Information: - A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities by desire for private gain". Mercenaries fight for money or other recompense instead of fighting for ideological interests, whether they agree with or are against the existing government. In the last century, and as reflected in the Geneva Convention, mercenaries have increasingly come to be seen as less entitled to protections by rules of war than non-mercenaries. However, whether or not a person is a mercenary may be a matter of degree, as financial and national interests may overlap. - The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in 401 BC between Cyrus the Younger and his elder brother Arsaces, who had inherited the Persian throne as Artaxerxes II in 404 BC. The great battle of the revolt of Cyrus took place 70km north of Babylon, at Cunaxa, on the left bank of the Euphrates River. The main source is a Greek eyewitness and soldier, Xenophon. - The Old Persian language is one of the two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan). Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, clay tablets, and seals of the Achaemenid era (c. 600 BCE to 300BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now present-day Iran, Romania (Gherla), Armenia, Bahrain, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt, the most important attestation by far being the contents of the Behistun Inscription (dated to 525 BCE). Recent research into the vast Persepolis Fortification Archive at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago have unearthed Old Persian tablets (2007). This new text shows that the Old Persian language was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display. - Xenophon of Athens ("Xenophn"; c. 430354 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, historian, soldier and mercenary, and a student of Socrates. As a historian, Xenophon is known for recording the history of his contemporary time, the late-5th and early-4th centuries BC, such as the "Hellenica", about the final seven years and the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War (431404 BC); as such, the "Hellenica" is a thematic continuation of the "History of the Peloponnesian War", by Thucydides. As a mercenary soldier of the Ten Thousand, he participated in the failed campaign of Cyrus the Younger, to claim the Persian throne from his brother Artaxerxes II of Persia, and recounts the events in "Anabasis" (An Ascent), his most notable history. - Artaxerxes II Mnemon (meaning "whose reign is through truth") was king of Persia from 404 BC until his death in 358 BC. He was a son of Darius II and Parysatis. - A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is a historian of prehistory. Although "historian" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere. - The History of the Peloponnesian War (Greek: "") is a historical account of the Peloponnesian War (431404 BC), which was fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Delian League (led by Athens). It was written by Thucydides, an Athenian historian who also happened to serve as an Athenian general during the war. His account of the conflict is widely considered to be a classic and regarded as one of the earliest scholarly works of history. The "History" is divided into eight books. - A soldier is one who fights as part of an organised, land-based armed force. A soldier can be an enlisted person, a non-commissioned officer, or an officer. - Hoplites were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Hoplite soldiers utilized the phalanx formation in order to be effective in war with fewer soldiers. The hoplites were primarily represented by free citizenspropertied farmers and artisanswho were able to afford the bronze armour suit and weapons (estimated at a third to a half of its able-bodied adult male population). Hoplites were not professional soldiers and often lacked sufficient military training. Although some states did maintain a small elite professional unit, hoplite soldiers were relied on heavily and made up the bulk of ancient Greek armies of the time. - Cyrus the Younger (Old Persian: ), son of Darius II of Persia and Parysatis, was a Persian prince and general. His birth date is unknown, but he died in 401 BC after a failed battle to oust his brother, Artaxerxes II, from the Persian throne. - Socrates ( c. 436 BC -- 401 BC ) was a Greek mercenary general from Achaea who traveled to Persia to fight at the Battle of Cunaxa . Xenophon describes him as brave in war and a reliable friend . Socrates was summoned by Cyrus , with whom he was already connected , to bring as many troops as he could muster under the pretense that Cyrus intended to attack Tissaphernes . Socrates had previously been besieging Miletus alongside Pasion the Megarian . Socrates brought Cyrus about 500 Hoplites . Socrates and the other troops were only later told that Cyrus intended to seize the Persian throne from his brother Artaxerxes . Socrates fought at the Battle of Cunaxa and the Greek forces were able to drive the Persians into retreat , but Cyrus and his force faced heavy casualties and Cyrus himself was killed in battle . With Cyrus dead , the Greek troops were left in limbo , trying to make arrangements to return home first with Ariaeus ( Cyrus ' good friend and second in command at the battle ) and then with Tissaphernes ( the Persian general at the battle ) . Eventually Socrates and several other Greek generals were betrayed by Tissaphernes and Ariaeus . Socrates , along with Clearchus , Agis of Arcadia , Menon of Thessaly and Proxenus of Boeotia were summoned for a cordial meeting in the tent of Tissaphernes . They were seized and taken to Artaxerxes , where they were beheaded . - A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC). - Hydarnes (Greek: , Old Persian: Vidarna), son of Bagbigna, was a Persian nobleman of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC. He was one of the seven conspirators against the usurper, Gaumata, who killed him and then proclaimed Darius I as the Persian king. Hydarnes then served Darius I as a commander and remained influential during his reign. - Tissaphernes (Old Persian "irafarnah" > Mod. Persian "ehrfar") (445 BC-395 BC) was a Persian soldier and statesman. He was the grandson of Hydarnes. - Hellenica simply means writings on Greek (Hellenic) subjects. Several histories of fourth-century Greece, written in the mold of Thucydides or straying from it, have borne the conventional Latin title "Hellenica". The surviving "Hellenica" is an important work of the Greek writer Xenophon and one of the principal sources for the final seven years of the Peloponnesian War not covered by Thucydides, and the war's aftermath. - Babylon (or ; Aramaic: , "Babel", , "Bavel", , "Bbil") was a major city of ancient Mesopotamia in the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city was built upon the Euphrates and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Babylon was originally a small Semitic Akkadian city dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC. - Thucydides ("Thoukudids", ; c. 460 c. 400 BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His "History of the Peloponnesian War" recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'socrates of achaea' exhibits the relationship of 'occupation'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - bank - father - historian - king - major - mercenary - military - officer - philosopher - prince - research - science - soldier - statesman - student - writer
military