instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: A functional vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (v-ATPase) complex regulates canonical Wnt/-catenin signaling. The goal of this study was to identify the distribution of the v-ATPase in human and murine models of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) and assess its role in Wnt/-catenin signaling.', 'We evaluated the immunolabeling pattern of the v-ATPase in human PanIN specimens and murine PanIN-1 and PanIN-2 lesions obtained from Ptf1a(Cre/+); LSL-Kras(G12D) mice. Wnt/-catenin signaling was interrogated in primary PanIN cells by examining the phosphorylated levels of its surface coreceptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6), and its intracellular effector, nonphosphorylated -catenin. The response of primary PanIN cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF) was assessed in the absence and presence of the v-ATPase inhibitor, concanamycin.', 'In advanced (PanIN-2), but not early (PanIN-1), lesions, the v-ATPase assumed a polarized phenotype. Blocking the v-ATPase disrupted Wnt/-catenin signaling in primary PanIN cells despite significantly higher levels of the total and activated Wnt cell surface coreceptor, LRP6. Vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase blockade significantly decreased the total and activated levels of EGF receptor, a determinant of PanIN progression. The activation of EGF receptor and its intracellular mediator, p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, was also reduced by v-ATPase blockade. This led to diminished proliferation in response to EGF ligand.
Answer: The v-ATPase regulates Wnt/-catenin and EGF receptor signaling in PanINs.
answer:
Does polarization of the vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase delineate a transition to high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm lesions?

question:
Context: Efficient enzymatic saccharification of plant cell wall material is key to industrial processing of agricultural and forestry waste such as straw and wood chips into fuels and chemicals.', "Saccharification assays were performed on steam-pretreated wheat straw under ambient and O2-deprived environments and in the absence and presence of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) and catalase. A kinetic model was used to calculate catalytic rate and first-order inactivation rate constants of the cellulases from reaction progress curves. The addition of a LPMO significantly (P<0.01, Student's T test) enhanced the rate of glucose release from 2.8 to 6.9h(-1) under ambient O2 conditions. However, this also significantly (P<0.01, Student's T test) increased the rate of inactivation of the enzyme mixture, thereby reducing the performance half-life from 65 to 35h. Decreasing O2 levels or, strikingly, the addition of catalase significantly reduced (P<0.01, Student's T test) enzyme inactivation and, as a consequence, higher efficiency of the cellulolytic enzyme cocktail was achieved.
Answer: Oxidative inactivation of commercial cellulase mixtures is a significant factor influencing the overall saccharification efficiency and the addition of catalase can be used to protect these mixtures from inactivation.
answer:
Does catalase improve saccharification of lignocellulose by reducing lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase-associated enzyme inactivation?

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Context: We sought to assess whether mechanical unloading has beneficial effects on cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats.', 'Mechanical unloading by a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) improves the cardiac function of terminal heart failure in humans. However, previous animal studies have failed to demonstrate beneficial effects of mechanical unloading in the myocardium.', 'The effects of mechanical unloading by heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation were evaluated in the myocardium from doxorubicin-treated rats by analyzing the intracellular free calcium level ([Ca(2+)](i)) and the levels of intracellular Ca(2+)-regulatory proteins.', 'In doxorubicin-treated rats, the duration of cell shortening and [Ca(2+)](i) transients in cardiomyocytes was prolonged (432 +/- 28.2% of control in 50% relaxation time; 184 +/- 10.5% of control in [Ca(2+)](i) 50% decay time). Such prolonged time courses significantly recovered after mechanical unloading (114 +/- 10.4% of control in 50% relaxation time; 114 +/- 5.8% of control in 50% decay time). These effects were accompanied by an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA2a) protein levels (0.97 +/- 0.05 in unloaded hearts vs. 0.41+/- 0.09 in non-unloaded hearts). The levels of other intracellular Ca(2+)-regulatory proteins (phospholamban and ryanodine receptor) were not altered after mechanical unloading in doxorubicin-treated hearts. These parameters in unloaded hearts without doxorubicin treatment were similar to normal hearts.
Answer: Mechanical unloading increases functional sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase and improves [Ca(2+)](i) handling and contractility in rats with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. These beneficial effects of mechanical unloading were not observed in normal hearts.
answer:
Does mechanical unloading improve intracellular Ca2+ regulation in rats with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy?