In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.

Example input: SECTION 1. LIABILITY OF BUSINESS ENTITIES PROVIDING USE OF FACILITIES
TO NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS.

(a) Definitions.--In this section:
(1) Business entity.--The term ''business entity'' means a
firm, corporation, association, partnership, consortium, joint
venture, or other form of enterprise.
(2) Facility.--The term ''facility'' means any real
property, including any building, improvement, or appurtenance.
(3) Gross negligence.--The term ''gross negligence'' means
voluntary and conscious conduct by a person with knowledge (at
the time of the conduct) that the conduct is likely to be
harmful to the health or well-being of another person.
(4) Intentional misconduct.--The term ''intentional
misconduct'' means conduct by a person with knowledge (at the
time of the conduct) that the conduct is harmful to the health
or well-being of another person.
(5) Nonprofit organization.--The term ''nonprofit
organization'' means--
(A) any organization described in section 501(c)(3)
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from
tax under section 501(a) of such Code; or
(B) any not-for-profit organization organized and
conducted for public benefit and operated primarily for
charitable, civic, educational, religious, welfare, or
health purposes.
(6) State.--The term ''State'' means each of the several
States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Northern
Mariana Islands, any other territory or possession of the
United States, or any political subdivision of any such State,
territory, or possession.
(b) Limitation on Liability.--
(1) In general.--Subject to subsection (c), a business
entity shall not be subject to civil liability relating to any
injury or death occurring at a facility of the business entity
in connection with a use of such facility by a nonprofit
organization if--
(A) the use occurs outside of the scope of business
of the business entity;
(B) such injury or death occurs during a period
that such facility is used by the nonprofit
organization; and
(C) the business entity authorized the use of such
facility by the nonprofit organization.
(2) Application.--This subsection shall apply--
(A) with respect to civil liability under Federal
and State law; and
(B) regardless of whether a nonprofit organization
pays for the use of a facility.
(c) Exception for Liability.--Subsection (b) shall not apply to an
injury or death that results from an act or omission of a business
entity that constitutes gross negligence or intentional misconduct,
including any misconduct that--
(1) constitutes a crime of violence (as that term is
defined in section 16 of title 18, United States Code) or act
of international terrorism (as that term is defined in section
2331 of title 18) for which the defendant has been convicted in
any court;
(2) constitutes a hate crime (as that term is used in the
Hate Crime Statistics Act (28 U.S.C. 534 note));
(3) involves a sexual offense, as defined by applicable
State law, for which the defendant has been convicted in any
court; or
(4) involves misconduct for which the defendant has been
found to have violated a Federal or State civil rights law.
(d) Superseding Provision.--
(1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2) and subsection
(e), this Act preempts the laws of any State to the extent that
such laws are inconsistent with this Act, except that this Act
shall not preempt any State law that provides additional
protection from liability for a business entity for an injury
or death with respect to which conditions under subparagraphs
(A) through (C) of subsection (b)(1) apply.
(2) Limitation.--Nothing in this Act shall be construed to
supersede any Federal or State health or safety law.
(e) Election of State Regarding Nonapplicability.--This Act shall
not apply to any civil action in a State court against a business
entity in which all parties are citizens of the State if such State
enacts a statute--
(1) citing the authority of this subsection;
(2) declaring the election of such State that this Act
shall not apply to such civil action in the State; and
(3) containing no other provision.
Example output: Shields a business entity from civil liability relating to any injury or death occurring at a facility of that entity in connection with a use of such facility by a nonprofit organization if: (1) the use occurs outside the scope of business of the business entity; (2) such injury or death occurs during a period that such facility is used by such organization; and (3) the business entity authorized the use of such facility by the organization.
Makes this Act inapplicable to an injury or death that results from an act or omission of a business entity that constitutes gross negligence or intentional misconduct, including misconduct that: (1) constitutes a hate crime or a crime of violence or act of international terrorism for which the defendant has been convicted in any court; or (2) involves a sexual offense for which the defendant has been convicted in any court or misconduct for which the defendant has been found to have violated a Federal or State civil rights law.
Preempts State laws to the extent that such laws are inconsistent with this Act, except State law that provides additional protection from liability. Specifies that this Act shall not be construed to supersede any Federal or State health or safety law.
Makes this Act inapplicable to any civil action in a State court against a business entity in which all parties are citizens of the State if such State, citing this Act's authority and containing no other provision, enacts a statute declaring the State's election that this Act shall not apply to such action in the State.
Example explanation: This Bill focuses on shielding business entities from civil liability relating to an injury or death depending on the conditions of injury, hence the generated summary is correct.
Q: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ''Clinical Research Enhancement Act of
1996''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE.

(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) Clinical research is critical to the advancement of
scientific knowledge and to the development of cures and
improved treatment for disease.
(2) Tremendous advances in biology are opening doors to new
insights into human physiology, pathophysiology and disease,
creating extraordinary opportunities for clinical research.
(3) The United States spent more than $1 trillion on health
care in 1994, but the Federal budget for health research at the
National Institutes of Health was $10 billion, only 1 percent
of that total.
(4) Studies at the Institute of Medicine, the National
Research Council, and the National Academy of Sciences have all
addressed the current problems in clinical research.
(5) The Director of the National Institutes of Health has
recognized the current problems in clinical research and has
through the use of an advisory committee begun to evaluate
these problems.
(6) The current level of training and support for health
professionals in clinical research is fragmented, frequently
undervalued, and potentially underfunded.
(7) Young investigators are not only apprentices for future
positions but a crucial source of energy, enthusiasm, and ideas
in the day-to-day research that constitutes the scientific
enterprise. Serious questions about the future of life-science
research are raised by the following:
(A) The number of young investigators applying for
grants dropped by 54 percent between 1985 and 1993.
(B) The number of federally funded research (R01)
grants awarded to persons under the age of 36 have
decreased by 70 percent from 1985 to 1993.
(C) Newly independent life-scientists are expected
to raise funds to support their new research programs
and a substantial proportion of their own salaries.
(8) The following have been cited as reasons for the
decline in the number of active clinical researchers, and those
choosing this career path:
(A) A medical school graduate incurs an average
debt of $63,000, as reported in the Medical School
Graduation Questionnaire by the American Association of
Medical Colleges (AAMC).
(B) The prolonged period of clinical training
required increases the accumulated debt burden.
(C) The decreasing number of mentors and role
models.
(D) The perceived instability of funding from the
National Institutes of Health and other Federal
agencies.
(E) The almost complete absence of clinical
research training in the curriculum of training grant
awardees.
(F) Academic Medical Centers are experiencing
difficulties in maintaining a proper environment for
research in a highly competitive health care
marketplace, which are compounded by the decreased
willingness of third party payers to cover health care
costs for patients engaged in research studies and
research procedures.
(9) In 1960, general clinical research centers were
established under the Office of the Director of the National
Institutes of Health with an initial appropriation of
$3,000,000.
(10) Appropriations for general clinical research centers
in fiscal year 1995 equal $136,640,000.
(11) In fiscal year 1995, there are 75 general clinical
research centers in operation, supplying patients in the areas
in which such centers operate with access to the most modern
clinical research and clinical research facilities and
technologies.
(12) The average annual amount allocated for each general
clinical research center is $1,000,000, establishing a current
funding level of 75 percent of the amounts approved by the
Advisory Council of the National Center for Research Resources.
(b) Purpose.--It is the purpose of this Act to provide additional
support for and to expand clinical research programs.

SEC. 3. PRESIDENT'S CLINICAL RESEARCH PANEL.

Part H of title IV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 289
et seq.) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
section:

''SEC. 498C. PRESIDENT'S CLINICAL RESEARCH PANEL.

''(a) Establishment.--The President shall establish a panel to be
known as the 'President's Clinical Research Panel' (hereafter referred
to in this section as the 'Panel') as a part of the Office of Science
and Technology Policy, to carry out the duties described in this
section.
''(b) Membership.--
''(1) In general.--The Panel shall be composed of 12
individuals appointed by the President and selected from
recommendations submitted by the President of the Institute of
Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
''(2) Qualifications.--Individuals appointed to the panel
under paragraph (1) shall, by virtue of their training,
experience and background, be exceptionally qualified to
appraise the status of clinical research both within and
outside of the Federal Government, and should represent
distinguished research scientists and physicians, insurance
companies, pharmaceutical companies, health maintenance
organizations, accreditation and certification organizations
and academic research administrators, and patients.
''(3) Exclusion and advisors.--Officers or employees of the
Federal Government shall not be eligible to be appointed to the
Panel. The Secretary of Health and Human Services, the
Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, the
Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, and
other Cabinet officers as the President determines to be
appropriate may serve as advisors to the Panel.
''(c) Terms and Vacancies.--
''(1) Terms.--Members of the Panel shall be appointed for
3-year terms, except that--
''(A) any member appointed to fill a vacancy
occurring on the Panel prior to the expiration of the
term for which the member's predecessor was appointed,
shall be appointed for the remainder of such term; and
''(B) a member may serve until the member's
successor has taken office.
''(2) Vacancies.--If a vacancy on the Panel occurs, the
President shall make an appointment to fill the vacancy not
later than 90 days after the date on which the vacancy
occurred.
''(3) Reappointments.--A member of the Panel may be
reappointed but may not serve more than 2 consecutive terms.
''(d) Date of Appointment.--The initial members of the Panel shall
be appointed not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of
this section.
''(e) Chairperson and Vice Chairperson.--The President shall
designate one of the members of the Panel to serve as the chairperson
of the Panel and one member to serve as the vice chairperson of the
Panel, each to serve for a term of 1 year.
''(f) Meetings.--The Panel shall meet at the call of the
chairperson, but in no event less than 4 times each year. A transcript
shall be kept of the proceedings of each such meeting of the Panel, and
the chairperson shall make such transcripts available to the public.
Not later than 30 days after the date on which all members of the Panel
have been appointed, the Panel shall hold its first meeting.
''(g) Duties.--The Panel shall evaluate the status of the clinical
research environment throughout the United States, and prepare and
submit periodic progress reports to the President. The Panel shall
submit to the President, the Secretary of Health and Human Services,
the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and the
Congress an annual evaluation of the clinical research environment in
the United States and recommendations for improvements and shall submit
such other reports as the President shall direct.
''(h) Personnel Matters.--
''(1) Compensation.--Each member of the Panel shall be
compensated at a rate equal to the daily equivalent of the
annual rate of basic pay prescribed for level IV of the
Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States
Code, for each day (including travel time) during which such
member is engaged in the performance of the duties of the
Panel.
''(2) Travel Expenses.--The members of the Panel shall be
allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of
subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies
under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States
Code, while away from their homes or regular places of business
in the performance of services for the Panel.
''(i) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated such sums as may be necessary to enable the Panel to carry
out this section.''.

SEC. 4. ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE DIRECTOR ON CLINICAL RESEARCH.

Part H of title IV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 289
et seq.), as amended by section 3, is further amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new section:

''SEC. 498D. ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE DIRECTOR ON CLINICAL RESEARCH.

''(a) In General.--The advisory committee established by the
Director of the National Institutes of Health and known as the Advisory
Committee to the Director on Clinical Research (hereafter referred to
in this section as the 'Advisory Committee') shall report to such
Director and to the President's Clinical Research Panel established
under section 498C and shall implement recommendations as determined
necessary by the Advisory Committee to remedy deficiencies in clinical
research within the National Institutes of Health.
''(b) Termination.--The Advisory Committee shall terminate on the
date that occurs 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act.''.

SEC. 5. STUDY SECTION REVIEW.

Part B of title IV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 284
et seq.) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
section:

''SEC. 409B. STUDY SECTION REVIEW.

''(a) In General.--The President's Clinical Research Panel shall
direct the Office of Science and Technology Policy to conduct a review
of the compositions, functions, and outcomes of study section
activities at all Federal agencies which conduct or fund such
activities as such activities relate to clinical research proposals for
investigator-initiated support.
''(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this
section.''.

SEC. 6. INCREASE THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
IN CLINICAL RESEARCH.

Section 402 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 282) is
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection:
''(l)(1) The Director of NIH shall undertake activities to support
and expand the involvement of the National Institutes of Health in
clinical research.
''(2) In carrying out paragraph (1), the Director of NIH shall--
''(A) increase the number of FIRST grants (R29) for young
clinical investigators;
''(B) design test pilot projects and implement the
recommendations of the Division of Research Grants Clinical
Research Study Group; and
''(C) establish an intramural clinical research fellowship
program (similar to the program established under section
738(b)) and a continuing education clinical research training
program at NIH.
''(3) The Director of NIH, in cooperation with the Director of the
National Institutes of Health and the Directors of the Institutes,
Centers, and Divisions of the National Institutes of Health, shall
support and expand the resources available for the diverse needs of the
clinical research community, including inpatient, outpatient, and
critical care clinical research.
''(4) The Director of NIH, in cooperation with the Director of the
National Center for Research Resources, shall establish peer review
mechanisms to evaluate applications for intramural clinical research
fellowships, clinical research career enhancement awards, and
innovative medical science award programs. Such review mechanisms shall
include individuals who are exceptionally qualified to appraise the
merits of potential clinical research trainees.''.

SEC. 7. GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTERS.

Part B of title IV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 284
et seq.) as amended by section 5, is further amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new sections:

''SEC. 409C. GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTERS.

''(a) Grants.--The Director of the National Center for Research
Resources shall award grants for the establishment of general clinical
research centers to provide the infrastructure for clinical research
including clinical research training and career enhancement. Such
centers shall support clinical studies and career development in all
settings of the hospital or academic medical center involved.
''(b) Activities.--In carrying out subsection (b), the Director of
NIH shall expand the activities of the general clinical research
centers through the increased use of telecommunications and
telemedicine initiatives.
''(c) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to make grants under subsection (a), $200,000,000 for
fiscal year 1997, and such sums as may be necessary for each subsequent
fiscal year.

''SEC. 409D. ENHANCEMENT AWARDS.

''(a) Clinical Research Career Enhancement Award.--
''(1) In general.--The Director of the National Center for
Research Resources shall make grants (to be referred to as
'clinical research career enhancement awards') to support
individual careers in clinical research.
''(2) Applications.--An application for a grant under this
subsection shall be submitted by an individual scientist at
such time as the Director may require.
''(3) Limitations.--The amount of a grant under this
subsection shall not exceed $130,000 per year per grant. Grants
shall be for terms of 5 years. The Director shall award not
more than 20 grants in the first fiscal year, and not more than
40 grants in the second fiscal year, in which grants are
awarded under this subsection.
''(4) Authorization of appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to make grants under paragraph
(1), $3,000,000 for fiscal year 1997, and such sums as may be
necessary for each subsequent fiscal year.
''(b) Innovative Medical Science Award.--
''(1) In general.--The Director of the National Center for
Research Resources shall make grants (to be referred to as
'innovative medical science awards') to support individual
clinical research projects.
''(2) Applications.--An application for a grant under this
subsection shall be submitted by an individual scientist at
such time as the Director requires.
''(3) Limitations.--The amount of a grant under this
subsection shall not exceed $100,000 per year per grant.
''(4) Authorization of appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to make grants under paragraph
(1), $30,000,000 for fiscal year 1997, and such sums as may be
necessary for each subsequent fiscal year.''.

SEC. 8. CLINICAL RESEARCH ASSISTANCE.

(a) National Research Service Awards.--Section 487(a)(1)(C) of the
Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 288(a)(1)(C)) is amended by
striking ''50 such'' and inserting ''100 such''.
(b) Loan Repayment Program.--Section 487E of the Public Health
Service Act (42 U.S.C. 288-5) is amended--
(1) in the section heading, by striking ''from
disadvantaged backgrounds'';
(2) in subsection (a)(1), by striking ''who are from
disadvantaged backgrounds'';
(3) in subsection (b)--
(A) by striking ''Amounts'' and inserting the
following:
''(1) In general.--Amounts''; and
(B) by adding at the end thereof the following new
paragraph:
''(2) Disadvantaged backgrounds set-aside.--In carrying out
this section, the Secretary shall ensure that not less than 50
percent of the amounts appropriated for a fiscal year are used
for contracts involving those appropriately qualified health
professionals who are from disadvantaged backgrounds.''; and
(4) by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsections:
''(c) Definition.--As used in subsection (a)(1), the term 'clinical
research training position' means an individual serving in a general
clinical research center, or a physician receiving a clinical research
career enhancement award or NIH intramural research fellowship.
''(d) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to carry out this section such sums as may be necessary
for each fiscal year.''.

SEC. 9. DEFINITION.

Section 409 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 284d) is
amended--
(1) by striking ''For purposes'' and inserting ''(a) Health
Service Research.--For purposes''; and
(2) by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsection:
''(b) Clinical Research.--As used in this title, the term 'clinical
research' means patient oriented clinical research conducted with human
subjects, or research on the causes and consequences of disease in
human populations, or on material of human origin (such as tissue
specimens and cognitive phenomena) for which an investigator or
colleague directly interacts with human subjects in an outpatient or
inpatient setting to clarify a problem in human physiology,
pathophysiology, or disease.''.
A:
Clinical Research Enhancement Act of 1996 - Amends the Public Health Service Act to direct the President to establish the President's Clinical Research Panel, as part of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), to evaluate the status of the U.S. clinical research environment. Authorizes appropriations.
Requires the Advisory Committee to the Director (of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)) on Clinical Research to report to the Director and to the Panel and to implement recommendations as the Committee determines necessary to remedy NIH clinical research deficiencies. Terminates the Committee five years after enactment of this Act.
Requires the OSTP to review the compositions, functions, and outcomes of study section activities at all Federal agencies as such activities relate to clinical research proposals for investigator-initiated support. Authorizes appropriations.
Requires the Director to: (1) support and expand NIH's clinical research involvement; (2) support and expand available resources; and (3) establish certain peer review mechanisms.
Mandates grants for: (1) the establishment of general clinical research centers to provide the infrastructure for clinical research training and career enhancement; (2) clinical research career enhancement awards; and (3) innovative medical science awards to support individual clinical research projects. Authorizes appropriations.
Increases the maximum aggregate number of contracts that may be made under existing provisions relating to: (1) undergraduate scholarships regarding professions needed by NIH; and (2) loan repayments regarding clinical researchers (currently, clinical researchers from disadvantaged backgrounds). Authorizes appropriations for the loan repayment program. Requires that at least 50 percent of such funds for a fiscal year be used for contracts with qualified health professionals from disadvantaged backgrounds.