Q: Information: - Quantity is a property that can exist as a magnitude or multitude. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more", "less", or "equal", or by assigning a numerical value in terms of a unit of measurement. Quantity is among the basic classes of things along with quality, substance, change, and relation. Some quantities are such by their inner nature (as number), while others are functioning as states (properties, dimensions, attributes) of things such as heavy and light, long and short, broad and narrow, small and great, or much and little. A small quantity is sometimes referred to as a quantulum. - In mathematics , and more specifically in graph theory , a directed graph ( or digraph ) is a graph , or set of vertices connected by edges , where the edges have a direction associated with them . In formal terms , a directed graph is an ordered pair G = ( V , A ) ( sometimes G = ( V , E ) ) where V is a set whose elements are called vertices , nodes , or points ; A is a set of ordered pairs of vertices , called arrows , directed edges ( sometimes simply edges with the corresponding set named E instead of A ) , directed arcs , or directed lines . It differs from an ordinary or undirected graph , in that the latter is defined in terms of unordered pairs of vertices , which are usually called edges , arcs , or lines . A directed graph is called a simple digraph if it has no multiple arrows ( two or more edges that connect the same two vertices in the same direction ) and no loops ( edges that connect vertices to themselves ) . A directed graph is called a directed multigraph or multidigraph if it may have multiple arrows ( and sometimes loops ) . In the latter case the arrow set forms a multiset , rather than a set , of ordered pairs of vertices . - In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense "related". The objects correspond to mathematical abstractions called "vertices" (also called "nodes" or "points") and each of the related pairs of vertices is called an "edge" (also called an "arc" or "line"). Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. Graphs are one of the objects of study in discrete mathematics. - Mathematics (from Greek "mathma", knowledge, study, learning) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics. - In mathematics graph theory is the study of "graphs", which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of "vertices", "nodes", or "points" which are connected by "edges", "arcs", or "lines". A graph may be "undirected", meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be "directed" from one vertex to another; see Graph (discrete mathematics) for more detailed definitions and for other variations in the types of graph that are commonly considered. Graphs are one of the prime objects of study in discrete mathematics. - Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in "continuous mathematics" such as calculus and analysis. Discrete objects can often be enumerated by integers. More formally, discrete mathematics has been characterized as the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the natural numbers, including rational numbers but not real numbers). However, there is no exact definition of the term "discrete mathematics." Indeed, discrete mathematics is described less by what is included than by what is excluded: continuously varying quantities and related notions. - Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework. - A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Definitions can be classified into two large categories, intensional definitions (which try to give the essence of a term) and extensional definitions (which proceed by listing the objects that a term describes). Another important category of definitions is the class of ostensive definitions, which convey the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. A term may have many different senses and multiple meanings, and thus require multiple definitions. 'directed graph' is related to which object entity through the relation of 'instance of'? Choices: - branch - class - concept - definition - direction - four - framework - graph - graph theory - line - logic - mathematics - measurement - model - phrase - quantity - relation - sense - set - space - statement - structure - study - three - two - understanding - value
A: concept

Q: Information: - Rajaraja Chola II succeeded his father Kulothunga Chola II to the Chola throne in 1150. He was made his heir apparent and coregent in 1146 and so the inscriptions of Rajaraja II count his reign from 1146. Rajaraja's reign began to show signs of the coming end of the great dynasty. - Kulothunga Chola II was a 12th-century king of the Chola Dynasty of the Tamil people of South India. He succeeded his father Vikrama Chola to the throne in 1135 CE. Vikrama Chola made Kulothunga his heir apparent and coregent in 1133 CE, so the inscriptions of Kulothunga II count his reign from 1133 CE. - Rajadhiraja Chola II ( 1166 -- 1178 CE ) reigned as the Chola king succeeding Rajaraja Chola II. According to historian N. Sethuraman , Rajadhiraja was not the direct descendant of Rajaraja Chola II but was a son of his sister . Rajaraja Chola II chose Rajadhiraja as his heir in 1166 as he did not have any sons of his own . Soon after the installation of Rajadhiraja II , a fierce succession dispute in the Pandya country led to the intervention of the Chola and the Sinhalese rulers on opposite sides which brought misery to both . Out of the ashes of this civil war arose the Pandya power which in its renewed strength soon swallowed both the Chola and Sinhalese kingdoms . 'rajadhiraja chola ii' is related to which object entity through the relation of 'father'? Choices: - rajaraja chola ii - vikrama chola
A: vikrama chola