In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Q: Context: Sepsis from burn injuries can result from colonisation of burn wounds, especially in large surface area burns. Reducing bacterial infection will reduce morbidity and mortality, and mortality for severe burns can be as high as 15%. There are various quantitative and semi-quantitative techniques to monitor bacterial load on wounds. In the UK, burn wounds are typically monitored for the presence or absence of bacteria through the collection and culture of swabs, but no absolute count is obtained. Quantitative burn wound culture provides a measure of bacterial count and is gaining increased popularity in some countries. It is however more resource intensive, and evidence for its utility appears to be inconsistent. This systematic review therefore aims to assess the evidence on the utility and reliability of different quantitative microbiology techniques in terms of diagnosing or predicting clinical outcomes.', 'Standard systematic review methods aimed at minimising bias will be employed for study identification, selection and data extraction. Bibliographic databases and ongoing trial registers will be searched and conference abstracts screened. Studies will be eligible if they are prospective studies or systematic reviews of burn patients (any age) for whom quantitative microbiology has been performed, whether it is compared to another method. Quality assessment will be based on quality assessment tools for diagnostic and prognostic studies and tailored to the review as necessary. Synthesis is likely to be primarily narrative, but meta-analysis may be considered where clinical and methodological homogeneity exists.\Question: Do protocol for a systematic review of quantitative burn wound microbiology in the management of burns patients?

A: Given the increasing use of quantitative methods, this is a timely systematic review, which will attempt to clarify the evidence base. As far as the authors are aware, it will be the first to address this topic.
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Q: Context: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). OSA is prevalent in obese subjects and is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disorders. We tested the hypothesis that the deleterious effects of IH could be further modulated by diet-induced obesity.', 'Thirty adult (8-10 weeks) male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups. Mice were subjected to CIH or intermittent air (IA) for 12h a day and fed either a high fat (HF) or a low fat control diet (CD) for 6weeks. We analyzed endothelial function using a wire myograph, and measured markers of oxidative stress (plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) using colorimetrical assays. We also measured C-reactive protein (CRP) using ELISA and endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) gene expression using real time PCR.', 'Stimulated endothelial dependent dilation was significantly impaired only in the group fed high fat diet and subjected to CIH (Emax: HFIH 782%, p<0.0001) when compared to the other groups (Emax: HFIA 950.7%, CDIH 942%, CDIA 971%). Also basal endothelial dependant dilation was attenuated in the HFIH group compared to the HFIA group (Emax: HFIH: 17910% vs. HFIA: 14911% in the presence of L-NAME). Levels of MDA were elevated in the CDIH group when compared to CDIA (0.680.04 vs. 0.410.03 M, p<0.05) but were greatest in the HFIH group (0.830.08 M, p<0.05). However, there was no significant increase in MDA levels in the HFIA group (0.450.03 M, p=NS) when compared to all other groups. Similar effects were observed with CRP levels; CRP levels were significantly higher in the CDIH group compared with intermittent air (10.390.38 vs. 8.700.21 g/ml, p<0.05) but the HFIH had the greatest levels of CRP (11.870.31 g/ml, p<0.05). In the HFIA group, CRP levels were not elevated (9.960.37 g/ml, p=NS). Nevertheless, total antioxidant capacity and eNOS gene expression were not significantly different in the groups.\Question: Does chronic intermittent hypoxia cause endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity?

A: CIH caused endothelial dysfunction in mice fed an obesogenic diet. Inflammation and oxidative stress were increased in CIH and an obesogenic diet exacerbated these effects.
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Q: Context: Vein bypass is an essential therapy for patients with advanced peripheral and coronary artery disease despite development of neointimal hyperplasia. We have shown that stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase ephrin type-B receptor 4 (Eph-B4) with its ligand ephrin-B2 prevents neointimal hyperplasia in murine vein grafts. This study determines whether Eph-B4 in adult human veins is capable of phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways, as well as functional to release nitric oxide (NO) and prevent neointimal hyperplasia in vitro.', 'Discarded human saphenous veins were taken from the operating room and placed in organ culture without or with ephrin-B2/Fc (2 g/mL) for 14 days, and the neointima/media ratio was measured in matched veins. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with ephrin-B2/Fc (2 g/mL) and examined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunoassays, and for release of NO. Ephrin-B2/Fc (2 g/mL) was placed on the adventitia of saphenous veins treated with arterial shear stress for 24 hours in a bioreactor and activated Eph-B4 examined with immunofluorescence.', 'The baseline intima/media ratio in saphenous vein rings was 0.456 0.097, which increased to 0.726 0.142 in untreated veins after 14 days in organ culture but only to 0.630 0.132 in veins treated with ephrin-B2/Fc (n = 19, P = .017). Ephrin-B2/Fc stimulated Akt, endothelial NO synthase and caveolin-1 phosphorylation, and NO release (P = .007) from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (n = 6). Ephrin-B2/Fc delivered to the adventitia stimulated endothelial Eph-B4 phosphorylation after 24 hours of arterial stress in a bioreactor (n = 3).\Question: Does ephrin type-B receptor 4 activation reduce neointimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein in vitro?

A:
Eph-B4 is present and functional in adult human saphenous veins, with intact downstream signaling pathways capable of NO release and prevention of neointimal hyperplasia in vitro. Adventitial delivery of ephrin-B2/Fc activates endothelial Eph-B4 in saphenous veins treated with arterial shear stress in vitro. These results suggest that stimulation of Eph-B4 function may be a candidate strategy for translation to human clinical trials designed to inhibit venous neointimal hyperplasia.
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