Answer the following question given this paragraph: The Cell Wall The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells has a high concentration of dissolved solutes. Therefore, the osmotic pressure within the cell is relatively high. The cell wall is a protective layer that surrounds some cells and gives them shape and rigidity. It is located outside the cell membrane and prevents osmotic lysis (bursting due to increasing volume). The chemical composition of the cell walls varies between archaea and bacteria, and also varies between bacterial species. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, composed of polysaccharide chains that are cross-linked by unusual peptides containing both L- and D-amino acids including D-glutamic acid and D-alanine. Proteins normally have only L-amino acids; as a consequence, many of our antibiotics work by mimicking D-amino acids and therefore have specific effects on bacterial cell wall development. There are more than 100 different forms of peptidoglycan. S-layer (surface layer) proteins are also present on the outside of cell walls of both archaea and bacteria. Bacteria are divided into two major groups: Gram positive and Gram negative, based on their reaction to Gram staining. Note that all Gram-positive bacteria belong to one phylum; bacteria in the other phyla (Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, and others) are Gram-negative. The Gram staining method is named after its inventor, Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (18531938). The different bacterial responses to the staining procedure are ultimately due to cell wall structure. Gram-positive organisms typically lack the outer membrane found in Gram-negative organisms (Figure 22.15). Up to 90 percent of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria is composed of peptidoglycan, and most of the rest is composed of acidic substances called teichoic acids. Teichoic acids may be covalently linked to lipids in the plasma membrane to form lipoteichoic acids. Lipoteichoic acids anchor the cell wall to the cell membrane. Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall composed... Q: The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells has a high concentration of dissolved solutes. therefore, the osmotic pressure within the cell is what? Choices: - relatively normal - relatively low - relative - relatively high A:
relatively high
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hyperopia is commonly called farsightedness. People with hyperopia can see distant objects clearly, but nearby objects appear blurry. Hyperopia occurs when images focus in back of the retina because the eyeball is too short. This vision problem can be corrected with convex lenses, which curve outward. The lenses focus images correctly on the retina. Q: What is the scientific term for farsightedness? Choices: - hypoxia - myopia - micropsia - hyperopia A:
hyperopia
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Most fossils form when a dead organism is buried in sediment. Layers of sediment slowly build up. The sediment is buried and turns into sedimentary rock. The remains inside the rock also turn to rock. The remains are replaced by minerals. The remains literally turn to stone. Fossilization is illustrated in Figure below . Q: Most fossils form when a dead organism is buried in what? Choices: - soil - ash - sand - sediment A:
A: sediment
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Bacteria are like eukaryotic cells in that they have cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane. Q: Bacteria are like eukaryotic cells in that they have cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a? Choices: - cell wall - chloroplast - brain - plasma membrane A:
Answer: plasma membrane
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The first organisms were made of only one cell ( Figure below ). The earliest cells were prokaryotes . Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, but they do not have a nucleus. The cells got their nutrients directly from the water. The cells needed to use these nutrients to live and grow. Q: The earliest cells were called what? Choices: - eukaryotes - carbohydrates - microcytes - prokaryotes A:
**Answer**
prokaryotes
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Unfortunately, using energy from nuclear fusion is far from a reality. Scientists are a long way from developing the necessary technology. One problem is raising temperatures high enough for fusion to take place. Another problem is that matter this hot exists only in the plasma state. There are no known materials that can contain plasma, although a magnet might be able to do it. That's because plasma consists of ions and responds to magnetism. You can learn more about research on nuclear fusion at the URL below. Q: In which state does matter need to be for nuclear fusion? Choices: - cells state - solid state - gaseous state - plasma state A:
**Answer**
plasma state