Part 1. Definition
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Part 2. Example
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the passage (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia
Part 3. Exercise
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are believed to play a pivotal role in the formation and contraction of epiretinal membranes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). In the present study, an organ culture method was used that mimics the contractile stage of PVR, to investigate the contribution of a variety of growth factors in human RPE cell-mediated contraction of the retina.', 'Cultured human RPE cells were seeded onto bovine retinal explants. After attachment, cultures received one of the following exogenous growth factors: platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB, PDGF-BB, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, TGF-beta2, or interleukin (IL)-10; or a neutralizing antibody to PDGF and/or TGF-beta2. Control explants were either untreated or received a null antibody. Contraction was assessed by image analysis and expressed as percentage reduction in retinal area.', 'RPE cells produced a more than 50% contraction of the retina after 7 days in untreated samples. PDGF and TGF-beta2 stimulated RPE-mediated contraction by a further 20% at 100 ng/ml. IL-10 decreased contraction by 63%, whereas the other growth factors gave rise to similar contraction to untreated controls. Neutralizing antibodies against PDGF and TGF-beta2 reduced RPE-mediated contraction by up to 70% in comparison with untreated controls. The neutralizing antibodies also inhibited the effects of exogenous PDGF and TGF-beta2 on RPE-mediated contraction of the retina (P < 0.01).
Answer:
Do iL-10 and antibodies to TGF-beta2 and PDGF inhibit RPE-mediated retinal contraction?