Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: tension causes liquids to form spheres in free fall or zero gravity (see - ball-ch10_s02_f01: the "floating" water isn't in the shape of a sphere by accident; it is the result of surface tension). Surface tension is also responsible for the fact that small insects can "walk" on water. Because of surface tension, it takes energy to break the surface of a liquid, and if an object (such as an insect) is light enough, there is not enough force due to gravity for the object to break through the surface, so the object stays on top of the water ( ball-ch10_s03_f07). Carefully done, this phenomenon can also be illustrated with a thin razor blade or a paper clip. The fact that small droplets of water bead up on surfaces does not mean that wateror any other liquid does not interact with other substances. Sometimes the attraction can be very strong. Adhesion is the tendency of a substance to interact with other substances because of intermolecular forces, while cohesion is the tendency of a substance to interact with itself. If cohesive forces within a liquid are stronger than adhesive forces between a liquid and another substance, then the liquid tends to keep to itself; it will bead up. However, if adhesive forces between a liquid and another substance are stronger than cohesive forces, then the liquid will spread out over the other substance, trying to maximize the interface between the other substance and the liquid. We say that the liquid wets the other substance. Adhesion and cohesion are important for other phenomena as well. In particular, if adhesive forces are strong, then when a liquid is introduced to a small-diameter tube of another substance, the liquid moves up or down in the tube, as if ignoring gravity. Because tiny tubes are called capillaries, this phenomenon is called capillary action. For example, one type of capillary actioncapillary riseis seen when water or water-based liquids rise up in thin glass tubes (like the capillaries sometimes used in blood tests), forming an upwardly curved surface... Q: Surface tension is responsible for the fact that small insects can do this on water? A:

OPTIONS:
- swim
- sink
- float
- walk

A: walk

input: OPTIONS:
- sensitive nervous system
- respiratory system
- auxiliary nervous system
- peripheral nervous system Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system carries messages from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system. For example, it carries messages about images from the eyes to the brain. Once the messages reach the brain, the brain interprets the information. Q: What system carries messages from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system? A:
A:
output: peripheral nervous system

Answer the following question given this paragraph: 41.4 | Nitrogenous Wastes By the end of this section, you will be able to: Compare and contrast the way in which aquatic animals and terrestrial animals can eliminate toxic ammonia from their systems Compare the major byproduct of ammonia metabolism in vertebrate animals to that of birds, insects, and reptiles Of the four major macromolecules in biological systems, both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen. During the catabolism, or breakdown, of nitrogen-containing macromolecules, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are extracted and stored in the form of carbohydrates and fats. Excess nitrogen is excreted from the body. Nitrogenous wastes tend to form toxic ammonia, which raises the pH of body fluids. The formation of ammonia itself requires energy in the form of ATP and large quantities of water to dilute it out of a biological system. Animals that live in aquatic environments tend to release ammonia into the water. Animals that excrete ammonia are said to be ammonotelic. Terrestrial organisms have evolved other mechanisms to excrete nitrogenous wastes. The animals must detoxify ammonia by converting it into a relatively nontoxic form such as urea or uric acid. Mammals, including humans, produce urea, whereas reptiles and many terrestrial. Q: What term is used to describe animals that excrete ammonia? A:

OPTIONS:
- spirogyra
- ammonstand
- xerophyte
- ammonotelic

Answer: ammonotelic

Problem: OPTIONS:
- crustaceans
- cephalopods
- mammals
- arthropods
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Arthropods are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Q: What are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom? A:
Answer: arthropods

Problem:OPTIONS:
- higher birth rates
- higher expatriation
- higher death rates
- reduced family size

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is the key to the demographic transition? A:
****
A: reduced family size

Problem:OPTIONS:
- spontaneous rate
- immediate rate
- emitted rate
- instantaneous rate

Answer the following question given this paragraph: To obtain the tabulated results for this decomposition, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was measured every 6 hours over the course of a day at a constant temperature of 40 C. Reaction rates were computed for each time interval by dividing the change in concentration by the corresponding time increment, as shown here for the first 6-hour period: [H 2 O 2] (0.500 mol/L 1.000 mol/L) = = 0.0833 mol L 1 h 1 t (6.00 h 0.00 h) Notice that the reaction rates vary with time, decreasing as the reaction proceeds. Results for the last 6-hour period yield a reaction rate of: [H 2 O 2] (0.0625 mol/L 0.125 mol/L) = = 0.0104 mol L 1 h 1 t (24.00 h 18.00 h) This behavior indicates the reaction continually slows with time. Using the concentrations at the beginning and end of a time period over which the reaction rate is changing results in the calculation of an average rate for the reaction over this time interval. At any specific time, the rate at which a reaction is proceeding is known as its instantaneous rate. The instantaneous rate of a reaction at "time zero," when the reaction commences, is its initial rate. Consider the analogy of a car slowing down as it approaches a stop sign. The vehicle's initial rateanalogous to the beginning of a chemical reactionwould be the speedometer reading at the moment the driver begins pressing the brakes (t0). A few moments later, the instantaneous rate at a specific momentcall it t1would be somewhat slower, as indicated by the speedometer reading at that point in time. As time passes, the instantaneous rate will continue to fall until it reaches zero, when the car (or reaction) stops. Unlike instantaneous speed, the car's average speed is not indicated by the speedometer; but it can be calculated as the ratio of the distance traveled to the time required to bring the vehicle to a complete stop (t). Like the decelerating car, the average rate of a chemical reaction will fall somewhere between its initial and final rates. The instantaneous rate of a... Q: At any specific time, the rate at which a reaction is proceeding is known as its what? A:
****
A:
instantaneous rate