Information: - Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size. Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Until 2012, through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars, the European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars. - Wiley-VCH is a German publisher owned by John Wiley & Sons. It was founded in 1921 by two German "learned societies". Later, it was merged into the German Chemical Society (GDCh). It has been owned by John Wiley & Sons since 1996. - Angewandte Chemie (meaning "Applied Chemistry") is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker). Publishing formats include feature length reviews, short highlights, research communications, minireviews, essays, book reviews, meeting reviews, correspondences, corrections, and obituaries. This journal contains review articles covering all aspects of chemistry. Its current impact factor is 11.709 (2015). - The impact factor (IF) or Journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that are listed in the "Journal Citation Reports". - ChemPhysChem is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of eight out of sixteen chemical societies that form the ChemPubSoc Europe consortium. It was established in 2000 and covers all primary and secondary topics in chemical physics and physical chemistry. The journal is supported by an international Editorial Advisory Board chaired by Professors Christian Amatore (Ecole normale superieure), Michel Orrit (Leiden Universiteit) and Michael Gratzel (Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne). Professional editors, who hold PhDs in chemistry, are employed by the publishers. The appointment of the journal's editor-in-chief is subject to approval of ChemPubSoc Europe. - Journal Citation Reports (JCR) is an annual publication by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters). It has been integrated with the Web of Science and is accessed from the Web of Science-Core Collections. It provides information about academic journals in the sciences and social sciences, including impact factors. The "JCR" was originally published as a part of "Science Citation Index". Currently, the "JCR", as a distinct service, is based on citations compiled from the "Science Citation Index Expanded" and the "Social Science Citation Index". - ChemBioChem is a peer-reviewed journal of chemical biology, synthetic biology and bio-nanotechnology co-owned by 14 European chemical society members of ChemPubSoc Europe and published by Wiley-VCH. "ChemBioChem" has been published since 2000. - ChemMedChem is a monthly peer - reviewed medicinal chemistry journal . It is co-owned by the 14 European chemical society members of ChemPubSoc Europe and is published by Wiley - VCH . Its 2010 impact factor is 3.306 . In addition to original research in the form of full papers and shorter communications , ChemMedChem contains review - type articles ( reviews , minireviews , essays , highlights ) as well as occasional book reviews and conference reports . The first volume was published at the beginning of 2006 under the two founding chemical societies , the German Chemical Society ( GDCh ) and the Italian Chemical Society ( SCI ) . Since then , 12 additional chemical societies have joined in co-ownership of the journal . ChemMedChem is a sister publication to other scientific journals published by Wiley - VCH , including Angewandte Chemie , ChemBioChem , ChemPhysChem , ChemSusChem , ChemCatChem , and ChemistryViews . Topics covered in ChemMedChem include drug design , development and delivery , molecular modeling , combinatorial chemistry , drug target validation , lead generation , and ADMET studies . - Michael Gratzel (born 11 May 1944, in Dorfchemnitz, Saxony, Germany) is a professor at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne where he directs the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces. He pioneered research on energy and electron transfer reactions in mesoscopic-materials and their optoelectronic applications. He co-invented with Brian O'Regan the Gratzel cell in 1988 and pioneered the use of nanomaterials in lithium ion batteries. - Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to the patient. In the most basic sense, drug design involves the design of molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the biomolecular target with which they interact and therefore will bind to it. Drug design frequently but not necessarily relies on computer modeling techniques. This type of modeling is sometimes referred to as computer-aided drug design. Finally, drug design that relies on the knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the biomolecular target is known as structure-based drug design. In addition to small molecules, biopharmaceuticals and especially therapeutic antibodies are an increasingly important class of drugs and computational methods for improving the affinity, selectivity, and stability of these protein-based therapeutics have also been developed. - The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960. It was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare in 1992, and became known as Thomson ISI. It is now a part of the Intellectual Property & Science business of Thomson Reuters. - A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids. The definition is context-dependent, and can refer to the biological target of a pharmacologically active drug compound, the receptor target of a hormone (like insulin), or some other target of an external stimulus. Biological targets are most commonly proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, and receptors. What is the relationship between 'chemmedchem' and 'john wiley & sons'?
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