Q: Madrasa (Arabic: , madrasah, pl. , madaris, Turkish: Medrese) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion). The word is variously transliterated madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese, etc. In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only subject studied. Not all students in madaris are Muslims; there is also a modern curriculum.

The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root -- D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) (); mafal(ah), meaning "a place where something is done". Therefore, madrasah literally means "a place where learning and studying take place". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian. In the Arabic language, the word madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danismends. The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is (jamiah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.

1. Madrasa
2. Any type of educational institution,
3. Yes
4. Arabic
5. No
6. Yes
7. university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school
8.
9. Yes
10. Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian.

Numbered questions:
1. what is the article mainly about?
2. what does the word literally mean?
3. can it be private school?
4. what language does it come from?
5. are all students in madaris Muslim?
6. is it generally considered a religious school in the west?
7. what levels of school does it cover?
8. what is the Arabic word for University?
9. is modern curriculum offered in madrasa?
10. what are some Arabic languages that are mentioned?

Q: The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.

1. that every citizen is subject to the law
2. Yes
3. an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy
4. Because that is where the rulers are held above the law.
5. that law should govern a nation,
6. to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials
7. the influence and authority of law within society
8. 16th century Britain
9. Samuel Rutherford
10. Scottish theologian
11. in the 19th century
12. A. V. Dicey.
13. British jurist
14. ancient philosophers
15. Aristotle
16. He wrote "Law should govern".
17. in both democracies and dictatorships
18. because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it.
19. nomocracy.
20. Yes

Numbered questions:
1. What does the rule of law imply?
2. Even lawmakers?
3. What does this differ from?
4. Why?
5. What is the principle of the rule of law?
6. As opposed to what?
7. What does it mainly refer to?
8. Where can the phrase be traced back to?
9. Who used it in their argument against the divine right of kings?
10. Who was he?
11. When did it become more popular?
12. By whom?
13. Who was he?
14. Who was familiar to the concept?
15. Like who?
16. What did he do?
17. Where can a lack of this rule be found?
18. What is an example?
19. What is it called when government is based on that rule?
20. Does it apply to government officials?

Q: Few buildings on earth can compete with the legendary beauty of the Taj Mahal. Towering over the ancient Indian city of Agra, the Taj Mahal is the grandest monument to love ever created.

The lovers in this story are the 17th century Indian emperor Shah Jehan and his wife Mumtaz Mahal. She took a leading role in advising him, which is something unusual for a woman to do for a husband who's an emperor. Over the course of their nineteen-year marriage she gave birth to 14 children. But in 1631 while trying to deliver their fifteenth -- she tragically died. He was heartbroken when she died. And after her death, he decided to build the world's greatest monument ever built, for love.

He ordered the royal architects to design the most beautiful building the world had known and decided to name it after his beloved, Mumtaz Mahal. He called on twenty thousand workers and sent many more people to all corners of his country in search of valuable metals and jewels. And after seventeen years of hard work, Shah Jehan's monument was completed and his beloved empress was moved to her final resting place.

Everything had gone according to plan, but Shah Jehan's luck was about to change ... In 1658, just four years after the completion of the Taj Mahal, he was thrown out of power. Unfortunately, his son, Aran Azibe imprisoned him, his own father. And he spent the last seven years of his life in prison. And he was allowed to look at the Taj Mahal through a window. His life was in ruins, but when he died his last wish was promised. He was buried beside his beloved wife in the Taj Mahal.

1. Agra
2. Mumtaz Mahal
3. Shah Jehan
4. She took a leading role in advising him
5. the emperor
6. yes
7. 14
8. she died
9. while trying to deliver their fifteenth child
10. the Taj Mahal
11. He was buried beside her
12. he decided to build the world's greatest monument
13. seventeen years
14. twenty thousand
15. he was thrown out of power
16. his son
17. in prison
18. seven
19. to be buried beside his wife
20. yes

Numbered questions:
1. Where is the Taj Mahal?
2. Who is the wife int he story?
3. and the husband?
4. What was unusual about her?
5. Who was he?
6. Did they have a lot of children?
7. how many?
8. What happened to Mumtaz?
9. from what?
10. Where was she buried?
11. What about the husband when he died?
12. What did the husband do after the wife died?
13. How long did it take?
14. and how many people helped?
15. what happened four years after completion?
16. by who?
17. where did he put his father?
18. for how many years did he stay?
19. What was his final wish?
20. was he?