INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Not every image makes a good, or feasible, stencil. A single-overlay image is a great way to start out for someone new to fabric painting. This means that you'll transfer the image onto, and use, a single sheet of stencil. Basic silhouettes work best or pictures with deep contrasts. If you are adapting a design, make sure it will work as a stencil. Take time to plan how you will cut and try to plan only one overlay. If you plan to include writing, go online and look at various fonts. It's easiest to find a shape or image that fits your piece of fabric right away and doesn't require any adjustments. However, it is possible to shrink or enlarge an image before making your stencil. Print out the image and then use a copier's zoom function to adjust and reproduce it. You could also look at the image on your computer and use a design program to change the size. Acetate is a thin plastic that is often used for transparencies on overhead projectors. Lay your sheet of acetate on top of a piece of wood or glass. Place the image for your stencil on top of the acetate and then cut around the negative space (the areas you want to paint) with a sharp matte knife. Lift everything up and you will have an acetate stencil that you can use for fabrics. Acetate sheets come in different thicknesses. A thin sheet will be flexible and can mold more easily to moveable fabrics, but it will be easier to tear. A thicker sheet will be tougher to cut, but is more durable. A vinyl sheet is a great option for stenciling, as it is sturdy with a sticky backing that can hold onto a fabric. Lay your vinyl down flat. Smooth or iron it out to remove any wrinkles. Place your image on top and use a matte knife to cut out the vinyl in all of the to-be-painted places. Many online craft shops also offer vinyl stencils for sale. Cut down a piece of freezer paper to roughly the same size as your image. On a solid and sturdy surface, place your image underneath the freezer paper sheet. The shiny, waxy side of the freezer paper should face downward, the dull paper side towards you. Cut your design out with a craft scalpel or matte knife. Freezer paper is somewhat transparent, so you should be able to see your image under it. If you can't, go over the outlines of your image with a permanent marker to make it more visible. Avoid wrinkling or bending your final piece of freezer paper, as this could create spots where paint can seep through the sides. You can also trace the image with a pencil or pen onto the freezer paper and then cut it out with a paper of scissors. Some crafters use a cutting machine. In this case, simply feed your freezer paper into the machine with the shiny side still facing downward. Use your household printer to print out the image or design that you've selected onto regular paper. Then, run the image through a lamination machine. Get a pair of scissors and cut out the negative space where you want to paint through the stencil. You can also laminate the paper after you've already cut it, but then you'll need to cut it once more to remove the inside lamination.

SUMMARY: Choose a single-overlay stencil. Select a stencil of the right size. Make a stencil from acetate if you want a reusable option. Make a vinyl stencil if you want a bendable option. Make a freezer paper stencil if you want a quick option. Make a laminated printed stencil if you want a computer-based option.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: To start, it's important to first be able to identify both the direction the object is moving in and the direction from which force is being applied. Keep in mind that objects don't always move in line with the force being applied to them for instance, if you pull a small wagon by its handle, you're applying a diagonal force (assuming you're taller than the wagon) to move it forward. In this section, however, we'll deal with situations in which the force and the object's displacement do have the same direction. For information on how to find the work when these things don't have the same direction, see below. To make this process easy to understand, let's follow along with an example problem. Say that a toy train car is being pulled directly forward by the train in front of it. In this case, both the force vector and the direction of the train's motion point the same way forward. In the next few steps, we'll use this information to help find the work done on the object. The first variable we need for the work formula, D, or displacement, is usually easy to find. Displacement is simply the distance that the force has caused the object to move from its starting position. In academic problems, this information is usually either given to or is possible to deduce from other information in the problem. In the real world, all you have to do to find displacement is measure the distance the object travels. Note that measures of distance must be in meters for the work formula. In our toy train example, let's say that we're finding the work performed on the train as it travels along the track. If it starts at a certain point and ends at a spot about 2 meters (6.6ft) up the track, we can use 2 meters (6.6ft) for our "D" value in the formula. Next, find the magnitude of the force being used to move the object. This is a measure of the "strength" of the force the bigger its magnitude, the harder it pushes the object and the quicker it accelerates. If the force's magnitude isn't provided, it can be derived from the mass and acceleration of the moving (assuming that there aren't other conflicting forces acting on it) with the formula F = M A. Note that measures of force must be in newtons for the work formula. In our example, let's say that we don't know the magnitude of the force. However, let's say that we do know that the toy train has a mass of 0.5 kilograms and that the force is causing it to accelerate at a rate of 0.7 meters/second2. In this case, we can find the magnitude by multiplying M A = 0.5 0.7 = 0.35 Newtons. Once you know the magnitude of the force acting on your object and the distance it's been moved, the rest is easy. Simply multiply these two values by each other to get your value for work. It's time to solve our example problem. With a value for force of 0.35 Newtons and a value for displacement of 2 meters (6.6ft), our answer is a single multiplication problem away: 0.35 2 = 0.7 joules. You may have noticed that, in the formula provided in the intro, there's an additional piece to the formula: Cosine(). As discussed above, in this example, the force and the direction of motion are in the same direction. This means the angle between them is 0o. Since Cosine(0) = 1, we don't need to include it we're just multiplying by 1. In physics, values for work (and several other quantities) are almost always given in a unit of measurement called joules. One joule is defined as one newton of force exerted over one meter, or, in other words, one newton meter. This makes sense since you're multiplying distance times force, it's logical that the answer that you get would have a unit of measurement equal to multiplying the units of your force and distance quantities. Note that joules also has an alternate definition one watt of power radiated over one second. See below for a more detailed discussion of power and its relationship to work.

SUMMARY:
Find the direction of the force vector and the direction of motion. Find the displacement of your object. Find the force on the object. Multiply Force Distance. Label your answer in joules.