Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: There are only about 1,000 living species of gymnosperms, whereas there are hundreds of thousands of living species of angiosperms. Living gymnosperms are typically classified in the divisions described in the Table below . Most modern gymnosperms are trees with woody trunks. The majority are conifers such as pine trees. Q: The majoirty of modern gymnosperms belong to what group, which includes pine trees? A:
OPTIONS:
- stems
- Pinophytes
- clusters
- conifers
Answer: conifers

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: RNA is studied to understand gene expression patterns in cells. RNA is naturally very unstable because enzymes that break down RNA are commonly present in nature. Some are even secreted by our own skin and are very difficult to inactivate. Similar to DNA extraction, RNA extraction involves the use of various buffers and enzymes to inactivate other macromolecules and preserve only the RNA. Gel Electrophoresis Because nucleic acids are negatively charged ions at neutral or alkaline pH in an aqueous environment, they can be moved by an electric field. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules on the basis of size and charge. The nucleic acids can be separated as whole chromosomes or as fragments. The nucleic acids are loaded into a slot at one end of a gel matrix, an electric current is applied, and negatively charged molecules are pulled toward the opposite end of the gel (the end with the positive electrode). Smaller molecules move through the pores in the gel faster than larger molecules; this difference in the rate of migration separates the fragments on the basis of size. The nucleic acids in a gel matrix are invisible until they are stained with a compound that allows them to be seen, such as a dye. Distinct fragments of nucleic acids appear as bands at specific distances from the top of the gel (the negative electrode end) that are based on their size (Figure 10.3). A mixture of many fragments of varying sizes appear as a long smear, whereas uncut genomic DNA is usually too large to run through the gel and forms a single large band at the top of the gel. Q: What is studied to understand gene expression patterns in cells? A:
OPTIONS:
- dna
- protein
- mutations
- rna
output: rna

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 46.4 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates mammalian reproduction. Q: What two types of hormones regulate mammalian reproduction? A:

OPTIONS:
- tropic and subtropic
- pheromones and enzymes
- endorphins and adrenaline
- tropic and sex

A: tropic and sex

input: OPTIONS:
- quantum physics
- time-space
- momentum
- mass-energy Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Specifically for the strong nuclear force, Yukawa proposed that a previously unknown particle, now called a pion, is exchanged between nucleons, transmitting the force between them. Figure 33.3 illustrates how a pion would carry a force between a proton and a neutron. The pion has mass and can only be created by violating the conservation of mass-energy. This is allowed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle if it occurs for a sufficiently short period of time. As discussed in Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle the Heisenberg uncertainty principle relates the uncertainties E in energy and t in time by. Q: The pion can only be created by violating the conservation of what? A:
A:
output: mass-energy

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Introduction to Linear Momentum and Collisions We use the term momentum in various ways in everyday language, and most of these ways are consistent with its precise scientific definition. We speak of sports teams or politicians gaining and maintaining the momentum to win. We also recognize that momentum has something to do with collisions. For example, looking at the rugby players in the photograph colliding and falling to the ground, we expect their momenta to have great effects in the resulting collisions. Generally, momentum implies a tendency to continue on courseto move in the same directionand is associated with great mass and speed. Momentum, like energy, is important because it is conserved. Only a few physical quantities are conserved in nature, and studying them yields fundamental insight into how nature works, as we shall see in our study of momentum. Q: Generally, momentum implies a tendency to continue on courseto move in the same directionand is associated with great mass and speed. momentum, like energy, is important because it is what? A:

OPTIONS:
- endless
- sequences
- invisible
- conserved

Answer: conserved

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What do increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the air do to the earth's temperature? A:

OPTIONS:
- Lower it
- stable it
- Pollute
- raise it

A:
raise it