Q: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
Michaels rule applies to summing a quantity by this name for multi-quark systems. One semi-empirical formula for this quantity has it scaling as one minus 0.345 angstroms over the sum of the anionic and cationic radii. A constant proportional to it is given by the sum over atoms of the signed distance dividing the nearest-neighbor distance. This quantity may be measured in an indirect way by a process with steps: atomization of the metallic and non-metallic components, ionization of the former, and electron affination of the latter. This quantity is calculable in many cases using the Kapustinskii equation and Madelung constant, and may be measured experimentally via the Born-Haber cycle. FTP, name this chemical quantity, the sum total of bond energies in a crystal.
A:
Science