Definition: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
Input: Local invasion is a common pattern of spread in uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Although transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-) facilitates invasion of various types of cancer cells, the role of the TGF- pathway in CSCC is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the role of TGF- signaling in the progression of CSCC.', 'Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of TGF- pathway molecules in 67 CSCC samples with clinicopathological data. Activation of the TGF- pathway was investigated following co-culture of CSCC cells and cervical cancer-associated fibroblasts (CCAFs).', 'Clinicopathological analysis of CSCC samples revealed that prominent expression of TGF- receptor-2 was more frequent in CSCC with lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) than without LVSI (p < 0.01). Lymph node metastasis was more frequent in cases in which phosphorylated SMAD3 (pSMAD3) was localized exclusively at the boundary of tumor clusters (n = 9, p < 0.05). Recombinant TGF-1 increased pSMAD3 expression and enhanced cellular invasion (p < 0.005) in CSCC cells, which was attenuated by an inhibitor of the TGF- receptor (p < 0.005). Enhanced pSMAD3 expression and invasion was also observed when conditioned media from CSCC cells co-cultured with CCAFs were administered. Luciferase assays showed that this medium contained a large amount of active TGF-. Along with TGF- activation, thrombospondin-1 was upregulated in both CSCC cells and CCAFs, while thrombospondin-1 silencing in either CSCC cells or CCAFs repressed the activity of TGF-. Thrombospondin-1 was prominently expressed in cases with pSMAD3 boundary staining (p < 0.05).
Output:
1