In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[EX Q]: Context: The characteristic ease of use, rapid time to result, and low cost of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) promote their widespread use at the point-of-care for malaria detection and surveillance. However, in many settings, the success of malaria elimination campaigns depends on point-of-care diagnostics with greater sensitivity than currently available RDTs. To address this need, a sample preparation method was developed to deliver more biomarkers onto a malaria RDT by concentrating the biomarker from blood sample volumes that are too large to be directly applied to a lateral flow strip.', 'In this design, Ni-NTA-functionalized magnetic beads captured the Plasmodium falciparum biomarker HRPII from a P. falciparum D6 culture spiked blood sample. This transfer of magnetic beads to the RDT was facilitated by an inexpensive 3D-printed apparatus that aligned the sample tube with the sample deposition pad and a magnet beneath the RDT. Biomarkers were released from the bead surface onto the lateral flow strip using imidazole-spiked running buffer. Kinetics of HRPII binding to the Ni-NTA beads as a function of blood sample volume were explored prior to determining the effect of the proposed method on the limit of detection of Paracheck RDTs.', 'More than 80% of HRPII biomarkers were extracted from blood sample volumes ranging from 25 to 250L. The time required to reach 80% binding ranged from 5 to 60min, depending on sample volume. Using 250L of blood and a 30-min biomarker binding time, the limit of detection of the Paracheck Pf RDT brand was improved by 21-fold, resulting in a limit of detection below 1 parasite/L.\Question: Does direct transfer of HRPII-magnetic bead complexes to malaria rapid diagnostic tests significantly improve test sensitivity?
[EX A]: This approach has the sensitivity and simplicity required to assist in malaria elimination campaigns in settings with limited access to clinical and laboratory resources.

[EX Q]: Context: Objective analysis of surgical skill is necessary. A novel method of assessment using simple error analysis in synthetic models is examined for construct validity.', 'Two examination protocols were devised using synthetic models. These contained either a purpose made error or were representative of good surgical practice. Protocol one contained models of skin closure and minor operations. Protocol two in addition more complex procedures. Face validity was established by the approval of senior surgeons. Junior surgeons were recruited to undertake the assessment. A p value of less than 0.05 was deemed to be significant.', 'Eighty-nine surgeons were recruited. Both protocol one and two were able to discriminate between groups at statistically significant levels.\Question: Is the surgical error examination a novel method for objective technical knowledge assessment?
[EX A]: Construct validity has been established by showing that error analysis is able to distinguish surgeons with varying levels of experience.

[EX Q]: Context: Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathological process of most cardiovascular disease. Thrombin is a serine protease which can activate protease activated receptors (PAR) on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to elicit cellular responses that can contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human atherosclerosis commences with the binding and retention of lipoproteins by the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans. The potential effects of thrombin on the synthesis and structure of CS/DS proteoglycans produced by VSMCs was investigated.', 'VSMCs were derived from human internal mammary arteries. Proteoglycan synthesis was assessed by [(35)S]sulfate and [(3)H]glucosamine incorporation. Proteoglycan size was assessed by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography.\Question: Does thrombin regulate vascular smooth muscle cell proteoglycan synthesis via PAR-1 and multiple downstream signalling pathways?
[EX A]:
Thrombin caused a dose-dependent increase in [(35)S]sulfate and [(3)H]glucosamine incorporation with maximum effects of approximately 150% at the highest doses tested. This increase was associated with increased size of biglycan and decorin assessed by SDS-PAGE. Chemically cleaved glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains analyzed by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography were larger for proteoglycans from thrombin treated cells. VSMCs synthesize small GAGs when provided with exogenous xyloside and thrombin treatment also increased the size of the secreted xyloside GAGs. The effect of thrombin was not mimicked by the catalytically inactive FPRCK-HCT and was blocked in a concentration- dependent manner by the PAR-1 antagonist, JNJ5177049. Inhibition of PK C with GF 109203X resulted in concentration dependent but partial inhibition of [(35)S]sulfate incorporation accompanied by a reduction in the size of biglycan and decorin. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulated [(35)S]sulfate incorporation and increased proteoglycan size and this was completely blocked by the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478. AG1478 partially (32%, p<0.01) blocked the effect of thrombin. Thrombin treatment of VSMCs increased the proportion of disaccharides sulfated at the 6 position of the GalNAc residues. Thus, thrombin has actions on VSMCs which increase the length and modify the sulfation pattern of GAG chains on proteoglycans in a manner that would enhance the binding of LDL. If manifest in vivo, this effect on proteoglycan synthesis and structure represents a new biochemical mechanism through which thrombin contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.