Information: - Sokoto is a city located in the extreme northwest of Nigeria, near the confluence of the Sokoto River and the Rima River. As of 2006 it has a population of 427,760. Sokoto is the modern-day capital of Sokoto State (and its predecessor, the north-western State). - Islamic studies is the academic study of Islam and Islamic culture. Islamic studies can be seen under at least two perspectives: - The "Wazirin Sakkwato", or "Sokoto Grand Vizier", was the Grand Vizier to the Sultan of Sokoto (also incorrectly called Caliph) of the Fulani Empire rather suzerain of the Fulani Jihad states. - Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, born Usuman ii Foduye, (also referred to as Shaikh Usman Ibn Fodio, Shehu Uthman Dan Fuduye, Shehu Usman dan Fodio or Shaikh Uthman Ibn Fodio) (1754, Gobir 1817, Sokoto) was a religious teacher, writer and Islamic promoter, and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate. Dan Fodio was one of a class of urbanized ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa States in what is today northern Nigeria. He was a leader who followed the Sunni Maliki school of Jurisprudence and the Qadiri branch of Sufism. - In the Ottoman Empire, the Grand Vizier was the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissible only by the sultan himself. He held the imperial seal and could convene all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state; the viziers in conference were called ""Kubbealt" viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the "Kubbealt" ('under the dome') in Topkap Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte. - The Sokoto Caliphate was an independent Islamic Caliphate, in West Africa. Founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1809 by Usman dan Fodio, it was abolished when the British defeated the caliph in 1903 and put the area under the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. - Abu Bakr Atiku (17821842) was the third Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from October 1837 until November 1842. - Abd al - Qadir also known Abdulkadir was Sokoto Grand Vizier ( 1842 -- 1859 ) . He was preceded by his father , Gidago dan Laima ( 1817 -- 1842 ) and succeeded by Ibrahim Khalilu ( 1859 - ca . 1874 ) . Prior to his appointment as vizier , Abdulkadir particiapted in 25 raids under Sultan Muhammed Bello and four raids with his uncle , Abu Bakr Atiku . He was a close confidant of Sultan Ali and a son of Nana Asma'u - Muhammed Bello was the second Sultan of Sokoto and reigned from 1817 until 1837 and was an active writer of history, poetry, and Islamic studies. He was the son and primary aide to Usman dan Fodio, the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate and the first Sultan. During his reign, he encouraged the spread of Islam throughout the region, increasing education for both men and women, and the establishment of Islamic courts. He died on October 25, 1837 and was succeeded by his brother Abu Bakr Atiku. Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'country of citizenship' with the subject 'abd al-qadir '. Choices: - academic - british - nigeria - ottoman empire - teacher - writer
nigeria
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Information: - The concept of justifiable homicide in criminal law stands on the dividing line between an excuse, a justification, and an exculpation. In certain circumstances, homicide is justified when it prevents greater harm to innocents. A homicide can only be justified if there is sufficient evidence to prove that it was reasonable to believe that the offending party posed an imminent threat to the life or well-being of another, in self-defense. To rule a justifiable homicide, one must objectively prove to a trier of fact, beyond all reasonable doubt, that the victim intended to commit violence. A homicide in this instance is blameless and distinct from the less stringent criteria authorizing deadly force in stand your ground rulings. - Lysias (c. 445 BC c. 380 BC) was a logographer (speech writer) in Ancient Greece. He was one of the ten Attic orators included in the "Alexandrian Canon" compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace in the third century BC. - Self-defense (self-defence in many varieties of English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many jurisdictions, but the interpretation varies widely. - Aristophanes of Byzantium was a Hellenistic Greek scholar, critic and grammarian, particularly renowned for his work in Homeric scholarship, but also for work on other classical authors such as Pindar and Hesiod. Born in Byzantium about 257 , he soon moved to Alexandria and studied under Zenodotus, Callimachus, and Dionysius Iambus. He succeeded Eratosthenes as head librarian of the Library of Alexandria at the age of sixty. - On the Murder of Eratosthenes is a speech by Lysias , one of the '' Canon of Ten '' Attic orators . The speech is the first in the transmitted Lysianic corpus and is therefore also known as Lysias 1 . The speech was given by a certain Euphiletos , defending himself against the charge that he murdered Eratosthenes , after he supposedly caught him committing adultery with his wife . Euphiletos defends himself claiming that the killing of Eratosthenes was justifiable homicide , rather than murder . The case was heard before the Delphinion , the court which ruled on cases of justifiable homicide . - In ancient Greece, a Delphinion (ancient Greek: ) was a temple of Apollo Delphinios ("Apollo of the womb") also known as "Delphic Apollo" or "Pythian Apollo", the principal god of Delphi, who was regarded as the protector of ports and ships. Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'original language of work' with the subject 'on the murder of eratosthenes'. Choices: - ancient greek - english - greek
ancient greek
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