Given an abstract, generate a keyword (a noun phrase) that best describes the focus or contribution of the paper. Such keywords can be directly from the given abstract or outside it.
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Question: Abstract: We examined the effects of leukotrienes C4 (LTC4) and D4 (LTD4) (1 microgram) on the pulmonary vascular filtration coefficient, a measure of vessel wall conductivity to water, and the alterations in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in isolated-perfused guinea pig lungs. We also assessed whether LTC4 and LTD4 increased the permeability to albumin in cultured monolayers of pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In Ringer-perfused and blood-perfused lungs, LTC4 resulted in increases in pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and the pulmonary capillary pressure (Pcap) measured as the equilibration pressure after simultaneous pulmonary arterial and venous occlusions. Pulmonary venous resistance (Rv) increased to a greater extent than arterial resistance (Ra) in both Ringer-perfused and blood-perused lungs challenged with LTC4. The greater increase in PVR in blood-perfused lungs corresponded with a greater elevation of lung effluent thromboxane B2 (TxB2) concentration. The LTC4-stimulated increase in PVR was prevented by pretreatment with meclofenamate (10(-4) M). LTD4 also induced rapid increases in Ppa and Pcap in both Ringer-perfused and blood-perfused lungs; however, Ppa decreased before stabilizing at a pressure higher than base line. The increases in Rv with LTD4 were greater than Ra. The LTD4-stimulated increases in Ra and Rv also paralleled the elevation in TxB2 concentration. As with LTC4, the increases in Ppa, Pcap, PVR, and TxB2 concentration were greater in blood-perfused than in Ringer-perfused lungs. Pretreatment with meclofenamate reduced the magnitude of the initial increase in Ppa, but did not prevent the response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Answer: Albumins

Question: Abstract: The 2-cell murine embryo bioassay as quality control for human in vitro fertilization (IVF) was used to evaluate the effects of protein supplements, medium aging, and surgical glove coatings. Ham's F-10 medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY) without protein supplementation supported growth of the 2-cell embryos to blastocysts. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA), fetal cord serum (FCS), or maternal serum (MS) did not enhance or reduce the blastulation rates (medium alone, 89.4%; BSA, 86.4%; FCS, 90%; MS, 74.7%). Unsupplemented Ham's F-10 medium was found to contain three major peaks of approximately 50,000 daltons and several minor peaks, analyzed on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sodium sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), suggesting the presence of protein(s) in the medium itself. The storing of medium up to 425 days at 4 degrees C affected neither the HPLC profile nor its ability to support embryo growth (blastulation rates: fresh, 84%; stored 150 to 425 days, 77.7%). The coating of surgical gloves affected embryo growth. Both talc-coated (TC) and "talc-free," starch-coated (SC) surgical gloves were found to be progressively embryotoxic when they touched the medium for increasing lengths of time, compared with uncoated latex (UL) gloves and untouched control medium. Quality control of medium preparation and handling in murine embryo bioassay is reemphasized, with requirements for protein supplementation, use of fresh medium, and possible contamination with even talc-free, SC surgical gloves reevaluated.

Answer: Animal

Question: Abstract: The bowed appearance of the lower extremities is most often caused by internal rotation of the tibia in relationship to the femur. It is most commonly seen as the infant commences ambulation. This so-called physiologic bowing usually spontaneously resolves with growth and the maturity of the lower extremities. In older children, tibia varum may occur, in which there is a local arrest of growth on the posterior medial aspect of the tibia producing a true structural angulation. In certain long-standing metabolic or genetic bone disorders, the effects of weight bearing produce a true bowing of the extremities with changes about the hips, knees, and ankles. The most important aspect in the evaluation of a child with a bowed appearance of the lower extremities is to determine which conditions require aggressive treatment and which ones require simply giving the parents reassurance that the condition will spontaneously regress.

Answer:
Bone Diseases