Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Mechanisms for establishing cellular asymmetries include morphogen gradients, localized determinants, and what other type of interactions? Choices: - reductive - conductive - electromagnetic - inductive A:
inductive
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chemical reactions are described using chemical equations. Q: How do we describe chemical reactions? Choices: - balanced reactions - equilibrium - atomic numbers - chemical equations A:
chemical equations
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cancer is a disease that causes cells to divide out of control. Normally, the body has systems that prevent cells from dividing out of control. But in the case of cancer, these systems fail. Cancer is usually caused by mutations. Mutations are random errors in genes. Mutations that lead to cancer usually happen to genes that control the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, abnormal cells divide uncontrollably. This often leads to the development of a tumor. A tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue. As a tumor grows, it may harm normal tissues around it. Anything that can cause cancer is called a carcinogen . Carcinogens may be pathogens, chemicals, or radiation. Q: Which disease causes cells to divide out of control Choices: - autoimmune diseases - mutation - arthritis - cancer A:
A: cancer
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cells with different functions often vary in shape. They may also vary in size. However, all cells are very small. Even the largest organisms have microscopic cells. Cells are so small that their diameter is measured in micrometers. A micrometer is just one-millionth of a meter. Use the sliding scale at the following link to see how small cells and cell parts are compared with other objects. Q: What do all cells have in common? Choices: - same shape - same function - life span - small size A:
Answer: small size
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Earthquakes are primarily the result of plate tectonic motions. What type of stress would cause earthquakes at each of the three types of plate boundaries?. Q: What phenomenon is primarily the result of plate tectonic motions? Choices: - eruption - tsunamis - volcanoes - earthquake A:
**Answer**
earthquake
(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The Evolution of Promoters The evolution of genes may be a familiar concept. Mutations can occur in genes during DNA replication, and the result may or may not be beneficial to the cell. By altering an enzyme, structural protein, or some other factor, the process of mutation can transform functions or physical features. However, eukaryotic promoters and other gene regulatory sequences may evolve as well. For instance, consider a gene that, over many generations, becomes more valuable to the cell. Maybe the gene encodes a structural protein that the cell needs to synthesize in abundance for a certain function. If this is the case, it would be beneficial to the cell for that gene's promoter to recruit transcription factors more efficiently and increase gene expression. Scientists examining the evolution of promoter sequences have reported varying results. In part, this is because it is difficult to infer exactly where a eukaryotic promoter begins and ends. Some promoters occur within genes; others are located very far upstream, or even downstream, of the genes they are regulating. However, when researchers limited their examination to human core promoter sequences that were defined experimentally as sequences that bind the preinitiation complex, they found that promoters evolve even faster than protein-coding genes. It is still unclear how promoter evolution might correspond to the evolution of humans or other higher organisms. However, the evolution of a promoter to effectively make more or less of a given gene product [1] is an intriguing alternative to the evolution of the genes themselves. Promoter Structures for RNA Polymerases I and III In eukaryotes, the conserved promoter elements differ for genes transcribed by RNA polymerases I, II, and III. RNA polymerase I transcribes genes that have two GC-rich promoter sequences in the -45 to +20 region. These sequences alone are sufficient for transcription initiation to occur, but promoters with additional sequences in the region from -180 to -105 upstream of... Q: When can mutations occur in genes? Choices: - after rna replication - after dna replication - during rna replication - during dna replication A:
(Answer)
during dna replication