In this task, you're given a paragraph and title from the research paper. Your task is to classify whether the given title is suitable or not for the research paper based on the given paragraph. Return "True" if title is proper according to paragraph else "False".

Paragraph: Background. Animal models suggest that influenza infection favors nasopharyngeal acquisition of pneumococci. We assessed this relationship with influenza and other respiratory viruses in young children. Methods. A case-control study was nested within a prospective cohort study of acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Andean children <3 years of age (RESPIRA-PERU study). Weekly household visits were made to identify ARI and obtain nasal swabs for viral detection using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Monthly nasopharyngeal (NP) samples were obtained to assess pneumococcal colonization. We determined whether specific respiratory viral ARI episodes occurring within the interval between NP samples increased the risk of NP acquisition of new pneumococcal serotypes. Results. A total of 729 children contributed 2128 episodes of observation, including 681 pneumococcal acquisition episodes (new serotype, not detected in prior sample), 1029 nonacquisition episodes (no colonization or persistent colonization with the same serotype as the prior sample), and 418 indeterminate episodes. The risk of pneumococcal acquisition increased following influenza-ARI (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-4.69) and parainfluenza-ARI (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.15-3.01), when compared with episodes without ARI. Other viral infections (respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, and adenovirus) were not associated with acquisition. Conclusions. Influenza and parainfluenza ARIs appeared to facilitate pneumococcal acquisition among young children. As acquisition increases the risk of pneumococcal diseases, these observations are pivotal in our attempts to prevent pneumococcal disease.
Title: The Role of Influenza and Parainfluenza Infections in Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Acquisition Among Young Children
False

Paragraph: Human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV 3C pro ) is known to be a promising target for development of therapeutic agents against the common cold because of the importance of the protease in viral replication as well as its expression in a large number of serotypes. To explore non-peptidic inhibitors of HRV 3C pro , a series of novel heteroaromatic esters was synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against HRV 3C pro , to determine the structure-activity relationships. The most potent inhibitor, 7, with a 5-bromopyridinyl group, had an IC 50 value of 80 nM. In addition, the binding mode of a novel analog, 19, with the 4hydroxyquinolinone moiety, was explored by molecular docking, suggesting a new interaction in the S1 pocket. O 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Picornaviruses include important human pathogens such as human rhinovirus (HRV), enterovirus (EV), coxsackievirus (CV), poliovirus (PV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). HRVs are the single major cause of the common cold in populations of all ages. 1,2 Although rhinovirus infection is self-limiting, complications still occur in patients with asthma, congestive heart failure, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis. 1 To date, no agent has been approved by the FDA for treatment of rhinovirus infection. In addition, the large number (>100) of known HRV serotypes makes vaccine development difficult. 3 Clinical treatments are directed toward relief of the most prominent symptoms of each clinical syndrome. Previous work on anti-rhinoviral therapeutic agents focused principally on capsid-binding anti-picornaviral compounds 4 and HRV 3C protease (3C pro ) inhibitors. 5, 6 HRV 3C pro is essential for virus replication, specifically catalyzing the cleavage of glutamine-glycine peptide bonds in a 230 kDa viral polyprotein produced by cellular translation of the viral RNA genome. HRV 3C pro belongs to the cysteine protease family, showing structural similarity to trypsin proteases, but sharing minimal homology with common mammalian enzymes. 7,8 Because of the importance of the enzyme in viral replication, and the high conservation of enzyme active site components in all known HRV serotypes, potent and selective HRV 3C pro inhibitors could be potential broad-spectrum anti-rhinoviral therapeutic agents. [9] [10] [11] As part of an effort to develop HRV 3C pro inhibitors, peptidomimetic approaches have been widely employed based on active site structure and cleavage specificity. To date, one peptidomimetic analog, rupintrivir (AG7088) (1), shown in Figure 1 , is the only HRV 3C Pro inhibitor that has advanced to the stage of human clinical trials. Phase II clinical trials of rupintrivir showed that intranasal delivery reduced the mean total daily symptom score by 33%. 12 Recently, several efforts to develop orally bioavailable anti-rhinoviral agents have been reported; these include a rupintrivir analog, 2, 13 with an improved pharmacokinetic profile, and the non-peptidic inhibitors 3 and 4. 14-16 The crystal structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CL pro ) 17 revealed a high similarity of active site architecture to that of HRV 3C pro , suggesting that picornavirus 3C pro and SARS 3CL pro inhibitors should cross-react. In fact, SARS 3CL pro inhibitors were developed by modifying rupintrivir 18 and common inhibitors with IC 50 values in the micromolar range were recently identified for both picornavirus 3C pro and coronavirus 3CL pro using high-throughput screening. 19,20 The pyridinyl thiophene ester 5 was discovered by screening a small molecule library (50,000 molecules) and has significant inhibitory activity against both HAV 3C pro and SARS 3CL pro (IC 50 = 0.5 lM). 19, 21 Further work on a series of heteroaromatic esters resulted in the discovery of the most potent ester 6, inhibiting SARS 3CL pro with an IC 50 of 30 nM and an antiviral activity (EC 50 value) of 6.9 lM. 22 Another analog, 7, also showed potent inhibition of HAV 3C pro with an IC 50 of 53 nM. 23 Studies on the inhibitory and molecular docking mechanisms of heteroaromatic esters have shown that the 5-halopyridine moiety is crucial in binding to the S1 pocket, because both 3C pro and 3CL pro show high specificity for Gln as the P1 residue. 23 0960-894X/$ -see front matter O
Title: Structure-activity relationships of heteroaromatic esters as human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors
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Paragraph: The worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is estimated to be approaching 200 million people 1 . Current therapy relies upon a combination of pegylated interferon-a and ribavirin, a poorly tolerated regimen typically associated with less than 50% sustained virological response rate in those infected with genotype 1 virus 2,3 . The development of direct-acting antiviral agents to treat HCV has focused predominantly on inhibitors of the viral enzymes NS3 protease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B 4 . Here we describe the profile of BMS-790052, a small molecule inhibitor of the HCV NS5A protein that exhibits picomolar half-maximum effective concentrations (EC 50 ) towards replicons expressing a broad range of HCV genotypes and the JFH-1 genotype 2a infectious virus in cell culture. In a phase I clinical trial in patients chronically infected with HCV, administration of a single 100-mg dose of BMS-790052 was associated with a 3.3 log 10 reduction in mean viral load measured 24 h post-dose that was sustained for an additional 120 h in two patients infected with genotype 1b virus. Genotypic analysis of samples taken at baseline, 24 and 144 h post-dose revealed that the major HCV variants observed had substitutions at amino-acid positions identified using the in vitro replicon system. These results provide the first clinical validation of an inhibitor of HCV NS5A, a protein with no known enzymatic function, as an approach to the suppression of virus replication that offers potential as part of a therapeutic regimen based on combinations of HCV inhibitors. We designed a mechanistically unbiased approach based on chemical genetics to identify chemical starting points for interfering with HCV replication. Our differentiating strategy centred on the identification of compounds functionally distinct from those acting on the traditional targets of antiviral research in this field, the NS3 protease and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 5-7 . Using a Con-1 genotype 1b replicon replicating in Huh-7 liver cells 8 , we screened over one million compounds from the Bristol-Myers Squibb proprietary collection in high throughput mode. We used a dual assay format that simultaneously evaluated replication of the related flavivirus bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and host cell cytotoxicity as an efficient means of preliminarily eliminating compounds without specificity for HCV 9 . Active inhibitors were further triaged by evaluation in biochemical assays for NS3 protease, NS3 helicase and NS5B polymerase in addition to screening against a panel of unrelated viruses. The iminothiazolidinone BMS-858 (Fig. 1) emerged as a weak but, more importantly, specific inhibitor of HCV RNA replication (EC 50 5 0.57 mM, halfmaximum cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) 5 .50 mM) for which resistance was mapped to a tyrosine to histidine substitution at residue 93 in the NS5A protein (Y93H or Y2065H in the HCV polyprotein) 10 . BMS-858 formed the basis of an extensive series of chemical refinements that focused on improving antiviral potency, broadening inhibitory activity to encompass the HCV 1a genotype, and optimizing for oral bioavailability and sustained pharmacokinetic properties. After defining symmetry as an important contributor to antiviral activity 10 , a discovery that preceded the disclosure of structural information (see below), we subsequently identified BMS-790052 (Fig. 1 ) as a development candidate for advancement into clinical trials 11 . (The studies leading to the identification of BMS-790052 and its preclinical profiling will be the subject of a series of separate publications.) This compound is the most potent HCV replication inhibitor reported so far, with mean EC 50 values of 50 and 9 pM against genotype 1a and 1b replicons, respectively (data summarized in Table 1 ). BMS-790052 displays a therapeutic index (CC 50 /EC 50 ) of at least 100,000 in vitro and is inactive towards a panel of 10 RNA and DNA viruses, with EC 50 values greater than 10 mM, which confirms specificity for HCV (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 ).
Title: Chemical genetics strategy identifies an HCV NS5A inhibitor with a potent clinical effect
True