Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.

Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world.

Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals.

In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.

1. Are any current societies considered hunter gatherers?
2. What else do those societies do?
3. What is a hunter gatherer?
4. How come agricultural groups are different?
5. How much of our history was hunting and gathering done in?
6. When were they displaced?
7. When did Lewis Binford comment about scavenging?
8. What other foods did people in the Lower Paleolithic collect?
9. Was it thought that they killed big animals?
10. Where did the carcasses come from?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Just a few
2. farm or keep animals
3. human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging
4. unknown
5. 90 percent
6. Following the invention of agriculture
7. the 1950s
8. seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits
9. no
10. killed by predators

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

There are records of fingerprints taken many centuries ago. The ancient Babylonians pressed the tips of their fingerprints into clay to record business trade. The Chinese used ink-on-paper finger impressions for business. However, fingerprinting wasn't used as a method for identifying criminals until the 19th century.

In 1858, Sir William Herschel was working as an official of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India.In order to reduce fraud , he had people living in the district record their fingerprints when signing business documents. A few years later, Scottish doctor Henry Faulds was working in Japan when he discovered fingerprints left by artists on ancient pieces of clay.This finding inspired him to begin investigating fingerprints.In 1880, Faulds wrote to his cousin, the famous naturalist Charles Darwin, and asked for help with developing a fingerprint classification system.Darwin refused, but sent the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Gallon, who was an eugenicist . Gallon began collecting fingerprints and eventually gathered some 8, 000 different samples to analyze. In 1892, he published a book called "Fingerprints", in which he outlined a fingerprint classification system--the first existence.

Around the same time, Juan Vucetich, a police officer in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was developing his own version of a fingerprinting system.In 1892, Vucetich was called in to assist with the investigation of the two boys murdered in Necoche, a village near Buenos Aires. Their mother, Francisca Rojas, accused a neighbour named Velasquez. But when Vucetich compared the fingerprints found at the murder scene to those of both Velasquez and Rojas, _ matched Rojas' exactly.She admitted her crime. This was the first time fingerprints had been used in a criminal investigation.Vucetich called his system comparative dactyloscopy . It's still used in many Spanish-speaking countries.

Sir Edward Henry, in charge of the Metropolitan Police of London, soon became interested in using fingerprints to catch criminals. In 1896, he added to Gallon's technique, creating his own classification system, the Henry Classification System. It is the primary method of fingerprint classification throughout most of the world.

1. When were fingerprints first used for business?
2. What did the Chinese use for business impressions?
3. When was fingerprinting done for criminals?
4. What was Henry Faulds profession?
5. Who is his cousin?
6. After Darwin declined the work offer, who did he reccomend to work with Faulds
7. What was his profession?
8. What did Gallon publish?
9. What was it about?
10. Who else was interested in Fingerprints

Numbered answers:

A: 1. ancient Babylonia
2. ink-on-paper
3. 19th century
4. an official
5. Charles Darwin
6. Sir Francis Gallon
7. eugenicist
8. "Fingerprints"
9. the fingerprint classification system
10. Juan Vucetich

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is an historian of prehistory. Although "historian" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere.

During the "Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt" trial, it became evident that the court needed to identify what was an "objective historian" in the same vein as the reasonable person, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of "the man on the Clapham omnibus". This was necessary so that there would be a legal bench mark to compare and contrast the scholarship of an objective historian against the methods employed by David Irving, as before the "Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt" trial, there was no legal precedent for what constituted an objective historian.

1. when did historian become a professional occupation?
2. where?
3. what trial is mentioned?
4. what did the court need?
5. for what?
6. can historians study pre-history?
7. what are they specifically called?
8. what do you need to have now to regarded as a historian these days?
9. can amateurs be referred to as historians?
10. was there legal precedent before the Irving V Pengquin Books and Lipstadt trial?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. late nineteenth century
2. Germany and elsewhere
3. "Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt"
4. legal precedent
5. constituted an objective historian
6. Yes
7. historian of prehistory
8. graduate degrees
9. Yes
10. No