Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The Chromosome 18 Inversion Not all structural rearrangements of chromosomes produce nonviable, impaired, or infertile individuals. In rare instances, such a change can result in the evolution of a new species. In fact, a pericentric inversion in chromosome 18 appears to have contributed to the evolution of humans. This inversion is not present in our closest genetic relatives, the chimpanzees. Humans and chimpanzees differ cytogenetically by pericentric inversions on several chromosomes and by the fusion of two separate chromosomes in chimpanzees that correspond to chromosome two in humans. The pericentric chromosome 18 inversion is believed to have occurred in early humans following their divergence from a common ancestor with chimpanzees approximately five million years ago. Researchers characterizing this inversion have suggested that approximately 19,000 nucleotide bases were duplicated on 18p, and the duplicated region inverted and reinserted on chromosome 18 of an ancestral human. A comparison of human and chimpanzee genes in the region of this inversion indicates that two genesROCK1 and USP14that are adjacent on chimpanzee chromosome 17 (which corresponds to human chromosome 18) are more distantly positioned on human chromosome 18. This suggests that one of the inversion breakpoints occurred between these two genes. Interestingly, humans and chimpanzees express USP14 at distinct levels in specific cell types, including cortical cells and fibroblasts. Perhaps the chromosome 18 inversion in an ancestral human repositioned specific genes and reset their expression levels in a useful way. Because both ROCK1 and USP14 encode cellular enzymes, a change in their expression could alter cellular function. It is not known how this inversion contributed to hominid evolution, [1] but it appears to be a significant factor in the divergence of humans from other primates. Translocations A translocation occurs when a segment of a chromosome dissociates and reattaches to a different, nonhomologous chromosome.... Q: Not all structural rearrangements of chromosomes produce nonviable, impaired, or infertile individuals. in rare instances, such a change can result in the evolution of what? A:

OPTIONS:
- new order
- new mutation
- new family
- new species

A: new species

input: OPTIONS:
- effective
- positive
- neutral
- negative Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Like simple hormone pathways, hormone cascade pathways typically involve what kind of feedback? A:
A:
output: negative

Answer the following question given this paragraph: A: The copper has become tarnished. The tarnishalso called patinais a compound called copper carbonate, which is green. Copper carbonate forms when copper undergoes a chemical reaction with carbon dioxide in moist air. The green patina that forms on copper actually preserves the underlying metal. That's why it's not removed from the statue. Some people also think that the patina looks attractive. Q: What compound gives tarnished copper it's green color? A:

OPTIONS:
- bronze
- zinc
- brass
- copper carbonate

Answer: copper carbonate

Problem: OPTIONS:
- enzymes
- proteins
- alcohols
- carbohydrates
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fiber. Sugars and starches are used by the body for energy. One gram of carbohydrates provides 4 Calories of energy. Fiber, which is found in plant foods, cannot be digested but is needed for good health. Simple carbohydrates are small carbohydrates found in foods such as fruits and milk. These carbohydrates include lactose, fructose and glucose. Complex carbohydrates are much larger molecules. Starch, which is a complex carbohydrate found in vegetables and grains, is made of thousands of glucose units bonded together. Q: What category of food includes sugars, starches and fibers? A:
Answer: carbohydrates

Problem:OPTIONS:
- digestive cycle
- respiratory cycle
- reproductive cycle
- calvin cycle

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The two stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Do you see how the two stages are related?. Q: The two stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions and what? A:
****
A: calvin cycle

Problem:OPTIONS:
- kilocalorie
- pollenation
- Molecules
- molecularity

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The number of reactant molecules in an elementary step is referred to as its molecularity. The vast majority of elementary steps are unimolecular or bimolecular. Q: What property is associated with the number of reactant molecules involved in an elementary step? A:
****
A:
molecularity