In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

[Q]: Globally, there are a number of emerging pathogens. For most, there are no licensed vaccines available for human use, although there is ongoing research and development. However, given the extensive and increasing list of emerging pathogens and the investment required to bring vaccines into clinical use, the task is huge. Overlaid on this task is the risk of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) acquisition by micro-organisms which can endow a relatively harmless organism with pathogenic potential. Furthermore, climate change also introduces a challenge by causing some of the insect vectors and environmental conditions prevalent in tropical regions to begin to spread out from these traditional areas, thus increasing the risk of migration of zoonotic disease. Vaccination provides a defence against these emerging pathogens. However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or equivalent status in the United States, Canada and the European Union, making use of a considerable number of regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing. This review covers the status of vaccine development for some of the emerging pathogens, the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve EUA or an equivalent regional or national status and how these considerations may impact vaccine development for the future, such that a more comprehensive stockpile of promising vaccines can be achieved.
[A]: Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure

[Q]: lord mayor and aldermen of the city of London put into place a set of orders "concerning the infection of the plague," which was then sweeping through the population. He intended that these actions would be "very expedient for preventing and avoiding of infection of sickness" (1). At that time, London faced a public health crisis, with an inadequate scientific base in that the role of rats and their fleas in disease transmission was unknown. Nonetheless, this crisis was faced with good intentions by the top medical and political figures of the community. Daniel Defoe made an observation that could apply to many public health interventions then and today, "This shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and unchristian method but it was a public good that justified a private mischief" (1). Then, just as today, a complex relationship existed between the science of public health and the practice of public health and politics. We address the relationship between science, public health, and politics, with a particular emphasis on infectious diseases. Science, public health, and politics are not only compatible, but all three are necessary to improve the public's health. The progress of each area of public health is related to the strength of the other areas. The effect of politics in public health becomes dangerous when policy is dictated by ideology. Policy is also threatened when it is solely determined by science, devoid of considerations of social condition, culture, economics, and public will. When using the word "politics," we refer not simply to partisan politics but to the broader set of policies and sys-tems. Although ideology is used in many different ways, in this case, it refers to individual systems of belief that may color a person's attitudes and actions and that are not necessarily based on scientific evidence (2).
[A]: Plagues, Public Health, and Politics 1

[Q]: Individual-based epidemiology models are used to study the effects of public health interventions and changes in individual behavior to the dynamics of infectious diseases [1] . A detailed description of the individual-based model used in simulating the outbreaks in this study is presented in [2] . The individual-based model is made up of a dynamic social contact network and a disease transmission model. The social contact network which is a synthetic representation of a particular geographical region is generated using United States Census data. The structure of the underlying network is important since interactions between agents influences how disease propagates during epidemic simulations. In this initial study, neither changes in individual behavior nor intervention strategies are explored. However, in later studies to better understand the implications of specific intervention strategies, we would forecast disease dynamics given that effective measures have been introduced to control the spread of an outbreak. The construction of the dynamic social contact network requires two steps. In step 1 a synthetic population is created. Individuals in the synthetic population are tagged to realistic demographics while preserving the confidentiality of the original data sets. Each individual is assigned to a household using a decision tree based on demographic information (such as number of people in a household, number of children etc.) from data provided in SF3 and PUMA (Public Use Microdata Area) census files. Households are placed in realistic geographical regions. The synthetic population is statistically identical to the census aggregated at the block level. More information can be found in [3], [4] and [5]. Step 2 assigns a daily activity list with specified durations (start and end times) to each household based on several thousand responses to an activity or time-use survey. The activity templates which vary by region given factors such as the geographical location and age composition of the population, are created based on the National
[A]:
A Simulation Optimization Approach to Epidemic Forecasting Supporting Information Individual-based Model