Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Type II diabetes in the Goto Kakizaki (GK) rats (derived from Wistar rats) is not associated with the development of obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or pronounced renal functional changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of superimposed hypertension on renal function and morphology under conditions of hyper- and normoglycemia.', 'The evolution of biochemical and morphologic renal changes was examined in GK and Wistar rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt over 24 weeks.', 'Blood pressure was increased from 6 weeks on in GK and Wistar rats with no difference in blood pressure levels between both groups (week 24, 183 +/- 14 mm Hg vs. 191 +/- 13 mm Hg, P = NS, vs. 144 +/- 6 mm Hg in normal controls, P < 0.01). A progressive increase in proteinuria was observed in hypertensive GK rats from 12 weeks on (week 24, 168 +/- 62 mg/day vs. 41 +/- 30 mg/day in hypertensive Wistar rats, P = 0.002). Histologic analysis at weeks 15 and 24 showed progressive glomerulosclerosis in hypertensive GK and Wistar rats (week 24, 13 +/- 4% vs. 8 +/- 1%, P = NS) but not in nonhypertensive GK controls. This was associated with evidence of podocyte damage (de novo desmin expression) in hypertensive as compared to nonhypertensive GK rats (week 24, score 1.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.1, P < 0.001) while no significant increase was observed in hypertensive vs. nonhypertensive Wistar rats. Tubulointerstitial damage was increased in hypertensive GK as compared to hypertensive Wistar rats (week 24, score 1.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.3, P = 0.01). By immunohistochemistry, this was associated with an up-regulation of tubulointerstitial type IV collagen as well as alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression, macrophage infiltration and cell proliferation in hypertensive GK rats.

Answer: 0

Question: Periodontitis is a chronic, polymicrobial inflammatory disease that degrades connective tissue and alveolar bone and results in tooth loss. Oxidative stress has been linked to the onset of periodontal tissue breakdown and systemic inflammation, and the success of antiresorptive treatments will rely on how effectively they can ameliorate periodontal disease-induced oxidative stress during oral infection.', 'Rats were infected with polybacterial inoculum consisting of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, as an oral lavage every other week for 12 weeks. Daily subcutaneous injections of enoxacin, bis-enoxacin, alendronate, or doxycycline were administered for 6 weeks after 6 weeks of polybacterial infection in rats. The serum levels of oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, were evaluated in each of the infected, treated, and sham-infected rats.', 'Rats infected with the periodontal pathogens displayed a five-fold increase in the oxidative stress index compared with controls as a result of increased levels of serum oxidants and decreases in total antioxidant activity. The overall decrease in antioxidant activity occurred despite increases in three important antioxidant enzymes, suggesting an imbalance between antioxidant macromolecules/small molecules production and antioxidant enzyme levels. Surprisingly, the bone-targeted antiresorptives bis-enoxacin and alendronate inhibited increases in oxidative stress caused by periodontitis. Bis-enoxacin, which has both antiresorptive and antibiotic activities, was more effective than alendronate, which acts only as an antiresorptive.

Answer: 0

Question: Clinical trials of adjuvant radiotherapy after mastectomy have largely excluded women aged 70 years or over, even though they comprise 30% of the breast cancer population. This study examined outcomes in elderly women with high-risk breast cancer treated with or without postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT).', 'Data were analysed for 233 women aged 70 years or over with high-risk breast cancer (tumours > 5 cm or > or = 4 positive axillary nodes) treated with mastectomy and referred to the British Columbia Cancer Agency from 1989 to 1997. Tumour and treatment characteristics were compared between two cohorts: women treated with PMRT (n = 147) vs women treated without PMRT (n = 86). Univariate and multivariate analyses of 10-year Kaplan-Meier locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant recurrence, breast cancer-specific survival and overall survival were carried out.', 'Median follow-up time was 5.5 years. The distribution of tumour sizes was similar in the two groups. Compared with women treated without PMRT, higher proportions of women who underwent PMRT had four or more positive nodes (83% vs 67%, P = 0.01) and positive surgical margins (14% vs 4%, P = 0.02). Systemic therapy, used in 94% of women, was comparable in the two cohorts (P = 0.63). Elderly women treated with PMRT had significantly lower LRR compared with women treated without PMRT (16% vs 28%, P = 0.03). No differences in distant recurrence, breast cancer-specific survival or overall survival were observed in the two treatment groups (all P > 0.05). On multivariate analysis, the omission of PMRT and the presence of high-grade histology were significant predictors of LRR, whereas an increasing number of positive nodes was significantly associated with distant recurrence and overall survival.

Answer:
1