Q: What is produced during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: taste, and nutrition of butter. (Preservatives and antioxidants are also added. ) In most commercial peanut butter, the peanut oil has been partially hydrogenated to prevent it from separating out. Consumers could decrease the amount of saturated fat in their diet by using the original unprocessed oils on their foods, but most people would rather spread margarine on their toast than pour oil on it. Many people have switched from butter to margarine or vegetable shortening because of concerns that saturated animal fats can raise blood cholesterol levels and result in clogged arteries. However, during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, an isomerization reaction occurs that produces the trans fatty acids mentioned in the opening essay. However, studies have shown that trans fatty acids also raise cholesterol levels and increase the incidence of heart disease. Trans fatty acids do not have the bend in their structures, which occurs in cis fatty acids and thus pack closely together in the same way that the saturated fatty acids do. Consumers are now being advised to use polyunsaturated oils and soft or liquid margarine and reduce their total fat consumption to less than 30% of their total calorie intake each day. Fats and oils that are in contact with moist air at room temperature eventually undergo oxidation and hydrolysis reactions that cause them to turn rancid, acquiring a characteristic disagreeable odor. One cause of the odor is the release of volatile fatty acids by hydrolysis of the ester bonds. Butter, for example, releases foul-smelling butyric, caprylic, and capric acids. Microorganisms present in the air furnish lipases that catalyze this process. Hydrolytic rancidity can easily be prevented by covering the fat or oil and keeping it in a refrigerator. Another cause of volatile, odorous compounds is the oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acid components, particularly the readily oxidized structural unit. Choices: - complete fatty acids - rich fatty acids - partially-hydrogenated fatty acids - trans fatty acids A:
trans fatty acids
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Q: What season do the largest waves for surfers typically come? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Jaws Beach in Maui, Hawaii has legendary waves. The largest waves come when winds are very strong, usually in the winter. The rocks and reef offshore magnify the size of the incoming wave energy. Cowabunga!. Choices: - autumn - summer - spring - winter A:
winter
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Q: Regularly performing weight-bearing exercise can reduce the risk of what condition that affects bones? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Regular weight-bearing exercise can reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Apply lesson concepts to explain why. Choices: - psoriasis - marrow deficiency - arthritis - osteoporosis A:
osteoporosis
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Q: What connection is required for a newborn baby to begin breathing? Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers: Near the time of birth, the amniotic sac breaks in a gush of fluid. Often when this occurs, women say that their "water broke. " Labor usually begins within a day of this event. Labor involves contractions of the muscular walls of the uterus, which cause the cervix to dilate. With the mother's help, the contractions eventually push the fetus out of the uterus and through the vagina. Within seconds of birth, the umbilical cord is cut. Without this connection to the placenta, the baby cannot exchange gases, so carbon dioxide quickly builds up in the baby's blood. This stimulates the brain to trigger breathing, and the newborn takes its first breath. See Labor and Birth - BabyCenter Video at http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=BgZ5z6RB06c for additional information. Choices: - connection to a heat source - connection to a ventilator - connection to the father - connection to the placenta A:
connection to the placenta
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