instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: Both obesity and type 2 diabetes are among the risk factors for breast cancer development. Combined effect of these metabolic abnormalities on breast cancer risk however, has not been examined in premenopausal women. We tested this association in type 2 diabetic women, categorized as obese, overweight and normal body weight groups based on BMI.', 'A total of 101 subjects were included in this study. Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, C reactive protein, leptin, TGF-alpha, adiponectin and insulin were measured by ELISA. Data were logarithmically transformed for variables not normally distributed. Analysis of variance with post-hoc Bonferroni was applied to compare the data between the groups. Simple and partial correlation coefficients between the variables were determined and a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationships between the variables of interest.', 'Significantly increased levels of IL-6, C reactive protein, leptin and significantly decreased levels of adiponectin were found in obese group, while the levels of TNF-alpha and TGF-alpha were unaltered. A positive correlation between waist circumference and IL-6 was found in obese group. Similarly, C reactive protein, waist and hip circumferences were linearly correlated with BMI in obese group. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed several significant predictors for breast cancer risk.\Question: Do combined effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women?
answer:
Obesity and type 2 diabetes, owing to their effects on adipocytokines and inflammatory mediators, contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. This study emphasizes healthy life style and better management of these metabolic disorders to avoid the pathogenesis of breast cancer and of other chronic diseases.

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Context: Remote renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) following infra-renal aortic occlusion leads to acute kidney injury and systemic inflammation. Hydrogen sulfide is a mediator of IRI and can ameliorate tissue injury in many organ systems. Its role in vascular surgery has yet to be established. We assessed the role of hydrogen sulfide in a rodent model of aortic occlusion.', 'Wistar rats were divided into sham, control, and treatment groups (n = 6). Inflammation was assessed using a nonrecovery protocol. The infra-renal aorta was cross-clamped for 60 min and animals were reperfused for 120 min. Ten minutes before clamp release, treatment animals received hydrogen sulfide (10, 30, or 50 g/kg) and control animals received 0.9% saline injected into the retroperitoneum. Renal injury and histology were assessed by a recovery protocol. The procedure was identical to the nonrecovery arm but with a single dose of hydrogen sulfide (30 g/kg) and animals were recovered for 7 days.', 'There was no difference in animal weight between the groups (P = 0.337). In the nonrecovery arm, there was a reduction in serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in sulfide-treated animals compared with controls (909 98 vs. 607 159 pg/mL; P = 0.0038). There was also a reduction in myeloperoxidase-positive cells in renal tissue in the sulfide-treated animals compared with controls (8 4 vs. 17 9; P = 0.03). There was no difference in histological injury score or endothelin-1 levels. In the recovery arm, there was no difference in renal function, Kidney Injury Molecule-1 levels, or histological injury scores.\Question: Does hydrogen sulfide reduce inflammation following abdominal aortic occlusion in rats?
answer:
Hydrogen sulfide has systemic and renal anti-inflammatory effects in remote IRI following aortic occlusion in rats.

question:
Context: Analyses of the pattern of p53 mutations have been essential for epidemiologic studies linking carcinogen exposure and cancer. We were concerned by the inclusion of dubious reports in the p53 databases that could lead to controversial analysis prejudicial to the scientific community.', 'We used the universal mutation database p53 database (21,717 mutations) combined with a new p53 mutant activity database (2,300 mutants) to perform functional analysis of 1,992 publications reporting p53 alterations. This analysis was done using a statistical approach similar to that of clinical meta-analyses.', 'This analysis reveals that some reports of infrequent mutations are associated with almost normal activities of p53 proteins. These particular mutations are frequently found in studies reporting multiple mutations in one tumor, silent mutations, or lacking mutation hotspots. These reports are often associated with particular methodologies, such as nested PCR, for which key controls are not satisfactory.\Question: Does meta-analysis of the p53 mutation database for mutant p53 biological activity reveal a methodologic bias in mutation detection?
answer:
We show the importance of accurate functional analysis before inferring any genetic variation. The quality of the p53 databases is essential in order to prevent erroneous analysis and/or conclusions. The availability of functional data from our new p53 web site (http://p53.free.fr and http://www.umd.be:2072/) will allow functional prescreening to identify potential artifactual data.