Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity applies to elementary particles and their interactions, describing all their physical phenomena except gravity. General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature. It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm, including astronomy.

The theory transformed theoretical physics and astronomy during the 20th century, superseding a 200-year-old theory of mechanics created primarily by Isaac Newton. It introduced concepts including spacetime as a unified entity of space and time, relativity of simultaneity, kinematic and gravitational time dilation, and length contraction. In the field of physics, relativity improved the science of elementary particles and their fundamental interactions, along with ushering in the nuclear age. With relativity, cosmology and astrophysics predicted extraordinary astronomical phenomena such as neutron stars, black holes, and gravitational waves.

Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity in 1905, building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincare and others. Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work.

Einstein developed general relativity between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. The final form of general relativity was published in 1916.
1. Whose theory did Einstein's replace?
2. How old was Newton's theory?
3. What is one phenomenon predicted with relativity in the field of astronomy?
4. Did the theory predict black holes?
5. Neutron stars?
6. Supernovae?
7. Was Einstein's theory based entirely on his own findings?
8. What is the name of one man whose findings Einstein drew from?
9. And another?
10. And one more?
11. Did Max Planck continue in Einstein's line of work?
12. Who else did?
13. What age did Einstein's theories bring about?
14. What two theories are included in the theory of relativity?
15. True or False: Special relativity describes how gravity works.
16. Does general relativity apply to the study of space?
17. What century does Einstein's theory belong to?
18. In what year did he begin to develop general relativity?
19. When did he publish its final form?
20. When did others begin to add to it?

Numbered answers:
1. Isaac Newton
2. 200
3. cosmological
4. yes
5. yes
6. no
7. no
8. Albert A. Michelson
9. Hendrik Lorentz
10. Henri Poincare
11. yes
12. Hermann Minkowsk
13. nuclear age
14. special relativity and general relativity
15. false
16. yes
17. 20th century
18. 1907
19. 1916
20. 1915

Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
That median is the value separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half. For a data set, it may be thought of as the "middle" value. For example, in the data set {1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9}, the median is 6, the fourth largest, and also the fourth smallest, number in the sample. For a continuous probability distribution, the median is the value such that a number is equally likely to fall above or below it.

The median is a commonly used measure of the properties of a data set in statistics and probability theory. The basic advantage of the median in describing data compared to the mean (often simply described as the "average") is that it is not skewed so much by extremely large or small values, and so it may give a better idea of a "typical" value. For example, in understanding statistics like household income or assets which vary greatly, a mean may be skewed by a small number of extremely high or low values. Median income, for example, may be a better way to suggest what a "typical" income is.

Because of this, the median is of central importance in robust statistics, as it is the most resistant statistic, having a breakdown point of 50%: so long as no more than half the data are contaminated, the median will not give an arbitrarily large or small result.
1. What is of great importance in robust statistics?
2. The median is a measure of what?
3. A data set within what?
4. What is the advantage of the median?
5. Skewed so much as what?
6. What other helpful measure does it give?
7. What can skew a mean?
8. In robust statistics, is the median is the most resistant statistic?
9. For a continuous probability distribution, how do you explain a median?
10. For a data set, how could you describe the median?
11. In robust statistics, the median has a breakdown point of what?
12. And can't have more than half the data, what?
13. Then what will happen?

Numbered answers:
1. The median.
2. The properties of a data set.
3. Statistics and probability theory.
4. It is not skewed so much.
5. Extremely large or small values.
6. It may give a better idea of a "typical" value.
7. By a small number of extremely high or low values.
8. Yes.
9. The value such that a number is equally likely to fall above or below it.
10. The "middle" value.
11. 50%:
12. Contaminated.
13. The median will not give an arbitrarily large or small result.

Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
Paul and George wanted to get something to eat for lunch. Sam and Ralph went to school lunch room, but Paul and George wanted to leave and get something outside. They both go to the same school and have the same lunch period, which is how they know each other. They are allowed to leave school for 1 hour for lunch. They get together and rule out pizza, pasta, spicy food and chips. They also want to go somewhere close because they only have an hour. They know there are two places that have burgers and fries close by. Paul loves burgers and George loves fries. Paul says that Great Burger has good burgers. George says that Best Burger has good fries. They now have a problem. "How are we going to pick where we are going to go?" says George. Paul answers "Let's go to Great Burger today and tomorrow let's go to Best Burger." George, being a good friend, says OK. They leave school and go to eat burgers and fries.
1. What did Paul and George want to get?
2. Who went to the lunch room?
3. Where did Paul and Goerge want to get somethng to eat?
4. How do Sam, Ralph, Paul, and George know each other?
5. Are they allowed to leave school for lunch?
6. For how long?
7. What did they rule out to eat?
8. Did they want to get something close?
9. Why is that?
10. Were there any places to get burgers and fries near by?
11. How many were there?
12. Does Paul like burgers?
13. Does George like fries?
14. Does paul like great burger?
15. Does George like best burger?
16. What was their problem?
17. how did they choose?
18. Did they leave school to eat burgers and fries then?
Numbered answers:
1. lunch
2. Sam and Ralph
3. they wanted to leave and get something outside
4. They both go to the same school and have the same lunch period
5. yes
6. for 1 hour
7. pizza, pasta, spicy food and chips
8. yes
9. they only have an hour
10. yes
11. two
12. yes
13. Yes
14. Yes
15. yes
16. Picking which place to decide
17. They went Great Burger today and tomorrow Best Burger
18. yes