input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public corporation is a corporation whose ownership is dispersed among the general public in many shares of stock which are freely traded on a stock exchange or in over the counter markets. In some jurisdictions, public companies over a certain size must be listed on an exchange. A public company can be listed (listed company) or unlisted (unlisted public company).

In the early modern period, the Dutch developed several financial instruments and helped lay the foundations of modern financial system. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) became the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public. In other words, the VOC was officially the first publicly traded company, because it was the first company to be ever actually listed on an official stock exchange. While the Italian city-states produced the first transferable government bonds, they did not develop the other ingredient necessary to produce a fully fledged capital market: corporate shareholders. As Edward Stringham (2015) notes, "companies with transferable shares date back to classical Rome, but these were usually not enduring endeavors and no considerable secondary market existed (Neal, 1997, p. 61)." 1. Who helped form the modern financial system?
2. When?
3. Who was the first company to issue bonds to the public?
4. Were they also the first publicly traded company?
5. What is a name for a corporation whose ownership is spread out among the public?
6. Any other names?
7. Such as?
8. Where are the shares of stock traded?
9. Anywhere else?
10. Are some public companies required to be listed on a stock exchange?
11. What is a company called that is listed?
12. What about a company that is not listed?
13. Who created the first transferable government bonds?
14. Did they also create the necessary elements of a complete capital market?
numbered_answers: 1. the Dutch
2. early modern period
3. The Dutch East India Company
4. Yes
5. public corporation
6. Yes
7. publicly held company
8. stock exchange
9. over the counter market
10. Yes
11. listed company
12. unlisted public company
13. Italian city-states
14. No

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. (CNN) -- Han Han is China's rebel writer who has become the unofficial voice for his generation.

As a teenager the 27-year-old began writing novels about angst-ridden characters that proved tremendously popular with China's angsty youth.

But it is his blog that has propelled him to celebrity status in China and earned him the accolade as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people of 2009.

He's been touted as mouthpiece for the "post-80's generation"; China's youth who have grown up during the country's economic boom and are often characterized as apolitical and consumer-obsessed.

Blogging about issues such as the Chinese government's handling of the Sichuan earthquake of 2008 and recent spate of school stabbings, Han Han is savvy enough to know the limits of what he can and can't write about.

"Even though the Chinese government has improved on the freedom of speech front in recent years, writing is still rather dangerous, so it's quite difficult to strike this balance," he told CNN.

"But I believe you still need to try despite these difficulties. The situation only improves when there are more people trying; if no one is trying, it only gets more and more difficult."

With boyish good-looks and a rebel's cred (he dropped out of high-school and races rally cars) he's become one of China's more popular and recognizable bloggers, where the Internet is an increasingly popular forum for self-expression.

For Jeremy Goldkorn, a China media commentator, Han's attitude combined with his writing helps strike a chord with millions of China's disaffected youth. 1. who is a writer?
2. what type of writer is he?
3. can he write about anything?
4. how does he know what he cannot write about?
5. what does society think of him?
6. is he popular?
7. who is his target audience?
8. when did he begin writing?
9. did he complete school?
10. what does he write about?
numbered_answers: 1. Han Han
2. China's rebel writer
3. No
4. Han Han is savvy enough to know the limits of what he can and can't write about.
5. mouthpiece for the "post-80's generation"
6. Yes
7. China's disaffected youth.
8. 27
9. unknown
10. ssues such as the Chinese government's handling of the Sichuan earthquake of 2008 and recent spate of school stabbings

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement. 1. What is one use of a transistor?
2. What is a transistor in relation to modern electronics?
3. In what year was it conceived?
4. By whom?
5. How many years later was it implemented?
6. How many scientist were involved in implementation?
7. What field did the invention revolutionize?
8. And what two types of radios were developed after its implementation?
9. What one other item was smaller and cheaper afterwards?
10. And another?
11. What milestone List is this breakthrough in?
12. How many shared a Peace Prize?
numbered_answers:
1. integrated circuits
2. the fundamental building block
3. 1926
4. Julius Lilienfeld
5. 1926 and practically implemented in 1947
6. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley 3
7. electronics
8. cheaper
9. calculators
10. computers
11. transistor
12. Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley