In this task your given two statements. You must judge whether the second sentence is the cause or effect of the first one. Label the instances as "cause" or "effect" based on your judgment. The sentences are separated by a newline character.

[EX Q]: The man's breathing was loud.
His lungs were congested.
[EX A]: cause

[EX Q]: The man defied the authorities of the church.
He was excommunicated from the church.
[EX A]: effect

[EX Q]: The woman upgraded her computer hardware.
She installed new software on the computer.
[EX A]:
effect