Problem: Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. A distinctive feature of totalitarian governments is an "elaborate ideology, a set of ideas that gives meaning and direction to the whole society".

Totalitarianism is the most severe and extreme form of authoritarianism.

The concept was first developed in the 1920s by the Weimar German jurist, and later Nazi academic, Carl Schmitt, and Italian fascists. Schmitt used the term, "Totalstaat," in his influential work on the legal basis of an all-powerful state, "The Concept of the Political" (1927). The concept became prominent in Western political discourse as a concept that highlights similarities between Fascist states and the Soviet Union.

The notion of totalitarianism as a "total" political power by the state was formulated in 1923 by Giovanni Amendola, who described Italian Fascism as a system fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships. The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile, Italy's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of fascism. He used the term "totalitario" to refer to the structure and goals of the new state, which were to provide the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals." He described totalitarianism as a society in which the ideology of the state had influence, if not power, over most of its citizens. According to Benito Mussolini, this system politicizes everything spiritual and human: "Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state."
1. When was the main topic first created?
2. By whom?
3. Anyone else?
4. What political force was he associated with?
5. Was any other group involved?
6. Which group?
7. What is the main topic of discussion?
8. And it's made to severely limit government?
9. What is an alternate name for it?
10. What year was the concept created?
11. By whom?
12. Did he find it typical?
13. Who wrote about it in a positive light?
Answer: 1. 1920s
2. Weimar German
3. Carl Schmitt
4. Nazi
5. Yes
6. Italian fascists
7. Totalitarianism
8. Nois a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.
9. form of authoritarianism
10. 1923
11. Giovanni Amendola
12. No
13. Giovanni Gentile

Problem: CHAPTER LVI. Ariadne

My Lord Castlewood had a house in Kensington Square spacious enough to accommodate the several members of his noble family, and convenient for their service at the palace hard by, when his Majesty dwelt there. Her ladyship had her evenings, and gave her card-parties here for such as would come; but Kensington was a long way from London a hundred years since, and George Selwyn said he for one was afraid to go, for fear of being robbed of a night,--whether by footpads with crape over their faces, or by ladies in rouge at the quadrille-table, we have no means of saying. About noon on the day after Harry had made his reappearance at White's, it chanced that all his virtuous kinsfolks partook of breakfast together, even Mr. Will being present, who was to go into waiting in the afternoon.

The ladies came first to their chocolate: them Mr. Will joined in his court suit; finally, my lord appeared, languid, in his bedgown and nightcap, having not yet assumed his wig for the day. Here was news which Will had brought home from the Star and Garter last night, when he supped in company with some men who had heard it at White's and seen it at Ranelagh!

"Heard what? seen what?" asked the head of the house, taking up his Daily Advertiser.

"Ask Maria!" says Lady Fanny. My lord turns to his elder sister, who wears a face of portentous sadness, and looks as pale as a tablecloth.
1. Where was the Lord's house?
2. What was his name?
3. Was the building small?
4. What did Will bring home?
5. From where?
6. When?
7. How did he come across this information?
8. Where did they hear it?
9. And see it?
10. Was Kensington close to London?
Answer: 1. Kensington Square
2. Lord Castlewood
3. no
4. news
5. Star and Garter
6. \last night
7. when he supped in company with some men
8. White's
9. Ranelagh
10. no

Problem: CHAPTER VIII

THE ROVER BOYS IN NEW YORK

The more the Rover boys talked about the treasure hunt the more enthusiastic they became, until, as Tom expressed it, they were "simply boiling over with enthusiasm."

"It will be a grand thing for the Stanhopes and the Lanings if we do locate that treasure," said Sam. "Mr. Laning has some money, but I know he'd like more, so he wouldn't have to farm quite so hard."

"And Dick wants to get all he can for Dora, I'm certain of that," said Tom, with a merry glance at his elder brother.

"How about you getting the Laning share for Nellie's benefit?" retorted Dick, his face growing red. "I reckon the boot is as long as the shoe."

As the Rovers had plenty of money it was an easy matter to arrange for the expenses of the trip. Mrs. Stanhope wanted to pay a share, but Anderson Rover said she had better wait until the treasure was found.

Inside of three, days word was received from all those who had been asked to participate in the search. Mr. Laning said that he could not leave his farm very well, but that his wife and two daughters would go. Mrs. Stanhope and Dora said they would pack immediately. Fred Garrison was visiting Hans Mueller and the two sent a telegram as follows:

"You couldn't hold us back if you tried. Where shall we meet you?"

"That's like Fred," said Dick. "I am awfully glad he is to be with us --and glad Hans will come, too."
1. Is Mr. Laning going on the trip?
2. Who is he sending?
3. Are Fred and Hans going?
4. How did they give their answer?
5. Do they live together?
6. Why did they only send one telegram?
7. Are they excited?
8. How does Dick feel about Fred coming?
9. What about Hans?
10. How long did it take to get everyone's answer?
11. Why are they going?
12. Who's paying for the trip?
13. Who offered to help?
14. What was Rover's response?
15. Is Mr. Laning broke?
16. What would he do less of if he had more money?
17. What does Dick want money for?
18. Who does Dick suggest Tom want's money for?
19. Are those two related?
20. How?
Answer:
1. no
2. his wife and daughters
3. yes
4. they sent a telegram
5. no
6. Fred was visiting Hans
7. yes
8. glad
9. glad about him too
10. three days
11. to find treasure
12. the Rovers
13. Mrs. Stanhope
14. she had better wait
15. no
16. work on the farm
17. Dora
18. Nellie
19. yes
20. they're brothers