Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Human and ovine fetuses demonstrate an enhanced rate of spontaneous and angiotensin II-stimulated swallowing. Angiotensin II and nitric oxide synthase have been localized to thirst centers in the brain. This study was performed to determine whether central nitric oxide contributes to the regulation of angiotensin II-induced fetal swallowing.', 'Six pregnant ewes with near-term singleton fetuses were chronically prepared with fetal vascular and lateral ventricle catheters and electrocorticogram and esophageal electromyogram electrodes. After a 2-hour control period, fetuses were administered serial lateral ventricle injections (1 mL) of angiotensin II (3.2 microg; time, 2 hours) and N omega-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester (3 mg; time, 3 hours) and a repeat angiotensin II injection (3.2 microg; time, 5 hours). All fetuses received an additional control study of lateral ventricle injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid on a previous day.', 'Angiotensin II injection significantly increased mean +/- SEM fetal swallowing (0.9 +/- 0.1 to 2.7 +/- 0.4 swallows/min). N omega-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester significantly decreased fetal swallowing to below the basal rate (0.4 +/- 0.1 swallows/min), and swallowing did not increase with the second angiotensin II dose (in the presence of nitric oxide blockade).

Answer: 1

Question: We recently showed that intracerebroventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y (NPY) hampers inhibition of endogenous glucose production (EGP) by insulin in mice. The downstream mechanisms responsible for these effects of NPY remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish whether intracerebroventricular NPY administration modulates the suppressive action of insulin on EGP via hepatic sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation.', 'The effects of a continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY on glucose turnover were determined in rats during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Either rats were sham operated, or the liver was sympathetically (hepatic sympathectomy) or parasympathetically (hepatic parasympathectomy) denervated.', 'Sympathectomy or parasympathectomy did not affect the capacity of insulin to suppress EGP in intracerebroventricular vehicle-infused animals (50 +/- 8 vs. 49 +/- 6 vs. 55 +/- 6%, in hepatic sympathectomy vs. hepatic parasympathectomy vs. sham, respectively). Intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY significantly hampered the suppression of EGP by insulin in sham-denervated animals (29 +/- 9 vs. 55 +/- 6% for NPY/sham vs. vehicle/sham, respectively, P = 0.038). Selective sympathetic denervation of the liver completely blocked the effect of intracerebroventricular NPY administration on insulin action to suppress EGP (NPY/hepatic sympathectomy, 57 +/- 7%), whereas selective parasympathetic denervation had no effect (NPY/hepatic parasympathectomy, 29 +/- 7%).

Answer: 1

Question: The present study was aimed at evaluating the outcome of pregnancies with nuchal cord.', 'A retrospective population-based study of all deliveries during the years 1988-2003 in a tertiary medical center was conducted. Immediate perinatal outcome of patients with and without nuchal cord was compared.', 'Of 166,318 deliveries during the study period, 14.7% had a nuchal cord, documented at birth (n=24,392). Higher rates of labor induction and non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns were noted among pregnancies with nuchal cord as compared with the control group (30.1% vs. 24.2%; OR=1.3, 95% CI 1.3-1.4, P<0.001 and 4.5% vs. 2.6%; OR=1.8, 95% CI 1.6-1.9, P<0.001; respectively). The cesarean delivery rate was significantly lower among pregnancies with nuchal cord (11.5% vs. 12.7%; OR=0.9, 95% CI 0.8-0.9, P=0.001). Although 1 min Apgar scores lower than 7 were more common in pregnancies with nuchal cord (4.8% vs. 4.4%; OR=1.1, 95% CI 1.01-1.2, P=0.008), these pregnancies actually had lower rates of 5 min Apgar scores less than 7 (0.5% vs. 0.7%; OR=0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.9, P=0.004). Likewise, the perinatal mortality rate was significantly lower in pregnancies with nuchal cord as compared with the comparison group (11/1,000 vs. 16/1,000; OR=0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.8, P=0.001).

Answer:
1