input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Summary 16.1 Spontaneity Chemical and physical processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under certain conditions. A spontaneous process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some external source, while a nonspontaneous process requires such. Systems undergoing a spontaneous process may or may not experience a gain or loss of energy, but they will experience a change in the way matter and/or energy is distributed within the system. 16.2 Entropy Entropy (S) is a state function that can be related to the number of microstates for a system (the number of ways the system can be arranged) and to the ratio of reversible heat to kelvin temperature. It may be interpreted as a measure of the dispersal or distribution of matter and/or energy in a system, and it is often described as representing the "disorder" of the system. For a given substance, Ssolid < Sliquid < Sgas in a given physical state at a given temperature, entropy is typically greater for heavier atoms or more complex molecules. Entropy increases when a system is heated and when solutions form. Using these guidelines, the sign of entropy changes for some chemical reactions may be reliably predicted. 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics states that a spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe, Suniv > 0. If Suniv < 0, the process is nonspontaneous, and if Suniv = 0, the system is at equilibrium. The third law of thermodynamics establishes the zero for entropy as that of a perfect, pure crystalline solid at 0 K. With only one possible microstate, the entropy is zero. We may compute the standard entropy change for a process by using standard entropy values for the reactants and products involved in the process. 16.4 Free Energy Gibbs free energy (G) is a state function defined with regard to system quantities only and may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process. A negative value for G indicates a spontaneous process; a positive G indicates a... Q: What kind of process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some external source? A:
OPTIONS:
- Decay Process
- Different Process
- induced process
- spontaneous process
output: spontaneous process

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure above also shows how the size of waves is measured. The highest point of a wave is the crest. The lowest point is the trough. The vertical distance between a crest and a trough is the height of the wave. Wave height is also called amplitude. The horizontal distance between two crests is the wavelength. Both amplitude and wavelength are measures of wave size. Q: The highest point of a wave is called? A:

OPTIONS:
- surge
- threshold
- frequency
- crest

A: crest

input: OPTIONS:
- distrophy
- mutation
- exhaustion
- atrophy Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle mass due to the addition of structural proteins. The opposite of hypertrophy is atrophy, the loss of muscle mass due to the breakdown of structural proteins. Endurance exercise causes an increase in cellular. Q: Loss of muscle mass due to breakdown of structural proteins is known as what? A:
A:
output: atrophy

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 3.20 The phospholipid bilayer is the major component of all cellular membranes. The hydrophilic head groups of the phospholipids face the aqueous solution. The hydrophobic tails are sequestered in the middle of the bilayer. Q: The major component of what cellular structures is the phospholipid bilayer? A:

OPTIONS:
- cytoplasm
- nuclei
- ribosomes
- cell membranes

Answer: cell membranes

Problem: OPTIONS:
- hood
- skirt
- frill
- tunic
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 24.2 Subphylum Urochordata The tunicates are located in this subphylum. Along with the subphylum Cephalochordata, these two subphyla make up the invertebrate chordates. Only the tunicate larvae have notochords, nerve cords, and postanal tails. Most adult tunicates are sessile, filter-feeders which retain their pharyngeal slits. Adult tunicates also develop a sac, called a tunic, which gives tunicates their name. Cilia beating within the turnicate cause water to enter the incurrent siphon. The water enters the body, passes through the pharyngeal slits, and leaves the body through the excurrent siphon. Undigested food is removed through the anus. Tunicates are hemaphrodites and can reproduce asexually through budding. In urochordates notochord is confined to larval tail. These lack cranium. These have an open type of circulatory system. Excretion is by neural gland,nephrocytes. Q: Adult tunicates also develop a sac, called a what? A:
Answer: tunic

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What component of a prokaryote is unique in molecular composition and mechanism of propulsion? A:

OPTIONS:
- the sporangia
- the membrane
- the amoeba
- the flagella

Answer:
the flagella