Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: General Structure of a Vertebra Within the different regions of the vertebral column, vertebrae vary in size and shape, but they all follow a similar structural pattern. A typical vertebra will consist of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven processes (Figure 7.23). The body is the anterior portion of each vertebra and is the part that supports the body weight. Because of this, the vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness going down the vertebral column. The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated and strongly united by an intervertebral disc. The vertebral arch forms the posterior portion of each vertebra. It consists of four parts, the right and left pedicles and the right and left laminae. Each pedicle forms one of the lateral sides of the vertebral arch. The pedicles are anchored to the posterior side of the vertebral body. Each lamina forms part of the posterior roof of the vertebral arch. The large opening between the vertebral arch and body is the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord. In the intact vertebral column, the vertebral foramina of all of the vertebrae align to form the vertebral (spinal) canal, which serves as the bony protection and passageway for the spinal cord down the back. When the vertebrae are aligned together in the vertebral column, notches in the margins of the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae together form an intervertebral foramen, the opening through which a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column (Figure 7.24). Q: What separates and strongly unites bodies of adjacent vertebrae? A:

OPTIONS:
- synovial fluid
- collagen fibers
- interstitial fluid
- intervertebral disc

A: intervertebral disc

input: OPTIONS:
- become ions
- expel ions
- flatten ions
- produce ions Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: So far we have looked at ionic compounds, in which atoms of various elements gain or lose electrons to produce ions. The resulting ions are held together by strong attractions between oppositely charged particles. However, this only works for bonds between atoms in which one partner (the metal) has a tendency to lose electrons, and the other (the nonmetal) has a tendency to gain them. Then how might two nonmetals, such as nitrogen and oxygen, form chemical bonds? Neither is likely to lose electrons and become a cation, but both require more electrons to reach a noble gas configuration. Instead of a complete transfer of electrons, these atoms can bond by sharing electrons, producing what is called a covalent bond . When a group of atoms are joined together by covalent bonds, the resulting structure is called a molecule . Molecules are generally much smaller than the extended three-dimensional networks of ions that are seen in ionic compounds. We will look much more at covalent bonding and molecules in future chapters, but for now, we will focus on the ways in which molecules are named. Q: Ionic compound atoms of various elements gain or lose electrons to? A:
A:
output: produce ions

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Bond lengths are intermediate between covalent single bonds and covalent double bonds. Q: Bond lengths are intermediate between covalent single bonds and what? A:

OPTIONS:
- trivalent bonds
- wavefunction double bonds
- gravitational double bonds
- covalent double bonds

Answer: covalent double bonds

Problem: OPTIONS:
- supernovas
- black holes
- tides
- volcanic eruptions
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The earliest Earth did not have an atmosphere or free water. The planet was far too hot for gases and water to collect. The atmosphere and oceans that we see today evolved over time. The gases came from volcanic eruptions and from comets. Q: Gases on earth originated from comets and what events? A:
Answer: volcanic eruptions

Problem:OPTIONS:
- write things on paper
- ask a co-worker about it
- think of how they would work
- conduct experiments

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Conduct experiments or make observations to test the hypothesis. Q: How do you test a hypothesis? A:
****
A: conduct experiments

Problem:OPTIONS:
- vegetables
- hair
- teeth
- hands

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Bacteria that cause foodborne illnesses include Salmonella , a bacterium found in many foods, including raw and undercooked meat, poultry, dairy products, and seafood. Campylobacter jejuni is found in raw or undercooked chicken and unpasteurized milk. Several strains of E. coli can cause illnesses, and are found in raw or undercooked hamburger, unpasteurized fruit juices and milk, and even fresh produce. Vibrio is a bacterium that may contaminate fish or shellfish. Listeria has been found in raw and undercooked meats, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, and ready-to-eat deli meats and hot dogs. Most of these bacterial illnesses can be prevented with proper cooking of food and washing of hands. Q: Most of these bacterial illnesses can be prevented with proper cooking of food and washing what? A:
****
A:
hands