instruction:
In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.
question:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Sunshine in Academic Admissions
Act''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

Congress finds the following:
(1) Citizens and taxpayers have a right to know whether
federally funded institutions of higher education are treating
student applications differently depending on the student's
race, color, or national origin, and, if so, the way in which
these factors are weighted and the consequences to students and
prospective students of these decisions.
(2) Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 codified this
right, forbidding in statute discrimination on the basis of
race, color, or national origin by federally funded
institutions, which includes nearly all colleges and
universities.
(3) This prohibition has largely been ignored by the
Supreme Court, which has allowed racially discriminatory
admissions.
(4) However, in Fisher v. University of Texas, the United
States Supreme Court in 2013 affirmed that strict scrutiny
should be applied to university admissions programs to ensure
diversity is not defined as ''mere racial balancing,'' but has
a compelling state interest to achieve diversity. The Fisher
case clarified that any such discrimination is only permitted
if it is necessary to achieve the educational benefits of a
racially diverse student body.
(5) Therefore, colleges and universities must reevaluate
their use of racially selective admissions policies. The costs
of such policies cannot outweigh the supposed benefits. If a
less discriminatory means could achieve similar results, the
discrimination is not permissible.
(6) In order to ensure that these limitations are followed,
colleges and federally funded institutions of higher education
must make public through annual reports their use of race,
color, and national origin, for admissions decisions so that
Federal and State enforcement agencies and interested persons
can monitor the schools.
(7) Additionally, college and universities must provide
evidence sufficient to demonstrate that any such discrimination
does not exceed the limits imposed by the Fisher case.
(8) Academic ''mismatch'' refers to a significant
discrepancy in academic qualifications between various groups
within a student body, and is encouraged when universities
lower their academic standards to artificially achieve a
particular composition.
(9) Mismatch works a harm because it sets particular
students up for lower than average achievement, higher dropout
rates, less competitive majors and, perhaps most damaging, a
disproportionately large student loan burden.

SEC. 3. REPORT ON CONSIDERATION OF RACE, COLOR, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN IN
STUDENT ADMISSIONS.

(a) In General.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, each institution of
higher education participating in programs under title IV of the Higher
Education Act of 1965 shall submit to the Secretary of Education a
report in accordance with this section.
(b) Contents of Report.--
(1) Disclosure of consideration of race, color, or national
origin in student admissions.--The report shall include a
statement indicating whether race, color, or national origin is
given weight in the student admissions process of the
institution or any department of the institution.
(2) Additional disclosures.--If the disclosure under
paragraph (1) states that race, color, or national origin is
given weight in the student admissions process of an
institution or department, then the report shall include the
following information with respect to the institution or
department:
(A) The racial, color, and national origin groups
for which membership is considered a plus factor or a
minus factor and, in addition, how membership in a
group is determined for individual students.
(B) A description of how group membership is
considered, including the weight given to such
consideration and whether targets, goals, or quotas are
used.
(C) A statement explaining why group membership is
given weight, including the determination of the
desired level claimed and, with respect to the
diversity rationale, its relationship to the particular
educational mission of the institution or department.
(D) A description of the consideration that has
been given to racially neutral or less discriminatory
alternatives as a means for achieving the same goals
for which group membership is considered.
(E) A description of how frequently the need to
give weight to group membership is reassessed and how
that reassessment is conducted.
(F) An identification of the factors other than
race, color, or national origin that are collected in
the admissions process. If the factors described in the
preceding sentence include grades or class rank in high
school, scores on standardized tests (including the ACT
and SAT), legacy status, sex, State residency, economic
status, or other quantifiable criteria, then all raw
admissions data for applicants regarding these factors,
along with each individual applicant's race, color, and
national origin and the admissions decision made by the
school regarding that applicant, shall accompany the
report in computer-readable form, with the name of the
individual student redacted but with appropriate links,
so that it is possible for the Secretary of Education
or other interested persons to determine through
statistical analysis the weight being given to race,
color, and national origin, relative to other factors.
(G) An analysis, and also the underlying data
needed to perform an analysis, of whether there is a
correlation--
(i) between membership in a group favored
on account of race, color, or national origin
and the likelihood of enrollment in a
remediation program, relative to membership in
other groups;
(ii) between such membership and graduation
rates, relative to membership in other groups;
and
(iii) between such membership and the
likelihood of defaulting on education loans,
relative to membership in other groups.
(c) Public Availability.--The institution shall make the report
publicly available.

SEC. 4. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.

Nothing in this Act shall be construed to allow or permit
preference or discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national
origin.

SEC. 5. DEFINITION.

In this Act, the term ''institution of higher education'' has the
meaning given the term in section 102 of the Higher Education Act of
1965 (20 U.S.C. 1002), except that the term does not include an
institution of higher education outside the United States.
answer:
Sunshine in Academic Admissions Act This bill requires each institution of higher education that participates in a program under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 to submit an annual report to the Department of Education that states whether the institution gives weight to race, color, or national origin in the admissions process and, if yes, provides certain additional disclosures. The institution must make the report publicly available.

question:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Safe and Reliable Air Travel Act of
2013''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

Congress finds the following:
(1) Sequestration is having a devastating effect on the
Nation's air traffic control system.
(2) Sequestration imposes a reduction in funding of $637
million on the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for the
remainder of fiscal year 2013.
(3) The FAA plans to furlough the vast majority of the
FAA's nearly 47,000 employees, including nearly 15,000 air
traffic controllers, for approximately one day during each two-
week pay period in order to comply with sequestration.
(4) The furloughs began on Sunday, April 21, 2013, and are
scheduled to continue through the end of the fiscal year on
September 30, 2013. Approximately 10 percent of the FAA's air
traffic controllers are expected to be on furlough on any given
day during this period.
(5) The furloughs are causing hundreds of flights to be
delayed, resulting in scheduling difficulties for airlines and
inconveniences for passengers.
(6) The FAA reported that approximately 400 flights were
delayed nationwide on April 21, 2013, as a result of the
furloughs.
(7) The FAA reported that more than 1,200 flights were
delayed nationwide on April 22, 2013, as a result of the
furloughs.
(8) More delays are expected in the coming months during
the peak summer travel season.
(9) The effects of multiple flight delays at airports
across the Nation can be compounded as delays at one airport
cause planes to arrive late at other airports and also cause
passengers to miss connecting flights.
(10) Air carriers operating in United States air space
transport more than 700 million passengers every year.
(11) Civil aviation accounts for 10 million jobs, is
responsible for more than 5 percent of the United States gross
domestic product, and contributes $1.3 trillion to the economy
every year.
(12) Businesses of all sizes depend upon a reliable
commercial air transportation system. Business travelers
account for millions of trips each month.
(13) Flight delays for business travelers interfere with
business plans and result in business meetings being delayed,
cancelled, or missed.
(14) Flight delays affecting the transportation of air
cargo also interfere with business.
(15) The Nation's economy depends upon a reliable
commercial air transportation system.
(16) The FAA also plans to close 149 air traffic control
towers at small airports across the Nation on June 15, 2013, in
order to comply with sequestration. Despite their size, these
airports are an important part of the Nation's air
transportation system and economy.
(17) Air traffic control is a critical government function
that is necessary to ensure the safety of air travel and the
flying public.
(18) Inadequate staffing of airport control towers poses a
serious threat to public safety.
(19) Without the service of experienced air traffic
controllers in all of the Nation's Federal air traffic control
towers, there is an increased risk of accidents involving
planes during departure, flight, and landing. Such accidents
could result in a tragic loss of life.
(20) The sequestration of funds associated with the
operation of air traffic control towers by the FAA interferes
with the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the Nation's
air transportation system.
(21) The operation of air traffic control towers by the
FAA, including the compensation paid to air traffic control
personnel employed by the FAA, should be exempted from
sequestration.

SEC. 3. EXEMPTION FROM SEQUESTRATION FOR OPERATION OF AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL TOWERS.

(a) In General.--Section 255 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency
Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 905) is amended by adding at the
end the following new subsection:
''(k) Operation of Air Traffic Control Towers.--The following funds
shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this part:
''(1) Funds made available for the operation of air traffic
control towers by the Federal Aviation Administration,
including compensation paid to air traffic control personnel
employed by the Federal Aviation Administration.
''(2) Funds made available for the operation of contract
air traffic control towers under section 47124 of title 49,
United States Code.''.
(b) Effective Date.--The amendment made by section 1 shall apply to
the Presidential sequestration order for fiscal year 2013 issued under
section 251A of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act
of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 901a) and any subsequent sequestration order issued
under that Act.
answer:
Safe and Reliable Air Travel Act of 2013 - Amends the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act) to exempt from reduction, under any sequestration ordered by the President, funds made available for the operation of: (1) air traffic control towers by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), including compensation paid to FAA air traffic control personnel; and (2) contract air traffic control towers.

question:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Preserving our Equine Heritage on
Public Land Act''.

SEC. 2. USE AND ACCESS OF PACK AND SADDLE ANIMALS ON PUBLIC LAND.

(a) National Park System Land.--Section 12 of Public Law 91-383 (16
U.S.C. 1a-7) is amended by adding at the end the following:
''(c) Use and Access of Pack and Saddle Animals.--
''(1) In general.--The Secretary of the Interior (referred
to in this subsection as the 'Secretary') shall manage the
National Park System in a manner that preserves and facilitates
the continued use and access of pack and saddle stock animals
at units of the National Park System at which there is a
historical tradition of the use of pack and saddle stock
animals.
''(2) Use.--
''(A) In general.--Except as provided in
subparagraph (B), National Park System land shall
remain open and accessible to the use of pack and
saddle stock animals.
''(B) Limitation.--
''(i) In general.--The Secretary may
implement a nonemergency reduction in the use
and access of pack and saddle stock animals on
National Park System land after complying
with--
''(I) the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et
seq.); and
''(II) clauses (ii) through (iv).
''(ii) Public notice and comment.--The
Secretary shall provide to the public advance
notice of proposed reductions in the use and
access of pack and saddle stock animals on
National Park System land to allow for public
comment on the proposed reductions.
''(iii) Public meeting.--After providing
advance notice of the location, date, and time
of the meeting, the Secretary shall conduct a
public meeting at an appropriate location close
to the unit of the National Park System on
which the reduction in pack and saddle stock
access is proposed.
''(iv) Public collaboration.--To encourage
meaningful public participation with respect to
reductions in the use and access of pack and
saddle stock animals on National Park System
land, the Secretary shall facilitate
collaboration among different recreational
users.
''(3) Effect.--Nothing in this subsection--
''(A) authorizes the Secretary to refuse to issue a
permit for a new use of pack and saddle stock animals,
including use by a commercial outfitter or guide,
without complying with applicable resource management
plans and planning processes required under this Act or
any other Federal law;
''(B) alters or limits the authority of the
Secretary to issue permits;
''(C) alters or limits the authority of the
Secretary to implement a temporary emergency closure of
a trail, route, or area to pack and saddle stock
animals;
''(D) creates a preference for 1 recreational use
of an area within the National Park System over other
uses without consideration of the stated purpose of the
area; or
''(E) supersedes any other authorizations and
prohibitions in effect on the date of enactment of this
subsection.''.
(b) Bureau of Land Management Land.--Section 302 of the Federal
Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1732) is amended by
adding at the end the following:
''(e) Use and Access of Pack and Saddle Animals.--
''(1) In general.--The Secretary shall manage land
administered by the Bureau of Land Management in a manner that
preserves and facilitates the continued use and access of pack
and saddle stock animals on land on which there is a historical
tradition of the use of pack and saddle stock animals.
''(2) Use.--
''(A) In general.--Except as provided in
subparagraph (B), Bureau of Land Management land shall
remain open and accessible to the use of pack and
saddle stock animals.
''(B) Limitation.--
''(i) In general.--The Secretary may
implement a nonemergency reduction in the use
and access of pack and saddle stock animals on
Bureau of Land Management land after complying
with--
''(I) the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et
seq.); and
''(II) clauses (ii) through (iv).
''(ii) Public notice and comment.--The
Secretary shall provide to the public advance
notice of proposed reductions in the use and
access of pack and saddle stock animals on
Bureau of Land Management land to allow for
public comment on the proposed reductions.
''(iii) Public meeting.--After providing
advance notice of the location, date, and time
of the meeting, the Secretary shall conduct a
public meeting at an appropriate location close
to the Bureau of Land Management land on which
the reduction in pack and saddle stock access
is proposed.
''(iv) Public collaboration.--To encourage
meaningful public participation with respect to
reductions in the use and access of pack and
saddle stock animals on Bureau of Land
Management land, the Secretary shall facilitate
collaboration among different recreational
users.
''(3) Effect.--Nothing in this subsection--
''(A) authorizes the Secretary to refuse to issue a
permit for a new use of pack and saddle stock animals,
including use by a commercial outfitter or guide,
without complying with applicable resource management
plans and planning processes required under this Act or
any other Federal law;
''(B) alters or limits the authority of the
Secretary to issue permits;
''(C) alters or limits the authority of the
Secretary to implement a temporary, emergency closure
of a trail, route, or area to pack and saddle stock
animals;
''(D) creates a preference for 1 recreational use
for any area under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of
Land Management over other uses without consideration
of the stated purpose of the area;
''(E) supersedes the multiple use authority or
policy of an applicable agency; or
''(F) supersedes any other authorizations and
prohibitions in effect on the date of enactment of this
subsection.''.
(c) National Wildlife Refuge System Land.--Section 4(d) of the
National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C.
668dd(d)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
''(5) Use and access of pack and saddle animals.--
''(A) In general.--The Secretary shall manage the
System in a manner that preserves and facilitates the
continued use and access of pack and saddle stock
animals on System land on which there is a historical
tradition of the use of pack and saddle stock animals.
''(B) Use.--
''(i) In general.--Except as provided in
clause (ii), System land shall remain open and
accessible to the use of pack and saddle stock
animals.
''(ii) Limitation.--
''(I) In general.--The Secretary
may implement a nonemergency reduction
in the use and access of pack and
saddle stock animals on System land
after complying with--
''(aa) the National
Environmental Policy Act of
1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.);
and
''(bb) subclauses (II)
through (IV).
''(II) Public notice and comment.--
The Secretary shall provide to the
public advance notice of proposed
reductions in the use and access of
pack and saddle stock animals on System
land to allow for public comment on the
proposed reductions.
''(III) Public meeting.--After
providing advance notice of the
location, date, and time of the
meeting, the Secretary shall conduct a
public meeting at an appropriate
location close to System land on which
the reduction in pack and saddle stock
access is proposed.
''(IV) Public collaboration.--To
encourage meaningful public
participation with respect to
reductions in the use and access of
pack and saddle stock animals on System
land, the Secretary shall facilitate
collaboration among different
recreational users.
''(C) Effect.--Nothing in this paragraph--
''(i) authorizes the Secretary to refuse to
issue a permit for a new use of pack and saddle
stock animals, including use by a commercial
outfitter or guide, without complying with
applicable management plans (including a
comprehensive conservation plan, comprehensive
management plan, master plan, or step-down
management plan) and planning processes
required under this Act or any other Federal
law;
''(ii) alters or limits the authority of
the Secretary to issue permits for a compatible
use that is not inconsistent with public
safety;
''(iii) alters or limits the authority of
the Secretary to implement a temporary,
emergency closure of a trail, route, or area to
pack and saddle stock animals;
''(iv) creates a preference for 1
recreational use within any refuge within the
System without consideration of the mission of
the System and the purposes for which the
refuge was established;
''(v) supersedes the conservation authority
or policy of any applicable agency;
''(vi) supersedes the priority of
applicable agencies for compatible wildlife-
dependent recreational uses; or
''(vii) supersedes any other authorizations
and prohibitions in effect on the date of
enactment of this paragraph.''.
(d) National Forest System Land.--The Forest and Rangeland
Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1600 et seq.) is
amended--
(1) by redesignating section 16 as section 17; and
(2) by inserting after section 15 the following:

''SEC. 16. USE AND ACCESS OF PACK AND SADDLE ANIMALS.

''(a) In General.--The Secretary of Agriculture (referred to in
this section as the 'Secretary') shall manage National Forest System in
a manner that preserves and facilitates the continued use and access of
pack and saddle stock animals on National Forest System land on which
there is a historical tradition of the use of pack and saddle stock
animals.
''(b) Use.--
''(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2),
National Forest System land shall remain open and accessible to
the use of pack and saddle stock animals.
''(2) Limitation.--
''(A) In general.--The Secretary may implement a
nonemergency reduction in the use and access of pack
and saddle stock animals on National Forest System land
after complying with--
''(i) the National Environmental Policy Act
of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.); and
''(ii) subparagraphs (B) through (D).
''(B) Public notice and comment.--The Secretary
shall provide to the public advance notice of proposed
reductions in the use and access of pack and saddle
stock animals on National Forest System land to allow
for public comment on the proposed reductions.
''(C) Public meeting.--After providing advance
notice of the location, date, and time of the meeting,
the Secretary shall conduct a public meeting at an
appropriate location close to the unit of the National
Forest System on which the reduction in pack and saddle
stock access is proposed.
''(D) Public collaboration.--To encourage
meaningful public participation with respect to
reductions in the use and access of pack and saddle
stock animals on National Forest System land, the
Secretary shall facilitate collaboration among
different recreational users.
''(c) Effect.--Nothing in this section--
''(1) authorizes the Secretary to refuse to issue a special
use authorization or wilderness permit for a new use of pack
and saddle stock animals, including use by a commercial
outfitter or guide, without complying with applicable land
management plans and planning processes required under this Act
or any other Federal law;
''(2) alters or limits the authority of the Secretary to
issue special use authorizations or wilderness permits;
''(3) alters or limits the authority of the Secretary to
implement a temporary, emergency closure of a trail, route, or
area to pack and saddle stock animals;
''(4) creates a preference for 1 recreational use of an
area within the National Forest System over other uses of the
area;
''(5) supersedes the multiple use authority or policy of an
applicable agency; or
''(6) supersedes any other authorizations and prohibitions
in effect on the date of enactment of this section.''.
(e) Issuance of Policy.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary
of Agriculture shall issue a policy for the Department of the Interior
and the Department of Agriculture, respectively, that defines the term
''historical tradition of the use of pack and saddle stock animals''
for purposes of the amendments made by this section.
answer:
Preserving our Equine Heritage on Public Land Act - Provides for: (1) the continued preservation and use of pack and saddle stock animals on public land administered by the National Park Service, and Bureau of Land Management, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, or the Forest Service on which there is a historical tradition of the use of pack and saddle stock animals; and (2) defining the term "historical tradition of the use of pack and saddle stock animals" for purposes of this Act.