Q: Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.

From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned. Little is known about the next period 270650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks, during Dagobert I's reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is Utrecht's official found date?
2. What two ages can it be traced back to?
3. Who decided not to grow northward?
4. What did he do to prevent this?
5. When was the city eventually abandoned?
6. What was built under the Franks?
7. What eventually happened to it?
8. What caused it?
9. With whom?
10. What is used to identify the founding of the city?
11. What defense was along the river?
A: 1. 50 CE
2. Stone Age and Bronze Age
3. Claudius
4. build fortresses
5. Around 275
6. a church
7. destroyed
8. ongoing border conflicts
9. the Frisians
10. castellum
11. Germanicus defense line
Q: Joe was a young boy who was excited for his first day of school. He jumped out of bed with a big smile on his face, ready for school. He looked in the mirror as he put on his white shirt and blue jeans, and ran down the stairs to get breakfast. His breakfast was waffles with syrup and eggs. His favorite breakfasts are pancakes and cereal, but the waffles were good. After eating all his food, he grabbed his lunch and ran out the door towards the yellow school bus. He arrived at the bus stop and waited for the bus. The bus was running late, but then he finally saw the bus pull up to the bus stop. He did not want to wait one more second so he talked to the bus driver and then took his seat on the bus. He then took a good look out the window and watched as the bus began driving him to the first day of school he had been waiting for. Finally, the bus came to a stop. The children all ran off the bus towards the elementary school. Joe did not see many other second grade students so he walked to the doors alone. Once he entered the school, he saw many of his friends from third grade and began talking to them. Then the bell rang and Joe's first day of school began.

Answer the following questions:
1. Who was excited?
2. Why?
3. What did he wear?
4. Did he eat breakfast?
5. What did he have?
6. Was this his first choice?
7. What would have been?
8. Nevertheless, did it taste okay?
9. What did he take with him to school?
10. What did he wait for?
11. What color was it?
12. Was it on time?
13. Was he in high school?
14. Did he walk to the door with his friends?
15. Who did he end up talking to?
16. from which grade?
A: 1. Joe
2. first day of school
3. white shirt and blue jeans
4. yes
5. waffles with syrup and eggs
6. no
7. pancakes or cereal
8. yes
9. his lunch
10. the bus
11. yellow
12. no
13. no
14. no
15. friends
16. third
Q: The majority of astronauts from America have been men. At the start of the space programme there was strong resistance from some people against having women in space. However, some women were very keen to become astronauts and in the end they were successful. In 1978, NASA began the first training programme for women astronauts.

Judy Resnick and Christa McAuliffe were both astronauts and they were both women, but in many other ways they were very different. Both of them were on Flight STS-5L-L. Judy Resnick was born in 1949 and studied engineering at university and went on to obtain a PhD in 1977. She was a member of the first group of women selected for astronaut training in 1978, and in 1984, she became the second woman in space. During that flight, she helped to launch three new satellites and she carried out a programme of research. She was, in many ways, a professional astronaut whose whole life was devoted to space travel.

Christa McAuliffe was born in 1948 and she was an astronaut almost by accident. In 1984, NASA decided to find a teacher who could accompany astronauts into space. They hoped that she would be able to communicate with students from space and encourage every one of them to be interested in space travel. Christa was a secondary teacher in history and social studies. She was a gifted teacher and she was selected from over 11,000 applicants to go on flight STS-51-L. She was also a very good communicator and she immediately established a very good relationship with the news media(radio, television and newspapers). It was partly because of this that there was a great deal of interest and excitement about the flight. Thousands of students in schools and universities all around the country were looking forward to communicating with Christa in space. Millions of people were watching her flight with great interest. It is partly because of the excitement over McAuliffe's place in the flight that the disaster in 1986 had such an effect on people.

Answer the following questions:
1. what gender are most atronauts
2. were people against women being in it
3. did they do it anyway
4. were they successful
5. what year did their training begin
6. who were two women astronauts
7. what flight were they on
8. who studied engineering
9. did she ever get to go to space
10. was she the first or second woman
11. what did she help launch
12. what was her life devoted to
13. who was born in 1948
14. what year did NASA find her
15. why did they want a teacher
16. what did she teach
17. how many people applied for it
18. did she make people excited about the flight
19. what year was the disaster
A:
1. men
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. 1978
6. Judy Resnick and Christa McAuliffe
7. STS-5L-L
8. Judy Resnick
9. Yes
10. second
11. three new satellites
12. space travel.
13. Christa McAuliffe
14. 1984
15. They hoped that she would be able to communicate with students from space and encourage every one of them to be interested in space travel.
16. history and social studies.
17. 11,000
18. Yes
19. 1986