Problem: A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.

Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world.

Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals.

In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.
1. Are any current societies considered hunter gatherers?
2. What else do those societies do?
3. What is a hunter gatherer?
4. How come agricultural groups are different?
5. How much of our history was hunting and gathering done in?
6. When were they displaced?
7. When did Lewis Binford comment about scavenging?
8. What other foods did people in the Lower Paleolithic collect?
9. Was it thought that they killed big animals?
10. Where did the carcasses come from?
Answer: 1. Just a few
2. farm or keep animals
3. human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging
4. unknown
5. 90 percent
6. Following the invention of agriculture
7. the 1950s
8. seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits
9. no
10. killed by predators

Problem: CHAPTER XIX

SADIE SEES A WAY

Soon after Festing started for British Columbia Sadie drove over to the farm; because she had heard about the fight in the poolroom and suspected why he had gone. At first she found it difficult to break down Helen's reserve, but the latter could not resist her frank sympathy, and softening by degrees, allowed herself to be led into confidential talk. Sadie waited until she thought she understood the matter, and then remarked:

"So you stuck to your promise that you'd help me with Bob, although you saw what it would cost? Well, I wouldn't be surprised if you hated us."

"It wasn't altogether the promise," Helen replied. "We were both highly strung, and I thought Stephen hard and prejudiced; it seemed ridiculous that he should care what the loafers said. But I don't hate you. The fault was really mine, and I want a friend."

"Well," said Sadie, "I feel I've got to help put this trouble right, if I can." She paused and asked with some hesitation: "Will Steve be away long?"

"I don't know," Helen answered dejectedly. "He hinted that he might not come until spring; I think he means to stop until he has earned enough to make him independent. That's partly my fault--I said something rash. If I hadn't had more money than him, it wouldn't have happened."

Sadie smiled. "My having more money won't make trouble between me and Bob; he doesn't mind how much I've got. But I suppose you want Steve back?"
1. Where was Festing going?
2. What does Helen say she desires?
3. Does Sadie think Bob minds her wealth?
4. What does Sadie believe Festing had gone to see?
5. Where was this fight?
6. Would Helen talk to Sadie?
7. Did she do so eagerly?
8. Who did Helen promise she'd help with?
9. Were Helen and Stephen stressed?
10. Does Helen know when Steve will return?
11. When does she think he will stop?
12. True or False: Helen though Stephen soft and forgiving.
13. What did she think him instead?
14. Who said something he felt strongly about?
15. Does Helen like Sadie?
16. Does she hate Sadie?
17. Did Helen answer sadly?
18. Does Helen think she spoke foolishly to Steve?
19. What could Helen not withstand from Sadie?
20. Did she soften quickly?
Answer: 1. British Columbia
2. A friend.
3. No.
4. A fight.
5. the poolroom
6. Yes.
7. No.
8. Bob
9. Yes.
10. No.
11. When he has earned enough.
12. False.
13. hard and prejudiced
14. Loafers.
15. Unknown.
16. No.
17. Yes.
18. Yes.
19. Her frank sympathy
20. No.

Problem: Poultry (/poltri/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae, in order Anseriformes, commonly known as "waterfowl" and including domestic ducks and domestic geese. Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. The word "poultry" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.

The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.
1. When was poultry first domesticated?
2. Why might people have kept quail in captivity before using them for nourishment?
3. What about chickens?
4. Are today's chickens virtually the same as their ancestors?
5. What did breeders look for when breeding?
6. How can one avoid food poisoning when eating poultry?
7. How is the term poultry defined?
8. Are pidgeons considered poultry?
9. What are they sometimes alternatively called?
10. From which language is "poultry" derived?
11. Which means?
12. In what language originally?
13. Which scientific order includes both chickens and turkeys?
14. Which is a subcategory of which superorder?
15. How are most birds raised today?
16. Globally, where does poultry rank as a meat source?
17. Are chickens and eggs a high source of fat?
18. What nuitritonal benefit do they have?
19. Originally, where did people find birds to raise?
Answer:
1. several thousand years ago.
2. for their songs
3. for cockfighting
4. no
5. fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility
6. by properly handling and sufficiently cooking
7. domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.
8. yes
9. squabs
10. the French/Norman word poule
11. small animal
12. Latin
13. Galliformes
14. Galloanserae
15. in intensive commercial enterprises.
16. second
17. no
18. they contain high-quality protein
19. eggs collected from the wild