In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

A maximum independent set for this data structure can be found in linear time by adding alternating levels. In this structure, any two vertices or nodes must be connected by a single simple path, and thus it is connected and acyclic. By using (*) union-find with disjoint sets, one type of this structure containing all the vertices of a connected graph can be constructed. One variety of this data structure can be used to easily implement a binary search. This structure also comes in red-black and self-balancing-binary varieties. For 10 points, identify this data structure from computer science, a hierarchical graph in which "leaf" nodes ultimately flow from a "root" node.
Science

To isolate volatile compounds from nonvolatile impurities, the steam form of this process is used when the compounds decompose at standard temperatures and pressures. Two miscible liquids are heated under a Liebig condenser to increase the concentration of the liquid with the lower boiling point in a common type of this process. FTP, name this separation method by boiling point, whose fractional variety yields cosmetics from petroleum and alcohol from a water mixture.
Science

The work's setting is established regardless of the fact that its artist removed the dome of the Invadiles on the right, as the towers of Notre Dame are visible. Ministers in this work gather to receive papers labeled "perfecture", "nomination of peers", and "military commission", and the depicted process begins with the poor dropping (*) coins into the baskets of lilliputian ministers. The end of the process in this work is set at the excretion of rewards for officials beneath a giant chair, and this work caused its artist to be fined and jailed for 6 months. For 10 points, identify this caricature which shows ministers march up a gangplank to deposit money to a massive Louis-Philippe, a work by Honor Daumier sharing its name with a Rabelais character.
Fine Arts