Q:Information: - Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. More restrictively, it is writing considered as an art form, or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. Its Latin root "literatura"/"litteratura" (derived itself from "littera": "letter" or "handwriting") was used to refer to all written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or sung (oral literature). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre). - Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature. However, literary scholarship since the 19th century often includesin addition to, or even instead of literary theory in the strict senseconsiderations of intellectual history, moral philosophy, social prophecy, and other interdisciplinary themes which are of relevance to the way humans interpret meaning. In humanities in modern academia, the latter style of scholarship is an outgrowth of critical theory and is often called simply "theory." As a consequence, the word "theory" has become an umbrella term for a variety of scholarly approaches to reading texts. Many of these approaches are informed by various strands of Continental philosophy and sociology. - Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture. In the Middle Ages, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at the time. Today, the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural and sometimes social sciences as well as professional training. - Reading Capital is a 1965 work of Marxist philosophy by Louis Althusser, Etienne Balibar, Roger Establet, Jacques Ranciere, and Pierre Macherey. An abridged English translation was published in 1970, and an unabridged translation in 2016. - Continental philosophy is a set of 19th- and 20th-century philosophical traditions from mainland Europe. This sense of the term originated among English-speaking philosophers in the second half of the 20th century, who used it to refer to a range of thinkers and traditions outside the analytic movement. Continental philosophy includes the following movements: German idealism, phenomenology, existentialism (and its antecedents, such as the thought of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche), hermeneutics, structuralism, post-structuralism, French feminism, psychoanalytic theory, and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School and related branches of Western Marxism. - Louis Pierre Althusser (16 October 1918 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy. - A student at the lycee in Nice, and khagne at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand in Paris, in 1959 he entered the ecole normale superieure, where he earned degrees in philosophy and sociology. He often collaborates with Christian Baudelot, a sociologist at the Ecole normale superieure. He was involved in Althusser's "Reading Capital" project. - The Frankfurt School is a school of social theory and philosophy associated in part with the Institute for Social Research at the Goethe University Frankfurt. Founded during the interwar period, the School consisted of dissidents who felt at home neither in the existent capitalist, fascist, nor communist systems that had formed at the time. Many of these theorists believed that traditional theory could not adequately explain the turbulent and unexpected development of capitalist societies in the twentieth century. Critical of both capitalism and Soviet socialism, their writings pointed to the possibility of an alternative path to social development. - An ecole normale superieure or ENS is a type of publicly funded higher education in France. A portion of the student body who are French civil servants are called "Normaliens". They are selected by a difficult examination, with only 3% of candidates eventually admitted. ENS also offers master's degrees. They could be compared to "Institutes for Advanced Studies" and constitute the top level of research-training education in the French university system. - Pierre Macherey ( French : ( mar ) ; born 17 February 1938 , Belfort ) is a French Marxist literary critic at Universite Lille Nord de France . A former student of Louis Althusser and collaborator on the influential volume Reading Capital , Macherey is a central figure in the development of French post-structuralism and Marxism . His work is influential in literary theory and Continental philosophy in Europe ( including Britain ) though it is generally little read in the United States . What is the relationship between 'pierre macherey' and 'ecole normale superieure'?
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