Q: Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: "In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state."

Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany. They included nonconformists like the Puritans, who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England. Despite a common background, the groups' views on religious toleration were mixed. While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies, others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches. The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship, though enforcement was sparse. Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons: the established Church was responsible for poverty relief, putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage.

Answer the following questions:
1. after what did a a lot of migrants travel?
2. where did they go?
3. who were they?
4. why did they leave home?
5. who persecuted them?
6. did they all share the same viewpoint on theology?
7. did some protect different ideas?
8. who was one?
9. from where?
10. and another?
11. from?
12. who banned other worshiping?
13. what court is discussed?
14. are any cases cited?
15. how many?
16. is there another?
17. what?
18. from what year?
19. is a judge mentioned?
20. who?
A: 1. English Civil War
2. traveled to America
3. nonconformists like the Puritans
4. fleeing religious persecution
5. Anglican King of England.
6. No
7. yes
8. Roger Williams
9. Rhode Island
10. William Penn
11. Pennsylvania
12. The Dutch colony of New Netherland
13. Supreme Court.
14. Yes
15. Reynolds v. United States
16. Yes
17. Everson v. Board of Education
18. 1947
19. Yes
20. Justice Hugo Blac
Q: Reunion (, ; previously "Ile Bourbon") is an island and region of France in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar and southwest of Mauritius. , it had a population of 850,996. It is the most prosperous island in the Indian Ocean, having the highest GDP per capita in the region.

The island has been inhabited since the 17th century, when people from France, Madagascar and Africa settled there. Slavery was abolished on 20 December 1848 (a date celebrated yearly on the island), after which indentured workers were brought from Tamil Nadu, Southern India, among other places. The island became an overseas department of France in 1946.

As elsewhere in France, the official language is French. In addition, the majority of the region's population speaks Reunion Creole.

Administratively, Reunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other four overseas departments, it is also one of the 18 regions of France, with the modified status of overseas region, and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as Metropolitan France. Reunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, part of the Eurozone.

Not much is known of Reunion's history prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name "Dina Morgabin". The island is possibly featured on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. The island might also have been visited by Swahili or Austronesian (Ancient Indonesian-Malaysian) sailors on their journey to the west from the Malay Archipelago to Madagascar.

Answer the following questions:
1. What's the main topic?
2. Did it have another name before that one?
3. Does it have an official language?
4. What is it?
5. What is mainly spoken there?
6. What region does the isle belong to?
7. In what ocean?
8. What is the possible first map citing of the isle?
9. Who was the map by?
10. What zone is it a part of?
A: 1. Reunion
2. IIe Bourbon
3. Yes
4. French
5. Reunion Creole
6. France
7. Indian Ocean
8. The island is possibly featured on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi
9. Al Sharif el-Edrisi
10. Malay Archipelago to Madagascar
Q: CHAPTER III.

Noah, who is the first seafaring man we read of, begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japhet. Authors, it is true, are not wanting who affirm that the patriarch had a number of other children. Thus Berosus makes him father of the gigantic Titans; Methodius gives him a son called Jonithus, or Jonicus (who was the first inventor of Johnny cakes); and others have mentioned a son, named Thuiscon, from whom descended the Teutons or Teutonic, or, in other words, the Dutch nation.

I regret exceedingly that the nature of my plan will not permit me to gratify the laudable curiosity of my readers, by investigating minutely the history of the great Noah. Indeed, such an undertaking would be attended with more trouble than many people would imagine; for the good old patriarch seems to have been a great traveler in his day, and to have passed under a different name in every country that he visited. The Chaldeans, for instance, give us his story, merely altering his name into Xisuthrus--a trivial alteration, which to an historian skilled in etymologies will appear wholly unimportant. It appears, likewise, that he had exchanged his tarpaulin and quadrant among the Chaldeans for the gorgeous insignia of royalty, and appears as a monarch in their annals. The Egyptians celebrate him under the name of Osiris; the Indians as Menu; the Greek and Roman writers confound him with Ogyges; and the Theban with Deucalion and Saturn. But the Chinese, who deservedly rank among the most extensive and authentic historians, inasmuch as they have known the world much longer than any one else, declare that Noah was no other than Fohi; and what gives this assertion some air of credibility is that it is a fact, admitted by the most enlightened _literati_, that Noah traveled into China, at the time of the building of the Tower of Babel (probably to improve himself in the study of languages), and the learned Dr. Shuckford gives us the additional information that the ark rested on a mountain on the frontiers of China.

Answer the following questions:
1. Who was first read of?
2. What was he?
3. did he have siblings?
4. did he have children?
5. sons or daughters?
6. how many
7. what was their names?
8. who was the father of titans?
9. who gave him one son?
10. where did thusicon come from?
11. who invented johnny cakes?
12. was researching noah easy?
13. did noah travel?
14. what was his name altered to by chaldeans?
15. what was his egyptian name?
16. his greek name?
17. what was his chinese given name?
18. did he travel to china?
19. what was being built?
20. where was the ark?
A:
1. Noah,
2. a seafaring man
3. no
4. yes
5. sons,
6. three
7. Shem, Ham, and Japhet
8. Berosus
9. Methodius
10. the Teutons or Teutonic
11. Jonicus
12. no
13. yes
14. Xisuthrus
15. Osiris
16. Ogyges
17. Fohi
18. yes
19. the Tower of Babel
20. on a mountain on the frontiers of China.