[Q]: The boy murmured his reply to his mother.

effect:
[A]: His mother told him to speak up.
[Q]: The host served dinner to his guests.

effect:
[A]: His guests were gracious.
[Q]: The man craved a cigarette.

cause:
[A]: He was addicted to nicotine.
[Q]: The man threw out the bread.

cause:
[A]:
It was stale.