input: Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no turbulence. This class of sounds includes lateral approximants like (as in "less"), non-lateral approximants like (as in "rest"), and semivowels like and (as in "yes" and "west", respectively).

Before Peter Ladefoged coined the term "approximant" in the 1960s, the term "frictionless continuant" referred to non-lateral approximants.

Some approximants resemble vowels in acoustic and articulatory properties and the terms "semivowel" and "glide" are often used for these non-syllabic vowel-like segments. The correlation between semivowels and vowels is strong enough that cross-language differences between semivowels correspond with the differences between their related vowels.

Vowels and their corresponding semivowels alternate in many languages depending on the phonological environment, or for grammatical reasons, as is the case with Indo-European ablaut. Similarly, languages often avoid configurations where a semivowel precedes its corresponding vowel. A number of phoneticians distinguish between semivowels and approximants by their location in a syllable. Although he uses the terms interchangeably, remarks that, for example, the final glides of English "par" and "buy" differ from French "par" ('through') and "baille" ('tub') in that, in the latter pair, the approximants appear in the syllable coda, whereas, in the former, they appear in the syllable nucleus. This means that opaque (if not minimal) contrasts can occur in languages like Italian (with the i-like sound of "piede" 'foot', appearing in the nucleus: , and that of "piano" 'slow', appearing in the syllable onset: ) and Spanish (with a near minimal pair being "abyecto" 'abject' and "abierto" 'opened'). 1. Who came up with the term approximant?
2. When?
3. What word was used before that?
4. What did that represent?
5. Are they fricatives?
6. What speech sound makes no turbulence?
7. What do languages frequently avoid?
8. What does location within a syllable help distinguish?
9. Can Italian have opaque contrasts?
10. What about Spanish? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. Peter Ladefoged
2. in the 1960s,
3. frictionless continuant
4. speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow
5. no
6. vowels
7. they avoid configurations where a semivowel precedes its corresponding vowel
8. semivowels and approximants
9. yes
10. yes

Question: CHAPTER XVIII. THE ZENITH

Andrea Doria did not remain to make formal surrender of the citadel of Sinigaglia to the duke--for which purpose, be it borne in mind, had Cesare been invited, indirectly, to come to Sinigaglia. He fled during the night that saw Vitelli and Oliverotto writhing their last in the strangler's hands. And his flight adds colour to the versions of the affair that were afforded the world by Cesare and his father. Andrea Doria, waiting to surrender his trust, had nothing to fear from the duke, no reason to do anything but remain. Andrea Doria, intriguing against the duke's life with the condottieri, finding them seized by the duke, and inferring that all was discovered, had every reason to fly.

The citadel made surrender on that New Year's morning, when Cesare summoned it to do so, whilst the troops of the Orsini and Vitelli lodged in the castles of the territory, being taken unawares, were speedily disposed of. So, there being nothing more left to do in Sinigaglia, Cesare once more marshalled his men and set out for Citta di Castello--the tyranny of the Vitelli, which he found undefended and of which he took possession in the name of the Church. Thence he rushed on towards Perugia, for he had word that Guidobaldo of Urbino, Fabio Orsini, Annibale and Venanzio Varano, and Vitelli's nephew were assembled there under the wing of Gianpaolo Baglioni, who, with a considerable condotta at his back, was making big talk of resisting the Duke of Romagna and Valentinois. In this, Gianpaolo persevered most bravely until he had news that the duke was as near as Gualdo, when precipitately he fled--leaving his guests to shift for themselves. He had remembered, perhaps, at the last moment how narrow an escape he had had of it at Sinigaglia, and he repaired to Siena to join Pandolfo Petrucci, who had been equally fortunate in that connection. 1. What did Andrea not remain to do?
2. of what?
3. where?
4. who was invited?
5. directly?
6. What did he do at night?
7. What did Andrea wait for?
8. Did she fear the Duke?
9. What did she have a reason to do?
10. What happened on New Years?
11. what time of day?
12. Where there troops there?
13. which ones?
14. where were they?
15. Who marshalled the men?
16. to go where?
17. Who's name did he take the tyranny in ?
18. who was making big talk of resisting?
19. who?
20. was he brave? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers:
1. to make formal surrender
2. of the citadel
3. Sinigaglia
4. Cesare
5. no
6. fled
7. to surrender his trust,
8. no
9. remain.
10. The citadel made surrender
11. morning
12. yes
13. Orsini and Vitelli
14. lodged in the castles
15. Cesare
16. Citta di Castello
17. the church
18. Gianpaolo Baglioni
19. the Duke of Romagna and Valentinois
20. yes