Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the ancient Greek word dialektos, "discourse", from dia, "through" and lego, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

One usagethe more common among linguistsrefers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect. According to this definition, any variety of a language constitutes "a dialect", including any standard varieties.

The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the "dialects" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian "dialects," are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly "dialects" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called "dialects" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of "dialect," as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian.

1. How many ways is the term dialect used?
2. What is a dialect related to a class?
3. What about a regional dialect?
4. What about a dialect related to a certain ethnicity?
5. How many types of linguistic phenomena?
6. What is the standard language not considered in the other usage?
7. Where are the regional Italian dialects actually derived from?
8. What caused the development of regional versions or varieties of standard Italian?
9. What are variations on standard Italian known as?
10. What is the origin of the term dialect?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. in two ways
2. a sociolect
3. a regiolect.
4. as ethnolect
5. two ways
6. unknown
7. from Vulgar Latin
8. a mix of national and local
9. they are known as regional Italian
10. from the Greek word for "discourse"

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

CBC Canada , CTV News A group of Canadian kids are spreading a bit of Christmas spirit in Halifax, Nova Scotia, by covering warm clothes around light poles for the city's homeless people to pick up and use. _ was such an unusual sight that locals stopped to take pictures to share on social media . Every year, Tara Atkins-Smith collects warm clothes from her community in order to help the less lucky. This year, since the family was traveling to Halifax with their daughter Jayda and seven of her friends to celebrate her 8thbirthday Tara thought it was the perfect time to teach the chidren a valuable life lesson. The kids spent time handing out coats to the homeless and tied the rest around light poles for others to pick up. Each of the clothes had a tag that read, "I am not lost. If you are caught in the cold, please take me to keep warm. " According to Tara, the experience helped the children better understand the difficult situation of homeless people, who have to brave the cold winter on the streets. "When we got back in the car after an hour on the street, they were all freezing cold and crying for the heater to be on because they were cold , " she said. By next morning, all the jackets, gloves, and scarves on the poles were gone. Photos of the inspriring project have been shared about 8, 000 times on Facebook, and have got over10,000 likes. Tara, who did something similar in Toronto in December last year, says she's already planning next year's coat drive. She hopes that the meaningful thing can spread around the world, and she also wants to add $5 fast food gift card so that the homeless people can also enjoy a hot meal. "We've got help from others when we were in need, and we knew how great it made us feel," said Zackary Atkins, Tara's husband.

1. what happened in this year
2. who is celebrating birthday of 8years
3. where were they travelliing to
4. was their photo posted on social media
5. do people love the picture

Numbered answers:

A: 1. a coat drive
2. Jayda
3. Halifax
4. yes
5. yes

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Today Bob was hungry. He had some pancakes in his fridge but did not feel like eating pancakes today. He thought to himself, "I want to get some food from the store." So he went to the store and bought a sandwich. When he was at the store there was a picture of a brown cat on the wall. Under that picture was a box full of candy. Bob knew that he did not want to eat too much candy, but he wanted to get some candy anyway. He went to the box of candy and put some in his shopping bag so he could buy it. Bob went to the front and paid for all of his food. After buying his food, he went home and ate it. The sandwich was delicious and after he ate the sandwich he ate the candy too. Bob was very happy that he was full now and no longer hungry.

1. What food did Bob already have?
2. where were they?
3. Why didn't he eat them?
4. did he go hunting for food instead?
5. Where did he go?
6. What did he get for lunch?
7. what was on the picture?
8. what color
9. what was underneath the picture?
10. what was in it?
11. did it have much in it?
12. did he buy a lot?
13. was the checkout at the back of the store?
14. Did he get it free?
15. Where did he go next?
16. diod the sandwich taste good?
17. was he still hungry?
18. how did he feel?
19. did he eat the candy straight after the sandwich?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. pancakes
2. his fridge
3. he didn;t fancy them
4. "no
5. the store
6. a sandwich
7. a cat
8. brown
9. a box
10. candy.
11. yes
12. no
13. no
14. no
15. home
16. Tyes
17. no
18. very happy
19. yes