Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN, derived from "Formula Translation") is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.

Fortran encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with prior versions. Successive versions have added support for structured programming and processing of character-based data (FORTRAN 77), array programming, modular programming and generic programming (Fortran 90), high performance Fortran (Fortran 95), object-oriented programming (Fortran 2003) and concurrent programming (Fortran 2008).

The names of earlier versions of the language through FORTRAN 77 were conventionally spelled in all-capitals (FORTRAN 77 was the last version in which the use of lowercase letters in keywords was strictly non-standard). The capitalization has been dropped in referring to newer versions beginning with Fortran 90. The official language standards now refer to the language as "Fortran" rather than all-caps "FORTRAN". What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. When was Fortran created?
2. For what purpose?
3. What was a name of an earlier version?
4. Did they purposely spell it with capital letters?
5. Has that practice ended?
6. Starting with which version?
7. What two words were used to come up with the name?
8. What kind of language is it?
9. Did it lead programming of this type?
10. How long has it been in use?
11. List something computationally intensive?
12. Is it used to test and assess the world's fastest computers?
13. What was added to new versions?
14. Did they keep it backwards compatible?
15. What kind of programming did they add support for?
16. What other support was also added?
17. How about in Fortran 95?
18. And in 2008?
Answer: 1. in the 1950s
2. for scientific and engineering applications
3. FORTRAN 77
4. yes
5. yes
6. Fortran 90
7. Formula Translation
8. a general-purpose, imperative programming language
9. yes
10. for over half a century
11. numerical weather prediction
12. yes
13. extensions to the language
14. usually
15. structured programming
16. processing of character-based data
17. high performance
18. concurrent programming

Problem: CHAPTER VIII.

AN INTERRUPTION.

Nathan, who had looked upon the men under Colonel Allen much as he had Corporal 'Lige, was literally amazed by this ready submission of the king's troops, standing silent and motionless by the side of Isaac as the garrison was paraded without arms, and the surrender made in due form.

Some days afterward Isaac learned that the spoils of war at this place were one hundred and twenty iron cannon, fifty swivels, two ten-inch mortars, one howitzer, one cohorn, ten tons musket-balls, three cartloads flints, thirty gun-carriages, a quantity of shells, a large amount of material for boat building, one hundred stand of small arms, ten casks of powder, two brass cannon, thirty barrels of flour and eighteen barrels of pork.

Forty-eight soldiers were surrendered and preparations were at once begun to send these, together with the women and children, to Hartford.

Hardly was the surrender made complete when such of the troops as had been left on the opposite shore under Seth Warner, arrived in a schooner, much to the surprise of all, until it was learned that Captain Herrick, who had been sent to Skenesborough to seize the son of the governor, had succeeded in his mission without bloodshed.

He took not only the young major, but twelve negroes and attendants, seized the schooner owned by the elder Skene, and had come down the lake in the early morning with the hope of aiding in the capture of Ticonderoga.

Isaac had supposed this victory would end the adventure, and was saying to himself that his experience had been rather pleasing than otherwise, so much so in fact that he almost regretted the time was near at hand for him to return home, when he saw, much to his surprise, a portion of the troops being formed in line as if to leave Ticonderoga.
1. What was Nathan amazed about?
2. Did they win that battle?
3. How many ended up giving up?
4. Where were they headed?
5. Where were the king's troops standing?
6. Were there soldiers left elsewhere?
7. Where?
8. Who was in charge of them?
9. How did they show up?
10. Who was sent to Skeneborough?
11. Why?
12. And did he?
13. Were there any casualties?
14. What rank was the son?
15. Did he capture anyone else?
16. Who?
17. Who owned the boat they were in?
18. What time of day was it?
19. Why had they arrived?
20. Was Isaac excited to get home?
Answer: 1. the ready submission of the king's troops
2. yes
3. Forty-eight
4. to Hartford
5. by the side of Isaac
6. yes
7. on the opposite shore
8. Seth Warner
9. in a schooner
10. Captain Herrick
11. to seize the son of the governor
12. yes
13. no
14. major
15. yes
16. twelve negroes and attendants
17. Skene
18. morning
19. to aid in the capture of Ticonderoga.
20. no

question: One of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws. It has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's campaigns for independence from the British Empire), in Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution and in East Germany to oust their communist governments, In South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, among other various movements worldwide.

One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law. She is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with (and eventually carries out), but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this.
1. what revolution happened in 2003?
2. what is the general article topic?
3. what is one of the oldest depictions of it?
4. what old play has tells a story about disobedience?
5. what is her relationship to the king?
6. when was the orange revolution?
7. who does Oedipus defy?
8. who is Antigone's brother?
****
answer:
1. Rose Revolution in Georgia
2. Civil disobedience
3. the 1919 Revolution
4. Antigone
5. daughter'
6. 2004
7. Creon
8. Polynices