Information: - Shmuel Hakatan ( literally Shmuel the Small ) was a Babylonian Jew considered a great scholar of the Talmud , Jewish law and custom . He was one of the second generation of Tannaim , who served under the patriarch Gamliel II of Yavneh , during the last two decades of the 1st century CE. He is known for his great work on the Hebrew calendar in exilic times , which brought an end to the practice of witnesses testifying to the new moon , and in establishing some texts of the Jewish prayer book , the Siddur . Particularly , he wrote the Birkat HaMinim benediction , the 19th blessing in the silent prayer said thrice daily , the Amidah . - Judaism (from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , "Yehudah", "Judah"; in Hebrew: , "Yahadut", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos) encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world. - The Jerusalem Talmud ("Talmud Yerushalmi", often "Yerushalmi" for short), also known as the Palestinian Talmud or Talmuda de-Eretz Yisrael (Talmud of the Land of Israel), is a collection of Rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah. Naming this version of the Talmud after Palestine or Land of Israel rather than Jerusalem is considered more accurate by some because, while the work was certainly composed in "the West" (as seen from Babylonia), i.e. in the Holy Land, it mainly originates from the Galilee rather than from Jerusalem in Judea, as no Jews lived in Jerusalem at this time The Jerusalem Talmud was compiled in the Land of Israel, then divided between the Byzantine provinces of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda, and was brought to an end sometime around 400. The Jerusalem Talmud predates its counterpart, the Babylonian Talmud (known in Hebrew as the "Talmud Bavli"), by about 200 years, and is written in both Hebrew and Jewish Palestinian Aramaic. - Amoraim (Aramaic: plural , singular Amora ; "those who say" or "those who speak over the people", or "spokesmen") refers to the Jewish scholars of the period from about 200 to 500 CE, who "said" or "told over" the teachings of the Oral Torah. They were concentrated in Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Their legal discussions and debates were eventually codified in the Gemara. The "Amoraim" followed the "Tannaim" in the sequence of ancient Jewish scholars. The "Tannaim" were direct transmitters of uncodified oral tradition; the "Amoraim" expounded upon and clarified the oral law after its initial codification. - Zugot "Pairs" ("tqufath hazzughoth") refers to the hundred-year period during the time of the Second Temple (515 BCE 70 CE), in which the spiritual leadership of the Jews was in the hands of five successive generations of "zugoth" ("pairs") of religious teachers. - Tannaim (, singular , "Tanna" "repeaters", "teachers") were the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10-220 CE. The period of the "Tannaim", also referred to as the Mishnaic period, lasted about 210 years. It came after the period of the "Zugot" ("pairs"), and was immediately followed by the period of the "Amoraim" ("interpreters"). - Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the minor city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, becoming a major capital city. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called "Mt Akkad" "the country of Akkad" in the Akkadian language. It was often involved in rivalry with its older fellow Akkadian-speaking state of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (fl. c. 1792 1752 BC middle chronology, or c. 1696 1654 BC, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire; however, the Babylonian empire rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi. - The Talmud (Hebrew: ' "instruction, learning", from a root ' "teach, study") is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also traditionally referred to as, a Hebrew abbreviation of ', the "six orders", a reference to the six orders of the Mishnah. The term "Talmud" normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud "(Talmud Bavli)", although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud, or Palestinian Talmud"' "(Talmud Yerushalmi)". When referring to post-biblical periods, namely those of the creation of the Talmud, the Talmudic academies and the Babylonian exilarchate, Jewish sources use the term "Babylonia" long after it had become obsolete in geopolitical terms. What is the relationship between 'shmuel ha-katan' and '200'?
date of death