In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Strontium ranelate reduces fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Evidence from non-clinical studies and analyses of bone markers in phase III trials indicate that this is due to an increase in osteoblast formation and a decrease of osteoclastic resorption. The aim of this work was to investigate, in human cells, the mechanisms by which strontium ranelate is able to influence the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.', 'Human primary osteoblasts were used to examine effects of strontium ranelate on replication (thymidine incorporation), differentiation (Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase) and cell survival (cell counts and caspase activity). Osteoprotegerin (OPG) was measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and elisa and receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL) by qRT-PCR and Western blot. As strontium ranelate has been proposed as an agonist of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), the involvement of CaSR in the effects of strontium ranelate on OPG and RANKL expression, and cell replication was examined using siRNA.', 'Strontium ranelate increased mRNA and protein levels of OPG and suppressed those of RANKL. Strontium ranelate also stimulated osteoblast replication and differentiation and increased cell survival under stress. Knocking down CaSR suppressed strontium ranelate-induced stimulation of OPG mRNA, reduction of RANKL mRNA, and increase in replication, indicating the involvement of CaSR in these responses.\Question: Do osteoblasts play key roles in the mechanisms of action of strontium ranelate?

Ex Output:
Our results demonstrate that osteoblasts play a key role in the mechanism of action of the anti-fracture agent, strontium ranelate by mediating both its anabolic and anti-resorptive actions, at least in part, via activation of CaSR.

Ex Input:
Context: Urinary dysfunction (UD) is common after rectal cancer treatment, but the contribution of each treatment component (surgery and radiotherapy) to its development remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate UD during 5 years after total mesorectal excision (TME) and to investigate the influence of preoperative radiotherapy (PRT) and surgical factors.', 'Patients with operable rectal cancer were randomized to TME with or without PRT. Questionnaires concerning UD were completed by 785 patients before and at several time points after surgery. Possible risk factors, including PRT, demographics, tumour location, and type and extent of resection, were investigated by multivariable regression analysis.', 'Long-term incontinence was reported by 38.1 per cent of patients, of whom 72.0 per cent had normal preoperative function. Preoperative incontinence (relative risk (RR) 2.75, P = 0.001) and female sex (RR 2.77, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors. Long-term difficulty in bladder emptying was reported by 30.6 per cent of patients, of whom 65.0 per cent had normal preoperative function. Preoperative difficulty in bladder emptying (RR 2.94, P < 0.001), peroperative blood loss (RR 1.73, P = 0.028) and autonomic nerve damage (RR 2.82, P = 0.024) were independent risk factors. PRT was not associated with UD.\Question: Is urinary dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment mainly caused by surgery?

Ex Output:
UD is a significant clinical problem after rectal cancer treatment and is not related to PRT, but rather to surgical nerve damage.

Ex Input:
Context: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of basal insulin, alone or with a sensitizer, or a combination of oral agents on nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'We randomized 57 patients with T2DM to either (1) continuous subcutaneous basal Lispro insulin at a single rate using an insulin pump (basal insulin) or (2) basal insulin and oral pioglitazone 30 mg daily (basal insulin +Pio) or (3) a sulfonylurea and metformin (SU+M). We measured glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha), serum lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)], and lipoprotein profile at baseline and after 20 weeks of treatment.', 'HbA1c decreased by >or=2% (P<.001) and to comparable levels (P=NS) in all groups. Despite improved glycemia, hsCRP did not change in any group, whereas plasma PAI-1 fell with basal insulin +Pio (P<.02) and SU+M (P<.01). PGF2alpha declined with basal insulin (P<.02) and SU+M (P<.001). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased only with basal insulin +Pio (18.2%, P<.05). Lp (a) increased with basal insulin therapy alone (P<.01). Data were pooled from all groups to determine the overall effect of glycemic control-there was a significant (P<.001) decline in HbA1c, PAI-1, and PGF2alpha and an increase in HDL-C (P<.001). There was no correlation between HbA1c reduction and changes in these parameters.\Question: Do diabetes treatments have differential effects on nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors?

Ex Output:
We conclude that excellent glycemic control per se does not impact nontraditional risk factors for CVD equally, but various diabetes medications have different effects on these risk factors. These findings may have implications for making appropriate therapeutic choices for patients with Type 2 diabetes, although larger studies with more appropriate treatment comparisons may be necessary.