Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Contralateral groin exploration in children with unilateral inguinal hernia is still controversial, particularly in infants. The patency rate of processus vaginalis is highest in infants but there are few data on the subsequent risk of contralateral hernia development in infants. In this retrospective study, we aimed to find out the incidence of contralateral inguinal hernia following unilateral inguinal herniotomy in infants aged less than one year.', 'All infants who underwent a unilateral Inguinal herniotomy between January 1990 and December 1998 were studied retrospectively. Infants with bilateral hernia (n = 7) were excluded from the study.', 'One hundred and one infants (93 boys and 8 girls) were studied. Median age at operation was 23 (range 2-52) weeks. The herniotomy was right-sided in 75% of the infants. Follow-up ranged from three and a half years to 11 years. A contralateral hernia developed in nine infants (9.0%). One of the initial hernias was incarcerated. Median time from operation to occurrence of contralateral hernia was 18 (range 2-60) months. None of the contralateral hernia was incarcerated. Age, sex, incarceration and side of initial hernia did not influence the development of contralateral hernia.

A: Is contralateral groin exploration justified in infants with a unilateral inguinal hernia?
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Q: Psoriasis is a common benign skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. The transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) is known to play an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation.', 'To investigate AP-1 DNA binding activity in psoriatic skin.', 'Keratome biopsies were taken from patients with plaque-type psoriasis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to determine the AP-1 DNA binding activity, whereas Western and Northern blotting was used to determine Jun and Fos protein and mRNA expression.', 'We found that AP-1 DNA binding activity was almost completely abolished in lesional psoriatic skin compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin. Furthermore, experiments revealed that the protein and mRNA expression of the AP-1 subunits c-Fos, Fra-1 and c-Jun was reduced in lesional psoriatic skin compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin, whereas the protein and mRNA expression of the subunit JunB was increased. Topical application of the vitamin D analogue calcipotriol under occlusion to involved psoriatic skin for 4 days resulted in an increase in AP-1 DNA binding activity, and an increase in the protein and mRNA expression of c-Fos, Fra-1 and c-Jun, together with a decrease in JunB protein and mRNA expression.

A: Is activator protein 1 DNA binding activity decreased in lesional psoriatic skin compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin?
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Q: Spinal reflex excitability study in sensory-motor incomplete spinal cord-injured (SCI) and spinal intact subjects.', 'To investigate the effects of plantar cutaneous afferent excitation on the soleus H-reflex and flexion reflex in both subject groups while seated.', 'Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and City University of New York, USA.', 'The flexion reflex in SCI subjects was elicited by non-nociceptive stimulation of the sural nerve. In normal subjects, it was also elicited via innocuous medial arch foot stimulation. In both cases, reflex responses were recorded from the ipsilateral tibialis anterior muscle. Soleus H-reflexes were elicited and recorded via conventional methods. Both reflexes were conditioned by plantar cutaneous afferent stimulation at conditioning test intervals ranging from 3 to 90 ms.', 'Excitation of plantar cutaneous afferents resulted in facilitation of the soleus H-reflex and late flexion reflex in SCI subjects. In normal subjects, the soleus H-reflex was depressed while the late flexion reflex was absent. The early flexion reflex was irregularly observed in SCI patients, while in normal subjects a bimodal reflex modulation pattern was observed.

A:
Does plantar cutaneous input modulate differently spinal reflexes in subjects with intact and injured spinal cord?
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