Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 7.2 History of cell knowledge The optical microscope was first invented in 17th century. Shortly thereafter scientists began to examine living and dead biological tissues in order to better understand the science of life. Some of the most relevant discovery milestones of the time period include: The invention of the microscope11 , which allowed scientists for the first time to see biological cells Robert Hooke12 in 1665 looked at cork under a microscope and described what he called cork "cells" Anton van Leeuwenhoek13 called the single-celled organisms that he saw under the microscope "animalcules" Matthias Jakob Schleiden14 , a botanist, in 1838 determined that all plants consist of cells Theodor Schwann15 , a zoologist, in 1839 determined that all animals consist of cells Rudolf Virchow16 proposed the theory that all cells arise from previously existing cells In 1838, the botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden and the physiologist Theodor Schwann discovered that both plant cells and animal cells had nuclei. Based on their observations, the two scientists conceived of the hypothesis that all living things were composed of cells. In 1839, Schwann published 'Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals', which contained the first statement of their joint cell theory. Q: In what century was the microscope invented? A:
OPTIONS:
- 20th
- 16th
- 15th
- 17th
Answer: 17th

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chinook winds ( Figure below ) occur when air is forced over a mountain range. Warm air rises over the Sierra Nevada in California, for example, because it is pushed eastward by the westerly winds. The air cools as it rises and precipitates. The air is now dry. It sinks down the far side of the mountains and may create strong winds. These Chinook winds are relatively warm. If there is snow, the winds may melt it quickly. The dry sinking air creates a rainshadow effect . Rainshadow effect is responsible for many of the world's deserts. Q: What type of winds occur when air is forced over a mountain range? A:
OPTIONS:
- local winds
- trade winds
- doldrums
- chinook winds
output: chinook winds

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Through which part of the body do most animals take in oxygen? A:

OPTIONS:
- ears
- rectum
- nose
- mouth

A: mouth

input: OPTIONS:
- physiology
- toxicology
- histology
- epidemiology Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Epidemiologist Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population. It is, therefore, related to public health. An epidemiologist studies the frequency and distribution of diseases within human populations and environments. Epidemiologists collect data about a particular disease and track its spread to identify the original mode of transmission. They sometimes work in close collaboration with historians to try to understand the way a disease evolved geographically and over time, tracking the natural history of pathogens. They gather information from clinical records, patient interviews, and any other available means. That information is used to develop strategies and design public health policies to reduce the incidence of a disease or to prevent its spread. Epidemiologists also conduct rapid investigations in case of an outbreak to recommend immediate measures to control it. Epidemiologists typically have a graduate-level education. An epidemiologist often has a bachelor's degree in some field and a master's degree in public health (MPH). Many epidemiologists are also physicians (and have an MD) or they have a PhD in an associated field, such as biology or epidemiology. Q: What science is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population? A:
A:
output: epidemiology

Answer the following question given this paragraph: So far we have focused on traits due to one gene or several genes. But what about many genes? 100s or 1000s of genes? What would happen if an entire chromosome were missing or duplicated? What if a human had only 45 chromosomes? Or 47? This real possibility is usually due to mistakes during meiosis; the chromosomes do not fully separate from each other during sperm or egg formation. Specifically, nondisjunction is the failure of replicated chromosomes to separate during anaphase II. If a zygote forms from a gamete lacking a chromosome, a viable embryo cannot be produced. Most human abnormal chromosome numbers result in the death of the developing embryo, often before a woman even realizes she is pregnant. Occasionally, a zygote with an extra chromosome can become a viable embryo and develop. Q: If a human only has 45 chromosomes it is most likely due to a mistake during what? A:

OPTIONS:
- testis
- mitosis
- plexus
- meiosis

Answer: meiosis

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Plants are a large and varied group of organisms. There are close to 300,000 species of catalogued plants. Of these, about 260,000 are plants that produce seeds. Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants are all members of the plant kingdom. The plant kingdom contains mostly photosynthetic organisms; a few parasitic forms have lost the ability to photosynthesize. The process of photosynthesis uses chlorophyll, which is located in organelles called chloroplasts. Plants possess cell walls containing cellulose. Most plants reproduce sexually, but they also have diverse methods of asexual reproduction. Plants exhibit indeterminate growth, meaning they do not have a final body form, but continue to grow body mass until they die. Q: The process of photosynthesis uses chlorophyll, which is located in organelles called what? A:

OPTIONS:
- fibroblasts
- mitochondria
- nucleus
- chloroplasts

A:
chloroplasts