In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Context: Surgery has been the gold standard in the treatment of adult pyloric stenosis (APS). The introduction of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in 1989 revolutionised the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its complications.', 'We carried out a prospective study to evaluate the effectiveness of PPIs as an alternative to surgery for treatment of APS. Six consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of adult peptic pyloric stenosis between November 1999 and August 2002 were studied. The diagnosis was confirmed with endoscopy. All patients were commenced on a twice-daily dose of intravenous PPI. This was changed to oral treatment after 2 days. Main outcome measures evaluated were resolution of symptoms on PPIs and failure of medical therapy.', 'There were five females and one male. Median age at diagnosis was 72 years (range, 30-90 years). Median duration of symptoms was 2 weeks (range, 1-5 weeks). Of the patients, five had a history of peptic ulcer disease. Complete resolution was achieved in 5 patients (83%). Median duration for resolution of symptoms was 9 days (range, 5-14 days). All patients were changed to oral PPIs after 2 days. One patient did not respond to oral therapy and required surgical intervention (pyloroplasty). Median follow-up was 26 months (range, 6-48 months). There was no recurrence of symptoms. All patients were discharged on low-dose PPI.\Question: Is proton pump inhibition a feasible primary alternative to surgery and balloon dilatation in adult peptic pyloric stenosis ( APS ) : report of six consecutive cases?
This study supports the view that proton pump inhibitors are a safe and feasible alternative to surgery in adult pyloric stenosis secondary to peptic ulcer disease.

Context: The population analysis of cardiovascular risk and non-risk genetic variation can help to identify adaptive or random demographic processes that shaped coronary incidence variation across geography.', 'In this study, 114 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 17 tandem repeat polymorphisms from Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOS) regions were analyzed in 1686 individuals from 35 populations from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. NOS genes encode for key enzymes on nitric oxide availability, which is involved in several cardiovascular processes. These genetic variations were used to test for selection and to infer the population structure of NOS regions. Moreover, we tested whether the variation in the incidence of coronary events and in the levels of classical risk factors in 11 of these European populations could be explained by the population structure estimates.', 'Our results supported, first, the absence of clear signs of selection for NOS genetic variants associated with cardiovascular diseases, and second, the presence of a continuous genetic pattern of variation across European and North African populations without a Mediterranean barrier for gene flow. Finally, population structure estimates from NOS regions are closely correlated with coronary event rates and classical risk parameters (explaining 39-98%) among European populations.\Question: Does population structure from NOS genes correlate with geographical differences in coronary incidence across Europe?
Our results reinforce the hypothesis that genetic bases of cardiovascular diseases and associated complex phenotypes could be geographically shaped by random demographic processes.

Context: The ability to administer low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) subcutaneously without laboratory monitoring contributes to their popularity for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. Subcutaneous unfractionated heparin, although less expensive, is deemed to require routine laboratory monitoring on the basis of more variability in drug effect compared to LMWH. However, the more predictable pharmacokinetic profiles of low molecular weight heparins are largely based on anti-Xa activity, while antithrombin activity may be at least as important to their mechanisms of action.', 'We performed a clinical pharmacokinetic trial to compare the variability in peak antithrombin effect between subcutaneous unfractionated heparin and various LMWHs, all given in recommended weight-adjusted treatment doses. Sixty-one patients enrolled in a warfarin clinic were randomized to receive one of four different weight-adjusted subcutaneous heparin doses: unfractionated heparin, 250 units/kg (n=15); tinzaparin, 175 units/kg (n=15); dalteparin, 200 units/kg (n=15); or enoxaparin, 1 mg/kg (n=16). The areas under the curves of antithrombin levels during the first 3 h after administration were determined for each patient, and the coefficients of variation (CV) and 95% confidence intervals of the AUCs were compared among the treatment groups.', 'There was no statistically significant difference in the coefficients of variation of antithrombin effect between unfractionated heparin (52.8, 95% CI: 32.6-72.9) and enoxaparin (56.5, 95% CI: 35.7-77.4) or dalteparin (43.5, 95% CI 25.4-61.6). Tinzaparin had statistically significant decrease in coefficients of variation (21.6, 95% CI: 12.2-30.9) relative to unfractionated heparin, dalteparin and enoxaparin.\Question: Are pharmacokinetics of UH and LMWH similar with respect to antithrombin activity?
LMWHs, as a class of drugs, are no more predictable in antithrombin effect after subcutaneous injection than unfractionated heparin. There were considerable differences among LMWHs in the observed variability of antithrombin effects, with tinzaparin being somewhat more predictable than the other drugs tested.