In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

After a request from Antoine Gambaud [gam-BO], he began a correspondence with Fermat to establish a new field of mathematics. Throughout this foundation, this mathematician and philosopher relied on a preexisting arrangement of numbers, which gave coefficients to the types of equations with which he dealt. FTP, name this philosopher author of Penses and Provincial Letters, and mathematician, whose co-founding of probability employed a triangle now named in honor of him.
Social Science