In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

theory which accurately predicts this quantity at low temperatures is based on the assumption that vibrational modes exhibit a linear relationship at longer wavelengths; that model gives this quantity as proportional to the cube of temperature below a namesake threshold. The difference between the molar forms of this quantity at constant pressure and at constant temperature give the ideal gas constant, while calculations by Dulong and Petit showed that the dimensionless form of this quantity is limits to 3 at high temperatures. For 10 points, identify this quantity which describes the rate of change in the thermal energy of a system with respect to temperature, and which is 4. 18 Joules per gram per Kelvin for water.
Science