Q: In England, a civil parish (CP) is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. It is an administrative parish, in contrast to an ecclesiastical parish.

A civil parish can range in size from a large town with a population of about 80,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants. In a limited number of cases a parish might include a whole city where city status has been granted by the Monarch. Reflecting this diverse nature, a civil parish may be known as a town, village, neighbourhood or community by resolution of its parish council. Approximately 35% of the English population live in a civil parish. As of 31 December 2015 there were 10,449 parishes in England.

On 1 April 2014, Queen's Park became the first civil parish in Greater London. Before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London borough.

The division of land into ancient parishes was linked to the manorial system: parishes and manors often covered the same area and had the same boundaries. The manor was the principal unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy. Later the church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre, and levied a local tax on produce known as a tithe. In the medieval period, responsibilities such as relief of the poor passed increasingly from the Lord of the Manor to the parish's rector, who in practice would delegate tasks among his vestry or the (often well-endowed) monasteries. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to levy a rate to fund relief of the poor was conferred on the parish authorities by the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601. Both before and after this optional social change, local (vestry-administered) charities are well-documented.

Answer the following questions:
1. How many parishes were there in England in 2015?
2. What is a civil parish?
3. What kind of territorial designation is it?
4. About what percentage of English live in a civil parish?
5. What was the first civil parish in Greater London?
6. On what date?
7. What was the dividing up of land into ancient parishes linked to?
8. What was a manor?
9. What later replaced it?
10. What's the range in size of a civil parish?
11. Can parishes include whole cities?
12. What wasn't permitted before 2008?
13. In medieval times, where did responsibilities pass?
14. What was the Act for the Relief of the Poor?
15. In what year?
16. Did parishes and manors sometimes cover the same places?
17. What was the main unit of local administration and justice in early rural economy?
18. What was a tithe?
19. Who delegated tasks to his vestry?
A: 1. 10,449
2. a town, village, neighbourhood or community
3. the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties
4. Approximately 35
5. Queen's Park
6. 1 April 2014
7. the manorial system
8. the principal unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy
9. the church
10. about 80,000 to fewer than a hundred inhabitants
11. Yes
12. creation of civil parishes were not permitted within a London borough.
13. to the parish's rector
14. the power to levy a rate to fund relief of the poor
15. 1601
16. Yes
17. The manor
18. a local tax on produce
19. the parish's rector
Q: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red book. Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. The ISDN standards define several kinds of access interfaces, such as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI), Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN).

ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s. In some countries, ISDN found major market application for Internet access, in which ISDN typically provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s bandwidth in both upstream and downstream directions. Channel bonding can achieve a greater data rate; typically the ISDN B-channels of three or four BRIs (six to eight 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded.

Answer the following questions:
1. When was ISDN first defined?
2. Where?
3. What does it stand for?
4. Does it support video?
5. What else?
6. What is its key feature?
7. was this available before?
8. What does BRI stand for?
9. What kind of interface is BRI?
10. Can you name other kinds?
11. What are the name of two others?
12. What kind of switches does ISDN use?
13. Can you utilize any others?
14. Which one?
15. What does that do?
16. What kind of wire is used?
17. Does this lead to better or worse quality?
18. How many kilobits are utilized?
19. Whats the max bandwidth?
20. Is that for both directions?
21. What can result in a higher rate?
22. How many are bonded?
A:
1. 1988
2. in the CCITT red book
3. Integrated Services Digital Network
4. yes
5. speech
6. it integrates speech and data on the same lines
7. no
8. Basic Rate Interface
9. access interface
10. Yes
11. Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
12. circuit-switches
13. Yes
14. packet-switched
15. carries data
16. copper
17. Better
18. 64 kilobit/s
19. 128 kbit/s
20. yes
21. Channel bonding
22. three or four