Answer the following question given this paragraph: Copying and passing on genes (genetics) In which we consider the dynamics of genes and gene expression, and how genome dynamics leads to families of genes and facilitates evolutionary change. We consider how DNA is organized within a cell and how its organization influences gene expression. Finally we consider the behavior of regulatory networks at the molecular level and the role of molecular level noise in producing interesting behaviors. At this point we have introduced genes, DNA, and proteins, but we have left unresolved a number of important questions. These include how genomes are organized, how they evolve, how new genes and alleles are generated, and how they work together to produce the various behaviors that organisms display.327 We will touch on such trendy topics such as epigenetics (which is probably less interesting than most suppose) and the rather complex molecular and cellular level processes behind even the simplest biological behaviors. The details, where knownand often they are notare beyond the scope of this course, but the basic themes are relatively straightforward, although it does takes some practice to master this type of thinking. The key is to keep calm and analyze on! Genomes and their organization Genomes are characterized by two complementary metrics, the number of base pairs of DNA and the number of genes present within this DNA. The number of base pairs is easier to measure, we can count them. This can, however, lead to a mistaken conclusion, namely that the number of base pairs of DNA within the genome of a particular species, organism, or even tissue within an organism is fixed and constant. In fact genomes are dynamic, something that we will return to shortly. The genome of an organism (and generally the cells of which it is composed) consists of one or more DNA molecules. When we talk about genome size we are talking about the total number of base pairs present in all of these DNA molecules added together. The organism with one of the largest known genomes is the plant... Q: The genome of an organism consists of one or more what? A:

OPTIONS:
- hemoglobin molecules
- require molecules
- rna molecules
- dna molecules

Answer: dna molecules

Problem: OPTIONS:
- refuge
- habitats
- ecosystem
- biodiversity
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Poetically speaking, nature reserves are islands of what, in a sea of habitat degraded by human activity? A:
Answer: biodiversity

Problem:OPTIONS:
- arthropods
- humanoids
- cephalopods
- chordates

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Vertebrates evolved from primitive chordates. This occurred about 550 million years ago. The earliest vertebrates may have been jawless fish, like the hagfish in Figure below . Vertebrates evolved a backbone to replace the notochord after the embryo stage. They also evolved a cranium , or bony skull, to enclose and protect the brain. Q: Vertebrates evolved from primitive forms of which creature? A:
****
A: chordates

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement production. The black line represents all emission types combined. The colored lines show emissions from individual fossil fuels. Q: Fossil fuel consumption is a major contributor to global emissions of what gas? A:
OPTIONS:
- oxygen
- carbon monoxide
- methane
- carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sugars are simple carbohydrates. Molecules of sugar have just a few carbon atoms. The simplest sugar is glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). Glucose is the sugar that the cells of living things use for energy. Plants and some other organisms make glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Living things that cannot make glucose obtain it by consuming plants or these other organisms. Q: What is the sugar that the cells of living things use for energy? A:
OPTIONS:
- insulin
- sucrose
- chlorophyll
- glucose

Answer: glucose

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is the air that remains after a forced exhalation called? A:
OPTIONS:
- kinetic volume
- abundant volume
- remaining volume
- residual volume
output:
residual volume