In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a
. You have to answer the question based on the context.
--------
Question: A context is upward entailing (shown by [... $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ]) that allows an inference from ( "Introduction" ) to ( "Introduction" ), where French dinner is replaced by a more general concept dinner. On the other hand, a downward entailing context (shown by [... $\leavevmode {\color {blue!80!black}\downarrow }$ ]) allows an inference from ( "Introduction" ) to ( "Introduction" ), where workers is replaced by a more specific concept new workers. All [ workers $\leavevmode {\color {blue!80!black}\downarrow }$ ] [joined for a French dinner $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ] All workers joined for a dinner All new workers joined for a French dinner Not all [new workers $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ] joined for a dinner Not all workers joined for a dinner
Question: How do they define upward and downward reasoning?

Answer: Upward reasoning is defined as going from one specific concept to a more general one. Downward reasoning is defined as the opposite, going from a general concept to one that is more specific.

Question: We make copies of the monolingual model for each language and add additional crosslingual latent variables (CLVs) to couple the monolingual models, capturing crosslingual semantic role patterns. Concretely, when training on parallel sentences, whenever the head words of the arguments are aligned, we add a CLV as a parent of the two corresponding role variables.
Question: Do they add one latent variable for each language pair in their Bayesian model?

Answer: Yes

Question: For instance, a message can be regarded as harmless on its own, but when taking previous threads into account it may be seen as abusive, and vice versa. This aspect makes detecting abusive language extremely laborious even for human annotators; therefore it is difficult to build a large and reliable dataset BIBREF10 .
Question: What examples of the difficulties presented by the context-dependent nature of online aggression do they authors give?

Answer:
detecting abusive language extremely laborious it is difficult to build a large and reliable dataset