Input: Hokkien
While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include "beautiful" ( bi is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme sui is represented by characters like (an obsolete character), (a vernacular reading of this character) and even (transliteration of the sound sui), or "tall" ( ko is the literary form), whose morpheme koan is . Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m (not) is variously represented by , or , among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character in, which represents the personal pronoun "they"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character , which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (hek and jiok, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chiah, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as (a Mandarin transliteration, xia, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is .

Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?
Output: standard designated

Input: Digestion
Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.

What does gastric juice consist of?
Output: hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Input: Roman Republic
The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and political rights was called "optimo jure." The optimo jure elected their assemblies, whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates, enacted legislation, presided over trials in capital cases, declared war and peace, and forged or dissolved treaties. There were two types of legislative assemblies. The first was the comitia ("committees"), which were assemblies of all optimo jure. The second was the concilia ("councils"), which were assemblies of specific groups of optimo jure.

Which designation of people made up the entirety of the members of a comitia?
Output: optimo jure

Input: Immunology
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.

How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
Output:
surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive