instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
question:
Globally, there are a number of emerging pathogens. For most, there are no licensed vaccines available for human use, although there is ongoing research and development. However, given the extensive and increasing list of emerging pathogens and the investment required to bring vaccines into clinical use, the task is huge. Overlaid on this task is the risk of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) acquisition by micro-organisms which can endow a relatively harmless organism with pathogenic potential. Furthermore, climate change also introduces a challenge by causing some of the insect vectors and environmental conditions prevalent in tropical regions to begin to spread out from these traditional areas, thus increasing the risk of migration of zoonotic disease. Vaccination provides a defence against these emerging pathogens. However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or equivalent status in the United States, Canada and the European Union, making use of a considerable number of regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing. This review covers the status of vaccine development for some of the emerging pathogens, the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve EUA or an equivalent regional or national status and how these considerations may impact vaccine development for the future, such that a more comprehensive stockpile of promising vaccines can be achieved.
answer:
Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure

question:
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a highly lethal respiratory disease caused by a novel single-stranded, positive-sense RNA betacoronavirus (MERS-CoV). Dromedary camels, hosts for MERS-CoV, are implicated in direct or indirect transmission to human beings, although the exact mode of transmission is unknown. The virus was fi rst isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness in June, 2012, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. As of May 31, 2015, 1180 laboratory-confi rmed cases (483 deaths; 40% mortality) have been reported to WHO. Both community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases have been reported with little human-to-human transmission reported in the community. Although most cases of MERS have occurred in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, cases have been reported in Europe, the USA, and Asia in people who travelled from the Middle East or their contacts. Clinical features of MERS range from asymptomatic or mild disease to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure resulting in death, especially in individuals with underlying comorbidities. No specifi c drug treatment exists for MERS and infection prevention and control measures are crucial to prevent spread in health-care facilities. MERS-CoV continues to be an endemic, low-level public health threat. However, the virus could mutate to have increased interhuman transmissibility, increasing its pandemic potential.
answer:
Seminar Middle East respiratory syndrome

question:
A facile one-pot two-enzyme chemoenzymatic approach has been established for gram (Neu4,5Ac 2 3Lac, 1.33 g) and preparative-scale (Neu4,5Ac 2 3LNnT) synthesis of monotreme milk oligosaccharides. Other O-acetyl-5-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu4,5Ac 2 )-or 4-O-acetyl-5-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu4Ac5Gc)-containing 2-3-sialosides have also been synthesized in preparative scale. Used as an effective probe, Neu4,5Ac 2 3GalpNP was found to be a suitable substrate by human influenza A viruses but not bacterial sialidases. One-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthesis: Monotreme milk oligosaccharides and other sialosides containing a 4-O-acetyl-sialic acid were synthesized in gram (1.33 g for Neu4,5Ac 2 3Lac) or preparative (10-56 mg) scales using a one-pot two-enzyme (OP2E) sialylation system containing a bacterial cytidine 5-monophosphate (CMP)-sialic acid synthetase and Pasteurella multocida sialyltransferase 3 (PmST3). Neu4,5Ac 2 3Gal4GlcNAc3Gal4GlcProN 3 (34)-20 mg, yield 81%; white solid. 1 H NMR (800 MHz, D 2 O) 4.93 (m, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (dd, J = 9.6 and 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.98-3.54 (m, 28H), 3.44 (t, J = 6.4 Yu et al.
answer:
Effective one-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthesis of monotreme milk oligosaccharides and other sialosides containing a 4-O- acetyl sialic acid HHS Public Access Author manuscript