Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: CHAPTER SUMMARY 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity Prokaryotes existed for billions of years before plants and animals appeared. Hot springs and hydrothermal vents may have been the environments in which life began. Microbial mats are thought to represent the earliest forms of life on Earth, and there is fossil evidence of their presence about 3.5 billion years ago. A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of prokaryotes that grows at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on moist surfaces. During the first 2 billion years, the atmosphere was anoxic and only anaerobic organisms were able to live. Cyanobacteria evolved from early. Q: What type of organism was the only able to live in the anoxic atmosphere of the first 2 billion years? A:
OPTIONS:
- aerobic
- protists
- mammals
- anaerobic
Answer: anaerobic

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: An ionic bond is electrostatic in nature. Q: What is an ionic bond in nature? A:
OPTIONS:
- magnetic
- radioactive
- kinetic
- electrostatic
output: electrostatic

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Telescopes that use lenses to bend light are called refracting telescopes , or refractors ( Figure below ). The earliest telescopes were all refractors. Many amateur astronomers still use refractors today. Refractors are good for viewing details within our solar system. Craters on the surface of Earth's Moon or the rings around Saturn are two such details. Q: What are telescopes that use lenses to bend light called? A:

OPTIONS:
- reflecting telescopes
- sliding telescopes
- layering telescopes
- refracting telescopes

A: refracting telescopes

input: OPTIONS:
- carnivores
- invertebrates
- herbivores
- vertebrates Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The first eight phyla listed in Table above include only invertebrate animals. Invertebrates are animals that lack a vertebral column , or backbone . The last phylum in the table, the Chordata, also includes many invertebrate species. Tunicates and lancelets are both invertebrates. Altogether, invertebrates make up at least 95 percent of all animal species. The remaining animals are vertebrates. Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. All vertebrates belong to the phylum Chordata . They include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Q: What is the term for animals that have a backbone? A:
A:
output: vertebrates

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fresh water is essential for good crops. In some areas of the world, there is enough rain to accomplish this task. In other locales, water must be provided so the crops will grow. Worldwide, irrigation covers about 18% of farm land and produces some 40% of crops. A major source of cleaner water in many parts of the world is provided by the process of desalinization . Q: Which process helps provide cleaner water for agriculture? A:

OPTIONS:
- purification
- sterilization
- osmosis
- process of desalinization

Answer: process of desalinization

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Plant Parasites Protist parasites of terrestrial plants include agents that destroy food crops. The oomycete Plasmopara viticola parasitizes grape plants, causing a disease called downy mildew (Figure 23.33). Grape plants infected with P. viticola appear stunted and have discolored, withered leaves. The spread of downy mildew nearly collapsed the French wine industry in the nineteenth century. Q: What disease is caused when the oomycete plasmopara viticola parasitizes grape plants? A:

OPTIONS:
- dainty mildew
- alkaline mildew
- toxic mildew
- downy mildew

A:
downy mildew