INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Moss won't grow if it's exposed to too much sunlight, so choose a wall that only gets partial sunlight (anywhere from 2 to 6 hours of sunlight a day is best). Moss grows best on porous surfaces such as bricks or other stones. This paint is very tasty to slugs. Start your painting well above ground level so your art doesn't get eaten! Stencils are a great way to create clean, curved edges to your graffiti. Cut various shapes out of cardboard then hold the cardboard pieces against the wall while you paint along or inside the cutouts. Cardboard stencils will help you create clean lettering and familiar shapes. For example, use sharp scissors or an X-ACTO knife to cut out petals and a circle to create a flower. It may help to have a friend hold larger stencils for you while you paint. You can also try attaching it with duct tape. Note that using stencils isn't as effective on walls with uneven or non-flat textures (like bricks, rock walls, or rough spackle). You can still use stencils but you'll need to clean up the edges later on with a small paintbrush. If you already small have plastic stencils, feel free to use those for little details.

SUMMARY: Choose a rough or porous surface that only gets partial sunlight. Use cardboard cutouts as stencils for intricate designs.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: The scope of your cost analysis will depend on its purpose, so before you can consider how broad you want your analysis to be, you need to know what you want ultimate questions you want the analysis to answer. If you are conducting a cost analysis merely to set a budget or plan strategically for the future, you would typically conduct a cost analysis that extended organization-wide. On the other hand, a narrower or more specific purpose, such as determining whether to bill for a particular service (and how much), might require a narrower cost analysis that only addressed the costs of that particular service. In addition to figuring out why you need a cost analysis, you also need to know whose cost you're going to analyze. This will determine what data you collect and how you classify it. For example, you may be interested in the cost to your clients of offering a particular service. You would look at costs from their perspective, taking into account the amount you bill (or plan to bill) for the service, transportation to your location, and other costs. If you're simply looking at the cost of the program to your organization, you'll look at your organizational expenses generally. You might also look at opportunity costs, such as whether offering one program means you will be unable to offer other programs. How you delineate your programs will determine how you allocate costs for the purpose of cost analysis. If your organization runs very distinct programs, divisions may be obvious. For overlapping programs or programs that share resources, determine how to separate them. Programs that overlap to a significant degree may be lumped together, rather than evaluated separately. Go with what makes the most sense for the operations of your organization, avoiding duplication of efforts wherever possible. To determine whether programs should be separated, look at the services offered by each program, the resources needed to provide those services, and who those services are provided to. If two programs are the same in 2 out of 3 of those dimensions, they probably should be treated as one for the purposes of cost analysis. How you categorize and calculate costs depends on whether you're analyzing those costs over the long term (say, months or years) or over the short term (a few weeks, or maybe even a single application). For example, if you're trying to decide whether to charge for a specific service, you would first determine how much that service costs you to provide. You would then do a longer term cost analysis to determine whether your organization can sustain a loss for providing that service. It's generally best to choose a time period for which you can acquire accurate revenue data, rather than estimates. This will help if you plan to use your cost analysis as a basis for further economic evaluation.

SUMMARY: Figure out why you need a cost analysis. Identify the perspective for your cost analysis. Differentiate the programs you offer. Set the time period you want to evaluate.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: This type of outline will touch on all the major parts of your speech, making it easier for you to divide it into manageable parts. Use bullet points that describe the main themes of each section of your speech, as well as any smaller themes or points within these sections. For instance, instead of writing "When I was a child, I was attacked by a dog. It was a mean old dog that belonged to my neighbor at the time. Ever since then, I've been afraid of dogs," simply write "dog attack story." Writing your outline this way will prevent you from memorizing the exact words you intend to use in your speech, which would make you sound robotic instead of natural. Your outline should include all major ideas and all major supporting ideas. If you have any special examples or analogies you want to use within your speech, these also warrant bullet points. Each main idea or major supporting detail that was written as a bullet point in your outline should be considered a distinct section. If you have multiple bullet points that are very similar to each other, these can also be lumped together into a single section. For example, if 1 bullet point reads "my semester abroad in China" and the next bullet reads "attending a Chinese school," these can be combined into a single section called "my experiences in China." These sections should logically flow into each other in a comfortable narrative format. Think of them as the different acts in a story you're telling the audience. If you did not write an outline or do not like the way your information is organized into bullet points on the outline, you could opt to divide your speech by paragraph instead of by bullet point. The idea is mostly to assign one major idea to each part. Choose an image that is related to the theme of the speech section, but which is also a little bit odd or off the wall. The more absurd and unique the image is, the easier it will be to recall it later. For instance, if a part of your speech mentions that coconut oil can help hair grow faster, you could imagine something like Rapunzel sitting on top of a tower made of coconuts or living in a room filled with coconuts. Rapunzel emphasizes the idea of long hair, while the coconuts help point out the connection to coconut oil. Pick out areas of your home, such as the kitchen sink, your work desk, or the top of the coffee table, and match these areas to the sections of your speech. They don't necessarily have to be related to the theme of the speech section; each section just needs to be attached to a location. For example, the section of your speech on your experiences abroad can be assigned to your bathroom sink if you like. You can choose another location besides your home if you like, such as your office or the road you drive on to get to work. The location can be near or far; the choice is up to you. Ultimately, though, you should be able to navigate it well enough in your mind to find your way to your various visuals. Alternatively, you could also use the human body as a map. The images can be "tattooed" onto the body in your mind, and as you travel along the body, you will hit the images in order more naturally. With the locations and visualizations set, you need to begin practicing your speech by relying on these visuals for guidance. As you practice, actually imagine yourself traveling from location to location, viewing each image in the order that its corresponding bullet point falls within your speech. Construct narrative links between each mental image. For example, if your visual for the dog attack story was a bandaid and your visual for your experiences in China was a dumpling, imagine yourself putting a bandaid on in the bathroom, then walking into the kitchen to find a dumpling on the counter. You need to have firm links connecting one visualization to the next. If not, you might forget the order your information is supposed to land in.

SUMMARY:
Write an outline of the speech using bullet points instead of sentences. Divide the speech into distinct sections based on your outline. Visualize a mental image for each section of your speech. Assign each of these images a location in your home. Practice linking the visuals together to recall your speech.