Problem: Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm.

A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other complexity measures are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing). One of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do.
1. What does computational complexity theory focus on?
2. What make a problem difficult?
3. What is one complexity measure used?
4. What is their preferred Bible translation?
5. Any more complexity measures used?
6. Name another.
7. Any more?
8. What is it?
9. What is one of the roles of computational complexity theory?
10. What are the number of processors used for?
11. What about circuit gates?
12. And the communication amount?
13. Does the algorithm matter in determining problem difficulty?
Answer: 1. classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty
2. if its solution requires significant resources
3. the amount of communication
4. unknown
5. Yes
6. the number of gates in a circuit
7. Yes
8. the number of processors
9. to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do.
10. parallel computing
11. circuit complexity
12. communication complexity
13. No

Problem: CHAPTER II SHIPWRECKED

Upon the following morning Nigel Graheme told his visitors that he had determined to accept their offer, and would at once set to work to raise a company.

"I have," he said, "as you know, a small patrimony of my own, and as for the last eight years I have been living here looking after Malcolm I have been laying by any rents, and can now furnish the arms and accoutrements for a hundred men without difficulty. When Malcolm comes of age he must act for himself, and can raise two or three hundred men if he chooses; but at present he will march in my company. I understand that I have the appointment of my own officers."

"Yes, until you join the regiment," Munro said. "You have the first appointments. Afterwards the colonel will fill up vacancies. You must decide how you will arm your men, for you must know that Gustavus' regiments have their right and left wings composed of musketeers, while the centre is formed of pikemen, so you must decide to which branch your company shall belong."

"I would choose the pike," Nigel said, "for after all it must be by the pike that the battle is decided."

"Quite right, Nigel. I have here with me a drawing of the armour in use with us. You see they have helmets of an acorn shape, with a rim turning up in front; gauntlets, buff coats well padded in front, and large breast plates. The pikes vary from fourteen to eighteen feet long according to the taste of the commander. We generally use about sixteen. If your company is a hundred strong you will have two lieutenants and three ensigns. Be careful in choosing your officers. I will fill in the king's commission to you as captain of the company, authorizing you to enlist men for his service and to appoint officers thereto."
1. Did Graheme accept their offer
2. was would he dostraight away
3. what is he going to raise?
4. how long ha she looked after Malcom?
5. has he been living elsewhere?
6. what money has he been saving?
7. what can he afford now?
8. and?
9. for how many men?
10. how many can Malcom afford when he's old enough?
11. who's compnay will he march in?
12. who picks the officers?
13. until when?
14. who was talking?
15. who;ll appoint the rest?
16. What else must he decide?
17. what are the wings of the oposition armed with?
18. who's regiment is that?
19. what's the middle armed with?
20. Did his visiter agree?
Answer: 1. yes
2. no
3. a small patrimony
4. eight years
5. he's been there eight years
6. laying by any rents
7. arms
8. accoutrements
9. a hundred men
10. two or three hundred men
11. Nigel's
12. Nigel
13. he joins the regiment,
14. Munro
15. the colonel
16. how he will arm his men
17. musketeers
18. Gustavus
19. unknown
20. no

Problem: Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.

In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
1. What is a compact disc?
2. What is it's abbreviation?
3. Why was it invented?
4. Any other reasons?
5. Does that disc have a different name?
6. What?
7. Are there other formats?
8. How many?
9. Name two of these?
10. What is VCD?
11. How long have CDs been available to the public?
12. How many sales did it reach in 2004?
13. How many sold around the world by 2007?
14. Are they still as popular?
15. Why?
16. Have sales dropped?
17. By how much?
18. How were sales in 2014?
19. What does CD-RW mean?
20. Name another form?
Answer:
1. digital optical disc data storage format
2. CD
3. to store and play only sound recording
4. for storage of data
5. Yes
6. CD-ROM
7. Yes
8. 10
9. CD-R and CD-RW
10. Video Compact Disc
11. since October 1982.
12. about 30 billion discs
13. 200 billion
14. No
15. being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution,
16. Yes
17. about 50% from their peak;
18. revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
19. rewritable media
20. Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD)