Information: - The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. - Dura mater (or ), or dura, is a thick membrane that is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from mesoderm. - From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal , the ductus endolymphaticus , is given off ; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis , and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch , the endolymphatic sac , on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone , where it is in contact with the dura mater . Studies suggest that the endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac perform both absorptive and secretory , as well as phagocytic and immunodefensive , functions . Neoplasms of the endolymphatic sac are very rare tumors . - The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is separated into two cortices, by the longitudinal fissure that divides the cerebrum into the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres are joined beneath the cortex by the corpus callosum. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. - The skull is a bony structure that forms the head of the skeleton in most vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisationhousing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In the human these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton. - In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary "germ layers" in the very early "embryo". The other two layers are the "ectoderm" (outside layer) and "endoderm" (inside layer), with the mesoderm as the "middle" layer between them. - The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 1533 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells. - The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. - The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). The spinal cord begins at the occipital bone and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; it does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column. It is around in men and around long in women. Also, the spinal cord has a varying width, ranging from thick in the cervical and lumbar regions to thick in the thoracic area. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body but also contains neural circuits that can independently control numerous reflexes and central pattern generators. The spinal cord has three major functions: as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord, as a conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction, and finally as a center for coordinating certain reflexes. - The saccule is a bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule detects linear accelerations and head tilts in the vertical plane. When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain. These impulses travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. - The meninges ("singular:" meninx (or ), from , "adjectival:" meningeal ) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system. After reading the paragraphs above, choose the best answer for the entity that related to 'endolymphatic sac' with the relationship of 'part of'. Choices: - animals - bed - body - bones - brain - center - cerebral cortex - embryo - face - human - inner ear - memory - mouth - nervous system - nose - skeleton - skull - temporal lobe - the left
Answer:
inner ear