Question: Libertarianism (, "freedom") is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association, individual judgment, and self-ownership.

Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power. However, they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing political and economic systems. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling to restrict or to dissolve coercive social institutions.

Some libertarians advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights, such as in land, infrastructure, and natural resources. Others, notably libertarian socialists, seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production in favor of their common or cooperative ownership and management, viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty. An additional line of division is between minarchists and anarchists. While minarchists think that a minimal centralized government is necessary, anarchists and anarcho-capitalists propose to completely eliminate the state.

The first recorded use of the term "libertarian" was in 1789, when William Belsham wrote about libertarianism in the context of metaphysics.

"Libertarian" came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty, especially in the political and social spheres, as early as 1796, when the London Packet printed on 12 February: "Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol, 450 of the French Libertarians." The word was again used in a political sense in 1802, in a short piece critiquing a poem by "the author of Gebir", and has since been used with this meaning. 1. When was the word "libertarian" first used?
2. By who?
3. In what context?
4. What did the word mean?
5. And what does the more general "libertarianism" mean?
6. What does it consist of?
7. What do the movements stand for?
8. What are libertarians skeptic of?
9. Are there different types of libertarians?
10. What is one type?
11. What do they seek?
12. Anything else?
13. What is an example of libertarians with opposing views?
14. When was the London Packet written? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. 1789
2. William Belsham
3. metaphysics
4. advocate or defender of liberty
5. freedom
6. political philosophies and movements
7. liberty as a core principle
8. authority and state power
9. yes
10. libertarian socialists
11. abolish capitalism
12. private ownership of the means of production
13. cooperative ownership and management
14. 1796

Question: CHAPTER XX

FAST IN THE ICE

"Well, there is one piece of luck," said Barwell Dawson, the next morning. "Our collier is here, so we can take on coal at once, and get away from here inside of three or four days."

"Yes, we want to take advantage of the weather while it lasts," answered the captain of the _Ice King_. And the task of transferring the coal began an hour later.

Andy and Chet asked for permission to go ashore, and, after word had been sent to the governor of the place, they entered a steam launch in company with Barwell Dawson and Professor Jeffer. The explorer knew what was on Chet's mind, and aided him to find out if the _Northland_ was at Upernivik.

"She is here," said Barwell Dawson, after making inquiries. "I will have you taken to her."

Chet found Tom Fetjen, a Danish-American, tall and powerful, with a shrewd but kindly face. He listened to the boy's story with interest, and then shrugged his big shoulders.

"I no can tell you mooch 'bout dat whaler, _Betsey Andrews_," he said, slowly. "I not know for truf what happen to him. But I hear som't'ing las' year. Two Esquimaux men come to me an' da say dat de whaleboat he got stuck by de ice far up dare." And Tom Fetjen waved his hand northward.

"Stuck in the ice?" queried Chet.

"Dat is what de Esquimaux men say. Da climb up de ice mountain an' see him ship stuck fast, but go--what you say him?--float, yes, float up dat way," and again the trader pointed northward. 1. Who wanted to go to shore?
2. Did they go?
3. What sort of official did they meet?
4. Was anyone else with them?
5. What did Chet want to learn?
6. How long before they'd be able to leave?
7. According to whom?
8. What product were they getting?
9. How quickly were they able to start hauling it?
10. What was their boat called?
11. Was it a nice day?
12. Who was inquiring about something? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. Andy and Chet
2. Yes
3. unknown
4. Barwell Dawson and Professor Jeffer
5. to find out if the _Northland_ was at Upernivik
6. three or four days
7. Barwell Dawson
8. coal
9. an hour later
10. Ice King
11. Yes
12. Barwell Dawson

Question: One Thursday morning, John's dad was making him breakfast. John came downstairs in his favorite blue shirt and fed his dog Bentley. After washing his hands, John sat down to a hot plate of pancakes, eggs, and bacon. John's baby sister Emily began to cry in her high chair. John gave Emily her pink pacifier to calm her down. After breakfast, John took Bentley out to the backyard to play fetch in the green grass. John only threw the ball a few times before it started to rain and they had to come back inside. Bentley shook himself to get the water off him and splashed John. John's dad asked John, "Do you want to play a game?" John said that he did and ran to get his favorite board game, Trouble. When they sat on the living room floor to play, Emily crawled over to sit in John's lap. Bentley lay next to John's dad with his head on his paws. John thought this rainy day was perfect. 1. Who was cooking breakfast?
2. Was it the weekend?
3. What day of the week was it?
4. Who fed the dog?
5. What is his name?
6. What was the weather like?
7. Who got upset during breakfast?
8. What is her name?
9. Who calmed her down?
10. How?
11. Who went outside after the meal?
12. What did John do when he went back inside? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. John's dad
2. No
3. Thursday
4. John
5. Bentley
6. it started to rain
7. His baby sister
8. Emily
9. John
10. he gave Emily her pacifier
11. John and Bentley
12. he ran to get his favorite board game