Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Severe malaria (SM) is classically associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Little information is available on the contribution of P. vivax to severe disease. There are some epidemiological indications that P. vivax or mixed infections protect against complications and deaths. A large morbidity surveillance conducted in an area where the four species coexist allowed us to estimate rates of SM among patients infected with one or several species.', 'This was a prospective cohort study conducted within the framework of the Malaria Vaccine Epidemiology and Evaluation Project. All presumptive malaria cases presenting at two rural health facilities over an 8-y period were investigated with history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory assessment. Case definition of SM was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria adapted for the setting (i.e., clinical diagnosis of malaria associated with asexual blood stage parasitaemia and recent history of fits, or coma, or respiratory distress, or anaemia [haemoglobin < 5 g/dl]). Out of 17,201 presumptive malaria cases, 9,537 (55%) had a confirmed Plasmodium parasitaemia. Among those, 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.7%-6.8%) fulfilled the case definition of SM, most of them in children <5 y. In this age group, the proportion of SM was 11.7% (10.4%-13.2%) for P. falciparum, 8.8% (7.1%-10.7%) for P. vivax, and 17.3% (11.7%-24.2%) for mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. P. vivax SM presented more often with respiratory distress than did P. falciparum (60% versus 41%, p = 0.002), but less often with anaemia (19% versus 41%, p = 0.0001).

Ex Output:
Are plasmodium vivax and mixed infections associated with severe malaria in children : a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea?

Ex Input:
This study investigated the isolated and combined effects of heat [temperate (22C/30% rH) vs. hot (35C/40% rH)] and hypoxia [sea level (FiO2 0.21) vs. moderate altitude (FiO2 0.15)] on exercise capacity and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics.', 'Eleven physically active subjects cycled to exhaustion at constant workload (66% of the power output associated with their maximal oxygen uptake in temperate conditions) in four different environmental conditions [temperate/sea level (control), hot/sea level (hot), temperate/moderate altitude (hypoxia) and hot/moderate altitude (hot+hypoxia)]. Torque and electromyography (EMG) responses following electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve (plantar-flexion; soleus) were recorded before and 5min after exercise.', 'Time to exhaustion was reduced (P<0.05) in hot (-3515%) or hypoxia (-3614%) compared to control (6128min), while hot+hypoxia (-5120%) further compromised exercise capacity (P<0.05). However, the effect of temperature or altitude on end-exercise core temperature (P=0.089 and P=0.070, respectively) and rating of perceived exertion (P>0.05) did not reach significance. Maximal voluntary contraction torque, voluntary activation (twitch interpolation) and peak twitch torque decreased from pre- to post-exercise (-91, -41 and -61% all trials compounded, respectively; P<0.05), with no effect of the temperature or altitude. M-wave amplitude and root mean square activity were reduced (P<0.05) in hot compared to temperate conditions, while normalized maximal EMG activity did not change. Altitude had no effect on any measured parameters.

Ex Output:
Does combining heat stress and moderate hypoxia reduce cycling time to exhaustion without modifying neuromuscular fatigue characteristics?

Ex Input:
To determine the effect of pre-existing maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the circulating levels of insulin growth factor-binding protein (IGFBPs) in cord and maternal plasma.', 'IGFBP-1-7 levels were measured on maternal and cord plasma from women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (30 non-obese and 36 obese) and GDM (44 non-obese and 26 obese) at the time of term elective cesarean section.', 'Maternal plasma IGFBP-1, IGFBP-6 and IGFBP-rP1 concentrations were significantly lower in NGT obese compared with NGT non-obese women and in non-obese GDM women compared with non-obese NGT women. In cord plasma, IGFBP-1-3 and IGFBP-rP1 concentrations were significantly lower in NGT obese compared with NGT non-obese women and in non-obese GDM women compared with non-obese NGT women. Significant positive correlations were observed between maternal and cord plasma IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-rP1 levels and maternal insulin resistance. In cord plasma, significant positive correlations were observed between IGFBP-1-3 and IGFBP-rP1 levels and fetal insulin resistance. Fetal birthweight was inversely correlated with maternal plasma IGFBP-1 levels and cord plasma IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 levels. When corrected for maternal body mass index, the only significant relationship that still existed was between cord plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations and fetal birthweight.

Ex Output:
Are insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 and 7 concentrations lower in obese pregnant women , women with gestational diabetes and their fetuses?