question: The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provincien), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provincien), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.
1. What is this article about?
2. When did it begin?
3. What happened in 1795?
4. Does it have other names?
5. What is one of them?
6. What are the Low Countries?
7. What are they known as in modern day?
8. What makes up these countries?
9. Who ruled them?
10. Were there any exceptions?
11. What was this?
12. Who ruled Flanders?
13. What is the population of The Dutch Republic?
14. Were they ever under Spanish rule?
****
answer: 1. Dutch Republic
2. 1581
3. separated
4. yes
5. Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
6. Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
7. Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
8. duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics
9. Holy Roman Empire
10. yes
11. Flanders
12. France
13. unknown
14. unknown

question: (CNN) -- Jeff Weiss had spent 20 years teaching negotiation skills to top executives when he realized those techniques might be just as valuable to soldiers on the battlefield.

So a decade ago, he approached the U.S. Military to teach officers negotiation tools and strategies they could use in a theater of war. The West Point Negotiation Project was founded, and before long, Weiss made another realization: the lessons could go the other way, too.

"There's a ton to take from the military back to the corporations," says Weiss, a partner at Vantage Partners, a Boston-based negotiation training and consulting firm that works with Fortune 500 companies. "Business leaders have a lot to learn from military leaders who, in extreme situations, are able to take a deep breath, get perspective and negotiate through a set of strategies."

Read more: Why we pick bad leaders

Perhaps counter-intuitively, the best military negotiators adopt a creative, problem-solving approach. A more macho, "Rambo style" of negotiation -- in which the negotiator digs in inflexibly to a position they believe to be right -- is "just not effective," Weiss says, and could lead to fatal errors.

"When we're under pressure to act fast in a high-stakes situation, it often leads us to a set of traps," he adds. "We often act on perception and assumptions, we tend to use a strong position and dig in, we tend to use threats and we play a concessions game far too frequently."

Below are five key points into which Weiss has distilled the essence of successful deal-making, which he says are equally applicable whether you're dealing with potentially hostile stakeholders on the battlefield, or a fellow boardroom warrior.
1. What's the name of the article's subject?
2. What's his job?
3. Of what?
4. Who has he mostly taught?
5. For how long?
6. Who did he start teaching instead?
7. When did he start that?
8. Does Weiss think that the military can teach the executives something?
9. What kind of strategies do military officers take in negotiations?
10. What kind of strategy is not effective?
11. What are military leaders able to do?
12. What happens when we're under pressure?
13. What does Weiss say we do too often?
14. What kind of companies does Weiss's company work with?
15. What's the name of his company?
16. Where is it located?
17. What is his position there?
18. What's the name of the military program he started?
19. How many people took part in the program?
20. Does Weiss still work in the program?
****
answer: 1. Jeff Weiss
2. Teacher
3. negotiation skills
4. executives
5. 20 years
6. military officers
7. a decade ago
8. Yes
9. a creative, problem-solving approach
10. A more macho, "Rambo style" of negotiation
11. take a deep breath, get perspective and negotiate through a set of strategies in extreme situations
12. it often leads us to a set of traps
13. use threats and play a concessions game
14. Fortune 500 companies
15. Vantage Partners
16. Boston
17. partner
18. The West Point Negotiation Project
19. unknown
20. unknown

question: Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Historically, manganese is named for pyrolusite and other black minerals from the region of Magnesia in Greece, which also gave its name to magnesium and the iron ore magnetite. By the mid-18th century, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used pyrolusite to produce chlorine. Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (now known to be manganese dioxide) contained a new element, but they were unable to isolate it. Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by reducing the dioxide with carbon.

Manganese phosphating is used for rust and corrosion prevention on steel. Ionized manganese is used industrially as pigments of various colors, which depend on the oxidation state of the ions. The permanganates of alkali and alkaline earth metals are powerful oxidizers. Manganese dioxide is used as the cathode (electron acceptor) material in zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries.

In biology, manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a large variety of enzymes with many functions. Manganese enzymes are particularly essential in detoxification of superoxide free radicals in organisms that must deal with elemental oxygen. Manganese also functions in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosynthetic plants. While the element is a required trace mineral for all known living organisms, it also acts as a neurotoxin in larger amounts. Especially through inhalation, it can cause manganism, a condition in mammals leading to neurological damage that is sometimes irreversible.
1. What is the article about?
2. What is it used for?
3. How about in natural science?
****
answer:
1. Manganese element
2. rust and corrosion prevention on steel
3. stainless steels.