Q: Arabic (, ' or ' or ) is a Central Semitic language complex that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the "lingua franca" of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula.

The modern written language (Modern Standard Arabic) is derived from Classical Arabic. It is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic ("fusha"), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times.

During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Saracens from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish.

Answer the following questions:
1. what type of language is it
2. when did it come about
3. in what country
4. what words are used to describe it in the arab world
5. what was the term first used for
6. where does the modern day language come from
7. is this a language that is taught in a lot of places
8. what are the two varieties of the language
9. Which one is the vofficial language in 26 states
10. Is it also a language used in Islam
11. What does the modern language not include anymore
12. Where was literary arabic used a lot in middle ages
13. what country
14. do some european languages now use words from it
15. what is the main language it is seen in
16. who has roughly 500 arabic words
17. why is this
18. during what centuries
19. what other languages have used their words
20. from contact with who
A: 1. A Central Semitic language complex
2. The Iron Age
3. northwestern Arabia
4. Lingua Franca
5. To describe people living in certain regions.
6. Classical Arabic
7. Yes.
8. Literary and Modern Standard Arabic
9. Literary Arabic.
10. Yes
11. Grammatical constructions and some vocabulary.
12. Science, mathematics and philosophy.
13. Throughout Europe.
14. Yes.
15. Spanish
16. Sicily.
17. They were conquered by Saracens from North Africa.
18. The ninth to mid tenth centuries.
19. Greek and Bulgarian
20. The Ottoman Turkish.
Q: Oil is plentiful in West Texas. When people think of West Texas they think of these machines called "pump-jacks." A pump-jack is a machine that pulls Oil out of the Earth. Robert's job is to fix pump-jacks. So he travels to West Texas to see if he can help. Steve owns many pump-jacks and is having a very tough time keeping them working. During the summer in West Texas the temperature can be over 100, which causes these machines to break often. Robert runs into Steve at a restaurant on a very hot day. After they talked about the weather for a few seconds, Steve says "my machines keep breaking because of this heat!" Robert says "Steve, I think you and I are both in luck because I fix pump-jacks." Immediately, they both travel out to Steve's land and Robert gets to work!

Answer the following questions:
1. What is there a lot of in West Texas?
2. What gets oil out of the Earth?
3. Who fixes it?
4. Who has a lot of pump jacks?
5. Is he having issues with the equipment working?
6. Why?
7. Who does he meet at the diner?
8. What did they chat about?
9. Do they figure out a solution over the broken machines?
10. How soon do they go to the land after meeting?
A: 1. Oil.
2. A pump-jack.
3. Robert.
4. Steve.
5. Yes.
6. Because the temperature is often over 100, which causes them to break.
7. Steve.
8. The weather.
9. Yes.
10. Immediately.
Q: Limit the use of private cars, improve public transport and encourage the use of bicycles to control traffic congestion during the 2008 Olympics, experts from foreign countries advised Beijing on Friday. Professor Nigel Wilson, of the civil and environmental engineering department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said he was "supportive to the limiting of private cars during the Olympic Games", saying that in foreign countries, the method is also adopted during big events, but he was unsure about the approach. The government planned to keep an average of more than one million cars off the roads to improve traffic flow during the Olympics, said Liu Xiaoming, deputy director of the Beijing Traffic Committee, at the China Planning Network First Urban Transportation Congress. Sharing Wilson's view, Dr. Yoshitsugu Hayashi, dean of the Graduate School of Environmental Studies of Nagoya University, believed the reduction in car use should be achieved not by banning, but through _ . "Drivers who don't use their private cars could be given points," he said, "and the points could be exchanged for goods from online shopping." Wetzel stressed limiting the use of company cars. "Governmental officials should also be encouraged to use public transportation or ride bicycles," he said, adding that he himself is a bicycle-rider in London. Matthew Martimo, director of Traffic Engineering with Citilabs, said the bicycle was China's advantage. "Limiting private cars is an idea worth trying but it is just a temporary solution," he said. "The real cause of congestion is high density of people in Beijing and many have cars." Beijing, with a population of 15 million, is home to more than three million automobiles, and the number is rising by 1,000 a day. Professor Wilson said the Olympic Games was a great opportunity for Beijing to think about traffic problems and develop transportation, adding that the city had already been making public transport more efficient. Beijing has promised to stretch its 114-kilometer city railway to 200 kilometers before the opening of the Olympic Games. "We are looking forward to borrowing Beijing's experiences and drawing from its lessons in preparation for the 2012 Olympics," said Wetzel.

Answer the following questions:
1. how many cars did they want to keep off the road during the Olympics?
2. How were they going to achieve that?
3. what were they encouraging people to use?
4. which olympics were these?
5. who advised Beijing?
6. where was he from?
7. which department?
8. where else is that method used?
9. during what time?
10. Did they think cars should be banned?
11. what did they propose instead?
12. what can they use points for?
13. what is the real cause of traffic problems?
14. Do most of them have cars?
15. how many people live there?
16. how many of them have vehicles?
17. what were they going to do with the railway?
18. what was it before expansion?
19. what would they expand it to?
20. when?
A:
1. one million
2. Drivers who don't use their private cars could be given points
3. public transportation or ride bicycles
4. the 2008 Olympics
5. Professor Nigel Wilson
6. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7. environmental engineering
8. foreign countries
9. big events
10. no
11. drivers who comply given points
12. goods from online shopping
13. high density of people in Beijing
14. yes
15. 15 million
16. three million
17. expand it
18. 114-kilometer
19. 200 kilometers
20. before the opening of the Olympic Games