instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph and title from the research paper. Your task is to classify whether the given title is suitable or not for the research paper based on the given paragraph. Return "True" if title is proper according to paragraph else "False".
question:
Paragraph: A rapid, cost-effective diagnostic test for the detection of acute HIV-1 infection is highly desired. Isothermal amplification techniques, such as reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), exhibit characteristics that are ideal for the development of a rapid nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) because they are quick, easy to perform and do not require complex, dedicated equipment and laboratory space. In this study, we assessed the ability of the HIV-1 RT-LAMP assay to detect acute HIV infection as compared to a representative rapid antibody test and several FDA-approved laboratory-based assays. The HIV-1 RT-LAMP assay detected seroconverting individuals one to three weeks earlier than a rapid HIV antibody test and up to two weeks earlier than a lab-based antigen/antibody (Ag/Ab) combo enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RT-LAMP was not as sensitive as a labbased qualitative RNA assay, which could be attributed to the significantly smaller nucleic acid input volume. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of detecting acute HIV infection using the RT-LAMP assay. The availability of a rapid NAAT, such as the HIV-1 RT-LAMP assay, at the point of care (POC) or in laboratories that do not have access to large platform NAAT could increase the percentage of individuals who receive an acute HIV infection status or confirmation of their HIV status, while immediately linking them to counseling and medical care. In addition, early knowledge of HIV status could lead to reduced high-risk behavior at a time when individuals are at a higher risk for transmitting the virus.
Title: Detection of Acute HIV-1 Infection by RT- LAMP
answer:
False

question:
Paragraph: BACKGROUND-HIV-1-infected mononuclear phagocytes release soluble factors that affect the homeostasis in tissue. HIV-1 can prompt metabolic encephalopathy with the addition of neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis. Recently, we reported that HIV-1 enhances the expression and secretion of bioactive cathepsin B in monocyte-derived macrophages, ultimately contributing to neuronal apoptosis. In this research, we request if microglia respond to HIV infection similarly by modifying the expression, secretion, neurotoxic potential of cathepsin B and the in vivo relevance of these findings. METHODS-HIV-ADA infected human primary microglia and CHME-5 were assessed for expression and activity of cathepsin B, its inhibitors, cystatins B and C, and neurotoxicity associated with these changes. Human primary neurons were exposed to supernatants from HIVinfected and uninfected microglia in the presence of cathepsin B inhibitors and apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL. Microglial expression of cathepsin B was validated in brain tissue from HIVE patients. microglia secreted significantly greater levels of cathepsin B, cystatin B, and cystatin C compared to uninfected cells. Increased apoptosis was observed in neurons exposed to supernatants from HIV-1 infected microglia at days 12 post-infection. The cathepsin B inhibitor CA-074 and cathepsin B antibody prevented neuronal apoptosis. Increased microgliaderived cathepsin B, cystatin B, and cystatin C and caspase-3+ neurons were detected in HIVE brains compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS-Our results suggest that HIV-1-induced cathepsin B production in microglia contributes to neuronal apoptosis and may be an important factor in neuronal death associated with HIVE. Human primary neuron and microglia isolation and culture-Human primary neurons and microglia were provided by Temple University's Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center. Fetal brain tissue (gestational age 16-18 weeks) was obtained from elective abortion procedures performed in full compliance with National Institutes of Health and Temple University ethical guidelines. The tissue was washed with cold Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) and meninges and blood vessels were removed as previously described [Huang et al, 2011; Ghorpade et al, 1998].. For microglia, brain tissue was supplemented with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ and then digested with 0.25% trypsin (Sigma) for 30 min at 37C. Trypsin was neutralized with fetal bovine serum (FBS), and the tissue was further dissociated to obtain single-cell suspensions. The cells were cultured in DMEM (Sigma), supplemented with a mixture containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 1,000 U of purified recombinant human macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) per ml, penicillin and streptomycin (50 mg/ ml), and 100 mg/ml of neomycin. The mixed culture was maintained under 5% CO 2 for 7 days, and the medium was fully replaced to remove any cell debris. The microglia cells released with further incubation were collected and purified by preferential adhesion. Microglia were seeded as an adherent monolayer at a density of 3 10 6 cells/well in a 6well plate and floating cells were removed after 4h. For neurons, tissue in HBSS was digested with papain (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 30 min at 37C. Tissue was then dissociated to obtain single-cell suspensions by repeated pipetting with small bore fire polished glass Pasteur pipettes. Cells were plated in poly-D lysine-coated dishes at a density of ~ 1.8 10 6 cells/60mm dish in neurobasal media with B27 supplement, horse serum, and gentamicin (Invitrogen). After 2hr of attachment, media was replaced with fresh complete neurobasal media. Twenty-four hours later, cultures were replaced with neurobasal media without horse serum. Four days later, one fourth of the media was removed and replaced with neurobasal media supplemented with fluorodeoxyuridine (FDU) and uridine. Following FDU treatment, neurons were cultured in neurobasal medium with Glutamax and B27 supplement. One half volume of media was replaced every 48h. Purity of cell type specific cultures was assessed by immunolabeling for cell-type specific markers, including Iba-1 for microglia, GFAP for astrocyte and MAP2, neurofilament, and synaptophysin for neurons. CHME-5 microglia-The microglia cell line CHME-5 was kindly provided by Dr. Randal Davis from Oklahoma State University. It was originally obtained from human fetal microglia (Peudenier et al. 1991) transfected with the T-antigen of SV-40 virus (Janabi et al. 1995). Cells were cultured to 70% confluence in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 5% inactivated Zenon et al.
Title: HIV-infected microglia mediate cathepsin B induced neurotoxicity
answer:
False

question:
Paragraph: Objectives: The outbreak of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was one of the major events in South Korea in 2015. In particular, this study pays attention to formulating a mathematical model for MERS transmission dynamics and estimating transmission rates. Methods: Incidence data of MERS-CoV from the government authority was analyzed for the first aim and a mathematical model was built and analyzed for the second aim of the study. A mathematical model for MERS-CoV transmission dynamics is used to estimate the transmission rates in two periods due to the implementation of intensive interventions. Results: Using the estimates of the transmission rates, the basic reproduction number was estimated in two periods. Due to the superspreader, the basic reproduction number was very large in the first period; however, the basic reproduction number of the second period has reduced significantly after intensive interventions. Conclusion: It turned out to be the intensive isolation and quarantine interventions that were the most critical factors that prevented the spread of the MERS outbreak. The results are expected to be useful to devise more efficient intervention strategies in the future.
Title: The Characteristics of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission Dynamics in South Korea
answer:
True