In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

Cardinal Thomas Gibbons' defense of this organization would lead to Pope Leo XIII issuing an encylical, Rerum Novarum, supporting organizations of their kind. In contrast with its inclusive reputation, a chapter of this group was involved in the Seattle riots of 1886. Internal feuding following the failed Missouri Pacific railroad strike of 1886, and the emergence of a rival organization of skilled craftsmen, meant that by 1900, this organization was almost nonexistent. Name this labor organization that helped lobby for the Chinese Exclusion Act and, for 10 points, was founded by nine tailors in Philadelphia in 1869 and reached its peak under Terence V. Powderly.
History

His reign saw both the publication of the legal treatise Quadripartitus and the earliest surviving European kingdom-wide financial survey, and the exchequer originated at Winchester at the behest of his minister Roger of Salisbury. He fined William de Mandeville for allowing the escape of Ranulf Flambard from the Tower of London, and he had earlier ceded custody of Cotenin to his brother Robert Curthose to avoid war. The wreck of the White Ship resulted in the death of his only legitimate heir, William theling, and his childless marriage to Adeliza of Louvain resulted in his succession by Stephen of Blois. For 10 points, name this man who won the lordship of Normandy in the battle of Tinchebrai, king of England from 1100 to 1135 and the first Norman ruler not named William.
History

He lends his name to an alternate name for deuteranopia, and a period of low solar activity from 1790 to 1830 is called his namesake minimum. He independently discovered the Hadley cell by analyzing his extensive meteorological diary. The basis of stoichiometry was established by his law of multiple proportions. One theory that he is credited with discovering states that the namesake particles cannot be subdivided; though that postulate was incorrect, it was some of the first insights into atomic theory. Name this man, who gives his name to the law of partial pressures and the atomic mass unit.
Science