In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[Q]: This quantity can be defined as minus the temperature times the derivative of entropy with respect to particle number. The Gibbs factor is a generalization of the Boltzmann factor that takes this quantity into account. Usually defined as the derivative of the Helmholtz free energy with respect to particle number, FTP name this quantity which governs particle flow, as particles flow from systems with higher values to systems with lower values.
[A]: Science

[Q]: This politician beat out George Dewey to be the Democratic presidential candidate with Adlai Stevenson I, and his opposition to heavy retaliation after the Lusitania affair caused him to resign from his post as Secretary of State under Wilson. This man argued for the prosecution against Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial and advocated [*] bimetallism in a speech proclaiming that "you shall not press down on the brow of labor this crown of thorns." For 10 points, name this Populist orator who said that "you shall not crucify mankind on a Cross of Gold" and who ran for president and lost in both 1896 and 1900.
[A]: History

[Q]: The Montonen-Olive Duality Conjecture concerns a field theory in which these particles exist as solitons; that theory was developed by 't Hooft and Polyakov. The original hypothesis of these particles' existence requires the use of two separate vector potentials and a singularity, and was developed by Paul Dirac. Gauss's Law of Magnetism, which states that the divergence of a magnetic field is zero, implies that these particles cannot exist. For 10 points, name these hypothetical particles that can only have an isolated North or South pole.
[A]:
Science