Answer the following question given this paragraph: Thermoregulatory Adjustments The fetus floats in warm amniotic fluid that is maintained at a temperature of approximately 98.6F with very little fluctuation. Birth exposes newborns to a cooler environment in which they have to regulate their own body temperature. Newborns have a higher ratio of surface area to volume than adults. This means that their body has less volume throughout which to produce heat, and more surface area from which to lose heat. As a result, newborns produce heat more slowly and lose it more quickly. Newborns also have immature musculature that limits their ability to generate heat by shivering. Moreover, their nervous systems are underdeveloped, so they cannot quickly constrict superficial blood vessels in response to cold. They also have little subcutaneous fat for insulation. All these factors make it harder for newborns to maintain their body temperature. Newborns, however, do have a special method for generating heat: nonshivering thermogenesis, which involves the breakdown of brown adipose tissue, or brown fat, which is distributed over the back, chest, and shoulders. Brown fat differs from the more familiar white fat in two ways: It is highly vascularized. This allows for faster delivery of oxygen, which leads to faster cellular respiration. It is packed with a special type of mitochondria that are able to engage in cellular respiration reactions that produce less ATP and more heat than standard cellular respiration reactions. Q: Nonshivering thermogenesis, which involves the breakdown of brown adipose tissue, is a special methods newborns have for what purpose? Choices: - losing heat - harnessing heat - moving heat - generating heat A:
generating heat
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Any sound with a frequency above 20,000 Hz (or 20 kHz)that is, above the highest audible frequencyis defined to be ultrasound. In practice, it is possible to create ultrasound frequencies up to more than a gigahertz. (Higher frequencies are difficult to create; furthermore, they propagate poorly because they are very strongly absorbed. ) Ultrasound has a tremendous number of applications, which range from burglar alarms to use in cleaning delicate objects to the guidance systems of bats. We begin our discussion of ultrasound with some of its applications in medicine, in which it is used extensively both for diagnosis and for therapy. Characteristics of Ultrasound The characteristics of ultrasound, such as frequency and intensity, are wave properties common to all types of waves. Ultrasound also has a wavelength that limits the fineness of detail it can detect. This characteristic is true of all waves. We can never observe details significantly smaller than the wavelength of our probe; for example, we will never see individual atoms with visible light, because the atoms are so small compared with the wavelength of light. Q: Any sound with a frequency above the highest audible frequency is defined as what, a phenomenon useful in medical diagnosis and therapy? Choices: - laser - radiation - extrasound - ultrasound A:
ultrasound
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: How many different main types of diabetes are there? Choices: - four - three - ten - two A:
A: two
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Diseases of the endocrine system are relatively common. An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough hormone. When too much hormone is secreted, it is called hypersecretion . When not enough hormone is secreted, it is called hyposecretion . Q: An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough of what? Choices: - neurotransmitter - protein - metabolism - hormone A:
Answer: hormone
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Gluons ( g ) are the proposed carrier particles for the strong nuclear force, although they are not directly observed. Like quarks, gluons may be confined to systems having a total color of white. Less is known about gluons than the fact that they are the carriers of the weak and certainly of the electromagnetic force. QCD theory calls for eight gluons, all massless and all spin 1. Six of the gluons carry a color and an anticolor, while two do not carry color, as illustrated in Figure 33.22(a). There is indirect evidence of the existence of gluons in nucleons. When high-energy electrons are scattered from nucleons and evidence of quarks is seen, the momenta of the quarks are smaller than they would be if there were no gluons. That means that the gluons carrying force between quarks also carry some momentum, inferred by the already indirect quark momentum measurements. At any rate, the gluons carry color charge and can change the colors of quarks when exchanged, as seen in Figure 33.22(b). In the figure, a red down quark interacts with a green strange quark by sending it a gluon. That gluon carries red away from the down. Q: Like quarks, gluons may be confined to systems having a total color of what? Choices: - yellow - blue - red - white A:
**Answer**
white
(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus, and then transported to the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are made of ribosomal proteins, called ribonucleoproteins , and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Each ribosome has two parts, a large and a small subunit, as shown in Figure below . The subunits are attached to each other. During translation, the smaller subunit binds to the mRNA, while the larger subunit binds to the tRNA with attached amino acids. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, the two ribosomal subunits disassociate. Q: Ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus, and then transported to the what? Choices: - cerebellum - nucleus - cytoskeleton - cytoplasm A:
(Answer)
cytoplasm