Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, plays an important role in a variety of cellular functions such as protein biosynthesis, methylation, and polyamine and glutathione syntheses. In trypanosomatids, glutathione is conjugated with spermidine to form the specific antioxidant thiol trypanothione (T[SH]2) that plays a central role in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and providing defence against oxidative stress.', 'We cloned and characterised genes coding for a cystathionine -synthase (CS) and cysteine synthase (CS), key enzymes of the transsulfuration and assimilatory pathways, respectively, from the hemoflagellate protozoan parasite Trypanosoma rangeli.', 'Our results show that T. rangeli CS (TrCS), similar to its homologs in T. cruzi, contains the catalytic domain essential for enzymatic activity. Unlike the enzymes in bacteria, plants, and other parasites, T. rangeli CS lacks two of the four lysine residues (Lys26 and Lys184) required for activity. Enzymatic studies using T. rangeli extracts confirmed the absence of CS activity but confirmed the expression of an active CS. Moreover, CS biochemical assays revealed that the T. rangeli CS enzyme also has serine sulfhydrylase activity.

Ex Output:
0

Ex Input:
One-fifth of patients with seemingly 'curable' pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) experience an early recurrence and death, receiving no definable benefit from a major operation. Some patients with advanced stage tumors are deemed 'unresectable' by conventional staging criteria (e.g. liver metastasis), yet progress slowly. Effective biomarkers that stratify PDA based on biologic behavior are needed. To help researchers sort through the maze of biomarker data, a compendium of 2500 published candidate biomarkers in PDA was compiled (PLoS Med, 2009. 6(4) p. e1000046).", 'Building on this compendium, we constructed a survival tissue microarray (termed s-TMA) comprised of short-term (cancer-specific death <12 months, n=58) and long-term survivors (>30 months, n=79) who underwent resection for PDA (total, n=137). The s-TMA functions as a biological filter to identify bona fide prognostic markers associated with survival group extremes (at least 18 months separate survival groups). Based on a stringent selection process, 13 putative PDA biomarkers were identified from the public biomarker repository. Candidates were tested against the s-TMA by immunohistochemistry to identify the best markers of tumor biology. In a multivariate model, MUC1 (odds ratio, OR=28.95, 3+ vs. negative expression, p=0.004) and MSLN (OR=12.47, 3+ vs. negative expression, p=0.01) were highly predictive of early cancer-specific death. By comparison, pathologic factors (size, lymph node metastases, resection margin status, and grade) had ORs below three, and none reached statistical significance. ROC curves were used to compare the four pathologic prognostic features (ROC area=0.70) to three univariate molecular predictors (MUC1, MSLN, MUC2) of survival group (ROC area=0.80, p=0.07).

Ex Output:
0

Ex Input:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are a matter of concern in hemodialysis units; occult HBV infections (serum HBsAg negative but HBV DNA positive) were demonstrated in this setting, and this involves further concerns regarding possible transmission and pathogenic consequences. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of occult HBV infection in a group of patients with reference to a single hemodialysis unit in southeastern Italy.', 'We analyzed HBV serology and DNA (using a qualitative nested PCR) in 128 HBsAg-negative hemodialysis patients, and correlated the results obtained, with sex, age, hemodialysis duration and HCV seropositivity.', 'As a whole, occult HBV infection was demonstrated in 34/128 patients (26.6%); HBV DNA detection was more frequent when anti-HBcAg antibodies were detected in isolation (72%) than when associated with anti-HBsAg antibodies (31%). Among HCV-seropositive patients, occult HBV infection was observed in 66%, and among these as many as 14/15 patients (93%) who were HCV+/anti-HBcAg+ had serum HBV DNA detectable. On multivariate analysis, HCV seropositivity and the presence of anti-HBs were still respectively correlated to the presence and absence of occult HBV infection.

Ex Output:
0