TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: By averaging this quantity, the reduction of a certain intermolecular function to an angle-independent form for polar fluids can be performed in order to express conformal-solution theory. For liquid metals, the upper bound of this quantity can be obtained by the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. It is equal to the negative product of Boltzmann's constant, temperature, and the natural log of the partition function. The change in this quantity is equal to the maximum work accompanying a process, and it is defined as internal energy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by either A or F, a type of free energy named for a German scientist.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: One commander at this battle was almost killed by Henry de Bohun while riding alone in front of his lines, but saved himself by killing Bohun with a battle axe. The defending army was drawn up into three squares, and a series of pits with stakes at the bottom was dug in front of their line. After the Earl of Gloucester was killed on the second day of fighting, it turned into a rout and the losing commander was forced to flee to Dunbar Castle. FTP, name this battle fought south of Stirling Castle in the summer of 1314, in which Edward II's army was defeated by Robert Bruce.

SOLUTION: History

PROBLEM: This author wrote a play in which Pierpont Mauler argues with a member of the Black Straw Hats about a meat packing plant. In another of his plays, the singer Arkadi Cheidze relates the rescue of Michael, the son of the Grand Duke of Grusinia, by the peasant woman Grusha. This author of Saint Joan of the Stockyards also penned a treatise in which he described the "alienation effect" as a foundational part of his concept of "epic theater". This author of The Caucasian Chalk Circle collaborated with Kurt Weill, on an reworking of a John Gay play in which Polly Peachum's father tries to hang Mack the Knife for marrying his daughter. For 10 points, name the German playwright who wrote The Threepenny Opera

SOLUTION:
Literature