In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Context: Studies in chronic noncancer pain settings have found that opioid use increases health care utilization. Despite the key role of analgesics, specifically opioids, in the setting of cancer pain, there is no literature to our knowledge about the relationship between adherence to prescribed around-the-clock (ATC) analgesics and acute health care utilization (hospitalization) among patients with cancer pain.', 'To identify adherence patterns over time for cancer patients taking ATC analgesics for pain, cluster these patterns into adherence types, combine the types into an adherence risk factor for hospitalization, identify other risk factors for hospitalization, and identify risk factors for inconsistent analgesic adherence.', 'Data from a 3-month prospective observational study of patients diagnosed with solid tumors or multiple myeloma, having cancer-related pain, and having at least one prescription of oral ATC analgesics were collected. Adherence data were collected electronically using the medication event-monitoring system. Analyses were conducted using adaptive modeling methods based on heuristic search through alternative models controlled by likelihood cross-validation scores.', 'Six adherence types were identified and combined into the risk factor for hospitalization of inconsistent versus consistent adherence over time. Twenty other individually significant risk factors for hospitalization were identified, but inconsistent analgesic adherence was the strongest of these predictors (ie, generating the largest likelihood cross-validation score). These risk factors were adaptively combined into a model for hospitalization based on six pairwise interaction risk factors with exceptional discrimination (ie, area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve of 0.91). Patients had from zero to five of these risk factors, with an odds ratio of 5.44 (95% confidence interval 3.09-9.58) for hospitalization, with a unit increase in the number of such risk factors.\Question: Do patterns of analgesic adherence predict health care utilization among outpatients with cancer pain?
Inconsistent adherence to prescribed ATC analgesics, specifically the interaction of strong opioids and inconsistent adherence, is a strong risk factor for hospitalization among cancer outpatients with pain.

Context: Human breast tumors are heterogeneous and consist of phenotypically diverse cells. Breast cancer cells with a CD44+/CD24- phenotype have been suggested to have tumor-initiating properties with stem cell-like and invasive features, although it is unclear whether their presence within a tumor has clinical implications. There is also a large heterogeneity between tumors, illustrated by reproducible stratification into various subtypes based on gene expression profiles or histopathological features. We have explored the prevalence of cells with different CD44/CD24 phenotypes within breast cancer subtypes.', 'Double-staining immunohistochemistry was used to quantify CD44 and CD24 expression in 240 human breast tumors for which information on other tumor markers and clinical characteristics was available. Gene expression data were also accessible for a cohort of the material.', 'A considerable heterogeneity in CD44 and CD24 expression was seen both between and within tumors. A complete lack of both proteins was evident in 35% of the tumors, while 13% contained cells of more than one of the CD44+/CD24-, CD44-/CD24+ and CD44+/CD24+ phenotypes. CD44+/CD24- cells were detected in 31% of the tumors, ranging in proportion from only a few to close to 100% of tumor cells. The CD44+/CD24- phenotype was most common in the basal-like subgroup--characterized as negative for the estrogen and progesterone receptors as well as for HER2, and as positive for cytokeratin 5/14 and/or epidermal growth factor receptor, and particularly common in BRCA1 hereditary tumors, of which 94% contained CD44+/CD24- cells. The CD44+/CD24- phenotype was surprisingly scarce in HER2+ tumors, which had a predominantly CD24+ status. A CD44+/CD24- gene expression signature was generated, which included CD44 and alpha6-integrin (CD49f) among the top-ranked overexpressed genes.\Question: Does the CD44+/CD24- phenotype is enriched in basal-like breast tumors?
We demonstrate an association between basal-like and particularly BRCA1 hereditary breast cancer and the presence of CD44+/CD24- cells. Not all basal-like tumors and very few HER2+ tumors, however, contain CD44+/CD24- cells, emphasizing that a putative tumorigenic ability may not be confined to cells of this phenotype and that other breast cancer stem cell markers remain to be identified.

Context: Ischemia-reperfusion injury has been established as a nonimmunologic risk factor for the development of chronic graft nephropathy after renal transplantation. This objective of this study was to determine if oral administration of an endothelin-1 receptor (ET-R) antagonist over a 2-month period after renal transplantation would mitigate long-term dysfunction associated with 30 min of preretrieval warm ischemia (pre-WI).', 'The left kidney was retrieved from 250-g Lewis rats. Recipients underwent left nephrectomy and isografting using standard techniques. Animals were divided into three groups: nonischemic controls (no pre-WI, n=8); ischemic controls (pre-WI only, n=6); and pre-WI kidneys in which recipients received the ET(A/B) receptor antagonist, A182086, daily (30 mg/kg/day) (pre-WI/ET-R antagonist, n=6). Isograft glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured at 2 months.', 'Measurement of GFR (mL/min) were as follows: no pre-WI, 2.1+/-0.26; pre-WI only, 1.24+/-0.14 (P<0.05 vs. no pre-WI); and pre-WI/ET-R antagonist, 2.3+/-0.45 (P<0.05 vs. pre-WI only and P=NS vs. no pre-WI).\Question: Does endothelin-receptor blockade mitigate the adverse effect of preretrieval warm ischemia on posttransplantation renal function in rats?
Chronic administration of a nonselective ET-R antagonist given after the ischemic insult, mitigated the decline in GFR at 2 months. These observations provide an experimental rationale for further investigation of the potential long-term protective effect of nonselective ET-R blockade versus ischemia-reperfusion injury in the clinical setting.