Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Clinical studies demonstrate increased prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated disease in HIV-infected individuals and an increased risk of HIV acquisition in HPV-infected individuals. The mechanisms underlying this synergy are not defined. We hypothesize that women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) will exhibit changes in soluble mucosal immunity that may promote HPV persistence and facilitate HIV infection.', 'The concentrations of immune mediators and endogenous anti-Escherichia coli activity in genital tract secretions collected by cervicovaginal lavage were compared in HIV-negative women with high-risk HPV-positive (HRHPV+) CIN-3 (n = 37), HRHPV+ CIN-1 (n = 12), or PAP-negative control subjects (n = 57).', 'Compared with control subjects, women with CIN-3 or CIN-1 displayed significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-1, and IL-8 (P < 0.002) and significantly lower levels of anti-inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides, including IL-1 receptor antagonist, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (P < 0.01), and human defensins 2 and 3 (P < 0.02). There was no significant difference in endogenous anti-E. coli activity after controlling for age and sample storage time.
0

Genetic variants in DLG5, which encodes a scaffolding protein on chromosome 10q23, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, encoding a proinflammatory cytokine on chromosome 6p, have recently been reported to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We studied these variants to seek evidence of association with IBD in a large independent dataset.', "We genotyped 1104 unrelated white IBD subjects-496 with Crohn's disease, 512 with ulcerative colitis, and 96 with indeterminate colitis from the Cambridge/Eastern (UK) panel-and 760 healthy control subjects for DLG5_113G/A, DLG5_4136C/A, TNF-857C/T, and TNF-1031T/C polymorphisms. Known Crohn's disease-predisposing variants in CARD15/NOD2 were also genotyped to permit analysis for reported epistatic interactions.", ": TNF-857 was shown to be associated with IBD overall (P = 0.0079). A formal interaction test showed that TNF-857 is associated equally with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Neither of the DLG5 alleles, however, was associated with IBD (P = 0.32 and 0.35). Subgroup analysis also failed to show evidence of association between either DLG5 allele or genotype frequencies and ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Stratification of TNF-alpha and DLG5 cases by CARD15 genotype made no significant difference in the strength of associations.
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To test the hypothesis that hot flashes specifically relate to verbal memory performance by examining the relationship between objective hot flashes and cognitive test performance in women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms.', 'In an observational study, 29 midlife women (mean age, 53 y) with moderate to severe hot flashes provided measures of objective hot flashes with an ambulatory hot flash monitor, subjective hot flashes with a diary and questionnaire, and objective measures of verbal memory and other cognitive functions with standardized neuropsychological tests.', 'The mean number of objective hot flashes was 19.5 per day (range, 6 to 35), including 15.3 (range, 6 to 35) during waking hours and 4.2 (range, 0 to 9) during sleep. The mean sensitivity (ie, subjective detection of objectively measured hot flashes) was 60%. Regression analyses revealed that total number of objective hot flashes, sleep duration, and verbal knowledge were significant predictors of delayed verbal memory. Verbal fluency correlated positively with objective daytime hot flashes. Hot flashes did not predict performance on any of the other secondary cognitive measures (ie, attention, working memory, visual memory), although poor sleep predicted worse performance on several outcome measures.
1