TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), a novel metabolism-associated gene, during polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathogenesis.', 'Case-control study.', 'University hospital.', 'A total of 77 PCOS patients and 67 healthy women as matched controls.', 'PDCD4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) detected by flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and small-interfering RNA.', 'PDCD4 expression, body mass index (BMI), insulin 0, insulin 120, glucose 120, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment for -cell function (HOMA-), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and GC apoptosis.', 'The PCOS patients had higher PDCD4 expression, but BMI was similar as matched with the obese group, which positively correlated with BMI, insulin 0, insulin 120, glucose 120, HOMA-IR, HOMA-, triglycerides and negatively correlated with HDL (P<.05). After metformin treatment, PDCD4 expression was distinctly down-regulated for the obese women with PCOS with insulin resistance. Compared with the healthy controls, the apoptosis percentage of GCs was higher in the PCOS group and was decreased by knocking down PDCD4. Furthermore, expression of proapotosis factor Bax and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were lower, whereas the expression of antiapoptosis factor Bcl-2 was increased. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the level of PDCD4 expression independently related to the odds of PCOS risk after controlling for estradiol and insulin 120 (odds ratio 1.318).
Answer: Our study suggests for the first time that higher PDCD4 expression might play an important role in PCOS pathogenesis by affecting obesity, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders, and GC apoptosis.

SOLUTION: Is higher PDCD4 expression associated with obesity , insulin resistance , lipid metabolism disorders , and granulosa cell apoptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome?

PROBLEM: Context: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is associated with many clinical entities characterized by inflammation. We postulated that inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase with FR167653 attenuates inflammation and the development of pulmonary hypertension in monocrotaline-treated rats.', 'Rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) the control group (daily 0.9% saline), (2) the FR group (daily FR167653, 2 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1)), (3) the MCT group (daily 0.9% saline the day after a single monocrotaline dose, 60 mg/kg), and (4) the MCT+FR group (daily FR167653, 2 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), the day after a single MCT dose). Body weight, pulmonary artery pressure, and morphometric changes of the pulmonary artery with the histopathologic method were observed weekly for 4 weeks. Also, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and inflammatory cytokine expression in the lung were measured.', 'Four weeks after monocrotaline administration, mean pulmonary artery pressure in the MCT+FR group was lower than in the MCT group (MCT+FR vs MCT: 24.7 +/- 1.9 vs 36.5 +/- 2.1 mm Hg; P < .05). In morphometric analysis the percentage of medial wall thickness and the percentage of muscularization in the MCT+FR group were reduced compared with those in the MCT group after 4 weeks (P < .05); however, the number of macrophages was not significantly different. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity was significantly attenuated in the MCT+FR group compared with in the MCT group (7.2 +/- 0.52 vs 2.1 +/- 0.23 fold-increase, P < .05, at 1 week). Although mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta were reduced in the MCT+FR group compared with in the MCT group (tumor necrosis factor alpha: 1.18 +/- 0.36 vs 3.05 +/- 1.12 fold-increase, P < .05, at 2 weeks; interleukin 1beta: 2.2 +/- 0.34 vs 4.4 +/- 1.09 fold-increase, P < .05, at 1 week), FR167653 did not suppress increased monocyte chemotactic protein 1 mRNA expression induced by monocrotaline (3.2 +/- 0.62 vs 3.1 +/- 0.42 fold-increase, at 1 week).
Answer: FR167653 significantly attenuates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, ultimately preventing the progression of pulmonary hypertension. These results suggest that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase might play a central role in the molecular events that underlie the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension.

SOLUTION: Does specific inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase with FR167653 attenuate vascular proliferation in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats?

PROBLEM: Context: Trigeminal neuralgia is the most common neurological cause for facial pain. Contemporary interventional treatment relies on surgical microvascular decompression or, alternatively, percutaneous interventions targeting the semilunar ganglion via the foramen ovale. For the latter approach, only free-hand punctures using fluoroscopy devices have been reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate a new fluoroscopy-based guidance device for transforaminal puncture.', 'Two experienced examiners punctured the foramen ovale bilaterally free-hand, and using a guidance device in human cadavers (n = 9). The number of attempts for puncture was recorded. A new attempt was counted each time the needle had to be retracted for redirection.', 'As compared to the free-hand puncture of the foramen ovale (4.44 +/- 2.79), the new guidance device significantly reduced the number of trials needed (1.37 +/- 0.69).
Answer: The employment of a guidance device facilitated percutaneous transforaminal puncture and resulted in a significantly decreased number of puncture attempts as compared to free-hand techniques in human cadavers.

SOLUTION:
Does a new guidance device facilitate percutaneous puncture of the foramen ovale in human cadavers?