In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Context: The aim of the study is to determine whether a biodegradable elastomeric device that uses an osmotic pressure delivery mechanism can release different therapeutic proteins at a nearly constant rate in nanomolar concentrations with high bioactivity, given the same formulation conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were embedded in the device as sample therapeutic proteins, and their release and bioactivity were compared to that achieved previously with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).', 'A photo-cross-linkable biodegradable macromer consisting of acrylated star(epsilon-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide) was prepared. VEGF, IL-2, and IFN-gamma were co-lyophilized with serum albumin and trehalose at different ratios and were then embedded into the elastomer by photo-cross-linking the lyophilized particles in a macromer solution. The protein mass and the bioactivity in the release supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and cell-based assays.', 'VEGF, IL-2, and IFN-gamma were released at the same, nearly constant rate of 25.4 ng/day for over 18 days. Using the optimum elastomer formulation, the release profiles of the proteins were essentially identical, and their rates were linear and constant. Cell-based bioactivity assays showed that 70 and 88% of the released VEGF and IL-2, respectively, were bioactive. The rate of protein release can be adjusted by changing the trehalose loading concentration in the elastomer matrix without altering the linear nature of the protein release kinetics. The elastomeric device degraded in PBS buffer within 85 days.\Question: Are osmotic-driven release kinetics of bioactive therapeutic proteins from a biodegradable elastomer linear , constant , similar , and adjustable?
The elastomer formulation shows promising potential as a sustained protein drug delivery vehicle for local delivery applications.

Context: Optimistic people report a higher quality of life, engage in more active coping and adopt more health-promoting behaviors than people low in optimism, ie, pessimism. We evaluated whether pessimists are more likely to show progression in carotid disease than optimists.', 'A total of 209 middle-aged healthy premenopausal women enrolled in an epidemiological study of cardiovascular risk factors and had carotid scans 10.4 years and 13.5 years later when they were at least 5 years postmenopausal. Women completed the Life Orientation Test (LOT), a measure of pessimistic and optimistic attitudes, at study entry and at the time of the first carotid scan. Analyses evaluated the association of LOT scores and change in carotid intima medial thickness (IMT) across 3 years.', 'Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the higher the pessimism scores at study entry, the greater the increase in mean IMT (beta = 0.17, p <.007). A comparison of those in the lowest quartile of LOT scores (most optimistic) with those in the other three quartiles showed that the most optimistic group had less progression than the remaining more pessimistic women (mean percent increase = 1.3 and 6.0 for mean IMT, F = 15.4, p <.001). Women who were chronically optimistic at study entry and at the first carotid scan (bottom quartiles at both times) had less progression in mean IMT than did those who were chronically pessimistic (top quartiles at both times).\Question: Do optimistic attitudes protect against progression of carotid atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged women?
Optimistic women are less likely to show progression of carotid disease in mid-life than are pessimists.

Context: To compare the safety and efficacy of patients undergoing dorsal penile plication with patients undergoing ventral and lateral plication.', 'A retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent penile plication between 2007 and 2013. Plication was performed through a 2-cm longitudinal incision in the proximal or midpenile shaft without degloving. Plication sutures were placed in parallel opposite the angle of greatest curvature. Dorsal plication was performed with minimal displacement of the neurovascular bundle. Patient demographics, perioperative outcomes, and patient-reported outcomes were analyzed.', 'Of 215 patients who underwent penile plication, complete operative and patient-reported outcomes data were available for 118 (55%). Patients were grouped by location of plication: dorsal (n = 17 [14%]), ventral (n = 65 [55%]), and lateral (n = 36 [31%]). Mean age (52-58 years; P = .51) and preoperative curvature (36-51; P = .78) were similar among the 3 groups. Each group required a similar number of sutures (8-9; P = .18) to achieve similar correction (37-45; P = .33). Patients completed a satisfaction survey at a mean of 15 months (range, 1-41 months) after surgery. All groups reported equally high rates of satisfaction for penile curvature (P = .64), penile rigidity (P = .64), strength of erection (P = .98), and overall satisfaction (P = .75). Although each group reported subjective decrease in penile length (P = .10), objective length loss occurred on a small scale (mean length loss for all groups, 0.3-0.8 cm; P = .24).\Question: Is dorsal plication without degloving safe and effective for correcting ventral penile deformities?
Penile plication is a safe and effective technique for correcting all directions of curvature. Dorsal plication without degloving produces favorable objective and subjective results comparable to ventral and lateral plication.