Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: There is an increasing knowledge that the severity of perennial allergic rhinitis is associated with nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of bacterial colonization with S. aureus in the nose of subjects with and without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to correlate these findings with the severity of symptoms and the extent of the disease.', 'Open, prospective controlled trial.', "190 subjects with CRS and 42 subjects with septal deviation without sinusitis (control subjects) were included in this study. Swabs were taken endoscopically from the middle meatus and bacteria were cultured and identified. Airway symptoms were assessed by subjects in standardized questionnaires and frequencies of respiratory tract infections were noted. The rhinosinusitis extent was graded by CT scan assessment. Analysis of variance, chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation test were applied for statistical analyses.", 'The S. aureus carriage rate was 25.5% in CRS and 31.4% in control subjects. Further facultative pathogens were cultured in 20.6% of subjects with CRS and in 8.5% of controls. 73.8% of S. aureus were ampicillin-resistant, multiresistant strains were cultured in 5.8%. Most airway symptoms and the frequencies of respiratory tract infections were significantly higher in the CRS group compared with control subjects. In post hoc comparison between the subgroups with and without S. aureus colonization, no significant differences were found between the extent of rhinosinusitis and the severity of airway symptoms.
Answer: Facultative pathogens were detected in more than 40% of CRS patients without acute respiratory tract infections. In contrast to the findings in atopic dermatitis and perennial allergic rhinitis, the colonization rate with S. aureus is not increased and S. aureus carriage is not a risk factor for the severity or the extent of rhinosinusitis.

A: Is nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus associated with the severity of symptoms or the extent of the disease in chronic rhinosinusitis?
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Q: Context: The use of cultured keratinocyte (CK) allografts for burn wounds offers a potentially unlimited supply of skin. It is unknown, however, whether CK allografts induce rejection in vivo. This study investigated the induction of immune responsiveness to CK allografts as measured by mixed lymphocyte response and serum cytotoxic antibody.', 'Female CBA mice (n = 160) were randomized to four equal groups, each receiving a 3 cm2 flank graft of autologous CBA CK (Auto CK), allogeneic C57BL/6 CK (Allo CK), C57BL/6 full thickness skin (Allo FT), or Sham. Graft take was assessed by gross and histologic examinations. Unidirectional mixed lymphocyte response was measured with graft recipient and donor splenocytes by use of tritiated thymidine uptake. Stimulation indexes were calculated. Serum cytotoxic antibody was measured by coculturing graft recipient serum with donor splenocytes and rabbit complement and assessing resultant cell killing.', 'Overall graft take was 50% for Allo CK and 74% for Auto CK, Allo FT, but not Allo CK, were associated with significantly increased stimulation indexes compared with Auto CK and Sham (p < 0.01). Allo FT, but not Allo CK, resulted in elevated titers of alloantibody, reaching significant levels 10 days after grafting (p < 0.05).
Answer: CK allografts do not result in increased in vitro T cell responses or enhanced alloantibody formation, indicating that sensitization to major histocompatibility antigens by CK does not occur. These data suggest that CK allografts may provide a possible source of grafts for victims of large burn wounds.

A: Do cultured keratinocyte allografts fail to induce sensitization in vivo?
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Q: Context: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, with limited treatment options for chemoresistant disease. An important link between inflammation and peritoneal spread of ovarian cancer is NF-B signaling. Thymoquinone (TQ) exerts multiple anti-tumorigenic cellular effects, including NF-B inhibition. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of TQ in an established murine syngeneic model of ovarian cancer.', 'ID8-NGL mouse ovarian cancer cells stably expressing an NF-B reporter transgene were injected intra-peritoneally into C57BL/6 mice, and mice were treated with TQ or vehicle for 10 or 30days. TQ was combined with the macrophage depleting drug, liposomal clodronate, in selected experiments. Effects on peritoneal tumor burden were measured by volume of ascites, number of peritoneal implants and mesenteric tumor mass. NF-B reporter activity and markers of proliferation and apoptosis were measured in tumors and in confirmatory in vitro experiments. Protein or mRNA expression of M1 (anti-tumor) and M2 (pro-tumor) macrophage markers, and soluble cytokine profiles, were examined from harvested ascites fluid, peritoneal lavages and/or tumor sections. 2-tailed Mann-Whitney tests were used for measuring differences between groups in in vivo experiments.', 'Consistent with its effects in vitro, TQ reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in ID8-NGL tumors after 10 and 30day treatment. Prolonged TQ treatment did not significantly alter tumor number or mass compared to vehicle, but rather exerted an overall deleterious effect by stimulating ascites formation. Increased ascites was accompanied by elevated NF-B activity in tumors and macrophages, increased pro-tumor M2 macrophages and expression of pro-tumorigenic soluble factors such as VEGF in ascites fluid, and increased tumor infiltration of M2 macrophages. In contrast, a 10day exposure to TQ produced no ascites, and reduced tumor NF-B activity, M2 macrophages and soluble VEGF levels. Peritoneal macrophage depletion by clodronate significantly reduced tumor burden. However, TQ-stimulated ascites was further enhanced by co-treatment with clodronate, with macrophages present overwhelmingly of the M2 phenotype.
Answer: Our findings show that pro-tumorigenic microenvironmental effects limited the efficacy of TQ in a syngeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer, and provide caution regarding its potential use in clinical trials in ovarian cancer patients.

A:
Do microenvironmental effects limit efficacy of thymoquinone treatment in a mouse model of ovarian cancer?
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