In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Q: Murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) is known to subvert host cell division inducing an accumulation of cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase, creating conditions where viral replication is favored. This study identified that NS5 (VPg), is capable of inducing cell cycle arrest in the absence of viral replication or other viral proteins in an analogous manner to MNV-1 infection. NS5 expression induced an accumulation of cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase in an asynchronous population by inhibiting progression at the G 1 /S restriction point. Furthermore, NS5 expression resulted in a down-regulation of cyclin A expression in asynchronous cells and inhibited cyclin A expression in cells progressing from G 1 to S phase. The activity of NS5 on the host cell cycle occurs through an uncharacterized function. Amino acid substitutions of NS5(Y26A) and NS5(F123A) that inhibit the ability for NS5 to attach to RNA and recruit host eukaryotic translation initiation factors, respectively, retained the ability to induce an accumulation of cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase as identified for wild-type NS5. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a VPg protein manipulating the host cell cycle.

A: Expression of the NS5 (VPg) Protein of Murine Norovirus Induces a G1/S Phase Arrest
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Q: Objective-To determine the rate of sinusitis complicating upper respiratory tract illnesses (URIs) for children in whom we prospectively identified the clinical, virologic, and epidemiologic characteristics of URIs in a population of 4 to 7 year old children followed for one year. Study design-This was an observational cohort study in two primary care pediatric practices in Madison, WI. Nasal samples were obtained during 4 asymptomatic surveillance visits and during symptomatic URIs. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay for 9 respiratory viruses was performed on nasal samples. A diagnosis of sinusitis was based on published criteria. Results-236 children ages 48-96 months were enrolled. A total of 327 URIs were characterized. The mean number of URIs per child was 1.3 (range 0-9) per year. Viruses were detected in 81% of URIs; rhinovirus (RV) was most common. Seventy-two percent of URIs were resolved clinically by the tenth day. RV-A and RV-C were detected more frequently at URI visits; RV-B was detected at the same rate for both asymptomatic surveillance visits and URI visits. Sinusitis was diagnosed in 8.8% of symptomatic URIs. Viruses were detected frequently (33%) in samples from asymptomatic children. Conclusions-Sinusitis occured in 8.8% of symptomatic URIs in our study. The virus most frequently detected with URIs in children was RV; RV-A and RV-C detection but not RV-B detection were associated with illness. Viruses, especially RV, are detected frequently in asymptomatic children. Most URIs have improved or resolved by the tenth day after onset. Children experienced a mean of 1.3 URIs per year which was lower than expected.

A: Clinical Features, Virus Identification and Sinusitis as a Complication of Upper Respiratory Tract Illness in Children Ages 4-7 Years HHS Public Access
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Q: Minus-one ribosomal frameshifting is a translational recoding mechanism widely utilized by many RNA viruses to generate accurate ratios of structural and catalytic proteins. An RNA pseudoknot structure located in the overlapping region of the gag and pro genes of Simian Retrovirus type 1 (SRV-1) stimulates frameshifting. However, the experimental characterization of SRV-1 pseudoknot (un)folding dynamics and the effect of the base triple formation is lacking. Here, we report the results of our singlemolecule nanomanipulation using optical tweezers and theoretical simulation by steered molecular dynamics. Our results directly reveal that the energetic coupling between loop 2 and stem 1 via minorgroove base triple formation enhances the mechanical stability. The terminal base pair in stem 1 (directly in contact with a translating ribosome at the slippery site) also affects the mechanical stability of the pseudoknot. The 1 frameshifting efficiency is positively correlated with the cooperative onestep unfolding force and inversely correlated with the one-step mechanical unfolding rate at zero force. A significantly improved correlation was observed between 1 frameshifting efficiency and unfolding rate at forces of 15-35 pN, consistent with the fact that the ribosome is a force-generating molecular motor with helicase activity. No correlation was observed between thermal stability and 1 frameshifting efficiency. Recent advances in the discovery and understanding of complex RNA structures, dynamics, and functions have dramatically changed our view of RNA's role in biology. RNA has been found to play increasingly important and diverse regulatory and catalytic roles in many biological processes ranging from replication, transcription, splicing, to translation 1 . In this study, we focus on understanding how the translation reading frame can be regulated by cis-acting mRNA structures. The translation process is highly regulated and remarkably accurate. Normally, the reading frame needs to be maintained at a constant frame (0 frame) because shifting of the reading frame results in the generation of completely different protein products. Minus-one ribosomal frameshifting is a translational regulatory mechanism programmed by cis-acting mRNA structures and widely utilized by viruses and cells 2-13 . During 1 ribosomal frameshifting, a ribosome is positioned at a certain sequence of mRNA called slippery sequence, and has a certain probability to move one nucleotide backward, before continuing translation in the new reading frame ( 1 frame) 11, 14, 15 . Minus-one frameshifting is important for (i) maintaining a fixed ratio of certain gene products through the translation of a fusion protein by bypassing the original 0 frame stop codon, and (ii) regulating the half-lives of mRNAs by employing mRNA degradation pathways through premature translation termination at a 1 frame stop codon 11, 13 .

A:
Mechanical unfolding kinetics of the SRV-1 gag-pro mRNA pseudoknot: possible implications for 1 ribosomal frameshifting stimulation OPEN
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