question: Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN, derived from "Formula Translation") is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.

Fortran encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with prior versions. Successive versions have added support for structured programming and processing of character-based data (FORTRAN 77), array programming, modular programming and generic programming (Fortran 90), high performance Fortran (Fortran 95), object-oriented programming (Fortran 2003) and concurrent programming (Fortran 2008).

The names of earlier versions of the language through FORTRAN 77 were conventionally spelled in all-capitals (FORTRAN 77 was the last version in which the use of lowercase letters in keywords was strictly non-standard). The capitalization has been dropped in referring to newer versions beginning with Fortran 90. The official language standards now refer to the language as "Fortran" rather than all-caps "FORTRAN".
1. When was Fortran created?
2. For what purpose?
3. What was a name of an earlier version?
4. Did they purposely spell it with capital letters?
5. Has that practice ended?
6. Starting with which version?
7. What two words were used to come up with the name?
8. What kind of language is it?
9. Did it lead programming of this type?
10. How long has it been in use?
11. List something computationally intensive?
12. Is it used to test and assess the world's fastest computers?
13. What was added to new versions?
14. Did they keep it backwards compatible?
15. What kind of programming did they add support for?
16. What other support was also added?
17. How about in Fortran 95?
18. And in 2008?
****
answer: 1. in the 1950s
2. for scientific and engineering applications
3. FORTRAN 77
4. yes
5. yes
6. Fortran 90
7. Formula Translation
8. a general-purpose, imperative programming language
9. yes
10. for over half a century
11. numerical weather prediction
12. yes
13. extensions to the language
14. usually
15. structured programming
16. processing of character-based data
17. high performance
18. concurrent programming

question: CHAPTER XXXII

THE DAWN

M. le Comte de Stainville only shrugged his shoulders when M. de Belle-Isle and young de Lugeac brought him milor's reply.

"Bah!" he said with a sneer, "he'll have to fight me later on or I'll hound him out of France! Never fear, gentlemen, we'll have our meed of fun very soon."

On the whole Gaston was not sorry that this stupid so-called "affair of honour" would not force him to rise before dawn. He had no special ill-will against _le petit Anglais_, for whom he had always tried to cultivate a modicum of contempt. He had not always succeeded in this praiseworthy endeavour, for milor as a rule chose to ignore M. de Stainville, as far as, and often more than, courtesy permitted.

The two men had not often met since the memorable evening when milor snatched the golden prize which Gaston had so clumsily cast aside. Their tastes were very dissimilar, and so was their entourage. Milor was officially considered to belong to the Queen's set, whilst Gaston clung to the more entertaining company of Madame de Pompadour and her friends; nor had M. de Stainville had the bad grace to interfere with his wife's obvious predeliction for Lord Eglinton's company.

The memorable day which was just drawing to its close had seen many changes--changes that were almost upheavals of old traditions and of habitual conditions of court life. Gaston had deceived and then hideously outraged the woman whom long ago he had already wronged. A year ago she had humiliated him, had snatched from him the golden prize which his ambition had coveted, and which she made him understand that he could not obtain without her. To-day had been his hour; he had dragged her down to the very mire in which he himself had grovelled, he had laid her pride to dust and shaken the pinnacle of virtue and integrity on which she stood.
1. what is the chapter title?
2. who received Milor's reply?
3. who brought it to him?
4. what was his physical reaction?
5. had the two men met recently?
6. had anything happened when they last met?
7. whose was it?
8. who hung around with Madame Pompadour?
9. and what was Milor?
10. Would you say that Gaston is Lord Englinton?
11. what did Gaston do to the woman?
12. and what did she do to him a year ago?
13. how?
14. and what did she make him know?
15. what did he do to her today?
16. was he happy about this?
17. what else did he do to her?
18. were Gaston and Milor similar?
19. who did Gaston not have ill will against?
20. what did he always do?
****
answer: 1. THE DAWN
2. M. le Comte de Stainville
3. M. de Belle-Isle and young de Lugeac
4. he shrugged his shoulders
5. no
6. milor snatched the golden prize
7. Gaston's
8. Gaston
9. he was officially considered to belong to the Queen's set
10. no
11. Gaston had deceived her
12. she had humiliated him
13. had snatched from him the golden prize
14. that he could not obtain it without her
15. he had dragged her down to the very mire in which he himself had grovelled
16. unknown
17. he had laid her pride to dust
18. no
19. _le petit Anglais_
20. tried to cultivate a modicum of contempt

question: CHAPTER VII.

A FIRE

The last of February drew nigh, which was the time fixed upon for Josey to go home. He had remained with his uncle much longer than his father had at first intended; but now they wanted him to return, before the roads broke up in the spring.

The evening before Josey was to go, the farmer was sitting by the fire, when Jonas came in from the barn.

"Jonas," said the farmer, "I have got to write a letter to my brother, to send by Josey to-morrow; why won't you take a sheet of paper and write for me, and I'll tell you what to say. You are rather handier with the pen than I am."

Jonas accordingly brought a sheet of paper and a pen and ink, and took his place at a table at the back side of the room, and the farmer dictated to him as follows:

"Dear Brother,

"I take this opportunity to inform you that we are all alive and well, and I hope that you may be the same. This will be handed to you by Josey, who leaves us to-morrow, according to your orders. We have been very glad to have him with us, though he hasn't had opportunity to learn much. However, I suppose he'll fetch up again in his learning, when he gets home. He has behaved pretty fair on the whole, as boys go. He will make a smart man, I've no doubt, though he don't seem to take much to farming.
1. Where was Jonas coming from?
2. In what month did this story take place?
3. In the beginning or the end of the month?
4. Who had Josey been staying with?
5. Who was there when Josie came inside?
6. What did the farmer want him to do?
7. Why did the farmer need Josey's help with the letter?
8. Who ordered Josey to leave?
9. Did Josey learn a lot from his uncle?
10. What instrument did Jonas use to write with?
****
answer:
1. the barn
2. February
3. the end
4. his uncle
5. the farmer
6. write a letter to the farmer's brother
7. Josey was handier with the pen than he was
8. the farmer's brother
9. no
10. a pen