In this task, you will be shown a prompt from a judicial decision and multiple holding statements derived from citations following text in a legal decision. Holdings represent the governing legal rule when the law is applied to a particular set of facts. There are five answer choices for each citing text. The correct answer is the holding statement that corresponds to the citing text. The four incorrect answers are other holding statements. You should find the correct option. There is a <HOLDING> token in the position of the citing text prompt where the holding statement was extracted.

Q: the words of Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, 'is of the very essence of judicial duty."\u2019) (internal citation omitted); Columbia Falls Elem. Sch. Dist. No. 6 v. State, 326 Mont. 304, 109 P.3d 257, 260-61 (2005) (rejecting Baker v. Carr-based political question argument and concluding that, "[a]s the final guardian and protector of the right to education, it is incumbent upon the court to assure that the system enacted by the Legislature enforces, protects and fulfills the right [to education]"); Claremont Sch. Dist. v. Governor, 138 N.H. 183, 635 A.2d 1375, 1381 (1993) (concluding that constitutional right to adequate education is justiciable and that "any citizen" has standing to "enforce the State's duty" to fulfill this right); Abbott v. Burke, 149 N.J. 145, 693 A.2d 417, 428-29 (1997) (<HOLDING>); Campaign for Fiscal Equity, Inc. v. State, 86
Holding statements: (A) holding in the absence of exceptional circumstances deference should be given to trial court (B) holding that a school board policy prohibiting employees from sending their children to private schools interfered with employees constitutional right to control the education of their children (C) holding that while legislative findings are due deference that cannot foreclose a courts constitutional analysis (D) holding that a trial courts statutory interpretation is given no deference on review (E) holding that while deference should be given to legislative content and performance standards it is still the courts duty to ensure that these standards together with funding measures comport with the constitutional guarantee of a thorough and efficient education for all new jersey school children

A: (E)
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Q: CBL claim that if the merger is effected, the public will be harmed because Sparrow Hospital will no longer provide late re at the incipiency and block the merger. This court does not find irreparable injury will result from not enjoining the merger because this court sees a very minimal probability that a divestiture would ever be warranted in the future. For reasons that will be explained infra, this court is of the opinion that plaintiffs are not likely to succeed on the merits. Also, plaintiffs claim that if the merger is not enjoined they may lose standing to challenge it, thereby suffering irreparable harm. This court finds no merit in this contention. In making this argument, plaintiffs rely on the case of Arrow-Hart & Hegeman Electric 477, 97 S.Ct. 690, 50 L.Ed.2d 701 (1977) (<HOLDING>). For instance, as described above, GLASCCO and
Holding statements: (A) holding that an antitrust injury is a necessary element of a 2 claim (B) holding that plaintiff must show antitrust injury meaning injury of the type the antitrust laws were intended to prevent and which flows from defendants unlawful acts (C) holding that an activity which is exempt from the antitrust laws cannot form the basis of an antitrust investigation (D) holding that there must be a causal connection between the alleged antitrust violation and the antitrust injury for there to be antitrust standing (E) holding that a plaintiff must show antitrust injury in order to bring an antitrust lawsuit

A: (E)
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Q: investigation that the company believes to transgress separation-of-powers principles constitutes irreparable harm. See John Doe Co., 849 F.3d at 1135 (rebuffing Future Income Payments' position that "any alleged separation-of-powers injury is by its very nature irreparable"); John Doe Co., 235 F.Supp.3d at 203-04, 2017 WL 663528, at *6 (same). Similarly, in Tilton v. SEC, a challenge to the constitutionality of the appointment of administrative law judges in the SEC, the Second Circuit held that "being subjected to an unconstitutional administrative process" and enduring the "expense and disruption" of these proceedings do not qualify as irreparable harm. 824 F.3d 276, 286 (2d Cir. 2016); see FTC v. Standard Oil Co. of Cal., 449 U.S. 232, 244, 101 S.Ct. 488, 66 L.Ed.2d 416 (1980) (<HOLDING>). Future Income Payments' averred injury proves
Holding statements: (A) holding that the threat of irreparable harm must be immediate (B) holding the time trouble and expense of an unnecessary trial is not irreparable harm when determining whether the threshold elements of certiorari jurisdiction have been met (C) holding that where state rules of civil procedure apply to courts of the state they do not apply to adjudicatory proceedings before state agencies (D) holding that monetary damages do not generally constitute irreparable harm (E) holding that the expense and disruption of defending oneself in protracted adjudicatory proceedings do not amount not irreparable harm

A:
(E)
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