Problem: In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure "p"= 10Pa. Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state. For example, as discussed below, the standard state of a gas is conventionally chosen to be unit pressure (usually in bar) ideal gas, regardless of the temperature. However, most tables of thermodynamic quantities are compiled at specific temperatures, most commonly or, somewhat less commonly, .

The standard state should not be confused with standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases, nor with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry.

For a given material or substance, the standard state is the reference state for the material's thermodynamic state properties such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and for many other material standards. The standard enthalpy change of formation for an element in its standard state is zero, and this convention allows a wide range of other thermodynamic quantities to be calculated and tabulated. The standard state of a substance does not have to exist in nature: for example, it is possible to calculate values for steam at 298.15K and 10Pa, although steam does not exist (as a gas) under these conditions. The advantage of this practice is that tables of thermodynamic properties prepared in this way are self-consistent.
1. what is the standard state of a material?
Answer: 1. a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions

Problem: At a primary school in a small town in the east of South Carolina, second-grade teachers Carneau and Lynne are convinced that separating primary boys and girls produces immediate academic improvement in both genders

David Chadwell, South Carolina's coordinator of single gender education says, " Boys and girls learn,hear and respond to their surroundings differently. We can teach boys and girls based on what we now know."

Male and female eyes are not organized in the same way,he explains. The composition of the male eye makes it sensitive to motion and direction. " Boys interpret the world as objects moving through space," he says.

The male eye is also drawn to cooler color1s like silver and black. It's no accident that boys tend to create pictures of moving objects instead of drawing the happy color1ful family,as girls do in class.

The female eye,on the other hand,is drawn to warmer color1s like red, yellow and orange. To attract girls, Chadwell says, the teacher doesn't need to move as much as in boys' class. Using descriptive phrases and lots of color1s in presentations or on the blackboard gets their attention.

Boys and girls also hear differently. " When someone speaks in a loud tone,girls interpret it as yelling, " says Chadwell. " They think you're mad and can shut down. " Girls are more sensitive to sounds. He advises girls' teachers to watch the tone of their voices. Boys' teachers should sound more forceful, even excited.

A boy's nervous system causes him to be more cautious when he is standing, moving, and the room temperature is around 6.Stress in boys,he says, tends to increase blood flow to their brains, a process that helps them stay focused. Girls are more focused when they are seated in a warmer room around 75degF. Girls also respond to stress differently. When exposed to threat and conflict, blood goes to their guts ,leaving them feeling nervous or anxious.

These differences can be applied in the classroom, Chadwell adds. " Single gender programs are about maximizing the learning."
1. What are the names of the two teachers?
2. What grade do they teach?
3. What do they think is a good idea.
4. What color attracts boys eyes?
5. What are boys more likely to draw?
6. What about females?
7. Do boys and girls see the world the same?
8. What is one color female eyes are attracted to?
9. What is another color?
10. Does the instructor need more movement to keep girls attention than boys?
11. Do both sexes hear things the same?
12. How do girls interpret loud speech?
13. Who is David Chadwell?
Answer: 1. Carneau and Lynne
2. second
3. separating primary boys and girls
4. silver and black
5. moving objects
6. happy color1ful family
7. no
8. red,
9. yellow
10. no
11. no
12. They can shut down.
13. South Carolina's coordinator of single gender education

Problem: (CNN) -- For much of the world, February 14 is known as a day to celebrate love.

But in Iran, Valentine's Day has come to mark another occasion as wellthe anniversary of the house arrest of Iran's leading opposition figures Mir Hossein Mousavi, Mehdi Karroubi and Zahra Rahnavard. On February 14, 2011, Iranian authorities placed Mousavi, Karroubi and Rahnavard under house arrest for calling on Iranians to demonstrate in support of the popular Arab uprisings across the region.

According to Reuters, earlier this month Karroubi was moved from a Ministry of Intelligence-controlled safe house to his own home.

The transfer shined new light on the plight of Iran's "prisoners of rights" those imprisoned for seeking to exercise commonly recognized political, social, religious, economic, and cultural rights, denied to them by the Iranian government.

In addition to opposition politicians like Mousavi, Karroubi and Rahnavard, Iran's prisoners of rights include lawyers, journalists, professors, students, labor union workers, poets, musicians, artists, dissident clerics, bloggers, ethnic and religious minorities, LGBT persons and even humanitarian aid workers.

Civil rights and human rights activists are also a primary target. Some prisoners of rights, like women's rights and student activist Bahareh Hedayat, have been arrested for holding gatherings to protest laws that discriminate against women.

Others, like the "Yaran"the seven leaders of the Baha'i religious minority in Iranare imprisoned for teaching a faith the Iranian government does not recognize.

Still others, like lawyer Abdolfattah Soltani, are imprisoned for their efforts to assist or seek justice for prisoners of rights. Ironically, before his arrest, Soltani had been preparing a case in defense of the seven Baha'i leaders.
1. Who are the leaders of the religious minority?
2. How many are there?
3. Where are they?
4. Are they in prison?
5. What were they helping people learn about?
6. Why did that get them jailed?
7. Who was their lawyer?
8. Is he also in prison?
9. For what?
10. Who was he helping?
11. When people are in jail for exercising their rights what are they called?
12. What country does this happen in?
13. How many kinds of rights are they not given?
14. Who denies them those rights?
15. Where was Karroubi earlier in the month?
16. Where is he now?
17. Is he allowed to leave?
18. Why not?
19. Who else shares that sentence?
20. When were they sentenced?
Answer:
1. Yaran
2. seven
3. Iran
4. Yes
5. Baha'i
6. It's a faith the Iranian government does not recognize.
7. Abdolfattah Soltani
8. Yes.
9. assisting or seeking justice for prisoners of rights
10. the seven Baha'i leaders
11. prisoners of rights
12. Iran
13. Five
14. Iranian government.
15. Ministry of Intelligence-controlled safe house
16. his own home
17. No.
18. He is under house arrest
19. Mir Hossein Mousavi and Zahra Rahnavard
20. February 14, 2011