Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: The advent of the Internet has driven a technological revolution that has changed our lives. As part of this phenomenon, social networks have attained a prominent role in health care. A variety of medical services is provided over the Internet, including home monitoring, interactive communications between the patient and service providers, and social support, among others. This study emphasizes some of the practical implications of Web-based health social networks for patients and for health care systems.', 'The objective of this study was to assess how participation in a social network among individuals with a chronic condition contributed to patient activation, based on the Patient Activation Measure (PAM).', 'A prospective, cross-sectional survey with a retrospective component was conducted. Data were collected from Camoni, a Hebrew-language Web-based social health network, participants in the diabetes mellitus, pain, hypertension, and depression/anxiety forums, during November 2012 to 2013. Experienced users (enrolled at least 6 months) and newly enrolled received similar versions of the same questionnaire including sociodemographics and PAM.', 'Among 686 participants, 154 of 337 experienced and 123 of 349 newly enrolled completed the questionnaire. Positive correlations (P<.05) were found between frequency and duration of site visits and patient activation, social relationships, and chronic disease knowledge. Men surfed longer than women (3=10.104, P<.05). Experienced users with diabetes surfed more than those with other illnesses and had significantly higher PAM scores (mean, M=69.3, standard deviation, SD=19.1, PAM level 4; Z=-4.197, P<.001) than new users (M=62.8, SD=18.7, PAM level 3). Disease knowledge directly predicted PAM for all users (=.26 and .21, respectively). Frequency and duration of social health network use were correlated with increased knowledge about a chronic disease. Experienced surfers had higher PAM than newly enrolled, suggesting that continued site use may contribute to increased activation.

A: Is frequent Surfing on Social Health Networks Associated With Increased Knowledge and Patient Health Activation?
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Q: Endoscopic snare papillectomy (ESP) is a viable alternative to surgical treatment of ampullary adenomas and T1N0 stage ampullary carcinomas. The main drawback of this technique is the high risk of acute pancreatitis post procedure.The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety, and long-term results of this procedure, and to determine whether routine pancreatic intubation facilitated by intraductal methylene blue (MB) injection reduces the risk for pancreatitis.', 'Between 2004 and 2011, 56 consecutive patients underwent ESP. Before resection, the pancreatic duct was cannulated, and MB was injected intraductally to facilitate stent placement after ampullectomy.', 'ESP was performed en bloc in 45 patients with histological findings of low-grade dysplasia (39%), high-grade dysplasia (25%), carcinoma (32.5%), and others (3.5%). The morbidity rate was 19.5%: acute pancreatitis (n=6), bleeding (n=4), perforation (n=1), and sepsis (n=1). Pancreatic intubation was performed in 89% of the patients. Postprocedure pancreatitis occurred significantly less in the patients with a pancreatic stent than in those without: 3/49 versus 3/6, P=0.013. ESP was considered as curative in 39 patients (75%). Of the 12 recurrences (25%), 10 were managed endoscopically, but with higher morbidity (acute pancreatitis=40%).

A: Does pancreatic intubation facilitated by methylene blue injection decrease the risk for postpapillectomy acute pancreatitis?
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Q: To investigate the effect of microtubule stabilization with low-dose paclitaxel on renal fibrosis, focusing on the transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1)-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) signaling cascade.', "Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham/vehicle, sham/paclitaxel, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)/vehicle and UUO/paclitaxel. Rats were treated with a 0.3mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of paclitaxel or vehicle twice per week for 14days. Half of the rats in each group were sacrificed respectively on day 7 and 14 after operation. Inner medullar collecting duct (IMCD) cells stimulated with TGF-1 were incubated with 0, 1 and 2 nM paclitaxel for 24 and 72hours. Histological changes were assessed using periodic acid-Schiff and Masson's trichrome. The TGF-1-induced PAI-1 signaling and status of extracellular matrix proteins were evaluated by western blot analysis.", 'In the UUO kidneys, paclitaxel significantly attenuated tubular damage and interstitial collagen deposition, as well as -smooth muscle actin (-SMA), TGF-1 and PAI-1 protein expression. Paclitaxel also inhibited the UUO-induced activation of Smad2/3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, paclitaxel treatment did not inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) or p38 expression. In TGF-1-treated IMCD cells, treatment with 1 and 2 nM paclitaxel for 72h reduced fibronectin, -SMA and PAI-1 protein expression. Moreover, a 2 nM dose of paclitaxel for 24h significantly inhibited the TGF-1-stimulated activation of Smad2/3, JNK and ERK1/2 in IMCD cells.

A:
Does low-dose paclitaxel ameliorate renal fibrosis by suppressing transforming growth factor-1-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 signaling?
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