In this task, you will be shown a prompt from a judicial decision and multiple holding statements derived from citations following text in a legal decision. Holdings represent the governing legal rule when the law is applied to a particular set of facts. There are five answer choices for each citing text. The correct answer is the holding statement that corresponds to the citing text. The four incorrect answers are other holding statements. You should find the correct option. There is a <HOLDING> token in the position of the citing text prompt where the holding statement was extracted.
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Question: the Title VII limitations period is an affirmative defense; rather, it referred to the filing period as something "like a statute of limitations" which "generally create affirmative defenses." See Gordon, 675 F.2d at 360. Furthermore, Gordon's discussion came in response to the defendant's (rejected) claim that the filing period was jurisdictional and did not purport to address, let alone decide, whether compliance with the filing deadline was condition precedent or an affirmative defense. 13 . Plaintiffs have not argued waiver, estoppel, or that the doctrine of equitable tolling should apply to cure their tardy filings, and based on the facts before us, we see nothing demanding their application. See, e.g., Biester v. Midwest Health Servs., Inc., 77 F.3d 1264, 1267 (10th Cir.1996) (<HOLDING>). 14 . Rather, each housekeeper who was told to
Holding statements: (A) holding that equitable tolling of a statute of limitations may be triggered 1 where a plaintiff has actively pursued his judicial remedies by a filing a defective pleading during the statutory period or 2 where a plaintiff was induced or tricked by his adversarys misconduct into allowing the filing deadline to pass (B) holding that equitable tolling applied where insurance company statements and conduct lulled plaintiff and his attorney into believing that plaintiffs uninsured motorist claim was properly filed (C) recognizing equitable tolling in the title vii context where the plaintiff has been deceived lulled into inaction actively misled or has in some extraordinary way been prevented from asserting his or her rights quotations and citations omitted (D) holding equitable tolling appropriate where a party is prevented in some extraordinary way from exercising his rights (E) holding title vii subject to equitable tolling

Answer: (C)

Question: was a "substantial factor" or "motivating factor" in Walker's allegedly retaliatory actions. Abrams argues that a reasonable jury could infer, as a result of this chronology, that he was "falsely arrested" and that he was arrested "because of what [he] said." Abrams then opines that "the arrest was for an illegal purpose" and finally that "[a]nger often leads to unthinking retaliation." After reviewing the record and the standards presented in our line of cases, we agree with the district court's finding that this chronology is unconvincing, as it fails to present "definite, competent evidence to rebut the motion," Michael v. St. Joseph County, 259 F.3d 842, 845 (7th Cir.2001), contains mere speculation, and demands the making of unreasonable inferences in suppo -84 (11th Cir.1998) (<HOLDING>). We recognize that such a step would not be
Holding statements: (A) holding that qualified immunity applies only if an officer had arguable probable cause to arrest (B) holding that probable cause is a complete defense to an action for false arrest (C) holding that the existence of probable cause for an arrest is a complete defense to a first amendment retaliation claim under the doctrine of qualified immunity (D) holding that the existence of probable cause is a complete defense to a 1983 claim alleging false arrest (E) recognizing first amendment retaliation right

Answer: (C)

Question: he'has failed to allege Goodman acted under color of law. As a result, the official capacity claims against Goodman must be dismissed. III. Personal Capacity Claims Against Goodman Acting in his personal capacity, Goodman has moved to dismiss based on Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) (lack of personal jurisdiction), 12(b)(3) (improper venue), and 12(b)(5) (insufficient service of process). A. Serv d Cir.1980)); Micklus, 632 F.2d at 240 (rejecting the argument that once the defendant was served in his official capacity, he was properly before the court in both his individual and official capacities); Scherer v. United States, 241 F.Supp.2d 1270, 1282 (D.Kan.2003) (same). Knowledge of the lawsuit, alone, is insufficient. See Omni Capital Int'l, 484 U.S. at 104, 108 S.Ct. 404 (<HOLDING>). For example, in Kirkendall v. University of
Holding statements: (A) holding that more than notice to a defendant is required (B) holding that something more than a mere error of law is required to constitute misconduct (C) recognizing the prejudice of an extension to a defendant who would be required to litigate events that occurred more than eight years earlier (D) holding something more than denial of receipt is required (E) holding that notice to supervisor is notice to city

Answer:
(A)