Detailed Instructions: Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.
Q: Total bilirubin is now often measured by the 2,5-dichlorophenyldiazonium (DPD) method, and direct bilirubin is often measured by the method of Jendrassik and Grof. Blood levels. The bilirubin level found in the body reflects the balance between production and excretion. Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test, but typical [0.3 to 1.9 mg/dL]s for adults and [340 mol/L] for new borns: Jaundice occurs as a result of excess bilirubin in. the blood. It is a hallmark of liver disease but. not always present in liver disease. Jaundice. occurs when the liver fails to adequately. secrete bilirubin from the blood into the bile. Bilirubin: Bilirubin,, a brownish yellow pigment of bile, secreted by the liver in vertebrates, which gives to solid waste products (feces) their characteristic colour. It is produced in bone marrow cells and in the liver as the end product of red-blood-cell (hemoglobin) breakdown. Normally the body produces a total of about 260 mg of bilirubin per day. Almost 99 per cent of this is excreted in the feces; the remaining 1 per cent is excreted in the urine as urobilinogen. Bilirubin is a pigment in bile created during the breakdown of haemoglobin, which is then excreted from the body in bile. It is bilirubin which gives people the characteristic yellow colour in jaundice (whether that be caused by liver failure, obstruction or an increased breakdown of haemoglobin). the liver. To be transported in blood, bilirubin must be solubilized. By the very nature of being reversible, noncovalent binding to albumin the Unconjugated bilirubin bound to albumin is transported to the liver, where it is taken up by hepatocytes through carrier-mediated membrane transport and solubilised. Bilirubin metabolism: Applied physiology Xia Wang, Jayanta Roy Chowdhury , Namita Roy Chowdhury Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA KEYWORDS Bilirubin; Bilirubin glucuro-nides; UGT1A1; ABCC2 Summary Bilirubin is the breakdown product of the haem moiety of haemoglobin and other haemoproteins. Because of internal hydrogen bonding, bilirubin is water-insoluble and requires enzyme-mediated glucuronidation in the liver for biliary excretion. In normal circumstances, plasma bilirubin is mostly unconjugated and is tightly bound to circulating albumin. Urine bilirubin may also be clinically significant. Bilirubin is not normally detectable in the urine of healthy people. If the blood level of conjugated bilirubin becomes elevated, e.g. due to liver disease, excess conjugated bilirubin is excreted in the urine, indicating a pathological process. Unconjugated bilirubin is not water-soluble and so is not excreted in the urine. Biliary Excretion of Waste Products: Elimination of Bilirubin The liver is well known to metabolize and excrete into bile many compounds and toxins, thus eliminating them (usually) from the body. Examples can be found among both endogenous molecules (steroid hormones, calcium) and exogenous compounds (many antibiotics and metabolities of drugs). Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver and excreted in the bile, giving the stools their characteristic colour. When it cannot escape freely into the bowel it accumulates in the blood, staining the skin to cause JAUNDICE. Query: how is bilirubin excreted from the body
A:
Bilirubin is a brownish yellow pigment of bile, secreted by the liver in vertebrates, which gives to solid waste products their characteristic colour. It is produced in bone marrow cells and in the liver as the end product of red-blood-cell (hemoglobin) breakdown.