question: KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of databases dealing with genomes, biological pathways, diseases, drugs, and chemical substances. KEGG is utilized for bioinformatics research and education, including data analysis in genomics, metagenomics, metabolomics and other omics studies, modeling and simulation in systems biology, and translational research in drug development.

The KEGG database project was initiated in 1995 by Minoru Kanehisa, Professor at the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, under the then ongoing Japanese Human Genome Program. Foreseeing the need for a computerized resource that can be used for biological interpretation of genome sequence data, he started developing the KEGG PATHWAY database. It is a collection of manually drawn KEGG pathway maps representing experimental knowledge on metabolism and various other functions of the cell and the organism. Each pathway map contains a network of molecular interactions and reactions and is designed to link genes in the genome to gene products (mostly proteins) in the pathway. This has enabled the analysis called KEGG pathway mapping, whereby the gene content in the genome is compared with the KEGG PATHWAY database to examine which pathways and associated functions are likely to be encoded in the genome.

According to the developers, KEGG is a "computer representation" of the biological system. It integrates building blocks and wiring diagrams of the system more specifically, genetic building blocks of genes and proteins, chemical building blocks of small molecules and reactions, and wiring diagrams of molecular interaction and reaction networks. This concept is realized in the following databases of KEGG, which are categorized into systems, genomic, chemical, and health information.
1. What project is this article about?
2. Which stands for?
3. Is it just one database?
4. What is it used for?
5. Who began the project?
6. What was his occupation?
7. Where?
8. Which part?
9. When did it begin?
10. Which database was made first?
11. What is in it?
12. Were they drawn by computer?
13. What do these maps symbolize?
****
answer: 1. KEGG
2. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
3. no
4. bioinformatics research
5. Minoru Kanehisa
6. Professor
7. Kyoto University
8. the Institute for Chemical Research
9. in 1995
10. the KEGG PATHWAY database
11. a collection of manually drawn KEGG pathway maps
12. no
13. experimental knowledge on metabolism and various other functions of the cell and the organism

question: Young women are more adventurous than young men when traveling abroad in gap years. One in three female backpackers visits more than three countries during a year out and travels alone, according to new research.

By contrast, the majority of their male counterparts visit only one country and tend to travel in groups, says a survey by the Gap Year company, which provides information and services for students considering taking a year out.

More women than men say that their prime reason for taking time off is to see the world and experience different cultures. Men were more likely to rank "having fun" higher on their list of priorities. Women were more likely to value the challenge of a foreign trip, and many cited reasons such as learning a language and meeting new people.

The more adventurous gap years taken by women seem to work to their benefit: more than three quarters of those surveyed reported increased confidence, self-reliance and independence, whereas only half of the men had that experience.

The research also showed that women were more likely to do voluntary work while traveling, with more than one in ten helping with teaching or development projects. One of the reasons given for this is a wish to see the country in an authentic light.

A greater proportion of women than men faced objections or criticism from their families over their gap-year plans. Among the men surveyed, lack of money was the main barrier to travel.

Carolyn Martin, a doctor from London, was a typically confident female traveler.

Starting in Cape Town, she traveled around southern Africa and Australia with a string of unusual and sometimes dangerous jobs.

"I had one job chasing elephants off the runway in Africa by banging a stick against a pan," she recalled. "It was OK but one day I did get chased by one."

She said that she had traveled alone because "you meet more people".
1. WHO DOES MORE THAN THE OTHER?
2. DOING WHAT?
3. IN WHAT AMOUNT OF TIME?
4. WHAT ARE THE LADIES CALLED?
5. FIRST PARAGRAPH "B"
6. THE LADY TRAVELERS ARE KNOWN AS BACK...
7. WHO DO THEY USUALLY GO WITH?
8. HOW MANY PLACES?
9. MEN GO TO HOW MANY
10. DO THEY GO SOLO
11. ACCORDING TO WHO
12. WHAT DO THEY GIVE
13. TO WHO
14. DECIDING TO DO WHAT
15. WHY DO LADIES TAKE TIME OFF
16. MORE LADIES OR GENTS
17. WHY DO THE GENTS
18. DO LADIES LIKE THE DIFFICULTY
19. WHAT IS LIKED ABOUT IT
****
answer: 1. Young women
2. traveling abroad
3. a year
4. Young women
5. unknown
6. backpackers
7. alone
8. more than three countries
9. only one
10. no
11. Gap Year company
12. information and services
13. students
14. taking a year out
15. to see the world
16. more ladies
17. having fun
18. yes
19. meeting more people

question: "Ceci, wake up. It's an earthquake!" That's what Cecilia Wallace heard her mother shouting on the early morning of February 27th.

Cecilia is a 7th-grader. She, her parents and her brother, Sam, were in Chile's capital city, Santiago, the day a big earthquake hit Chile. And like just about everyone else, they were shaken out of their sleep.

"It was so frightening," Sam wrote. "The shaking was so huge that I will never go on a ride again." Cecilia and Sam wrote about their earthquake experiences. Their reports were later posted on the website.

Cecilia, Sam and their parents were staying in an apartment on the 15th floor of a building. They were lucky. Their building stayed standing, because it was built to withstand earthquakes.

Not everyone was as lucky as the Wallace family. More than 800 people died. Many older buildings fell down during the earthquake.

The damage in Santiago wasn't as bad as in other parts of Chile. So the supermarkets were open for business on the morning of the quake. But it wasn't business as usual. "The supermarkets have been crazy with people rushing to buy their food for the next while," Sam wrote.

Not everyone was able to get money to buy food that morning. So Cecilia and Sam made food bags to _ to people who were begging outside the supermarket. "We gave some to a kid of my age. I made sure he got cookies and bread." Sam and Cecilia's mother wrote that the kids also collected money for the Red Cross.

It's certainly an experience Cecilia, Sam and their parents will never forget. Thankfully, they lived to tell their stories.
1. What did Cecilia's mother shout at her?
2. What floor does Cecila's family live on?
3. How many people perished during the event described?
4. What were Sam and Celilia's words used to describe the event?
5. Was everyone able to purchase food that morning?
6. Was the family able to assist?
****
answer:
1. "Ceci, wake up. It's an earthquake!"
2. The 15th floor
3. More than 800 people
4. Frightening,
5. No
6. Yes