TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of staff radiologists regarding the incorporation of a nonanonymous peer review system at an academic hospital.', 'A questionnaire gauging knowledge of, attitudes toward, and perceptions regarding peer review was distributed to all staff radiologists at a large academic hospital. The survey was distributed before the implementation of a nonanonymous peer review system. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Responses were cross-tabulated according to subspecialty and number of years in practice.', 'The majority of respondents agreed that peer review is important for improving patient care (31 of 36 [86%]) and professional development (29 of 36 [81%]), but the vast majority (33 of 36 [92%]) believed that peer review should be anonymous. Twenty-six of 36 respondents (72%) believed that peer review will not be safe from malpractice issues, 24 of 36 (67%) agreed that it has the potential to damage interpersonal relationships within the department, and 15 of 36 (42%) believed that it may influence their job security or rankings within the department. Significant differences were identified between radiologists with more and fewer years of practice experience.\Question: Do survey of radiologist attitudes and perceptions regarding the incorporation of a departmental peer review system?

SOLUTION: The incorporation of a nonanonymous peer review system generates anxiety and uncertainty within a radiology department. The investigation of physicians' attitudes toward and perceptions about peer review is important for understanding the potential impact not only on patient care but also on radiologists' relationships and psychology in the workplace.

PROBLEM: Context: Data on combined coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and restrictive annuloplasty in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy are scarce, and the effect on reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling is unknown.', '51 patients with ischemic LV dysfunction (LV ejection fraction 31+/-8%) and severe mitral regurgitation (grade 3 to 4+) underwent CABG and restrictive annuloplasty with stringent downsizing of the mitral annulus (by 2 sizes, Physio-ring, mean size 28+/-2). Serial transthoracic echocardiographic studies were performed (before surgery and within 3 months and 1.5 years after surgery) to assess mitral regurgitation, transmitral gradient, leaflet coaptation, and left atrial and LV reverse remodeling. Clinical follow-up (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class, survival, events) was assessed at 2-year follow-up. Early operative mortality was 5.6%; at 2-year follow-up, all patients were free of endocarditis and thromboembolism, and 1 needed re-operation for recurrent mitral regurgitation; 2-year survival was 84%. NYHA class improved from 3.4+/-0.8 to 1.3+/-0.4 (P<0.01), with all patients in class I/II. Intraoperative transesophageal echo showed minimal (grade 1+) mitral regurgitation in 8 patients and none in 43, without stenosis. Leaflet coaptation was 0.8+/-0.2 cm. These values remained unchanged; all patients had no or minimal (grade 1+) mitral regurgitation at 2-year follow-up. LV end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions decreased from 51+/-10 to 43+/-12 mm (P<0.001) and from 64+/-8 to 58+/-11 mm (P<0.001). Left atrial dimension decreased from 53+/-8 to 47+/-7 mm (P<0.001).\Question: Does restrictive annuloplasty and coronary revascularization in ischemic mitral regurgitation result in reverse left ventricular remodeling?

SOLUTION: Excellent results of combined restrictive annuloplasty and CABG were obtained. Residual mitral regurgitation was absent/minimal at 2-year follow-up, associated with a significant reduction in left atrial dimension and LV reverse remodeling.

PROBLEM: Context: Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been reported to be overexpressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), whereas the expression of class II HDACs is unknown.', "Four isogenic cell lines C2/C2VHL and 786-O/786-OVHL with differential VHL expression are used in our studies. Cobalt chloride is used to mimic hypoxia in vitro. HIF-2 knockdowns in C2 and 786-O cells is used to evaluate the effect on HDAC 1 expression and activity. Invasion and migration assays are used to investigate the role of HDAC 1 and HDAC 6 expression in ccRCC cells. Comparisons are made between experimental groups using the paired T-test, the two-sample Student's T-test or one-way ANOVA, as appropriate. ccRCC and the TCGA dataset are used to observe the clinical correlation between HDAC 1 and HDAC 6 overexpression and overall and progression free survival.", 'Our analysis of tumor and matched non-tumor tissues from radical nephrectomies showed overexpression of class I and II HDACs (HDAC6 only in a subset of patients). In vitro, both HDAC1 and HDAC6 over-expression increased cell invasion and motility, respectively, in ccRCC cells. HDAC1 regulated invasiveness by increasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Furthermore, hypoxia stimulation in VHL-reconstituted cell lines increased HIF isoforms and HDAC1 expression. Presence of hypoxia response elements in the HDAC1 promoter along with chromatin immunoprecipitation data suggests that HIF-2 is a transcriptional regulator of HDAC1 gene. Conversely, HDAC6 and estrogen receptor alpha (ER) were co-localized in cytoplasm of ccRCC cells and HDAC6 enhanced cell motility by decreasing acetylated -tubulin expression, and this biological effect was attenuated by either biochemical or pharmacological inhibition. Finally, analysis of human ccRCC specimens revealed positive correlation between HIF isoforms and HDAC. HDAC1 mRNA upregulation was associated with worse overall survival in the TCGA dataset.\Question: Do hDAC 1 and 6 modulate cell invasion and migration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma?

SOLUTION:
Taking together, these results suggest that HDAC1 and HDAC6 may play a role in ccRCC biology and could represent rational therapeutic targets.