[Q]: Background: The above example shows how science generally advances. New evidence is usually used to improve earlier ideas rather than entirely replace them. In this way, scientists gradually refine their ideas and increase our understanding of the world. On the other hand, sometimes science advances in big leaps. This has happened when a scientist came up with a completely new way of looking at things. For example, Albert Einstein came up with a new view of gravity. He said it was really just a dent in the fabric of space and time. Paragraph: This year scientist found concrete evidence of existence of black holes by taking photograph of one. Unfortunately, the originator of black hole theory, Stephen Hawking, was never awarded a Nobel prize despite letting science advance in big leap because his theory could not be verified during his lifetime. On the other hand, scientist B has received Nobel prize because he has based his theory on the earlier theory of scientist A. Given the paragraph above, please answer correctly the following question: Which scientist came up with newer way of looking at things, Stephen Hawking or scientist B?
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[A]: Stephen Hawking

input: Please answer the following: Background: Species go extinct constantly as environments change, as organisms compete for environmental niches, and as genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. Occasionally biodiversity on Earth takes a hit in the form of a mass extinction in which the extinction rate is much higher than usual. A large extinction-event often represents an accumulation of smaller extinction- events that take place in a relatively brief period of time.The first known mass extinction in earth's history was the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago. That event led to the loss of most of the planet's obligate anaerobes. Researchers have identified five major extinction events in earth's history since: Paragraph: John was studying the history of dinosaurs. He found that dinosaurs were flourishing before 66 million years ago. He labeled it as era A. Then he found that there was a mass extinction around 66 million years ago. He labeled that time period as era B. John found it interesting that many species have evolved in the course of history. Given the paragraph above, please answer correctly the following question: In which era extinction rate would be higher, era A or era B?
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output: era B

Please answer this: Background: Clouds on Earth are made of water vapor. Venus's clouds are a lot less pleasant. They are made of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and large amounts of corrosive sulfuric acid! The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the pressure on the surface of Venus is very high. In fact, it is 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth's surface! The thick atmosphere causes a strong greenhouse effect. As a result, Venus is the hottest planet. Even though it is farther from the Sun, Venus is much hotter even than Mercury. Temperatures at the surface reach 465C (860F). That's hot enough to melt lead! Paragraph: Two groups of children studied about some of the planets from our Solar system and their atmospheres. Group E studied about Earth, while group V studied about the planet Venus. Given the paragraph above, please answer correctly the following question: Which group studied more about temperatures at the surface of Venus?
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Answer: group V

Problem: Background: Hypertension , which is also called "high blood pressure," occurs when a person's blood pressure is always high. Hypertension is said to be present when a person's systolic blood pressure is always 140 or higher, and/or if the person's diastolic blood pressure is always 90 or higher. Having hypertension increases a person's chance for developing heart disease, having a stroke, or suffering from other serious cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension often does not have any symptoms, so a person may not know that he or she has high blood pressure. For this reason, hypertension is often called the "silent killer." Treatments for hypertension include diet changes, exercise, and medication. Foods thought to lower blood pressure include skim milk, spinach, beans, bananas and dark chocolate. Paragraph: At a doctor's office, two women are having their annual physical done. Jessie goes in first and is told that that she should go see a dermatologist about the skin issues she is having. The doctor then sees Martha who is having a pain in her right arm and who also has hypertension. The doctor talks to Martha about her issues and then heads home for the day. Given the paragraph above, please answer correctly the following question: Which patient will be more likely to be told to exercise more?

A: Martha

Problem: Given the question: Background: The Fink effect, also known as "diffusion anoxia",[1] "diffusion hypoxia",[2] or the "third gas effect",[3] is a factor that influences the pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) within the alveolus. When water-insoluble gases such as anesthetic agent N2O (nitrous oxide) are breathed in large quantities they can be dissolved in body fluids rapidly. This leads to a temporary increase in both the concentrations and partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolus. Paragraph: An accident occurred in a local chemical factory. Consequently, large amount of various gases been released to the atmosphere. Local hospital is evaluating all the patients who have been affected by this accident. John, a doctor at the hospital, is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. He concluded that patient A was having Fink effect. But he didn't see any sign of Fink effect in patient B. Given the paragraph above, please answer correctly the following question: Would patient B have increased or normal partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus?
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The answer is:
normal

Problem: Background: In nature, when the population size is small, there is usually plenty of food and other resources for each individual. When there is plenty of food and other resources, organisms can easily reproduce, so the birth rate is high. As the population increases, the food supply, or the supply of another necessary resource, may decrease. When necessary resources, such as food, decrease, some individuals will die. Overall, the population cannot reproduce at the same rate, so the birth rates drop. This will cause the population growth rate to decrease. Paragraph: A team of biologists has been monitoring the deer population in the state of Wisconsin. They use past data and current conditions to predict if the population will grow quickly or slowly and recommend how many hunting licenses the state should issue during hunting season to keep the population stable. Given the paragraph above, please answer correctly the following question: If a plentiful crop has increased resources will the biologists predict the birthrate will increase or decrease?

A:
increase