Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Robert Spring, a 19

century forger ,was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for 15 years by selling false signatures of Americans. Spring was born in England in 1813 and arrived in Philadelphia in 1858 to open a bookstore. At first he became rich by selling his small but real collection of early U.S. autographs . Discovering his ability at copying handwriting, he began imitating signatures of George. Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books. To lessen the chance of detection , he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale.

Forgers have a hard time selling their products. A forger can't deal with a respectable buyer but people who don't have much knowledge in the field. Forgers have many ways to make their work look real. For example, they buy old books to use the aged paper of the title page, and they can treat paper and ink with chemical.

In Spring's time right after the Civil War, Britain was still fond of the Southern states, so Spring invented a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson, the only daughter of General "Stonewall" Jackson. For several years Miss Fanny's financial problems forced her to sell a great number of letters and manuscripts . Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand. All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the originals.

1. What was Robert Spring good at?
2. When was he born?
3. Where?
4. Did he stay there?
5. Where did he move?
6. When?
7. Why?
8. Where did he send his "work"?
9. Why?
10. Who "sold" them ?
11. And she was suppose to be who?
12. Why was she selling?
13. Was there a big demand?
14. Was everything he sold a forgery?
15. Who were some of the people he copied?
16. Was he rich at one time?
17. Did he die rich?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. selling false signatures
2. 1813
3. England
4. no
5. Philadelphia
6. 1858
7. open a bookstore
8. England and Canada
9. lessen the chance of detection
10. Miss Fanny
11. only daughter of General "Stonewall" Jackson
12. financial problems
13. yes
14. no
15. George. Washington and Ben Franklin
16. yes
17. no

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Soaping up your hands may do more than just get rid of germs. It may wash away the inner confusion you feel right after being forced to make a choice between two appealing choices, according to a new study. The study builds on the past research into a phenomenon known as "the Macbeth effect" . It turns out that Shakespeare was really onto something when he imagined Lady Macbeth trying to clean her conscience by rubbing invisible bloodstains from her hands. A few years ago, scientists asked people to describe a past wrong act. If people were then given a chance to clean their hands, they later expressed less guilt than people who hadn't cleaned. This finding interested W. S. Lee, a researcher. "Anything from the past, any kind of negative emotional experiences, might be washed away," says Lee. He decided to test hand washing's effect on one kind of bad feeling:the tension we feel after being forced to choose between two attractive choices, because picking one choice makes us feel that we've lost the other. People usually try to calm this inner conflict by later exaggerating the positive aspects of their choice. He had students rank 10 different music CDs. Then he offered students two of the CDs and told them to select one as a gift. Some students then used liquid soap. Others only looked at the soap or sniffed it. "Actually, you do not need water and soap," says Lee. Later, the students again had to rank all the music CDs. People who didn't wash their hands had the normal response -- they scored their take-home CD higher, suggesting that they now saw it as an even more attractive one than before. But this wasn't true for the hand washers. They ranked the music about the same. "They feel no need at all to justify (...)the choice," says Lee. But the effects of it just aren't clear. Schwarz says it's too soon to know whether people should head for a sink after making a tough choice. He says washing may help decision-makers by cleaning away mental disorder. But perhaps if they don't go through the usual post-decision process of justifying their choice, they might feel more sorrow in the long run.

1. Who expressed less of something when they had washed up first.
2. What did they express less of?
3. What might get rid of more of a thing?
4. What might that get rid of more of?
5. What is the phenomenon mentioned?
6. Who was onto a thing?
7. What was he onto?
8. What did Shakespeare imagine?
9. What might be washed away?
10. anything else?
11. What was offered to pupils?
12. What were theyinstructed to do with them?
13. What did some kids do with the soap?
14. anything else?
15. Who was the third President of the Galactic Federation?
16. What might a person feel a greater amount of in the long run?
17. What kind of soap did some kids use?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. people who were given a chance to clean their hands.
2. guilt
3. Soaping up your hands
4. germs.
5. the Macbeth effect
6. Shakespeare
7. If people were then given a chance to clean their hands, they later expressed less guilt than people who hadn't cleaned.
8. Lady Macbeth trying to clean her conscience by rubbing invisible bloodstains from her hands.
9. Anything from the past
10. any kind of negative emotional experiences
11. CDs
12. to select one as a gift.
13. looked at the soap
14. sniffed it.
15. unknown
16. sorrow
17. liquid soap

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Kingston is a city in eastern Ontario, Canada. It is on the eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River (south end of the Rideau Canal). The city is midway between Toronto and Montreal. The Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the ""Limestone City"" because of the many heritage buildings constructed using local limestone.

Growing European exploration in the 17th century and the desire for the Europeans to establish a presence close to local Native occupants to control trade led to the founding of a French trading post and military fort at a site known as "Cataraqui" in 1673. This outpost, called Fort Cataraqui, and later Fort Frontenac, became a focus for settlement. After the British conquered New France, the village was renamed Kingston.

Kingston was named the first capital of the Province of Canada on February 10, 1841. While its time as a political centre was short (ending in 1844), the community has remained an important military installation. Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998. Kingston is now a separated municipality from the County of Frontenac.

A number of origins of "Cataraqui", Kingston's original name, have been postulated. One is it is derived from the Iroquois word that means "the place where one hides". The name may also be derivations of Native words that mean "impregnable", "muddy river", "place of retreat", "clay bank rising out of the water" or "where the rivers and lake meet".

1. What country is Kingston in?
2. When was it named the first capital?
3. Was it a long-standing political epicenter for the nation?
4. When did its political importance end?
5. What importance does it serve now?
6. What is Kingston's original name?
7. What is one possible meaning of that word?
8. Derived from which tribe?
9. What is another possible translation?
10. Do any of the names have to do with water?
11. Which?
12. Which rivers is Kingston located near?
13. And which major lake?
14. What is Kingston's nickname?
15. Why?
16. Which major cities is it in the middle of?
17. Is there a tourist destination nearby?
18. Named?
19. What was known as Cataraqui in 1673?
20. When was it renamed Kingston?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. Canada
2. February 10, 1841
3. no
4. in 1844
5. the community has remained an important military installation
6. Cataraqui
7. "the place where one hides".
8. from the Iroquois
9. "place of retreat"
10. yes
11. "muddy river", "clay bank rising out of the water" or "where the rivers and lake meet".
12. the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River
13. Lake Ontario
14. ""Limestone City""
15. because of the many heritage buildings constructed using local limestone.
16. between Toronto and Montreal
17. yes
18. The Thousand Islands tourist region
19. a French trading post and military fort
20. After the British conquered New France