Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is emerging as an independent prognostic biomarker in patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease. Little is known about the pathophysiological basis for the close association of GDF-15 to future CV events. We hypothesized that GDF-15 is related to underlying CV pathologies.', 'To relate the levels of GDF-15 to indices of CV dysfunction and disease in elderly individuals, serum levels of GDF-15 were measured in 1004 subjects aged 70 years from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque burden, and left ventricular (LV) geometry and function were assessed by ultrasound. Endothelial function was evaluated in forearm resistance vessels and in the brachial artery by venous occlusion plethysmography and ultrasound imaging, respectively. Elevated levels of GDF-15 were related to several CV risk factors (male gender, current smoking, body mass index, waist circumference, diabetes, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol). After adjustment for CV risk factors, increased levels of GDF-15 were associated with reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in resistance vessels, plaque burden, LV mass and concentric LV hypertrophy, reduced LV ejection fraction, and clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease and heart failure.
Answer: GDF-15 carries information on CV dysfunction and disease that is not captured by traditional CV risk factors in elderly individuals.
[A]: Is growth-differentiation factor-15 an independent marker of cardiovascular dysfunction and disease in the elderly : results from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors ( PIVUS ) Study?

[Q]: Context: Increased concentrations of metalloproteinases are associated with the invasive and metastatic behavior of several human malignant tumors. Normally, enzymatic activity is tightly regulated by nonspecific mechanisms and specific inhibitors. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of a synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, to show its in vitro effect on MatLyLu cancer cells and its in vivo effect on tumor growth in orthotopic cancer (R3327 Dunning tumor) in rats.', 'In vitro, a dose response curve of batimastat was generated over 4 days using the MTT assay. Prostate cancer was injected in vivo in male Copenhagen rats by inoculating R3327 Dunning tumor cells (MatLyLu) into the ventral prostatic lobe of 30 rats. Each of 10 rats received batimastat (30 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle administered once a day by i.p. application beginning the day of cell inoculation. Ten rats remained untreated. The effect on local tumor growth was evaluated by measuring tumor weights 20 days after tumor cell inoculation.', 'Significant inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vitro occurred at 400 and 4,000 ng/ml batimastat. After orthotopic cell inoculation, tumors grew to mean weights of 18.9 g in the control group without treatment, to 22.3 g in the vehicle group, and to 11.1 g in the treated group. In comparison to the control group and to the vehicle group, tumor weights increased significantly less under treatment with batimastat.
Answer: Batimastat is able to reduce tumor growth in the standard prostate cancer model. Using this model, activity against cancer progression of future inhibitory agents can be reliably assessed.
[A]: Does synthetic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases ( batimastat ) reduce prostate cancer growth in an orthotopic rat model?

[Q]: Context: The objective was to compare implants in the posterior maxilla with or without sinus floor augmentation.', 'A retrospective study was conducted of patients who received implants in the posterior maxilla. All patients received solitary, implant-retained fixed partial dentures or crowns. A standardized form for implant treatment was used to document the follow-up examination. The different parameters were initially analyzed descriptively by frequency distribution, measure of central tendency, and statistical spread. A 95% level of significance was set for all tests.', 'A total of 76 patients with 141 dental implants in the posterior region of the maxilla were evaluated. Fifty-one patients with 71 implants received prior no augmentation (sinus floor elevation) and composed the control group. Twenty-five patients with 70 implants received an additional bone transfer prior to implant placement. The mean age of the patients at time of the follow-up examination was 49.7 years in the overall group, 52.6 years for men and 46.7 years for women. The implants inserted in an augmented area had similar implant stability and implant loss results after a mean functional observation period of 1.6 years (range, 0.5 to 4.7 years) compared to those inserted without augmentation. Augmented implants exhibited less peri-implant bone resorption.
Answer: The outcomes for implants with augmentation were similar to those without augmentation.
[A]:
Do comparative clinical results after implant placement in the posterior maxilla with and without sinus augmentation?