instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Cyclovirobuxinum D (CVB-D), an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Buxus microphylla, has been found to be effective to treat cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmias and coronary heart disease. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CVB-D on the inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages in vitro and the underlying mechanisms.', 'Murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells were incubated in the presence of LPS (0.1 g/mL) for 24 h. The cell viability was measured using MTT assay. The release of NO and cytokines were detected using the Griess test and ELISA, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels were determined using RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Reporter gene assays were used to analyze the transcriptional activity of NF-B.', 'Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with CVB-D (25-300 mol/L) did not affect the cell viability. Pretreatment with CVB-D (50, 100 and 200 mol/L) concentration-dependently decreased NO release and iNOS expression in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells (its IC50 value in inhibition of NO production was 144 mol/L). CVB-D also concentration-dependently inhibited the secretion and mRNA expression of IL-1 and IL-6 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, CVB-D remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, as well as JAK2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, but did not affect the activation of NF-B and MAPKs pathways. Pretreatment with the JAK2 specific inhibitor AG490 (30 mol/L) produced similar effects on NO release and iNOS expression in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells.
answer:
Does cyclovirobuxinum D suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages in vitro by blocking JAK-STAT signaling pathway?

question:
Gastrin and pepsinogens reflect the functional state of the gastric mucosa.', 'To evaluate whether serum gastrin and pepsinogens correlate with the different grades of severity of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).', "In all, 388 patients with heartburn not taking any form of acid suppressive therapy were matched-controlled for age and gender and sub-classified into four groups: group 1 non-erosive reflux disease (NERD); group 2, erosive reflux disease (ERD) Los Angeles (LA) A and B, group 3, ERD LA C and D; group 4 Barrett's oesophagus (BO). Fasting serum was analysed for gastrin 17, pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II und Helicobacter pylori using specific EIA tests (GastroPanel; Biohit, Plc).", 'Kruskal-Wallis test and analysis of variance.', 'There was a significant difference among the four groups with respect for pepsinogen I, but not for pepsinogen II, the pepsinogen I pepsinogen II ratio, H. pylori serology and gastrin levels. Pepsinogen I was the lowest in NERD and the highest in BO (median 91.6, mean +/- standard deviation 106.2 +/- 51.6 vs. median 114.7, mean +/- standard deviation 130.4 +/- 70.6; P = 0.046). Pepsinogen I levels were higher in H. pylori positive subjects. After adjusting for H. pylori status, the differences in pepsinogen I across patient groups were no longer statistically significant (P = 0.298).
answer:
Do serum gastrin and pepsinogens correlate with the different grades of severity of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease : a matched case-control study?

question:
To design and test a program that assesses clinical competence as a second stage in a peer review process and to determine the program's reliability.", 'A three-cohort study of Ontario primary care physicians.', 'Reference physicians (n = 26) randomly drawn from the Hamilton, Ontario, area; volunteer, self-referred physicians (n = 20); and physicians referred by the licensing body (n = 37) as a result of a disciplinary hearing or peer review.', 'Standardized patients, structured oral examinations, chart-stimulated recall, objective structured clinical examination, and multiple-choice examination.', 'Test reliability was high, ranging from 0.73 to 0.91, and all tests discriminated among subgroups. Demographic variables relating to the final category were age, Canadian or foreign graduates, and whether or not participants were certified in family medicine.
answer:
Do competency assessment of primary care physicians as part of a peer review program?