question: Faced with a life-changing tragedy, it would be easy for Martha Clements to focus on the negative. But that's not her way. Five years after losing her vision, Clements is back doing what she loves. "It is long, Kathy," Clements says, running her hands down the length of her client's hair. Kathy Braga is letting it grow. It now hangs below her shoulders and down her back, and all she wants is a trim , so she asks Clements to show her how much an inch would be. Clements pulls a ruler from a drawer and holds it up to Braga's hair in front near her face. "Right here. An inch will be right here at your chin." Clements was in this career for about 10 years before losing her vision. Now, when she begins cutting, it's easy to forget that Clements is completely blind. She carefully compares the length of each strand of hair. Though confident of her sense of touch, she at times asks her client to be her eyes and check her work. After a careful inspection, Braga gives her approval. And after Clements blows her hair dry, she remarks, "You made me younger. I love it." Clements had been doing Braga's hair for years before she became blind. Braga is proud to say she was Clements' first customer after she lost her vision. "She sat me in the kitchen. It was dark, and she said ,' Are you ready?' I said, 'I'm ready.' And that is when she took this thing, and she said, ' Look and see if there is hair on the ground,' and I said ,' Yes, there is .' And she said, 'Okay, I have the right end of the thing." Clements was 42 years old when she suffered a pulmonary embolism that cost her sight. "I was dead for 20 minutes first and then half an hour, and the lack of oxygen killed my optical nerve." The last thing Clements remembered that day was the ambulance coming to get her. "I couldn't breathe. The next thing I remembered was waking up three days later, blind, in the hospital." Her ribs had been broken, when they treated her. Her shoulder was dislocated. She had to undergo nine months of physical treatment. "It was the hardest time in my life," she says. "Everything changed in my life: distance, smell, and sound. My kids didn't sound the same. My husband didn't sound the same too. I didn't know my home. It took me three months to find the coffee table." Once a month, a teacher from the Virginia Center for the Blind came to her home in Woodbridge, about 40 kilometers from Washington. But Clements was eager to learn more. So in 2008, she left her husband and sons, to go to the Virginia School for the Blind in Richmond for a nine-month program. "My plan was to be able to do for my family again, to do what I like to do, cook, clean, make phone calls." She learned basic skills like how to walk with a cane, how to listen and how to eat different foods. There were classes in Braille, computer skills and using different gadgets designed for the blind. Graduates of the program are expected to leave with not only life skills, but a marketable skill as well. "My teacher asked me why I wouldn't do hair. I said, ' Hello. Blind. No, no, no.' I was scared to think I could even do it." But gradually, Clements gained confidence and by the time she graduated, had styled 100 heads of hair at the school. "People from headquarters came, people from the library, students, secretaries, teachers, and friends came. Everybody came and let me do their hair," Clements says. Three days a week she leaves home to volunteer at the House of Mercy, a Catholic service organization that provides clothing, food and other support to the poor. Kellie Ross, executive director of the House of Mercy, remembered when Clements first showed up with her friend, Kathy Braga, to offer her help. At first, she had no idea Clements was blind. "As she started to walk I realized she couldn't see, " Ross recalls. "She could have taken that tragic experience of losing her sight and gone inward, but instead she used that experience to help other people who are suffering." Clements says she feels blessed to day, five years after her brush with death. "I thank the Lord every day for my blindness, because I'm alive," she says. "I could have been dead. I'm alive. I'm healthy, and that is what matters."
1. What happened to Martha Clements Five years ago?
2. How?
3. What was she without that caused damage to a nerve?
4. For how long?
5. Was she alive during that time?
6. Which nerve was damaged?
7. Badly?
8. How long was she in treatment?
9. Was anything else injured?
10. What?
11. Anything else?
12. Did she have children?
13. A husband?
14. How did they sound?
15. How long did she attend a blind school?
16. What was the name of it?
17. Where was it?
18. What does she do for a living?
19. How long has she been cutting hair?
20. Who is Kathy Braga?
****
answer: 1. she lost her vision
2. a pulmonary embolism
3. oxygen
4. 20 minutes first and then half an hour
5. no
6. optical
7. yes
8. nine months
9. yes
10. Her ribs were broken
11. Her shoulder was dislocated
12. yes
13. yes
14. they didn't sound the same
15. nine months
16. Virginia School for the Blind
17. Richmond
18. cook, clean, and make phone calls
19. 10 years
20. her client

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Literature consists of written productions, often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera, letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language differently than ordinary language (see literariness). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. 1. What is the Latin root of Literature?
2. What does that come from?
3. What does that mean?
4. What does literature include?
5. Anything written?
6. Which ones?
7. How many ways can it be categorized?
8. Can those categories be broken down further?
9. in how many ways?
10. Do they separate it by periods?
11. What about features?
12. What are those categories called?
13. When did imaginative works start?
14. What kind of studies deals with literature?
15. What types of genres do they use?
16. What else?
17. Has the meaning of literature changed?
18. When did it mean books and writing?
19. Where?
20. Is the current definition more inclusive?
numbered_answers:
1. literatura or litteratura
2. from littera
3. letter or handwriting
4. written productions
5. no
6. ones that have artistic or intellectual value
7. four
8. yes
9. three
10. yes
11. yes
12. genres
13. during the Romantic period
14. Cultural studies
15. cultural and minority
16. canonical works.
17. yes
18. prior to the eighteenth century
19. In Western Europe
20. yes