Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK), a valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been widely used in clinical practice for treating patients with disorders of the digestive system. AMK has shown noteworthy promoting effect on improving gastrointestinal function and immunity, which might represent a promising candidate for the treatment of intestinal mucosa injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of AMK on intestinal mucosal restitution and the underlying mechanisms via intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cell migration model.', 'A cell migration model of IEC-6 cells was induced by a single-edge razor blade along the diameter of the cell layers in six-well polystyrene plates. After wounding, the cells were grown in control cultures and in cultures containing spermidine (5M, SPD, reference drug), alpha-difluoromethylornithine (2.5mM, DFMO, polyamine inhibitor), AMK (50, 100, and 200mg/L), DFMO plus SPD and DFMO plus AMK for 12h. The polyamines content was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pre-column derivatization. The Rho mRNAs expression levels were assessed by Q-RT-PCR. The Rho and non-muscle myosin II proteins expression levels were analyzed by Western blot. The formation and distribution of non-muscle myosin II stress fibers were monitored with immunostaining techniques using specific antibodies and observed by confocal microscopy. Cell migration assay was carried out using inverted microscope and the Image-Pro Plus software. All of these indexes were used to evaluate the effectiveness of AMK.', '(1) Treatment with AMK caused significant increases in cellular polyamines content and Rho mRNAs and proteins expression levels, as compared to control group. Furthermore, AMK exposure increased non-muscle myosin II protein expression levels and formation of non-muscle myosin II stress fibers, and resulted in an acceleration of cell migration in IEC-6 cells. (2) Depletion of cellular polyamines by DFMO resulted in a decrease of cellular polyamines levels, Rho mRNAs and proteins expression, non-muscle myosin II protein formation and distribution, thereby inhibiting IEC-6 cell migration. AMK not only reversed the inhibitory effects of DFMO on the polyamines content, Rho mRNAs and proteins expression, non-muscle myosin II protein formation and distribution, but also restored cell migration to control levels.

Ex Output:
Does atractylodes macrocephala Koidz stimulate intestinal epithelial cell migration through a polyamine dependent mechanism?

Ex Input:
We aimed to test the outcome-predictive power of routine fasting glucose (FG) obtained at second day after onset in intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients.', 'We identified AIS patients presenting to our institution between December 2011 and July 2013 within 4.5 hours of onset, who received admission glucose (AG) before IVT, FG, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) the second day after admission, from our prospectively recorded stroke database. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of FG and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS).', 'Between December 2011 and July 2013, a total of 166 AIS patients received intravenous plasminogen activator. Of those, 119 patients who have AG before IVT, FG, and HbA1c the second day were included in the study. FG independently predicted 90-day clinical unfavorable outcome (mRS, 3-6 with an odds ratio of 1.576; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.053-2.358; P = .027). This association was not significant in AG (P = .714), HbA1c (P = .655), and history of diabetes (P = .547). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, increased FG was associated with 90-day mRS (3-6) with an area under curve of .72, (95% CI, .65-.9; P = .001).

Ex Output:
Is higher fasting glucose next day after intravenous thrombolysis independently associated with poor outcome in acute ischemic stroke?

Ex Input:
Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent which causes apoptosis or necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that mediate apoptosis (caspase-3) and inflammation (caspase-1). Although well studied in vitro, caspases have not been previously studied in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in vivo.', 'Cisplatin (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into wild-type and caspase-1-deficient (-/-) C57BL/6 mice. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and renal caspase-1, -3, -8 and -9 activity were measured on days 1, 2, and 3 after cisplatin injection. Kidneys were examined for acute tubular necrosis (ATN), neutrophils, and apoptosis on days 1, 2, and 3.', 'After cisplatin injection, serum creatinine and BUN were normal on day 1, began to increase on day 2, and peaked on day 3. Similarly, ATN scores and neutrophil counts peaked on day 3. In contrast, renal apoptosis significantly increased on day 2. Renal dysfunction, apoptosis, ATN scores and neutrophil infiltration were all reduced in the caspase-1(-/-) mice. In wild-type mice, caspase-1 and -3 activity increased on days 2 and 3. Caspase-3 activity was reduced by approximately 50% in caspase-1(-/-) mice; active caspase-3 detected by immunoblot was also reduced in caspase-1(-/-) mice. In vitro, addition of recombinant caspases to kidney cytosolic extracts determined that caspase-1 activates caspase-3 in renal tissue.

Ex Output:
Are caspase-1-deficient mice protected against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and acute tubular necrosis?