input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. WadeGiles (), sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade, during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert A. Giles's "ChineseEnglish Dictionary" of 1892.

WadeGiles was the system of transcription in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century, used in standard reference books and in English language books published before 1979. It replaced the Nanking dialect-based romanization systems that had been common until the late 19th century, such as the Postal Romanization (still used in some place-names). In mainland China it has been entirely replaced by the Hanyu Pinyin system approved in 1958. Outside mainland China, it has mostly been replaced by Pinyin, even though Taiwan implements a multitude of Romanization systems in daily life. Additionally, its usage can be seen in the common English names of certain individuals and locations such as Chiang Ching-kuo.

WadeGiles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade, a scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at Cambridge University. Wade published in 1867 the first textbook on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin in English, "Yu-yen Tzu-erh Chi" (traditional: ; simplified: ), which became the basis for the Romanization system later known as WadeGiles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists, was further refined in 1912 by Herbert Allen Giles, a British diplomat in China and his son, Lionel Giles, a curator at the British Museum. 1. What is the system in focus?
2. A.k.a.?
3. What type of system is it?
4. What type was it in the 20th century?
5. What language is it for?
6. Who produced it?
7. What was his middle name?
8. He was an ambassador from what country?
9. Where was he an ambassador to?
10. When was the first textbook published by him?
11. Who refined his theories?
12. What was Giles' occupation?
13. From where?
14. Who did this with Giles?
15. What was his name?
16. Where did he work?
17. What did he do there?
numbered_answers: 1. WadeGiles.
2. Wade.
3. A Romanization system.
4. The system of transcription in the English-speaking world.
5. Mandarin Chinese.
6. Thomas Wade.
7. Francis.
8. British.
9. China.
10. 1867.
11. Herbert Allen Giles.
12. Diplomat.
13. Great Britain.
14. His son.
15. Lionel.
16. The British Museum.
17. He was a curator.

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. By-elections also spelled bye-election (known as special elections in the United States, and bypolls in India) are used to fill elected offices that have become vacant between general elections.

In most cases these elections occur after the incumbent dies or resigns, but they also occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a recall, ennoblement, criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance). Less commonly, these elections have been called when a constituency election is invalidated by voting irregularities.

In the United States, these contests have been called "special elections" because they do not always occur on Election Day like regular congressional elections. A 2016 study of special elections to the United States House of Representatives found "that while candidate characteristics affect special election outcomes, presidential approval is predictive of special election outcomes as well. Furthermore, we find that the effect of presidential approval on special election outcomes has increased in magnitude from 1995 to 2014, with the 2002 midterm representing an important juncture in the nationalization of special elections."

The procedure for filling a vacant seat in the House of Commons of England was developed during the Reformation Parliament of the 16th century by Thomas Cromwell; previously a seat had remained empty upon the death of a member. Cromwell devised a new election that would be called by the king at a time of the king's choosing. This made it a simple matter to ensure the seat rewarded an ally of the crown. 1. What is the term used for special elections?
2. Why are they special?
3. What sways these elections?
4. What is the main thing?
5. How do you know? What was done?
6. When was the study done?
7. On all elections or specific ones?
8. On what offices?
9. Is it having more of an impact over time?
10. What year was the turning point?
numbered_answers: 1. By-elections
2. do not always occur on Election Day
3. candidate characteristics
4. presidential approval
5. increased in magnitude
6. 2016
7. specific
8. United States House of Representatives
9. Yes
10. 2002

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group.

In 2004, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. When Sony acquired BMG's half of the conglomerate in 2008, Sony BMG reverted to the SME name. The buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which then relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Out of the "Big Three" record companies, with Universal Music Group being the largest and Warner Music Group, SME is middle-sized. 1. What company is the article about
2. What country are they out of
3. What year were they founded
4. What was the original name
5. What year did this change
6. What was the new name
7. What year did CBS obtain it
8. What were they called then
9. What year did Sony Corporation of Japan purchase it
10. What did they rename it
11. Are they the largest music group
12. Who is the largest
13. Who did SME merge with in 2004
14. What were they called after the merger
15. What year did Sony acquire BMG's half of the conglomerate
numbered_answers:
1. Sony Music Entertainment Inc.
2. American
3. 1929
4. ARC
5. 1938
6. Columbia Recording Corporation
7. 1966
8. CBS Records
9. 1987
10. SME
11. No
12. Universal Music Group
13. Bertelsmann Music Group
14. Sony BMG Music Entertainment
15. 2008