Information: - The Arauco War was a long-running conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people, mostly fought in the Araucania. After many initial Spanish successes in penetrating Mapuche territory, the Battle of Curalaba in 1598 and the following destruction of the Seven Cities marked a turning point in the war leading to the establishment of a clear frontier between the Spanish domains and the land of the independent Mapuche. From the 17th to the late 18th century a series of parliaments were held between royal governors and Mapuche lonkos and the war devolved to sporadic pillaging carried out by Spanish soldiers as well as Mapuches and outlaws. - A tercio ("third") or tercio espanol ("Spanish third") was a Spanish infantry organization during the time that Habsburg Spain dominated Europe in the Early Modern era. - The Kingdom of Castile was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region. It began as the County of Castile ("Condado de Castilla"), an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of Leon in the 9th century. During the 10th century its counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from Leon and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157 it was again united with Leon, and after 1230 this union became permanent. Throughout this period the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in the southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. Castile and Leon, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion. - The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as Mapudungun speakers. Their influence once extended from the Aconcagua River to the Chiloe Archipelago and spread later eastward to the Argentine pampa. Today the collective group makes up over 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile, and about 9% of the total Chilean population. They are particularly concentrated in Araucania. Many have migrated to the Santiago area for economic opportunities. - The Destruction of the Seven Cities is a term used in Chilean historiography to refer to the destruction or abandonment of seven major Spanish outposts in southern Chile around 1600 caused by the Mapuche and Huilliche uprising of 1598. The Destruction of the Seven Cities is one of the events that mark the end of the Conquest period and the beginning of the proper colonial period. - Peru , officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. - Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbor Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of , Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three provinces (singular "provincia") and one autonomous city ("ciudad autonoma"), Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. - South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil). - Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado ( 1530 -- 1593 ) was a Spanish captain who was one of the more successful soldiers in the Arauco War in Chile rising to the rank of Maestre de Campo and temporary Capitan General of the Captaincy General of Chile . Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado was born in Cantalapiedra , Salamanca in 1530 . He was the son of Francisco Martinez Nieto and Ana Bernal del Mercado . He traveled to the Americas in 1541 with the expedition of Blasco Nunez de Vela , recently named Viceroy of Peru . From Peru , he went to Bolivia where he had some success . In 1549 , he joined with Pedro de Valdivia coming to Chile from the valley of Potosi , Valdivia gave him an encomienda in the area of the present Valdivia , naming him temporary captain of the new city . The death of Valdivia at the hands of Lautaro made so deep an impression on him that he left his encomienda and served under Francisco de Villagra in the war . Bernal del Mercado showed intelligence , bravery and an energetic character . He also had a deep and lasting hatred towards the Mapuche . The defense of the fort of Los Infantes was in his charge and he served under governor Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza and Pedro de Villagra and the government of the Real Audiencia . In 1564 , he defeated and killed the toqui Illangulien in the Battle of Angol . He gained a good reputation from his successes in the War of Arauco , and for that reason was appointed Maestro de Campo and in addition corregidor of Concepcion in 1565 and of Santiago in 1583 . In 1570 , he was named to carry out the war as temporary Capitan General after the governor Melchor Bravo de Saravia resigned the post and appointed him in his place . The experience and prestige that he accumulated was immense and had all the merit to be named as Royal Governor of Chile , but his hard and undiplomatic character worked against him . He remained as Maestro de Campo until 1583 , and was soon after named Captain of the line of defense . Sometimes he acted as an advisor to the king providing to him with... - Bolivia (; ), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. One-third of the country is the Andean mountain range, with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers, El Alto, located on the Altiplano. Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries (the other is Paraguay) that lie outside Afro-Eurasia. Bolivia is the largest landlocked country in the Americas. - The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They are a continuous range of highlands along the western edge of South America. This range is about long, about wide (widest between 18 south and 20 south latitude), and of an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. - The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east. - Antarctica (US English , UK English or ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At , it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula. - Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernandez, Salas y Gomez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. - Maestre de campo was a rank created in 1534 by the Emperor Carlos V, inferior in rank only to the "capitan general" and acted as a chief of staff. He was chosen by the monarch in the Council of State, and commanded a "tercio". Their powers were similar to those of the old marshals of the Kingdom of Castile: he had the power to administer justice and to regulate the food supply. His personal guard consisted of eight German halberdiers, paid by the king, who accompanied him everywhere. Immediately inferior in the chain of command was the "sargento mayor". One of the most famous "maestre de campo" was Julian Romero, a common soldier who reached the rank of "maestre de campo" and that brought victory to the Spanish "tercio"s in the battles of San Quintin and Gravelines. After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'lorenzo bernal del mercado' exhibits the relationship of 'country of citizenship'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - american - argentina - argentine - bolivia - brazil - chile - colombia - earth - ecuador - espanol - kingdom of castile - peru - spain - venezuela
A:
spain