Question: Information: - A gemstone (also called a gem, fine gem, jewel, precious stone or semi-precious stone) is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments. However, certain rocks (such as lapis lazuli) or organic materials that are not minerals (such as amber, jet, and pearl) are also used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity is another characteristic that lends value to a gemstone. Apart from jewelry, from earliest antiquity engraved gems and hardstone carvings, such as cups, were major luxury art forms. A gem maker is called a lapidary or gemcutter; a diamond worker is a diamantaire. - Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. - The interdisciplinarity field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering, involves the discovery and design of new materials, with an emphasis on solids. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy. Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such, the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world created dedicated schools of the study. Many of the most pressing scientific problems humans currently face are due to the limits of the materials that are available. Thus, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to affect the future of technology significantly. - In physics and materials science, the Curie temperature, or Curie point, is the temperature at which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic properties, to be replaced by induced magnetism. The Curie temperature is named after Pierre Curie, who showed that magnetism was lost at a critical temperature. - Yttrium iron garnet ( YIG ) is a kind of synthetic garnet , with chemical composition Y3Fe2 ( FeO4 ) 3 , or Y3Fe5O12 . It is a ferrimagnetic material with a Curie temperature of 560 K. YIG may also be known as Yttrium ferrite garnet , or as Iron yttrium oxide or Yttrium iron oxide , the latter two names usually associated with powdered forms . In YIG , the five iron ( III ) ions occupy two octahedral and three tetrahedral sites , with the yttrium ( III ) ions coordinated by eight oxygen ions in an irregular cube . The iron ions in the two coordination sites exhibit different spins , resulting in magnetic behavior . By substituting specific sites with rare earth elements , for example , interesting magnetic properties can be obtained . YIG has a high Verdet constant which results in the Faraday effect , high Q factor in microwave frequencies , low absorption of infrared wavelengths down to 450 nm , and very small linewidth in electron spin resonance . These properties make it useful for MOI ( magnetic optical imaging ) applications in superconductors . YIG is used in microwave , acoustic , optical , and magneto - optical applications , e.g. microwave YIG filters , or acoustic transmitters and transducers . It is transparent for light wavelengths over 600 nm . It also finds use in solid - state lasers in Faraday rotators , in data storage , and in various nonlinear optics applications . - Physics (from , from "phusis" "nature") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. - An abrasive is a material, often a mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away by friction. While finishing a material often means polishing it to gain a smooth, reflective surface, the process can also involve roughening as in satin, matte or beaded finishes. In short, the Ceramics which are used to cut, grind and polish other softer materials are known as Abrasives. - Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. In 1903 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel". - The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system, as proposed in modern times by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen, for classifying and studying ancient societies. What is the relationship between 'yttrium iron garnet' and 'mineral'?
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