Answer the following question given this paragraph: any other electron, they become a part of the molecule's electron system.204 This sharing of electrons produces what is known as a covalent bond. Covalent bonds are ~20 to 50 times stronger than van der Waals interactions. What exactly does that mean? Basically, it takes 20 to 50 times more energy to break a covalent bond compared to a van der Waals interaction. While the bonded form of atoms in a molecule is always more stable than the unbounded form, it may not be stable enough to withstand the energy delivered through collisions with neighboring molecules. Different bonds between different atoms in different molecular contexts differ in terms of bond stability; the bond energy refers the energy needed to break a particular bond. A molecule is stable if the bond energies associated with bonded atoms within the molecule are high enough to survive the energy delivered to the molecule through either collisions with neighboring molecules or the absorption of energy (light). When atoms form a covalent bond, their individual van der Waals surfaces merge to produce a new molecular van der Waals surface. There are a number of ways to draw molecules, but the spacefilling or van der Waals surface view is the most realistic (at least for our purposes). While realistic it can also be confusing, since it obscures the underlying molecular structure, that is, how the atoms in the molecule are linked together. This can be seen in this set of representations of the simple molecule 2methylpropane ().205 As molecules become larger, as is the case with many biologically important molecules, it can become impossible to appreciate their underlying organization based on a van der Waals surface representation. Because they form a new stable entity, it is not surprising (perhaps) that the properties of a molecule are quite distinct from, although certainly influenced by, the properties of the atoms from which they are composed. To a first order approximation, a molecule's properties are based on its shape, which is dictated by how... Q: This sharing of electrons produces what is known as a covalent bond. covalent bonds are ~20 to 50 times stronger than what? Choices: - Mendelian systems - Newton's third law - gravitational pull - van der waals interactions A:
van der waals interactions
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Changes of state are physical changes in matter. They are reversible changes that do not involve changes in matter's chemical makeup or chemical properties. Common changes of state include melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition, condensation, and vaporization. These changes are shown in Figure below . Each is described in detail below. Q: Condensation, melting, deposition, sublimation, vaporization, and freezing are all considered changes in what? Choices: - density - altitude - speed - state A:
state
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Some earthworms can also reproduce asexually by fragmentation followed by what? Choices: - fertilization - germination - digestion - regeneration A:
A: regeneration
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Water is the most common substance on Earth, and most of it exists in the liquid state. A liquid is one of four well-known states of matter, along with solid, gas, and plasma states. The particles of liquids are in close contact with each other but not as tightly packed as the particles in solids. The particles can slip past one another and take the shape of their container. However, they cannot pull apart and spread out to take the volume of their container, as particles of a gas can. If the volume of a liquid is less than the volume of its container, the top surface of the liquid will be exposed to the air, like the vinegar in the bottle pictured in the Figure below . Q: The most common substance on earth, water, is primarily present in what state? Choices: - gas - solid - freshwater - liquid A:
Answer: liquid
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Many genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called pleiotropy. Q: When referring to genes, what term describes the property of having multiple phenotypic effects? Choices: - archetype - xerophyte - prototype - pleiotrophy A:
**Answer**
pleiotrophy
(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mirrors are made from highly reflective metal that is applied to a curved or flat piece of glass. Converging mirrors can be used to focus light headlights, telescopes, satellite TV receivers, and solar cookers all rely on this principle. Like lenses, mirrors can create images. Q: What objects are made from highly reflective metal that is applied to a curved or flat piece of glass? Choices: - frames - vases - machines - mirrors A:
(Answer)
mirrors