In this task, you will be shown a prompt from a judicial decision and multiple holding statements derived from citations following text in a legal decision. Holdings represent the governing legal rule when the law is applied to a particular set of facts. There are five answer choices for each citing text. The correct answer is the holding statement that corresponds to the citing text. You should write an incorrect option. Even though there exist multiple wrong answers, we only need a single wrong answer. There is a <HOLDING> token in the position of the citing text prompt where the holding statement was extracted.
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Question: seeking to invoke the exception must establish that they agreed to engage in a joint effort and to keep the shared information confidential from outsiders. See, e.g., United States v. Schwimmer, 892 F.2d 237, 243-44 (2d Cir.1989) (finding valid joint defense privilege where information was "imparted in confidence" between parties "who had agreed upon and undertaken a joint strategy"); United States v. Sawyer, 878 F.Supp. 295, 297 (D.Mass.1995) (despite similar interests between employer and employee, insufficient evidence that communications were made during the course of a joint defense effort; proponent could neither establish time frame of agreement nor acts creating and/or terminating the agreement); United States v. United Tech. Corp., 979 F.Supp. 108, 110, 112 (D.Conn.1997) (<HOLDING>); Libbey Glass, Inc. v. Oneida, Ltd., 197
Holding statements: (A) holding common interest doctrine shielded information consortium members shared pursuant to collaboration agreement (B) recognizing doctrine (C) recognizing that tribes and states understood that they shared the right to manage the exercise of in common hunting and fishing rights (D) recognizing a subset of the common interest privilege as parents and schools have a corresponding interest in the free flow of information about administrators and faculty members (E) holding that there was no waiver of the work product protection because the business and public relations firm specializing in litigationrelated crisis management shared a common interest

Answer: recognizing doctrine

Question: in which this Court's authority to review criminal convictions was greatly circumscribed." Cotton, 535 U.S. at 629, 122 S.Ct. 1781. It could examine constitutional errors in a criminal trial only on a writ of habeas corpus, and only then if it deemed the error "jurisdictional." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). "The Court's desire to correct obvious constitutional violations led to a 'somewhat expansive notion of jurisdiction.Id. (quoting Custis v. United States, 511 U.S. 485, 494, 114 S.Ct. 1732, 128 L.Ed.2d 517 (1994)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 25 . A charging instrument may be so deficient that a court does not have jurisdiction over the case; for instance, if the charging document was never filed. See State v. Kaulia, 128 Hawai'i 479, 491, 291 P.3d 377, 389 (2013) (<HOLDING>). Without deciding the matter, a charge that
Holding statements: (A) holding that although that the district court erred in finding that plaintiffs lacked standing the appellate court may nonetheless proceed to consider the district courts determination that plaintiffs failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted (B) holding that an action brought against the state officials in their official capacities was not properly removed to federal court because the district court lacked jurisdiction (C) holding that the appellate court had jurisdiction to hear the interlocutory appeal on a restraining order and the district court retained jurisdiction to proceed with the trial (D) holding that the district court lacked jurisdiction to review state disciplinary proceedings against attorney (E) holding that because the state failed to properly file the complaint the district court lacked jurisdiction to proceed to trial

Answer: holding that although that the district court erred in finding that plaintiffs lacked standing the appellate court may nonetheless proceed to consider the district courts determination that plaintiffs failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted

Question: remuneration whether monetary or otherwise from defendant for their children's Social Security information. Generally, as part of those transactions, defendant paid $100 per child in exchange for that information and the mothers' agreement to allow other individuals to claim their children as dependents for purposes of the 1996 federal tax year. Also in 1997, defendant informed Irabahima Bane, Alioune Camara, Baba Deme, Seydina Ba, Amandou Anne, and Mammadou Seek, African immigrants living in defendant's neighborhood, that they could receive tax refunds by listing children as "foster children" on their federal income tax returns. Defendant also informed Jade Woodall, an American-born citizen, of this tax advantage. At a rate of approximately $200 per child, defendan (6th Cir.2004) (<HOLDING>); United States v. Odom, 199 F.3d 321, 323 (6th
Holding statements: (A) holding that we review for clear error a district courts factual determination concerning the amount of loss for which the defendant is to be held accountable as relevant conduct under 1b13a1 (B) holding that we review for clear error the bankruptcy courts factual findings (C) holding that we review for clear error a district courts factual determination of a defendants role in an offense for purposes of applying ussg 3b11a (D) holding that we review for clear error a district courts factual determination of the conduct in which defendant engaged but that we review de novo the district courts determination of whether that conduct constitutes relevant conduct for purposes of ussg 1b13a2 (E) holding that we review for clear error a district courts factual determination as to whether prior cases were consolidated for sentencing under ussg 4a12a2 and that we give the court due deference in its application of the guidelines to that determination

Answer:
holding that we review for clear error the bankruptcy courts factual findings