Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and VEGF receptors (VEGFR) play an essential role in the angiogenesis of both pathologic and nonpathologic conditions. However, the prognostic significance of VEGF and VEGFR expression in ovarian carcinoma is unclear.', 'The tissue expression levels of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 in 80 specimens of ovarian carcinoma were examined immnohistochemically. The results obtained were analyzed clinicopathologically.', 'VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 were expressed both in tumor cells and in adjacent endothelial cells of blood and lymph vessels. The tissue expressions of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 were correlated significantly with tumor extension, including peritoneal metastases outside the pelvic cavity (P = 0.0010 and P = 0.0008, respectively), lymph node metastases (P = 0.0030 and P = 0.0018, respectively), and positive ascitic cytology (P = 0.025 and P = 0.0016, respectively). Conversely, there was no significant correlation between VEGF-A and VEGFR-3 expression and clinicopathologic features of ovarian carcinoma. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the expressions of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 also were independent risk factors for peritoneal and lymph node metastases. Survival curves determined by the Kaplan-Meier method and in univariate analysis demonstrated that high expression levels of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 were associated with the 5-year survival rate. In multivariate analysis, high expression levels of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 emerged as independent indicators for disease-specific survival.

A: Are vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 related closely to the prognosis of patients with ovarian carcinoma?
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Q: Ametop gel (4% amethocaine) is a relatively new topical anesthetic that produces anesthesia within 30 to 45 minutes and therefore may be appropriate for use in busy outpatient settings. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of 4% amethocaine in reducing the pain of subcutaneous measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in 1-year-old infants.', 'A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in pediatric outpatient clinics.', 'A total of 120 infants participated in the study; 60 were followed up for assessment of antibody titers after 1 month. Either 1 g of amethocaine or placebo was applied for 30 minutes before vaccination. The Modified Behavioral Pain Scale was used to assess pain; the mean (standard deviation) pain scores for the amethocaine group (n = 61) was 1.5 (1.6) versus 2.3 (2.2) for the placebo group (n = 59). The rate of vaccination success (88% and 87%) was not different between treatment groups.

A: Does topical 4 % amethocaine gel reduce the pain of subcutaneous measles-mumps-rubella vaccination?
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Q: As HPV-induced cases of oral malignancy increase, it is important to understand the molecular differences between HPV positive and negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs aberrantly expressed in cancer. We analyzed global piRNA expression patterns to define the HNSCC piRNA transcriptome and assess whether HPV infection status associates with changes in piRNA levels.', 'A total of 498 HNSCC small RNA sequencing libraries were acquired from the Cancer Genomics Hub (cgHUB) Data Repository and a custom sequence analysis pipeline was developed to deduce piRNA expression from raw sequencing data. Expression matrices were aligned to clinicopathological features in order to analyze piRNA expression patterns across different HNSCC groups. The association of a piRNA signature with HPV-positive patient survival was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard model.', 'Analysis of piRNA levels between HNSCC and non-malignant tissues revealed distinct expression patterns, with 87 piRNAs exclusively expressed in tumor samples. HPV infection status affected the expression of 41 of these piRNAs. Eleven (26.8%) piRNAs were significantly downregulated in HPV16/18 tumors compared to other HPV types. Remarkably, expression of a combination of five-piRNAs in HPV-positive HNSCC tumors was associated with worse overall survival.

A:
Is hPV status associated with altered PIWI-interacting RNA expression pattern in head and neck cancer?
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