TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: Several polypeptide products of MHV-A59 ORF 1 a were characterized in MHV-A59 infected DBT cells, using antisera directed against fusion proteins encoded in the first 6.5 kb of ORFla. These included the previously identified N-terminal ORF 1 a product, ~28, as well as 290-, 240-, and 50-kDa polypeptides. P28 was always detected as a discrete band without larger precursors, suggesting rapid cleavage of p28 immediately after its synthesis. Once p28 was cleaved there was little degradation of the protein over a 2-hr period. The intracellular cleavage of p28 was not inhibited by the protease inhibitor leupeptin, in contrast to results obtained during in vitro translation of genome RNA (Denison and Perlman, 1986). These data suggest that different protease activities may be responsible for the cleavage of p28 in vitro and in Go. The 290-kDa protein was an intermediate cleavage product derived from a precursor of greater than 400 kDa. The 290-kDa product was subsequently cleaved into secondary products of 50 and 240 kDa. The intracellular cleavage of the 290-kDa polypeptide was inhibited by leupeptin at concentrations which did not inhibit the early cleavage of p28 or the cleavage of the 290-kDa product from its larger polyprotein precursor. In the presence of zinc chloride, a product of >320 kDa was detected, which appears to incorporate p28 at its amino terminus. This suggests that at least two protease activities may be necessary for processing of ORFl a proteins, one of which cleaves p28 and is sensitive to zinc chloride but resistant to leupeptin, and the other which cleaves the 290-kDa precursor and is sensitive to both inhibitors. Both the 290-and 240-kDa proteins should contain sequences predicted to encode two papain-like prOtesS? activities. 0 1992 Academic PVE.S. Inc.

SOLUTION: Intracellular Processing of the N-Terminal ORF la Proteins of the Coronavirus MHV-A59 Requires Multiple Proteolytic Events

PROBLEM: Coronaviridae and causes highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. Innate immunity plays significant roles in host defense against IBV. Here, we explored the interaction between IBV and the host innate immune system. Severe histopathological lesions were observed in the tracheal mucosa at 3-5 days post inoculation (dpi) and in the kidney at 8 dpi, with heavy viral loads at 1-11 and 1-28 dpi, respectively. The expression of mRNAs encoding Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and TLR7 were upregulated at 3-8 dpi, and that of TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon (IFN) (TRIF) was upregulated at 21 dpi in the trachea and kidney. Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) was upregulated in the trachea during early infection. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 3 and TRAF6 were upregulated expression in both tissues. Moreover, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), stimulator of IFN genes (STING), and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), as well as TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK) , IKK, IKK, IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 7, nuclear factor of kappaB (NF-B), IFN-, IFN-, various interleukins(ILs), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) were significantly upregulated in the trachea and downregulated in the kidney. These results suggested that the TLR and MDA5 signaling pathways and innate immune cytokine were induced after IBV infection. Additionally, consistent responses to IBV infection were observed during early infection, with differential and complicated responses in the kidney.

SOLUTION: Responses of the Toll-like receptor and melanoma differentiation- associated protein 5 signaling pathways to avian infectious bronchitis virus infection in chicks

PROBLEM: The three components of the Blueprint prioritization methodology 1. The annual review: Convening a suitable expert group (Prioritization Committee, Table) covering: 1) microbiology of severe pathogens, including virology, bacteriology and mycology, 2) clinical management of severe infections, 3) Epidemiology, in particular during health emergencies, 4) Public health policy, including emergency response, 5) Animal health, including veterinarians and experts in zoonoses from both livestock and wildlife, 6) experts from the defense or security sectors familiar with biological weapons and 7) other experts, including anthropologists, bioethicists, and other relevant social sciences. Identifying a long list of diseases to be fed into the annual review process. Triaging the long list into a shorter list for more detailed analysis. Conducting that analysis through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)/Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method and Delphi process. Communicating the outcome of the review. *EURO: European region, PAHO: American region, SAERO: south-east Asian region, AFRO: African region, WIPRO: West Pacific region. Detailed country members: http://www.who.int/about/regions/en. In accordance with best practice, separate processes were used to develop the methodology and run the annual review (1-5). According to Brookes et al. 2015 , separating these processes improves transparency "by clearly separating decision-makers subjective opinions regarding the value of criteria from measurements for individual pathogens, as well as reducing opportunity for cognitive bias that can arise when directly valuing pathogens" (5). In addition to the annual exercise to update the list, the methodology itself will be reviewed every 2 years. This methodology review involves: convening a group of suitable experts; examining and revising the prioritization criteria and sub-criteria; and updating the weightings applied to the criteria. The broader prioritization process also includes a decision tree for consideration of an unknown disease or a known disease presenting with unusual characteristics. The decision instrument is intended to guide users through: considering available information, determining

SOLUTION:
World Health Organization Methodology to Prioritize Emerging Infectious Diseases in Need of Research and Development