TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Decisions involving risk often must be made under stressful circumstances. Research on behavioral and brain differences in stress responses suggest that stress might have different effects on risk taking in males and females.', 'In this study, participants played a computer game designed to measure risk taking (the Balloon Analogue Risk Task) fifteen minutes after completing a stress challenge or control task. Stress increased risk taking among men but decreased it among women.
Answer: Acute stress amplifies sex differences in risk seeking; making women more risk avoidant and men more risk seeking. Evolutionary principles may explain these stress-induced sex differences in risk taking behavior.

SOLUTION: Does acute stress increase sex differences in risk seeking in the balloon analogue risk task?

PROBLEM: Context: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) without predilatation has fewer procedural steps and thereby potentially fewer complications. This has been demonstrated for the antegrade transapical access; however, whether TAVI can be safely performed without predilatation using the retrograde transfemoral route is unknown.', 'We postulated that TAVI is feasible with a balloon-expandable device without predilatation using the retrograde transfemoral route.', 'Twenty-six consecutive patients with stenosis of the native aortic valve (AV) undergoing transfemoral TAVI with the Edwards SAPIEN XT prosthesis without predilatation were enrolled in this retrospective study and compared with 30 patients treated previously with predilatation.', 'The procedure was successfully performed in all 26 patients, irrespective of the AV area and the extent of AV calcification. At baseline mean AV area, mean AV gradient, and median left ventricular ejection fraction were 0.7 0.2 cm(2) , 36.0 17.3 mm Hg, and 55.0% (interquartile range [IQR], 35.0-60.0], respectively; prior to discharge these values were 1.7 0.3 (P < 0.001), 9.8 6.1 mm Hg (P < 0.001), and 57.5% (IQR, 38.7-60.0) (P = not significant). Postdilatation was required in 3 patients due to aortic regurgitation > 2; this was reduced by the procedure to < 2 in all cases. Radiation dose and amount of contrast dye were significantly reduced in comparison with the predilatation group. No periprocedural neurological adverse events occurred. Mortality at 30 days was 0%.
Answer: TAVI without predilatation using the transfemoral Edwards SAPIEN XT valve is feasible and safe. Larger studies are required to further evaluate this approach.

SOLUTION: Is transfemoral aortic valve implantation of Edwards SAPIEN XT without predilatation feasible?

PROBLEM: Context: This study was designed to test whether early castration-induced short-term cellular changes in primary prostate tumours could predict clinical outcome in advanced disease.', 'Biopsies from 83 patients obtained before and within two weeks after surgical castration were investigated. Tumour epithelial cell apoptosis, proliferation, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were quantified using immunohistochemistry, laser capture micro-dissection, and real time RT-PCR. Cellular effects were related to changes in serum PSA levels and clinical outcome.', 'Decreased proliferation and PSA mRNA levels, and increased apoptosis were observed in most tumours. These early cellular responses were not correlated to each other and did not predict serum PSA response or cancer-specific survival. A nadir PSA level below 1 ng/ml predicted a longer cancer-specific survival after castration therapy.
Answer: Castration therapy causes primary tumour regression in most patients with advanced prostate cancer, but these primary tumour effects are not predictive for systemic disease control. Studies of early changes in metastases during hormonal therapy will probably give more predictive information for clinical outcome than further studies in primary tumours.

SOLUTION:
Does the magnitude of early castration-induced primary tumour regression in prostate cancer predict clinical outcome?