Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Defects in phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) function cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency characterized by dysfunctional microbicidal activity and chronic inflammation.', 'We sought to study the effect of chronic inflammation on the hematopoietic compartment in patients and mice with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD).', 'We used immunostaining and functional analyses to study the hematopoietic compartment in patients with CGD.', 'An analysis of bone marrow cells from patients and mice with X-CGD revealed a dysregulated hematopoiesis characterized by increased numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) at the expense of repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In patients with X-CGD, there was a clear reduction in the proportion of HSCs in bone marrow and peripheral blood, and they were also more rapidly exhausted after in vitro culture. In mice with X-CGD, increased cycling of HSCs, expansion of HPCs, and impaired long-term engraftment capacity were found to be associated with high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1. Treatment of wild-type mice with IL-1 induced enhanced cell-cycle entry of HSCs, expansion of HPCs, and defects in long-term engraftment, mimicking the effects observed in mice with X-CGD. Inhibition of cytokine signaling in mice with X-CGD reduced HPC numbers but had only minor effects on the repopulating ability of HSCs.
1

Lung inflation causes cardiovascular suppression via an increase in intrathoracic pressure and neural mechanisms. To examine the mechanisms involved, we mea-sured the heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (AP) responses to lung inflation before and after spraying the bronchi with lidocaine to suppress airway reflex. Thirty women participated in the study. One group (n = 20, Group BT) had their tracheas intubated by using double-lumen tubes. The other group (n = 10, Group TT) received an ordinary endotracheal tube. They were all studied under general anesthesia by using nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and muscle relaxation after a thiopental induction. In each patient, airway pressure was increased for 3 s, and changes in HR and AP were measured. Lung inflation was repeated after 5 mL of 4% lidocaine had been sprayed into the main bronchi unilaterally in Group BT or bilaterally in Group TT. There were no significant differences in cardiovascular responses between left and right lung inflation with the pressure at 20 and 30 cm H(2)O. Both lungs inflated at 20 cm H(2)O caused an increase in HR with a significantly greater decrease in AP than with unilateral inflation. Anesthesia of the bronchi abolished the HR increase, but not the AP decrease. Lung inflation at 30 cm H(2)O caused significant decreases in HR and AP which were not affected with topical anesthesia. These results indicate that the cardiovascular responses elicited by lung inflation in anesthetized humans are predominantly the direct effect of the increase in intrathoracic pressure, although sympathetic afferent activity induced via stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the airways contributes.
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To evaluate the presence of a spontaneous pulsatile release of kisspeptin and whether it is temporally coupled to LH pulses.', 'Experimental study.', 'Academic medical center.', 'Thirty young healthy eumenorrheic women aged 20-37years were included in the study group. All subjects were white women admitted to the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.', 'Kisspeptin, FSH, LH, E2, PRL, and insulin were evaluated in all subjects at baseline.', 'All women underwent a pulsatility study measuring LH and kisspeptin plasma concentrations to assess the spontaneous episodic secretion of both hormones, sampling every 10minutes for 2hours from 9:00 to 11:00 a.m. for a total of 12 blood samples. Detection and specific concordance (SC) algorithms were used to detect pulses and their concordance.', 'A significant endogenous secretory pattern was demonstrated for both LH and kisspeptin over the 2-hour duration of the study (2.4 0.1 peaks/2h). The computation of the SC index showed for the first time that kisspeptin and LH are cosecreted and temporally coupled at time "0," and their peaks occur at the same point in time.
1