Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: In receptor-mediated endocytosis, as in phagocytosis, clathrin is attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. If uptake of a compound is dependent on receptor-mediated endocytosis and the process is ineffective, the material will not be removed from the tissue fluids or blood. Instead, it will stay in those fluids and increase in concentration. Some human diseases are caused by the failure of receptor-mediated endocytosis. For example, the form of cholesterol termed low-density lipoprotein or LDL (also referred to as "bad" cholesterol) is removed from the blood by receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the human genetic disease familial hypercholesterolemia, the LDL receptors are defective or missing entirely. People with this condition have life-threatening levels of cholesterol in their blood, because their cells cannot clear LDL particles from their blood. Although receptor-mediated endocytosis is designed to bring specific substances that are normally found in the extracellular fluid into the cell, other substances may gain entry into the cell at the same site. Flu viruses, diphtheria, and cholera toxin all have sites that cross-react with normal receptor-binding sites and gain entry into cells. Q: Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia have life-threatening levels of cholesterol because their cells cannot clear what particles from their blood? A:
OPTIONS:
- iron (Fe)
- oxygen (O)
- high - density lipoprotein (hdl)
- low-density lipoprotein (ldl)
Answer: low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Bryophyta is the formal taxonomic name for the phylum that consists solely of what? A:
OPTIONS:
- trees
- grasses
- lichens
- mosses
output: mosses

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Food is chewed evenly during mastication Moisten and lubricate the lining of the mouth and pharynx. Q: Food chewed evenly during mastication moisten and lubricate the lining of the mouth and this? A:

OPTIONS:
- esophagus
- trachea
- larynx
- pharynx

A: pharynx

input: OPTIONS:
- hippocampus
- cellular respiration
- phototropism
- phagocytosis Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chapter 15 1 Figure 15.3 B 3 Figure 15.33 A 4 B 6 D 8 B 10 A 12 B 14 C 16 C 18 A 20 Specialized tissues allow more efficient functioning because differentiated tissue types can perform unique functions and work together in tandem to allow the animal to perform more functions. For example, specialized muscle tissue allows directed and efficient movement, and specialized nervous tissue allows for multiple sensory modalities as well as the ability to respond to various sensory information; these functions are not necessarily available to other non-animal organisms. 22 The sponges draw water carrying food particles into the spongocoel using the beating of flagella in the choanocytes. The food particles are caught by the collar of the choanocyte and brought into the cell by phagocytosis. Digestion of the food particle takes place inside the cell. The difference between this and the mechanisms of other animals is that digestion takes place within cells rather than outside of cells. It means that the organism can feed only on particles smaller than the cells themselves. 24 In a complete digestive system, food material is not mixed with waste material, so the digestion and uptake of nutrients can be more efficient. In addition, the complete digestive system allows for an orderly progression of digestion of food matter and the specialization of different zones of the digestive tract. 26 Mollusks have a large muscular foot that may be modified in various ways, such as into tentacles, but it functions in locomotion. They have a mantle, a structure of tissue that covers and encloses the dorsal portion of the animal and secretes the shell when it is present. The mantle encloses the mantle cavity, which houses the gills (when present), excretory pores, anus, and gonadopores. The coelom of mollusks is restricted to the region around the systemic heart. The main body cavity is a hemocoel. Many mollusks have a radula near the mouth that is used for scraping food. 28 During embryonic development, we also have a notochord, a... Q: The food particles are caught by the collar of the choanocyte and brought into the cell by what process? A:
A:
output: phagocytosis

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Diseases of the endocrine system are fairly common. An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough hormone by an endocrine gland. This may happen because the gland develops an abnormal lump of cells called a tumor. For example, a tumor of the pituitary gland can cause secretion of too much growth hormone. If this occurs in a child, it may result in very rapid growth and unusual tallness by adulthood. This is called gigantism. Q: An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough hormone by which gland? A:

OPTIONS:
- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Pancreas
- endocrine

Answer: endocrine

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chemical changes are changes in the makeup and chemical properties of matter. An example of a chemical change is wood burning. Q: What are changes in makeup and chemical properties of matter called? A:

OPTIONS:
- mineral changes
- carbonate changes
- radical changes
- chemical changes

A:
chemical changes