Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Learn which part of the moon is illuminated during waxing and waning. Remember C, O, D. Learn when the moon rises and sets.

Answer: In opposition to the moon in the Northern Hemisphere, the moon in the Southern Hemisphere will illuminate from left to right, become full, and then diminish from left to right. A moon that's illuminated on the left side is waxing, while a moon that's illuminated on the right side is waning. Hold out your right hand with your thumb out, palm facing the sky. The thumb and forefingers make a curve like a backward C. If the moon fits in this curve, it's a waning moon (decreasing). If you do the same with your left hand and the moon fits in the "C" curve then it is waxing (increasing). The moon goes through all the same phases in the Southern Hemisphere, but the shapes of the letters that indicate waxing and waning are reversed from the Northern Hemisphere. A crescent moon in the shape of a C is waxing A half or gibbous moon in the shape of a backwards D is waxing. A moon in the shape of an O is full. A half or gibbous moon in the shape of a D is waning. A crescent moon in the shape of a backwards C is waning. Although the moon may illuminate in the opposite direction in the Southern Hemisphere versus the Northern, it will still rise and set at the same times during the same phases. The first-quarter moon will rise in the morning and set around midnight. The full moon rises and sets when the sun sets and rises. The third-quarter moon will rise at midnight and set in the morning.

Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Note large, strong objects you can hide behind in a classroom. Ask a teacher if you can practice barricading a door. Identify good places to take shelter if you're in the hallways or outside. Identify classroom objects you could use to defend yourself. Take self-defense classes if you can.

Answer: In a lockdown situation, where you're sheltering in a classroom, you can protect yourself even more by hiding behind solid objects. Look around your classrooms and note thick tables that you might be able to turn over and crouch behind, or large cabinets you could hide behind. Avoid hiding behind objects made of plastic, like bathroom doors, or thin materials, like cabinet doors. If you do find yourself hiding in a classroom, stay on your hands and knees. Try not to let any vital organs touch the floor, like your heart or lungs, just in case the shooter comes in. Bullets tend to ricochet along the path of the floor, so anything on the floor is at risk. If you can impede the shooter's access to your room, there's a good chance they'll move on. Take note of large objects you can use to block the door, like desks, tables, or movable cabinets. You can also wind and secure a belt around the door knob, then pull it tight to prevent the shooter from opening the door. Only do this if you or the teacher can stand to the side of the door to pull the belt taut. Practice moving tables against the door or holding the knob with a belt when you're at home, or also ask a teacher if you can practice in their classroom after class. Remember that in a school shooting situation, you'll likely have other classmates and teachers to help you secure the door. There are many outdoor areas where you could hide in the unlikely event of a school shooting. As you're walking to class, look around for a couple of good hiding spots. Take note of areas outside of the school as well. If you're in the hallways, you could shelter in a nearby classroom or janitorial closet. Avoid hiding in a restroom, as bathroom stalls provide very little protection don't typically have windows. If you're outside, try hiding behind a large tree, a concrete building or pillar, or a car. Hide near the front of the car, as the engine will stop bullets while the trunk will not. There are many everyday classroom items that you can use as defense weapons in case of an extreme emergency. Noticing things in your classroom that you can easily grab and throw will make you feel more prepared and safe in case of a shooting. Good objects to use to impede a shooter include heavy textbooks, fire extinguishers, and backpacks. If a shooter is entering your classroom, you can throw these objects at them to distract them and throw them off balance, giving you a window to escape. It's very unlikely that you'll ever have to fight off a shooter, but if you want to feel even more prepared, try a few self-defense classes. Sign up for classes as your local gym or community center, looking in particular for courses that show you how to defend yourself against a shooter. Listen carefully in class and take the lessons seriously. Work hard to perfect your skills until they're second nature so that you feel safe and confident in case of a dangerous situation. Remember that you should only try to fight or disarm the shooter if you're an adult or older teenager, or if you truly have no other option, as you may be putting yourself in the line of fire.

Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Prevent bacteria build-up. Prevent bad breath. Prevent discoloration.

Answer:
The tongue's unique texture and large surface area makes it host to millions of bacteria, which can travel to the teeth and gums and cause cavities and gingivitis. The teeth gather plenty of bacteria themselves, but unlike the teeth, the tongue is not a smooth surface. It follows that even more bacteria accumulate in the taste-buds and small pits on the tongue. Just rinsing the mouth with water is insufficient to remove the bacteria on the tongue, primarily because the bacteria gather in what is called a "biofilm"-- a sticky, gooey, living layer of bacteria. It must be disrupted by rubbing or scraping to fully remove it. The bacteria that live on the tongue cause a chemical reaction that produces volatile sulfur compounds, which results in bad breath. Tongue brushing can also remove traces of odorous foods like garlic and onions, which can also improve your breath. Many people with bad breath are not aware that they have it. Its a good idea to practice good oral hygiene, including regularly cleaning the tongue, in order to reduce the chance that you are one of them. Certain foods and health conditions can cause a colored or filmy appearance on the surface of the tongue. Brushing the tongue can eliminate this problem. Foods containing dyes like cupcakes, lollipops, or popsicles can temporarily dye the surface of the tongue. Brushing the tongue can reduce the coloration of the tongue, making it less noticeable to others. Some illnesses like oral thrush or syphilis can cause a buildup of bacteria or fungi on the tongue that cause a filmy, white appearance. In some cases, the white film cannot be brushed off. Be sure that you see your doctor if you suspect that your filmy tongue is caused by an illness. Certain medications like antibiotics or Pepto-Bismol as well as certain illnesses can also cause a startling discoloration of the tongue called "black hairy tongue," which is caused by an overgrowth of yeast in the mouth. The condition is not serious and the discoloration can be brushed off with a toothbrush or washcloth, although it might be a good idea to see your doctor to determine the cause.