Given a paragraph, generate a claim that is supported by the given paragraph. 1) The claim must contain information from within the paragraph. 2) A sentence within the paragraph can be used as a claim. 3) The claim should not have contradictions within the paragraph. 4) The claim should be at most one sentence long.
Q: The release doesn't discuss cost at all, which is somewhat surprising given that dexamethasone has been on the market for many years with various clinical applications. It's not that dexamethasone is especially expensive (it isn't though the cost isn't necessarily negligible), but that cost needs to be addressed. Readers are simply given no information about cost. The release explains that the overall pool of 140 patients was split into four groups: Group One did not receive dexamethasone and was under "deep" anesthesia; Group Two did not receive dexamethasone and was under "superficial" anesthesia; Group Three received dexamethasone before surgery and was under "deep" anesthesia; Group Four received dexamethasone before surgery and was under "superficial" anesthesia. Got all that? The release tells readers that patients in Group Four had a 15.3 percent incidence rate of POCD immediately after surgery, and that none of the Group Four patients had POCD six months after surgery. We're glad that the release provides a specific, quantified benefit. However, the release does not give readers the information they need to understand what that number means. For example, what was the POCD incidence rate for any of the other groups immediately after surgery? What was the incidence rate for other groups after six months? What does the literature have to say about how common POCD is for patients in this age range and receiving this type of surgery? Without any of that information, it is impossible for readers to determine whether a 15.3 percent incidence rate of POCD is good or bad. While the release refers in general to the risks inherent with both deep and superficial anesthesia, it does not mention any of the potential side effects associated with its recommended intervention, dexamethasone. And there is no shortage of information on dexamethasone available. According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine's Medline Plus page on dexamethasone, the drug's side effects range from vomiting to insomnia to depression. The page indicates that dexamethasone may also interact with a variety of other widely-used drugs. In addition, giving patients steroids, of whichdexamethasone is one, increases the risk of infection or worsening severity of existing infections. We don't expect a release to provide an exhaustive list of side effects, but acknowledging that there are known risks associated with the drug is important. The release explains that "The researchers evaluated 140 patients aged between 60 and 87 who underwent surgery under propofol-induced general anesthesia at the Central Institute of Hospital das Clinicas, FM-USP's teaching hospital, in most cases for removal of gallstones." The release further explains that patients were divided into four groups (as we described above, under the Benefits section), and defines what constitutes "deep" anesthesia and "superficial" anesthesia. Those are all good things. However, the release would have been much stronger if it had done three things. First, it should have made clear that all of the surgeries were non-cardiac, non-neurological surgeries. Given how common these surgeries particularly cardiac ones are for older patients, this is an important point. Second, the release should have made it more clear that the benefits observed were based on one group (i.e., Group Four) of only 32 patients. This is a preliminary finding, and that needs to be stressed. Third, while the release tells readers that the anesthetic used was propofol, it doesn't tell readers how common or widely-used this drug is as a surgical anesthetic. That would be valuable context. The release does not engage in disease mongering. The release does not explicitly note who funded the study. However, the study does not appear to have received any external funding. According to the ClinicalTrials.gov page for the study, the work was sponsored primarily by the University of Sao Paulo and Duke University (where the authors work), with additional support from the Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (or Sao Paulo Research Foundation), which is public. It's not unusual for universities to avoid mentioning funding for projects that they funded themselves. But it would have been a stronger release if it didn't leave readers wondering who paid for the work. Frankly, there's not a lot of research out there on steps to pro-actively reduce rates of cognitive dysfunction after anesthesia, and we're not aware of alternative interventions designed to do so. It's clear from the release that the relevant tools involved in this particular intervention the use of dexamethasone and avoidance of "deep" anesthesia are currently available. However, as noted above, this is a relatively small study, and we suspect that more research would be needed before this approach was considered for widespread clinical practice. Since we already dinged it for that point earlier, we'll give it a satisfactory here. It's clear from the release that this is a new (and, ergo, novel) approach addressing a well-established problem. The release uses responsible language to discuss the findings, although it could have been more clear about the preliminary nature of the work. A larger study is almost certainly called for on this intervention. We do have some concerns over the use of the acronym "POCD" to describe cognitive dysfunction following anesthesia. It appears to be a coined medical term that few clinicians use.
A:
Simple measures can reduce post-operative cognitive dysfunction in older patients