Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: There is a great deal of evidence that the Universe started with a big bang. The Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted cosmological explanation of how the Universe formed. Think about the expanding Universe, then reverse it. If we start at the present and go back into the past, the Universe gets smaller. What is the end result of a contracting Universe? A point. Q: What do we call the most widely accepted cosmological explanation of how the universe formed? A:

OPTIONS:
- big crunch theory
- singularity theory
- big light theory
- big bang theory

A: big bang theory

input: OPTIONS:
- electromagnetic scale
- molecular spectrum
- mechanical spectrum
- electromagnetic spectrum Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electromagnetic waves vary in their wavelengths, frequencies, and energy levels. The full range of electromagnetic waves makes up the electromagnetic spectrum. Q: What do we call the full range of electromagnetic waves? A:
A:
output: electromagnetic spectrum

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Detecting Electromagnetic Waves from Space A final note on star gazing. The entire electromagnetic spectrum is used by researchers for investigating stars, space, and time. As noted earlier, Penzias and Wilson detected microwaves to identify the background radiation originating from the Big Bang. Radio telescopes such as the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico and Parkes Observatory in Australia were designed to detect radio waves. Infrared telescopes need to have their detectors cooled by liquid nitrogen to be able to gather useful signals. Since infrared radiation is predominantly from thermal agitation, if the detectors were not cooled, the vibrations of the molecules in the antenna would be stronger than the signal being collected. The most famous of these infrared sensitive telescopes is the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The earliest telescopes, developed in the seventeenth century, were optical telescopes, collecting visible light. Telescopes in the ultraviolet, X-ray, and -ray regions are placed outside the atmosphere on satellites orbiting the Earth. The Hubble Space Telescope (launched in 1990) gathers ultraviolet radiation as well as visible light. In the X-ray region, there is the Chandra X-ray Observatory (launched in 1999), and in the -ray region, there is the new Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (launched in 2008taking the place of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 19912000. PhET Explorations: Color Vision Make a whole rainbow by mixing red, green, and blue light. Change the wavelength of a monochromatic beam or filter white light. View the light as a solid beam, or see the individual photons. Q: What is used for cooling detectors of infrared telescopes? A:

OPTIONS:
- hand nitrogen
- material nitrogen
- carbon dioxide
- liquid nitrogen

Answer: liquid nitrogen

Problem: OPTIONS:
- ionosphere
- stratosphere
- gravitational field
- magnetic field
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Earth's magnetosphere is controlled by the magnetic field. The magnetosphere protects the planet from the solar wind . The solar wind is ions that fly from the Sun to Earth very fast. The magnetosphere protects Earth's ozone layer. So life on Earth needs the protection of the magnetosphere. Q: What controls earth's magnetosphere? A:
Answer: magnetic field

Problem:OPTIONS:
- genome
- nucleolus
- bacterium
- chromosome

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Genes that are located on the same chromosome are called linked genes . Alleles for these genes tend to segregate together during meiosis, unless they are separated by crossing-over. Crossing-over occurs when two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis I. The closer together two genes are on a chromosome, the less likely their alleles will be separated by crossing-over. At the following link, you can watch an animation showing how genes on the same chromosome may be separated by crossing-over: http://www. biostudio. com/d_%20Meiotic%20Recombination%20Between%20Linked%20Genes. htm . Q: Linked genes are located on the same what? A:
****
A: chromosome

Problem:OPTIONS:
- a placentation mutation
- a degenerative mutation
- a photoinhibition mutation
- a frameshift mutation

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Deleting or inserting a nitrogen base causes a frameshift mutation. All of the codons following the mutation are misread. This may be disastrous. To see why, consider this English-language analogy. Take the sentence "The big dog ate the red cat. " If the second letter of "big" is deleted, then the sentence becomes: "The bgd oga tet her edc at. " Deleting a single letter makes the rest of the sentence impossible to read. Q: Deleting or inserting a nitrogen base causes what? A:
****
A:
a frameshift mutation