Q: Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation.

There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,00072,000 BP.

Answer the following questions:
1. what does clothing do?
2. from what?
3. what does it protect from?
4. what else?
5. how does it protect from those things?
6. do other mammals today wear them?
7. how long have people had clothes?
8. how do we know that?
9. how do we know they've been around for many years?
10. can wearing it us safe from the sun?
A: 1. serve many purposes
2. it can serve as protection and enhance safety
3. the elements
4. rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by \
5. by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment
6. no
7. as long ago as 650 thousand years ago
8. unknown
9. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time.
10. yes
Q: Einstein's connection with the politics of the nuclear bomb is well known: He signed the letter to President Franklin Roosevelt that persuaded the United States to take the idea seriously, and he engaged in postwar efforts to prevent nuclear war. But these were not just the isolated actions of a scientist dragged into the world of politics. Einstein's life was, in fact, "divided between politics and equations ."

Sickened by what he saw as the waste of human lives during the First World War, he became involved in antiwar demonstrations. His support of civil disobedience did little to endear him to his colleagues. Then, following the war, he directed his efforts toward reconciliation and improving international relations. And soon his politics were making it difficult for him to visit the United States, even to give lectures.

Einstein's second great cause was Zionism . Although he was Jewish, Einstein rejected the idea of God. However, a growing awareness of anti-Semitism , both before and during the War, led him gradually to identify with the Jewish community, and later to become an outspoken supporter of Zionism.

His theories came under attack. One man was accused of motivating others to murder Einstein and fined a mere six dollars. When a book was published entitled 100 Authors Against Einstein, he retorted, "If I were wrong, then one would have been enough!" When Hitler came to power, Einstein then in America declared he would not return to Germany. While Nazi attacked his house and confiscated his bank account, a Berlin newspaper displayed the headline "Good News from Einstein--He's Not Coming Back."

Fearing that German scientists would build a nuclear bomb, Einstein proposed that the United States should develop its own. But he was publicly warning of the dangers of nuclear war and proposing international control of nuclear weaponry. Throughout his life, Einstein's efforts toward peace probably achieved little and won him few friends. His support of the Zionist cause, however, was recognized in 1952, when he was offered the presidency of Israel. He declined, saying he was too naive in politics. But perhaps his real reason was different:" Equations are more important to me, because politics is for the present, but an equation is something for eternity."

Answer the following questions:
1. Who signed a note to President Franklin?
2. What was he so upset about in WWI?
3. So what did he do about it?
4. Then what did he do after the war?
5. What group did he finally identify with?
6. Was that his first greatest cause?
A: 1. Einstein
2. the waste of human lives
3. became involved in antiwar demonstrations
4. reconciliation and improving international relations
5. Zionism.
6. unknown
Q: CHAPTER X. THOMAS HUTCHINSON.

NOW THAT Grandfather had fought through the old French War, in which our chair made no very distinguished figure, he thought it high time to tell the children some of the more private history of that praiseworthy old piece of furniture.

"In 1757," said Grandfather, "after Shirley had been summoned to England, Thomas Pownall was appointed governor of Massachusetts. He was a gay and fashionable English gentleman, who had spent much of his life in London, but had a considerable acquaintance with America. The new governor appears to have taken no active part in the war that was going on; although, at one period, he talked of marching against the enemy at the head of his company of cadets. But, on the whole, he probably concluded that it was more befitting a governor to remain quietly in our chair, reading the newspapers and official documents."

"Did the people like Pownall?" asked Charley.

"They found no fault with him," replied Grandfather. "It was no time to quarrel with the governor when the utmost harmony was required in order to defend the country against the French. But Pownall did not remain long in Massachusetts. In 1759 he was sent to be governor of South Carolina. In thus exchanging one government for another, I suppose he felt no regret, except at the necessity of leaving Grandfather's chair behind him."

"He might have taken it to South Carolina," observed Clara.

"It appears to me," said Laurence, giving the rein to his fancy, "that the fate of this ancient chair was, somehow or other, mysteriously connected with the fortunes of old Massachusetts. If Governor Pownall had put it aboard the vessel in which he sailed for South Carolina, she would probably have lain wind-bound in Boston Harbor. It was ordained that the chair should not be taken away. Don't you think so, Grandfather?"

Answer the following questions:
1. What war did the grandpa serve in?
2. What piece of furniture is important?
3. Who was he going to tell about the chair?
4. What year did the story take place in?
5. Who was requested to England?
6. Who was then governor of Mass.?
7. Where had Thomas been for most of his existence?
8. Did he know America well?
9. Did the grandfather think the governor should talk about the war?
10. What should he be doing instead?
11. What else?
12. Did the public like him?
13. Who were they defending the country against?
14. Did he stay in Massachusetts for a long time?
15. Where did he go next?
16. What was his title?
17. Did he take the chair with him?
18. What child is asking a question about Pownall?
19. Who made an observation?
20. What is the grandfather's name?
A:
1. old French War
2. chair
3. children
4. 1757
5. Shirley
6. Thomas Pownall
7. London
8. Yes
9. No
10. reading the newspapers
11. official documents
12. Yes
13. French
14. No
15. South Carolina
16. governor
17. No
18. Charley
19. Clara
20. Laurence