INPUT ARTICLE: Article: You'll need two lenses, a mailing tube that has an inside tube and an outside tube (you can get this at the post office or office supply store; it should have a diameter of 2 inches and a length of 43.3 inches), a coping saw, a box cutter, some strong glue and a drill. Lenses should be a different focal length. For best results get a concave-convex lens with a diameter of 49 mm, and a focal length of 1,350 mm and a plano-concave lens with a diameter of 49 mm, and a focal length of 152 mm. It's very easy to order lenses off the internet and they aren't very expensive. You can get the pair of lenses for about $16. The coping saw is the most effective for making clean, straight lines, but you can use any other kind of saw or cutting device if you need to. You'll need both sections, but the inner tube will act to space them out. The lenses will go in either section of the outer tube. These will be your spacers and they should be about 1 to 1.5 inches in diameter. Make sure you cut clean and straight with the coping saw (or other tool). The spacers hold the second lens in place at the end of the outer section of the mailing tube. Use the drill to apply light pressure to the middle of the cap to create your eye hole. Again, this will need to be as smooth and as clean as possible to create the best viewing results. You'll need to make the holes where the lens is going to be placed in the outer tube, because the holes allow you to put glue into the inner part of the tube. Near the end of the inner tube is the best place, about an inch in. You'll also need to the make holes at the end of the outer tube for the eyepiece and the cap. The eyepiece lens is the plano-concave lens and the flat side needs to be against the cap. You'll glue through the holes you made and turn the lens to spread the glue. Press tube against lens until the glue is dry. You'll end up sticking the inner tube into the outer tube through this hole. The spacer will need to lie flat on the inside of the outer tube to hold the concave-convex lens in place. You'll need to drill the holes and put the glue in like you did with the eyepiece. You'll need to make the holes, put the glue in and spread it around. Press firmly until the glue has dried. You can slide the pieces as necessary to get the right focus. Since this is about 9x you should be able to see the moon's surface really well and even Saturn's rings. Anything else will be too far away for your telescope. The project is finished, and you should now be able to use your telescope to gaze at the night sky.

SUMMARY: Gather materials. Cut the outer tube in half. Cut 2 pieces from the inner tube of the mailing tube. Make eye-hole in mailing tube cap. Drill holes on the outside of the large tube. Glue eyepiece lens against removable cap. Cut off closed end of outer tube. Insert first spacer into outer tube. Insert lens and second spacer. Insert inner tube into outer tube. Enjoy the finished telescope.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Visit a sporting goods store where you can be fitted for the right sized backpack by a professional. Be sure the backpack has two wide, supportive shoulder straps, and sufficient back and strap padding. Adjust the straps so that the backpack lays flat against your back. Both straps should be worn at the same time, to distribute the weight of the pack evenly. Chest and waist straps are available for additional support, if needed. Consider good materials and construction. A high-quality backpack can go a long way towards fit and comfort throughout the day. Higher quality also means longer lasting backpacks. Invest in features like breathable or ultralight fabric. Some packs have waterproof or water-resistant materials to protect against rain. These materials will help lessen the weight of your pack in the long-run. Features like handles and rolling wheels are common, but they may add on extra weight. Remove anything outdated, any trash, and anything else that isn't a part of your routine. Cleaning and organizing your backpack is one of the easiest things you can do to lighten your pack that will show you immediate results. Be sure to ask your teacher if electronics are allowed in the classroom. Consider which textbooks could be swapped out for e-books. Electronic notes and planners are also options, and will save space in your backpack. Consider carrying travel-sized items or condensing a bulky makeup bag down to just the basics. Bring only one or two back-up pencils, pens, and highlighters, instead of a large bag of writing supplies. Use your locker if you have one! If you don't, consider if you have any alternatives, such as a personal gym locker or your car, if you drive to school. Review your schedule, and store heavy textbooks or binders in your locker when they're not needed. Stop by your locker between classes or as often as possible.

SUMMARY: Find the right fit for your body. Invest in a well-fitting, high-quality backpack. Consider special features, like lightweight and breathable materials. Take everything out of your pack, once a week. Use e-books and electronic planners, if allowed. Cut down on personal supplies and writing utensils. Use your locker or available storage.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: According to each state's Statute of Frauds, certain contracts must be in writing in order to be considered valid. However, most other contracts need not be in writing to be valid. Contracts that must be in writing include: contracts which cannot be performed within one year, contracts for the sale of land, contracts for the sale of goods or services over a certain dollar amount (usually at least $5,000), and contracts to pay another's debt. A valid written contract should have the parties' full legal names and signatures. The signature should also be dated to indicate the date that the contract was entered into. A contract is also valid with electronic signatures. There are different kinds of e-signatures. Some required only that the party typed its name into a field; others can scan a person's fingerprint. Even clicking an "I Accept" button will constitute a valid e-signature. Additionally, witnesses or notaries are normally required for wills, deeds, mortgages, and marriage contracts, depending upon state law.

SUMMARY: Determine whether the contract must be in writing. Check for signatures. See if the contract was notarized.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Commas can be used to connect two simple sentences and a coordinating conjunction (but, and, nor, or so, for example), while a semicolon cannot. Example of correct usage: "I love my cat, but he drives me crazy." Example of incorrect usage: "I love my cat; but he drives me crazy." A comma can never be used to separate two independent clauses (complete sentences). This is called a comma splice and should be avoided at all times. Example of correct usage: "My kitty is cute; he loves to cuddle." Example of incorrect usage: "My kitty is cute, he loves to cuddle."

SUMMARY:
Do not use a semicolon instead of a comma. Do not use a comma instead of a semi-colon.