Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Existentialism () is the work associated mainly with certain late-19th- and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subjectnot merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. While the predominant value of existentialist thought is commonly acknowledged to be freedom, its primary virtue is authenticity. In the view of the existentialist, the individual's starting point is characterized by what has been called "the existential attitude", or a sense of disorientation, confusion, or dread in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience.

Sren Kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher, though he did not use the term existentialism. He proposed that each individualnot society or religionis solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely, or "authentically". Existentialism became popular in the years following World War II, and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology.

The term is often seen as a historical convenience as it was first applied to many philosophers in hindsight, long after they had died. In fact, while existentialism is generally considered to have originated with Kierkegaard, the first prominent existentialist philosopher to adopt the term as a self-description was Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre posits the idea that "what all existentialists have in common is the fundamental doctrine that existence precedes essence", as scholar Frederick Copleston explains. According to philosopher Steven Crowell, defining existentialism has been relatively difficult, and he argues that it is better understood as a general approach used to reject certain systematic philosophies rather than as a systematic philosophy itself. Sartre himself, in a lecture delivered in 1945, described existentialism as "the attempt to draw all the consequences from a position of consistent atheism".

1. Who is thought to be the first philosopher to be an existentialist?
2. Did he call his way of thinking existentialism?
3. Who did he say is responsible for having meaning in one's life?
4. Instead of what?
5. Did this way of thought become popular after the second World War?
6. What are some other disciplines that existentialism influenced?
7. Where do these philosophers believe that thinking begins?
8. Instead of?
9. Is authenticity the main value of this type of thinking?
10. What is the main value then?
11. And what is authenticity?
12. What type of world does an existentialist think we live in?
13. What is the beginning point of an individual called?
14. Is that a feeling of happiness and order?
15. What then?
16. What do people who hold these beliefs think about academic philosophies?
17. Were those who thought this way called existentialists at the time?
18. Who was the first one to call himself by this term?
19. Does Steven Crowell believe that it is easy to define existentialism?
20. When did Sartre lecture about this?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Sren Kierkegaard
2. No
3. each individual
4. society or religion
5. Yes
6. theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology.
7. with the human subject
8. the thinking subject
9. No
10. freedom
11. its primary virtue
12. meaningless or absurd
13. the existential attitude
14. No
15. disorientation, confusion, or dread
16. too abstract and remote from concrete human experience.
17. No
18. Jean-Paul Sartre
19. No
20. 1945

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

MATABELELAND, Zimbabwe (CNN) -- British broadcaster Sky News Wednesday criticized the jail sentences given to three of its drivers in Zimbabwe, where a court found them guilty of possessing broadcast equipment without authorization.

Journalists read a newspaper in Zimbabwe, where freedom of the press is extremely limited.

The men are all from Johannesburg, South Africa and were sentenced Tuesday, according to their attorney.

"We deplore the harsh sentence given to the three South African drivers," a Sky News spokesman, who did not give his name, said in London. "We will be appealing and hope that the Zimbabwean justice system fully reappraises its decision."

A court convicted Bernet Hasani Sono, Resemate Boy Chauke, and Simon Maodi on Monday in Matabeleland, the state-run newspaper Chronicle reported.

The three men pleaded guilty to violating the Postal and Telecommunications Act but denied the truck and Sky News equipment were theirs, the state paper reported.

The judge, John Masimba, said that despite denying ownership, possession of the equipment was still a violation of the act. Masimba said in the Chronicle that it would send the wrong signal if he did not punish the men.

Sono and Maodi were additionally charged an extra six weeks in jail for violating a section of the Immigration Act after the two didn't show up to the Immigration authorities, their defense lawyer, Tawengwa Hara, said. The charge was minor but Hara said he would appeal the possession charge and the sentence.

Zimbabwean police stopped the men during a routine check at a Mbalabala roadblock in the Matabeleland South province and found boxes containing the communication equipment. The men were unable to give a reason for possessing it and were arrested, Hara said.

1. Where were the drivers?
2. How strict is freedom of the press, there?
3. Where were the drivers from?
4. When was their sentencing done?
5. Who criticized the sentences they were given?
6. Which country is Sky News from?
7. What were they found guilty of having?
8. Who will be appealing the sentences?
9. Who was one of the drivers convicted?
10. Did he plead guilty?
11. Who was the judge who presided?
12. Did he say that just having the stuff was still a crime?
13. Which two guys got extra time for missing an appointment?
14. Who was their attorney?
15. He's appealing, right?
16. Did the three guys tell the court the stuff wasn't theirs?
17. What did Judge Masimba say would happen if he didn't punish them?
18. Who did he tell that to?
19. Where were the three guys stopped at?
20. What was in the boxes the police found?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. Zimbabwe,
2. Extremely limited
3. South Africa
4. Tuesday
5. a Sky News spokesman,
6. unknown
7. possessing broadcast equipment
8. the news man
9. Bernet Hasani Sono,
10. no
11. John Masimba
12. yes
13. Sono and Maodi
14. Tawengwa Hara
15. yes
16. YEs
17. Send the wrong signal
18. the Chronicle
19. Matabeleland South province
20. the communication equipment.