Answer the following question given this paragraph: Pulmonary Ventilation The difference in pressures drives pulmonary ventilation because air flows down a pressure gradient, that is, air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in pressure; atmospheric pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure. Air flows out of the lungs during expiration based on the same principle; pressure within the lungs becomes greater than the atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary ventilation comprises two major steps: inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and expiration is the process that causes air to leave the lungs (Figure 22.17). A respiratory cycle is one sequence of inspiration and expiration. In general, two muscle groups are used during normal inspiration: the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Additional muscles can be used if a bigger breath is required. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity, creating a larger thoracic cavity and more space for the lungs. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles moves the ribs upward and outward, causing the rib cage to expand, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. Due to the adhesive force of the pleural fluid, the expansion of the thoracic cavity forces the lungs to stretch and expand as well. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, creating a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. As a result, a pressure gradient is created that drives air into the lungs. Q: Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in what? A:
OPTIONS:
- gravity
- resistance
- thrust
- pressure

Answer: pressure

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The average composition of continental crust is granite. Q: What is the general composition of the continental crust? A:
OPTIONS:
- limestone
- marble
- sandstone
- granite
Answer: granite

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Light moving from air into water is bent ___________ the normal. Q: Light moving from air into water is bent ___________ the normal? A:
OPTIONS:
- less
- thinly
- Longly
- more
output: more

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The primary function of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis. Specialized tissues in leaves work together to perform this function. In a deciduous plant, leaves seasonally turn color and fall off the plant. They are replaced with new leaves later in the year. An evergreen plant keeps its green leaves year-round. It may have needle-like leaves to reduce water loss. Q: The primary function of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by what process? A:

OPTIONS:
- nuclear fission
- osmosis
- duplicate process
- photosynthesis

A: photosynthesis

input: OPTIONS:
- marrow
- collagen bands
- hormones
- muscle Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is ________. contracting b. relaxing c. contracting and relaxing d. filling with blood 16. How do arteries differ from veins? a. Arteries have thicker wall layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart. Arteries carry blood. Arteries have thinner wall layers and valves and move blood by the action of skeletal muscle. Arteries are thin walled and are used for gas exchange. Most of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary perform what function? a. regulate growth b. regulate the sleep cycle c. regulate production of other hormones d. regulate blood volume and blood pressure 18. What is the function of the hormone erythropoietin? a. Q: Arteries have thinner wall layers and valves and move blood by the action of skeletal what? A:
A:
output: muscle

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Earth's internal heat does not depend on the Sun for energy. This heat comes from remnant heat when the planet formed. It also comes from the decay of radioactive elements. Radioactivity is an important source of energy. Q: Decay of what provides some of earth's internal heat? A:
OPTIONS:
- ionic elements
- decaying elements
- radioactive compounds
- radioactive elements
Answer:
radioactive elements