In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: The measurement of affective symptoms in older persons who decline cognitively is uncertain. The authors investigated whether mood variability predicts dementia in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).', 'Three-year observational study after a clinical trial.', 'Community follow-up of outpatients ascertained from retina clinics.', 'One hundred sixty patients with AMD.', "Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) administered every 2 weeks for 6 months to subjects; Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) administered to subjects' knowledgeable informants.", 'Twenty-three subjects (14.4%) declined cognitively. Age, education, baseline GDS score > or =5, and variability in GDS scores (i.e., fluctuations between adjacent time points) were associated with cognitive decline. For GDS variability, each 1 unit increase in the residual standard deviation (SD) of the GDS increased the risk for cognitive decline by 93% (IDR = 1.92; 95% CI [1.27-2.91]). Thus, subjects with a residual SD of 1 were nearly twice as likely to become demented as subjects with no variability in GDS scores. The risk for subjects with SDs of 2 increased more than threefold (IDR = 3.68; 95% CI [1.61-8.47]). A multiple regression analysis showed that GDS variability was a significant risk factor for dementia after controlling for significant covariates.\Question: Does variability in depressive symptoms predict cognitive decline in age-related macular degeneration?

Output: These data suggest a useful approach to conceptualizing and measuring depressive symptoms in older persons. Variability in self-reported mood may be an early sign of dementia and may offer new insights into the neurobiological mechanisms linking depression and cognition

Input: Consider Input: Context: The PINK1-Parkin pathway is known to play important roles in regulating mitochondria dynamics, motility, and quality control. Activation of this pathway can be triggered by a variety of cellular stress signals that cause mitochondrial damage. How this pathway senses different levels of mitochondrial damage and mediates cell fate decisions accordingly is incompletely understood.', 'Here, we present evidence that PINK1-Parkin has both cytoprotective and proapoptotic functions. PINK1-Parkin operates as a molecular switch to dictate cell fate decisions in response to different cellular stressors. Cells exposed to severe and irreparable mitochondrial damage agents such as valinomycin can undergo PINK1-Parkin-dependent apoptosis. The proapoptotic response elicited by valinomycin is associated with the degradation of Mcl-1. PINK1 directly phosphorylates Parkin at Ser65 of its Ubl domain and triggers activation of its E3 ligase activity through an autocatalytic mechanism that amplifies its E3 ligase activity toward Mcl-1.\Question: Does pINK1 trigger autocatalytic activation of Parkin to specify cell fate decisions?

Output: Autocatalytic activation of Parkin bolsters its accumulation on mitochondria and apoptotic response to valinomycin. Our results suggest that PINK1-Parkin constitutes adamage-gated molecular switch that governs cellular-context-specific cell fate decisions in response to variable stress stimuli.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Onychomycosis is a common cause of nail dystrophy and may be associated with tinea pedis. The presence of dermatophyte fungi in clinically normal nails is unknown.', 'To assess the presence of dermatophyte fungi in normal-appearing toenails and to compare the risk of subclinical dermatophytosis in patients without and with concurrent tinea pedis.', 'This is a prospective, University-based study of adults without and with microscopically confirmed tinea pedis. Subjects with dystrophy of any toenail were excluded, as were those ever previously diagnosed as having onychomycosis and those who had used topical antifungals in the past year. A great toenail clipping obtained from each subject was submitted for periodic acid-Schiff histology.', 'One hundred and one subjects (63 men and 38 women, mean +/- SD age 45.4 +/- 15.7 years) were included. Overall, septate hyphae (ostensibly dermatophyte) were identified in seven specimens. Of the 66 control subjects, one case (1.5%) of nail dermatophyte was identified. Of the 35 subjects with tinea pedis, six cases (17%) of nail dermatophyte were identified (P = 0.0066; odds ratio 13.4, 95% confidence interval 1.6-117). There were no significant differences in age or gender between the experimental and control groups or between the nail dermatophyte-positive and negative cohorts.\Question: Is subclinical onychomycosis associated with tinea pedis?
Output: Dermatophyte fungi may be isolated from normal-appearing toenails. The presence of dermatophytes in this situation is strongly associated with the presence of tinea pedis. Subclinical dermatophyte in the nail plate may serve as a reservoir for ongoing local infection.