Part 1. Definition
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
Part 2. Example
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: 1
Explanation: There is a line in the passage which say 'The aim of this study was...' which suggests that it is talking about a specific aim. Hence, the output should be 1 as this passage has a definite aim.
Part 3. Exercise
Hospital readmissions after surgical operations are considered serious complications and have an impact on health care-associated costs. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services strongly encourage identification and ramification of factors associated with hospital readmissions after operations. Despite advances in endovascular surgery, lower extremity arterial bypass remains the "gold standard" treatment for severe, symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the factors associated with hospital readmission after lower extremity bypass surgery.', 'The 2013 lower extremity revascularization-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database and generalized 2013 general and vascular surgery NSQIP Participant Use Data File were used for this study. Patient, diagnosis, and procedure characteristics of patients undergoing lower extremity bypass surgery were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors for hospital readmission within 30 days after surgery.', 'A total of 2646 patients (65% male, 35% female) were identified in the NSQIP database who underwent lower extremity open revascularization during the year 2013. Indications for operations included tissue loss (39%), rest pain (32%), and severe claudication (25%). Preoperative ankle-brachial indices were 0.4 to 0.9 (32%) and <0.4 (16.5%). A total of 425 patients (16%) were readmitted within 30 days of index operation. Risk factors associated with readmission included wound complication (odds ratio [OR], 8.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.68-10.92; P < .001), need for reoperation (OR, 5.95; 95% CI, 4.45-7.97; P < .001), postoperative myocardial infarction (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.25-3.83; P = .006), wound dehiscence (OR, 8.45; 95% CI, 4.54-15.71; P < .001), organ or space surgical site infection (OR, 7.62; 95% CI, 2.89-20.14; P < .001), postoperative pneumonia (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.28-5.52; P = .009), progressive renal insufficiency (OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.52-11.11; P = .005), superficial surgical site infection (OR, 7.37; 95% CI, 5.31-10.23; P < .001), urinary tract infection (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.42-5.01; P = .002), and deep wound infection (OR, 14.0; 95% CI, 7.62-24.80; P < .001).
Answer:
1