Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Methotrexate (MTX) is the anchor drug in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MTX shows effects on disease activity and mortality. However, it is unclear whether the effect of MTX on mortality depends on its effect on disease activity.', 'In a post-hoc analysis we analysed the data of our cohort established in Ratingen, Germany, and included all patients starting treatment with MTX (n=271) between 1980 and 1987. One year after baseline (BL), response to MTX treatment was assessed using a modified ACR 20 response. Follow-up data of 250 patients were available after 10 and 18 years.', 'After 1 year, there were 66% responders and 20% non-responders; only 14% had discontinued MTX treatment due to side effects or lack of efficacy. Most patients continued MTX treatment irrespective of efficacy. Ten years after BL, 61% of the patients were still treated with MTX. After 18 years, the responder-group showed a standardised mortality ratio of 1.6 compared to 3.2 for the group of non-responders. However, when adjusting for age, gender, response to MTX treatment one year after BL, number of swollen joints and comorbidities after 10 years an independent association of continued MTX treatment with lower mortality was found for the period 10 to 18 years after BL (hazard ratio (HR): 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.43-0.92, p=0.015).

Ex Output:
1

Ex Input:
Oesophageal cancer is generally associated with late presentation and poor prognosis. Therefore palliative surgery has been largely superseded by less invasive non-surgical techniques. Once palliation is indicated, the aims of the management should be: the maintenance of oral intake, minimizing hospital stay, relief of pain, elimination of reflux and regurgitation and the prevention of aspiration.', 'This study was a review of all published English language data on the palliation of malignant dysphagia between 1994-1999. The Medline and Bids databases were searched and other references were derived from the material perused.

Ex Output:
0

Ex Input:
Amphetamine (AMPH)-like stimulants represent an intensively studied class of psychoactive drugs. Despite the well-known and potent arousal-enhancing effects of these drugs, the neurobiological substrates of AMPH-induced arousal have rarely been examined explicitly. Activity of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system is causally and positively related to behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of arousal. For example, activation of locus coeruleus neurons or stimulation of medial basal forebrain noradrenergic beta-receptors elicits activation of forebrain EEG in the anesthetized rat. Further, stimulation of noradrenergic beta-receptors within the medial basal forebrain elicits a substantial increase in alert, active waking. These and other observations suggest that at least some of the arousal-enhancing actions of AMPH-like stimulants derive from AMPH-induced increases in noradrenergic neurotransmission at beta-receptors. The current study examines the extent to which AMPH-induced activation of cortical EEG is dependent on actions of central beta-receptors.', 'The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV; 2 microl) pretreatment with either vehicle (artificial extracellular fluid) or the beta-antagonist, timolol (25, 50 or 100 microg), on the cortical EEG activating effects of intravenous AMPH (0.15 mg/kg) were examined in the halothane-anesthetized rat. EEG was recorded on polygraph and video recording tape and later analyzed using power spectral analyses (PSA). AMPH-induced alteration in cortical EEG activity was measured using PSA in vehicle- and timolol-pretreated animals.', 'Neither vehicle nor timolol ICV infusions altered cortical EEG activity patterns. In vehicle-pretreated animals, AMPH elicited a robust activation of cortical EEG, characterized by the substantial decrease in large-amplitude, slow-wave activity. Timolol pretreatment dose-dependently prevented AMPH-induced cortical EEG activation. This effect of timolol was statistically significant at the 50 microg and 100 microg dose.

Ex Output:
0