instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
To compare the efficacy and safety of prophylactic modalities for heterotopic ossification prevention after elbow and acetabular surgeries.', 'The retrospective chart review was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital and comprised record of patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation for elbow and acetabular fractures between 2010 and 2013. Data was classified into three groups: Group A patients had received single dose of radiotherapy; Group B patients had received indomethacin, and Group C patients had not received any prophylaxis. Outcome variables included time-to-fracture healing, heterotopic ossification, non-union and wound infection.', 'Of the 104patients 70(67.3%) had elbow fractures and 34(32.7%) had acetabular fractures. Out of the 70patients with elbow fractures, 28(27%) were in Group A, 24(23%) in Group B, and 18(17%) in Group C. In Group A, 4(22%) patients had wound infection compared to 1(5.5%) patient in Group C (p=0.131). One (4%) patient in Group B and 1(5.5%) in Group C developed heterotopic ossification (p=0.486). Non-union occurred in 1(4%) patient in Group B and 1(5.5%) in Group C. Out of the 34 patients with acetabular fractures, 11(32.3%) were in Group A, 10(29.4%) in Group B, and 13(38.2%) in Group C. In Group A, 2(18.2%) patients developed wound infection. Only 1(7.6%) patient in Group C developed heterotopic ossification.
answer:
Do prophylaxis against heterotopic ossification after elbow and acetabular fractures - Do we really need it?

question:
A severe complication in the replacement therapy of hemophilia A (HA) patients is the development of alloantibodies (inhibitors) against factor VIII, which neutralizes the substituted factor. The primary genetic risk factors influencing the development of inhibitors are F8 gene mutations. Interleukins and cytokines that are involved in the regulation of B-lymphocyte development are other possible targets as genetic risk factors. This study assesses the possible involvement of 9 selected single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (SNPs) with interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-1), and interferon gamma (IFN-) in inhibitor development in severely affected HA patients carrying a null mutation in the F8 gene.', 'A total of 173 HA patients were screened for intron 22 inversion and null mutations (nonsense and deletions). Genotyping of a total of 9 SNPs in genes IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TGF-1, and IFN- in 103 patients and 100 healthy individuals was carried out.', 'An association analysis between 42 inhibitor (+) and 61 inhibitor (-) patients showed a significant association with the T allele of rs2069812 in the IL-5 gene promoter and patients with inhibitors (p=0.0251). The TT genotype was also significantly associated with this group with a p-value of 0.0082, odds ratio of about 7, and confidence interval of over 90%, suggesting that it is the recessive susceptibility allele and that the C allele is the dominant protective allele.
answer:
Is a Polymorphism in the IL-5 Gene Associated with Inhibitor Development in Severe Hemophilia A Patients?

question:
Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS CABG) via left minithoracotomy is an alternative to off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) via sternotomy. Our objective was to evaluate the clinical outcomes after MICS CABG versus OPCAB.', 'The medical records of patients who underwent MICS CABG from December 2009 to December 2011 and OPCAB from January 2005 to April 2011 were reviewed. Patients who underwent OPCAB were matched 2:1 to patients who underwent MICS CABG by age, sex, preoperative ejection fraction, creatinine concentration, as well as history of diabetes and myocardial infarction.', 'A total of 130 MICS CABG patients were matched with 260 OPCAB patients. Mean bypasses in the MICS CABG and OPCAB groups were 2.1 and 3.2, respectively (P = 0.001). Extubation in the operating room (OR) occurred in 70.0% and 12.7% of patients in the MICS CABG and OPCAB groups, respectively (P = 0.001). Mean postoperative length of stay was 4 days for the MICS CABG patients versus 5 days for the OPCAB patients (P = 0.002) and 3.8 days versus 4.6 days for the MICS CABG patients extubated in the OR compared with those who remained intubated (P = 0.007). There were no 30-day mortalities in the MICS CABG group and 1 in the OPCAB group (P = 0.999). Thirty-day readmissions were similar, with 5.4% and 7.4% in the MICS CABG and OPCAB groups, respectively (P = 0.527).
answer:
Is minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting associated with improved clinical outcomes?