question: An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds).

An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements, which forms an impure substance (admixture) that retains the characteristics of a metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal, such as wrought iron, in that, with an alloy, the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some useful benefit. Alloys are made by mixing two or more elements; at least one of which being a metal. This is usually called the primary metal or the base metal, and the name of this metal may also be the name of the alloy. The other constituents may or may not be metals but, when mixed with the molten base, they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture.
1. What is an alloy?
2. are they pure?
3. and what does that form?
4. Is there another name for it?
5. is it a solid?
6. When are two or more solutions used?
7. What happens in the single phase?
8. Are the added impurities desirable?
9. any benefit?
10. What is a primary metal?
11. What could its name be of/
12. Do the others need to be metal?
13. are they soluble?
14. what do they dissolve into?
15. is primary and base metal the same?
16. Does one element have to be metal to make and alloy?
17. Is wrought iron and impure metal?
****
answer: 1. a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element
2. yes or fairly pure
3. an impure substance
4. admixture
5. it can be
6. to make alloys
7. it's a solid solution of metal elements
8. usually
9. yes, some
10. a base metal
11. the name of the alloy
12. no
13. when mixed with the molten base, yes
14. the mixture
15. yes
16. yes
17. yes

question: Former NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue on Tuesday rescinded punishments against four players in the New Orleans Saints bounty scandal.

The ruling overturned a decision made in October by Roger Goodell, the current commissioner, against Jonathan Vilma, Anthony Hargrove, Will Smith and Scott Fujita.

SI: Goodell the big loser here

Under the bounty program, Tagliabue wrote, Saints players were given incentives during the 2009 through 2011 seasons to render opposing players unable to play. They were called "cartoffs" and "knockouts."

In addition, it was alleged that the Saints offered a bounty for injuring Minnesota Vikings quarterback Brett Favre during the NFC Championship game in January 2010.

In October, after he upheld suspensions, Goodell appointed Tagliabue to review player appeals.

In his 18-page order, Tagliabue found that Fujita's actions "were not conduct detrimental" and vacated a one-game suspension imposed by Goodell.

Tagliabue wrote that Fujita "did not participate in the program including cartoffs and knockouts and that his participation in a 'non-injury' pay-for-performance pool is typically subject only to club discipline."

Tagliabue found that Hargrove, Smith and Vilma engaged in "conduct detrimental to the integrity of, and public confidence in, the game of professional football," but ordered their punishments also be rescinded.

Read Tagliabue's ruling (PDF)

Hargrove had been suspended for seven games but was credited with having served five. Goodell found that Hargrove falsely answered an NFL investigator's questions about the misconduct.

But Tagliabue said it was not clear Hargrove lied about the program and noted that he was "under tremendous pressure to follow the chain of command in order to keep his job." Tagliabue concluded that there was insufficient evidence that Hargrove's alleged misconduct merited a suspension.
1. What team was given incentives during 2009-2011?
2. Who did they call the big loser here?
3. What else was alleged against the saints?
4. How many pages was the order ?
****
answer: 1. the Saints the saints
2. Goodell Goodell
3. alleged that the Saints offered a bounty. a bounty
4. 18-page order. Eighteen

question: The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.
1. Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?
2. Which country?
3. Who chartered it?
4. Who opened it?
5. Why was it created?
6. What was it first known as?
7. When was the name changed?
8. When was it moved?
9. Who was present for its opening?
10. Their names?
11. How many additions were made to the original charter?
12. When were they all combined?
13. Was King George V one of the founders?
14. How about Thomas Donaldson?
15. What does RIBA stand for?
****
answer:
1. Portland Place,
2. United Kingdom
3. King William IV.
4. severa architects
5. for the advancement of architecture
6. the Institute of British Architects in London
7. 1837
8. 1934
9. the king and queen
10. George V and Mary
11. three
12. 1971
13. no
14. yes
15. Royal Institute of British Architects