Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: To provide optimal treatment of heterogeneous triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), we need biomarkers that can predict the chemotherapy response.', 'We retrospectively investigated BRCAness in 73 patients with breast cancer who had been treated with taxane- and/or anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Using multiplex, ligation-dependent probe amplification on formalin-fixed core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens before NAC and surgical specimens after NAC. BRCAness status was assessed with the assessor unaware of the clinical information.', 'We obtained 45 CNB and 60 surgical specimens from the 73patients. Of the 45 CNB specimens, 17 had BRCAness (38.6% of all subtypes). Of the 23 TNBC CNB specimens, 14had BRCAness (61% of TNBC cases). The clinical response rates were significantly lower for BRCAness than for non-BRCAness tumors, both for all tumors (58.8% vs. 89.3%, P= .03) and for TNBC (50% vs. 100%, P= .02). All tumors that progressed with taxane therapy had BRCAness. Of the patients with TNBC, those with non-BRCAness cancer had pathologic complete responses significantly more often than did those with BRCAness tumors (77.8%vs. 14.3%, P= .007). After NAC, the clinical response rates were significant lower for BRCAness than for non-BRCAness tumors in all subtypes (P= .002) and in TNBC cases (P= .008). After a median follow-up of 26.4 months, 6 patients-all with BRCAness-had developed recurrence. Patients with BRCAness had shorter progression-free survival than did those with non- BRCAness (P=.049).

Answer: 0

Question: Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit therapeutic effects in human autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how allogeneic MSCs mediate immunosuppression in lupus patients.', 'The effects of allogeneic umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) on inhibition of T cell proliferation were determined. MSC functional molecules were stimulated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy controls and SLE patients and examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified using microbeads to stimulate MSCs in order to determine cytokine expression by MSCs and to further determine which cell subset(s) or which molecule(s) is involved in inhibition of MSC-mediated T cell proliferation. The related signaling pathways were assessed. We determined levels of serum cytokines in lupus patients before and after UC-MSC transplantation.', 'Allogeneic UC-MSCs suppressed T cell proliferation in lupus patients by secreting large amounts of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We further found that interferon- (IFN), which is produced predominantly by lupus CD8+ T cells, is the key factor that enhances IDO activity in allogeneic MSCs and that it is associated with IFNGR1/JAK-2/STAT signaling pathways. Intriguingly, bone marrow-derived MSCs from patients with active lupus demonstrated defective IDO production in response to IFN and allogeneic CD8+ T cell stimulation. After allogeneic UC-MSC transplantation, serum IDO activity increased in lupus patients.

Answer: 1

Question: Adipose tissue is closely associated with angiogenesis, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Some of the adipocyte-derived cytokines are hypothesized to play an important role in angiogenesis. We evaluated tube formation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in type I collagen gel when overlaid with the supernatant of 3T3-L1 cell culture, and expression of tube-forming factor(s) in 3T3-L1 cells with or without pioglitazone. We also studied plasma growth factor levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with pioglitazone.', 'The supernatant of 3T3-L1 cells increased tube formation of HUVECs by 9.03-fold of control. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA were expressed in 3T3-L1 cells. Western blot analysis also demonstrated HGF and VEGF protein expression. When 3T3-L1 cells were treated with 100 nM small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for HGF, the HGF mRNA and protein were suppressed. The VEGF mRNA and protein in the cells were also suppressed by siRNA for VEGF. The supernatant of 3T3-L1 cells treated with HGF siRNA suppressed tube formation of HUVECs by 61% compared with the supernatant of cells treated with control siRNA. Addition of VEGF siRNA resulted in no significant changes. The supernatant conditioned with pioglitazone further promoted the tube formation. Pioglitazone enhanced HGF mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 cells. After 12 weeks of pioglitazone treatment, the changes of plasma HGF levels in patients treated with pioglitazone were significantly higher than those in control.

Answer:
1