Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Context: To assess, in a retrospective cohort, urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UT-UC) in patients with various stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their clinicopathological features, as patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have a higher incidence of UT-UC, but the relationship between early stages of CKD and characteristics of UT-UC are less well known.', 'The study included 267 patients with pathologically confirmed UT-UC from January 1994 to December 2006; all had a physical examination (blood pressure), and measurements of laboratory data (serum creatinine, serum haemoglobin) and pathological data. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Patients were divided into three groups by individual GFR (mL/min), i.e. >60 (no/mild CKD), 30-60 (CKD stage 3) and <30 (CKD stage 4/5).', 'The CKD stages included 81 (30.3%) patients with none/mild CKD, 121 (45.3%) with CKD stage 3 and 65 (24.3%) with CKD stage 4/5. There was a significant and parallel increase in the frequency of UT-UC as CKD severity increased from none/mild CKD to stage 3 (11% vs 55%), and from CKD stage 3 to 4/5 (55% vs 71%; P < 0.05). Pathologically, the frequency of high-grade and high T stage UT-UC in patients with CKD stage 3 (90% and 35%, respectively) and CKD stage 4/5 (91% and 29%, respectively) were significantly greater than in the group with none/mild CKD (P < 0.001). Advanced age and more distant metastasis were independent risk factors for patient survival.
Answer: The aggressiveness of UT-UC increased with the severity of CKD, and this might have important clinical consequences.
[EX A]: Does the aggressiveness of urinary tract urothelial carcinoma increase with the severity of chronic kidney disease?

[EX Q]: Context: The ADAMTS13-von Willebrand factor (vWF) axis has been suggested to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in the heart or brain. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether this axis was involved in the pathophysiology of IRI-induced acute kidney injury.', 'We performed renal IRI in ADAMTS13 knockout (KO) or wild type (WT) mice. Functional and histological kidney damage, and inflammation were compared and the effect of anti-vWF antibodies in ADAMTS13 KO mice was assessed.', 'Following IRI, the blood and kidney ADAMTS13 levels were significantly decreased. vWF expression was significantly upregulated in both the medulla and cortex of injured kidneys as shown by immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses. There was also an increased level of vWF dimers after IRI. In ADAMTS13 KO mice, kidney vWF levels were further increased and this was associated with greater endothelial and epithelial injury compared to WT mice, suggesting an important role of vWF in renal IRI. In addition, the number of Gr-1
Answer: Our data show that the ADAMTS13-vWF axis is partially involved in the pathophysiology of kidney IR, suggesting that regulating ADAMTS13- and vWF-dependent mechanisms could have therapeutic potential to limit renal IRI. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
[EX A]: Is the ADAMTS13-von Willebrand factor axis involved in the pathophysiology of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury?

[EX Q]: Context: Genetic and environmental variation are both known to influence development. Evolution of a developmental response that is optimized to the environment (adaptive plasticity) requires the existence of genetic variation for that developmental response. In complex traits composed of integrated sets of subsidiary traits, the adaptive process may be slowed by the existence of multiple possible integrated responses. This study tests for family (sibship) specific differences in plastic response to hypoxia in an integrated set of cardiovascular traits in zebrafish.', 'Cardiac output, which is the integrated product of several subsidiary traits, varied highly significantly between families, and families differed significantly in the degree and direction of response to developmental oxygen level. The cardiac output response to oxygen environment was entirely family specific with no significant overall trend due to oxygen level. Constituent physiological variables that contribute to cardiac output all showed significant family specific response to hypoxia. Traits that were not directly related to cardiac output, such as arterial and venous diameter, and red blood cell velocities did not respond to hypoxia in a family specific manner.
Answer: Zebrafish families vary in their plastic response to hypoxia. Genetic variation in plastic response to hypoxia may therefore provide the basic ingredient for adaptation to a variable environment. Considerable variation in the degree of familial response to hypoxia exists between different cardiovascular traits that may contribute to cardiac output. It is possible that the integration of several subsidiary traits into cardiac output allows the maintenance of genetic variance in cardiac response.
[EX A]:
Does cardiovascular system in larval zebrafish respond to developmental hypoxia in a family specific manner?