Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light chain protein (NFL) is a sensitive marker of neuronal injury in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including the CNS dysfunction injury that is common in untreated HIV infection. However, an important limitation is the requirement for lumbar puncture. For this reason, a sensitive and reliable blood biomarker of CNS injury would represent a welcome advance in both clinical and research settings.', 'To explore whether plasma concentrations of NFL might be used to detect CNS injury in HIV infection, an ultrasensitive Single molecule array (Simoa) immunoassay was developed. Using a cross-sectional design, we measured NFL in paired CSF and plasma samples from 121 HIV-infected subjects divided into groups according to stage of their systemic disease, presence of overt HIV-associated dementia (HAD), and after antiretroviral treatment (ART)-induced viral suppression. HIV-negative controls were also examined.', 'Plasma and CSF NFL concentrations were very highly correlated (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001). While NFL was more than 50-fold lower plasma than CSF it was within the quantifiable range of the new plasma assay in all subjects, including the HIV negatives and the HIV positives with normal CSF NFL concentrations. The pattern of NFL changes were almost identical in plasma and CSF, both exhibiting similar age-related increases in concentrations along with highest values in HAD and substantial elevations in ART-naive neuroasymptomatic subjects with low blood CD4(+) T cells.
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To determine the prognostic role of co-morbidity in medically inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).', "Between 2000 and 2007, 88 consecutive early-stage medically inoperable NSCLC patients were treated by linac-based SBRT. The dose was either 45 Gy or 67.5 Gy in three fractions prescribed to the isocenter. Baseline co-morbidities were retrospectively retrieved by consultation of a formal electronic registry of diagnoses as well as patients' charts. The age-adjusted Charlson Co-morbidity Index (CCI) was scored for each patient and subjected to univariate and multivariate analysis.", 'With a median follow-up of 44 months, the actuarial local control rate at 4 years was 89% while the median overall survival was 22 months. The median age-adjusted CCI score was 5. The age-adjusted CCI was a significant predictor of overall survival on both univariate (p=0.002) and multivariate analysis (p=0.011). Patients with an age-adjusted CCI score of 3 or less had a median survival of 41 months versus only 11 months for those scoring 6 or more.
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Agonism of alpha-adrenoreceptors has a powerful anesthetic result mediated, in part, by effects on the spinal cord. Alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists (e.g., dexmedetomidine) can decrease the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) of inhaled anesthetics (e.g., halothane) to zero, with an apparently additive interaction between halothane and dexmedetomidine. We tested whether the capacity of the inhaled anesthetic isoflurane to produce immobility in the face of noxious stimulation resulted from agonism of alpha-adrenoreceptors. MAC (the concentration required to eliminate movement in response to a noxious stimulus in 50% of subjects) of isoflurane was determined before and after intraperitoneal administration of the alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists yohimbine and atipamezole. The doses of yohimbine and atipamezole equaled or exceeded those that reverse the ability of agonism of alpha-adrenoreceptors to decrease MAC. Smaller doses of yohimbine or atipamezole slightly increased (by 10%) the MAC of isoflurane, an increase we interpret as the result of blockade of a small amount of tonically active alpha-adrenoreceptor activity. Doses five-fold larger did not change MAC. Doses 10-fold larger decreased MAC. We conclude that alpha-adrenoreceptors do not or minimally mediate the capacity of inhaled anesthetics to produce immobility.
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