Detailed Instructions: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
See one example below:
Problem: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Solution: 1
Explanation: There is a line in the passage which say 'The aim of this study was...' which suggests that it is talking about a specific aim. Hence, the output should be 1 as this passage has a definite aim.

Problem: Post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) has been linked with neutrophil (PMN) priming, endothelial cell (EC) activation, and acute lung injury (ALI) in rodent models. We have previously identified the lipid fraction of PHSML as containing the causative agent(s). Due to the lesson learned from the rodent gut bacterial translocation experience, we sought to confirm this phenomenon using a large animal model; hypothesizing that lymph collected from the porcine gut following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) would cause PMN priming.', 'Mesenteric lymph was collected from adult pigs before, during, and for 2 hours after non-lethal hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure = 30 mm Hg x 45 minutes). Whole lymph and the extracted lipid fractions of the lymph were then added to isolated human and porcine PMNs and superoxide production was measured by cytochrome C reduction.', 'Hemorrhagic shock profoundly affected mesenteric lymph flow from baseline (pre-shock) flow rates of 75.63 +/- 8.86 mL/hr to 49.38 +/- 5.76 mL/hr during shock and increasing to 253.38 +/- 27.62 mL/hr after 2 hours of resuscitation. Human PMNs exposed to both whole lymph (PHSML) and its extracted lipids (PHSML Lipid) collected 2 hours after shock exhibited more than a two-fold increase in superoxide release upon activation compared with pre-shock samples: PHSML- 6.27 +/- 0.83 versus 2.56 +/- 0.60 nmolO2(-)/ 3.75 cells/mL/min, respectively (p = 0.007), PHSML Lipid- 4.93 +/- 0.34 versus 2.49 +/- 0.11 nmolO2(-)/ 3.75 cells/mL/min (p < 0.001). Similarly, porcine PMNs exhibited close to a two-fold activation when exposed to the lymph and lipid fraction: PHSML- 4.51 +/- 0.42 versus 1.06 +/- 0.28 nmolO2(-)/ 3.75 cells/mL/min (p = 0.008), PHSML Lipid-4.80 +/- 0.81 versus 1.55 +/- 0.23 nmolO2(-)/ 3.75 cells/mL/min (p = 0.002).
Solution:
0