TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an established indicator of all-cause mortality in a coronary care unit (CCU), and evaluating the risks of renal dysfunction can guide treatment decisions. In this study we used the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score to predict the incidence of AKI in CCU patients who had not undergone coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) after a cardiac angiogram.', 'The study cohort comprised 126 patients diagnosed with 2 or 3 coronary vessels disease who did not receive CABG during their hospital course. This study was performed in the CCU of a tertiary referral university hospital between September 2012 and August 2013. The STS score was evaluated with adjustment in all patients and the outcomes of the risk of mortality, morbidity, or mortality and renal failure were selected for predicting assessment. Furthermore, the performance of the STS scores was compared with that of other scoring systems.', 'A total of 28.5% (36 of 126) of the patients had AKI of varying severity. For predicting AKI, the STS renal failure score was excellent, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.851 0.039, p < 0.001. When compared with other scoring systems, the STS renal failure score demonstrated the highest discriminatory power, the most favorable Youden index, and the highest overall correctness of prediction.\Question: Do society of Thoracic Surgeons score predicts kidney injury in patients not undergoing bypass surgery?

SOLUTION: The STS score is an effective tool for predicting AKI in patients with coronary artery disease who have not undergone CABG. Frequent monitoring of serum creatinine level or early application of AKI biomarkers are warranted for STS renal failure 5.7% or greater.

PROBLEM: Context: Serum ferritin concentration >100ng/mL was associated with a higher risk of death in hemodialysis patients in Japan, whereas such an association was less clear in hemodialysis patients in Western countries. Since Japanese dialysis patients are generally less inflamed than those in Western countries, inflammation may modify the association between serum ferritin and the adverse outcomes.', 'We performed an observational cohort study using data from 2606 Japanese hemodialysis patients who participated in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) III (2005-2008) or DOPPS IV (2009-2012). The predictor was serum ferritin category (<50, 50-99.9, 100-199.9, and 200ng/mL), and the primary and secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization, respectively. C-reactive protein (CRP, cut-off by 0.3mg/dL) and serum albumin (cut-off by 3.8g/dL) were stratification factors related to systemic inflammation.', 'After adjustment for relevant confounding factors, a U-shaped association was observed between serum ferritin and all-cause mortality in the group with low CRP levels, whereas such relationship was not significant in the high CRP counterparts. In contrast, we found a linear association between serum ferritin and cardiovascular hospitalization in the low CRP and high CRP groups commonly. Similar results were obtained when the total cohort was stratified by serum albumin.\Question: Do both low and high serum ferritin levels predict mortality risk in hemodialysis patients without inflammation?

SOLUTION: Serum ferritin showed different patterns of association with all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients with versus without inflammation, whereas its association with cardiovascular hospitalization was similar regardless of inflammatory conditions.

PROBLEM: Context: Several methods may enhance the inhalational induction of anesthesia. In this randomized double-blind study, we evaluated the speed of induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane with or without pre-oxygenation.', 'Fifty-four patients scheduled for hysteroscopy received for 10 min air or 100% oxygen via a facemask followed by > or = 7% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. During the first 300 s of sevoflurane administration, bispectral index (BIS) values were recorded every 30 s in all patients. In 14 patients, seven in each group, BIS, endtidal CO(2), tidal volume, respiratory rate, SpO(2), and heart rate were recorded every minute during the pre-induction period and every 30 s during the first 5 min of sevoflurane administration.', 'The BIS, endtidal CO(2), tidal volume and respiratory rate did not differ between the oxygen or air breathing groups (P = 0.696, P = 0.999, P = 0.388, and P = 0.875, respectively), though the oxygen group exhibited lower tidal volumes by 16-20%. The SpO(2) and heart rates were higher in the oxygen breathing group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.042, respectively). During sevoflurane administration, BIS values were lower in the oxygen group vs. the group breathing air, in particular at 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 s (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001 and P = 0.030, respectively). The endtidal CO(2) and the tidal volumes between the groups did not differ. The two groups differed in the SpO(2) and the heart rates during induction (P = 0.004 and 0.003, respectively).\Question: Does pre-oxygenation enhance induction with sevoflurane as assessed using bispectral index monitoring?

SOLUTION:
Before sevoflurane administration, breathing 100% oxygen for 10 min enhances induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane.