input: Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term Middle East.

The Encyclopdia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'. 1. How many countries are in an encyclopedia's definition of a term?
2. What is the term?
3. Is that term still used?
4. What is used now?
5. What is a more rough definition of the area?
6. How was it used at the beginning?
7. What is the French version of the term?
8. What areas does a society think is a part of it?
9. Do groups agree on the meaning of it?
10. Who else has a meaning for it? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. 22
2. the Near East
3. not in English
4. Middle East.
5. Western Asia
6. it applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire
7. Proche-Orient
8. the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'.
9. No
10. The Food and Agriculture Organization

question: Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.

Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.
1. What is a form of philosphical monisn?
2. are Materialism and physicalism related?
3. What class does Materialism belong to?
4. What does that mean?
5. what term is preferred?
6. to all?
7. What are ontological theories based on?
8. philosophies fall into how many categories?
9. which are?
10. What is matter to matarielists?
11. what about mind and spirit?
12. What would be secondary to them?
13. What does the basic proposition of these two categories pretain to?
14. What would materialism be in contrast to
15. anything else?
****
answer: 1. Materialism
2. Yes
3. monist ontology
4. form of philosophical monism
5. the term "physicalism"
6. No
7. it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism
8. two
9. Idealism, and materialism
10. fundamental substance in nature
11. primary
12. matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondar
13. nature of reality
14. Idealism
15. Materialism is closely related to physicalism

Question: CHAPTER XI

OFF FOR BRILL COLLEGE

When old Ricks saw his neighbor approaching he could not at first believe his eyes. Then he ran up to the man, who was a particularly sour individual.

"Say, I thought you was dead," he gasped.

"Dead?" returned Ham Ludd. "Do I look like I was dead?" And he glared savagely at Ricks. "I ain't dead, not by a jugful!"

"Humph! Well, if you ain't dead, mebbe you'll explain about that cat, an' dog," went on old Ricks.

"Wot about 'em?"

"You told folks I poisoned the cat and starved the dog to death."

"I did not."

"You did--it was in the newspapers!" bawled old Ricks, commencing to dance around.

"I didn't! Where's them newspapers?" asked Ham Ludd, also growing excited.

"I ain't got 'em, but Tom Rover said----"

And then suddenly old Ricks stopped short. He was commencing to "smell a mouse," as the saying is.

"Wot did Tom Rover say?" demanded Ham Ludd.

"Never mind wot he said," grumbled the stationmaster. "Only you be careful o' wot you say about me in the future, Ham Ludd, thet's all!"

"Huh! I guess that Rover boy has been a'jokin' you ag'in, Ricky," said Ludd, with a grin. "How about thet busted-up bonfire, an' that snaky cigar? Ha! ha! he had you them times, didn't he?"

"You shet up, Ham Ludd!" roared the stationmaster. "Don't you say another word!"

"I'll say all I please! An' you'll put up that fence, too, or I'll have the law on ye!" retorted Ham Ludd; and then went on his way. 1. Who was Ricks neighbor?
2. Was he a pleasant man?
3. What was surprising about seeing him?
4. How did Ham reply to the accusation?
5. What did Ricks then want him to explain?
6. Why?
7. Did he admit it?
8. Who told Ricks Ham had said that?
9. How did Tom Rover hear it?
10. Did he have a copy of the paper?
11. Was it determined that Rover had been lying?
12. Did Ricks apologize?
13. What did he instead say?
14. How did Ham reply?
15. What was Ricks job?
16. What station did he work at?
17. Did the two continue walking together? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. Ham Ludd
2. no
3. thought he was dead
4. "I ain't dead, not by a jugful!"
5. that cat, an' dog
6. Ham told folks I poisoned the cat and starved the dog to death
7. no
8. Tom Rover
9. the newspapers!
10. no
11. yes
12. no
13. "You shet up, Ham Ludd!"
14. 'll say all I please! An' you'll put up that fence, too, or I'll have the law on ye!"
15. stationmaster.
16. unknown
17. no