This is the best way to ensure accuracy when you're measuring out flour by volume. It's more difficult to use the proper technique with an oversized measuring cup, since you can't complete the final step of leveling off the top. So, for example, if your recipe calls for 1 1/2 cups of flour, use both a one-cup dry measuring cup and a half-cup dry measuring cup. If your recipe calls for 2/3 cup of flour, measure out two 1/3 cups instead of using a larger cup. Flour tends to come tightly packed in paper bags. If you don't fluff it up before measuring it, you'll end up measuring out more flour than you actually need for your recipe. Dig your spoon into the container the flour is in and fluff it up a little. You might want to consider storing your flour in a metal, plastic or glass container with a lid instead of keeping it in the bag it came in. That way your flour won't be as tightly packed, and it will be easier to reach in and fluff it up when you need to use some. Use a spoon to scoop flour into the cup until the cup is slightly overfull. Do not pack the flour into the cup; just lightly scoop it in until the cup is full and a small peak has formed in the center. Use a straight edge, such as the back of a knife, to level off the top by running it against the rim of the cup. Do this over the container so the excess flour drops back in. You're now ready to use the flour in your recipe. If it calls for additional cups, measure them the same way.

Summary: Use measuring cups of the exact right size. Fluff up the flour. Spoon it into your measuring cup. Level it off.

To create this paste, you will need a plain white school glue, cool water, and a bowl to mix it in.

Summary: Gather your ingredients.

Your shape should be one capable of dividing into equal groups, such as a square or circle. Draw the shapes large enough that you can divide them into smaller pieces. For example, if you are calculating 534{\displaystyle 5\div {
rac {3}{4}}}, you would draw 5 circles. The denominator of a fraction tells you how many pieces a whole is divided into. Divide each whole shape into its fractional parts. For example, if you are dividing by 34{\displaystyle {
rac {3}{4}}}, the 4 in the denominator tells you to divide each whole shape into fourths. Since you are dividing the whole number by the fraction, you are looking to see how many groups of the fraction are in the whole number. So, first, you need to create your groups. It might be helpful to shade each group a different color, since some groups will have pieces in two different wholes. Leave any leftover pieces unshaded. For example, if you are dividing 5 by 34{\displaystyle {
rac {3}{4}}}, you would color 3 quarters a different color for each group. Note that many groups will contain 2 quarters in one whole, and 1 quarter in another whole. This will give you the whole number of your answer. For example, you should have created 6 groups of 34{\displaystyle {
rac {3}{4}}} among your 5 circles. Compare the number of pieces you have left over to a complete group. The fraction of a group that you have left over will indicate the fraction of your answer. Make sure you do not compare the number of pieces you have to a whole shape, as this will give you the wrong fraction. For example, after dividing the 5 shapes into groups of 34{\displaystyle {
rac {3}{4}}}, you have 2 quarters, or 24{\displaystyle {
rac {2}{4}}} left. Since a whole group is 3 pieces, and you have 2 pieces, your fraction is 23{\displaystyle {
rac {2}{3}}}. Combine your whole number of groups with your fractional number of groups to find the quotient of your original division problem. For example, 534=623{\displaystyle 5\div {
rac {3}{4}}=6{
rac {2}{3}}}.

Summary: Draw shapes representing the whole number. Divide each whole shape according to the fraction's denominator. Shade in groups representing the fraction. Count the number of whole groups. Interpret leftover pieces. Write the answer.

Some of the most basic commands you can use in Cygwin are the search and comparison tools. To find a file you can input the following command: $ find . -name EXAMPLE. This will show you all of your files with that name, however, it is case sensitive. If you would like to find certain text within a file, you need to incorporate the "grep" command. Thus, to find all instances of "EXAMPLE" you would need to input $ grep 'EXAMPLE' EXAMPLE.txt. This will provide you with all of the instances of the text "EXAMPLE" within the EXAMPLE.txt file. However, this particular command is case sensitive. To find all instances of "EXAMPLE" regardless of case, continue to the next step. To find text regardless of text, simply add -i after the grep command. It should look something like this: $ grep -i 'EXAMPLE' EXAMPLE.txt. If you would like to compare two files, you can easily do so by entering the diff command. Simply input the command followed by the names of the two files you wish to compare: diff EXAMPLE.txt PRACTICE.txt. This will then present you with the two files, one after another. Some of the basic commands are listed in the table below alongside their corresponding command in Windows. Action Windows Cygwin list directory dir ls clear console cls clear copy file(s) copy cp move file(s) move mv delete file(s) del rm create directory md mkdir remove directory rd rm -rf change current directory cd cd current directory cd, chdir pwd search find grep concatenate cat cat permissions chmod chmod display/output text echo echo
Summary: Find a file. Find a keyword within a file. Find text regardless of case. Compare two files. Explore the basic commands.