Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan and has been shown to minimize rejection in animal models of renal transplantation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is unavoidable in renal transplantation and correlates with shorter graft survival times. Despite its favorable effects on rejection, there is evidence that IDO may facilitate renal IRI. Differentiating the negative impact of IDO on IRI from its pro-tolerant effects in allograft rejection is of clinical relevance. In these studies we hypothesized that constitutive IDO activity may influence renal genes associated with recovery from IRI, and that IDO inhibition may unmask these effects.', 'We examined the renal transcriptome in a rat model of IRI with and without IDO inhibition with 1-methyl-d-tryptophan (1-MT), and assessed for alterations in the gene expression signature.', 'These studies demonstrated that during recovery from renal IRI, pre-treatment with 1-MT alleviated alterations in 105 coding sequences associated with IRI, and in turn triggered new changes in 66 non-coding transcripts, the majority of which were represented by small nucleolar RNA.

Output: 0

Input: Consider Input: The aim of the current study was to characterize -cell function, insulin sensitivity and line of inheritance in patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes of Yemenite and non-Yemenite Jewish origin.', 'A cohort study including 121 GAD negative diabetic patients, 59 of Yemenite and 62 of non-Yemenite origin, treated by dietoral antihyperglycemic monotherapy who underwent 180-min meal tolerance test (MMT). Based on MMT, indexes of insulin resistance and secretion were calculated.', 'There were no significant differences in age, sex, diabetes duration, BMI, HbA1c and lipid profile. A significant difference was found in family history of diabetes: 63% of patients of Yemenite origin had maternal inheritance versus 35% in the non-Yemenite origin (p<0.001). Both indexes of -cell function, the insulinogenic and the disposition indexes were significantly lower in patients of Yemenite origin compared with non-Yemenite origin (0.660.4 vs. 0.930.8, p=0.04; 2.31.8 vs. 3.33.3, p=0.04, respectively) with no difference in insulin sensitivity. When females and males were analyzed separately, the difference in maternal inheritance remained significant in both, but the difference in -cell function indexes was observed only in males (p=0.03, p=0.01, respectively).

Output: 1

Input: Consider Input: An alteration in the expression of and response to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) appears to be an important event during colorectal carcinogenesis. However, the precise role of TGF-beta 1 in colorectal carcinogenesis is not clear. We have previously described in detail the changes in cell proliferation and differentiation caused by chronic exposure to TGF-beta 1. In this study we sought to better characterize the changes in tumor cell-cell matrix interactions seen during TGF-beta 1-mediated intestinal transformation.', 'Rat intestinal epithelial cells (RIE) and RIE cells transformed by chronic exposure to TGF-beta 1 (RIE-Tr) were treated with TGF-beta 1 and production of components of the plasmin/plasminogen system measured by ELISA and Western blotting. TGF-beta 1 effects on invasion and adhesion were determined in vitro. The role of urokinase on TGF-beta 1-mediated invasion and adhesion were determined using immunoneutralization. The role of COX-2 was determined using a specific COS-2 inhibitor.', 'TGF-beta 1 had no effect on RIE-1 adhesion to collagen types I and IV, fibronectin, and laminin, or invasion through collagen types I and IV. However, 5 ng/mL TGF-beta 1 significantly increased the invasiveness and decreased the adhesiveness of RIE-Tr. This effect of TGF-beta 1 on RIE-Tr was associated with a significant increase in plasmin activity secondary to increased expression of uPA. TGF-beta 1 had no effect on either uPA receptor or PAI-1 in this system. Antibodies to uPA completely blocked the TGF-beta 1-mediated invasiveness of the RIE-Tr cells and returned their adhesiveness to basement membrane proteins to baseline. Addition of the selective Cox-2 inhibitor SC-58125 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in TGF-beta 1-mediated invasion and uPA expression.
Output: 0