In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: Consider Input: An urgent demand of assessing passengers' exposure risks in airliner cabins was raised as commercial airliners are one of the major media that carrying and transmitting infectious disease worldwide. In this study, simulations were conducted using a Boeing 737 cabin model to study the transport characteristics of airborne droplets and the associated infection risks of passengers. The numerical results of the airflow field were firstly compared against the experimental data in the literature to validate the reliability of the simulations. Airborne droplets were assumed to be released by passengers through coughing and their transport characteristics were modelled using the Lagrangian approach. Numerical results found that the particle travel distance was very sensitive to the release locations, and the impact was more significant along the longitudinal and horizontal directions. Particles released by passengers sitting next to the windows could travel much further than the others. A quantifiable approach was then applied to assess the individual infection risks of passengers. The key particle transport information such as the particle residence time yielded from the Lagrangian tracking process was extracted and integrated into the Wells-Riley equation to estimate the risks of infection. Compared to the Eulerian-based approach, the Lagrangian-based approach presented in this study is more robust as it addresses both the particle concentration and particle residence time in the breathing zone of every individual passenger.

Output: Evaluation of airborne disease infection risks in an airliner cabin using the Lagrangian-based Wells-Riley approach

Input: Consider Input: The production of functional nidovirus replication-transcription complexes involves extensive proteolytic processing by virus-encoded proteases. In this study, we characterized the viral main protease (M pro ) of the type species, White bream virus (WBV), of the newly established genus Bafinivirus (order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Torovirinae). Comparative sequence analysis and mutagenesis data confirmed that the WBV M pro is a picornavirus 3C-like serine protease that uses a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad embedded in a predicted two--barrel fold, which is extended by a third domain at its C terminus. Bacterially expressed WBV M pro autocatalytically released itself from flanking sequences and was able to mediate proteolytic processing in trans. Using N-terminal sequencing of autoproteolytic processing products we tentatively identified Gln2(Ala, Thr) as a substrate consensus sequence. Mutagenesis data provided evidence to suggest that two conserved His and Thr residues are part of the S1 subsite of the enzyme's substrate-binding pocket. Interestingly, we observed two N-proximal and two C-proximal autoprocessing sites in the bacterial expression system. The detection of two major forms of M pro , resulting from processing at two different N-proximal and one C-proximal site, in WBV-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells confirmed the biological relevance of the biochemical data obtained in heterologous expression systems. To our knowledge, the use of alternative M pro autoprocessing sites has not been described previously for other nidovirus M pro domains. The data presented in this study lend further support to our previous conclusion that bafiniviruses represent a distinct group of viruses that significantly diverged from other phylogenetic clusters of the order Nidovirales. Cell culture and propagation of virus. Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells (RIE173) were obtained from the cell culture collection of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany). They were grown in minimum essential medium with Earle's salts, 25 mM HEPES, GlutaMAX I (Invitrogen, catalog no. 42360-024) supplemented with 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Invitrogen, catalog no. 11360-039) and 10% fetal bovine serum (PAA Laboratories) at 27C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere. WBV isolate DF24/00 (23) was propagated on EPC cells at 20C. Construction and mutagenesis of expression plasmids. Plasmids were generated by using standard cloning procedures. All PCR products were generated by using Pfu polymerase (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The correct sequences of the inserts were verified by sequencing using a BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). To generate pMal-WBV-3424-3725-GST and pMal-WBV-3424-3725_S3589A-GST, the coding sequence for the WBV pp1a/pp1ab amino acid residues Gln-3424 to Met-3725 was amplified by using the primers MalE24 (5-GGTCGTCAGACTGTCGATGAA GCC-3) and M pro _BbsI (5-AATAAGAAGACTGTTGTTAACTGGTGATG TGAGTGT-3) and pMal-WBV-3CL_559-560 or pMal-WBV-3CL_S3589A (38) as a template, while the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (GST) coding sequence was amplified from pCITE-GST (44) by using the primers GSTup_BsaI (5-AAAAGGTCTCTACAACATGAGCCCTATACTAGGTTA TTGG-3) and GSTdn_BamHI (5-AAAGGATCCTTAACGCGGAACCAGA TCCGATTTTGG-3). The resulting PCR products were digested with BbsI and BsaI, respectively, and subsequently ligated by using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs [NEB]). The resulting pp1a-3424-3725-GST fusion sequence was amplified by using MalE24 and GSTdn_BamHI, digested with SacI and BamHI, and ligated with SacI/BamHI-digested pMal-c2X plasmid DNA (NEB). To construct pMal-WBV-M pro -CHis, the coding region for pp1a/pp1ab amino acids Gln-3424 to Thr-3707 was amplified from pMal-pp1a-3424-3725-GST by using the primers JZ559 (5-TCAGCATCAGAATGCATTCTGTAT-3) and RU32 (5-TTTGGATCCTTAGTGATGGTGATGGTGATGTGTTACTGGT GCTACTGGGAG-3). The resulting PCR product was phosphorylated by using T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK; NEB), digested with EcoRI and ligated with XmnI/EcoRI-digested pMal-c2X plasmid DNA (NEB). The inserts for plasmids pMal-WBV-N1-C1, pMal-WBV-N1-C2, pMal-WBV-N2-C1, and pMal-WBV-N2-C2 were amplified from pMal-WBV-3424-3725_S3589A-GST with the primers RU36 (5-GCCCTCCAACGTATCAGAC AAGC-3) in combination with RU177 (5-ATAGAATTCTTATTGTCTGGT GATGGTGTTAC-3), RU36 in combination with RU191 (5-AAAGGATCCT TATTGTCCTACTGTGACAGATGT-3), RU37 (5-GCAGTCACAGTTGTT GTAACAC-3) in combination with RU177, and RU37 in combination with RU191, respectively. The 5 termini of the resulting PCR products were phosphorylated by using PNK. The inserts for pMal-WBV-N1-C1 and pMal-WBV-N2-C1 were digested with EcoRI and then ligated with XmnI/EcoRI-digested pMal-c2X plasmid DNA. The inserts for pMal-WBV-N1-C2 and pMal-WBV-N2-C2 were digested with BamHI and ligated with XmnI/BamHI-digested pMal-c2X plasmid DNA. Site-directed mutagenesis of plasmid constructs was carried out by PCR-based methods essentially as described previously (28, 55) . Sequences of oligonucleotides used for mutagenesis are available on request. Expression of fusion proteins. Escherichia coli TB1 (NEB) cells transformed with pMal-pp1a-3424-3725-GST or pMal-pp1a-3424-3725_S3589A-GST were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing ampicillin at a concentration of 100 g per ml until the culture reached an optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ) of

Output: Characterization of Bafinivirus Main Protease Autoprocessing Activities Downloaded from

Input: Consider Input: High-frequency alleles and/or co-occurring human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles across loci appear to be more important than individual alleles, because they might be markers of disease risk that have clinical value as biomarkers for targeted screening or the development of new therapies. To better elucidate the major histocompatibility complex background and to facilitate the experimental use of cynomolgus macaques, Mafa-B, Mafa-DQB1, and Mafa-DRB alleles were characterized and their combinations were investigated from 30 macaques of Vietnamese origin by cloning and sequencing. A total of 48 Mafa-B, 22 Mafa-DQB1, and 42 Mafa-DRB alleles, were detected in this study, respectively. In addition, two Mafa-DQB1 and eight Mafa-DRB alleles represented novel sequences that had not been documented in earlier studies. Our results also showed that the macaque from Vietnam might be valuable because 30% of the test animals possessed Mafa-DRB*w304 (30%) and -DQB1*0616 (30%). We report that the combination of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II alleles, including the combination of DRB3*0403-DRB*w304, DRB1*1013-DRB*w304, and Mafa-B*007:01:01-DRB*w304, which was in 17%, 13%, and 13% of the animals, respectively. Interesting, more than two Mafa-DQB1 alleles detected in one animal in this study suggest that Mafa-DQB1, like Mafa-DRB, might be a duplication in the chromosome, which have ever been documented in cynomolgus monkeys but has not yet been observed in rhesus macaques or other primates. Our results for the high frequency of commonly co-occurring MHC alleles across loci in a cohort of the Vietnamese cynomolgus macaque emphasized the value of this species as a model for biomedical research.
Output: Comprehensive identification of high-frequency and co-occurring Mafa-B, Mafa- DQB1, and Mafa-DRB alleles in cynomolgus macaques of Vietnamese origin