TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: To test the hypothesis that effective pulmonary capillary blood flow can be a useful indicator for estimating appropriate oxygenation and ventilation during one-lung ventilation in lung surgery.', 'Prospective data analysis.', 'A 770-bed general teaching hospital.', '15 ASA physical status II and III patients undergoing elective lung surgery.', 'Patients received general and thoracic epidural anesthesia and underwent lung operation with one-lung ventilation.', 'We measured effective pulmonary capillary blood flow by a partial CO2 rebreathing method and oxygenation parameters during two-lung ventilation before surgery, during one-lung ventilation, and during two-lung ventilation after lung surgery.', 'The effective pulmonary capillary blood flow index significantly decreased by 31.6%, which was associated with a significant decrease in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). The pulmonary shunt fraction increased to 46.3% during one-lung ventilation. During two-lung ventilation, after chest closure, effective pulmonary capillary blood flow index divided by heart rate (i.e., effective pulmonary blood stroke flow index) was still significantly lower than that seen during two-lung ventilation before thoracotomy. There were significant correlations between effective pulmonary capillary blood flow, pulmonary blood stroke flow index, and PaO2.\Question: Is a noninvasive partial carbon dioxide rebreathing technique for measurement of pulmonary capillary blood flow also a useful oxygenation monitor during one-lung ventilation?

SOLUTION: Effective pulmonary capillary blood flow index and effective pulmonary blood stroke flow index are useful indicators for determining appropriate oxygenation therapy during one-lung ventilation.

PROBLEM: Context: We examined the effects of cilostazol on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and its relationship with cilostazol-mediated protection against apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated endothelial cells.', 'Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to LPS and cilostazol with and without specific inhibitors of MAPKs; changes in MAPK activity in association with cell viability and apoptotic signaling were investigated.', 'Cilostazol protected HUVECs against LPS-induced apoptosis by suppressing the mitochondrial permeability transition, cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and subsequent activation of caspases, stimulating extracellullar signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK signaling, and increasing phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and Bcl-2 expression, while suppressing Bax expression. These cilostazol-mediated cellular events were effectively blocked by MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK1/2) and p38 MAPK inhibitors.\Question: Does cilostazol protect endothelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis through ERK1/2- and P38 MAPK-dependent pathways?

SOLUTION: Cilostazol protects HUVECs against LPS-induced apoptosis by suppressing mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling. Activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, and subsequent stimulation of CREB phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression, may be responsible for the cellular signaling mechanism of cilostazol-mediated protection.

PROBLEM: Context: Although trastuzumab improves the outcome of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2)-overexpressing gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (collectively referred to as "gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma"; GEA), no clinical response is observed in a substantial population of patients. A predictive biomarker of trastuzumab response is required. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the hyperactivation of the downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, due to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss or PIK3CA mutations, could provide trastuzumab resistance in GEA.', 'Expression of HER2 and PTEN, and PIK3CA gene mutations were screened in 264 surgically resected GEA specimens. The effects of PTEN knockdown on the response to trastuzumab on cell viability, HER2 downstream signaling, apoptosis, and cell cycle were evaluated in HER2-overexpressing NCI-N87 gastric adenocarcinoma and OE19 esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Inhibition of xenograft tumor growth by trastuzumab was investigated in OE19 cells with or without PTEN knockdown. The PTEN expression and objective response were analyzed in 23 GEA patients who received trastuzumab-based therapy.', 'PTEN loss was identified in 34.5% of HER2-overexpressing GEA patients, whereas PIK3CA mutations were rare (5.6%). Trastuzumab-mediated growth suppression, apoptosis, and G\Question: Is pTEN loss associated with a poor response to trastuzumab in HER2-overexpressing gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma?

SOLUTION:
PTEN loss was frequently found in HER2-overexpressing tumors, and was associated with a poor response to trastuzumab-based therapy in patients with GEA.