instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: To survive and reproduce, animals must be able to modify their motor behavior in response to changes in the environment. We studied a complex behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans, male mating behavior, which provided a model for understanding motor behaviors at the genetic, molecular as well as circuit level. C. elegans male mating behavior consists of a series of six sub-steps: response to contact, backing, turning, vulva location, spicule insertion, and sperm transfer. The male tail contains most of the sensory structures required for mating, in addition to the copulatory structures, and thus to carry out the steps of mating behavior, the male must keep his tail in contact with the hermaphrodite. However, because the hermaphrodite does not play an active role in mating and continues moving, the male must modify his tail posture to maintain contact. We provide a better understanding of the molecular and neuro-muscular pathways that regulate male tail posture during mating.', 'Genetic and laser ablation analysis, in conjunction with behavioral assays were used to determine neurotransmitters, receptors, neurons and muscles required for the regulation of male tail posture. We showed that proper male tail posture is maintained by the coordinated activity of opposing muscle groups that curl the tail ventrally and dorsally. Specifically, acetylcholine regulates both ventral and dorsal curling of the male tail, partially through anthelmintic levamisole-sensitive, nicotinic receptor subunits. Male-specific muscles are required for acetylcholine-driven ventral curling of the male tail but dorsal curling requires the dorsal body wall muscles shared by males and hermaphrodites. Gamma-aminobutyric acid activity is required for both dorsal and ventral acetylcholine-induced curling of the male tail and an inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, UNC-49, prevents over-curling of the male tail during mating, suggesting that cross-inhibition of muscle groups helps maintain proper tail posture.
Answer: Our results demonstrated that coordination of opposing sex-specific and core muscle groups, through the activity of multiple neurotransmitters, is required for regulation of male tail posture during mating. We have provided a simple model for regulation of male tail posture that provides a foundation for studies of how genes, molecular pathways, and neural circuits contribute to sensory regulation of this motor behavior.
answer:
Does coordination of opposing sex-specific and core muscle groups regulate male tail posture during Caenorhabditis elegans male mating behavior?

question:
Context: Fatty acid synthase has been shown to be over expressed in a wide range of cancers and it has emerged as a therapeutic target. We examined whether fatty acid synthase could be a novel therapeutic target for renal cell carcinoma using the pharmacological fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, Michigan).', 'The effects of C75 on cell viability and proliferation in human renal cancer 769P (ATCC(R)), Caki-1 and KU20-01 cells were examined by MTS assay and cell counts. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry and cell invasiveness was assessed by wound healing and Matrigel(trade mark) invasion assays. Fatty acid synthase expression and the effects of C75 on intracellular signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. The antitumor efficacy of C75 was examined using Caki-1 cell xenografts.', 'All renal cancer cell lines expressed detectable fatty acid synthase. C75 (10 mug/ml) significantly inhibited cell viability and growth by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and inducing apoptosis (p <0.01). The covered area in the wound and the number of cells invading through a Matrigel chamber were significantly smaller for cells treated with C75 than they were for control cells treated with vehicle (p <0.001). C75 suppressed Her2 and epidermal growth factor receptor expression as well as STAT3 phosphorylation, while increasing p53 and p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. Intraperitoneal administration of C75 at doses of 20 mg/kg per week for 28 days significantly reduced the tumor volume of Caki-1 xenografts (p <0.05).
Answer: Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase could be an effective strategy for treating renal cell carcinoma.
answer:
Does pharmacological inhibitor of fatty acid synthase suppress growth and invasiveness of renal cancer cells?

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Context: The goal of this study was to identify genetic determinants of plasma N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP) in the general community by performing a large-scale genetic association study and to assess its functional significance in in vitro cell studies and on disease susceptibility.', 'Genotyping was performed across 16 000 genes in 893 randomly selected individuals, with replication in 891 subjects from the community. Plasma NT-proANP1-98 concentrations were determined using a radioimmunoassay. Thirty-three genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the MTHFR-CLCN6-NPPA-NPPB locus and were all replicated. To assess the significance, in vitro functional genomic studies and clinical outcomes for carriers of a single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5063 (V32M) located in NPPA that represented the most significant variation in this genetic locus were assessed. The rs5063 variant allozyme in transfected HEK293 cells was decreased to 558% of wild-type protein (P=0.01) as assessed by quantitative western blots. Carriers of rs5063 had lower NT-proANP levels (1427 versus 2291 pmol/L; P<0.001) and higher diastolic blood pressures (75 versus 73 mm Hg; P=0.009) and were at an increased risk of stroke when compared with wild-type subjects independent of age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and cholesterol levels (hazard ratio, 1.6; P=0.004).
Answer: This is the first large-scale genetic association study of circulating NT-proANP levels performed with replication and functional assessment that identified genetic variants in the MTHFR-CLCN6-NPPA-NPPB cluster to be significantly associated with NT-proANP levels. The clinical significance of this variation is related to lower NT-proANP levels, higher blood pressures, and an increased risk of stroke in the general community.
answer:
Does circulating atrial natriuretic peptide genetic association study identify a novel gene cluster associated with stroke in whites?