*Question*
Information: - The Maghreb (or ; literally "sunset"; ', "the Arab West" previously known as Barbary Coast, derived from Berber), or the Greater Maghreb ("al-Maghrib al-Kabr"), is usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. The traditional definition as the region including the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, was later superseded, especially following the 1989 formation of the Arab Maghreb Union ( ), by the inclusion of Mauritania and of the disputed territory of Western Sahara (mostly controlled by Morocco). During the Al-Andalus era in Spain (7111492), the Maghreb's inhabitants, Maghrebis, were known as "Moors"; the Muslim areas of Spain in those times were usually included in contemporary definitions of the Maghrebhence the use of "Moorish" or "Moors" to describe the Muslim inhabitants of Spain in Western sources. - Ahmed Toufiq is a writer and scholar from Morocco who has served as the minister for Islamic affairs in the government of Morocco since 2002 . - North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nations definition of "North Africa" includes seven countries and territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for "sunset". Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt. - Morocco (', lit. "The West"; '), officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco (', lit. "The Western Kingdom"; '), is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert, and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'ahmed toufiq' exhibits the relationship of 'languages spoken or written'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - arabic - spain
**Answer**
arabic

*Question*
Information: - The Carolingian Empire (800888) was a large empire in western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages. It was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty, which had ruled as kings of the Franks since 751 and as kings of the Lombards of Italy from 774. In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in an effort to revive the Roman Empire in the west during a vacancy in the throne of the eastern Roman Empire. After a civil war (84043) following the death of Emperor Louis the Pious, the empire was divided into autonomous kingdoms, with one king still recognised as emperor, but with little authority outside his own kingdom. The unity of the empire and the hereditary right of the Carolingians continued to be acknowledged. - In medieval historiography, West Francia (Latin: "Francia occidentalis") or the Kingdom of the West Franks ("regnum Francorum occidentalium") was the western part of Charlemagne's Empire, inhabited and ruled by the Germanic Franks, and forms the earliest stage of the Kingdom of France, lasting from about 840 until 987. West Francia was formed out of the division of the Carolingian Empire in 843 under the Treaty of Verdun after the death of Emperor Louis the Pious and the eastwest division which "gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms (...) of what we can begin to call Germany and France." - The Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843, was the first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne. The treaty signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War. - Lothair ( French : Lothaire ; Latin : Lothrius ; 941 -- 2 March 986 ) , sometimes called Lothair III or Lothair IV , was the Carolingian king of West Francia from 10 September 954 . After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'lothair of france' exhibits the relationship of 'noble family'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - carolingian dynasty - sur
**Answer**
carolingian dynasty