input: OPTIONS:
- crohn's disease
- AIDS
- down's syndrome
- sickle cell anemia Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 3.26 The beta chain of hemoglobin is 147 residues in length, yet a single amino acid substitution leads to sickle cell anemia. In normal hemoglobin, the amino acid at position seven is glutamate. In sickle cell hemoglobin, this glutamate is replaced by a valine. Q: A single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin leads to what disease? A:
A:
output: sickle cell anemia

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 42.4 Interferons are cytokines that are released by a cell infected with a virus. Response of neighboring cells to interferon helps stem the infection. Q: What are interferons? A:

OPTIONS:
- T cells
- oncogenes
- pathogens
- cytokines

Answer: cytokines

Problem: OPTIONS:
- molecules
- platelets
- muscles
- tissues
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Bones are made up of different types of tissues. Q: What are bones made up of? A:
Answer: tissues

Problem:OPTIONS:
- heartburn
- bronchitis
- cancer
- an allergy

Answer the following question given this paragraph: An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen . Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. Two common causes of allergies are shown in Figure below . Inhaling ragweed pollen may cause coughing and sneezing. Skin contact with oils in poison ivy may cause an itchy rash. Other common causes of allergies include dust mites, mold, animal dander, insect stings, latex, and certain food and medications. Symptoms of a common allergy such as pollen can include sneezing, a runny nose, nasal congestion and itchy, watery eyes. Q: What is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen? A:
****
A: an allergy

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Substances can change phaseoften because of a temperature change. At low temperatures, most substances are solid; as the temperature increases, they become liquid; at higher temperatures still, they become gaseous. The process of a solid becoming a liquid is called melting (an older term that you may see sometimes is fusion). The opposite process, a liquid becoming a solid, is called solidification. For any pure substance, the temperature at which melting occursknown as the melting pointis a characteristic of that substance. It requires energy for a solid to melt into a liquid. Every pure substance has a certain amount of energy it needs to change from a solid to a liquid. This amount is called theenthalpy of fusion (or heat of fusion) of the substance, represented as Hfus. Some Hfus values are listed in Table 10.2 "Enthalpies of Fusion for Various Substances"; it is assumed that these values are for the melting point of the substance. Note that the unit of Hfus is kilojoules per mole, so we need to know the quantity of material to know how much energy is involved. The Hfus is always tabulated as a positive number. However, it can be used for both the melting and the solidification processes as long as you keep in mind that melting is always endothermic (so H will be positive), while solidification is always exothermic (so H will be negative). Table 10.2 Enthalpies of Fusion for Various Substances Substance (Melting Point). Q: What do you call the process of a solid becoming a liquid? A:
OPTIONS:
- boiling
- vaporizing
- freezing
- melting
melting

Answer the following question given this paragraph: In other materials, there are regions where the north and south poles of atoms are all lined up in the same direction. These regions are called magnetic domains . Generally, the magnetic domains point in different directions, so the material is still not magnetic. However, the material can be magnetized (made into a magnet) by placing it in a magnetic field. When this happens, all the magnetic domains line up, and the material becomes a magnet. You can see this in the Figure below . Materials that can be magnitized are called ferromagnetic materials . They include iron, cobalt, and nickel. Q: The regions of a material where the north and south poles of atoms are aligned are called what? A:
OPTIONS:
- magnetic rays
- cores
- observed domains
- magnetic domains

Answer:
magnetic domains