Answer the following question given this paragraph: Spermatogonia lining the seminiferous tubule undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes , which are also diploid. The primary spermatocytes undergo the first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes , which are haploid. Spermatocytes make up the next layer of cells inside the seminiferous tubule. Finally, the secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis to form spermatids . Spermatids make up a third layer of cells in the tubule. Q: What do secondary spermatocytes form when completing meiosis? A:

OPTIONS:
- pores
- semen
- sporozoans
- spermatids

Answer: spermatids

Problem: OPTIONS:
- proteins
- enzymes
- acids
- hormones
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Effects of Hormones Virtually all of the effects of pregnancy can be attributed in some way to the influence of hormonesparticularly estrogens, progesterone, and hCG. During weeks 712 from the LMP, the pregnancy hormones are primarily generated by the corpus luteum. Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulates the production of decidual cells of the endometrium that nourish the blastocyst before placentation. As the placenta develops and the corpus luteum degenerates during weeks 1217, the placenta gradually takes over as the endocrine organ of pregnancy. The placenta converts weak androgens secreted by the maternal and fetal adrenal glands to estrogens, which are necessary for pregnancy to progress. Estrogen levels climb throughout the pregnancy, increasing 30-fold by childbirth. Estrogens have the following actions: They suppress FSH and LH production, effectively preventing ovulation. (This function is the biological basis of hormonal birth control pills. ) They induce the growth of fetal tissues and are necessary for the maturation of the fetal lungs and liver. They promote fetal viability by regulating progesterone production and triggering fetal synthesis of cortisol, which helps with the maturation of the lungs, liver, and endocrine organs such as the thyroid gland and adrenal gland. They stimulate maternal tissue growth, leading to uterine enlargement and mammary duct expansion and branching. Relaxin, another hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and then by the placenta, helps prepare the mother's body for childbirth. It increases the elasticity of the symphysis pubis joint and pelvic ligaments, making room for the growing fetus and allowing expansion of the pelvic outlet for childbirth. Relaxin also helps dilate the cervix during labor. Q: Virtually all of the effects of pregnancy can be attributed in some way to the influence of what? A:
Answer: hormones

Problem:OPTIONS:
- asteroids
- the sun
- white star
- white dwarf

Answer the following question given this paragraph: A white dwarf is a stellar remnant that is very dense. A white dwarf's mass is comparable to the Sun and its volume is comparable to that of Earth. The very low brightness of a white dwarf comes from the emission of stored heat energy. Q: What is a stellar remnant that is very dense? A:
****
A: white dwarf

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chemical and physical changes in a system may be accompanied by either an increase or a decrease in the disorder of the system, corresponding to an increase in entropy (S> 0) or a decrease in entropy (S < 0), respectively. As with any other state function, the change in entropy is defined as the difference between the entropies of the final and initial states: S = Sf Si. When a gas expands into a vacuum, its entropy increases because the increased volume allows for greater atomic or molecular disorder. The greater the number of atoms or molecules in the gas, the greater the disorder. The magnitude of the entropy of a system depends on the number of microscopic states, or microstates, associated with it (in this case, the number of atoms or molecules); that is, the greater the number of microstates, the greater the entropy. We can illustrate the concepts of microstates and entropy using a deck of playing cards, as shown in Figure 18.7 "Illustrating Low- and High-Entropy States with a Deck of Playing Cards". In any new deck, the 52 cards are arranged by four suits, with each suit arranged in descending order. If the cards are shuffled, however, there are approximately 1068 different ways they might be arranged, which corresponds to 1068different microscopic states. The entropy of an ordered new deck of cards is therefore low, whereas the entropy of a randomly shuffled deck is high. Card games assign a higher value to a hand that has a low degree of disorder. In games such as five-card poker, only 4 of the 2,598,960 different possible hands, or microstates, contain the highly ordered and valued arrangement of cards called a royal flush, almost 1.1 million hands contain one pair, and more than 1.3 million hands are completely disordered and therefore have no value. Because the last two arrangements are far more probable than the first, the value of a poker hand is inversely proportional to its entropy. We can see how to calculate these kinds of probabilities for a chemical system by considering the possible... Q: Chemical and physical changes in a system may be accompanied by an increase or a decrease in the disorder of the system, corresponding to an increase or decrease in what? A:
OPTIONS:
- enthalpy
- vibration
- volume
- entropy
entropy

Answer the following question given this paragraph: A mountain-building event is called an orogeny . Orogenies take place over tens or hundreds of millions of years. Continents smash into each other. Microcontinents and island arcs smash into continents. All of these events cause mountains to rise. Q: What is the term for a mountain-building event? A:
OPTIONS:
- glaciation
- volcanism
- erosion
- orogeny

Answer: orogeny

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Natural selection occurs when there are differences in fitness among members of a population. As a result, some individuals pass more genes to the next generation. This causes allele frequencies to change. Q: What occurs when there are differences in fitness among a population? A:
OPTIONS:
- evolution
- natural process
- natural change
- natural selection
output:
natural selection