input: The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals and other vertebrates, are meant. The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans.

All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes. 1. Animal originates from what language?
2. Animal excludes what species?
3. To which kingdom does it refer?
4. Animals have which type of cells?
5. What makes up their matrix?
6. What structures form if these components calcify?
7. Do plants have the same cell characteristics?
8. What holds plant cells together?
9. How do plant cells develop?
10. What characteristics are specific to animal cells? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. Latin
2. humans
3. Animalia
4. eukaryotic cells
5. collagen and elastic glycoproteins
6. shells, bones, and spicules
7. No
8. cell walls
9. progressive growth.
10. intercellular junctions

input: As young Chinese increasingly forget how to write characters because they don't have to, using keyboards and touch screen technology on mobile phones is changing the trend.

For Yin Liang, a 26-year-old purchasing agent at a company, his embarrassment over forgetting how to write characters has gradually disappeared since he started to use the handwriting input method on his iPhone 4 a month ago.

"When you write on the touch screen, you use your finger, instead of a mouse or keyboard," Yin says.

"Actually, your finger is like a pen, writing the complicated characters that have long been spelled by pinyin, an alphabet-based input system. Whether typing on computers or texting on phones, most users in China type by phonetically spelling out the sounds of the characters and the software then gives a menu of characters that fit the pronunciation, so users only need to recognize the character.

Handwriting technology on a mobile phone touch screen has been around for years and became popular with the iPhone, which recognizes the input and offers a wide selection of characters.

"It's efficient and accurate," Yin says.

Chinese characters are the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world, but as pinyin-based typing has become more widespread, youths have started forgetting how to write out characters. This was one of the main topics for debate at the first Cross-Straits Chinese Character Art Festival, held recently in Beijing, which attracted experts from Taiwan and the mainland.

According to Zhang Zikang, president of the Culture and Art Publishing House, writing with a pen on the touch screen brings handwriting into the digital age. It is even better when you write with your finger, feeling the flow of the cursive script and the grace and art of Chinese characters, he says.

"Smart gadgets don't take life from the square-shaped characters, instead they offer a new and advanced platform to show the charm of Chinese characters, which are always evolving," Zhang says. 1. How old is Yin Liang?
2. what has he started using?
3. Why system is oldest and continuously in use?
4. On which device has he used it?
5. What brings handwriting into the digital age?
6. What is changing the trend on Smartphones? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. 26
2. the handwriting input method
3. Chinese characters
4. his iPhone 4
5. the touch screen
6. using keyboards and touch screen technology

input: Charles I (19 November 1600 30 January 1649) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

Charles was the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish, and Scottish thrones on the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1612. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiations. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead.

After his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall. 1. Who was Charles's father?
2. Was he an only child?
3. How many countries' thrones was Charles heir to?
4. What countries?
5. When did he become heir?
6. After the death of whom?
7. What was the brother's title?
8. What was his name?
9. Who did Charles marry?
10. OF what country?
11. And of what royal line?
12. True or False: Maria Anna was also a Bourbon.
13. Was Charles liked by Puritans?
14. Why not?
15. Who did he let down in the Thirty Years' War?
16. What conflict did Charles' actions lead to?
17. What did he try to do that caused the war?
18. Did the outcome of the conflict strengthen hid hold on the throne?
19. Who did it help instead?
20. What right did Charles believe in? Return numbered answers in your output.

output:
1. f King James VI
2. no
3. three
4. England, Ireland, and Scotland
5. 1612
6. his brother
7. Prince of Wales, in 1612
8. Henry Frederick
9. Henrietta Maria
10. France instead
11. Bourbon
12. False
13. no
14. because of his religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic
15. Protestant forces
16. the Bishops' Wars
17. he attempted force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices
18. no
19. it strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments
20. he believed in the divine right of kings