Please answer this: Information: - Svend Erik Hovmand ( born 8 December 1945 ) is a Danish politician representing the Liberal Party . He was Tax Minister in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I from 27 November 2001 to 2 August 2004 , when he was replaced by Kristian Jensen . He has been a member of parliament ( Folketinget ) since 9 January 1975 . - Politika is a Serbian daily newspaper, published in Belgrade. Founded in 1904 by Vladislav F. Ribnikar, it is the oldest daily newspaper still in circulation in the Balkans and is considered to be Serbia's newspaper of record. - A politician (from "politics" + "-ian", from the Greek title of Aristotle's book "Politika", meaning "Civic Affairs") is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government. In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office. In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues. Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of government. Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people. Broadly speaking, a "politician" can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in any bureaucratic institution. - Kristian Jensen (born May 21, 1971) is a Danish politician who has been Minister for Foreign Affairs of Denmark since 2015. Jensen is a member of the Liberal party Venstre. What entity does 'svend erik hovmand' has the relation 'country of citizenship' with?
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Answer: denmark

Q: Information: - Spiritist Codification (or The Spiritist Pentateuch) is the customary name given by spiritists to the set of books codified by Allan Kardec. The books are a compilation of questions made by Allan Kardec and answers allegedly dictated by Spirits, between the years 1857 and 1868. The series contains the fundamental details of the Spiritism movement. - Spiritism is a spiritualistic doctrine codified in the 19th century by the French educator Hippolyte Leon Denizard Rivail , under the codename Allan Kardec , later called the Kardecist Spiritualism Doctrine , it proposed the study of '' the nature , origin , and destiny of spirits , and their relation with the corporeal world '' . Spiritism soon spread to other countries , having today 35 countries represented in the International Spiritist Council . Spiritism postulates that humans are essentially immortal spirits that temporarily inhabit physical bodies for several necessary incarnations to attain moral and intellectual improvement . It also asserts that spirits , through passive or active mediumship , may have beneficent or maleficent influence on the physical world . The term first appeared in Kardec 's book , The Spirits ' Book , which sought to distinguish Spiritism from spiritualism . Spiritism has influenced a social movement of healing centers , charity institutions and hospitals involving millions of people in dozens of countries , most of them in Brazil . Spiritism was also very influential in the new Vietnamese religion called Cao ai or Caodaism , born in 1926 after three spirit mediums received messages that identified Allan Kardec as a prophet of a new universal religion . After 1975 , Caodaism was almost closed down by the Vietnamese government , but it has now re-emerged on the public scene and Caodaists recently visited the Kardec Spiritist Center in Lyon to re-establish contacts with the legacy of French Spiritism . There are about four million Caodaists in Vietnam and in the Vietnamese diaspora , so they are the largest Spiritist group in Asia . - Allan Kardec is the pen name of the French educator, translator and author Hippolyte Leon Denizard Rivail (3 October 1804 31 March 1869). He is the author of the five books known as the Spiritist Codification, and is the founder of Spiritism. What entity does 'spiritism' has the relation 'inception' with?
A:
1857