Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Arthritis and valvular carditis coexist in several human rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, and rheumatoid arthritis. T cell receptor-transgenic K/BxN mice develop spontaneous autoantibody-associated arthritis and valvular carditis. The common Fc receptor (FcR) signaling chain is required for carditis to develop in K/BxN mice. FcR pairs with numerous receptors in a variety of cells. The aim of this study was to identify the FcR-associated receptors and Fc receptor (FcR)-expressing cells that mediate valvular carditis in this model.', 'We bred K/BxN mice lacking the genes that encode activating Fc receptors (FcRI, FcRIII, and FcRIV), and we assessed these mice for valvular carditis. We similarly evaluated complement component C3-deficient K/BxN mice. Immunohistochemistry, bone marrow transplantation, and macrophage depletion were used to define the key FcR-expressing cell type.', 'Genetic deficiency of only one of the activating Fc receptors did not prevent carditis, whereas deficiency of all 3 activating Fc receptors did. Further analysis demonstrated that FcRIII and FcRIV were the key drivers of valve inflammation; FcRI was dispensable. C3 was not required. FcR expression by radioresistant cells was critical for valvular carditis to develop, and further analysis indicated that macrophages were the key candidate FcR-expressing effectors of carditis.

Ex Output:
1

Ex Input:
To investigate the differential expressions of nucleolin in invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasms (CIN) and normal cervical epithelial tissues and explore the role of nucleolin in the carcinogenesis and progression of cervical squamous cell carcinoma.', 'Fifty specimens of invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma, 65 specimens of CIN, and 60 adjacent normal cervical epithelial tissue specimens were examined immunohistochemically for nucleolin expression. The correlation of nucleolin expression levels with histological grades of invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma and CIN were analyzed.', 'The specimens of invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma showed a significantly higher positivity rate for nucleolin expression than CIN and normal cervical epithelial tissues, and the rate in CIN tissues was significantly higher than that in normal cervical epithelial tissues (P<0.01). The expression level of nucleolin was significantly higher in invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma than in CIN and normal cervical epithelia tissues, and higher in CIN than in normal cervical epithelia tissues, whose immunostaining scores were 7.60.3, 6.10.2, and 3.00.2, respectively (P<0.01). The mean nucleolin immunostaining score was significantly higher in poorly and moderately differentiated than in highly differentiated cervical squamous cell carcinoma (7.9 vs 7.1, P<0.01), and higher in high grade CIN than in low grade CIN tissues (6.0 vs 4.0, P<0.01).

Ex Output:
1

Ex Input:
Matrix Metalloproteinase-26 (MMP-26) is the smallest member of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family that functions mainly in the extracellular milieu to cleave the extracellular matrix proteins. It is expressed in various cell types of placenta, but its function in placentation has been poorly understood. Considering the existence of a unique cysteine switch sequence in MMP-26 protein sequence, as well as the evidence in cancer cells indicating the digestion of the NH2-terminal domain of ER by MMP-26, we hypothesize that MMP-26 may have specific intracellular activity in human placental trophoblast cells.', 'This study aimed to identify the intracellular binding partners of MMP-26 and investigate how MMP-26 is involved in placentation through the interactions with its partners.', 'Yeast two-hybrid system was employed to screen potential binding partners of MMP-26 in human placenta. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to verify the interactions between MMP-26 and the binding partners. HEK293T and HTR8/SVneo cell lines were used as in vitro models to investigate the roles of the interaction between MMP-26 and its binding partner on cell behaviors.', 'RESULTS of yeast two-hybrid assay, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assays revealed that MMP-26 could bind to growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in the intracellular milieu. The binding of MMP-26 to GDF15 was responsible for the processing and maturation of pro-GDF15, and the process was dependent on the enzymatic activity of MMP-26. In human placental trophoblast cells, MMP-26 could facilitate the pro-apoptotic effect of GDF15.

Ex Output:
1