Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: Cytotechnologists and pathologists often perform onsite evaluations of thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) to provide immediate feedback regarding whether adequate material has been obtained for cytologic diagnosis. The current study was designed to determine whether onsite adequacy assessment results in a significant decrease in nondiagnostic specimens between ultrasound (US)-guided FNAs of the thyroid and those performed by palpation alone.', 'A search was performed to identify in-house thyroid FNAs performed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2003 that were obtained under US guidance or by palpation only. It was then recorded whether an onsite adequacy assessment was performed. The submitting physician and final diagnosis also were recorded for each case. Contingency tables were constructed and evaluated using chi-square analysis.', 'Of 1502 in-house thyroid FNAs included in the current study, 981 (65.3%) were performed under US guidance and 521 (34.7%) were performed with palpation alone. Onsite adequacy assessment of the aspirated material was performed in 323 cases (21.5%), whereas 1179 cases (78.5%) were performed without onsite evaluation. Of the 418 palpation-guided FNAs that were performed without adequacy assessment, 70 (16.7%) were reported to be nondiagnostic, whereas of the 103 palpation-guided FNAs with immediate evaluation, only 7 (6.8%) were determined to be inadequate for diagnosis. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.025). Of 761 US-guided FNAs without immediate adequacy assessment, 54 (7.1%) were nondiagnostic, which was not statistically different from the nondiagnostic rate of 4.5% (10 of 220 cases) for US-guided FNAs with onsite evaluation. However, when these US-guided FNAs were divided further into 2 groups based on the experience of the radiologist performing the FNA, the nondiagnostic rate in the group of experienced radiologists was only 5.4% (or 32 of 592 US-guided FNAs), even though onsite evaluation was not performed. Among radiologists with less experience, adequacy assessment significantly reduced the nondiagnostic rate from 13.0% (22 of 169 FNAs without adequacy assessment) to 4.5% (10 of 220 FNAs with adequacy assessment) (P < 0.01).
Answer: The results of the current study demonstrate that onsite adequacy assessment of thyroid FNAs significantly reduces the number of nondiagnostic aspirates. However, the benefit of onsite evaluation, at least for US-guided FNAs, depends on the experience of the radiologist. In the current study, experienced radiologists with a relatively low nondiagnostic rate did not benefit from onsite adequacy assessment. This finding confirms the importance of experience in the performance of FNA, but suggests that onsite adequacy assessment may assist the less experienced operator.
Is the value of onsite adequacy assessment of thyroid fine-needle aspirations a function of operator experience?

Context: Increased concentrations of metalloproteinases are associated with the invasive and metastatic behavior of several human malignant tumors. Normally, enzymatic activity is tightly regulated by nonspecific mechanisms and specific inhibitors. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of a synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, to show its in vitro effect on MatLyLu cancer cells and its in vivo effect on tumor growth in orthotopic cancer (R3327 Dunning tumor) in rats.', 'In vitro, a dose response curve of batimastat was generated over 4 days using the MTT assay. Prostate cancer was injected in vivo in male Copenhagen rats by inoculating R3327 Dunning tumor cells (MatLyLu) into the ventral prostatic lobe of 30 rats. Each of 10 rats received batimastat (30 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle administered once a day by i.p. application beginning the day of cell inoculation. Ten rats remained untreated. The effect on local tumor growth was evaluated by measuring tumor weights 20 days after tumor cell inoculation.', 'Significant inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vitro occurred at 400 and 4,000 ng/ml batimastat. After orthotopic cell inoculation, tumors grew to mean weights of 18.9 g in the control group without treatment, to 22.3 g in the vehicle group, and to 11.1 g in the treated group. In comparison to the control group and to the vehicle group, tumor weights increased significantly less under treatment with batimastat.
Answer: Batimastat is able to reduce tumor growth in the standard prostate cancer model. Using this model, activity against cancer progression of future inhibitory agents can be reliably assessed.
Does synthetic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases ( batimastat ) reduce prostate cancer growth in an orthotopic rat model?

Context: For the last one and a half decade, it has been found that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promotes glial tumor growth through autocrine and paracrine loops, by expression of PDGFalpha receptor (PDGFRalpha) on glioma cells and PDGFbeta receptor (PDGFRbeta) on proliferating endothelial cells. However, studies on oligodendrogliomas, correlating expression of PDGF and its receptor with tumor grade and proliferative activity, through MIB-1 labeling index (LI) are relatively few as compared to astroglial counterpart.', 'Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 55 cases of oligodendrogliomas (34 World Health Organization [WHO] grade II and 21 WHO grade III tumors) were subjected to immunohistochemistry. MIB-1 LI was calculated, and a semiquantitative scoring system for expression of PDGF and PDGFRalpha was used.', 'MIB-1 LI and PDGF expression increased with histologic grades of malignancy ("t" test, P < .001 and Mann Whitney test, U = 109, P < .001 respectively). The PDGF expression scores had a positive correlation with MIB-1 LI, irrespective of tumor grade (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.566; P < .001). However, there was no significant difference of PDGFRalpha expression between 2 grades of tumors.
Answer: The results of this study showed that MIB-1 LI is a rapid and cost-effective modality for predicting tumor grade in oligodendrogliomas. Immunohistochemistry for PDGF was found to be useful in differentiating various grades of oligodendroglioma, and therefore, it may be involved in tumor cell proliferation and malignant transformation. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, although expressed in oligodendroglial neoplasms, was not found to be useful in predicting tumor grade.
Does platelet-derived growth factor expression correlate with tumor grade and proliferative activity in human oligodendrogliomas?