input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. The Tariff Act of 1930 (codified at ), otherwise known as the SmootHawley Tariff or HawleySmoot Tariff, was an act implementing protectionist trade policies sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17, 1930. The act raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods.

The tariffs (this does not include duty-free imports see "Tariff levels" below) under the act were the second-highest in the U.S. in 100 years, exceeded by a small margin by the Tariff of 1828. The Act and following retaliatory tariffs by America's trading partners helped reduce American exports and imports by more than half during the Depression. Although economists disagree by how much, the consensus view among economists and economic historians is that "The passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff exacerbated the Great Depression."

In 1922, Congress passed the FordneyMcCumber Tariff act which increased tariffs on imports.

The League of Nations' World Economic Conference met at Geneva in 1927, concluding in its final report: "the time has come to put an end to tariffs, and to move in the opposite direction." Vast debts and reparations could only be repaid through gold, services or goods; but the only items available on that scale were goods. However, many of the delegates' governments did the opposite, starting in 1928 when France passed a new tariff law and quota system. 1. What do experts say exacerbated the Great Depression?
2. What is another name for The Tariff Act of 1930?
3. Who sponsored it?
4. What did Congress pass in 1922?
5. When was The Tariff Act signed into law?
6. What conference met in 1927?
7. About how many goods did The Tariff Act raise tariffs on?
8. What did France do in 1928?
9. What was The Tariff Act exactly?
10. Did it included duty-free imports?
numbered_answers: 1. The passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff
2. the SmootHawley Tariff or HawleySmoot Tariff
3. Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley
4. FordneyMcCumber Tariff act
5. on June 17, 1930
6. The League of Nations' World Economic Conference
7. over 20,000
8. passed a new tariff law and quota system.
9. an act implementing protectionist trade policies
10. no

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. The Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) is a family of standards specified by the IEEE Computer Society for maintaining compatibility between operating systems. POSIX defines the application programming interface (API), along with command line shells and utility interfaces, for software compatibility with variants of Unix and other operating systems.

Originally, the name "POSIX" referred to IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, released in 1988. The family of POSIX standards is formally designated as IEEE 1003 and the international standard name is ISO/IEC 9945.

The standards emerged from a project that began circa 1985. Richard Stallman suggested the name "POSIX" to the IEEE instead of former "IEEE-IX". The committee found it more easily pronounceable and memorable, and thus adopted it.

Unix was selected as the basis for a standard system interface partly because it was "manufacturer-neutral." However, several major versions of Unix existedso there was a need to develop a common denominator system. The POSIX specifications for Unix-like operating systems originally consisted of a single document for the core programming interface, but eventually grew to 19 separate documents (POSIX.1, POSIX.2, etc.). The standardized user command line and scripting interface were based on the UNIX System V shell. Many user-level programs, services, and utilities (including awk, echo, ed) were also standardized, along with required program-level services (including basic I/O: file, terminal, and network). POSIX also defines a standard threading library API which is supported by most modern operating systems. In 2008, most parts of POSIX were combined into a single standard "(IEEE Std 1003.1-2008", also known as "POSIX.1-2008)." 1. what does POSIX stand for?
2. what does it define?
3. what is POSIX?
4. by who?
5. what is the purpose of the standards?
6. when did the standards emerge?
7. from what?
8. who came up with the name?
9. what had it previously been called?
10. why did they decide to go with a new name?
11. which OS was chosen to be the foundation for the standard interface?
12. why?
13. how many versions existed?
14. in 2008, what were the parts combined to?
15. what was it named?
16. what else was it called?
17. how many documents did the original system contain?
18. what was that increase to?
19. what were the systems named?
numbered_answers: 1. Portable Operating System Interface
2. The API, command line shells and utility interfaces, for software compatibility
3. A family of standards
4. The IEEE Computer Society
5. To maintain compatibility between operating systems
6. Circa 1985.
7. A project that began then
8. Richard Stallman
9. IEEE-IX
10. It was pronounceable and memorable
11. Unix
12. It was "manufacturer-neutral."
13. Several major ones
14. A single standard
15. IEEE Std 1003.1-2008
16. POSIX.1-2008
17. One
18. 19
19. POSIX.1, POSIX.2, etc.

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. CHAPTER XIII.

ALBUERA.

Very heavily did five months in the lines of Torres Vedras pass to the Norfolk Rangers. When, in the beginning of November, Massena fell back to Sautarem, the greater portion of the army followed him in readiness for attack should any openings be found. Massena, however, entrenched himself in a very strong position, and Wellington could no more attack him than he could attack the lines of Torres Vedras; so that both armies faced each other in inactivity until the beginning of March, when Massena broke up his camp and began to retreat.

The Norfolk Rangers had been one of the regiments which had remained in their quarters on Torres Vedras throughout the winter, and great was the joy with which they received orders to strike their tents and push on in pursuit. The retreat of Massena was masterly. Ney's division covered the rear, and several sharp fights took place which are known in history as the combats of Pombal, Redinha, Cazal Nova, Foz d'Aronce, and Sabugal.

In most of these the enemy were driven from their position by the British outflanking them and threatening their line of retreat; but in the last, by a mistake of General Erskine, a portion of his division attacked the enemy in rear, and, although vastly outnumbered, drove him off from the crest he held with desperate valor. Wellington himself said, "This was one of the most glorious actions British troops were ever engaged in."

The next day the French crossed the Coa and Turones, and took up their position under the guns of Ciudad Rodrigo, which they had left six months before with the full assurance that they were going to conquer Portugal, and drive the British into the sea. The invasion cost Massena thirty thousand men, killed in battle, taken prisoners, or dead from hardships, fatigues and fevers. 1. Who remained in their quaters throughout the winter?
2. Where was it?
3. Were they happy to receive orders?
4. What were the orders?
5. Who covered the back?
6. What happened there?
7. Are these documented?
8. What are they known as?
9. How long were they at Torres?
10. Did the time pass quickly?
11. What happened in March?
12. To do what?
13. What was the driving force of the enemies?
14. Were they threatened?
15. Who made a mistake?
16. What was the result?
17. Who did?
18. Who declared it to be glorious?
19. How many men were killed in the battle?
20. How many men were somehow affected?
numbered_answers:
1. The Norfolk Rangers
2. Torres Vedras
3. yes
4. to strike their tents and push on
5. Ney's division
6. several sharp fights took place
7. yes
8. the combats of Pombal and Redinha, Cazal Nova
9. from November until March
10. unknown
11. Massena broke up his camp
12. to retreat
13. the British outflanking them
14. yes
15. General Erskine
16. drove him off from the crest he held
17. the enemy
18. Wellington
19. unknown
20. thirty thousand