In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: Consider Input: Purpose: To provide recommendations and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital preparations for an influenza pandemic or mass disaster with a specific focus on protection of patients and staff. Methods: Based on a literature review and expert opinion, a Delphi process was used to define the essential topics including protection of patients and staff. Results: Key recommendations include: (1) prepare infection control and occupational health policies for clinical risks relating to potential disease transmission; (2) decrease clinical risks and provide adequate facilities through advanced planning to maximise capacity by increasing essential equipment, drugs, supplies and encouraging staff availability; (3) create robust systems to maintain staff confidence and safety by minimising non-clinical risks and maintaining or escalating essential services; (4) prepare formal reassurance plans for legal protection; (5) provide assistance to staff working outside their normal domains. Conclusions: Judicious planning and adoption of protocols for protection of patients and staff are necessary to optimise outcomes during a pandemic.

Output: Chapter 6. Protection of patients and staff during a pandemic

Input: Consider Input: We investigated the incidences and characteristics of pediatric traumatic injuries requiring emergency department visits, through a complementary approach using both nationwidesample and single-institutional data. Data for children (aged <15 years) identified with traumatic injuries during a 10-year period from the Korean National Health Insurance Sharing Service (n = 35,064 among 10,114,909 randomly sampled cases from the claim records of the National Health Insurance) and the authors' institute (n = 39,228) were retrospectively reviewed. The incidences and characteristics of the injuries were investigated using both datasets; additionally, detailed information regarding the injury environments was investigated using the single-institutional data. The findings were similar across both datasets. The incidence of injuries increased during the study period; the head was most commonly injured, whereas the trunk or proximal extremities were rarely injured; low-energy head injuries accounted for >50% of the cases in children aged <5 years, although the incidences of lowerextremity injuries and fractures increased in older children. Single-institutional data demonstrated that the proportion of indoor playground and trampoline-related injuries increased rapidly during the study period, and outdoor injuries and seasonal variation (with peak incidences in May and June) were more prominent in older children. Based on similarities between both datasets, the detailed results regarding pediatric traumatic injuries obtained from the singleinstitutional data could be generalized nationally with adequate external validity. To prevent traumatic injuries, it may be more effective to wear protective equipment covering the head and distal extremities rather than the trunk or proximal extremities; simple clothing, such as caps, could prevent many injuries in preschoolers. Among older children, safety guidelines for outdoor sports/leisure activities are needed. The increase in pediatric traumatic injuries may be partially explained by the increased availability of indoor playgrounds and installation of trampolines. Stricter adherence to the preventive guidelines is needed. Low-energy injuries (that is, superficial injuries such as abrasions or open wounds such as lacerations) were the most common injury type for children aged <5 years. Although fracture is a rare injury type in young children, it was relatively common in children aged >5 years and became the most common injury type in children aged >11 years (bold font). Data are presented as n (%).

Output: Characteristics and trends of traumatic injuries in children visiting emergency departments in South Korea: A retrospective serial cross-sectional study using both nationwide-sample and single-institutional data

Input: Consider Input: Molecular diagnostic methods are becoming increasingly available for assessment of acute lower respiratory illnesses (ALRi). However, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal (np/op) swabs may not accurately reflect etiologic agents from the lower respiratory tract where sputum specimens are considered as a more representative sample. the pathogen yields from np/op against sputum specimens have not been extensively explored, especially in tropical countries. We compared pathogen yields from np/op swabs and sputum specimens from patients 18 years hospitalized with ALRI in rural Western Kenya. Specimens were tested for 30 pathogens using TaqMan Array Cards (TAC) and results compared using McNemar's test. The agreement for pathogen detection between NP/OP and sputum specimens ranged between 85-100%. More viruses were detected from np/op specimens whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were more common in sputum specimens. there was no clear advantage in using sputum over np/op specimens to detect pathogens of ALRi in adults using tAc in the context of this tropical setting. Acute lower respiratory illnesses (ALRI) are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa 1 . Understanding etiology of respiratory illnesses in resource-limited countries may support clinicians with patient management and provide a framework for decision makers when prioritizing public health interventions. Recently, with availability of multi-pathogen molecular diagnostic methods, and increasing recognition of viruses in cases of ALRI, the use of nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swab specimens to identify pathogens associated with ALRI has increased 2-4 . However, NP/OP swabs may not accurately reflect etiologic agents from the lower respiratory tract 5 . Sputum specimens, on the other hand, have been considered a more representative sample of the lower respiratory tract 5 , but have not been extensively explored, especially in tropical countries. A multisite study in the United States compared pathogen yield between NP/OP and sputum specimens and argued for the use of high-quality sputum specimens for greater pathogen yield 6 . In contrast, another multisite study in low-middle income countries, observed that the pathogen yield from NP/OP and sputum specimens were similar 2 . Given the paucity of data and the difference in observations in these two recent studies, and that most data from tropical countries were derived from paediatric populations, we aimed to investigate adults living in a tropical, low-income setting. Here we describe the performance of NP/OP swabs against sputum specimens for detecting respiratory pathogens among adult patients hospitalized with ALRI using the TaqMan Array Card (TAC). www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ specimen for tuberculosis testing. Moreover, as used by Thea et al. 2 , we considered <10 squamous epithelial cells per low-power field to determine specimen quality and observed that RNP C T values were similar for NP/OP and sputum specimens, giving us confidence that results from sputum specimens were credible. In conclusion, our findings suggest that there is no clear advantage in using sputum specimens over NP/OP swabs to investigate the etiology of ALRI using molecular diagnostics. Interpretation of multi-pathogen molecular laboratory tests, however, needs further investigation, especially in tropical settings where co-detections seem very common.
Output: comparison of respiratory pathogen yields from nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs and sputum specimens collected from hospitalized adults in rural Western Kenya