Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Joint instability is believed to promote early osteoarthritic changes in the knee. Inflammatory reactions are associated with cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) but their possible synergistic or additive effects remain largely unexplored. The goal of the present study was to investigate the invivo effects of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX-A) induced joint instability on intraarticular alterations in an otherwise intact rabbit knee joint model.', 'Ten 1-year-old female New Zealand White rabbits (average 5.7kg, range 4.8-6.6kg) were randomly assigned to receive three monthly unilateral intramuscular injections of BTX-A (experimental group), or no treatment (control group). After 90days, all knees were analyzed for specific mRNA levels using RT-qPCR. The synovium and cartilage tissue was assessed for histological alterations using the OARSI scoring system.', 'Cartilage and synovial histology showed significant higher OARSI scores in the BTX-A group animals compared to the untreated controls and contralateral limbs. There were no differences between the untreated control and the contralateral experimental limbs. Gene expression showed significant elevations for collagen I, collagen III, nitric oxide, TGF-, IL-1 and IL-6 compared to the healthy controls.

Answer: Does joint instability lead to long-term alterations to knee synovium and osteoarthritis in a rabbit model?

Question: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan and has been shown to minimize rejection in animal models of renal transplantation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is unavoidable in renal transplantation and correlates with shorter graft survival times. Despite its favorable effects on rejection, there is evidence that IDO may facilitate renal IRI. Differentiating the negative impact of IDO on IRI from its pro-tolerant effects in allograft rejection is of clinical relevance. In these studies we hypothesized that constitutive IDO activity may influence renal genes associated with recovery from IRI, and that IDO inhibition may unmask these effects.', 'We examined the renal transcriptome in a rat model of IRI with and without IDO inhibition with 1-methyl-d-tryptophan (1-MT), and assessed for alterations in the gene expression signature.', 'These studies demonstrated that during recovery from renal IRI, pre-treatment with 1-MT alleviated alterations in 105 coding sequences associated with IRI, and in turn triggered new changes in 66 non-coding transcripts, the majority of which were represented by small nucleolar RNA.

Answer: Does indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibition alter the non-coding RNA transcriptome following renal ischemia-reperfusion injury?

Question: To study the value of the cervical length (CL) measurement at 11-14 weeks in predicting second trimester miscarriage occurring at 16-24 weeks.', 'Prospective study in routine obstetric population using transvaginal ultrasound examination to measure the length of the endocervical canal at 11-14 weeks.', 'The study group consisted of 2836 singleton pregnancies. Eleven (0.0038%) women miscarried between 16 and 24 weeks whereas 2825 delivered after 34 weeks. CL was significantly shorter (Mann-Whitney U test, p=0.001), in women that had a second trimester miscarriage in comparison to those who delivered after 34 weeks (median CL 28mm versus 32mm, respectively). First trimester CL was predictive of a late miscarriage (OR=0.7093304, R(2)=0.1211, AUC=0.7838, p<0.001). The detection rate was 63.64% for 20% screen positive rate.

Answer:
Is first trimester cervical length associated with mid-trimester loss?