instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
Previous research in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT) showed abnormal lymphatic endothelial differentiation characteristics, including increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A expression, and aberrant smooth muscle cells (SMCs) surrounding enlarged jugular lymphatic sacs (JLS). We hypothesized that abnormal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression would result in altered VEGF-A signaling in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS and that aberrant acquisition of SMCs could be caused by downregulation of forkhead transcription factor FOXC2 and upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS.', 'Five trisomy 21 fetuses and four controls were investigated using immunohistochemistry for Shh, VEGF-A, FOXC2 and PDGF-B expression in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS.', 'An increased Shh, VEGF-A and PDGF-B expression, and decreased FOXC2 expression were shown in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS of the trisomic fetuses.
answer:
1

question:
The development of techniques that allow the imaging of animals infected with parasites expressing luciferase opens up new possibilities for following the fate of parasites in infected mammals.', 'D-luciferin potassium salt stock solution was prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 15 mg/ml. To produce bioluminescence, infected and control mice received an intraperitoneal injection of luciferin stock solution (150 mg/kg). All mice were immediately anesthetized with 2% isofluorane, and after 10 minutes were imaged. Ex vivo evaluation of infected tissues and organs was evaluated in a 24-well plate in 150 g/ml D-luciferin diluted in PBS. Images were captured using the IVIS Lumina image system (Xenogen). Dissected organs were also evaluated by microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections.', 'Here we describe the results obtained using a genetically modified Dm28c strain of T. cruzi expressing the firefly luciferase to keep track of infection by bioluminescence imaging. Progression of infection was observed in vivo in BALB/c mice at various intervals after infection with transgenic Dm28c-luc. The bioluminescent signal was immediately observed at the site of T. cruzi inoculation, and one day post infection (dpi) it was disseminated in the peritoneal cavity. A similar pattern in the cavity was observed on 7 dpi, but the bioluminescence was more intense in the terminal region of the large intestine, rectum, and gonads. On 14 and 21 dpi, bioluminescent parasites were also observed in the heart, snout, paws, hind limbs, and forelimbs. From 28 dpi to 180 dpi in chronically infected mice, bioluminescence declined in regions of the body but was concentrated in the gonad region. Ex vivo evaluation of dissected organs and tissues by bioluminescent imaging confirmed the in vivo bioluminescent foci. Histopathological analysis of dissected organs demonstrated parasite nests at the rectum and snout, in muscle fibers of mice infected with Dm28c-WT and with Dm28c-luc, corroborating the bioluminescent imaging.
answer:
0

question:
We are conducting clinical vaccine trials with the HER2/neu peptide, E75, in patients with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate clonal expansion of E75-specific CD8(+) T cells and to identify intra- and interantigenic epitope spreading.', 'Pre- and postvaccination peripheral blood leukocyte samples (24 node positive [NP] and 20 node negative [NN]) from 44 vaccinated patients were analyzed. HLA-A2:Ig dimer molecules were loaded with the HER2 peptides, E75 or GP2, and were used with anti-TcR and CD8 antibodies to stain peripheral blood leukocyte immediately ex vivo and were analyzed with flow cytometry. In 8 randomly selected patients, dimers were loaded with the folate binding protein peptide E41 to evaluate for interantigenic epitope spreading.', 'All patients with NP and 95% of the patients with NN showed E75-specific clonal expansion. Patients with NN showed more robust expansion. All patients with NP and 85% of the patients with NN showed evidence of intra-antigenic epitope that was spreading to GP2. However, patients with NN showed only moderate expansion to this subdominant epitope, which was not included in the immunizing mix. The degree of HER2/neu expression and disease stage impacted the ability to expand clonally E75- and GP2-specific CD8(+) T cells. Evidence of interantigenic epitope spreading to E41 was shown in 63% of the patients who were tested.
answer:
0