Information: - The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the "Roman Empire" (tr. ), or "Romania", and to themselves as "Romans". - The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek: , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic. - Byzantine studies or Byzantinology is an interdisciplinary branch of the humanities that addresses the history, culture, costumes, religion, art, such as literature and music, science, economy, and politics of the Byzantine Empire. The discipline's founder in Germany is considered to be the philologist Hieronymus Wolf, a Renaissance humanist. He gave the name Byzantine to the eastern Roman Empire that continued after the western part collapsed in AD 476. About 100 years after the final conquest of Byzantium by the Ottomans, Wolf began to collect, edit, and translate the writings of Byzantine philosophers. Other 16th-century humanists introduced Byzantine studies to Holland and Italy. - The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age. - Karl Krumbacher ( 23 September 1856 -- 12 December 1909 ) was a German scholar who was an expert on Byzantine Greek language , literature , history and culture . He was one of the principal founders of Byzantine Studies as an independent academic discipline in modern universities . Krumbacher was born at Kurnach im Allgau in the Kingdom of Bavaria . He studied Classical Philology and Indo - European linguistics at the Universities of Munich and Leipzig . In 1879 he passed the State Exam ( Staatsexamen ) and was thereafter active as a school teacher until 1891 . In 1883 he gain his doctorate ( Promotion ) and in 1885 his Habilitation in Medieval and Modern Greek philology . From 1897 he was professor of Medieval and Modern Greek Language and Literature at the University of Munich and held the newly created Chair of Byzantine Studies , the first professorial chair in this subject in the world . Krumbacher founded the Byzantinische Zeitschrift ( 1892 ) , the oldest academic journal of Byzantine Studies , and the Byzantinisches Archiv ( 1898 ) . His collaborator at the time was Bozidar Proki ( 1859 - 1922 ) , the renowned Belgrade Byzantinist . He died in Munich in 1909 . His successor as Professor of Byzantine Studies was August Heisenberg . His most important work is Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur von Justinian bis zum Ende des ostromischen Reiches ( 527 - 1453 ) ( History of Byzantine Literature from Justinian to the Fall of the East Roman Empire ) in 1891 . A second edition was published in 1897 , with the collaboration of Albert Ehrhard ( section on theology ) and Heinrich Gelzer ( general sketch of Byzantine history , AD 395 - 1453 ) . The value of the work was greatly enhanced by its lengthy bibliographies and it remained a standard textbook for decades . Krumbacher 's extensive travels in Greece and the Ottoman Empire became the basis of his Griechische Reise ( 1886 ) . His notable works include studies of the poetry of Michael Glykas ( 1894 ) and Kassia ( 1897 ) and Populare Aufsatze ( 1900 ) .... - Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture. In the Middle Ages, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at the time. Today, the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural and sometimes social sciences as well as professional training. What is the relationship between 'karl krumbacher' and 'germany'?
Answer:
country of citizenship