Some States have included engineering in their science
or technology and vocational standards, and many school
districts provide informal or after-school engineering
education.
(11) The Next Generation Science Standards developed by a
consortium of States, the National Science Teachers
Association, the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, the National Research Council, and Achieve has
identified content and science and engineering practices that
all students should learn from kindergarten to high school
graduation. States and local districts will have the
responsibility for providing more detailed guidance to
classroom teachers to help students learn the key ideas in the
standards.
(12) According to the National Academy of Engineering there
is not at present a critical mass of teachers qualified to
deliver engineering instruction.
(13) It is imperative that teachers have relevant
professional training that coordinates concepts in engineering
with the diverse learning styles of students.

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

In this Act:
(1) Director.--The term ''Director'' means the Director of
the National Science Foundation.
(2) Elementary school.--The term ''elementary school'' has
the meaning given that term by section 8101 of the Elementary
and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801).
(3) Institution of higher education.--The term
''institution of higher education'' has the meaning given that
term by section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20
U.S.C. 1001(a)).
(4) Local educational agency.--The term ''local educational
agency'' has the meaning given that term by section 8101 of the
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C.
7801).
(5) Secondary school.--The term ''secondary school'' has
the meaning given that term by section 8101 of the Elementary
and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801).
(6) STEM education.--The term ''STEM education'' has the
meaning given that term in section 2 of the STEM Education Act
of 2015 (42 U.S.C. 6621 note).

SEC. 4. GRANT PROGRAM.

(a) In General.--The Director shall establish a grant program to
encourage States and local educational agencies to develop and
implement sustainable engineering education programs in elementary and
secondary schools through public-private partnerships to--
(1) conduct research, review, and analyze the effectiveness
of existing formal and informal research-based instructional
materials;
(2) select or develop new research-based instructional
materials;
(3) teach students the overall analytical approach used in
engineering to prepare them to deal with complex technical and
non-technical problems and issues;
(4) prepare students who may enter STEM-related careers;
(5) prepare students who may pursue engineering studies in
college;
(6) increase participation of underrepresented student
groups in the engineering pipeline; and
(7) provide professional development for pre-service and
in-service teachers to teach pre-college engineering.
(b) Eligible Recipients.--Grants under this section shall be
provided to an institution of higher education, with at least two co-
principal investigators, one from the college of engineering and one
from the college of education, except that if the institution does not
have colleges of both engineering and education, faculty from a college
of education or engineering from another institution in the area of
jurisdiction of the same local educational agency or the same State may
participate as a co-principal investigator.
(c) Consortia.--Public private partnerships shall be established
for program coordination, consisting of, but not limited to--
(1) an institution or institutions of higher education
described in subsection (b);
(2) one or more local educational agencies in the same
State as the institution or institutions described in paragraph
(1), with participation by at least three elementary or
secondary schools; and
(3) one or more private sector or government organizations
in the same State that employ one or more engineers.
(d) Grants.--
(1) Duration; distribution.--Grants under this section
shall be awarded in amounts sufficient to cover a period of
four years.
(2) First 2-year period.--
(A) Grant activities.--The first two years of
funding provided under a grant shall be used for the
selection, development, or both of research-based and
evidenced-based--
(i) engineering instructional materials
that respond to local needs; and
(ii) professional training and
methodologies guidelines for teachers
associated with engineering concepts and
approaches.
(B) Nature of materials.--Instructional materials
developed pursuant to subparagraph (A)(i) shall--
(i) emphasize--
(I) engineering fundamentals and
concepts;
(II) engineering design,
manufacturing, and testing; and
(III) essential skills such as
systems thinking, creativity, teamwork,
communication, and ethical
considerations;
(ii) be designed to introduce students to
modern engineering tools such as computer-aided
design, computer-aided manufacturing,
statistical analysis, codes and standards,
human factors, and reliability analysis;
(iii) provide information for teachers on
science inquiry activities related to
engineering; and
(iv) be aligned with and integrated into
relevant science, engineering, and mathematics
standards that may exist in the State or may be
developed.
(3) Second 2-year period.--
(A) Pilot instructional program.--The third year of
funding provided under a grant shall be used for the
implementation in one elementary or secondary school of
an engineering education program--
(i) based on the instructional materials
selected or developed under paragraph (2); and
(ii) using engineering students and pre-
service teachers from the institution or
institutions described in subsection (b) as
mentors for the elementary or secondary school
students.
(B) Expanded instructional program.--The fourth
year of funding provided under a grant shall be used
for the implementation of the engineering instructional
education program in the remaining elementary or
secondary schools described in subsection (c)(2), as
revised based on evaluation of the third year
experience.
(e) Applications.--
(1) Required commitments.--An application for a grant under
this section shall demonstrate strong long-term commitment for
the proposed program from--
(A) the institution or institutions described in
subsection (b), through--
(i) providing laboratory and instructional
space;
(ii) establishing ongoing professional
training programs for pre-service and in-
service teachers and teachers in-residence; and
(iii) collaboration with the local
educational agency or agencies described in
subsection (c)(2), private sector or government
organizations described in subsection (c)(3),
and nonprofit educational enterprises, as
appropriate;
(B) the local educational agency described in
subsection (c)(2) and the State, including
commitments--
(i) to provide total funding to the
institution or institutions of higher education
described in subsection (b) or the elementary
or secondary schools described in subsection
(c)(2), or both, collectively with
organizations described in subparagraph (C)(i),
at least as great as that provided by the grant
awarded under this section;
(ii) to support continuance or expansion of
the engineering education program after the
expiration of grant funding under this section,
with the goal of offering engineering education
in all elementary and secondary schools under
the jurisdiction of the local educational
agency or agencies; and
(iii) for continuing collaboration with the
institution or institutions described in
subsection (b) and private sector or government
organizations described in subsection (c)(3);
and
(C) private sector or government organizations
through--
(i) financial support to the institution or
institutions of higher education described in
subsection (b) or the elementary or secondary
schools described in subsection (c)(2);
(ii) participation of personnel in the
development and implementation of the program;
(iii) provision of expertise, equipment,
and materials;
(iv) provisions of guidance on
instructional materials and needed supplies and
equipment; or
(v) other support.
(2) Selection.--A sufficient number of new grants shall be
made in each fiscal year, subject to the availability of
appropriations to achieve a measurable impact.
(f) Authorization of Appropriations.--No additional funds are
authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act. This Act shall be
carried out using amounts otherwise made available for such purposes.

SEC. 5. STUDY.

Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the
Director shall enter into an arrangement with the National Academy of
Engineering for a study to--
(1) conduct a formal review of the activities under this
Act and analyze the extent to which such activities will change
the quality, scale, equity, and impact of pre-college
engineering education, specifically taking into account how the
development of teaching guidelines and instructional materials
under this Act could contribute to such change;
(2) benchmark the results with relevant recent studies
conducted by cognizant organizations and the National Academy
of Engineering; and
(3) recommend if revisions to the program established under
this Act are needed to establish engineering education in all
secondary schools across the United States.

SEC. 6. ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS.

Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, and
annually thereafter, the Director shall provide a report to Congress on
activities and results under this Act. Such reports shall describe--
(1) the total number of grant applications received in each
year;
(2) the number and geographic distribution of the grants
each year and in total;
(3) participation of minority-serving institutions of
higher education such as historically black colleges and
universities and Hispanic-serving institutions;
(4) participation of underrepresented student groups;
(5) plans for collaboration among grantees;
(6) overall program outcomes and issues of concern; and
(7) recommendations for program revisions to achieve the
desired program outcome.
answer:
Pre-College Engineering Education Act This bill establishes a grant program to encourage, through public-private partnerships,the development and implementation bystates and local educational agenciesof sustainable engineering education programs in elementary and secondary schools. The National Science Foundation (NSF) shall administer the program. Grantees may use funds to: research, review, and analyze the effectiveness of existing research-based instructional materials; select or develop new research-based instructional materials; teach students the overall analytical approached used in engineering; prepare students who may pursue engineering studies in college or enter careers related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics; increase participation of underrepresented student groups in the engineering pipeline; and provide professional development for teachers to teach pre-college engineering. The NSF shall study and report on program activities and results.