Answer the following question given this paragraph: Proto-oncogenes normally help control cell division. Mutations in these genes turn them into oncogenes. Oncogenes promote the division of cells with damaged DNA. Q: Cells that are divided by oncogenes contain damaged what? Choices: - bacteria - cells - atoms - dna A:
dna

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), HER2/neu Receptor tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to other proteins to activate or inactivate them. Receptor kinases add phosphate groups to receptor proteins at the surface of the cell. These receptor proteins receive signals from outside the cell and initiate a signal transduction process inside the cell. Tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to tyrosine residues in the target protein. They can cause cancer by turning the receptor permanently on (constitutively), even without signals from outside the cell. Q: What adds phosphate groups to receptor proteins at the surface of the cell? Choices: - nitrogen kinases - brain kinases - protein kinases - receptor kinases A:
receptor kinases

Answer the following question given this paragraph: From the pharynx, the food moves into the esophagus. The esophagus is a long, narrow tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis. The esophagus has no other digestive functions. At the end of the esophagus, a muscle called a sphincter controls the entrance to the stomach. The sphincter opens to let food into the stomach and then closes again to prevent food from passing back into the esophagus. Q: What is the name of the muscle at the end of the esophagus? Choices: - neck - intestine - throat - sphincter A:
sphincter