input: Please answer the following: Given the following passage "In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some[citation needed], giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation.", answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text. Question: what is been disussed in the passage?
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output: the UN

input: Please answer the following: Given the following passage "Heartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists as to whether heartwood is truly dead, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once.", answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text. Question: How does duramen respond to rot?
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output: chemically

input: Please answer the following: Given the following passage "Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 19841989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.", answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text. Question: What, in regards to women voting, happened in the 59th year of the 20th century?
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output: Some Swiss cantons approved this

input: Please answer the following: Given the following passage "The effects of the "Twin Shocks"the Soviet entry and the atomic bombingwere profound. On 10 August the "sacred decision" was made by Japanese Cabinet to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition: the "prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler". At noon on 15 August, after the American government's intentionally ambiguous reply, stating that the "authority" of the emperor "shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers", the Emperor broadcast to the nation and to the world at large the rescript of surrender, ending the Second World War.", answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text. Question: What caused the Japanese to submit?
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output:
the Soviet entry and the atomic bombing