Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Gastrulation The typical blastula is a ball of cells. The next stage in embryonic development is the formation of the body plan. The cells in the blastula rearrange themselves spatially to form three layers of cells. This process is called gastrulation. During gastrulation, the blastula folds upon itself to form the three layers of cells. Each of these layers is called a germ layer and each germ layer differentiates into different organ systems. The three germs layers, shown in Figure 43.26, are the endoderm, the ectoderm, and the mesoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis. The mesoderm gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body. The endoderm gives rise to columnar cells found in the digestive system and many internal organs. Q: What is the process of the blastula forming 3 layers of cells called? A:
OPTIONS:
- Mitosis
- internalization
- fermentation
- gastrulation
Answer: gastrulation

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hardness helps determine how an element (especially a metal) might be used. Many elements are fairly soft (silver and gold, for example) while others (such as titanium, tungsten, and chromium) are much harder. Carbon is an interesting example of hardness. In graphite (the "lead" found in pencils) the carbon is very soft, while the carbon in a diamond is roughly seven times as hard. Q: Although they differ vastly in hardness, pencil lead and diamonds both contain what element? A:
OPTIONS:
- graphite
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- carbon
output: carbon

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Protein Structure. The structure of a protein starts with its sequence of amino acids. What determines the secondary structure of a protein? What are two types of secondary protein structure?. Q: What does the structure of a protein start with? A:

OPTIONS:
- rna acids
- organism acids
- dna acids
- amino acids

A: amino acids

input: OPTIONS:
- comets
- yellow dwarfs
- red giants
- white dwarfs Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: When the helium is gone, the stars become white dwarfs. Q: When the helium is gone, the stars become what? A:
A:
output: white dwarfs

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The Figure above shows how the electromagnetic spectrum displays a wide variation in wavelength and frequency. Radio waves have wavelengths of as long as hundreds of meters, while the wavelength of gamma rays are on the order of 10 -12 m. The corresponding frequencies range from 10 6 to 10 21 Hz. Visible light can be split into colors with the use of a prism ( Figure below ), yielding the visible spectrum of light. Red light has the longest wavelength and lowest frequency, while violet light has the shortest wavelength and highest frequency. Visible light wavelength ranges from about 400 700 nm with frequencies in the range of 10 14 Hz. Q: Visible light can be split into colors with the use of a what? A:

OPTIONS:
- spectrum
- convex lenses
- kaleidoscope
- prism

Answer: prism

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: membrane is a positive 15 mV, meaning that the membrane depolarizes from -70 mV to -55 mV, then the graded potentials will result in the membrane reaching threshold. For receptor potentials, threshold is not a factor because the change in membrane potential for receptor cells directly causes neurotransmitter release. However, generator potentials can initiate action potentials in the sensory neuron axon, and postsynaptic potentials can initiate an action potential in the axon of other neurons. Graded potentials summate at a specific location at the beginning of the axon to initiate the action potential, namely the initial segment. For sensory neurons, which do not have a cell body between the dendrites and the axon, the initial segment is directly adjacent to the dendritic endings. For all other neurons, the axon hillock is essentially the initial segment of the axon, and it is where summation takes place. These locations have a high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels that initiate the depolarizing phase of the action potential. Summation can be spatial or temporal, meaning it can be the result of multiple graded potentials at different locations on the neuron, or all at the same place but separated in time. Spatial summation is related to associating the activity of multiple inputs to a neuron with each other. Temporal summation is the relationship of multiple action potentials from a single cell resulting in a significant change in the membrane potential. Spatial and temporal summation can act together, as well. Q: What is the relationship of multiple action potentials from a single cell resulting in a significant change in the membrane potential? A:

OPTIONS:
- nature summation
- bipolar summation
- distinct summation
- temporal summation

A:
temporal summation