Answer the following question: Information: - Il giuramento ( The Oath ) is an opera in three acts by the Italian composer Saverio Mercadante . The libretto , by Gaetano Rossi , is based on Victor Hugo 's play Angelo , Tyrant of Padua . ( This is the same source as Arrigo Boito , under the pseudonym of Tobia Gorrio , was to use for his libretto for Amilcare Ponchielli 's La Gioconda ) . The opera was first performed at La Scala , Milan on 11 March 1837 and was '' quickly taken up by other theatres throughout Italy '' . Within a year , it was staged in Vienna ( April 1838 ) and later appeared in many European cities including London ( June 1840 ) and Paris ( 1858 ) and in New York ( February 1848 ) . As has been noted by Colleen Fay , there were aspects of this work which moved Italian opera in a new direction : Its taut dramatic structure and vivid musical scene - painting set it apart from the operas of his day ... . . Not only do we hear in its music a reliable Italian lyricism , but also the early moves away from ornamentation for its own sake . Mercadante uses the orchestra not as a pale accompaniment to dramatic action , but as a full partner in the drama . - The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio (a public version of the masque was the pageant). A masque involved music and dancing, singing and acting, within an elaborate stage design, in which the architectural framing and costumes might be designed by a renowned architect, to present a deferential allegory flattering to the patron. Professional actors and musicians were hired for the speaking and singing parts. Often the masquers, who did not speak or sing, were courtiers: the English queen Anne of Denmark frequently danced with her ladies in masques between 1603 and 1611, and Henry VIII and Charles I of England performed in the masques at their courts. In the tradition of masque, Louis XIV of France danced in ballets at Versailles with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully. - A libretto is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or musical. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as the Mass, requiem and sacred cantata, or the story line of a ballet. - Camillo Boito (October 30, 1836 June 28, 1914) was an Italian architect and engineer, and a noted art critic, art historian and novelist. - Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jacob Liebmann Beer; 5 September 1791 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer of Jewish birth who has been described as perhaps the most successful stage composer of the nineteenth century. With his 1831 opera "Robert le diable" and its successors, he gave the genre of grand opera 'decisive character'. Meyerbeer's grand opera style was achieved by his merging of German orchestra style with Italian vocal tradition. These were employed in the context of sensational and melodramatic libretti created by Eugene Scribe and were enhanced by the up-to-date theatre technology of the Paris Opera. They set a standard which helped to maintain Paris as the opera capital of the nineteenth century. - Amilcare Ponchielli (31 August 1834 16 January 1886) was an Italian composer, mainly of operas. He was married to the soprano Teresina Brambilla. - Mefistofele is an opera in a prologue, four acts and an epilogue, the only completed opera with music by the Italian composer-librettist Arrigo Boito (there are several completed operas for which he was librettist only). The opera was given its premiere on 5 March 1868 at La Scala, Milan under the baton of the composer, despite his lack of experience and skill as a conductor. - Otello is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Arrigo Boito, based on Shakespeare's play "Othello". It was Verdi's penultimate opera, and was first performed at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, on 5 February 1887. - Gaetano Rossi (18 May 1774 25 January 1855) was an Italian opera librettist for several of the well-known "bel canto"-era composers including Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Saverio Mercadante in Italy and Giacomo Meyerbeer in one of his early Italian successes. Other composers with whom he worked included Simon Mayr, a composer and Donizetti's teacher, as well as the prolific Giovanni Pacini. - Gioachino Antonio Rossini (29 February 179213November 1868) was an Italian composer who wrote operas, as well as some sacred music, songs, chamber music and piano pieces. - Johann(es) Simon Mayr (also spelled Majer, Mayer, Maier), also known in Italian as Giovanni Simone Mayr or Simone Mayr (14 June 1763 2 December 1845), was a German composer. - Giovanni Pacini (11 February 17966 December 1867) was an Italian composer, best known for his operas. Pacini was born in Catania, Sicily, the son of the buffo Luigi Pacini, who was to appear in the premieres of many of Giovanni's operas. The family was of Tuscan origin, and just happened to be in Catania when the composer was born. - Scapigliatura is the name of an artistic movement which developed in Italy after the Risorgimento period (18151871). The movement included poets, writers, musicians, painters and sculptors. The term Scapigliatura is the Italian equivalent of the French "boheme" (bohemian), literally meaning "unkempt" or "dishevelled". - Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (9 or 10 October 1813 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer. - Giuseppe Saverio Raffaele Mercadante (baptised 17 September 179517 December 1870) was an Italian composer, particularly of operas. While Mercadante may not have retained the international celebrity of Gaetano Donizetti or Gioachino Rossini beyond his own lifetime, he composed as impressive a number of works as either; and his development of operatic structures, melodic styles and orchestration contributed significantly to the foundations upon which Giuseppe Verdi built his dramatic technique. - Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, Donizetti was a leading composer of the "bel canto" opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century. Donizetti's close association with the bel canto style was undoubtedly an influence on other composers such as Giuseppe Verdi (1813 - 1901). - Arrigo Boito (24 February 1842 10 June 1918) (whose original name was Enrico Giuseppe Giovanni Boito and who wrote essays under the anagrammatic pseudonym of Tobia Gorrio), was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist, librettist and composer, best known today for his libretti, especially those for Giuseppe Verdi's operas "Otello" and "Falstaff", and his own opera "Mefistofele". Along with Emilio Praga, and his own brother Camillo Boito he is regarded as one of the prominent representatives of the Scapigliatura artistic movement. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'il giuramento' exhibits the relationship of 'inception'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - 11 - 14 - 16 - 1603 - 1611 - 17 - 1763 - 1791 - 1797 - 18 - 1815 - 1831 - 1834 - 1836 - 1855 - 1867 - 1868 - 1870 - 1886 - 1887 - 1914 - 1918 - 24 - 27 - 29 - 30 - 5 - 9
Answer:
1836