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Etymology is the study of the meanings of words. It also looks at the origins of words, and how they have changed over time. By learning about etymology, you can find new ways to define unknown words without using a dictionary. Start by looking at each part of the word in question. It is very helpful to look to see if the word has a common prefix. Prefixes are the first part of the word. For example, a common prefix is "anti". "Anti" means "against". Knowing this should help you figure out the meanings of words such as "antibiotic" or "antithesis". "Extra" is a prefix that means "beyond". Use this to figure out words such as "extraterrestrial" or "extracurricular". Other common prefixes are "hyper", "intro", "macro" and "micro". You can also look for prefixes such as "multi", "neo" and "omni". The suffix are the letters at the end of the word. There are several suffixes in the English language that are common. They can help you figure out what kind of word you are looking at. Some suffixes indicate a noun. For example, "ee" at the end of the word almost always indicates a noun. Some examples are "trainee" and "employee". "-ity" is also a common suffix for a noun. Examples include "electricity" and "velocity". Other suffixes indicate verbs. For example, "-ate". This is used in words such as "create" and "deviate". "-ize" is another verb suffix. Think about the words "exercise" and "prioritize". A root word is the core word, without a prefix or suffix. Most words in the English language come from either a Latin or Greek root word. By learning common root words, you can begin to identify new words more easily. You will also be able to recognize words that have had a prefix or suffix added. An example of a root word is "love". You can add many things to the word: "-ly" to make "lovely". "Bio" is a Greek root word. It means "life, or living matter". Think about how we have adapted this root word to become "biology", "biography", or "biodegradable".

summary: Look for a prefix. Pay attention to the suffix. Identify root words.

Summarize the following:
Set cupcake liners in the cups of a nonstick muffin pan. Heat the mixture in the microwave on low power, stirring occasionally, until the chocolate has melted. Set the mixture aside and allow it to cool. In a second bowl, beat the egg and the egg yolk with an electric hand mixer at high speed for 3 minutes. The eggs are ready when they are thick and have a bright lemon-yellow color. Mix the wet ingredients until they are thoroughly combined. Bake them until a toothpick inserted into the center of the cupcakes comes out clean and the tops spring back when pressed gently, which will take about 25 minutes. Then, loosen the liners from the muffin pan. Remove the cupcakes from the tin and cool them completely.

summary: Position a rack in the middle of the oven and preheat to 300F (150 C). Put the chocolate and prune juice in a microwave safe bowl. Whisk the flour, sugar, cocoa powder, baking soda, baking powder and salt together in a large bowl. Add the buttermilk, oil, vanilla, and melted chocolate mixture to eggs. Add the flour mixture to the wet ingredients and beat the batter until everything is just combined. Divide the batter among the muffin cups, filling each of them half full. Cool the cupcakes in the pan on a rack for 10 minutes.

Summarize the following:
In this method, you'll need only a cardboard toilet paper roll (with the toilet paper gone) and some water. To begin, fill a relatively large bowl with water. Be sure the temperature of the water is comfortable enough to put your hands in. You could also fill a sink for quick drainage later. On your toilet paper roll, you should see that it is formed by a spiral glued to itself. Generally, the ends of the spiral will be pointed tips at either end of the toilet paper roll. The cardboard should be soft enough that you can rip it yourself, undoing the glue and unfurling the paper roll into a cardboard sheet. If the cardboard doesn't seem to want to budge, don't hesitate to get scissors and simply cut the roll lengthwise in half. Take the now open cardboard roll and push it to the bottom of the bowl of water. You'll most likely need to hold it at the bottom with your hand. Allow a minute or so for the cardboard roll to fill with water. Once soaked, it will be pliable and capable of molding into your fake poop. Don't fret if the cardboard ends up ripping. Once you begin the mold, you can simply stick the fallen pieces back on. The only concern is pieces falling off once the mold dries. Remove the cardboard from the water. You may need to hold it above the bowl for a few seconds to allow the excess water to fall off. The cardboard is best molded by laying it flat in your hand and squeezing into a closed fist. This will compress the cardboard into your fake poop. Like the previous method, this fake poop is also used best shortly after its creation. Otherwise, the cardboard may dry out and begin to crack and fall apart. You may be able to make your fake poop last longer by sprinkling a bit of water over it as it begins to dry.
summary: Fill a bowl with water. Open the cardboard roll. Submerge the paper roll. Mold your fake poop.