Information: - Stephanus pagination is a system of reference and organization used in modern editions and translations of Plato (and less famously, Plutarch) based on the 1578 edition of Plato's complete works translated by Joannes Serranus (Jean de Serres) and published by Henricus Stephanus (Henri Estienne) in Geneva. Plato's (and Plutarch's) works are divided into numbers, and each number is divided into equal sections: a, b, c, d, and e. This system is often used to reference Plato. For example, 'Symposium 172a' refers to a specific passage of Plato's "Symposium". Stephanus numbers refer to page numbers in the various volumes of Estienne's edition of 1578. No Platonic work spans more than one volume so there are no multiple occurrences of the same page number for a single work. Since Estienne published three volumes, however, the numbers need to be used in conjunction with a Platonic title to identify a unique text. For example, '172a' by itself could refer to a passage in any one of three dialogues, but "Symposium" 172a refers only to one passage. - An epistle (Greek , "epistol," "letter") is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter. The epistle genre of letter-writing was common in ancient Egypt as part of the scribal-school writing curriculum. The letters in the New Testament from Apostles to Christians are usually referred to as epistles. Those traditionally attributed to Paul are known as Pauline epistles and the others as catholic (i.e., "general") epistles. - The Western world or the West is a term usually referring to different nations, depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe. There are many accepted definitions about what they all have in common. The Western world is also known as the Occident (from Latin: "occidens" "sunset, West", as contrasted with Orient). - Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer (commonly referred to as Menes). The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. - A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC). - Henri Estienne (1528 or 1531 1598), also known as Henricus Stephanus, was a 16th-century French printer and classical scholar. He was the eldest son of Robert Estienne. - Plato (Greek: "Platn", in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire "uvre" is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. - Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (5th and 4th centuries BC) in Greek culture. This Classical period saw the annexation of much of modern-day Greece by the Persian Empire and its subsequent independence. Classical Greece had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire and on the foundations of western civilization. Much of modern Western politics, artistic thought (architecture, sculpture), scientific thought, theatre, literature, and philosophy derives from this period of Greek history. In the context of the art, architecture, and culture of Ancient Greece, the Classical period, sometimes called the Hellenic period, corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BC (the most common dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC). The Classical period in this sense follows the Archaic period and is in turn succeeded by the Hellenistic period. - The Ninth Letter of Plato , also called Epistle IX or Letter IX , is an epistle that is traditionally ascribed to Plato . In the Stephanus pagination , it spans III. 357d -- 358b . The letter is ostensibly written to Archytas of Tarentum , whom Plato met during his first trip to Sicily in 387 BCE . Archytas had sent a letter with Archippus and Philonides , two Pythagoreans who had gone on to mention to Plato that Archytas was unhappy about not being able to get free of his public responsibilities . The Ninth Letter is sympathetic , noting that nothing is more pleasant than to attend to one 's own business , especially when that business is the one that Archytas would engage in ( viz . philosophy ) . Yet everyone has responsibilities to one 's fatherland ( ) , parents , and friends , to say nothing of the need to provide for daily necessities . When the fatherland calls , it is improper not to answer , especially as a refusal will leave politics to the care of worthless men . The letter then declares that enough has been said of this subject , and concludes by noting that Plato will take care of Echecrates , who is still a youth ( ) , for Archytas ' sake and that of Echecrates ' father , as well as for the boy himself . R. G. Bury describes the Ninth Letter as '' a colourless and commonplace effusion which we would not willingly ascribe to Plato , and which no correspondent of his would be likely to preserve ; '' he also notes '' certain peculiarities of diction which point to a later hand . '' A character by the name of Echecrates also appears in the Phaedo , though Bury suggests that he , if the same person mentioned here , could hardly have been called a youth by the time Plato met Archytas . Despite the fact that Cicero attests to its having been written by Plato , most scholars consider it a literary forgery . - The New Testament (Koine Greek: , "H Kain Diathk") is the second major part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible. The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture. The New Testament (in whole or in part) has frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world. It reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology and morality. Both extended readings and phrases directly from the New Testament are also incorporated (along with readings from the Old Testament) into the various Christian liturgies. The New Testament has influenced religious, philosophical, and political movements in Christendom and left an indelible mark on literature, art, and music. - Plutarch ("Ploutarkhos", ; later named, upon becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus; c. AD 46 AD 120) was a Greek biographer and essayist, known primarily for his "Parallel Lives" and "Moralia". He is classified as a Middle Platonist. Plutarch's surviving works were written in Greek, but intended for both Greek and Roman readers. - An academy (Attic Greek: ; Koine Greek ) is an institution of secondary education, higher learning, research, or honorary membership. - The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the 13 New Testament books which have the name Paul () as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity and as part of the canon of the New Testament they are foundational texts for both Christian theology and ethics. The Epistle to the Hebrews, although it does not bear his name, was traditionally considered Pauline for a thousand years, but from the 16th century onwards opinion steadily moved against Pauline authorship and few scholars now ascribe it to Paul, mostly because it does not read like any of his other epistles in style and content. Most scholars agree that Paul really wrote seven of the Pauline epistles, but that four of the epistles in Paul's name are pseudepigraphic; scholars are divided on the authenticity of two of the epistles. - Geneva (, , , ) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zurich) and is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhone exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'part of' with the subject 'ninth letter '. Choices: - 6th century bc - ancient egypt - ancient greece - c - christian theology - city - classical greece - country - culture - education - egyptian - empire - epistles - europe - french - hebrew - hebrew bible - history of ancient egypt - learning - literature - name - new testament - old testament - organization - part - person - philosophy - roman empire - science - series - system - text - the middle - theology - word - work - writing
A:
epistles