Q: The formula to calculate marginal cost is the change in cost divided by the change in quantity. So once you've figured out the change in total cost and the change in quantity, you can use these two numbers to quickly and easily calculate your marginal cost. For example, suppose you want to calculate the marginal cost of producing 600 widgets a day, up from 500 widgets a day. Your change in cost is $50 and your change in quantity is 100. Therefore your marginal cost is $0.50. Your marginal cost can increase or decrease as you continue to add additional units of production. Ultimately, you want to produce your product or service at the lowest possible marginal cost. For example, suppose your marginal cost of producing 600 widgets instead of 500 widgets is $.50. However, your marginal cost of producing an additional 100 widgets (700 widgets) is only $0.32. Producing 700 widgets would be more cost-effective than producing 500 widgets. Your marginal cost doesn't always decrease. Eventually, it will increase. For example, if you have to hire another team member to produce 800 widgets, that might increase your marginal cost to $0.52. When you enter your data on a spreadsheet, you can create graphs that visually display the marginal costs for each production interval or output level. A marginal cost curve typically has a U-shape. The curve occurs early on in the shape, with additional units costing more to produce. Plotting your data on a curve allows you to determine what production level would be most cost-effective for your business.
A: Divide the change in cost by the change in quantity. Repeat the calculation for additional intervals. Enter your data on a spreadsheet to create cost curves.

Q: Format section titles in Roman Numeral order. For example, I, II, III, and so forth. While the first section is technically known as the "Executive Summary" (which gives an official overview of your business), it is typically written last since all the information from the business plan is required to create it. To do this, describe your business and identify the marketplace needs for your product or service. Briefly describe your key customers and how you intend to succeed. For example, if your business is a small coffee shop, your description may read something like, "Joe's coffee shop is a small, downtown-based establishment focused on serving premium brewed coffee and fresh baking in a relaxed, contemporary environment. Joe's coffee is located one block from the local University, and aims to provide a comfortable environment for students, professors, and downtown employees to study, socialize, or simply relax between classes or meetings. By focusing on excellent ambiance, close location, premium products, and superb customer service, Joe's coffee will differentiate itself from its peers." The purpose of this section is explore and demonstrate knowledge of the market your business is operating within. Include information about your target market. You should be able to answer questions like, who is your target market? What are their needs and preferences? How old are they, and where are they located? Make sure to include a competitive analysis that provides research and information on immediate competitors. List your main competitors strengths and weaknesses and the potential impact on your business. This section is extremely important, as it outlines how your business will gain market share by capitalizing on competitor's weaknesses. This section of the business plan focuses on key personnel. Include details about the business owners and its management team. Talk about your team's expertise and how decisions will be made. If the owners and managers and have extensive backgrounds in the industry or a track record of success, highlight it. If you have an organizational chart, include it. What are you selling? What's so great about your product or service? How will customers benefit? How is it better than your competitors products or services? Address any questions about your product's life cycle. Do you currently have or anticipate developing a prototype, or filing for a patent or copyright? Note all planned activities. For example, if you are writing a plan for a coffee shop, you would include a detailed menu that would outline all your products. Before writing the menu, you would include a short summary indicating why your particular menu sets your business apart from others. You may state, for example, "Our coffee shop will provide five different types of beverages, including coffee, teas, smoothies, soda's, and hot chocolates. Our wide variety will be a key competitive advantage as we can provide a diversity of product offerings that our main competitors are currently not offering". In this section, explain how you intend to penetrate the market, manage growth, communicate with customers, and distribute your products or services. Be clear in defining your sales strategy. Will you use sales representatives, billboard advertising, pamphlet distribution, social media marketing, or all of the above? If you will use your business plan to secure funding, include a funding request. Explain how much money you need to start and maintain your small business. Provide an itemized summary of how start-up capital will be used. Give a timeline for your funding request. Gather financial statements to support your funding request. To accurately complete this step, in some cases it might be necessary to hire an accountant, lawyer, or other professional. Financial statements should include all historical (if you are an existing business) or projected financial data, including forecast statements, balance sheets, cash-flow statements, profit and loss statements, and expenditure budgets. For one full year, provide monthly and quarterly statements. Each year after that, yearly statements. These documents will be placed in the Appendix Section of your business plan. Include projected cash flows for at least 6 years or until stable growth rates are achieved and if possible, a valuation calculation based on discounted cash flows. Your executive summary will serve as an introduction to your business plan. It will include your company's mission statement and provide readers with an overview of your products or services, target market, and goals and objectives. Remember to place this section at the beginning of your document. Existing businesses should include historical information about the company. When was the business first conceptualized? What are some notable growth benchmarks? Start-ups will focus more on industry analysis and their funding goal. Mention the company's corporate structure, its funding requirement, and if you will provide equity to investors. Existing businesses and start-ups should highlight any major achievements, contracts, current or potential clients and summarize future plans.
A:
Format your document correctly. Write your company description as the first section. Write your market analysis. Describe your company's organizational structure and management. Describe your product or service. Write your marketing and sales strategy. Make a funding request. Write the executive summary.