*Question*
Q: The cell expels waste and other particles through a process called what? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: 3.6 Active Transport The combined gradient that affects an ion includes its concentration gradient and its electrical gradient. Living cells need certain substances in concentrations greater than they exist in the extracellular space. Moving substances up their electrochemical gradients requires energy from the cell. Active transport uses energy stored in ATP to fuel the transport. Active transport of small molecular-size material uses integral proteins in the cell membrane to move the materialthese proteins are analogous to pumps. Some pumps, which carry out primary active transport, couple directly with ATP to drive their action. In secondary transport, energy from primary transport can be used to move another substance into the cell and up its concentration gradient. Endocytosis methods require the direct use of ATP to fuel the transport of large particles such as macromolecules; parts of cells or whole cells can be engulfed by other cells in a process called phagocytosis. In phagocytosis, a portion of the membrane invaginates and flows around the particle, eventually pinching off and leaving the particle wholly enclosed by an envelope of plasma membrane. Vacuoles are broken down by the cell, with the particles used as food or dispatched in some other way. Pinocytosis is a similar process on a smaller scale. The cell expels waste and other particles through the reverse process, exocytosis. Wastes are moved outside the cell, pushing a membranous vesicle to the plasma membrane, allowing the vesicle to fuse with the membrane and incorporating itself into the membrane structure, releasing its contents to the exterior of the cell. Choices: - biosynthesis - metamorphisis - endocytosis - exocytosis A:
**Answer**
exocytosis

*Question*
Q: The calvin cycle is the fancy name for the metabolic pathway that builds what? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: 13.2.1 The Detailed Dark Reactions What the Dark Reactions Do: The dark reactions build sugar from carbon dioxide gas (CO2), water (H2O), and energy from ATP molecules that were charged up during the light reactions. The dark reactions occur in the stroma of a chloroplast. Dark reactions usually occur in the light, but they don't have to. They'll occur in the dark until the chloroplast's supply of ATP runs out (usually about 30 seconds). The Calvin Cycle: The Calvin Cycle is the fancy name for the metabolic pathway that builds sugar. This means that it involves a whole lot of chemical reactions, and it uses a lot of different enzymes to catalyze the reactions. Carbon dioxide gas is stable, therefore the bonds that hold the carbon and oxygen atoms are strong. Therefore it takes a lot of energy to break the bonds and separate the carbon atoms from the oxygen atoms. The energy needed to do this comes from ATP molecules. When inorganic carbon (like from CO2) is being added to an organic molecule (such as sugar), this is called carbon fixation. It takes 2 complete turns of the Calvin Cycle to make a glucose molecule. Some portions of this text is based on notes very generously donated by Paul Doerder, Ph. , of the Cleveland State University. The detailed portions are not provided by Dr. Doerder. How cells divide. Choices: - proteins - fats - carbohydrates - sugar A:
**Answer**
sugar

*Question*
Q: What is the term for the early growth and development of a plant embryo inside a seed? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: A seed is a reproductive structure that contains an embryo and a food supply, called endosperm. Both the embryo and endosperm are enclosed within a tough outer coating, called a hull (or shell). You can see these parts of a seed in Figure below . An embryo is a zygote that has already started to develop and grow. Early growth and development of a plant embryo inside a seed is called germination . The seed protects and nourishes the embryo and gives it a huge head start in the "race" of life. Choices: - rumination - fertilization - secretion - germination A:
**Answer**
germination

*Question*
Q: What does fluorine attract better than any other element? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Valence electrons of both atoms are always involved when those two atoms come together to form a chemical bond. Chemical bonds are the basis for how elements combine with one another to form compounds. When these chemical bonds form, atoms of some elements have a greater ability to attract the valence electrons involved in the bond than other elements. Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons when the atom is part of a compound. Electronegativity differs from electron affinity because electron affinity is a measure of the actual energy released when an atom gains an electron. In contrast, electronegativity is a relative scale, so it is not measured in units of energy. All elements are compared to one another, and the most electronegative element, fluorine, is assigned an electronegativity value of 3.98. Fluorine attracts shared electrons better than any other element. Figure below shows the electronegativity values of most elements. Choices: - ionic bonds - electron shells - magnets - shared electrons A:
**Answer**
shared electrons