Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870. Its origins are often attributed to the philosophers William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce. Peirce later described it in his pragmatic maxim: "Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object."

Pragmatism considers thought an instrument or tool for prediction, problem solving and action, and rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topicssuch as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and scienceare all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes. The philosophy of pragmatism "emphasizes the practical application of ideas by acting on them to actually test them in human experiences". Pragmatism focuses on a "changing universe rather than an unchanging one as the Idealists, Realists and Thomists had claimed".

Pragmatism as a philosophical movement began in the United States in the 1870s. Charles Sanders Peirce (and his Pragmatic Maxim) is given credit for its development, along with later twentieth century contributors, William James and John Dewey. Its direction was determined by The Metaphysical Club members Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Chauncey Wright, as well as John Dewey and George Herbert Mead.

1. What is an instrument for prediction?
2. What uses these ideas?
3. Who used this school of thought?
4. who else?
5. and?
6. What is a philosophical topic?
7. Another?
8. And?
9. How about another?
10. When did this movement start?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Thought.
2. Pragmatists
3. Charles Sanders Peirce
4. William James
5. John Dewey.
6. The nature of knowledge.
7. Language.
8. Concepts.
9. Meaning.
10. 1870s.

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Donna Ashlock, a 14-year-old girl from California, was very sick. She had a bad heart. "Donna needs a new heart," her doctor said, "she must have a new heart, or she will die soon." Felipe Carza, 15, was worried about Donna. Felipe was Donna's friend. He liked Donna very much. He liked her freckles, and he liked her smile. Felipe didn't want Donna to die. Felipe talked to his mother about Donna. "I am going to die," Felipe told his mother, "and I am going to give my heat to Donna." Felipe's mother didn't pay much attention to Felipe. "Felipe is just kidding," she thought, "Felipe is not going to die. He's strong and healthy." But Felipe was not healthy. He had terrible headaches sometimes. "my head hurts," he often told his friends. Felipe never told his parents about his headaches. One morning Felipe woke up with a sharp pain in his head. He was dizzy , and he couldn't breathe. His parents rushed Felipe to the hospital. Doctors at the hospital had terrible news for them. "Felipe' s brain is dead," the doctors said, "we can't save him." The parents were very sad. But they remembered Felipe's words. "Felipe wanted to give his heart to Donna," they told the doctors. The doctors did several tests. Then they told the parents, "we can give Felipe's heart to Donna." The doctors took out Felipe's heart and rushed the heart to Donna. Other doctors took out Donna's heart and put Felipe's heart in her chest. In a short time the heart began to beat. The operation was a success. Felipe's heart was beating in Donna's chest, but Donna didn't know it. Her parents and doctors didn't tell her. They waited until she was stronger; then they told her about Felipe. "I feel very sad," Donna said, "but I am thankful to Felipe." Three months later the operation Donna went back to school. She has to have regular checkups, and she has to take medicine every day. But she is living a normal life. Felipe's brother John says, "Every time we see Donna, we think of Felipe. She has Felipe's heart in her. That gives us great peace."

1. Who is the girl who is sick?
2. Where is she from?
3. Does she need a new liver?
4. What does she need?
5. Who was her friend?
6. How old was he?
7. What was wrong with him?
8. What did they find out was the cause?
9. What did he gift to his sick buddy?
10. Was the surgery unsuccessful?
11. How many things does she have to do now to stay healthy?
12. Did her buddy have a sibling?
13. Was was his name?
14. Did she understand whose organ she had received at first?
15. Did her buddy have any other siblings other than the one?
16. Was her gift-giver fond of her laugh?
17. What did he like?
18. Anything else?
19. Did he talk to his father about it?
20. Who did he talk to?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Donna Ashlock
2. California
3. no
4. a new heart
5. Felipe
6. 15
7. headaches
8. brain was dead
9. his heart
10. no
11. two
12. yes
13. John
14. no
15. unknown
16. no
17. freckles
18. smile
19. no
20. mother

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

After killing Osama Bin Laden and dropping his body into the ocean to avoid causing more hatred fro, the Muslims , the American government recently released a video of Osama Bin Laden living in his safe house watching TV , which has been viewed millions of times . The following are comments made by viewers .

A. Yeah , Osama got what he deserved , Iraq got what they deserved , and Afghanistan got what they deserved . Saddam got what he deserved , Hitler got what he deserved . The list goes on & on .

B. I hate saying this but is believe America deserved 9/11 ... They have screwed up so many governments ....

C. I'm American and I and my brother suspected the whole story about dropping him into the ocean . We feel if they really killed him they would keep his body for proof .

D. All you Islamic haters are ignorant fools . The terrorists don't have anything to do with the religion . They say they are part of the Islamic Religion but they are not . Nuking ( kill somebody with nuclear bombs ) Pakistan will do nothing by the way .

E. Please give me the 2 minutes of my life back that I watched your pointless and fake video .

F. Man ? Why is this video fake ? Rather than shouting about how it's obviously not Osama , why not provide the arguments for it instead of coming off as if you simply want to deny it for the sake of denial .

G. What a load of nonsense , an _ to any intelligent person , Bin Laden dead for ages ... watch Benazir Bhutto say so on YouTube a week before she herself was murdered . The Muslims murdered her for being an American spy !

H. I honestly don't know what to believe , but ... why did the terrorists confirm his death if it didn't happen .

1. What happen to Osama Bin Laden after he was killed?
2. Why?
3. Was a video released where he was living?
4. What did it show?
5. HOw many people have watched it?
6. What was one of the comments made?
7. Did they think Iraq got what they deserved?
8. What did someone say about America?
9. Are there any doubters about the body in the ocean story?
10. What was another comment?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. his body was dropped into the ocean
2. to avoid causing more hatred
3. yes
4. him living in his safe house watching TV
5. millions
6. Osama got what he deserved
7. yes
8. that America deserved 9/11
9. yes
10. All you Islamic haters are ignorant fools