Q: All junior doctors are required to complete a 2 year postgraduate course which prepares them professionally and clinically, before they venture into speciality training. The foundation training is run through the UK health departments, and students are trained in the workplace. Your medical school will have to nominate you forward for the foundation training. Your application will also involve sitting 2 tests. This training is designed to ensure that all doctors will provide the highest patient care. You will get a wide variety of experiences during foundation training. You will rotate through different areas of medicine such as general medicine, general surgery, psychiatry, and geriatrics. One you complete your foundation training, you will be awarded a Foundation Programme Certificate of Completion (FPCC). This means that you will be ready to enter your next stage of training, and will be one step closer to being a fully qualified doctor. Going into the primary care field is one option, which is if you want to train to become a general practitioner (GP). Secondary care is the alternative option, which means that you will work in a hospital. This stage is where you can slowly start to specialise as a doctor. You will need to go through the application process and an interview run by the Royal College of Physicians. The application takes approximately 10 hours to complete, and is focused on your career, experiences, background, and achievements. If you choose to complete your core training in a hospital, you will go on rotations through different departments that are 4-6 months each. If your aim is become a GP, you will need to register with the Royal College of General Practitioners, also known as the GP register, during this time. This occurs during your 2 years of core medical training. You will need to pass several workplace assessments and exams to gain entrance. Membership to MRCP involves 3 exams, including one initial exam, a written exam, and a clinical exam. You will need to apply online to be able to request to sit exams and assessments. Depending on the specialty that you choose, such as emergency medicine or psychiatry, this stage will take 5-8 years to complete. You will be continuously supervised and assessed by senior doctors. During your specialty training, you will need to gain entrance to the Royal Colleges of Physicians (MCRP) by passing workplace assessments and sitting an exam. Every doctor in the UK must demonstrate their fitness to be able to continue to practice. This involves attending seminars and workshops, alongside completing online courses and modules. The main outcomes of CPD for doctors are to improve the quality of medical care for patients, and to improve the standards of the field that you work in. Medical royal colleges and facilities in the UK have CPD schemes designed to guide doctors in their professional development. Your facility will guide you towards the number of CPD points that you need to gain each year.
A: Undergo your foundation program training as a junior doctor. Complete 2 years of core medical training. Gain membership to the Royal Colleges of Physicians (MRCP). Do specialty training if you want to specialise in a particular branch of medicine. Gain Continuing Professional Development (CPD) points each year.

Q: "SPF" refers to a sunscreen's "sun protective factor," or how effectively it blocks UVB rays. The SPF number reflects the amount of time it takes to sunburn wearing the sunscreen vs. not wearing the sunscreen. For example, an SPF of 30 means that you can spend 30 times as long in the sun before burning compared to not wearing any sunscreen at all. So, if you would usually begin to burn after 5 minutes in the sun, an SPF of 30 would theoretically allow you to spend time outside for 150 minutes (30 x 5) before you burn. However, your unique skin, your activities, and the sun's intensity all cause variation in how effective sunscreen is, so you may need to use more than other people. The SPF number can be tricky, because its protection doesn't increase proportionally. Thus, SPF 60 is not twice as good as SPF 30. SPF 15 blocks about 94% of UVB rays, SPF 30 blocks about 97%, and SPF 45 blocks about 98%. No sunscreen blocks 100% of UVB rays. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends an SPF of 30 or higher. The difference between extremely high SPFs is often negligible and not worth the extra money. SPF refers only to the ability to block UVB rays, which cause sunburn. However, the sun also emits UVA rays. UVA rays cause skin damage, such as signs of aging, wrinkles and dark or light spots. Both increase your risk of skin cancer. A broad-spectrum sunscreen provides protection from both UVA and UVB rays. Some sunscreens may not say "broad-spectrum" on the packaging. However, they should always state whether they protect against UVB and UVA rays. Most broad-spectrum sunscreens contain "inorganic" components such as titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, as well as "organic" sunscreen components such as avobenzone, Cinoxate, oxybenzone, or octyl methoxycinnamate. Because your body expels water through sweat, you should look for a water-resistant sunscreen. This is especially important if you are going to be very active, such as running or hiking, or if you'll be in the water. No sunscreen is "waterproof" or "sweat proof." In the US, sunscreens cannot market themselves as "waterproof." Even with water-resistant sunscreen, reapply every 40-80 minutes or as directed on the label. Some people prefer spray sunscreens, while others prefer thick creams or gels. Whatever you decide, make sure you apply a thick, even coating. The application is as important as the SPF and other factors: if you don't apply it properly, the sunscreen won't do its job. Sprays may be best for hairy areas, while creams are usually best for dry skin. Alcohol or gel sunscreens are good for oily skin. You can also purchase wax sunscreen sticks, which are good for applying near the eyes. This is often a good choice for children, as it avoids getting the sunscreen in the eyes. They also have the benefit of not spilling (such as in a purse) and can be applied without getting lotion on your hands. Water resistant "sports type" sunscreens are often sticky, so they are not good choices for applying under makeup. For acne-prone individual, take care in selecting your sunscreen. Look for those that are designed specifically for your face and will not clog pores. These often have higher SPF (15 or higher), and are less likely to clog pores or increase acne breakouts. Many acne-prone individuals find that zinc oxide-based sunscreens tend to work best. Look for "non-comedogenic", "will not clog pores", "for sensitive skin", or "for acne-prone skin" on the labels. If you see any allergic reaction or skin problem, buy a different sunscreen. Repeat the process until you find the right sunscreen, or talk to your doctor about recommended brands if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Itching, redness, burning, or blisters are all signs of an allergic reaction. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are less likely to cause allergic skin reactions.
A:
Look at the SPF number. Choose a "broad-spectrum" sunscreen. Look for a water-resistant sunscreen. Decide what you like. Go home and try a small portion around your wrist.