Problem: The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142- of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or not at all. On the previous day, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.

Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures. The reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev-era officials who would impede political and economic change. On April 23, 1985, Gorbachev brought two proteges, Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the "power" ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal Sergei Sokolov as a Politburo candidate.
1. What was the time when the Russian flag was lowered?
2. What date was the dissolution put in place?
3. Who was the leader that quit the day before?
4. What date was the election of Gorbachev?
5. Who were the nuclear passwords given over to?
6. What position was Gorbachev voted in to by the Politburo?
7. Who did he take over from due to him being deceased?
8. How old was he when he died?
9. Where was the flag lowered from for the last time?
10. And what was put in its place?
11. How old was Gorbachev as the youngest person in the politburo?
12. What was his original aims as secretary?
13. What date did he bring in two apprentices?
14. Was the declaration no. 142-H?
15. How did he keep the ministries satisfied?
Answer: 1. 7:32 p.m
2. December 26, 1991
3. Mikhail Gorbachev
4. March 11, 1985,
5. Boris Yeltsin
6. General Secretary
7. Konstantin Chernenko
8. 73
9. The Kremlin
10. The pre-revolutionary Russian flag.
11. 54
12. To revive the Soviet economy
13. April 23, 1985
14. Yes
15. By promoting Viktor Chebrikov and appointing Marshal Sergei Sokolov

Problem: The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.

The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.
1. What research has changed something substantially?
2. What has it changed?
3. Since what year?
4. What group are Annelids associated with?
5. Is that a type of protosome?
6. What kind?
7. Are annelids described as not being the same on each side?
8. What modifier is used to describe their symmetry?
9. What group are leeches a sub-category of ?
10. What are they a sub-group of ?
11. Do most books still classify these creatures into five categories?
12. How many then?
13. What is used for motion in the creatures?
14. A single one?
15. What is responsible for the separation of segments?
16. Are they present in all of these creatures?
17. What does the blood circulate within?
18. What can fulfill the role of the heart?
19. What is the formal name for ripples?
20. What sort of classification does the earthworm hold?
Answer:
1. Cladistic research
2. the scheme
3. 1997
4. Lophotrochozoa
5. Yes
6. "super-phylum"
7. No
8. Bilaterally
9. Oligochaetes
10. Polychaetes
11. No
12. Three
13. Parapodia
14. No
15. Septa
16. No
17. Blood vessels
18. Muscles
19. Peristalsis
20. Oligochaetes