Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Cardiometabolic disorders are rapidly becoming major public health challenges. Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely prescribed anticonvulsant drug.', 'We hypothesized that treatment with VPA would improve the regulation of glucose and atherogenic dyslipidemia through reduction in circulating corticosterone.', 'Female Wistar rats recieved (p.o.) combined oral contraceptive (COC) containing 1.0g ethinylestradiol plus 5.0g levonorgestrel and valproic acid (VPA; 20mg) for 8 weeks.', 'Treatment with COC led to elevated fasting blood glucose, insulin, corticosterone, triglycerides (TG), TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio, insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose tolerance. VPA significantly attenuated the alterations induced by COC treatment, but did not affect the corticosterone level. However, VPA treatment led to significant increases in plasma insulin, corticosterone, atherogenic lipids and impaired glucose tolerance in rats not treated with COC.

Output: Is improvement of oral contraceptive-induced glucose dysregulation and dyslipidemia by valproic acid independent of circulating corticosterone?

Input: Consider Input: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the metabolism of carcinogens and anticancer drugs. Functional polymorphisms exist in at least three genes that code for the GSTs, such as the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions or the A-G transition within the GSTP1 gene, which represents distinct GSTP1a and GSTP1b alleles. In the present case-control study, we aimed at estimation of the relationship between the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes and the susceptibility to various types of childhood malignancies and the early relapses of diseases.', 'Using the polymerase chain reaction on the DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, we identified the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes in 234 children at the initial stage of a childhood malignancy as well as in 460 age-and sex-matched healthy subjects who served as controls. The follow-up period for the effects of the anticancer therapy ranged from 11 to 43 months.', 'Compared to the controls, a significant increase in the frequency of the GSTP1b/GSTP1b genotype (odds ratio (OR) 5.7; 95% confidence limit (CL) from 2.4 to 13.8; Pearsons Chi-square P = 0.0001) was detected in the children with neoplasms. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes did not show any correlation with the risk of the de novo diagnosed neoplasms. During the observation, 62 children (26%) were found to be present with a local or disseminated recurrence of the diseases. The analysis indicated a trend in increasing risk of relapse for carriers of the GSTP1a allele (OR = 3.29; 95% CL from 0.73 to 14.67 P = 0.03).

Output: Is polymorphism within the glutathione S-transferase P1 gene associated with increased susceptibility to childhood malignant diseases?

Input: Consider Input: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxemia and enteral arginine (ARG) supplementation on intestinal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation, and apoptosis in rat.', 'Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-280 g, were divided into three experimental groups: control rats, LPS rats treated with lipopolysaccharide given ip at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 24 h (two injections), and LPS-ARG rats treated with enteral arginine given in drinking water (2%) 72 h before and following injection of LPS. Intestinal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation, and enterocyte apoptosis were determined on day 3 following the first LPS injection.', 'LPS rats demonstrated a significant decrease in bowel weight in duodenum, mucosal weight in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, mucosal DNA and protein in jejunum and ileum, and villus height in jejunum and ileum compared to control animals. LPS rats also had a significantly lower cell proliferation index in jejunum and ileum and a higher apoptotic index in jejunum and ileum compared to control rats. LPS-ARG animals demonstrated greater duodenal bowel weight, duodenal and ileal mucosal weight, ileal mucosal DNA and protein, ileal villus height, and jejunal and ileal cell proliferation index compared to LPS animals.
Output: Does oral arginine reduce gut mucosal injury caused by lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia in rat?