TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxemia and enteral arginine (ARG) supplementation on intestinal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation, and apoptosis in rat.', 'Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-280 g, were divided into three experimental groups: control rats, LPS rats treated with lipopolysaccharide given ip at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 24 h (two injections), and LPS-ARG rats treated with enteral arginine given in drinking water (2%) 72 h before and following injection of LPS. Intestinal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation, and enterocyte apoptosis were determined on day 3 following the first LPS injection.', 'LPS rats demonstrated a significant decrease in bowel weight in duodenum, mucosal weight in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, mucosal DNA and protein in jejunum and ileum, and villus height in jejunum and ileum compared to control animals. LPS rats also had a significantly lower cell proliferation index in jejunum and ileum and a higher apoptotic index in jejunum and ileum compared to control rats. LPS-ARG animals demonstrated greater duodenal bowel weight, duodenal and ileal mucosal weight, ileal mucosal DNA and protein, ileal villus height, and jejunal and ileal cell proliferation index compared to LPS animals.\Question: Does oral arginine reduce gut mucosal injury caused by lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia in rat?

SOLUTION: LPS endotoxemia impairs the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa in rat. Decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis may be considered the main mechanisms responsible for the decreased cell mass. Enteral arginine administration decreases the mucosal injury caused by lipopolysaccharide.

PROBLEM: Context: Cicatricial alopecia is a form of hair loss that causes both cosmetic and psychological concerns. Although tissue expanders are the common approach to reconstruction, no algorithm exists in the literature for this process. In this study, it was aimed to create an algorithm for the reconstruction of lateral scalp alopecias with the goal to achieve better and standardized results.', 'Lateral scalp alopecias were divided into three groups: total lateral alopecia (type I), temporal and sideburn alopecia (type II), and sideburn alopecia (type III). Tissue expanders were placed at the parieto-occipital area in type I defects, parietal area in type II defects, and the temporal region in type III defects. Tissue expanders were used to create flaps that were advanced with 60 rotation, 90 rotation, and no rotation for type I, II, and III defects, respectively.', 'Fifteen patients were treated with this algorithm. Using this simple approach, we achieved natural, standardized aesthetic results for each patient, all of whom were satisfied with the final results.\Question: Do our experiences on the reconstruction of lateral scalp burn alopecia with tissue expanders?

SOLUTION: Although the number of case were limited, the ideal and standardized cosmetic results could be obtained by this approach.

PROBLEM: Context: The onset and offset of weak low-frequency magnetic fields triggered evoked potentials in human subjects that could be detected using nonlinear analysis, but not by means of time averaging. Because the magnetic fields and their induced electric fields were both present in the brain, their respective role in producing the effect on brain activity could not be ascertained. We inquired whether a biophysical coupling mechanism involving only the electric field could explain the occurrence of the brain potentials.', 'An external electric field capable of producing a brain electric field comparable to that induced by the magnetic stimuli was identified by finite-element analysis. The electroencephalogram from 23 subjects was measured from six scalp derivations in the presence and absence of the external electric field, and the presence of evoked potentials was assessed using nonlinear and linear analyses.', 'Evoked potentials were observed in all but one subject (p < 0.05 in each subject); the potentials had the same latency, duration, and distribution of magnitudes as seen in the earlier studies, and were detectable only by means of nonlinear analysis. Using a realistic physical model of an ion channel, we showed that transduction of an electric field could be explained by assuming that the field exerted a force on glycocalyx molecules attached to a channel gate.\Question: Is the electric field a sufficient physical determinant of the human magnetic sense?

SOLUTION:
The evoked potentials described here, as well as those observed previously in response to magnetic stimuli, were probably triggered by the induced electric field.