TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you will be shown a prompt from a judicial decision and multiple holding statements derived from citations following text in a legal decision. Holdings represent the governing legal rule when the law is applied to a particular set of facts. There are five answer choices for each citing text. The correct answer is the holding statement that corresponds to the citing text. The four incorrect answers are other holding statements. You should find the correct option. There is a <HOLDING> token in the position of the citing text prompt where the holding statement was extracted.
PROBLEM: I. Jurisdiction The Court of Federal Claims has "jurisdiction to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to ... a proposed award or the award of a contract or any alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed procurement," 28 U.S.C. 1491(b)(1) (2012). A party is an "interested party" with standing to bring suit under 28 U.S.C. 1491(b)(1) if the party "is an ' actual or prospective bidder whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract." Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States, 704 F.3d 1344, 1348 (Fed.Cir.2013). A bidder has a direct economic interest if it suffered a competitive injury or prejudice. Myers Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed.Cir.2002) (<HOLDING>). In a post-award bid protest, the protestor
Holding statements: (A) holding that prejudice or injury is a necessary element of standing (B) recognizing that allegation of state action is a necessary element of a 1983 claim (C) holding that an assertion of prejudice is not a showing of prejudice (D) holding that actual prejudice is not a necessary element of an insurers untimely notice defense (E) holding that an antitrust injury is a necessary element of a 2 claim

SOLUTION: (A)

PROBLEM: voters of the political subdivision or subdivisions whose combined territory composes the territory of a district shall be qualified voters of the district. The nomination and election shall be by separate nonpartisan ballot. The term of each member of the board thus elected shall be six years and until his successor is elected and qualified. (Emphasis added.) No definition of a "qualified voter" is provided in SDCL Chapter 49-36. Thus, we must turn to the definition of "voter" as provided under SDCL Title 12, and the South Dakota Constitution as to what qualifies a person as a "voter" within the meaning of Chapter 49-36. See SDCL 12-1-1. [44.] Our state affords great protection to a citizen's voting franchise. SD Const, art. 6, 19; Duffy v. Mortenson, 497 N.W.2d 437, 439 (S.D.1993) (<HOLDING>). A court must strictly adhere to the
Holding statements: (A) holding that a fair referendum assuring the equal right to vote under 101a1 includes the right of members to have the vote scheduled at a time when they can exercise their vote and the right to be free from intimidation or fear of reprisal (B) holding constitutional a tax on a private citizens interest in housing on government property received as part of the private citizens compensation (C) holding it is not the policy of the state of south dakota to disenfranchise its citizens of their constitutional right to vote (D) recognizing that state agencies which are independent of the state are citizens of the state (E) holding that the right to vote is fundamental

SOLUTION: (C)

PROBLEM: creditor, whether or not' the claim of such creditor is provided for by the plan, and whether or not such creditor has objected to, has accepted, or has rejected the plan." 11 U.S.C.A. 1327(a). Thus, courts have ruled that "[t]he Order of Confirmation is res judicata as to all justiciable issues decided or which could have been decided at the hearing on confirmation." In re Guilbeau, 74 B.R. 13, 14 (Bkrtcy.W.D.La.1987); In re Russell, 29 B.R. 332, 335 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.1983); In re Lewis, 8 B.R. 132, 137 (Bankr.D.Idaho 1981); Collier, Collier on Bankruptcy 1327.01 (15th ed. 1991). It is clear that the IRS had ample opportunities to raise the eligibility issue, including before, during, and after confirmation. Therefore, the IRS is now barred from raising the issue unless i io 1983) (<HOLDING>). Therefore, the IRS cannot rely upon section
Holding statements: (A) holding that a request made within 180 days of a modified confirmation order entered three months after the original confirmation order but more than 180 days after the original confirmation order was timebarred (B) holding 1330a motion untimely when filed over 180 days from confirmation (C) holding that the language of the statute is mandatory and the commission must act within 180 days (D) holding 1330a motion not now justiciable because not raised within 180 days of confirmation (E) holding that a private right of action does not arise until 180 days after a charge has been filed

SOLUTION:
(D)