Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Previous research has demonstrated that chronic cigarette smoking and major depressive disorder (MDD) are each associated with cognitive decrements. Further, these conditions co-occur commonly, though mechanisms in the comorbid condition are poorly understood. There may be distinct, additive, or overlapping factors underlying comorbid cigarette smoking and MDD. The present study investigated the impact of smoking and MDD on executive function and emotion processing.', 'Participants (N=198) were grouped by diagnostic category (MDD and healthy controls, HC) and smoking status (ever-smokers, ES and never-smokers, NS). Participants completed the Facial Emotion Perception Test (FEPT), a measure of emotional processing, and the parametric Go/No-go task (PGNG), a measure of executive function.', 'FEPT performance was analyzed using ANCOVA with accuracy and reaction time as separate dependent variables. Repeated measures MANCOVA was conducted for PGNG with performance measure and task level as dependent variables. Analyses for each task included diagnostic and smoking group as independent variables, and gender was controlled for. Results for FEPT reveal that lower overall accuracy was found for ES relative to NS, though MDD did not differ from HC. Post-hoc analyses revealed that ES were poorer at identifying happy and sad, but not fearful or angry, faces. For PGNG, poorer performance was observed in MDD relative to HC in response time to Go targets, but there were no differences for ES and NS. Interaction of diagnosis and smoking group was not observed for performance on either task.

Ex Output:
0

Ex Input:
The efficacy of anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been mainly attributed to TNF-alpha neutralisation. Other mechanism as immune cell apoptosis, which is impaired in RA, may also be induced by anti-TNF-alpha therapies. The aim of our study was to investigate whether TNF-alpha inhibitors could induce apoptosis in vitro of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of RA patients.', 'Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from 24 patients with RA and 18 healthy donors were incubated with anti-TNF-alpha agents, infliximab or etanercept, in comparison with no agent and including an isotypic control, for 48 hours. Apoptosis was detected and quantified by annexin V labelling of phosphatidylserine externalization using cytofluorometric analysis and compared with PBMC production TNF-alpha in vitro.', 'In healthy donors, induced apoptosis was observed in 0.3% to 3.8% of lymphocytes with both therapies. In RA patients the treatment induced lymphocyte apoptosis in 17 of 24 patients with a percentage of annexin V-positive lymphocytes ranging from 0.1% to 25%. Among these 17 RA patients, a significant in vitro lymphocyte apoptosis (> 4%) was observed in 11 patients (46%) compared with healthy donors (p < 0.01). The variability of the response to anti-TNF-alpha within the RA population was not dependent on TNF-alpha synthesis or disease activity.

Ex Output:
1

Ex Input:
Type 2 diabetes is known to be associated with increasing cardiovascular mortality. Malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL) is an oxidized LDL and is increased in patients with diabetes or hypertriglyceridemia. Elevated MDA-LDL has been reported to be a risk factor of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease. Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and a new class of hypoglycemic agents. In this study, the effects of increasing the dose of metformin and add-on sitagliptin on MDA-LDL were examined in type 2 diabetes patients.', 'Seventy patients with type 2 diabetes, inadequately controlled despite on-going treatment with metformin 500 mg/day, were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial. The patients received additional metformin (500 mg/day) or sitagliptin (50 mg/day) for 6 months, and changes in metabolic parameters including MDA-LDL were evaluated.', 'After 6 months of treatment, add-on sitagliptin (n=35) improved fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to significantly greater extent than increasing the dose of metformin (n=35). There were no differences in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between two groups. MDA-LDL levels (mean S.E.) decreased significantly with increasing the dose of metformin (from 94.40 6.35 to 77.83 4.74 U/L, P < 0.005), but remained unchanged with add-on sitagliptin treatment (from 89.94 5.59 to 98.46 6.78 U/L, p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis identified increasing the dose of metformin treatment as the only independent factor associated with decreased MDA-LDL ( coefficient 0.367, P < 0.0119), and no significant correlation between change in MDA-LDL and fasting blood glucose or HbA1c.

Ex Output:
1