instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of low-energy femoral insufficiency fractures in elderly patients.', 'The study retrospectively evaluated the clinical course of 4 patients with low-energy femoral shaft and subtrochanteric fractures admitted to our department between 2009 and 2011. Three patients had prior long-term alendronate therapy and one had prior glucocorticoid therapy.', 'There were 5 femoral shaft fractures, 2 incomplete shaft fractures, 2 subtrochanteric and 1 intertrochanteric fractures. All femoral shaft fractures had characteristic fracture patterns with thickened lateral cortices at the proximal fragment. Six femurs had excessive medial femoral bowing, which complicated intramedullary nailing. Additional fractures were seen on both femurs of one patient who had been primarily treated with short implants. A bifocal femoral fracture was seen in one femur. Union was achieved in all patients. Two patients were able to walk independently, one with a cane and one with double crutches.
answer:
1

question:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under favorable conditions secrete a spectrum of cytokines that promote the survival of surrounding cells via paracrine mechanisms. We explored the impact of rat pancreatic extract (RPE) on cytokine secretion by MSCs and examined the influence of administration of conditioned media of MSCs treated with RPE on blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.', 'Cytokine levels (IGF-1, VEGF, bFGF) in conditioned media of MSCs treated with RPE were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We estimated blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic rats following intraperitoneal injection of conditioned media from RPE-treated MSCs. We analyzed histopathology of pancreatic islets by insulin immunostaining and apoptosis through a TUNEL assay.', 'Levels of IGF-1, VEGF, and bFGF were significantly increased in RPE-CM compared with control media. Administration of conditioned media of RPE-treated MSCs significantly lowered the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. After RPE treatment the insulin-positive area was increased and apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells decreased.
answer:
0

question:
Substance P (SP), neurokinin-1 receptors (NK-1Rs) are expressed in mesenteric preadipocytes and SP binding activates proinflammatory signalling in these cells. We evaluated the expression levels of SP (Tac-1), NK-1R (Tacr-1), and NK-2R (Tacr-2) mRNA in preadipocytes isolated from patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and examined their responsiveness to SP compared to control human mesenteric preadipocytes. The Aim of our study is to investigate the effects of the neuropeptide SP on cytokine expression in preadipocytes of IBD vs control patients and evaluate the potential effects of these cells on IBD pathophysiology via SP-NK-R interactions.', "Mesenteric fat was collected from control, Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients (n=10-11 per group). Preadipocytes were isolated, expanded in culture and exposed to substance P. Colon biopsies were obtained from control and IBD patients.", 'Tacr-1 and -2 mRNA were increased in IBD preadipocytes compared to controls, while Tac-1 mRNA was increased only in UC preadipocytes. SP differentially regulated the expression of inflammatory mediators in IBD preadipocytes compared to controls. Disease-dependent responses to SP were also observed between UC and CD preadipocytes. IL-17A mRNA expression and release increased after SP treatment in both CD and UC preadipocytes, while IL-17RA mRNA increased in colon biopsies from IBD patients.
answer:
1