TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: This writer distinguished between learning through description and learning through acquaintance in a work that introduces the Cartesian method of doubt with the example of a table. This man attempted to solve the problem of negative existentials in a work that claimed that "Aristotle" was not a name but a description. That work by this man also criticized Meinong and rejects the distinction between propositions and truth values proposed in (*) Frege's On Sense and Reference. This author of The Problems of Philosophy and "On Denoting" introduced his namesake paradox in naive set theory in a work that attempted to explain mathematics with axiomatic logic. For 10 points, name this British philosopher who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Alfred North Whitehead.

SOLUTION: Social Science

PROBLEM: The differential of this quantity, which is given in general by minus Boltzmanns constant times the thermodynamic temperature times the natural logarithm of the partition function, is non-positive for isothermal, isometric processes, so it is minimized for equilibria in constant-temperature, constant-volume systems. It gives the available useful energy from a closed system, so it is usually symbolized A from the German for work. The p-V Legendre transform of a similar quantity named for Gibbs, it is given by the internal energy minus the absolute temperature times the entropy. For 10 points, name this thermochemical quantity, a thermodynamic potential named for a German physicist.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: This property is changed by the Walden inversion. Changing only this property for an alcohol involves using tosyl chloride and pyridine, then adding sodium acetate and THF, and finally adding potassium hydroxide and water. This property is not possessed by meso compounds, and it can be visualized using Fischer projections. Pasteur found this property in tartaric acid, and glycine is the only amino acid lacking it. A mixture of products with this property is said to be racemic. Molecules with this property are designated R or S in the CIP system. Name this concept of a compound's "handedness," which describes compounds with a non-superimposable mirror image.

SOLUTION:
Science