input: OPTIONS:
- cations
- bonds
- crystals
- anions Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Anions form when an atom gains electrons. Nonmetallic atoms typically gain enough electrons to obtain the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas. All the elements in Group 17 have seven valence electrons, which are arranged into an outer configuration of n s 2 n p 5 . To achieve a noble gas configuration ( n s 2 n p 6 ), each of these elements needs to gain just one electron, resulting in an anion with a 1 charge. Similarly, Group 16 elements can obtain an n s 2 n p 6 valence configuration by forming ions with a 2 charge, and the Group 15 nonmetals will form ions with a 3 charge. Naming anions is slightly different than naming cations. The end of the element's name is dropped and replaced with the ide suffix. For example, when the chlorine atom (Cl) gains one electron, it becomes the chloride ion (Cl - ). This structure has the same electron configuration as the noble gas argon. Similarly, sulfur can gain two electrons to become the sulfide ion (S 2- ), which also has a noble gas configuration. Q: What forms when an atom gains electrons? A:
A:
output: anions

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Summary By far the most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen. The fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium nuclei is the major process that fuels young stars such as the sun. Elements heavier than helium are formed from hydrogen and helium in the interiors of stars. Successive fusion reactions of helium nuclei at higher temperatures create elements with even numbers of protons and neutrons up to magnesium and then up to calcium. Eventually, the elements up to iron-56 and nickel-58 are formed by exchange processes at even higher temperatures. Heavier elements can only be made by a process that involves multiple neutron-capture events, which can occur only during the explosion of a supernova. Q: What is the most abundant element in the universe? A:

OPTIONS:
- oxygen
- helium
- fluoride
- hydrogen

Answer: hydrogen

Problem: OPTIONS:
- evaporate
- germinate
- dissipate
- condense
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A: When air temperature reaches the dew point, water vapor starts condensing. It may form dew (as on the spider web in the opening image), clouds, or fog. Dew forms on solid objects on the ground. Clouds form on tiny particles in the air high above the ground. Fog is a cloud that forms on tiny particles in the air close to the ground. Q: When the air temperature reaches the dew point, water vapor starts to do what? A:
Answer: condense

Problem:OPTIONS:
- spawning or budding
- mitosis
- cloning
- hatched from eggs

Answer the following question given this paragraph: This is a mammal. But it is unlike placental or marsupial mammals. If a mammal does not develop within a placenta or a pouch, what type of development is left? Eggs!. Q: How is a mammal developed if not inside of a placenta or a pouch? A:
****
A: hatched from eggs

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Viewing distant stars is looking back in time. The stars we see are many thousands of light years away, which means the light takes many thousands of years to reach us. Thus the stars we see in the sky are how they looked thousands of years ago. Q: The distance of stars is measured in what terms, meaning the light takes many thousands of years to reach us? A:
OPTIONS:
- light months
- light decades
- light hours
- light years
light years

Answer the following question given this paragraph: 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation Speciation is not a precise division: overlap between closely related species can occur in areas called hybrid zones. Organisms reproduce with other similar organisms. The fitness of these hybrid offspring can affect the evolutionary path of the two species. Scientists propose two models for the rate of speciation: one model illustrates how a species can change slowly over time; the other model demonstrates how change can occur quickly from a parent generation to a new species. Both models continue to follow the patterns of natural selection. Q: What is the name for areas where there is overlap between closely related species? A:
OPTIONS:
- mono zones
- extinction zones
- gap zones
- hybrid zones

Answer:
hybrid zones