Answer the following question given this paragraph: 3.4 | The Cell Membrane By the end of this section, you will be able to: Understand the fluid mosaic model of membranes Describe the functions of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranes A cell's plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell and determines the nature of its contact with the environment. Cells exclude some substances, take in others, and excrete still others, all in controlled quantities. Plasma membranes enclose the borders of cells, but rather than being a static bag, they are dynamic and constantly in flux. The plasma membrane must be sufficiently flexible to allow certain cells, such as red blood cells and white blood cells, to change shape as they pass through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious functions of a plasma membrane. In addition, the surface of the plasma membrane carries markers that allow cells to recognize one another, which is vital as tissues and organs form during early development, and which later plays a role in the "self" versus "non-self" distinction of the immune response. The plasma membrane also carries receptors, which are attachment sites for specific substances that interact with the cell. Each receptor is structured to bind with a specific substance. For example, surface receptors of the membrane create changes in the interior, such as changes in enzymes of metabolic pathways. These metabolic pathways might be vital for providing the cell with energy, making specific substances for the cell, or breaking down cellular waste or toxins for disposal. Receptors on the plasma membrane's exterior surface interact with hormones or neurotransmitters, and allow their messages to be transmitted into the cell. Some recognition sites are used by viruses as attachment points. Although they are highly specific, pathogens like viruses may evolve to exploit receptors to gain entry to a cell by mimicking the specific substance that the receptor is meant to bind. This specificity helps to explain why human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or any of the... Q: What encloses the border of animal cells? A:
OPTIONS:
- Jacket membrane
- dust membrane
- cells membrane
- plasma membrane
plasma membrane

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Destructive interference occurs when the crests of one wave overlap the troughs, or lowest points, of another wave. The Figure below shows what happens. As the waves pass through each other, the crests and troughs cancel each other out to produce a wave with zero amplitude. You can see an animation of destructive interference at this URL: http://phys23p. sl. psu. edu/phys_anim/waves/embederQ1.20200. html. Q: What occurs when the crests of one wave overlap the troughs, or lowest points, of another wave? A:
OPTIONS:
- harmful interference
- random interference
- constructive interference
- destructive interference

Answer: destructive interference

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Noninfectious diseases can't be passed from one person to another. Instead, these types of diseases are caused by factors such as the environment, genetics, and lifestyle. Examples of inherited noninfectious conditions include cystic fibrosis and Down syndrome. If you're born with these conditions, you must learn how to manage the symptoms. Examples of conditions caused by environmental or lifestyle factors include heart disease and skin cancer. We can't change our genetic codes, but there are plenty of ways to prevent other noninfectious diseases. For example, cutting down on exposure to cigarette smoke and the sun's rays will prevent certain types of cancer. Q: Noninfectious diseases can't be passed from one person to another. instead, these types of diseases are caused by factors such as environment, genetics and what? A:
OPTIONS:
- weight
- education
- age
- lifestyle
Answer: lifestyle

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Light is one type of electromagnetic radiation . Light is energy that travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave. Figure below shows a diagram of an electromagnetic wave. An electromagnetic (EM) wave has two parts: an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric and magnetic fields vibrate up and down, which makes the wave. Q: Light is energy that travels in the form of what type of wave? A:
OPTIONS:
- seismic
- molecular
- particle
- electromagnetic
output: electromagnetic

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Lactose Lactose is known as milk sugar because it occurs in the milk of humans, cows, and other mammals. In fact, the natural synthesis of lactose occurs only in mammary tissue, whereas most other carbohydrates are plant products. Human milk contains about 7.5% lactose, and cow's milk contains about 4.5%. This sugar is one of the lowest ranking in terms of sweetness, being about one-sixth as sweet as sucrose (seeTable 16.1 "The Relative Sweetness of Some Compounds (Sucrose = 100)" in Section 16.3 "Important Hexoses"). Lactose is produced commercially from whey, a by-product in the manufacture of cheese. It is important as an infant food and in the production of penicillin. Lactose is a reducing sugar composed of one molecule of D-galactose and one molecule of D-glucose joined by a -1,4-glycosidic bond (the bond from the anomeric carbon of the first monosaccharide unit being directed upward). The two monosaccharides are obtained from lactose by acid hydrolysis or the catalytic action of the enzyme lactase:. Q: Where does the natural synthesis of lactose occur? A:

OPTIONS:
- ovarian tissue
- nervous tissue
- liver tissue
- mammary tissue

A: mammary tissue

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The vascular tissues for which these plants are named are specialized to transport fluid. They consist of long, narrow cells arranged end-to-end, forming tubes. There are two different types of vascular tissues, called xylem and phloem. Both are shown in Figure below . Q: What are the two different types of vascular tissues called? A:
OPTIONS:
- acid and base
- biotic and abiotic
- epidermis and dermis
- xylem and phloem
xylem and phloem