Information: - Change of era. As a cultural phenomenon, the literature of this period records concerted attempts to distill the aggregate characteristics of the inhabitants of Edo ("Edokko") into a generalized thumbnail description. These traits ("Edokko katagi") were put into use to draw a contrast between Edokko and those who didn't have this "sophisticated" gloss - those not from the city, as in merchants from the Kyoto-Osaka region or samurai from distant provinces. Sometimes "Edokko katagi" was presented with pride; and it was used mockingly. - Background. On 4 March 1771, the eighth year of Meiwa, the students of Rangaku medicine Sugita Genpaku, Maeno Rytaku, Nakagawa Jun'an, "et al.", by studying performing autopsies on criminals executed at the Kozukappara execution grounds (now, there is a possibility that Katsuragawa Hosh was at this facility as well, but from the description in , it seems more likely that he was not). Both Sugita and Maeno had the book "Ontleedkundige Tafelen", imported from Holland. Sugita, marveling at the accuracy of the work while comparing it by eye with his autopsies, proposed to Maeno that it be translated. For some time, Sugita had a desire to translate something from Dutch; now he would get approval for this. He met with Maeno the very next day (5 March) and began translation. The one who recommended "Kaitai Shinsho" to the Shogun was Katsuragawa Hosan. - Medicine (British English ; American English ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The word "medicine" is derived from Latin "medicus", meaning "a physician". Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others. - The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three partsthe outer ear, middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word "ear" often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation. - Holland is a region and former province on the western coast of the Netherlands. The name "Holland" is also frequently used to informally refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. This usage is commonly accepted in other countries, and not entirely uncommon among the Dutch themselves, though some in the Netherlands and particularly in other regions of the country may find it undesirable, misleading or insulting. - Technology ("science of craft", from Greek , "techne", "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and , "-logia") is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines which can be operated without detailed knowledge of their workings. - The were one of the three sites in the vicinity of Edo (the forerunner of present-day Tokyo, Japan) where the Tokugawa shogunate executed criminals in the Edo period. Alternate romanized spellings are "Kozukahara" and "Kotsukappara". - Japan ("Nippon" or "Nihon" ; formally "" or "Nihon-koku", means "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest. - Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide organisms vision, the ability to process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. In higher organisms, the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm, focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods. - A was the military dictator of Japan during the period from 1185 to 1868 (with exceptions). In most of this period, the shoguns were the "de facto" rulers of the country; although nominally they were appointed by the Emperor as a ceremonial formality. The Shogun held almost absolute power over territories through military means. Nevertheless, an unusual situation occurred in the Kamakura period (11991333) upon the death of the first shogun, whereby the Hj clan's hereditary titles of "shikken" (1199-1256) and "tokus" (12561333) monopolized the shogunate as dictatorial positions, collectively known as the . The shogun during this 134-year period met the same fate as the Emperor and was reduced to a figurehead until a coup in 1333, when the Shogun was restored to power in the name of the Emperor. - , in old Western documents latinized as "Decima", "Desjima", "Dezima", "Disma", or "Disima", was a small fan-shaped artificial island built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634 by local merchants. This island, which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula, remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period. Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders as part of "sakoku", the self-imposed isolationist policy. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it was used by the Dutch as a trading post from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of or , it was later integrated into the city through the process of land reclamation. - As the eldest son of the Katsuragawa family, Dutch-style physicians to the shogun, Hosh was appointed to that position in 1777. He began teaching at the shogunal school of medicine in 1794. In addition to collaborating with Sugita Genpaku on "Kaitai Shinsho", the first Japanese translation of a Western treatise on anatomy, he was the author of "Hokusa Bunryaku", one of the earliest Japanese accounts of Russia. - The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the and the , was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867. The head of government was the shogun, and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period. This time is also called the Tokugawa period or pre-modern. - Life. Not much is known about Nakagawa's early life, but his grandfather is believed to have also been a "rangaku" scholar in Obama. Nakagawa grew up in the Kjimachi area of Edo (modern-day Tokyo), and studied botany under Tamura Ransui ( ). He developed a strong interest in Dutch products, science and culture, and visited the Dutch trading post at Dejima, Nagasaki a number of times, where he also studied the Dutch language. - Sugita Genpaku ( , 20 October 1733 -- 1 June 1817 ) was a Japanese scholar known for his translation of Kaitai Shinsho ( New Book of Anatomy ) . Besides Kaitai Shinsho , he also authored Rangaku Kotohajime ( Beginning of Dutch Studies ) . Sugita assembled a team of Japanese translators and doctors to translate a Dutch book of anatomy : Kulmus ' '' Ontleedkundige Tafelen '' . He did so because he found out , after observing the dissection of a human corpse , that the western drawings of human organs were much more accurate than the ones in his Chinese handbooks . They tried to make a Japanese translation . At a rate of one page a week / month , the work was published in 1774 . As an example of how difficult this work was , the collaborators had to study and discuss for several days before they realised that '' neus '' ( nose ) in Dutch , being a bulb on the front , meant hana ( ) in Japanese . - It was preceded by a period of largely unrestricted trade and widespread piracy when Japanese mariners travelled Asia and official embassies and envoys visited both Asian states, New Spain (now Mexico), and Europe. This period was also noted for the large number of foreign traders and pirates who were resident in Japan and active in Japanese waters. - Rangaku (: /: , literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning") is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 16411853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation (sakoku). What is the relationship between 'sugita genpaku' and 'edo'?
The answer to this question is:
place of birth