Q: Wi-Fi or WiFi () is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term "Wi-Fi Certified" to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing.

Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, phones and tablets, digital cameras, smart TVs, digital audio players and modern printers. Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN and a wireless access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.

Wi-Fi most commonly uses the UHF and SHF ISM radio bands. Having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as twisted pair.

In 1971, ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network. ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet, and later the IEEE 802.11 protocols, respectively.

A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use. These frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is one electronic device that can use Wi-Fi?
2. And another?
3. And one more?
4. What is a hotspot?
5. Is this the only thing a device needs to get wireless internet?
6. True or False: A hotspot can cover a wider area indoors than outdoors.
7. How small can a hotspot be?
8. How big can hotspot coverage be if multiple points are used?
9. Do you need a license to use the ISM band?
10. What kitchen device uses the same band?
11. What body decided to release the band for unlicensed use?
12. When?
13. What was ALOHAnet an ancestor of?
14. What kind of protocol did the ALOHA protocol give rise to?
15. What area did ALOHAnet serve?
16. When?
17. What kind of network did it provide?
18. What is a type of wired connections?
19. True or False: Twisted pair is more secure against attacks than Wi-Fi.
20. Why is Wi-Fi less secure?
A: 1. personal computers
2. video-game consoles
3. phones and tablets
4. an access point
5. yes
6. false
7. unknown
8. many square kilometres
9. no
10. microwave ovens
11. U.S. Federal Communications Commission
12. 1985
13. Ethernet
14. IEEE 802.11
15. the Hawaiian Islands
16. 1971
17. UHF wireless packet
18. twisted pair.
19. true
20. it has no physical connections
Q: The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism. Founded in 1968 by the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church, the UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John and Charles Wesley in England as well as the Great Awakening in the United States. As such, the church's theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements.

The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the third largest Christian denomination. As of 2014, worldwide membership was about 12 million: 7.2 million in the United States, and 4.4 million in Africa, Asia and Europe. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council, and other religious associations. In 2015, Pew Research estimated that 3.6% of the U.S population, or 9 million adult adherents, self-identify with the United Methodist Church revealing a much larger number of adherents than registered membership.

Answer the following questions:
1. How is the church's theology characterized?
2. what church is being referenced?
3. what is one place where it has its origins?
4. who was responsible for it there?
5. is it from anywhere else?
6. where?
7. is there a name for what happened there?
8. what is it?
9. what is the UMC part of that is bigger?
10. how many people follow it approximately?
A: 1. it's a bit liturgical and evangelical
2. The United Methodist Church
3. England
4. John and Charles Wesley
5. y
6. the United States.
7. yes
8. Great Awakening
9. the largest mainline Protestant denomination
10. 80 million
Q: There's nothing like experiencing history to understand it.So instead of reading about the U.S.Civil War in textbooks,some schoolchildren in Virginia are creating videos related to the conflict,in which the northern Union and southern Confederate states fought over several issues,including slavery,from l861--1865.

In one scene, children act as two Union generals, meeting at the Kaploan Klver in central Virginia.The l2-and l3-year-olds are producing a mini--video on the key role temporary pontoon bridges played during the war.After building and crossing a pontoon bridge,Union soldiers defeated a Confederate army in the Battle of the Wilderness.

In another scene,students act as soldiers who are marching to the river with guns.Today,the area is part of a national military park.Park Educational Coordinator Peter Maugle shows the children how to hold the fake guns."Hopefully they will understand why these places are important through projects and programs like this,and they will make an effort to keep these places preserved for future generations,''he said.

Another background is a plantation where much of the Battle of the Wilderness was fought. At this location,another group of children is focusing on the diary of a woman who lived in the region during the war.Student director John Ashley says the experience has made him think more about the human aspect of the war.Filmmaker Ghil Hong donated his time to help the students, who have understood it quickly."They are trying to convey the emotions during the Civil War.They really focus on wanting the story to be accurate,''Hong added.

With help from advisors,the children also research,write,and edit the videos.Alexis Albert got a chance to try out directing and learned a lot about Civil War history in the process. "It helps me more as a student understand it more than reading a book and looking at words,"he said.

The project is sponsored by the Journey Through Hallowed Ground,which raises awareness of historical sites from Pennsylvania to Virginia, including many Civil War battlegrounds.

Answer the following questions:
1. Who is Peter Maugle?
2. Where?
3. What is he demonstrating to kids?
4. real ones?
5. What are kids in Virginia making?
6. about what?
7. When was that?
8. Who is John Ashley?
9. What part of war is he now thinking about?
10. Who gave his time for free to this project
11. What is he?
12. What did soldiers build in the Battle of the Wilderness?
13. which side created it?
14. did they make it across?
15. Who won that battle?
16. What are soldiers carrying with them to a river?
17. who is portraying this?
18. What does Peter hope will help kids understand the importance of places?
19. Who is funding the program?
20. What kind of places do they promote?
A:
1. Park Educational Coordinator
2. at a national military park
3. how to hold guns
4. no
5. videos
6. the Civil War
7. from l861--1865
8. a student director
9. the human one
10. Filmmaker Ghil Hong donated his time
11. a Filmmaker
12. a pontoon bridge
13. the Union
14. yes
15. Union soldiers
16. guns
17. students
18. projects and programs
19. the Journey Through Hallowed Ground
20. historical sites