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Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: ,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.
When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?
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The answer: from 1578 to 1608

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Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst Gabor Szego. On their first meeting, Szego was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems in calculus posed by Szego, sketched out on his father's stationery, are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the Eotvos Prize, a national prize for mathematics.
At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus?
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The answer: 15

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Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Diracvon Neumann axioms, with his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized, in 1926, that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.
Who established the framework for quantum mechanics?
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The answer: Von Neumann

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The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (18551944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (18961960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their EderHecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in EderHecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability.
Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?
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The answer:
Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (18551944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)