*Question*
Q: Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are distinguished by thickness of what? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Figure 13.6 Bacteria are divided into two major groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Both groups have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycans: In Gram-positive bacteria, the wall is thick, whereas in Gram-negative bacteria, the wall is thin. In Gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is surrounded by an outer membrane. Choices: - cell membrane - cell weight - cell length - cell wall A:
**Answer**
cell wall

*Question*
Q: What is the amount of force pushing against a given area? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Pressure is defined as the amount of force pushing against a given area. How much pressure a gas exerts depends on the amount of gas. The more gas particles there are, the greater the pressure. Choices: - inertia - power - energy - pressure A:
**Answer**
pressure

*Question*
Q: What term is used to describe the organism that is invaded and often harmed by a pathogen? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Introduction The environment consists of numerous pathogens, which are agents, usually microorganisms, that cause diseases in their hosts. A host is the organism that is invaded and often harmed by a pathogen. Pathogens include bacteria, protists, fungi and other infectious organisms. We are constantly exposed to pathogens in food and water, on surfaces, and in the air. Mammalian immune systems evolved for protection from such pathogens; they are composed of an extremely diverse array of specialized cells and soluble molecules that coordinate a rapid and flexible defense system capable of providing protection from a majority of these disease agents. Components of the immune system constantly search the body for signs of pathogens. When pathogens are found, immune factors are mobilized to the site of an infection. The immune factors identify the nature of the pathogen, strengthen the corresponding cells and molecules to combat it efficiently, and then halt the immune response after the infection is cleared to avoid unnecessary host cell damage. The immune system can remember pathogens to which it has been exposed to create a more efficient response upon re-exposure. This memory can last several decades. Features of the immune system, such as pathogen identification, specific response, amplification, retreat, and remembrance are essential for survival against pathogens. The immune response can be classified as either innate or active. The innate immune response is always present and attempts to defend against all pathogens rather than focusing on specific ones. Conversely, the adaptive immune response stores information about past infections and mounts pathogen-specific defenses. Choices: - guardian - initial - parent - host A:
**Answer**
host

*Question*
Q: What type of behavior occurs naturally in all animals of a given species? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: An innate behavior is any behavior that occurs naturally in all animals of a given species. An innate behavior is also called an instinct . The first time an animal performs an innate behavior, the animal does it well. The animal does not have to practice the behavior in order to get it right or become better at it. Innate behaviors are also predictable. All members of a species perform an innate behavior in the same way. From the examples described above, you can probably tell that innate behaviors usually involve important actions, like eating and caring for the young. Choices: - learned - observational - reflex - innate A:
**Answer**
innate