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When you're asking for a recommendation, you're asking the professor to put their name on the line for your future. If you don't really know why you want to go to grad school, for instance, the professor is not likely to give you a recommendation at all. Be ready to answer questions about the path you've chosen, especially since the professor can use that information in your letter. For instance, your professor may want to know your end goal for going to graduate school. They may also want to know if you have the experience to choose the right program and the skills to complete it. When you go to ask, make sure to have everything ready. Your professor will need to know what organization the letter is for, as well as what program or position you would like. It's also helpful to provide them with a CV or resume so they have more information about you. Having your personal statement can also help. Plus, they need to know where to send it. Make a list of all the letters you'd like the person to write and include details for each one. Give them addressed and stamped envelopes to use to make it easier. If you ask for a letter a week before it's due, you're putting undue pressure on your professor that they won't appreciate. Many will still do it, but they will not be happy about it. Do you really want an unhappy professor writing your recommendation letter? Make sure to ask at least a month in advance of when you need it, though longer is even better. Also, don't wait until the end of the semester, as your professor will be getting far more requests then. Get your request in early. If you know the professor very well, an email may suffice, but it's usually better to approach the professor in person. It makes a better impression, and having you there may help remind the professor of why they liked you. You could say, "Hi professor, I am here to ask if you'd be willing to write me a letter of recommendation for a graduate school program." After discussing any concerns the professor has, you could say, "So, would you be willing to write me a strong letter of support?" If they hesitate or seem lukewarm, you can politely withdraw your request and ask another professor. Most professors appreciate a reminder a few weeks before the letter is due. You can simply ask if your professor would like one. If they do, set it on your calendar, and be sure to send an email when it pops up. For example, you could say, "Some professors like reminders close to the due date. Would you like me to send you a reminder two weeks before it's due?" Once the letter is written, be sure to thank the professor. An email is nice, but a handwritten card is even better. Most professors will appreciate the gesture. Later, it's a good idea to give the professor an update if you do get into the program or achieve the position you want.
Be prepared to answer the professor's questions. Provide all the pertinent details. Ask for the letter at least 1 month in advance. Approach the professor in person. Ask if they want a reminder. Thank the professor.