Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: Mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxR) are selenoproteins with important roles in antioxidant defense and redox regulation, principally linked to functions of their main substrates thioredoxins (Trx). All major forms of TrxR are intracellular while levels in serum are typically very low.', 'Serum TrxR levels were determined with immunoblotting using antibodies against mouse TrxR1 and total enzyme activity measurements were performed, with serum and tissue samples from mouse models of liver injury, as triggered by either thioacetamide (TAA) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).', 'TrxR levels in serum increased upon treatment and correlated closely with those of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), an often used serum biomarker for liver damage. In contrast, Trx1, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase or selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase levels in serum displayed much lower increases than TrxR or ALT.
[A]: 0

[Q]: The efficacy of anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been mainly attributed to TNF-alpha neutralisation. Other mechanism as immune cell apoptosis, which is impaired in RA, may also be induced by anti-TNF-alpha therapies. The aim of our study was to investigate whether TNF-alpha inhibitors could induce apoptosis in vitro of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of RA patients.', 'Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from 24 patients with RA and 18 healthy donors were incubated with anti-TNF-alpha agents, infliximab or etanercept, in comparison with no agent and including an isotypic control, for 48 hours. Apoptosis was detected and quantified by annexin V labelling of phosphatidylserine externalization using cytofluorometric analysis and compared with PBMC production TNF-alpha in vitro.', 'In healthy donors, induced apoptosis was observed in 0.3% to 3.8% of lymphocytes with both therapies. In RA patients the treatment induced lymphocyte apoptosis in 17 of 24 patients with a percentage of annexin V-positive lymphocytes ranging from 0.1% to 25%. Among these 17 RA patients, a significant in vitro lymphocyte apoptosis (> 4%) was observed in 11 patients (46%) compared with healthy donors (p < 0.01). The variability of the response to anti-TNF-alpha within the RA population was not dependent on TNF-alpha synthesis or disease activity.
[A]: 1

[Q]: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by esophagectomy confers a survival benefit on patients with esophageal cancer. However, nCRT might be less meaningful for poor responders. Thus, being able to predict responses would help ensure the selection of optimal therapy.', 'We reviewed data from 123 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who underwent nCRT that comprised concurrent radiation (40 Gy) and chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy. We assessed associations between clinical and blood data obtained before starting nCRT and the pathologic response.', 'We compared good (Japan Esophageal Society response evaluation criteria grades 3/2; n = 89, 72.4%) and poor (grades 1/0; n = 34, 27.6%) responders. Performance status (p = 0.02), hemoglobin level (p = 0.005), and platelet counts (p = 0.03) were statistically significant pretherapeutic factors for a response to nCRT. Multivariable analysis subsequently selected the hemoglobin level (odds ratio 1.52; 95% confidence interval 1.08-2.15; p = 0.02) as the sole independent predictor. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the optimal cutoff for pretherapeutic hemoglobin was 13 g/dl for predicting a response. We found that 48.8 and 17.1% of patients with hemoglobin level 13 and >13 g/dl, respectively, were poor responders (p = 0.0002), with 5-year overall survival rates of 40.9 and 58.9%, respectively (p = 0.048).
[A]:
0