Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
We investigated the function of major superoxide-generating enzymes after remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR), with the specific aim of assessing the importance of the most relevant NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms, NOX2 and NOX4, in the mechanism of action.', '60-min partial liver ischemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats in the presence or absence of remote IPC (2 10-min limb IR), and hepatic microcirculatory variables were determined through intravital video microscopy and lightguide spectrophotometry during reperfusion. Inflammatory enzyme activities (myeloperoxidase (MPO) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), cytokine production (TNF- and HMGB-1), liver necroenzyme levels (AST, ALT and LDH) and NOX2 and NOX4 protein expression changes (Western blot analysis) were assayed biochemically.', 'In this setting, remote IPC significantly decreased the IR-induced hepatic NOX2 expression, but the NOX4 expression remained unchanged. The remote IPC provided significant, but incomplete protection against the leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and flow deterioration. Hepatocellular damage (AST, ALT and LDH release), cytokine levels, and XOR and MPO activities also diminished.

Ex Output:
Does remote ischemic preconditioning differentially affect NADPH oxidase isoforms during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion?

Ex Input:
Annual seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines need to be produced in a very tight time frame. Haemagglutinin (HA) is the major immunogenic component of influenza vaccines, and there is a lot of interest in improving candidate vaccine viruses.', "It has been shown elsewhere that mutations introduced in the non-coding region of influenza genome segments can upregulate protein expression. Our objective was to assess a virus based on the laboratory strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8) containing a modified 3' non-coding region of RNA segment 4 (haemagglutinin).", 'NIBRG-93 was generated using reverse genetics. HA protein expression and growth properties were assessed. The virus phenotype suggested that it could be a candidate for use as a live attenuated vaccine, so in vivo studies were performed to assess its suitability.', "NIBRG-93 virus has enhanced haemagglutinin production and is significantly attenuated. Electron microscopy (EM) shows that the modified virus produces a large proportion of 'virus-like particles' that consist of budded cell membrane covered in HA but lacking M1 protein. The virus was shown to be attenuated in mice and offered complete protection against lethal challenge.

Ex Output:
Does a promoter mutation in the haemagglutinin segment of influenza A virus generate an effective candidate live attenuated vaccine?

Ex Input:
MicroRNA-622 has been proven down-regulated in many human malignancies and correlated with tumor progression. However, its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and function of miR-622 in ESCC.', 'Using quantitative RT-PCR, we detected miR-622 expression in ESCC cell lines and primary tumor tissues. The association of miR-622 expression with clinicopathological factors and prognosis was also analyzed. Then, the effects of miR-622 on the biological behavior of ESCC cells were investigated. At last, the potential regulatory function of miR-622 on E2F1 expression was confirmed.', 'miR-622 was found to be down-regulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Decreased miR-622 expression was closely correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor overall survival. Multivariate regression analysis corroborated that low level of miR-622 expression was an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for patients with ESCC. Up-regulation of miR-622 could significantly reduce ESCC cell proliferation, enhance cell apoptosis, and impair cell invasion and migration in vitro, while down-regulation of miR-622 showed opposite effects. Further, E2F1 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-622 by using Luciferase Reporter Assay.

Ex Output:
Does miR-622 functions as a tumor suppressor and directly target E2F1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?