Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene is located within the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex region, exhibiting the -308 GA promoter region polymorphism and six microsatellites (TNFa-f) spanning the region nearby the TNF locus.', 'In the present study, we evaluated the frequency of -308 GA and TNFa-e polymorphisms and respective haplotypes (in chromosomal sequence: TNFd-TNFe-308GA-TNFc-TNFa-TNFb), in 222 patients with AIDS, 52 of whom exhibited cytomegalovirus retinitis, and in 202 healthy HIV-negative individuals.', 'TNF microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism typings were performed by PCR followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.', 'The TNF-308A allele and the 4-3-G-2-7-1 haplotype were associated with susceptibility to AIDS, whereas the TNFb4 allele and the 3-3-G-1-11-4 haplotype were associated with protection against AIDS development. The TNFc2 allele and the 4-1-G-2-2-1 haplotype, which contains the TNFc2 allele, were associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Output: Are tumor necrosis factor region polymorphisms associated with AIDS and with cytomegalovirus retinitis?

Input: Consider Input: Bone and antler collagen (13) C and (15) N values are often assumed to be equivalent when measured in palaeodietary, palaeoclimate and palaeocological studies. Although compositionally similar, bone grows slowly and is remodelled whereas antler growth is rapid and remodelling does not occur. These different patterns of growth could result in isotopic difference within antler and between the two tissue types. Here we test whether red deer (Cervus elaphus) bone and antler (13) C and (15) N values are equivalent, and whether intra-antler isotopic values are uniform.', 'Bone and antler were isotopically analysed from six stags that lived in a temperate maritime climate on the Isle of Rum, Scotland. Multiple antlers from different years were sampled per individual, together with a single bone sample per individual. Up to 12 samples were taken along the length of each antler (total of 25 antlers, 259 samples) so that a chronological record of the isotopic composition during antler growth could be obtained. Collagen was extracted and its (13) C and (15) N values were measured by continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry.', 'Intra-antler collagen isotope signatures vary, and show that not all antlers from an individual or a growth year are equivalent in carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios. (15) N values typically increase with distance along antler length, but no overall trend is observed in (13) C values. An isotopic offset is visible between bone and antler, with bone (13) C and (15) N values being higher in most cases.

Output: Are red deer bone and antler collagen isotopically equivalent in carbon and nitrogen?

Input: Consider Input: Intravascular volume loss from ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major clinical concern. We hypothesize that angiotensin II decreases IR-mediated microvascular fluid leak via the angiotensin II type 2 receptor in a cAMP dependent manner. We therefore sought to determine hydraulic permeability after IR of venules treated with 1) angiotensin II, 2) angiotensin II and cAMP synthesis inhibitor, and 3) angiotensin II and an angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist.', 'Rat mesenteric post-capillary venules were micro-cannulated to measure hydraulic permeability (L(p)). IR was achieved by placing animals in a 5% oxygen environment and preventing venular flow, after which blood flow was allowed to resume. L(p) was measured after IR and treatment with 1) angiotensin II (20 nm), 2) angiotensin II (20 nm) + cAMP synthesis inhibitor (DDA,10uM), and 3) angiotensin II (20 nm) + type 2 receptor antagonist (PD-123319, 300 mum) (n=6 in each group).', 'Compared with the seven-fold increase in L(p) because of IR alone: 1) angiotensin II attenuated the seven-fold increase by 50% (P<0.005), 2) cAMP inhibition did not change the effect of angiotensin II on leak, and the type 2 receptor antagonist completely blocked the effects of angiotensin II on IR mediated leak.
Output: Does angiotensin II type 2 receptor decrease ischemia reperfusion induced fluid leak?