Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.

Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological "tree of life" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilised multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction.

In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book "On the Origin of Species" (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place.

1. Define evolution?
2. Who formulated the theory of evolution?
3. Name his book that he published?
4. what year?
5. Evolutionary processes give rise to what?
6. At what levels?
7. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped by what?
8. Define Evolution by natural selection?
9. Successive generations of populations are replaced by what?
10. Do the DNA sequences have a role in Evolution?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
2. Charles Darwin
3. On the Origin of Species
4. 1859
5. Biodiversity
6. species, individual organisms, and molecules.
7. speciation and by extinction.
8. natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive,
9. Progeny of parents.
10. Yes.

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

The judge thought Geoffrey Payne killed his wife. Now for the first time Payne wrote to a magazine from the prison about what happened on the night of 13 October 1999. I had to stay late at the hospital that night to do an operation. I finally left at about 11p.m.. I drove home slowly because the wind was blowing and it was raining heavily. I was running into our road when a man suddenly ran in front of my car. I almost hit him but I stopped just in time. I was scared and the man looked scared, too. I got out of the car but he ran away before I could ask if he was all right. It was very strange. When I got home, the lights were on but it was very quiet. I called to my wife but there was no answer. Then I remembered that she was out at a concert. I was still very unhappy about what happened on the road, so I made myself a drink. Then I went upstairs to have a bath. I saw that the window in the bedroom was open. This was strange because my wife always locked the doors and windows before she went out. She was afraid of burglars. When I went to close it, I found Ellen. She was lying on the floor. There was blood everywhere. I rushed over for her pulse but she was dead. I was so scared. I sat on the floor beside her body without knowing what to do. The next thing I knew was that the sky was getting light. I can't remember a thing about that night. In the morning I phoned the police. They arrived half an hour after I phoned them. But it seemed like hours. During that time I tried hard to remember anything I could about the night before. I couldn't stop thinking about the man in the road. What was he doing at that time of night in our quiet neighborhood?

1. Who did Payne write to?
2. From where?
3. Did the judge think he was innocent?
4. What is he being accused of?
5. What date?
6. During the day?
7. Where was he working on the night of the incident?
8. What was he doing?
9. What time did he leave?
10. Was the weather clear that night?
11. What happened on his way home?
12. Did he hit him?
13. What did he do when he got home?
14. Where did he remember she was?
15. What did he make for himself?
16. Why did he go upstairs?
17. What did he notice?
18. When he went to shut it, what did he find?
19. Was she alive?
20. When did he call the police?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. to a magazine
2. the prison
3. no
4. killing his wife
5. 13 October 1999.
6. no
7. at the hospital
8. doing an operation
9. at about 11p.m.
10. no
11. a man ran in front of his car
12. no
13. called to his wife
14. at a concert
15. a drink
16. to have a bath.
17. that the window in the bedroom was open
18. Ellen
19. no
20. In the morning