Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: The scope of this work was to study synergism between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and tobacco in vitro, both known to be independent risk factors for oral cancer.', 'HPV-positive and HPV-negative oral keratinocytes and oral HPV-negative fibroblasts were exposed to smokeless tobacco extract (STE) prepared from the Scandinavian (STE1) and US-type (STE2) snuff. Cell cycle profiles were determined with flow cytometry, and HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression in HPV-positive cells was assayed using RT-qPCR.', 'The exposure of HPV-positive keratinocytes with STE2 increased the number of aneuploid cells from 27% to 80% of which 44% were in S-phase, while none of the diploid cells were in S-phase. The changes after STE1 exposure were less than seen after STE2: from 27% to 31% of which 34% were in S-phase. STE had no effect on HPV16 E6/E7 expression in HPV-positive keratinocytes. In oral spontaneously transformed, HPV-negative keratinocytes, the number of aneuploid cells at G2-M stage increased after STE1 and STE2 exposure from 3% to 9% and 7%, respectively. In HPV-negative oral fibroblasts, the number of cells at G2-M phase increased from 11% to 21% after STE1 and 29% after STE2 exposure.
[EX A]: Does smokeless tobacco increase aneuploidy in oral HPV16 E6/E7-transformed keratinocytes in vitro?

[EX Q]: Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK), a valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been widely used in clinical practice for treating patients with disorders of the digestive system. AMK has shown noteworthy promoting effect on improving gastrointestinal function and immunity, which might represent a promising candidate for the treatment of intestinal mucosa injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of AMK on intestinal mucosal restitution and the underlying mechanisms via intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cell migration model.', 'A cell migration model of IEC-6 cells was induced by a single-edge razor blade along the diameter of the cell layers in six-well polystyrene plates. After wounding, the cells were grown in control cultures and in cultures containing spermidine (5M, SPD, reference drug), alpha-difluoromethylornithine (2.5mM, DFMO, polyamine inhibitor), AMK (50, 100, and 200mg/L), DFMO plus SPD and DFMO plus AMK for 12h. The polyamines content was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pre-column derivatization. The Rho mRNAs expression levels were assessed by Q-RT-PCR. The Rho and non-muscle myosin II proteins expression levels were analyzed by Western blot. The formation and distribution of non-muscle myosin II stress fibers were monitored with immunostaining techniques using specific antibodies and observed by confocal microscopy. Cell migration assay was carried out using inverted microscope and the Image-Pro Plus software. All of these indexes were used to evaluate the effectiveness of AMK.', '(1) Treatment with AMK caused significant increases in cellular polyamines content and Rho mRNAs and proteins expression levels, as compared to control group. Furthermore, AMK exposure increased non-muscle myosin II protein expression levels and formation of non-muscle myosin II stress fibers, and resulted in an acceleration of cell migration in IEC-6 cells. (2) Depletion of cellular polyamines by DFMO resulted in a decrease of cellular polyamines levels, Rho mRNAs and proteins expression, non-muscle myosin II protein formation and distribution, thereby inhibiting IEC-6 cell migration. AMK not only reversed the inhibitory effects of DFMO on the polyamines content, Rho mRNAs and proteins expression, non-muscle myosin II protein formation and distribution, but also restored cell migration to control levels.
[EX A]: Does atractylodes macrocephala Koidz stimulate intestinal epithelial cell migration through a polyamine dependent mechanism?

[EX Q]: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of acute systemic inflammation on peritoneal solute transport rate (PSTR) in chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients.', 'A baseline standard peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was performed on each patient every 6 months, and blood concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was assayed every 2 months in our peritoneal dialysis clinic. Acute systemic inflammation was defined as a greater than 10-fold increase in hs-CRP concentration compared with baseline value, in the absence of peritonitis, and returning to baseline level in 2 months. In patients with acute systemic inflammation, PET and hs-CRP concentration assays were performed during inflammation and after recovery. Ten patients with acute systemic inflammation were enrolled in the inflammation group and 42 other patients served as controls.', 'There were no significant changes in hs-CRP and dialysate-to-plasma ratio of creatinine (D/Pcreat) in the control group during the study period. In the inflammation group, median hs-CRP levels at baseline, during acute inflammation, and at recovery were 2.3 mg/L (range 0.3 - 4.5 mg/L), 39.2 mg/L (range 15.1 - 117.4 mg/L), and 3.7 mg/L (range 0.9 - 8.9 mg/L), respectively. Median D/Pcreat increased significantly from baseline (0.64; range 0.55 - 0.98) to time of acute inflammation (0.72; range 0.60 - 0.96) (p < 0.05). The D/Pcreat at recovery was 0.67 (range 0.52 - 0.94), which decreased significantly from time of acute inflammation (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between changes in log (hs-CRP) and changes in D/Pcreat.
[EX A]:
Is acute systemic inflammation associated with an increase in peritoneal solute transport rate in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients?