Answer the following question given this paragraph: Most animals have an exoskeleton, including insects, spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, centipedes, and crustaceans. Scientists estimate that, of insects alone, there are over 30 million species on our planet. The exoskeleton is a hard covering or shell that provides benefits to the animal, such as protection against damage from predators and from water loss (for land animals); it also provides for the attachments of muscles. As the tough and resistant outer cover of an arthropod, the exoskeleton may be constructed of a tough polymer such as chitin and is often biomineralized with materials such as calcium carbonate. This is fused to the animal's epidermis. Ingrowths of the exoskeleton, called apodemes, function as attachment sites for muscles, similar to tendons in more advanced animals (Figure 33.3). In order to grow, the animal must first synthesize a new exoskeleton underneath the old one and then shed or molt the original covering. This limits the animal's ability to grow continually, and may limit the individual's ability to mature if molting does not occur at the proper time. The thickness of the exoskeleton must be increased significantly to accommodate any increase in weight. It is estimated that a doubling of body size increases body weight by a factor of eight. The increasing thickness of the chitin necessary to support this weight limits most animals with an exoskeleton to a relatively small size. The same principles apply to endoskeletons, but they are more efficient because muscles are attached on the outside, making it easier to compensate for increased mass. Q: What is the term for the hard covering that protects insects, crustaceans, and spiders? A:
OPTIONS:
- endoplate
- endoskeleton
- exoplate
- exoskeleton

Answer: exoskeleton

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The marsupial embryo is nourished inside the uterus with food from a yolk sac instead of through a placenta. The yolk sac stores enough food for the short period of time the embryo remains in the uterus. After the embryo is born, it moves into the mother's pouch, where it clings to a nipple. It remains inside the pouch for several months while it continues to grow and develop. Even after the offspring is big enough to leave the pouch, it may often return to the pouch for warmth and nourishment. Eventually, the offspring is mature enough to remain outside the pouch on its own. Q: The marsupial embryo is nourished inside the uterus with food from a yolk sac instead of through a what? A:
OPTIONS:
- stomach
- ovum
- umbilical cord
- placenta
Answer: placenta

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Oscillations in the transcription of certain genes are at the heart of the molecular mechanisms underlying what biological rhythms? A:
OPTIONS:
- metastasis rhythms
- brain rhythms
- reproductive rhythms
- circadian rhythms
output: circadian rhythms

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Every object is attracted to every other object by gravity. The force of gravity between two objects depends on the mass of the objects. It also depends on how far apart the objects are. When you are sitting next to your dog, there is a gravitational force between the two of you. That force is far too weak for you to notice. You can feel the force of gravity between you and Earth because Earth has a lot of mass. The force of gravity between the Sun and planets is also very large. This is because the Sun and the planets are very large objects. Gravity is great enough to hold the planets to the Sun even though the distances between them are enormous. Gravity also holds moons in orbit around planets. Q: Every object is attracted to every other object by what force? A:

OPTIONS:
- weight
- magnetism
- pheromones
- gravity

A: gravity

input: OPTIONS:
- energy
- bacteria
- sound
- particle Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: In 1905, the physicist Albert Einstein developed a new theory about electromagnetic radiation. The theory is often called the wave-particle theory . It explains how electromagnetic radiation can behave as both a wave and a particle. Einstein argued that when an electron returns to a lower energy level and gives off electromagnetic energy, the energy is released as a discrete "packet" of energy. We now call such a packet of energy a photon . According to Einstein, a photon resembles a particle but moves like a wave. You can see this in the Figure below . The theory posits that waves of photons traveling through space or matter make up electromagnetic radiation. Q: Einstein developed a theory about how electromagnetic radiation can behave as both a wave and what else? A:
A:
output: particle

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What are all tissues external to the vascular cambium called? A:
OPTIONS:
- nucleus
- membranes
- larvae
- bark
Answer:
bark