Answer the following question given this paragraph: The epidermis is the outer layer of skin, consisting of epithelial cells and little else (see Figure below ). For example, there are no nerve endings or blood vessels in the epidermis. The innermost cells of the epidermis are continuously dividing through mitosis to form new cells. The newly formed cells move up through the epidermis toward the skin surface, while producing a tough, fibrous protein called keratin. The cells become filled with keratin and die by the time they reach the surface, where they form a protective, waterproof layer called the stratum corneum. The dead cells are gradually shed from the surface of the skin and replaced by other cells. Q: What is the outer layer of skin, consisting almost entirely of epithelial cells? Choices: - hypodermis - connective tissue - dermis - epidermis A:
epidermis
Answer the following question given this paragraph: If a substance is corrosive, it can eat through objects. Many scientists have to work with chemicals that are corrosive or otherwise dangerous. That's one reason that following safety precautions in the laboratory or field is very important. Q: What kind of harm does a corrosive substance cause? Choices: - Builds a crust - Attracts dust - Rust objects - eats through objects A:
eats through objects
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electromagnetism is magnetism produced by an electric current. When electric current flows through a wire, it creates a magnetic field that surrounds the wire in circles. You can see this in the diagram below. Note that electric current is conventionally shown moving from positive to negative electric potential, as in this diagram. However, electrons in current actually flow in the opposite direction, from negative to positive potential. Q: When electric current flows through a wire, it creates what type of field that surrounds the wire in circles? Choices: - gravitational - kinetic - thermal - magnetic A:
A: magnetic
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: The energy that enters the chloroplasts as sunlight becomes stored as what type of energy in organic compounds? Choices: - radiation energy - thermal energy - defect energy - chemical energy A:
Answer: chemical energy
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Muscular dystrophy is a term encompassing a variety of muscle wasting diseases. The most common type, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) , affects cardiac and skeletal muscle, as well as some mental functions. DMD is caused by a defective gene for dystrophin, a protein prevalent in skeletal and cardiac muscles. DMD is an X-linked recessive disorder occurring in 1 in 3,500 male newborns. Because DMD is X-linked, no females are affected. Most affected individuals die before their 20th birthday. Daughters of female carriers of the mutant allele have a 50% chance of also being carriers. Q: What type of disease is muscular dystrophy? Choices: - contagious disease - mutation - infectious disease - a wasting disease A:
**Answer**
a wasting disease
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: membrane is a positive 15 mV, meaning that the membrane depolarizes from -70 mV to -55 mV, then the graded potentials will result in the membrane reaching threshold. For receptor potentials, threshold is not a factor because the change in membrane potential for receptor cells directly causes neurotransmitter release. However, generator potentials can initiate action potentials in the sensory neuron axon, and postsynaptic potentials can initiate an action potential in the axon of other neurons. Graded potentials summate at a specific location at the beginning of the axon to initiate the action potential, namely the initial segment. For sensory neurons, which do not have a cell body between the dendrites and the axon, the initial segment is directly adjacent to the dendritic endings. For all other neurons, the axon hillock is essentially the initial segment of the axon, and it is where summation takes place. These locations have a high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels that initiate the depolarizing phase of the action potential. Summation can be spatial or temporal, meaning it can be the result of multiple graded potentials at different locations on the neuron, or all at the same place but separated in time. Spatial summation is related to associating the activity of multiple inputs to a neuron with each other. Temporal summation is the relationship of multiple action potentials from a single cell resulting in a significant change in the membrane potential. Spatial and temporal summation can act together, as well. Q: What is the relationship of multiple action potentials from a single cell resulting in a significant change in the membrane potential? Choices: - nature summation - bipolar summation - distinct summation - temporal summation A:
**Answer**
temporal summation