Question: Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: "In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state."

Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany. They included nonconformists like the Puritans, who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England. Despite a common background, the groups' views on religious toleration were mixed. While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies, others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches. The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship, though enforcement was sparse. Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons: the established Church was responsible for poverty relief, putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage. 1. after what did a a lot of migrants travel?
2. where did they go?
3. who were they?
4. why did they leave home?
5. who persecuted them?
6. did they all share the same viewpoint on theology?
7. did some protect different ideas?
8. who was one?
9. from where?
10. and another?
11. from?
12. who banned other worshiping?
13. what court is discussed?
14. are any cases cited?
15. how many?
16. is there another?
17. what?
18. from what year?
19. is a judge mentioned?
20. who? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. English Civil War
2. traveled to America
3. nonconformists like the Puritans
4. fleeing religious persecution
5. Anglican King of England.
6. No
7. yes
8. Roger Williams
9. Rhode Island
10. William Penn
11. Pennsylvania
12. The Dutch colony of New Netherland
13. Supreme Court.
14. Yes
15. Reynolds v. United States
16. Yes
17. Everson v. Board of Education
18. 1947
19. Yes
20. Justice Hugo Blac

Question: Jake liked his old sneakers but they were getting too small. He tried on sixteen different pairs of shoes at the mall with his mom. He was looking for green shoes with blue laces. He couldn't find any he liked and left sad. His mom wanted to cheer him up. They stopped for lunch at a restaurant drive-thru. "What do you want to order?" asked Jake's Mom as she got a cheeseburger and a large drink. He ordered a hamburger. While they ate, Jake and his mom talked about different shoes Jake might try on next. He didn't want to go back to the store, but he really wanted green shoes. He ate some of her fries as he thought about it. Suddenly, his mom had a great idea. They would paint a pair of new shoes green! Jake loved that idea. So they went to the Art Store and bought green paint. They went back to the mall and bought new blue shoelaces and white sneakers. Jake was so excited about his shoes that he painted them as soon as he got home. Afterwards, he walked around the house in his new shoes dripping green paint. 1. What did Jake like?
2. WHat was wrong with them?
3. What did he do?
4. for what?
5. How many did he try?
6. Who was he there with?
7. What was he looking for?
8. Did he find them?
9. HOw did he feel?
10. What did his mom do?
11. What did she do?
12. What did she ask him?
13. What did he get
14. How about her?
15. What did they talk about?
16. Did he want to go?
17. What happened next?
18. which was? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. his old sneakers
2. too small.
3. went to the mall
4. to try on shoes
5. 16
6. his mom
7. green shoes with blue laces.
8. no
9. sad.
10. wanted to cheer him up.
11. stopped for lunch at a restaurant
12. What do you want to order
13. a hamburger
14. cheeseburger and a large drink
15. about different shoes Jake might try on next.
16. no
17. his mom had a great idea
18. They would paint a pair of new shoes green

Question: Chapter 12: In Mocenigo's Power.

It was fully an hour before Polani was recalled to the council chamber. He saw at once, by the flushed and angry faces of some of the council, that the debate had been a hot one. At this he was not surprised, for he knew that the friends and connections of Ruggiero Mocenigo would vehemently oppose the suggestion he had made.

The doge announced the decision.

"The council thank you for your suggestion, Signor Polani, and have resolved, by a majority, to confer upon Messer Francisco Hammond the high honour of placing his name upon the list of the citizens of Venice, without requiring from him the oaths of allegiance to the state. As such an honour has never before been conferred, save upon personages of the highest rank, it will be a proof of the gratitude which Venice feels towards one who has done her such distinguished service. The decree to that effect will be published tomorrow."

The merchant retired, highly gratified. The honour was a great and signal one, and the material advantages considerable. The fact that Francis was a foreigner had been the sole obstacle which had presented itself to him, in associating him with his business, for it would prevent Francis from trading personally with any of the countries in which Venetian citizens enjoyed special advantages.

Francis was immensely gratified, when he heard from the merchant of the honour to be conferred upon him. It was of all others the reward he would have selected, had a free choice been given him, but it was so great and unusual an honour, that he could indeed scarcely credit it when the merchant told him the result of his interviews with the council. The difficulty which his being a foreigner would throw in the way of his career as a merchant in Eastern waters, had been frequently in his mind, and would, he foresaw, greatly lessen his usefulness, but that he should be able to obtain naturalization, without renouncing his allegiance to England, he had never even hoped. 1. Did anyone have to wait long?
2. Who?
3. How long he had to wait?
4. Who were he meeting?
5. Did they look friendly?
6. Who did he thing would be against him?
7. Did the council make a decision?
8. Did give some previledge to someone?
9. Whom?
10. When the verdict will be made public?
11. Who was happy about it?
12. Who was a hindrance to him?
13. Was it about the people of Venice?
14. What title Francis would get?
15. Was he suprised about the outcome?
16. Did he have problem without this title?
17. Was it something do about his business?
18. Where he was originally from?
19. Did he have to forgo that citizenship?
20. Was all these a great surprise to him? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. yes
2. Polani
3. an hour
4. the council
5. no
6. he friends of Ruggiero Mocenigo
7. yes
8. yes
9. Messer Francisco Hammond
10. tomorrow
11. Polani
12. Francis
13. yes
14. citizen
15. yes
16. yes
17. yes
18. England
19. no
20. yes