Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Oligonol, mainly found in lychee fruit, is an antioxidant polyphenolic compound which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The detailed mechanisms by which oligonol may act as an anti-aging molecule have not been determined.', 'In this study, we evaluated the ability of oligonol to modulate sirtuin (SIRT) expression in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Oligonol was added to A549 cells and reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial superoxide formation, and p21 protein levels were measured. Signaling pathways activated upon oligonol treatment were also determined by western blotting. Furthermore, the anti-aging effect of oligonol was evaluated ex vivo in mouse splenocytes and in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans.', 'Oligonol specifically induced the expression of SIRT1, whose activity is linked to gene expression, metabolic control, and healthy aging. In response to influenza virus infection of A549 cells, oligonol treatment significantly up-regulated SIRT1 expression and down-regulated viral hemagglutinin expression. Oligonol treatment also resulted in the activation of autophagy pathways and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, oligonol-treated spleen lymphocytes from old mice showed increased cell proliferation, and mRNA levels of SIRT1 in the lungs of old mice were significantly lower than those in the lungs of young mice. Additionally, in vivo lethality assay revealed that oligonol extended the lifespan of C. elegans infected with lethal Vibrio cholerae.
Answer: These data demonstrated that oligonol may act as an anti-aging molecule by modulating SIRT1/autophagy/AMPK pathways.
[A]: Does oligonol promote anti-aging pathways via modulation of SIRT1-AMPK-Autophagy Pathway?

[Q]: Context: Humans can easily restore a speech signal that is temporally masked by an interfering sound (e.g., a cough masking parts of a word in a conversation), and listeners have the illusion that the speech continues through the interfering sound. This perceptual restoration for human speech is affected by prior experience. Here we provide evidence for perceptual restoration in complex vocalizations of a songbird that are acquired by vocal learning in a similar way as humans learn their language.', "European starlings were trained in a same/different paradigm to report salient differences between successive sounds. The birds' response latency for discriminating between a stimulus pair is an indicator for the salience of the difference, and these latencies can be used to evaluate perceptual distances using multi-dimensional scaling. For familiar motifs the birds showed a large perceptual distance if discriminating between song motifs that were muted for brief time periods and complete motifs. If the muted periods were filled with noise, the perceptual distance was reduced. For unfamiliar motifs no such difference was observed.
Answer: The results suggest that starlings are able to perceptually restore partly masked sounds and, similarly to humans, rely on prior experience. They may be a suitable model to study the mechanism underlying experience-dependent perceptual restoration.
[A]: Does stimulus familiarity affect perceptual restoration in the European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris )?

[Q]: Context: Proteins containing the SPX (SYG1/Pho81/XPR1) domain are vital components in the phosphorus (P) signalling pathway, and regulate phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in plants. However, the characteristics and functions of GmSPX members in soybean (Glycine max) remain largely unknown.', 'BLAST searching revealed nine GmSPX members in the soybean genome. Subsequently, expression patterns of GmSPX members were investigated in various tissues of soybean grown in nutrient solution or sand culture through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. Sub-cellular localization of GmSPX was examined via transient expression of 35S:GmSPX-GFP in epidermal cells of onion (Allium cepa). Finally, soybean transgenic composite plants were generated to study GmSPX3 functions.', 'Nine GmSPX members were identified, which were classified into three groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Diverse responses of GmSPX members to deficiencies of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron) or inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia were observed in soybean. In addition, variations of sub-cellular localization of GmSPX members were found. Among them, GmSPX3, GmSPX7 and GmSPX8 were localized in the nuclei, and the other GmSPX members were confined to the nuclei and cytoplasm. The nuclear-localized and Pi starvation responsive-gene, GmSPX3, was functionally analysed in soybean transgenic composite plants. Overexpression of GmSPX3 led to increased P concentrations in both shoots and roots in the high-P treatment, and increased transcription of seven Pi starvation-responsive genes in soybean hairy roots.
Answer: Taken together, the results suggest that GmSPX3 is a positive regulator in the P signalling network, and controls Pi homeostasis in soybean.
[A]:
Does comparative characterization of GmSPX members reveal that GmSPX3 is involved in phosphate homeostasis in soybean?