Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: which is identical to the Rydberg equation for R = k . When Bohr calculated his theoretical value for the hc Rydberg constant, R , and compared it with the experimentally accepted value, he got excellent agreement. Since the Rydberg constant was one of the most precisely measured constants at that time, this level of agreement was astonishing and meant that Bohr's model was taken seriously, despite the many assumptions that Bohr needed to derive it. The lowest few energy levels are shown in Figure 6.14. One of the fundamental laws of physics is that matter is most stable with the lowest possible energy. Thus, the electron in a hydrogen atom usually moves in the n = 1 orbit, the orbit in which it has the lowest energy. When the electron is in this lowest energy orbit, the atom is said to be in its ground electronic state (or simply ground state). If the atom receives energy from an outside source, it is possible for the electron to move to an orbit with a higher n value and the atom is now in an excited electronic state (or simply an excited state) with a higher energy. When an electron transitions from an excited state (higher energy orbit) to a less excited state, or ground state, the difference in energy is emitted as a photon. Similarly, if a photon is absorbed by an atom, the energy of the photon moves an electron from a lower energy orbit up to a more excited one. We can relate the energy of electrons in atoms to what we learned previously about energy. The law of conservation of energy says that we can neither create nor destroy energy. Thus, if a certain amount of external energy is required to excite an electron from one energy level to another, that same amount of energy will be liberated when the electron returns to its initial state (Figure 6.15). In effect, an atom can "store" energy by using it to promote an electron to a state with a higher energy and release it when the electron returns to a lower state. The energy can be released as one quantum of energy, as the electron returns to its... Q: When an electron transitions from an excited state to a less excited state, or ground state, the difference in energy is emitted as a what? A:

OPTIONS:
- neutron
- nucleus
- quark
- photon

A: photon

input: OPTIONS:
- parasites
- bacteria
- germs
- pathogens Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Different pathogens spread in different ways. Some pathogens spread through food. They cause food borne illnesses, which are discussed in a previous concept. Some pathogens spread through water. Giardia lamblia is one example. Water can be boiled to kill Giardia and most other pathogens. Q: Water can be boiled to kill giardia and most other what? A:
A:
output: pathogens

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Intervertebral Disc An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous pad that fills the gap between adjacent vertebral bodies (see Figure 7.24). Each disc is anchored to the bodies of its adjacent vertebrae, thus strongly uniting these. The discs also provide padding between vertebrae during weight bearing. Because of this, intervertebral discs are thin in the cervical region and thickest in the lumbar region, which carries the most body weight. In total, the intervertebral discs account for approximately 25 percent of your body height between the top of the pelvis and the base of the skull. Intervertebral discs are also flexible and can change shape to allow for movements of the vertebral column. Each intervertebral disc consists of two parts. The anulus fibrosus is the tough, fibrous outer layer of the disc. It forms a circle (anulus = "ring" or "circle") and is firmly anchored to the outer margins of the adjacent vertebral bodies. Inside is the nucleus pulposus, consisting of a softer, more gel-like material. It has a high water content that serves to resist compression and thus is important for weight bearing. With increasing age, the water content of the nucleus pulposus gradually declines. This causes the disc to become thinner, decreasing total body height somewhat, and reduces the flexibility and range of motion of the disc, making bending more difficult. The gel-like nature of the nucleus pulposus also allows the intervertebral disc to change shape as one vertebra rocks side to side or forward and back in relation to its neighbors during movements of the vertebral column. Thus, bending forward causes compression of the anterior portion of the disc but expansion of the posterior disc. If the posterior anulus fibrosus is weakened due to injury or increasing age, the pressure exerted on the disc when bending forward and lifting a heavy object can cause the nucleus pulposus to protrude posteriorly through the anulus fibrosus, resulting in a herniated disc ("ruptured" or "slipped" disc) (Figure 7.30). The... Q: What is a fibrocartilaginous pad that fills the gap between adjacent vertebral bodies? A:

OPTIONS:
- unidirectional disc
- Back Disk
- subsidence disc
- intervertebral disc

Answer: intervertebral disc

Problem: OPTIONS:
- digestion
- ionization
- inflammation
- depolarization
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is a decrease in the magnitude of the membrane potential? A:
Answer: depolarization

Problem:OPTIONS:
- increase density
- increase mass
- decrease temperature
- increase temperature

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Conversely, very large forces are created by liquids and solids when they try to expand but are constrained from doing sowhich is equivalent to compressing them to less than their normal volume. This often occurs when a contained material warms up, since most materials expand when their temperature increases. If the materials are tightly constrained, they deform or break their container. Another very common example occurs when water freezes. Water, unlike most materials, expands when it freezes, and it can easily fracture a boulder, rupture a biological cell, or crack an engine block that gets in its way. Other types of deformations, such as torsion or twisting, behave analogously to the tension, shear, and bulk deformations considered here. Q: Conversely, very large forces are created by liquids and solids when they try to expand but are constrained from doing sowhich is equivalent to compressing them to less than their normal volume. this often occurs when a contained material warms up, since most materials expand when they do this? A:
****
A: increase temperature

Problem:OPTIONS:
- processes
- membrane
- components
- nucleus

Answer the following question given this paragraph: According to the table, aluminum has an atomic number of 13. Therefore, every aluminum atom has 13 protons in its nucleus. Iron has an atomic number of 26. Therefore, every iron atom has 26 protons in its nucleus. Carbon has an atomic number of 6. Therefore, every carbon atom has 6 protons in its nucleus. Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. Q: According to the table, aluminum has an atomic number of 13. therefore, every aluminum atom has 13 protons in its what? A:
****
A:
nucleus