Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. It is spoken by 290 million people across the Strait of Malacca, including the coasts of the Malay Peninsula of Malaysia and the eastern coast of Sumatra in Indonesia, and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal Sarawak and West Kalimantan in Borneo. It is also used as a trading language in the southern Philippines, including the southern parts of the Zamboanga Peninsula, the Sulu Archipelago and the southern predominantly Muslim-inhabited municipalities of Bataraza and Balabac in Palawan.

As the "Bahasa Kebangsaan" or "Bahasa Nasional" (National Language) of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Singapore and Brunei it is called "Bahasa Melayu" (Malay language); in Malaysia, "Bahasa Malaysia" (Malaysian language); and in Indonesia, "Bahasa Indonesia" (Indonesian language) and is designated the "Bahasa Persatuan/ Pemersatu" ("unifying language/ "lingua franca""). However, in areas of central to southern Sumatra where the language is indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as "Bahasa Melayu" and consider it one of their regional languages.

Standard Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial Malacca and Johor Sultanates, and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor, or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other Malayan languages. According to "Ethnologue" 16, several of the Malayan varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the "Orang Asli" varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialectsthese are listed with question marks in the infobox at right or on top (depending on device). There are also several Malay trade and creole languages which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay, as well as Macassar Malay, which appears to be a mixed language.

1. What language is this passage talking about?
2. Which family speaks it?
3. Where is it spoken?
4. Does the standard Malay have several official names/
5. What is it called in Malaysia?
6. In Singapore?
7. How about Indonesia?
8. How many people speak it?
9. And where is it a native language?
10. What's the other name for Standard Malay?
11. Is it also used as a trading language?
12. Why is this language sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Malay
2. Austronesian family
3. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.
4. yes
5. Bahasa Malaysia
6. Bahasa Melayu
7. Bahasa Indonesia
8. 290 million
9. people across the Strait of Malacca
10. Court Malay
11. yes
12. to distinguish it from the various other Malayan languages

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN.

TREATS OF ANCIENT DIPLOMACY AMONG THE NORSEMEN, AND SHOWS HOW OUR HERO TURNS THE TABLES ON A WOULD-BE ASSASSIN.

When King Harald heard the news of the defeat of Hake and the slaughter of his men by Erling and Glumm, great was his wrath at first, and Jarl Rongvold had much ado to appease him and prevent him from going at once to Horlingdal to ravage it with fire and sword. But when he had cooled a little, and heard the details of the fight from Hake himself, his anger against the young warriors changed into admiration of their dauntless courage.

Harald Fairhair was a kingly man in spirit as well as in appearance, and was above encouraging a mean or vengeful mood. He was indeed fierce and violent in his rage, and often did things which, when read of in the calm of a comparatively peaceful time, make one shudder; but it must not be forgotten that the age in which he lived was a cruel and bloody one, and, in Norway, without one touch of the gentle religion of Christ to soften its asperities. He could never have retained his power and rule over the stern warriors of his day, had he not possessed much of their own callous indifference to the horrors and cruelties of war.

"Thou hadst tougher work than thou countedst on, it would seem," he said to Hake; then, turning to Jarl Rongvold, with a laugh, "Methinks I would fain have this Erling the Bold and his friend Glumm the Gruff among my men-at-arms."

1. how is Harald Fairhair described?
2. what was the age he lived in like?
3. who was defeated?
4. who killed his men?
5. where did Harald Fairhair live?
6. how did he feel about war?
7. how did he react to the news of the defeat?
8. who calmed him?
9. what did the king want to go do?
10. and do what there?
11. with what/
12. what did his rage change to?
13. why did his feelings change?
14. who told him the details?
15. were the warriors young or old?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. a kingly man
2. a cruel and bloody
3. Hake
4. Erling and Glumm,
5. Norway
6. indifference
7. wrathful
8. Jarl Rongvold
9. going to Horlingda
10. ravage it
11. fire and sword
12. admiration
13. their dauntless courage.
14. Hake
15. young

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.

Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.

1. what is materialism closely related to?
2. do some people prefer that term?
3. what is matter to materialists in terms of priority?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. physicalism
2. Yes
3. secondary