Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers". Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science and biology. Originally, it addressed zero-sum games, in which one person's gains result in losses for the other participants. Today, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, and computers.

Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann's original proof used the Brouwer fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by the 1944 book "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior", co-written with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty.

This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. With the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences going to game theorist Jean Tirole in 2014, eleven game-theorists have now won the economics Nobel Prize. John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. What was developed in the fifties?
2. By one person?
3. How then?
4. What was it put with in the seventies?
5. For the first time?
6. What is the definition of this topic?
7. How many applications is it practiced with?
8. And they are?
9. What did it initially work as?
10. Who proofed it?
11. Did he write a publication?
12. Called?
13. When did he write it?
14. Did he write it by himself?
15. Who helped?
16. How many people who work with this concept have received a special achievement?
17. What was it?
18. Any other special achievements?
19. What was it?
20. Who got it?
Answer: 1. Game theory
2. no
3. by many scholars
4. biology
5. no
6. the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers
7. at least 6
8. economics, political science, psychology, logic, computer science and biology
9. zero-sum games
10. John von Neumann
11. yes
12. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
13. 1944
14. no
15. Oskar Morgenstern
16. eleven
17. the economics Nobel Prize
18. yes
19. the Crafoord Prize
20. John Maynard Smith

CHAPTER 7

Mr and Mrs Squeers at Home

Mr Squeers, being safely landed, left Nicholas and the boys standing with the luggage in the road, to amuse themselves by looking at the coach as it changed horses, while he ran into the tavern and went through the leg-stretching process at the bar. After some minutes, he returned, with his legs thoroughly stretched, if the hue of his nose and a short hiccup afforded any criterion; and at the same time there came out of the yard a rusty pony-chaise, and a cart, driven by two labouring men.

'Put the boys and the boxes into the cart,' said Squeers, rubbing his hands; 'and this young man and me will go on in the chaise. Get in, Nickleby.'

Nicholas obeyed. Mr. Squeers with some difficulty inducing the pony to obey also, they started off, leaving the cart-load of infant misery to follow at leisure.

'Are you cold, Nickleby?' inquired Squeers, after they had travelled some distance in silence.

'Rather, sir, I must say.'

'Well, I don't find fault with that,' said Squeers; 'it's a long journey this weather.'

'Is it much farther to Dotheboys Hall, sir?' asked Nicholas.

'About three mile from here,' replied Squeers. 'But you needn't call it a Hall down here.'

Nicholas coughed, as if he would like to know why.

'The fact is, it ain't a Hall,' observed Squeers drily.

'Oh, indeed!' said Nicholas, whom this piece of intelligence much astonished.

'No,' replied Squeers. 'We call it a Hall up in London, because it sounds better, but they don't know it by that name in these parts. A man may call his house an island if he likes; there's no act of Parliament against that, I believe?' What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. what are they waiting on?
2. why did they stop traveling for a bit?
3. what was he doing inside?
4. How long did he spend in there?
5. Where did they put their belongings?
6. where did they get in?
Answer: 1. Mr Squeers
2. the tavern
3. the leg-stretching process
4. some minutes
5. into the cart
6. the cart

In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneursAugustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allenfrom New York, purchased 6,642 acres (26.88 km2) of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto, who was elected President of Texas in September 1836. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Houston. Thousands of enslaved African-Americans lived near the city before the Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. In 1860 forty-nine percent of the city's population was enslaved. A few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state. They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers nearly tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. Who was Sam Houston?
2. What else was important in his life?
3. In 1860 what percent of Houston's population was comprised by slaves?
4. Where did most of them come from?
5. Was there a slave trade in Houston?
6. Before the Civil War were there plantations near Houston?
7. What kind?
8. Were there slaves working on them?
9. What kind of work did slaves in the city do?
10. Were there a lot of slaves from African trade?
11. In 1860 what was the slave population?
12. Who founded the city?
13. Where did they come from?
14. What was their profession?
15. Was African slave trade legal?
Answer:
1. a general at the Battle of San Jacinto
2. he was elected president of Texas
3. forty-nine
4. the older slave states
5. yes
6. yes
7. sugar and cotton plantations
8. yes
9. domestic and artisan jobs
10. a few
11. 182,566
12. Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen
13. New York
14. real estate
15. no