TASK DEFINITION: Generate the answer for a given question. The question requires common knowledge of English. Make sure that the answer is in detail, long, consistent with the context, and requires general knowledge of English. To be less repetitive, please vary your language for each question. Give a proper explanation to answer, and if necessary, provide the definition of various terms. And conclude your answer if it's long. If you have used other resources (e.g., Merriam Webster's.) to answer the question, include citations in your answer. You don't need to paraphrase the context of your resources, but make sure that your answer is consistent and complete.
PROBLEM: Any situation, any time; this person has always something negative to say about it. It should be a noun or an adjective to describe a person who is a damp cloud walking over every sunshine situations at the cubicle, hoping to drench other people with his miserable comments. I considered 'sourpuss' but would prefer something more important sounding, like 'misogynist.'.

SOLUTION: In British English, 'Naysayer' is common for someone who says that something is not possible, won't work, shouldn't be tried, etc.

PROBLEM: The nuns in the 1965 movie 'The Sound of Music' are singing about Maria, who is difficult to deal with: How do you solve a problem like Maria? Being non-native (and only seeing a still frame of the scene) I thought it meant 'How does Maria solve problems?'. Somewhat similar to 'What would Jesus do?'. Can 'solve a problem like [someone]' also be understood in this way? Edits: I am aware of the context. It would be silly to think the singing nuns hold up Maria (Julie Andrews) as a role model. I checked my Quirk/Greenbaum grammar but have trouble finding anything conclusive concerning this usage of [like] and its validity. I do have to admit, that I didn't look very thoroughly. I am a bit like Maria, in this way.

SOLUTION: You're right: 'How do you solve a problem like Maria?' is syntactically ambiguous. The phrase 'like Maria' can modify either a preceding noun phrase ('a problem') or a preceding verb phrase ('solve a problem'). Both of these usages are recognized as valid by traditional prescriptive grammars (Fowler 1926 describes 'He talks like an expert' as an 'unexceptionable' usage of like, where 'like is equivalent to a prepositional adverb'p. 325 in republished 2009 edition). Prescriptive grammars have traditionally condemned a third use of like, the use 'as a conjunction' where it is followed by a clause (e.g. 'like Maria does') rather than by a noun phrase. However, as the comments point out, that construction would allow you to express 'How do you solve problems the way that Maria solves problems' without ambiguity. Many modern linguists analyze like as a preposition when it takes a bare noun phrase like 'Maria' as its complement (although like is not always a preposition, and even when it is, it doesn't always behave exactly the same way as other prepositions). The same kind of ambiguity is seen with many prepositional phrases, as illustrated by the joke 'One morning, I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I don't know,' which relies on this ambiguity. You can see further examples and discussion in the answers to Does 'I am eating vegan cheese in my underpants' really imply that the vegan cheese is inside my underpants? (the 'shot an elephant in my pajamas' joke is mentioned in JoeTaxpayer's answer there).

PROBLEM: Does English use the word thou in situations nowadays? For example, to humiliate an opponent by being overly familiar?.

SOLUTION:
The Only thing I can think of is if a suitor were being extremely formal in a proposal of marriage: Wouldst thou do me the honor.... It might also be used in a light teasing manner, pretending to be formal. For instance, asking someone to dance. Pretty much all personal instances I can think of using thou have been teasing or joking. Example, shouting 'Thou hast brought dishonor upon this family!' at your brother for spilling the orange juice.