Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: The major immuno-modulating effects of Ganoderma lucidum include mitogenicity and activation of immune effector cells such as T cells, macrophages and natural killer cells resulting in the production of cytokines.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD40 and CD80 by G. lucidum-treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.', 'Monocytes were isolated and incubated at 37 C and 5% CO2 for 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of different concentrations of G. lucidum. Cells were then incubated with labelled monoclonal antibodies against CD14, CD40 and B7-1(CD80) molecules utilizing standard protocols, and analyzed by flow cytometry.', 'The results showed that incubation of monocytes with G. lucidum led to marked enhancement of CD40 and B7-1 expression in a dose- and time- dependent manner (p<0.001). G. lucidum was more effective in enhancing the expression of CD80 and CD40 molecules of cells obtained from females than male donors (p<0.001).

Answer: Does ganoderma lucidum induce the expression of CD40/CD86 on peripheral blood monocytes?

Question: Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the four dengue viruses (DENV-1 to 4) that can also be transmitted by blood transfusion and organ transplantation. The distribution of DENV in the components of blood from infected donors is poorly understood.', 'We used an in-house TaqMan qRT-PCR assay to test residual samples of plasma, cellular components of whole blood (CCWB), serum and clot specimens from the same collection from blood donors who were DENV-RNA-reactive in a parallel blood safety study. To assess whether DENV RNA detected by TaqMan was associated with infectious virus, DENV infectivity in available samples was determined by culture in mosquito cells.', 'DENV RNA was detected by TaqMan in all tested blood components, albeit more consistently in the cellular components; 78.8% of CCWB, 73.3% of clots, 86.7% of sera and 41.8% of plasma samples. DENV-1 was detected in 48 plasma and 97 CCWB samples while DENV-4 was detected in 21 plasma and 31 CCWB samples. In mosquito cell cultures, 29/111 (26.1%) plasma and 32/97 (32.7%) CCWB samples were infectious. A subset of samples from 29 donors was separately analyzed to compare DENV viral loads in the available blood components. DENV viral loads did not differ significantly between components and ranged from 3-8 log10 PCR-detectable units/ml.

Answer: Does distribution of Dengue Virus type 1 and 4 in Blood Components from Infected Blood Donors from Puerto Rico?

Question: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) counteract stress hormone and pro-inflammatory cytokine activation, and are being considered as therapeutics for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Previous data from our laboratory revealed that repeated treatment with the NSAID diclofenac attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alterations to reward behavior, implicating a role for NSAIDs in alleviating depressive-like behavior.", 'To extend these findings, we sought to determine whether acute treatment with diclofenac would attenuate LPS-induced alterations to basic reward behavior, as well as neuroendocrine and neuroimmune function.', 'Male, Wistar rats (n=8-9/grp) pressed a lever for sucrose pellet reward and after establishing a steady baseline were exposed to an injection of saline (1 ml/kg, SC) or diclofenac (2.5 mg/kg, SC) 30 min prior to a second injection of saline or LPS (20 microg/kg, IP).', 'In saline pre-treated rats, LPS significantly reduced rate of sucrose pellet self-administration and total reinforcers obtained, suggestive of an anhedonia response. In addition, LPS increased corticosterone release, increased plasma intereleukin (IL)-1beta release, increased IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA in hippocampus, increased corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA in pituitary, and decreased CRH-1 mRNA in pituitary. Importantly, the behavioral and neuroendocrine effects, but not neuroimmune effects, produced by LPS were significantly attenuated in rats pre-treated with diclofenac.

Answer:
Does acute diclofenac treatment attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations to basic reward behavior and HPA axis activation in rats?