Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Stratus clouds occur low in the troposphere. They form in layers that spread horizontally and may cover the entire sky like a thick blanket. Stratus clouds that produce precipitation are called nimbostratus. The prefix nimbo- means "rain. ". Q: Where do stratus clouds occur in the troposphere? A:
OPTIONS:
- mid to high region
- high
- mid-region
- low
Answer: low

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Most chromosomal disorders involve the sex chromosomes. Can you guess why? The X and Y chromosomes are very different in size. The X is much larger than the Y. This difference in size creates problems. It increases the chances that the two chromosomes will fail to separate properly during meiosis. Q: Most chromosomal disorders involve which chromosomes? A:
OPTIONS:
- autosomes
- ribosomes
- protosomes
- sex chromosomes
output: sex chromosomes

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sexual reproduction occurs in a cycle. Diploid parents produce haploid gametes that unite and develop into diploid adults, which repeat the cycle. This series of life stages and events that a sexually reproducing organism goes through is called its life cycle . Sexually reproducing organisms can have different types of life cycles. Three are represented in Figure below and described following sections. Q: What is the term for the series of life stages and events that a sexually reproducing organism goes through? A:

OPTIONS:
- society cycle
- existence
- age
- life cycle

A: life cycle

input: OPTIONS:
- joints
- pores
- rods
- apodemes Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 33.3 Apodemes are ingrowths on arthropod exoskeletons to which muscles attach. The apodemes on this crab leg are located above and below the fulcrum of the claw. Contraction of muscles attached to the apodemes pulls the claw closed. Q: What are ingrowths on arthropod exoskeletons to which muscles attach? A:
A:
output: apodemes

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Although the masses of the electron, the proton, and the neutron are known to a high degree of precision (Table 1.3 "Properties of Subatomic Particles*"), the mass of any given atom is not simply the sum of the masses of its electrons, protons, and neutrons. For example, the ratio of the masses of 1H (hydrogen) and 2H (deuterium) is actually 0.500384, rather than 0.49979 as predicted from the numbers of neutrons and protons present. Although the difference in mass is small, it is extremely important because it is the source of the huge amounts of energy released in nuclear reactions (Chapter 20 "Nuclear Chemistry"). Because atoms are much too small to measure individually and do not have a charge, there is no convenient way to accurately measure absolute atomic masses. Scientists can measure relative atomic masses very accurately, however, using an instrument called a mass spectrometer. The technique is conceptually similar to the one Thomson used to determine the mass-to-charge ratio of the electron. First, electrons are removed from or added to atoms or molecules, thus producing charged particles called ions. When an electric field is applied, the ions are accelerated into a separate chamber where they are deflected from their initial trajectory by a magnetic field, like the electrons in Thomson's experiment. The extent of the deflection depends on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. By measuring the relative deflection of ions that have the same charge, scientists can determine their relative masses (Figure 1.25 "Determining Relative Atomic Masses Using a Mass Spectrometer"). Thus it is not possible to calculate absolute atomic masses accurately by simply adding together the masses of the electrons, the protons, and the neutrons, and absolute atomic masses cannot be measured, but relative masses can be measured very accurately. It is actually rather common in chemistry to encounter a quantity whose magnitude can be measured only relative to some other quantity, rather than absolutely. We will encounter... Q: What is a mass spectrometer used to measure? A:

OPTIONS:
- partial atomic masses
- subatomic masses
- optical atomic masses
- relative atomic masses

Answer: relative atomic masses

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Metallic bonds are the force of attraction between positive metal ions and the valence electrons that are constantly moving around them. The ions form a lattice-like structure held together by the metallic bonds. Q: What types of bonds hold together positive metal ions and their valence electrons? A:

OPTIONS:
- ionic bonds
- covalent bonds
- toxic bonds
- metallic bonds

A:
metallic bonds