Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (the latter short for telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines modulate the transmitted audio frequencies using a digital representation of the page which is compressed to quickly transmit areas which are all-white or all-black.

Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received British patent 9745 on May 27, 1843 for his "Electric Printing Telegraph." Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli. He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyon in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of the telephone.

1. What word is "fax" an abbreviation of?
2. Can a fax send images?
3. What else?
4. After scanning, what is the original document converted to?
5. How is it the sent over the telephone?
6. What does a fax machine do with these tones?
7. To do what?
8. Who tweaked Bain's design?
9. What did Bain patent?
10. When?
11. Which was invented first, telefax or the telephone?
12. Where did the first service run?
13. When?
14. What can post-1980s fax machines transmit quickly?
15. What do they use to do this?
16. What is fax sometimes called instead?
17. Or what?
18. Which is an abbreviation for what?
19. Who was Caselli?

Provide a numbered list of answers.
1. facsimile
2. Yes
3. text
4. a bitmap
5. audio-frequency tones
6. interprets them
7. reconstructs the image
8. Frederick Bakewell
9. the Electric Printing Telegraph
10. May 27, 1843
11. telefax
12. between Paris and Lyon
13. 1865
14. areas which are all-white or all-black.
15. a digital representation of the page
16. telecopying
17. telefax
18. telefacsimile
19. an Italian physicist