Given scientific fact as input, generate the question from this fact such that it can be answered from the input.

Q: The discovery of ribozymes nullified the idea that all biological catalysts are proteins.

A: What nullified the idea that all biological catalysts are proteins?
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Q: Monatomic ions form when a single atom gains or loses electrons.

A: What form when a single atom gains or loses electrons?
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Q: Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to equipotential lines.

A:
Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to what?
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