Information: - Anatomical pathology ("Commonwealth") or Anatomic pathology ("U.S.") is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues. Over the last century, surgical pathology has evolved tremendously: from historical examination of whole bodies (autopsy) to a more modernized practice, centered on the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer to guide treatment decision-making in oncology. Its modern founder was the Italian scientist Giovan Battista Morgagni from Forli. - A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism. The study of disease is called pathology which includes the causal study of etiology. Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions particularly of the immune system such as an immunodeficiency, or a hypersensitivity including allergies and autoimmunity. - Jean-Martin Charcot (29 November 1825 16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms, including CharcotMarieTooth disease and Charcot disease (better known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neurone disease, or Lou Gehrig disease). Charcot has been referred to as "the father of French neurology and one of the world's pioneers of neurology". His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology and psychology; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot and his direct followers. He was the "foremost neurologist of late nineteenth-century France" and has been called "the Napoleon of the neuroses". - A symptom (from Greek , "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from , "I befall", from - "together, with" and , "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and cannot be measured directly, whereas a sign is objectively observable by others. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic. - Erythema (from the Greek "erythros", meaning red) is redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries. It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation. Examples of erythema not associated with pathology include nervous blushes. - Tourette syndrome ( also called Tourette 's syndrome , Tourette 's disorder , Gilles de la Tourette syndrome , GTS or , more commonly , simply Tourette 's or TS ) is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood , characterized by multiple physical ( motor ) tics and at least one vocal ( phonic ) tic . These tics characteristically wax and wane , can be suppressed temporarily , and are preceded by a premonitory urge . Tourette 's is defined as part of a spectrum of tic disorders , which includes provisional , transient and persistent ( chronic ) tics . Tourette 's was once considered a rare and bizarre syndrome , most often associated with the exclamation of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks ( coprolalia ) , but this symptom is present in only a small minority of people with Tourette 's . Tourette 's is no longer considered a rare condition , but it is not always correctly identified because most cases are mild and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence . Between 0.4 % and 3.8 % of children and adolescents ages 5 to 18 may have Tourette 's ; the prevalence of other tic disorders in school - age children is higher , with the more common tics of eye blinking , coughing , throat clearing , sniffing , and facial movements . Extreme Tourette 's in adulthood is a rarity , and Tourette 's does not adversely affect intelligence or life expectancy . Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the etiology of Tourette 's , but the exact causes are unknown . In most cases , medication is unnecessary . There is no effective treatment for every case of tics , but certain medications and therapies can help when their use is warranted . Education is an important part of any treatment plan , and explanation and reassurance alone are often sufficient treatment . Comorbid conditions ( co-occurring diagnoses other than Tourette 's ) such as attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) and obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( OCD )... What is the relationship between 'tourette syndrome' and 'psychiatry'?
medical specialty