Question: Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:

One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). 1. What is used to study a disease among certain groups?
2. What is it used for?
3. What is a way to show that a disease can be spread to others?
4. How many microorganisms cause disease?
5. What are the infectious ones grouped as?
6. Why can't Koch's proposal be morally applied?
7. What is beneficial to explore during a disease outbreak?
8. Who else can a host's immune system cause harm to>
9. What causes tuberculosis?
10. What is unable to be cultured in vitro? Provide a numbered list of answers.
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A numbered of answers: 1. Epidemiology
2. to study disease in a population
3. satisfy Koch's postulates
4. relatively few
5. as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens
6. it would require experimental infection of a healthy individual
7. to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic
8. to the host itself
9. Mycobacteria species
10. syphilis

Question: Kanji, or "kan'ji", are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana and katakana. The Japanese term "kanji" for the Chinese characters literally means "Han characters" and is written using the same characters as the Chinese word '.

Chinese characters first came to Japan on official seals, letters, swords, coins, mirrors, and other decorative items imported from China. The earliest known instance of such an import was the King of Na gold seal given by Emperor Guangwu of Han to a Yamato emissary in 57 AD. Chinese coins from the first century AD have been found in Yayoi-period archaeological sites. However, the Japanese of that era probably had no comprehension of the script, and would remain illiterate until the fifth century AD. According to the "Nihon Shoki" and "Kojiki", a semi-legendary scholar called Wani () was dispatched to Japan by the Kingdom of Baekje during the reign of Emperor Ojin in the early fifth century, bringing with him knowledge of Confucianism and Chinese characters.

The earliest Japanese documents were probably written by bilingual Chinese or Korean officials employed at the Yamato court. For example, the diplomatic correspondence from King Bu of Wa to Emperor Shun of Liu Song in 478 has been praised for its skillful use of allusion. Later, groups of people called "fuhito" were organized under the monarch to read and write Classical Chinese. During the reign of Empress Suiko (593628), the Yamato court began sending full-scale diplomatic missions to China, which resulted in a large increase in Chinese literacy at the Japanese court. 1. How many types of characters are mentioned?
2. What are they a part of?
3. What country are Kanji actually from?
4. When were they first seen in Japan?
5. How did they arrive?
6. Could the Japanese understand the script on the items they found?
7. Who arrived in the fifth century?
8. What did he have?
9. When did King Bu and Emperor Shun communicate?
10. Who was responsible for the first Japanese writings?
11. Who are the Fuhito?
12. When did Empress Suiko live? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. Han character
2. the modern Japanese writing
3. China
4. 57 AD
5. on official seals and letters
6. no
7. Wani
8. knowledge of Confucianism and Chinese characters
9. 478
10. Chinese or Korean officials
11. People who could read and write Classical Chinese.
12. 593628

Question: CHAPTER V.

THE NEWS FROM NARRABEE.

ARRIVED at the garden, a thought struck me. The cheerful speech and easy manner of Ambrose plainly indicated that he was ignorant thus far of the quarrel which had taken place under my window. Silas might confess to having taken his brother's stick, and might mention whose head he had threatened with it. It was not only useless, but undesirable, that Ambrose should know of the quarrel. I retraced my steps to the stable-yard. Nobody was at the gate. I called alternately to Silas and to Ambrose. Nobody answered. The brothers had gone away to their work.

Returning to the garden, I heard a pleasant voice wishing me "Good-morning." I looked round. Naomi Colebrook was standing at one of the lower windows of the farm. She had her working apron on, and she was industriously brightening the knives for the breakfast-table on an old-fashioned board. A sleek black cat balanced himself on her shoulder, watching the flashing motion of the knife as she passed it rapidly to and fro on the leather-covered surface of the board.

"Come here," she said; "I want to speak to you."

I noticed, as I approached, that her pretty face was clouded and anxious. She pushed the cat irritably off her shoulder; she welcomed me with only the faint reflection of her bright customary smile.

"I have seen John Jago," she said. "He has been hinting at something which he says happened under your bedroom window this morning. When I begged him to explain himself, he only answered, 'Ask Mr. Lefrank; I must be off to Narrabee.' What does it mean? Tell me right away, sir! I'm out of temper, and I can't wait!" 1. What did Silas take?
2. What is his brother's name?
3. Where did I search for them?
4. Who did I meet in the garden?
5. What was she wearing?
6. What creature was watching her?
7. Who has she seen?
8. What objects was Naomi readying?
9. Was she happy?
10. Where had a quarrel taken place?
11. What did Naomi do to the cat?
12. Where was John going?
13. What is my name? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. his brother's stick
2. Ambrose.
3. The garden and the stable yard
4. Naomi Colebrook
5. working apron
6. cat
7. John Jago
8. knives
9. No
10. under my bedroom window
11. pushed it off her shoulder
12. Narrabee
13. Mr. Lefrank