Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of more than one atom. For example, the ammonium ion consists of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms. Together, they comprise a single ion with a 1+ charge and a formula of NH 4 + . The carbonate ion consists of one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms, and it carries an overall charge of 2. The formula of the carbonate ion is CO 3 2- . The atoms of a polyatomic ion are tightly bonded together, so the entire ion behaves as a single unit. Figure below shows several models, and Table below lists many of the most common polyatomic ions. Q: A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of more than one what? A:
OPTIONS:
- pair bond
- neutron
- nucleus
- atom
Answer: atom

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Unstable isotopes give off particles and energy as what? A:
OPTIONS:
- electricity
- radiation
- ultraviolet light
- radioactivity
output: radioactivity

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cells in blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Q: Cells in blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, and what? A:

OPTIONS:
- protons
- droplets
- plasmids
- platelets

A: platelets

input: OPTIONS:
- nutrition
- protection from cold
- energy
- protection from predators Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What does the armor including spines in some species offer? A:
A:
output: protection from predators

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Look at the skateboarders in Figure below . When they push against each other, it causes them to move apart. The harder they push together, the farther apart they move. This is an example of Newton's third law of motion. Q: When two skateboarders push against each other what happens? A:

OPTIONS:
- they stick together
- they rise
- they magnetize
- they move apart

Answer: they move apart

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Valence bond theory describes the benzene molecule and other planar aromatic hydrocarbon molecules as hexagonal rings of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms with the unhybridized p orbital of each carbon atom perpendicular to the plane of the ring. Three valence electrons in the sp2 hybrid orbitals of each carbon atom and the valence electron of each hydrogen atom form the framework of bonds in the benzene molecule. The fourth valence electron of each carbon atom is shared with an adjacent carbon atom in their unhybridized p orbitals to yield the bonds. Benzene does not, however, exhibit the characteristics typical of an alkene. Each of the six bonds between its carbon atoms is equivalent and exhibits properties that are intermediate between those of a CC single bond and a C = C double bond. To represent this unique bonding, structural formulas for benzene and its derivatives are typically drawn with single bonds between the carbon atoms and a circle within the ring as shown in Figure 20.11. Q: Which theory describes the benzene molecule and other planar aromatic hydrocarbon molecules as hexagonal rings of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms with the unhybridized p orbital of each carbon atom perpendicular to the plane of the ring? A:

OPTIONS:
- hybrid orbital theory
- covalent bond theory
- molecular orbital theory
- valence bond theory

A:
valence bond theory