Answer the following question given this paragraph: The Esophageal Phase The entry of food into the esophagus marks the beginning of the esophageal phase of deglutition and the initiation of peristalsis. As in the previous phase, the complex neuromuscular actions are controlled by the medulla oblongata. Peristalsis propels the bolus through the esophagus and toward the stomach. The circular muscle layer of the muscularis contracts, pinching the esophageal wall and forcing the bolus forward. At the same time, the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis also contracts, shortening this area and pushing out its walls to receive the bolus. In this way, a series of contractions keeps moving food toward the stomach. When the bolus nears the stomach, distention of the esophagus initiates a short reflex relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter that allows the bolus to pass into the stomach. During the esophageal phase, esophageal glands secrete mucus that lubricates the bolus and minimizes friction. Q: The entry of food into the esophagus marks the beginning of the esophageal phase of deglutition and the initiation of this? Choices: - relaxation - digestion - propagation - peristalsis A:
peristalsis
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sperm cells are the only human cell with flagella . This is because of their need to "swim" long distances to reach an egg for fertilization. Q: What is the only human cell with flagella? Choices: - egg - saliva - Feces - sperm A:
sperm
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: CHAPTER SUMMARY 37.1 Types of Hormones There are three basic types of hormones: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide. Lipid-derived hormones are structurally similar to cholesterol and include steroid hormones such as estradiol and testosterone. Amino acid-derived hormones are relatively small molecules and include the adrenal hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Peptide hormones are polypeptide chains or proteins and include the pituitary hormones, antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), and oxytocin. Q: There are three basic types of hormones: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and what? Choices: - manipulated - secreted - acidic - peptide A:
A: peptide
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Urethra The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for disposal. The urethra is the only urologic organ that shows any significant anatomic difference between males and females; all other urine transport structures are identical (Figure 25.3). Q: The urethra transports urine from what organ to the outside of the body for disposal? Choices: - heart - lungs - brain - bladder A:
Answer: bladder
*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The body of the simplest sponges takes the shape of a cylinder with a large central cavity, the spongocoel. Water enters the spongocoel from numerous pores in the body wall. Water flows out through a large opening called the osculum (Figure 15.9). However, sponges exhibit a diversity of body forms, which vary in the size and branching of the spongocoel, the number of osculi, and where the cells that filter food from the water are located. Sponges consist of an outer layer of flattened cells and an inner layer of cells called choanocytes separated by a jellylike substance called mesohyl. The mesohyl contains embedded amoeboid cells that secrete tiny needles called spicules or protein fibers that help give the sponge its structural strength. The cell body of the choanocyte is embedded in mesohyl but protruding into the spongocoel is a mesh-like collar surrounding a single flagellum. The beating of flagella from all choanocytes moves water through the sponge. Food particles are trapped in mucus produced by the sieve-like collar of the choanocytes and are ingested by phagocytosis. This process is called intracellular digestion. Amoebocytes take up nutrients repackaged in food vacuoles of the choanocytes and deliver them to other cells within the sponge. Q: The body of the simplest sponges takes the shape of a cylinder with a large central cavity, called? Choices: - spicule - vacuole - spirogyra - spongocoel A:
**Answer**
spongocoel
(Q).
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Note that like most other cells, these nerve cells have a nucleus. They also have other organelles. However, the long, threadlike extensions of the nerve cells are unique. This is where the nerve impulses are transmitted. Q: Which part of the nerve cell helps transmit nerve impulses? Choices: - dendrites - cell walls - synapses - long, threadlike extensions A:
(A).
long, threadlike extensions