input: Mesoamerica was a region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is one of six areas in the world where ancient civilization arose independently, and the second in the Americas along with Norte Chico (Caral-Supe) in present-day northern coastal Peru.

As a cultural area, Mesoamerica is defined by a mosaic of cultural traits developed and shared by its indigenous cultures. Beginning as early as 7000 BC, the domestication of cacao, maize, beans, tomato, squash and chili, as well as the turkey and dog, caused a transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherer tribal grouping to the organization of sedentary agricultural villages. In the subsequent Formative period, agriculture and cultural traits such as a complex mythological and religious tradition, a vigesimal numeric system, and a complex calendric system, a tradition of ball playing, and a distinct architectural style, were diffused through the area. Also in this period, villages began to become socially stratified and develop into chiefdoms with the development of large ceremonial centers, interconnected by a network of trade routes for the exchange of luxury goods, such as obsidian, jade, cacao, cinnabar, "Spondylus" shells, hematite, and ceramics. While Mesoamerican civilization did know of the wheel and basic metallurgy, neither of these technologies became culturally important. 1. What civilization was aware of the wheel?
2. Were they familiar with metallurgy?
3. Did either of those make much impact on Mesoamerica?
4. Is it diverse in culture?
5. When did they start growing cacao?
6. Was that the same time as maize?
7. What animals were being domesticated around that time?
8. That helped transform them from a hunter-gatherer tribe to what?
9. What period came after that?
10. Besides a vigesimal numeric system, what's another thing that came to be?
11. Did they create a calendar? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. Mesoamerican civilization
2. yes
3. no
4. yes
5. as early as 7000 BC
6. yes
7. turkeys and dogs
8. to sedentary agricultural villages
9. the Formative period
10. a complex calendric system
11. yes

input: First Lady Michelle Obama urged students to visit China at the "100,000 Strong" China Study Abroad forum at Howard University in 2011.

President Barack Obama announced the "100,000 Strong" Initiative during his 2009 visit to China. The program aims to increase and diversify the number of American students studying in China by making studying abroad more affordable.

During the event at Howard, Mrs. Obama spoke about the importance of studying abroad, something she never did while in college. "Studying in countries like China is about so much more than just improving your own prospects in the global market. The fact is that with every friendship you make and every bond of trust you establish you are shaping an image of America projected to the rest of the world," she said.

David Marzban from Pepperdine University recalled a time when he formed a cross-cultural bond with a complete stranger at a restaurant near Fudan University in Shanghai. He noticed a young chef signaling him to come over. "He presses the play button on his media player and starts singing 'California Dreaming' and wants me to sing along with him," Marzban said. "At this time I knew a great friendship had started during my first two weeks in China."

Nicole Baden, a senior communications major at Howard University, recalled how her time in China really helped her master the language. "You have to experience the culture while learning the language to really master it and to understand why things are how they are compared to your own culture," Baden said.

Mrs. Obama encouraged students to set aside concept that studying abroad is for rich kids only or for those attending certain schools. In addition, the first lady announced that the Chinese government is giving 10,000 "Bridge Scholarships" to cover costs for American students and teachers studying in China.

Students from several schools attended the forum. 12-year-old Sarah Davis, who studied in China last summer, said she was very excited to hear Michelle Obama talk about the country. "I love Chinese. Out of all the languages I've learned, Chinese is the most difficult and interesting," she said. 1. What initiative President Obama announced?
2. When?
3. Where?
4. What does it make affordable?
5. What the fist lady did?
6. When?
7. Where she said that?
8. What else she talked about?
9. Did she ever do it herself?
10. Who remembered making friends?
11. From which institution?
12. Where did he make friend?
13. Did anyone learn languages in this way?
14. Who?
15. From which institution?
16. How many institutions were in the forum?
17. Was there a very young participant?
18. Who was that?
19. How old was she?
20. When did she go to China? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. 100,000 Strong
2. 2009
3. China
4. studying abroad
5. urged students to visit China
6. 2011
7. Howard University
8. importance of studying abroad
9. no
10. David Marzban
11. Pepperdine University
12. in Shanghai
13. yes
14. Nicole Baden
15. Howard University
16. several
17. yes
18. Sarah Davis
19. 12
20. last summer

input: CHAPTER XXIII.

"He saw with his own eyes the moon was round, Was also certain that the earth was square, Because he'd journeyed fifty miles, and found No sign that it was circular anywhere."

_Don Juan_.

Raoul Yvard was indebted to a piece of forethought in Clinch for his life. But for the three guns fired so opportunely from the Foudroyant, the execution could not have been stayed; and but for a prudent care on the part of the master's-mate, the guns would never have been fired. The explanation is this: when Cuffe was giving his subordinate instructions how to proceed, the possibility of detention struck the latter, and he bethought him of some expedient by which such an evil might be remedied. At his suggestion then, the signal of the guns was mentioned by the captain, in his letter to the commander-in-chief, and its importance pointed out. When Clinch reached the fleet, Nelson was at Castel a Mare, and it became necessary to follow him to that place by land. Here Clinch found him in the palace of Qui-Si-Sane, in attendance on the court, and delivered his despatches. Nothing gave the British admiral greater pleasure than to be able to show mercy, the instance to the contrary already introduced existing as an exception in his private character and his public career; and it is possible that an occurrence so recent, and so opposed to his habits, may have induced him the more willingly now to submit to his ordinary impulses, and to grant the respite asked with the greater promptitude. 1. Where did Clinch find himself? Return numbered answers in your output.

output:
1. the palace