Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Longer-term tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance surveillance among children is rare. We determined the prevalence of drug resistance among children with culture-confirmed TB from 2011 to 2013, compared these results with four previous consecutive 2-year periods and documented other mycobacterial isolates identified.', "Surveillance study of mycobacterial culture in all children aged <13 years conducted from March 2011 to February 2013 at the Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Drug susceptibility testing against isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP) was performed using line-probe assay (GenoType(®️) MTBDRplus). Clinical data were obtained through folder review.", 'Of 381 children, 323 (84.8%; 324 episodes) had Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 46 (12.1%) had M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin and 12 (3.1%) had non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated. Forty-one (12.7%) children had M. tuberculosis resistant to INH and/or RMP; 15 (4.7%) had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The prevalence of INH mono- or polyresistance remained stable; however, RMP monoresistance increased (0/313 in 2003-2005 vs. 6/324, 1.9%, in 2011-2013; P = 0.041); MDR-TB prevalence has declined significantly, from 26/292 (8.9%) in 2007-2009 to 15/324 (4.7%) in 2011-2013 (OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.24-0.99). The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection has decreased significantly, from a peak of 29% to 15.3%.
[EX A]: Does surveillance provide insight into epidemiology and spectrum of culture-confirmed mycobacterial disease in children?

[EX Q]: The human immunodeficiency virus Vif protein overcomes the inhibitory activity of the APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase by prohibiting its packaging into virions. Inhibition of APOBEC3G encapsidation is paralleled by a reduction of its intracellular level presumably caused by the Vif-induced proteasome-dependent degradation of APOBEC3G.', 'In this report we employed confocal microscopy to study the effects of Vif on the expression of APOBEC3G on a single cell level. HeLa cells dually transfected with Vif and APOBEC3G expression vectors revealed efficient co-expression of the two proteins. Under optimal staining conditions approximately 80% of the transfected cells scored double-positive for Vif and APOBEC3G. However, the proportion of double-positive cells observed in identical cultures varied dependent on the fixation protocol and on the choice of antibodies used ranging from as low as 40% to as high as 80% of transfected cells. Importantly, single-positive cells expressing either Vif or APOBEC3G were observed both with wild type Vif and a biologically inactive Vif variant. Thus, the lack of APOBEC3G in some Vif-expressing cells cannot be attributed to Vif-induced degradation of APOBEC3G. These findings are consistent with our results from immunoblot analyses that revealed only moderate effects of Vif on the APOBEC3G steady state levels. Of note, viruses produced under such conditions were fully infectious demonstrating that the Vif protein used in our analyses was both functional and expressed at saturating levels.
[EX A]: Does production of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 require depletion of APOBEC3G from virus-producing cells?

[EX Q]: A significant proportion of school-aged children experience special health care needs (SCHN) and seek care from pediatricians with a wide range of condition types and severity levels. This study examines the learning pathways of children with established (already diagnosed at school entry) and emerging (teacher identified) SHCN from school entry through the elementary school years.', 'The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) is a nationally representative clustered cross-sequential sample of 2 cohorts of Australian children which commenced in May 2004. Data were analyzed from the LSAC kindergarten cohort (n=4,983), as well as a subsample of 720 children for whom teachers also completed the Australian Early Development Index checklist, a measure of early childhood development at school entry that includes SHCN.', 'Latent class analysis was utilized to establish 3 academic trajectories from 4-5 to 10-11 years: high (24.3%), average (49.8%), and low (23.6%). Descriptive statistics revealed a trend for both children with established and emerging SHCN to fall into weaker performing learning pathways. Multinomial logistic regression focusing on those children with emerging SHCN confirmed this pattern of results, even after adjustment for covariates (relative risk 3.06, 95% confidence interval 1.03-9.10). Children who additionally had low socioeconomic standing were particularly at risk.
[EX A]:
Does learning trajectories of children with special health care need across the severity spectrum?