Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 24.4 Subphylum Vertebrata (Vertebra from Latin vertere, to turn). Characterized by separate bones or cartilage blocks firmly joined as a backbone. The backbone supports and protects a dorsal nerve cord. Vertebrates have tissues which are organized into organs which in turn are organized into organ systems. All vertebrates share the following characteristics: - segmentation - a true coelom - bilateral symmetry - cephalization - a backbone - a bony skull - a closed circulatory system - chambered heart - two pairs of jointed appendages - tissues organized into organs Vertebrate Organ Systems: - Nervous System - Circulatory System - Digestive System Respiratory System - Reproductive System - Excretory System Vertebral column: Not present in higher vertebrate adults. (In humans, the gel-like, spongy core of the vertebral column is the only remainder. Ruptured or herniated disc is an injury to this. ) Cranium: Composite structure of bone/cartilage. Two functions: 1. Supports sensory organs of head and 2. Encloses or partially encloses the brain. What evolutionary relationship could we imagine between sessile echinoderms and the higher chordate animals? Paedomorphic (child-form) hypothesis: basically, evolution of sexual reproduction in what had previously been a larval life stage, or the retention of at least one juvenile characteristic into the adult (adult = sexually reproducing) stage. Some scientists believe that this occurred in a proto-chordate animal lineage. Maybe chordates (and vertebrates) arose from sessile (attached) ancestors. Selection in these proto-chordates maybe began to favor more time in the larval stage, as feeding was more successful or mortality lower in this stage. As larvae got bigger physics shows that the cilia become less efficient for locomotion, favoring the undulating motion allowed by a notochord. Is this hypothesis crazy? A similar example of this today is Epemeroptera, the mayfly, which has almost abandoned its adult stage. Its one-year lifespan is mostly larval with just a... Q: Vertebrates have tissues which are organized into organs which in turn are organized into what? A:

OPTIONS:
- artificial systems
- information systems
- maturation systems
- organ systems

A: organ systems

input: OPTIONS:
- wind
- fire
- mud
- rain Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is the term for liquid water falling from the sky? A:
A:
output: rain

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The germ theory proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. Q: What theory proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases? A:

OPTIONS:
- malignant theory
- evolution theory
- mutated theory
- germ theory

Answer: germ theory

Problem: OPTIONS:
- bounce
- frequency
- resonance
- refraction
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The angle at which light bends when it enters a different medium depends on its change in speed. The greater the change in speed, the greater the angle of refraction is. For example, light refracts more when it passes from air to diamond than it does when it passes from air to water. That's because the speed of light is slower in diamond than it is in water. Q: The angle at which light bends when it enters a different medium is known as what? A:
Answer: refraction

Problem:OPTIONS:
- core electrons
- ions
- shell electrons
- valence electrons

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electrons at the outermost energy level of an atom are called valence electrons. They determine many of the properties of an element. That's because these electrons are involved in chemical reactions with other atoms. Atoms may share or transfer valence electrons. Shared electrons bind atoms together to form chemical compounds. Q: What are electrons at the outermost energy level of an atom are called? A:
****
A: valence electrons

Problem:OPTIONS:
- energy accelerators
- nitrogen accelerators
- Atom Accelerators
- particle accelerators

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Scientists have built machines called particle accelerators . These amazing tools smash particles that are smaller than atoms into each other head-on. This creates new particles. Scientists use particle accelerators to learn about nuclear fusion in stars. They can also learn about how atoms came together in the first few minutes of the Universe. Two well-known accelerators are SLAC, in California, and CERN, in Switzerland ( Figure below ). Q: What machines have scientist built to smash particles that are smaller than atoms into each other head-on? A:
****
A:
particle accelerators