Q: A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an (international) agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of terminology, all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same.

Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.

A treaty is an official, express written agreement that states use to legally bind themselves. A treaty is the official document which expresses that agreement in words; and it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships.

Since the late 19th century, most treaties have followed a fairly consistent format. A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, as well as summarizing any underlying events (such as a war). Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability, in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb (desiring, recognizing, having, and so on).

Answer the following questions:
1. How are treaties similar to contracts?
2. How do treaties normally begin, organizationally?
3. What purpose does it serve?
4. Can they be only one sentence?
5. Is the sentence long or short?
6. How is it organized, since it can be so long?
7. Is a treaty always a literal written document?
8. What else can it symbolize?
9. What are some other synonyms for treaty?
10. Is this list all-encompassing?
11. Are some of these terms more valued than others?
12. Does a treaty hold up in a country other than the one in which it was written?
A: 1. Both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.
2. A preamble
3. It describes the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, and summarizes any underlying events (such as a war).
4. Yes
5. Usually long.
6. Multiple paragraphs, beginning with verbs.
7. No
8. An informal agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters.
9. An international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms.
10. No
11. No
12. Sometimes, yes.

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Madeira is a Portuguese archipelago situated in the north Atlantic Ocean, southwest of Portugal. Its total population was estimated in 2011 at 267,785. The capital of Madeira is Funchal, located on the main island's south coast.

The archipelago is just under north of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Since 1976, the archipelago has been one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (the other being the Azores, located to the northwest). It includes the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Desertas, administered together with the separate archipelago of the Savage Islands. The region has political and administrative autonomy through the Administrative Political Statue of the Autonomous Region of Madeira provided for in the Portuguese Constitution. The autonomous region is an integral part of the European Union, having pronounced status as an outermost region of the European Union, as detailed in Article 299-2 of the Treaty of the European Union.

Madeira was claimed by Portuguese sailors in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1419 and settled after 1420. The archipelago is considered to be the first territorial discovery of the exploratory period of the Portuguese Age of Discovery, which extended from 1415 to 1542.

Today, it is a popular year-round resort, being visited every year by about one million tourists, three times its population. The region is noted for its Madeira wine, gastronomy, historical and cultural value, flora and fauna, landscapes (Laurel forest) which are classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and embroidery artisans. Its annual New Year celebrations feature the largest fireworks show in the world, as officially recognised by "Guinness World Records" in 2006. The main harbour in Funchal is the leading Portuguese port in cruise liner dockings, being an important stopover for commercial and trans-Atlantic passenger cruises between Europe, the Caribbean and North Africa. Madeira is the second richest region of Portugal by GDP per capita, only surpassed by Lisbon.

1. How many tourist visit Madeira every year?
2. How much is that in relation to the population?
3. What is it recognized for?
4. When do they do a fireworks display?
5. is it a large show?
6. Where has it been recognized for this?
7. When?
8. Who was Madeira claimed by?
9. When?
10. When did they actually settle?
11. What is it considered to be during the exploratory period?
12. What was this period called?
13. How long did it last?
14. What ocean is it located in?
15. What type of region is it?
16. Since when?
17. How many islands does it include?
18. What union is it a part of?
19. What part?
20. What region?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. about one million
2. three times
3. Madeira wine
4. New Years,
5. Yes
6. "Guinness World Records"
7. in 2006
8. Portuguese sailors
9. in 1419
10. after 1420.
11. the first territorial discovery
12. Portuguese Age of Discovery
13. from 1415 to 1542.
14. Atlantic Ocean
15. autonomous region
16. Since 1976
17. 3 with the separate archipelago of the Savage Islands
18. European
19. an integral part
20. an outermost region

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

(CNN) -- Jeanne Cooper, who played Katherine Chancellor, the "Dame of Genoa City," on "The Young and the Restless," has died. She was 84.

Her death was confirmed by her son, actor Corbin Bernsen, on his Twitter account.

"Mom passed this morning," Bernsen posted. "She was in peace and without fear."

Cooper had been suffering from an undisclosed illness. The cause of death was not given.

Cooper was already a well-established TV actress when she took the role of Chancellor in 1973. "The Young and the Restless" was struggling in the ratings and its creator, William J. Bell, wanted to spice things up.

"Jeanne was the matriarch of the show in every sense of the word," said Lauralee Bell, Christine/Cricket on "The Young and the Restless" and William Bell's daughter.

"When you did work you were proud of, you'd hope for approval or a 'good job' from Jeanne as a child would from a parent. When things got too tense, she'd break the tension with her amazing wit. She would teach the younger actors without ever talking down to them. In fact, she would raise them up," said Bell. "She always had my back and my parents (and our whole family) always had hers."

Kate Linder, another member of "The Young and the Restless" cast, said Cooper was her "mentor and an amazing actress and friend." Linder, Esther Valentine on the show, said, "When Jeanne welcomed you into her life, you knew it and it was a fantastic feeling. This is truly the end of an era, not just for fans of 'The Young and the Restless' but for all of the people she touched throughout her long and distinguished career and life."

1. Who is Corbin Bernson?
2. What did he tweet?
3. who was his mother?
4. Was she famous?
5. how?
6. on what?
7. what was her character?
8. did the character have a nickname?
9. When did she first get the role?
10. Was the show doing well at that time?
11. what show?
12. Who considered her their mentor?
13. who was she?
14. Who played Christine on the show?
15. who was her dad?
16. and he was?
17. of what?
18. what did he want to do when he hired her?
19. Was Jeanne cooper in her 90s when she died?
20. how old?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. actor
2. "Mom passed this morning,"
3. Jeanne Cooper
4. yes
5. actress
6. Young and the Restless
7. Katherine Chancellor
8. Dame of Genoa City
9. 1973
10. no
11. The Young and the Restless
12. Kate Linder
13. member of "The Young and the Restless" cast
14. Lauralee Bell
15. William Bell
16. creator
17. The Young and the Restless
18. spice things up.
19. no
20. 84