Answer the following question given this paragraph: A: Any element in group 1 has just one valence electron. Examples include hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), and sodium (Na). Any element in group 18 has eight valence electrons (except for helium, which has a total of just two electrons). Examples include neon (Ne), argon (Ar), and krypton (Kr). Oxygen, like all the other elements in group 16, has six valence electrons. Q: How many valence electrons does a sodium atom have ? A:
OPTIONS:
- three
- six
- two
- one

Answer: one

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Insulin was the first human protein to be produced in this way. Insulin helps cells take up glucose from the blood. People with type 1 diabetes have a mutation in the gene that normally codes for insulin. Without insulin, their blood glucose rises to harmfully high levels. At present, the only treatment for type 1 diabetes is the injection of insulin from outside sources. Until recently, there was no known way to make insulin outside the human body. The problem was solved by gene cloning. The human insulin gene was cloned and used to transform bacterial cells, which could then produce large quantities of human insulin. Q: What helps cells take up glucose from the blood? A:
OPTIONS:
- oxygen
- hemoglobin
- estrogen
- insulin
Answer: insulin

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fertilizer in runoff leads to algal blooms and dead zones in bodies of water. This type of pollution is called nonpoint-source pollution. Point-source pollution includes waste water from factories and sewage treatment plants. Hot water discharge causes thermal pollution. Q: What causes eutrophication to occur? A:
OPTIONS:
- excess of decreased and other nutrients
- excess of carbonate and other nutrients
- excess of increased and other nutrients
- excess of fertilizers and other nutrients
output: excess of fertilizers and other nutrients

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A mountain-building event is called an orogeny . Orogenies take place over tens or hundreds of millions of years. Continents smash into each other. Microcontinents and island arcs smash into continents. All of these events cause mountains to rise. Q: What is the term for a mountain-building event? A:

OPTIONS:
- glaciation
- volcanism
- erosion
- orogeny

A: orogeny

input: OPTIONS:
- to feed their offspring
- to store food
- for protection against predators
- to reach the nectar at the bottom of flowers Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: dome-shaped plug of thick lava that cools near the vent of a volcano. Q: Why do hummingbirds have long narrow bills? A:
A:
output: to reach the nectar at the bottom of flowers

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Atoms or groups of atoms that carry an overall electrical charge are referred to as ions. Cations can be formed when a neutral species loses electrons, while anions are formed when a neutral species gains electrons. Q: What are atoms or groups of atoms called which carry and electrical charge? A:
OPTIONS:
- protons
- molecules
- electrons
- ions
Answer:
ions