In this task, you will be shown a prompt from a judicial decision and multiple holding statements derived from citations following text in a legal decision. Holdings represent the governing legal rule when the law is applied to a particular set of facts. There are five answer choices for each citing text. The correct answer is the holding statement that corresponds to the citing text. The four incorrect answers are other holding statements. You should find the correct option. There is a <HOLDING> token in the position of the citing text prompt where the holding statement was extracted.
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Question: was a "substantial factor" or "motivating factor" in Walker's allegedly retaliatory actions. Abrams argues that a reasonable jury could infer, as a result of this chronology, that he was "falsely arrested" and that he was arrested "because of what [he] said." Abrams then opines that "the arrest was for an illegal purpose" and finally that "[a]nger often leads to unthinking retaliation." After reviewing the record and the standards presented in our line of cases, we agree with the district court's finding that this chronology is unconvincing, as it fails to present "definite, competent evidence to rebut the motion," Michael v. St. Joseph County, 259 F.3d 842, 845 (7th Cir.2001), contains mere speculation, and demands the making of unreasonable inferences in suppo -84 (11th Cir.1998) (<HOLDING>). We recognize that such a step would not be
Holding statements: (A) holding that qualified immunity applies only if an officer had arguable probable cause to arrest (B) holding that probable cause is a complete defense to an action for false arrest (C) holding that the existence of probable cause for an arrest is a complete defense to a first amendment retaliation claim under the doctrine of qualified immunity (D) holding that the existence of probable cause is a complete defense to a 1983 claim alleging false arrest (E) recognizing first amendment retaliation right

Answer: (C)

Question: case commences from the time the discriminatory conduct causes economic injury and ends upon the date of the judgment. In other words, back pay accrues from the date of the commencement of the discriminatory course of conduct causing financial loss until the date damages are "settled." Palasota, 499 F.3d at 483 (internal citations omitted); see also Quint v. A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., 172 F.3d 1, 15 (1st Cir.1999) ("A prevailing ADA claimant is presumptively entitled to all back pay which would have accrued from the termination date to the entry of judgment, provided it is made to appear that reasonable diligence was exercised in the effort to secure other suitable employment." (internal quotations and citations omitted)); Sellers v. Delgado College, 781 F.2d 503, 505 (5th Cir.1986) (<HOLDING>). Back pay may be denied "only for reasons
Holding statements: (A) holding that an award of back pay under title vii remains an equitable remedy to be awarded by the district court in its discretion (B) holding that it was not an abuse of discretion to require a defendant to pay all back taxes (C) holding that back pay may be awarded to the date of judgment (D) holding that an award of back pay is an issue for the court (E) holding there was no jury trial right where court ordered reinstatement and back pay to teachers fired after desegregation order in discrimination case back pay is equitable

Answer: (C)

Question: Court and also is denied as moot. Discussion Motion To Exclude This case arises under the Administrative Procedure Act (the APA), 5 U.S.C. 702 et seq. Review under the APA is limited to the administrative record that was before the decision-making agency and may not include a new record constructed by the reviewing court. Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142-43, 93 S.Ct. 1241, 1244, 36 L.Ed.2d 106 (1973). "If a court is to review an agency's action fairly, it should have before it neither more nor less information than did the agency when it made its decision." Walter O. Boswell Memorial Hosp. v. Heckler, 749 F.2d 788, 792 (D.C.Cir.1984); see also Doraiswamy v. Secretary of Labor, 555 F.2d 832, 839-40 (D.C.Cir.1976); Polcover v. Secretary of Treasury, 477 F.2d 1223, 1226 (D.C.Cir.1973) (<HOLDING>), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1001, 94 S.Ct. 356, 38
Holding statements: (A) holding that the proper review for the trial courts application of the law is de novo (B) holding that we review agency determinations of law de novo (C) holding that we review a district courts interpretation of a statute de novo (D) recognizing de novo standard of review (E) recognizing that a district courts review is limited to the agency record submitted and that no de novo evidentiary hearing is permitted

Answer:
(E)