INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Depending on the time of year, you'll need to bring a variety of clothing with you, as your body temperature will drop the longer you sit still. Likewise, you might get warm and want to shed a few layers. If you stargaze in the fall or winter, try thermal underwear, sweaters, hats, gloves or mittens, and scarves. If you stargaze in the spring or summer, wear multiple, light layers. Try a zip-up hoodie, light jacket, hat, and jeans. Bring one warm coat in case the temperature drops dramatically during the night. You will want to keep your eyes trained on the sky for an extended period of time, so comfort is a must. Your neck will become tired and sore very quickly unless you lay flat on your back or recline in a chair. Good options for comfort and warmth are: a yoga mat, pillows, tarp (in case of dew or damp grass), camping pad, camping chair, or reclining deck chair. If prefer to sit up, remember to put something between yourself and the ground so that you don't catch a chill. Bringing a blanket or two will both keep you warm and add a layer of cushioning to your chair, mat, or tarp. Sit under or on top of a blanket, or bundle it under your head for extra support. Don't bring blankets that are not washable. Anything you bring with you while stargazing may get dirty or wet, since you will be outdoors. You may be out for a while, so it's important to supply yourself with snacks and beverages. Sustenance can be both fun and practical, so remember to pack things that you like! Popular beverage options are: hot chocolate, coffee, tea (especially during the colder months), water, soda, and beer or wine (if you are over 21 and have a designated driver). Portable, energy-filled foods you might want to bring are: trail mix, granola bars, chocolate, beef jerky, soup in a thermos, or pre-made sandwiches. Binoculars will help you see more stars, planets, and constellations than you would with your naked eye. This way, you won't strain your eyes trying to see everything that's up there. If you think you'll be out stargazing for a while, or are worried about the weather, bring a tent, canopy, or tarp that you can set up. This way, you'll have shelter from the elements and can take a rest if you're feeling tired or worn out. You can also store your extra snacks, drinks, chairs, and blankets underneath the covering.

SUMMARY: Layer your clothing. Bring a mat, chair, and pillow. Use a blanket for comfort and warmth. Pack food and drinks. Relax your eyes by bringing binoculars. Try a tent or canopy for longer stargazing trips.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: In some states, you can hire an attorney to handle only a portion of a legal matter, rather than the entire matter, because you can handle the rest of the case on your own. Instead of hiring a lawyer to represent you for all of the aspects of a case, you would simply hire her to consult on specific features of your case. For example, you may be able to hire a lawyer just to go over any paperwork you're filing, just to give you advice on a certain situation, or just to tell you about your legal rights before you proceed with a course of action. Note that not all states make this option available for lawyers under their rules of professional conduct. In several states, attorneys are required to handle the entire legal matter or withdraw from the case altogether. You will need to contact your local bar association in order to determine if any lawyers offer an unbundled option, or if it is even an option in your state. Your lawyer's time is your money, so the more you can do independently, the more money you will save. If you spend time calling your lawyer for explanation of legal terms that you can look up yourself, you are wasting money. Taking charge and handling as much of your case as you can can save money in the long run. For instance, you can probably file a petition for divorce on your own, in most cases, and later hire an attorney when it is time to attend a court hearing. The less time that an attorney has to spend explaining legal concepts and procedures to you, the less he or she will charge you. Plus, by educating yourself, you will have a clear sense as to what sorts of things you can handle on your own, and what will require the assistance of an attorney.

SUMMARY: Purchase unbundled services. Do as much as you can on your own. Educate yourself.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: In a simple substitution cipher, you can assigning letter values to other letters. For example, A may equal C and and F might equal J. Make sure you don't choose easy combinations like A = B or A = Z. They'll be easily broken. Make decoder rings. Those decoder rings you got in a box of cereal years ago may come in handy, but you can make your own too if you want. Write your letters, A through Z, in a large circle. Then, write the substituted letters inside the large circle to form their own smaller circle. Now you'll have a key for your cipher. Randomize the cipher. Once you've got your keys and your friends have theirs too, you can cut out both rings from the paper. Turn the smaller ring inside the larger outer ring to create new substitutions. When you pass your note, write what A equals, and the reader will know where to set their rings. To make a slightly more complicated substitution cipher, you can make your own simple symbols to stand in for letters. The more each symbol looks different than the letter it represents, the harder the code will be to crack. Make sure each symbol is also simple and easy to draw quickly. Create a key for your new language. Make a master key that shows which letter matches up with each symbol. As you practice writing in your new script, you'll become more familiar with the symbols, but you'll need a key at first to remember which is which. Share the key with friends. Your language won't be of much use if only you can read the notes you pass! Share the key with your friends, advising them to keep it safe so that no one else finds and learns the symbols. Write your messages in the new language. Practice the symbols until you can read and write them as quickly as your native language. It'll take a while, but you'll get to know the symbols well over time. For example, swap A with () Alpha, B with () Beta, C with () Chi, etc. from the Greek alphabet.. Use similar characters for missing letters. Some foreign alphabets may not contain all the letters in your language. Greek doesn't have Y, but there's a visually similar Upsilon (Y in capitals), so you might use that instead. Make sure your reader knows that you're going to be substituting some letters for others not in the language. Test some examples. For example: "See you tonight" becomes " ," with "you" subbed out for "thou" because Greek doesn't have a character for "Y". Numbers tend to stick out in messages with a lot of text, so try to find a better way to to hide them in your cipher. For example, replace the "8" in "See you tonight, 8 o'clock" with "(128/2)". The 8 is replaced by a simple math: the square root of (128/2=64)=8. It's relatively easy to crack a substitution code, because you're still using your native language and only swapping out the letters for other letters or symbols. Words like "and", "you" and "the", which will show up frequently in your messages, and can be found out and used to piece together parts of a key. Common letters like E, T and A also help code-breakers to decipher your message.

SUMMARY:
Substitute letters for other letters. Substitute your own symbols for letters. Substitute letters from another language. Substitute equations for numbers. Be aware that substitution ciphers can be broken.