Q:Information: - Fusobacteria are obligately anaerobic non-sporeforming Gram - negative bacilli . Since the first reports in the late nineteenth century , various names have been applied to these organisms , sometimes with the same name being applied to different species . More recently , not only have there been changes to the nomenclature , but also attempts to differentiate between species which are believed to be either pathogenic or commensal or both . Because of their asaccharolytic nature , and a general paucity of positive results in routine biochemical tests , laboratory identification of the fusobacteria has been difficult . However , the application of novel molecular biological techniques to taxonomy has established a number of new species , together with the subspeciation of Fusobacterium necrophorum and F. nucleatum , and provided new methods for identification . The involvement of fusobacteria in a wide spectrum of human infections causing tissue necrosis and septicaemia has long been recognised , and , more recently , their importance in intra-amniotic infections , premature labour and tropical ulcers has been reported . Since the first reports of fusobacteria in the late nineteenth century , the variety of species names has led to some confusion within the genera Fusobacterium and Leptotrichia . However , newer methods of investigation have led to a better understanding of the taxonomy , with the description of several new species of fusobacteria . Among the new species described are F. ulcerans from tropical ulcers , and several species from the oral cavity . Subspeciation of the important species F. necrophorum and F. nucleatum has also been possible . It is probable that the taxonomy of the fusobacteria may be further developed in the future . - Nomenclature is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. Nomenclature is the system of assignment of names given to organic compounds. The principles of naming vary from the relatively informal conventions of everyday speech to the internationally agreed principles, rules and recommendations that govern the formation and use of the specialist terms used in scientific and other disciplines. - Lactobacillales or lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a clade of Gram-positive, low-GC, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, nonrespiring, either rod- or coccus-shaped bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and milk products, produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation. This trait has, throughout history, linked LAB with food fermentations, as acidification inhibits the growth of spoilage agents. Proteinaceous bacteriocins are produced by several LAB strains and provide an additional hurdle for spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, lactic acid and other metabolic products contribute to the organoleptic and textural profile of a food item. The industrial importance of the LAB is further evidenced by their generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, due to their ubiquitous appearance in food and their contribution to the healthy microflora of human mucosal surfaces. The genera that comprise the LAB are at its core "Lactobacillus", "Leuconostoc", "Pediococcus", "Lactococcus", and "Streptococcus", as well as the more peripheral "Aerococcus", "Carnobacterium", "Enterococcus", "Oenococcus", "Sporolactobacillus", "Tetragenococcus", "Vagococcus", and "Weissella"; these belong to the order Lactobacillales. - Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. - Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of anthraxa common disease of livestock and, occasionally, of humansand the only obligate pathogen within the genus "Bacillus". "B. anthracis" is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of 1.01.2 m and a length of 35m. It can be grown in an ordinary nutrient medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. It is one of few bacteria known to synthesize a protein capsule (poly-D-gamma-glutamic acid). Like "Bordetella pertussis", it forms a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase exotoxin known as Anthrax edema factor, along with anthrax lethal factor. It bears close genotypical and phenotypical resemblance to "Bacillus cereus" and "Bacillus thuringiensis". All three species share cellular dimensions and morphology. All form oval spores located centrally in an unswollen sporangium. "B. anthracis" endospores, in particular, are highly resilient, surviving extremes of temperature, low-nutrient environments, and harsh chemical treatment over decades or centuries. - Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria. "Bacteroides" species are nonendospore-forming bacilli, and may be either motile or nonmotile, depending on the species. The DNA base composition is 4048% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, "Bacteroides" membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer. - Fusobacterium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, bacteria, similar to "Bacteroides". Individual cells are slender' rod-shaped bacilli with pointed ends. Strains of "Fusobacterium" cause several human diseases, including periodontal diseases, Lemierre's syndrome, and topical skin ulcers. - Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium "Bacillus anthracis". It can occur in four forms: skin, inhalation, intestinal, and injection. Symptoms begin between one day and two months after the infection is contracted. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center. The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The intestinal form presents with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection. Anthrax is spread by contact with the spores of the bacteria, which are often from infectious animal products. Contact is by breathing, eating, or through an area of broken skin. It does not typically spread directly between people. Risk factors include people who work with animals or animal products, travelers, postal workers, and military personnel. Diagnosis can be confirmed based on finding antibodies or the toxin in the blood or by culture of a sample from the infected site. Anthrax vaccination is recommended for people who are at high risk. Immunizing animals against anthrax is recommended in areas where previous infections have occurred. Two months of antibiotics, such as doxycycline or ciprofloxacin, after exposure can also prevent infection. If infection occurs treatment is with antibiotics and possibly antitoxin. The type and number of antibiotics used depends on the type of infection. Antitoxin is recommended for those with widespread infection. Anthrax among humans is most common in Africa and central and Southern Asia. It also occurs fairly regularly in Southern Europe, but is uncommon in Northern Europe and North America. Globally, at least 2,000 cases occur a year, with about two cases a year in the United States. Skin infections represent more than 95% of cases. Without treatment the risk of death from skin anthrax is 24%. For intestinal infection the risk of death is 25% to 75% while in inhaled anthrax... - A name is a term used for identification. Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. A personal name identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a "specific" individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning also) and is, when consisting of only one word, a proper noun. Other nouns are sometimes called "common names" or (obsolete) "general names". A name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child a name or a scientist can give an element a name. - Bacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. "Bacillus" species can be obligate aerobes (oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes (having the ability to be aerobic or anaerobic). They will test positive for the enzyme catalase when there has been oxygen used or present. Ubiquitous in nature, "Bacillus" includes both free-living (nonparasitic) and parasitic pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the bacteria can produce oval endospores that are not true 'spores', but to which the bacteria can reduce themselves and remain in a dormant state for very long periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved to other genera of the Firmicutes. - Bacilli refers to a taxonomic class of bacteria. It includes two orders, Bacillales and Lactobacillales, which contain several well-known pathogens such as "Bacillus anthracis" (the cause of anthrax). All "Bacilli" are gram-positive bacteria. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'fusobacteria' exhibits the relationship of 'taxon rank'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - class - domain - form - genus - order - phylum - species
A:
phylum