Q: Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL) in the late 1960s. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept in the early ARPANET in the United States.

Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages.

1. Naming packet switching.
2. packet switching networks.
3. Europe.
4. No.
5. Established principles.
6. Network bandwidth.
7. Paul Baran
8. No.
9. In the late 1960s.
10. National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL)

Numbered questions:
1. What is davies known for causing?
2. What did he inspire?
3. Where?
4. Did it follow previous thought ideals?
5. What did it challenge?
6. Principles of what system?
7. Who developed those principals?
8. Was the concept an immediate success?
9. When did it find success?
10. Where did davies work curing this time?

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Chapter IX.

Joe went to bed that night with a promise to himself to rise early next morning, for he had been invited to take part in a "raising," which term meant that a new cabin was to be erected, and such task was ever an event in the lives of the settlers.

The following morning Joe rose early, dressing himself in a complete buckskin suit, for which he had exchanged his good garments of cloth. Never before had he felt so comfortable. He wanted to hop, skip and jump. The soft, undressed buckskin was as warm and smooth as silk-plush; the weight so light, the moccasins so well-fitting and springy, that he had to put himself under considerable restraint to keep from capering about like a frolicsome colt.

The possession of this buckskin outfit, and the rifle and accouterments which went with the bargain, marked the last stage in Joe's surrender to the border fever. The silent, shaded glens, the mystery of the woods, the breath of this wild, free life claimed him from this moment entirely and forever.

He met the others, however, with a serene face, showing no trace of the emotion which welled up strongly from his heart. Nell glanced shyly at him; Kate playfully voiced her admiration; Jim met him with a brotherly ridicule which bespoke his affection as well as his amusement; but Colonel Zane, having once yielded to the same burning, riotous craving for freedom which now stirred in the boy's heart, understood, and felt warmly drawn toward the lad. He said nothing, though as he watched Joe his eyes were grave and kind. In his long frontier life, where many a day measured the life and fire of ordinary years, he had seen lad after lad go down before this forest fever. It was well, he thought, because the freedom of the soil depended on these wild, light-footed boys; yet it always made him sad. How many youths, his brother among them, lay under the fragrant pine-needle carpet of the forest, in their last earthly sleep! 1. What was the event?
2. What does that mean?
3. Where does this story take place?
4. Who awoke?
5. What did he wear?
6. How did he get it?
7. Was the suit comfortable?
8. How many girls are in this story?
9. What was her name?
10. Were they on the prairie?
11. What was the terrain like?
12. who took an earthly slumber?
numbered_answers: 1. a "raising,"
2. a new cabin was to be erected
3. near the border
4. Joe
5. complete buckskin suit
6. unknown
7. yes
8. One
9. Kate
10. No
11. shaded glens, the mystery of the woods
12. Colonel Zane

The Toronto Star is a Canadian broadsheet daily newspaper. It is Canada's highest-circulation newspaper on overall weekly circulation; although it is a close second to "The Globe and Mail" in daily circulation on weekdays and Saturdays, it overtakes the "Globe" in weekly circulation because it publishes a Sunday edition while the "Globe" does not. It is owned by Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd., a division of Star Media Group, a subsidiary of Torstar Corporation.

The "Star" (originally known as the "Evening Star" and then the "Toronto Daily Star") was created in 1892 by striking "Toronto News" printers and writers, led by future Mayor of Toronto and social reformer Horatio Clarence Hocken, who became the newspaper's founder, along with another future mayor, Jimmy Simpson.

"The Star" was first printed on "Toronto World" presses, and at its formation "The World" owned a 51% interest in it as a . That arrangement only lasted for two months, during which time it was rumoured that William Findlay "Billy" Maclean, the "World"'s proprietor, was considering selling the "Star" to the Riordon family. After an extensive fundraising campaign among the "Star" staff, Maclean agreed to sell his interest to Hocken.

The paper did poorly in its first few years. Hocken sold out within the year, and several owners followed in succession until Sir William Mackenzie bought it in 1896. Its new editors, Edmund E. Sheppard and Frederic Thomas Nicholls, moved the entire "Star" operation into the same building used by the magazine "Saturday Night". This would continue until Joseph E. "Holy Joe" Atkinson, backed by funds raised by supporters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, bought the paper. The supporters included Senator George Cox, William Mulock, Peter Charles Larkin and Timothy Eaton. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. Who owns the Toronto Star?
2. What is that a division of?
3. Who's subsidiary is that?
4. What is the Toronto Star?
5. What kind?
6. What does it achieve highest circulation on?
7. What days does it place second?
8. How does it rank highest weekly then?
9. Who is first place everyday but Sunday?
10. Why not on Sunday?
11. Who is the founder of the Star?
12. Did he have a partner?
13. Did either of them become mayor?
14. Which one?
15. Who was Hocken leading when the paper got started?
16. How did if perform in the beginning?
17. What year did it begin?
18. When did he sell it?
19. Who purchased it in 1896?
20. For how much?
Answer:
1. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd
2. The Star Media Group.
3. Torstar Corporation.
4. A newspaper.
5. A broadsheet daily.
6. Overall weekly circulation.
7. Weekdays and Saturdays
8. Because it publishes a Sunday edition.
9. The Globe and Mail
10. it doesn't have one.
11. Horatio Clarence Hocken
12. Jimmy Simpson.
13. Yes.
14. Both
15. Striking "Toronto News" printers and writers,
16. Poorly.
17. 1892
18. Within the year
19. Sir William Mackenzie.
20. unknown