In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question based on the context. You have to classify the questions into "Extractive", "Abstractive", or "Yes-no" questions. Extractive questions can be answered by concatenating extracts taken from a context into a summary while answering abstractive questions involves paraphrasing the context using novel sentences. Yes-no question is a question whose expected answer is one of two choices, one that affirms the question and one that denies the question. Typically, the choices are either yes or no.

Let me give you an example: We build a dataset of Twitter accounts based on two lists annotated in previous works. For the non-factual accounts, we rely on a list of 180 Twitter accounts from BIBREF1. On the other hand, for the factual accounts, we use a list with another 32 Twitter accounts from BIBREF19 that are considered trustworthy by independent third parties.
Question: How did they obtain the dataset?
The answer to this example can be: Extractive
Here is why: The answer to this question has been explicitly mentioned in the context, so the question is extractive.

OK. solve this:
A context is upward entailing (shown by [... $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ]) that allows an inference from ( "Introduction" ) to ( "Introduction" ), where French dinner is replaced by a more general concept dinner. On the other hand, a downward entailing context (shown by [... $\leavevmode {\color {blue!80!black}\downarrow }$ ]) allows an inference from ( "Introduction" ) to ( "Introduction" ), where workers is replaced by a more specific concept new workers. All [ workers $\leavevmode {\color {blue!80!black}\downarrow }$ ] [joined for a French dinner $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ] All workers joined for a dinner All new workers joined for a French dinner Not all [new workers $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ] joined for a dinner Not all workers joined for a dinner
Question: How do they define upward and downward reasoning?
Answer:
Abstractive