[Q]: Which of the following solutions is better for the following goal:
To add a light inside a lamp.

[A]: Get wire with a plug, and chain, and feed the chain on. Then put on a washer -this should be decently big, and this is how the shade part will be attached. Then solder the wire to the socket, and screw in the bulb. CFLs don't get very hot, so go with one of those.

[Q]: Which of the following solutions is better for the following goal:
To core an apple,

[A]: take an apple corer, center it on top of the apple around the stem, push it thru the apple, and pull it back thru the apple.

[Q]: Which of the following solutions is better for the following goal:
To weight down a balloon at a party,

[A]: put the balloon strings under a brick.

[Q]: Which of the following solutions is better for the following goal:
What is a quick fix for a running toilet

[A]:
Flush the toilet and look for a fill valve leak. Lift up on the toilet float arm when the tank is filling to see if the water stops. Bend or adjust the toilet float arm so the tank stops filling when the water level is 1/2- to 1-in. below the top of the overflow pipe.