Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: Low back pain is common and originates in the sacroiliac (SI) joint in 15%-30% of cases. Traditional SI joint disruption/degenerative sacroiliitis treatments include nonoperative care or open SI joint fusion. To evaluate the usefulness of newly developed minimally-invasive technologies, the costs of traditional treatments must be better understood. We assessed the costs of nonoperative care for SI joint disruption to commercial payers in the United States (US).', 'A retrospective study of claim-level medical resource use and associated costs used the MarketScan®️ Commercial Claims and Encounters as well as Medicare Supplemental Databases of Truven Healthcare. Patients with a primary ICD-9-CM diagnosis code for SI joint disruption (720.2, 724.6, 739.4, 846.9, or 847.3), an initial date of diagnosis from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2007 (index date), and continuous enrollment for 1 year before and 3 years after the index date were included. Claims attributable to SI joint disruption with a primary or secondary ICD-9-CM diagnosis code of 71x.xx, 72x.xx, 73x.xx, or 84x.xx were identified; the 3-year medical resource use-associated reimbursement and outpatient pain medication costs (measured in 2011 US dollars) were tabulated across practice settings. A subgroup analysis was performed among patients with lumbar spinal fusion.', 'The mean 3-year direct, attributable medical costs were $16,196 (standard deviation [SD] $28,592) per privately-insured patient (N=78,533). Among patients with lumbar spinal fusion (N=434), attributable 3-year mean costs were $91,720 (SD $75,502) per patient compared to $15,776 (SD $27,542) per patient among patients without lumbar spinal fusion (N=78,099). Overall, inpatient hospitalizations (19.4%), hospital outpatient visits and procedures (14.0%), and outpatient pain medications (9.6%) accounted for the largest proportion of costs. The estimated 3-year insurance payments attributable to SI joint disruption were $1.6 billion per 100,000 commercial payer beneficiaries.
[A]: 0

[Q]: It has been suggested that genes related to Amerindian ancestry account for the high prevalence of gallstone disease (GD) observed in Mexican-Americans. The HLA-B39 is an allele found in higher frequency in Amerindians whereas HLA-B15 is rarely found. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gallstone susceptibility genes are more prevalent in Mexicans with recent Amerindian ancestry.', 'We carried out a prospective case-controlled study. Subjects were divided into those who had stones visible on gallbladder ultrasound (cases), and those whose ultrasounds were negative for gallstones (controls). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and serum lipids and lipoprotein, and glucose levels were measured. Class I HLA (HLA-B) typing was performed by PCR amplification of genomic DNA.', 'Of the 1,101 subjects, 146 were classified as subjects with GD (cases) and 955 as subjects without GD (controls). Mean age of the cases was 53.5 +/- 12.5 yr versus 44.78 +/- 12.0 yr for the controls, p= 0.001. A family history of GD was observed in 48% of the cases versus 28.4% of the controls, p= 0.001. HLA-B39 was more frequently increased in GD subjects (0.162), compared with controls (0.063), p= 0.008. The odds ratio of having HLA-B39 was 2.8 and 95% (CI 95%= 1.3-6.3) for GD; HLA-B15 was more frequently increased in controls than in cases.
[A]: 0

[Q]: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major and growing public health problem resulting from the cardiac damage caused by a variety of disease processes. CHF has many comorbid conditions such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Some of the chronic conditions may have an effect on cardiac mortality in CHF patients. We have investigated the effect of renal dysfunction on cardiovascular mortality in patients with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and nonischemic DCM.', 'Six hundred and thirty-seven patients with DCM were evaluated between January 2003 and January 2011. All individuals in the study population were admitted to the cardiology clinic because of decompensated heart failure. In this prospective observational study, a total of 637 patients [409 men, 228 women, 18-94 years old, mean age 6313 years; New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II-IV] with diagnoses of ischemic (402) and nonischemic (235) DCM were enrolled in the study. Baseline glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation.', 'By the end of the study, 228 patients had died due to cardiovascular reasons. Both DCM types had similar cardiovascular mortality [151 patients with ischemic DCM (37%) vs. 77 patients with nonischemic DCM (32%); P=NS]. Renal dysfunction had an effect on cardiovascular mortality in patients with ischemic and nonischemic DCM (respectively, glomerular filtration rate 5424, 5624; P<0.001).
[A]:
0