Problem: I read this background article the other day: Some individuals have a specific mutation in the primary sequence of their hemoglobin molecules that causes them to aggregate, resulting in a deformation of their red blood cells. This abnormality is genetic in nature. A person may inherit the gene from one parent and have sickle cell trait (only some of the hemoglobin is hemoglobin S), which is usually not life-threatening. Inheriting the gene from both parents will result in sickle cell disease, which is a very serious condition. I am facing a new situation today: Dan studied two groups of individuals. Group S that had sickle cell anemia, and group B which had normal hemoglobin. He was fascinated by the results. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which group had fewer deformed blood cells?

A: group B

Problem: I read this background article the other day: Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. I am facing a new situation today: Two countries are situated on the shores of the same sea. Turkey is a nation of farmers, they use conventional agricultural methods to produce food, including lots of fertilizers. Greece's economy is mostly based on tourism. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which country causes more marine pollution?

A: Turkey

Problem: I read this background article the other day: Air pollution is harmful to human beings and other living things. About 22 million people die from air pollution each year. Breathing polluted air increases the risk of developing lung diseases such as asthma and lung cancer. Breathing bad air also increases the chances of dying from other diseases. Children are most likely to be affected by air pollution. That's because their lungs are still developing and growing. Children also take in more air for their size than adults do. Some air pollutants damage the environment as well as the health of living things. The type of damage depends on the pollutant. Air pollution can also harm the environment. I am facing a new situation today: Two sister cities had different environments. Shanghai had big problems with air pollution while Berna took very good care of the surrounding environment and air quality. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which city had people at increased risk of dying from other diseases?

A: Shanghai

Problem: I read this background article the other day: In nature, when the population size is small, there is usually plenty of food and other resources for each individual. When there is plenty of food and other resources, organisms can easily reproduce, so the birth rate is high. As the population increases, the food supply, or the supply of another necessary resource, may decrease. When necessary resources, such as food, decrease, some individuals will die. Overall, the population cannot reproduce at the same rate, so the birth rates drop. This will cause the population growth rate to decrease. I am facing a new situation today: two countries of similar natural resources had different populations. Italy had a small population, while Spain had a very large population. Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which country had a lower reproductive rate?

A:
Spain