TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Low-level vagus nerve stimulation (LL-VNS) has been demonstrated to protect myocardium against acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanism of this protective effect remains unknown.', 'This study aimed to test the hypothesis that LL-VNS exerts cardioprotective effect on acute I/R injury in canines via antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis reactions.', 'Thirty anesthetized mongrel dogs were randomly divided into three groups: I/R group (N = 12, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 1 hour following by 1 hour reperfusion), LL-VNS group (N = 9, I/R plus LL-VNS), and sham group (N = 9, sham surgery without LL-VNS). The voltage threshold was set at 80% of the voltage required to slow the sinus rate. Infarct size was assessed with Evans Blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Activity assays, TUNEL staining, and western blotting were performed to determine markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis.', 'LL-VNS significantly decreased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, increased vagal tone, as confirmed by heart rate viability, and reduced infarct size compared with the I/R group. This improvement was associated with a reduction in myocardial neutrophil infiltration, the inhibition of oxidative stress, and the suppression in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In contrast, the lack of LL-VNS in the I/R group induced the opposite effect compared with the sham group.
Answer: LL-VNS exerts protective effects on myocardial I/R injury. Its potential mechanisms involve the suppression of oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis.

SOLUTION: Does low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation attenuate Myocardial Ischemic Reperfusion Injury by Antioxidative Stress and Antiapoptosis Reactions in Canines?

PROBLEM: Context: We hypothesised that short-term application of bi-level nasal continuous positive airway pressure CPAP (SiPAP) compared with conventional nasal CPAP (nCPAP) at the same mean airway pressure in infants with persistent oxygen need recovering from respiratory distress syndrome would improve CO2 removal with no change in oxygen requirement.', 'Non-blinded, randomised, observational four-period crossover study.', 'Level III NICU; low-birthweight infants requiring CPAP and oxygen while recovering from respiratory distress syndrome.', 'Infants requiring nasal CPAP for >24h prior to study enrolment, and fraction of inspired oxygen requirement (FiO2) of 0.25-0.5, were randomised to either nCPAP or SiPAP. A crossover design with four 1 h treatment periods was used such that each infant received both treatments twice. Oxygen saturations (SaO2), transcutaneous CO2 (tcCO2) and vital signs were monitored continuously. Polysomnographic recordings were analysed for apnoea, bradycardia and oxygen desaturation.', 'Twenty low-birthweight infants receiving 0.30.04% supplemental oxygen on CPAP of 6 cm H2O were studied at an average of 33days of age (23days, SD). There were no differences in tcCO2 or other physiological parameters except mean blood pressure, which was lower during nCPAP (52.38.3 vs 54.49.1mmHg; SD; p<0.01). No differences in short or prolonged apnoea, bradycardia or significant desaturation events were observed.
Answer: At similar mean airway pressures, SiPAP does not improve CO2 removal, oxygenation or other studied physiological parameters with the exception of mean blood pressure, which was not clinically significant.

SOLUTION: Does bi-level CPAP improve gas exchange when compared with conventional CPAP for the treatment of neonates recovering from respiratory distress syndrome?

PROBLEM: Context: Treatment of implant-associated osteomyelitis regularly involves the use of systemic antibiotics in addition to surgical intervention. However, it remains unclear if perioperative systemic application of bactericide substances can improve overall outcome in models of severe intramedullary infection. The present study investigated the use of systemic gentamicin in addition to a controlled local release from a highly lipophilic gentamicinpalmitate compound while the previous study showed efficacy of sole antibiotic implant-coating.', 'Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups receiving an intramedullary femoral injection of 10(2) CFU of a common methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strain (MSSA Rosenbach). Group I received an uncoated implant whereas group II received a coated implant. All animals received a single shot intraperitoneal application of gentamicinsulfate directly after wound closure while the historical control group III (n=20) had no antibiotic treatment at all. Animals were observed for 28 and 42days. Serum haptoglobin and relative weight gain were assessed as well as roll over cultures of explanted femur nails and histological scores of periprosthetic infection in dissected femora.', 'Systemic application of gentamicin combined with antibiotic-coated implant did not further reduce bacterial growth significantly compared with systemic or local antibiotic application alone. Combined local and systemic therapy reduced serum haptoglobin significantly after day 7, 28 and 42 whereas systemic application alone did not compare to controls.
Answer: Systemic perioperative and implant-associated application of antibiotics were both comparably effective to treat implant-associated infections whereas the combined antibiotic therapy further reduced systemic signs of infection time dependent.

SOLUTION:
Does systemic antibiotic therapy significantly improve outcome in a rat model of implant-associated osteomyelitis induced by Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus?