TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: The lemma named for this person states that if a prime number divides a product, then it divides a factor of that product. Janos Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky developed a system that was notable for not following all of this person's rules. A so-called orchard is named for this person because of his algorithm for finding greatest common divisors. A book he wrote states that if a line segment intersects two lines, then the lines meet on the side of the segment where the interior angle sum is less than two right angles, the last of his five postulates. Name this mathematician whose Elements was a standard text of geometry.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: Koussevitsky commissioned this man to write his Symphony for Organ and Orchestra. He wrote an opera that opens with the arrival of Laurie Moss' graduation gown. Three ascending notes in the brass open a work by this man that debuted at tax time. He quoted folk songs like "Camptown Races" in a work that incorporates spoken-word readings of texts like the Gettysburg Address. He used themes from the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts" for ballet choreographed by Martha Graham. Another of his ballets contains a "Hoe Down. " He composed Fanfare for the Common Man and the ballets Rodeo and Billy the Kid. For 10 points, name this composer of Appalachian Spring.

SOLUTION: Fine Arts

PROBLEM: The edge named for this phenomenon describes the feature of a spectograph caused by it, and its namesake suppression counteracts that edge. Dense galactic clusters perturb the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation through an inverse form of this, the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. Plank's constant divided by a particle's rest mass times the speed of light gives its namesake wavelength, and the derivative of its cross-section is given by the Klein-Nishina formula. For 10 points, name this effect which describes a decrease in the wavelength of a photon when it collides with an electron, an American physicist's namesake scattering.

SOLUTION:
Science