Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[EX Q]: Transcription of plastid-encoded genes requires two different DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, a nuclear-encoded polymerase (NEP) and plastid-encoded polymerase (PEP). Recent studies identified two related pfkB-type carbohydrate kinases, named FRUCTOKINASE-LIKE PROTEIN (FLN1 and FLN2), as components of the thylakoid bound PEP complex in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Sinapis alba (mustard). Additional work demonstrated that RNAi-mediated reduction in FLN expression specifically diminished transcription of PEP-dependent genes.', 'Here, we report the characterization of Arabidopsis FLN knockout alleles to examine the contribution of each gene in plant growth, chloroplast development, and in mediating PEP-dependent transcription. We show that fln plants have severe phenotypes with fln1 resulting in an albino phenotype that is seedling lethal without a source of exogenous carbon. In contrast, fln2 plants display chlorosis prior to leaf expansion, but exhibit slow greening, remain autotrophic, can grow to maturity, and set viable seed. fln1 fln2 double mutant analysis reveals haplo-insufficiency, and fln1 fln2 plants have a similar, but more severe phenotype than either single mutant. Normal plastid development in both light and dark requires the FLNs, but surprisingly skotomorphogenesis is unaffected in fln seedlings. Seedlings genetically fln1-1 with dexamethasone-inducible FLN1-HA expression at germination are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type. Induction of FLN-HA after 24 hours of germination cannot rescue the mutant phenotype, indicating that the effects of loss of FLN are not always reversible. Examination of chloroplast gene expression in fln1-1 and fln2-1 by qRT-PCR reveals that transcripts of PEP-dependent genes were specifically reduced compared to NEP-dependent genes in both single mutants.
[EX A]: 0

[EX Q]: Gap junction channels provide for direct electrical coupling between cells, and play an important role in homeostasis and electrical coupling. One of the proteins that form gap junctions, Connexin40 (Cx40), shows restricted expression in the body, and is found in blood vessels and in the atrium and conduction system of the heart. We have investigated whether gap junction channels formed of Cx40 are modulated by protein-kinase-A-mediated phosphorylation.', 'A communication-deficient human hepatoma cell line (SKHep1) was stably transfected with human Cx40 cDNA and the properties of Cx40 gap junctions channels and their modulation by cAMP were analyzed using immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, dual patch clamp, and dye coupling.', 'Administration of 1 mM 8-Br-cAMP resulted in a mobility shift of Cx40 protein on western blot and increased macroscopic gap junctional conductance between cell pairs by 46.2 +/- 12.0% (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 8). Under control conditions, single channel experiments revealed three single channel conductances around 30, 80 and 120 pS. When cAMP was added, channel conductances of 46 and 120 pS were observed. In monolayers, cAMP also increased the permeability of Cx40 gap junction channels for Lucifer Yellow by 58%.
[EX A]: 1

[EX Q]: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI) is more reliable than chromoendoscopy (CE) for delineating the horizontal extent of early gastric cancers prior to endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). However, the added benefits of ME-NBI over CE in terms of the difference in magnification level have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the improvement in diagnostic accuracy for tumor delineation obtained with different magnification levels of ME-NBI following CE.', 'This was a retrospective study, performed at a single tertiary referral center. A series of 158 consecutive patients with 161 early gastric cancers resected en bloc using ESD was included in the study. The margins of each lesion were examined in their entirety using CE, followed by low power optical magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (LM-NBI), and finally the highest power optical magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (HM-NBI). The primary endpoint was the added benefit, as measured using the successful delineation rate, for the delineation of gastric cancer margins using CE+LM-NBI vs CE, and for CE+LM-NBI+HM-NBI vs CE+LM-NBI.', 'The successful delineation rates (95 % CI) using CE, CE+LM-NBI and CE+LM-NBI+HM-NBI were 72.7 % (68.5-79.9 %), 88.9 % (84.2-93.8 %), and 98.1 % (95.8-100 %). The diagnostic accuracy improved significantly for CE+LM-NBI compared with CE (P<0.001), and for HM-NBI compared with LM-NBI (P<0.001).
[EX A]:
1