Input: Time
The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (12921336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.

Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?
Output: Jost Burgi.

Input: Saint Helena
Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from 12 million in 1999-2000 to 11 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to 6.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to 0.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were 0.06 million in 2004-05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about 0.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%.

By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?
Output: 11 million

Input: University of Notre Dame
Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from France. The interior was painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian painter invited by Fr. Sorin to be artist in residence. The Basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon. Inside the church there are also sculptures by Ivan Mestrovic. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built in 1896, is a replica of the original in Lourdes, France. It is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation, and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus.

What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?
Output: Basilica of the Sacred Heart

Input: Red
Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?
Output:
Virgin Mary