In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
--------
Question: Context: Transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important mediator of beta-amyloid (A) accumulation in the brain and a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the receptors responsible for the transport of A in the BBB is the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). LRP1 is susceptible to proteolytic shedding at the cell surface, which prevents endocytic transport of ligands. Previously, we reported a strong inverse correlation between LRP1 shedding in the brain and A transit across the BBB. Several proteases contribute to the ectodomain shedding of LRP1 including the -secretase, a desintegrin and metalloproteinase domain containing protein 10 (ADAM10).", 'The role of ADAM10 in the shedding of LRP1 and A BBB clearance was assessed through pharmacological inhibition of ADAM10 in an in vitro model of the BBB and through the use of ADAM10 endothelial specific knock-out mice. In addition, an acute treatment paradigm with an ADAM10 inhibitor was also tested in an AD mouse model to assess the effect of ADAM10 inhibition on LRP1 shedding and Abrain accumulation.', 'In the current studies, inhibition of ADAM10 reduced LRP1 shedding in brain endothelial cultures and increased A42 transit across an in vitro model of the BBB. Similarly, transgenic ADAM10 endothelial knockout mice displayed lower LRP1 shedding in the brain and significantly enhanced A clearance across the BBB compared to wild-type animals. Acute treatment with the ADAM10-selective inhibitor GI254023X in an AD mouse model substantially reduced brain LRP1 shedding and increased A40 levels in the plasma, indicating enhanced A transit from the brain to the periphery. Furthermore, both soluble and insoluble A40 and A42 brain levels were decreased following GI254023X treatment, but these effects lacked statistical significance.\Question: Does inhibition of ADAM10 promote the clearance of A across the BBB by reducing LRP1 ectodomain shedding?

Answer: These studies demonstrate a role for ADAM10 in the ectodomain shedding of LRP1 in the brain and the clearance of A across the BBB, which may provide a novel strategy for attenuating A accumulation in the AD brain.

Question: Context: Studies over many years have demonstrated that preoptimization and attention to appropriate perioperative care is associated with a substantial decrease in surgical mortality. This review discusses ways in which patient preparation and perioperative support can minimize surgical mortality and morbidity.', 'Scoring systems continue to be developed in order to classify categories of surgical risk. Objective physiologically based assessments can also identify high-risk groups of patients. Debate continues over the indications for specific interventions such as beta-blockade or statin therapy. There is continuing interest in perioperative optimization of oxygen delivery. A multimodality approach paying attention to a range of possible interventions appears to be beneficial. Audit, training, experience and a sufficient volume of procedures are all factors associated with surgical mortality.\Question: Does excellent anaesthesia need patient preparation and postoperative support to influence outcome?

Answer: The provision of a high-quality service throughout the perioperative period is vital for a successful outcome. Patients need to be assessed well before major elective surgery to determine if they fall into a high-risk category. Some patients may benefit from a change in management. Postoperatively, critical-care support should be available backed by level 1 (enhanced ward) care with input from outreach or medical emergency teams 24 hours per day, seven days a week.

Question: Context: Evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of short- and long-term e-cigarette vapor exposure on a panel of normal epithelial and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines.', 'HaCaT, UMSCC10B, and HN30 were treated with nicotine-containing and nicotine-free vapor extract from two popular e-cigarette brands for periods ranging from 48 h to 8 weeks. Cytotoxicity was assessed using Annexin V flow cytometric analysis, trypan blue exclusion, and clonogenic assays. Genotoxicity in the form of DNA strand breaks was quantified using the neutral comet assay and -H2AX immunostaining.', 'E-cigarette-exposed cells showed significantly reduced cell viability and clonogenic survival, along with increased rates of apoptosis and necrosis, regardless of e-cigarette vapor nicotine content. They also exhibited significantly increased comet tail length and accumulation of -H2AX foci, demonstrating increased DNA strand breaks.\Question: Do electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines?

Answer:
E-cigarette vapor, both with and without nicotine, is cytotoxic to epithelial cell lines and is a DNA strand break-inducing agent. Further assessment of the potential carcinogenic effects of e-cigarette vapor is urgently needed.