Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

The bourgeoisie (Eng.: ; ) is a polysemous French term that can mean:

The "Bourgeoisie", in its original sense, is intimately linked to the existence of cities recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g. municipal charter, town privileges, German town law) so there was no bourgeoisie "outside the walls of the city" beyond which the people were "peasants" submitted to the stately courts and manorialism (except for the traveling "Fair bourgeoisie" living outside urban territories, who retained their city rights and domicile).

In Marxist philosophy the bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital, to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society. Joseph Schumpeter saw the creation of new bourgeoisie as the driving force behind the capitalist engine, particularly entrepreneurs who took risks to bring innovation to industries and the economy through the process of creative destruction. The Modern French word "bourgeois" derived from the Old French "burgeis" (walled city), which derived from "bourg" (market town), from the Old Frankish "burg" (town); in other European languages, the etymologic derivations are the Middle English "burgeis", the Middle Dutch "burgher", the German "Burger", the Modern English "burgess", and the Polish "burzuazja", which occasionally is synonymous with the intelligentsia.

1. In the original meaning where were bourgeoisie people found?
2. Where were they not found?
3. What were the people who were not bourgeoisie called?
4. Was it possible to live outside the cities but still have the rights of the bourgeoisie?
5. What were those people called?
6. To be considered bourgeoisie according to a more modern definition what must you own?
7. What is the name of the philosophy that states that?
8. What does the Old French word "burgeis" mean?
9. What language does the word "burzuazja" come from?
10. What language does the word "burgher" come from?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. in the city
2. "outside the walls of the city"
3. "peasants"
4. yes
5. "Fair bourgeoisie"
6. property
7. Marxist
8. walled city
9. Polish
10. Middle Dutch

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

CHAPTER VIII.AMONG THE CLOUDS IN A THUNDERSTORM.

A cry arose.

"The balloon has gone up!"

"Why, the balloonist is nothing but a boy!"

"My! but ain't it going up fast!"

Daniel Hawkins could do nothing but stare after the balloon.

"Foolish boy, he will be killed!" he gasped.

Ben Barkley was also amazed.

"He said he would go up," he murmured, "but I never supposed that he meant it."

The crowd continued to shout. They wondered what it all meant, and some asked the men who had had the balloon in charge, but those individuals had no time to explain.

They sprang into a wagon and prepared to follow the direction of the balloon, supposing it would come down as soon as the hot air began to cool off.

Meanwhile, what of Leo?

So sudden was the upward rush of the balloon that the boy was thrown to the bottom of the basket ere he was aware.

He clutched the sides and then ventured to look down. The earth seemed to be fading away beneath him.

For a few minutes he was deadly sick at the stomach and there was a strange ringing in his ears.

The balloon was moving in the direction of Hopsville. Soon it passed over the town.

Leo could see the few streets and the brook laid out like a map beneath him.

He was growing accustomed to his novel situation.

On and on went the balloon.

The wind appeared to blow stronger the higher he went.

1. What appeared to fade away
2. What town was passed over?
3. By what?
4. Who was inside?
5. named?
6. Who followed the balloon?
7. Did Leo know how to fly?
8. did he like being in air?
9. who was ill?
10. where was the ringing?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. The earth
2. Hopsville
3. The balloon
4. A boy!
5. Leo
6. Daniel Hawkins and Ben Barkley
7. unknown
8. He was growing accustomed to his novel situation.
9. Leo
10. His ears.

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Imagine what you could do with a machine that could make things disappear.

For inspiration, you could read some books. In the books of J.R.R. Tolkein, Bilbo Baggins finds a ring that can make him disappear. Of course, there's also poor Harry Potter, who used his invisibility cloak to hide from danger.

Now that you've got some ideas, it's time for the hard part: building the cloak. To do that, you have to give up science fiction and turn to real science. An invisibility cloak has to cheat anything or anyone who might be watching. In order to understand how something can be seen, it's important to understand how we see.

Human beings can only see objects that reflect light waves. These waves enter the eye and are then processed by the brain. However, if an object doesn't reflect light, then the waves don't enter the eye, and the brain doesn't process. So building an invisibility cloak is building something that doesn't reflect light.

Cummer was part of a team of scientists from Duke University, including David Smith and David Schurig, who built the world's first version of an invisibility cloak. They had been inspired by the work of a British physicist, John Pendry. He in May said that an invisibility cloak was possible and Pendry was not the only one thinking about a disappearing act. At the same time, a Scottish physicist, UIf Leonhardt published a paper on building invisibility equipment.

"It wasn't easy," says Cummer. "As often happens in science and research, it didn't work very well the first time. That first cloak didn't work like Harry Potter's --- the scientists didn't actually see anything disappear. So the research is still under way. "

1. what are people trying to build?
2. who tried to build the first one?
3. how many in the group?
4. were they named in the story?
5. what are the names of two of them?
6. who's work served as the inspiration for their project?
7. what novelist is mentioned?
8. what is the name of one of his characters?
9. what did he find?
10. did it do anything?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. an invisibility cloak
2. a team of scientists from Duke
3. Three
4. Yes
5. David Smith and David Schurig
6. Harry Potter
7. J.R.R. Tolkein
8. Bilbo Baggins
9. A ring
10. make him disappear