In this task, you are given an abstract of article. Your task is to generate title for this article. Preferred titles are under thirty words.

Ex Input:
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent extracellular structures able to bind and kill microorganisms. It is believed that they are generated by neutrophils undergoing cell death, allowing these dying or dead cells to kill microbes. We show that, following priming with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and subsequent short-term toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or complement factor 5a (C5a) receptor stimulation, viable neutrophils are able to generate NETs. Strikingly, NETs formed by living cells contain mitochondrial, but no nuclear, DNA. Pharmacological or genetic approaches to block reactive oxygen species (ROS) production suggested that NET formation is ROS dependent. Moreover, neutrophil populations stimulated with GM-CSF and C5a showed increased survival compared with resting neutrophils, which did not generate NETs. In conclusion, mitochondrial DNA release by neutrophils and NET formation do not require neutrophil death and do also not limit the lifespan of these cells.

Ex Output:
Viable neutrophils release mitochondrial DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps

Ex Input:
Assessment for selection in medicine and the health professions should follow the same quality assurance processes as in-course assessment. The literature on selection is limited and is not strongly theoretical or conceptual. For written testing, there is evidence of the predictive validity of Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) for medical school and licensing examination performance. There is also evidence for the predictive validity of grade point average, particularly in combination with MCAT for graduate entry but little evidence about the predictive validity of school leaver scores. Interviews have not been shown to be robust selection measures. Studies of multiple mini-interviews have indicated good predictive validity and reliability. Of other measures used in selection, only the growing interest in personality testing appears to warrant future work. Widening access to medical and health professional programmes is an increasing priority and relates to the social accountability mandate of medical and health professional schools. While traditional selection measures do discriminate against various population groups, there is little evidence on the effect of non-traditional measures in widening access. Preparation and outreach programmes show most promise. In summary, the areas of consensus for assessment for selection are small in number. Recommendations for future action focus on the adoption of principles of good assessment and curriculum alignment, use of multi-method programmatic approaches, development of interdisciplinary frameworks and utilisation of sophisticated measurement models. The social accountability mandate of medical and health professional schools demands that social inclusion, workforce issues and widening of access are embedded in the principles of good assessment for selection.

Ex Output:
Assessment for selection for the health care professions and specialty training: consensus statement and recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference.

Ex Input:
UNLABELLED Morphological characteristics of dendritic spines form the basis of cognitive ability. However, molecular mechanisms involved in fine-tuning of spine morphology during development are not fully understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether, and to what extent, these developmental mechanisms determine the normal adult spine morphological features. Here, we provide evidence that 2-isoform of Rac-specific GTPase-activating protein -chimaerin (2-chimaerin) is involved in spine morphological refinement during late postnatal period, and furthermore show that this developmental 2-chimaerin function affects adult spine morphologies. We used a series of mice with global and conditional knock-out of -chimaerin isoforms (1-chimaerin and 2-chimaerin). 2-Chimaerin disruption, but not 1-chimaerin disruption, in the mouse results in an increased size (and density) of spines in the hippocampus. In contrast, overexpression of 2-chimaerin in developing hippocampal neurons induces a decrease of spine size. Disruption of 2-chimaerin suppressed EphA-mediated spine morphogenesis in cultured developing hippocampal neurons. 2-Chimaerin disruption that begins during the juvenile stage results in an increased size of spines in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, spine morphologies are unaltered when 2-chimaerin is deleted only in adulthood. Consistent with these spine morphological results, disruption of 2-chimaerin beginning in the juvenile stage led to an increase in contextual fear learning in adulthood; whereas contextual learning was recently shown to be unaffected when 2-chimaerin was deleted only in adulthood. Together, these results suggest that 2-chimaerin signaling in developmental stages contributes to determination of the morphological features of adult spines and establishment of normal cognitive ability. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent studies of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and their animal models have led to an attractive hypothesis that spine morphogenesis during development forms the basis of adult cognition. In particular, the roles of Rac and its regulators, such as Rac-specific GTPase-activating proteins (RacGAPs) and Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors, are a topic of focus in spine morphogenesis and cognitive ability. Using a series of mice with global and conditional knock-out (KO) of RacGAP -chimaerin isoforms (1-chimaerin and 2-chimaerin), we provide compelling evidence demonstrating that 2-chimaerin is involved in spine morphological refinement during late postnatal development and that this developmental 2-chimaerin function affects adult spine morphologies. Furthermore, our results clearly showed that 2-chimaerin signaling during late postnatal development contributes to normal cognitive ability in adult mice.

Ex Output:
Developmental RacGAP 2-Chimaerin Signaling Is a Determinant of the Morphological Features of Dendritic Spines in Adulthood.