Q: Your knees should be close together and your hands spread apart. Your fingers should be pointed straight forward. Keep your head tucked at the chin to keep from hurting yourself. Only do this move on a mat or another very soft surface. Straighten your legs to push forward onto your back. Keep your head tucked in. It should never touch the ground. Make sure to keep your spine bent and your legs tucked together. Use your arms for support and added momentum. While you're on your back, bend your knees back together and hold your shins. Roll forward with the momentum generated by your legs. You should end flat on your feet in an upright squatting position. Do this and Step 2 all in one fluid motion to successfully complete a forward roll. An experienced gymnast should be able to do this without pushing off from the floor with his or her hands. However, until you've practiced enough, it's perfectly fine if you need your hands. If you feel unbalanced at all, don't hesitate to use your arms for support.
A: Squat down with your hands flat on the floor. Start your roll. Sit up. Stand back up.

Q: Before jumping in hands first, evaluate the pads you will need to remove. Remember that less is more. Cutting away too much at once can also hurt the plant if it is relying on the water and sunlight that those sections provide. If the plant is quite large, plan ahead by choosing the section you will start on. You may uncover more work as you cut away, but having a general idea of what you are planning to cut is best. You will be removing entire pads, not just portions of a pad. Make sure that this does not cut away more than you intend. If you are not able to safely reach the section to prune, do not attempt it. A ladder can sometimes assist in getting to a hard-to-reach portion or change your angle in order to easily reach what you need. You will be starting from the outer edges and working your way in, as necessary. For this type of cactus, you want to make cuts at the joints near the base of the pads. Methodically cut a pad, setting it to the side safely, and continue. From the outer edges, work your way inward, cutting just enough to either remove all dead or diseased portions or get the look you are wanting. Do not simply cut across a pad to remove a section. This will kill the pad regardless and require additional pruning. For aesthetic pruning, you may need to cut a pad or two at a time and then step away to see the progress. This can help to prevent over-pruning.
A: Locate the pads to be cut away. Start in a safe-to-reach section. Prune just enough to achieve your goal.

Q: The sheet of cardboard can be larger than these dimensions, but not smaller. If it is larger, use a ruler and pencil to draw a 60 by 30cm (24 by 12in) rectangle on it. Along one of the long edges of this 60 x 30 rectangle, stick a pushpin at the halfway point (so it's 30cm (12in) from each end). You can also use a piece of rigid foam board instead of cardboard. Tie one end of a piece of string to the pushpin, and the other end to a pencil placed at the midpoint of the opposite long edge of the cardboard. Keep the string pulled tight and move the pencil back and forth over the cardboard sheet. The string will guide it to make a half-circle shape. Wind the string around the pencil until the distance between the pencil and pushpin is reduced to 2cm (0.79in). Trace a second, much smaller half-circle onto the board. This smaller circle will become the cut-out for your nose. Use sturdy scissors or a utility knife to cut along both the larger and smaller half-circles. It doesn't have to be perfect, but take your time to ensure a smooth curve to your rainbow-shaped board. If this is part of a child's science project, an adult should supervise this task or do it themselves. Scissors and especially utility knives can be very dangerous. Pick a spot roughly halfway between where the pushpin and pencil were when you started tracing. Use double-sided tape or glue to attach the bottom of a disposable plastic cup to what will be the underside of your board. You'll hold the cup with both hands to keep the board in position while taking the test. Stick the pushpin you used earlier back into the cardboard, this time just short of the spot where you originally placed the pencil to start tracing. This will serve as your focal point while you take the test. The pushpin might stick all the way through the cardboard, so be careful not to prick your finger on it while testing! Each strip should be 10 by 2cm (3.94 by 0.79in). Use rigid construction paper, or use markers to color strips of a rigid white paper (like index cards). You can use a different combination of easy-to-distinguish colors, but red, yellow, and green are the ideal combination. Take 3 of the strips (one of each color) and trim off two of the corners on one of the short sides of each. This will create a triangular shape at one end of each of them. When your friend uses one of these triangular strips during the test, make sure they hold it with the pointed end up. Use the handle (the attached cup) to hold the board just below eye level. The bridge of your nose should remain in contact with the small cardboard cutout. Keep the board steady and level in front of you during the test. Focus your eyes on the pushpin that's stuck in the cardboard, and don't look away from that spot. While you do this, have a friend hold up one of the colored strips at one of the far ends of the boardthat is, at either "end of the rainbow." Your friend needs to remain as still as possible during the test. It may be easiest for them to sit or stand directly across from you, past the pushpin. But keep your focus on the pushpin, not them. The paper strip should be beyond your field of vision when at the starting point. If you can detect it being there, make sure you're staring straight ahead and that your partner is holding the paper strip in the corner of the board. Have your friend slowly slide the paper strip along the curved edge of the board. As soon as you're able to detect movement in your peripheral vision, let your friend know by saying "OK" or something similar. They should pause for a moment, then continue sliding the paper strip. If you want to keep a record of your results, have your friend quickly mark this point on the underside of the board with a pencil before proceeding further. Because of how peripheral vision functionsrelying more on the rods in your eyes that are sensitive to movement, rather than the color-sensitive conesyou should notice that something is moving before you can make out its shape or color. As your friend continues to move the paper strip into your field of vision, indicate when you can see more details. For instance, say "red" and then "triangle" when you see that they are using the red strip of paper with the triangular top. If desired, they can mark these spots with pencil on the underside of the board as well. You can do the test as many times as you like, but consider doing it 3 times on each side to test your left and right peripheral vision. For a more accurate test regarding your perception of color and shape, have your friend use one strip of each color on each side, in random order. For instance: red triangle to your right; yellow rectangle to your left; yellow triangle to your right; green triangle to your left; red rectangle to your right; green rectangle to your left. For example, you can reduce the light level in the room, give your eyes a few minutes to adjust, and repeat the test to see how your results compare. Or, you can write random letters or numbers on the strips and tell your friend as soon as you can read them.
A:
Prepare a 60 by 30cm (24 by 12in) piece of cardboard for use. Draw a large half-circle within the 60 by 30cm (24 by 12in) rectangle. Draw a smaller half-circle with a 2cm (0.79in) radius. Cut your cardboard into the shape of a rainbow. Tape a cup to the underside of the board to serve as a handle. Insert a pushpin into the apex of the rainbow shape. Cut 6 rectangular strips from red, yellow, and green construction paper. Use scissors to give half of the colored strips a pointed end. Hold the board to your face with your nose in the small cutout. Stare at the pushpin while a partner holds up a colored paper strip. Tell your helper when you first notice movement. Continue the test until you detect color and shape as well. Repeat the test on the other side and with the other strips. Change the conditions of the test slightly, if desired.