Information: - D'Entrecasteaux Islands are situated near the eastern tip of New Guinea in the Solomon Sea in Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. The group spans a distance of , has a total land area of approximately and is separated from the Papua New Guinea mainland by the wide Ward Hunt Strait in the north and the wide Goschen Strait in the south. D'Entrecasteaux Islands show signs of volcanism. - Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney. - The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and eastern Australia. The family has 42 species in 15 genera. The members of this family are perhaps best known for the plumage of the males of the sexually dimorphic species (the majority), in particular the highly elongated and elaborate feathers extending from the beak, wings, tail or head. For the most part they are confined to dense rainforest habitat. The diet of all species is dominated by fruit and to a lesser extent arthropods. The birds-of-paradise have a variety of breeding systems, ranging from monogamy to lek-type polygamy. - Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small portion of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA can be found in the cell nucleus and, in plants and algae, also in the plastids, like chloroplasts. - The blue bird-of-paradise ("Paradisaea rudolphi") is a medium-sized bird-of-paradise. - Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with annual rainfall between . There are two types of rainforest: tropical rainforest and temperate rainforest. The monsoon trough, alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone, plays a significant role in creating the climatic conditions necessary for the Earth's tropical rainforests. - Papua New Guinea (PNG Hiri Motu: "Papua Niu Gini"), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia. Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua. - The genus Cicinnurus (Vieillot, 1816) consists of three sickletail birds-of-paradise. - A clade (from , "klados", "branch") is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life". - New Guinea (or, historically, "") is a large Island in the South West Pacific region. - Plumage ("feather") refers both to the layer of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies, and may vary with age classes. Within species there can be different colour morphs. - The Aru Islands (also Aroe Islands or Kepulauan Aru) are a group of about ninety-five low-lying islands in the Maluku province of eastern Indonesia. They also form a regency of Maluku province, with a land area of 6,269 square kilometres. - The genus Paradisaea consists of seven species of birds-of-paradise (family Paradisaeidae). The genus is found on the island of New Guinea as well as the nearby islands groups of the Aru Islands, D'Entrecasteaux Islands and West Papua Islands. The species inhabit a range of forest types from sea level to mid-montane forests. Several species have highly restricted distributions, and all species have disjunct distributions. A 2009 study examining the mitochondrial DNA of the family found that the "Paradisaea" birds-of-paradise were in a clade with the genus "Cicinnurus". It showed that the blue bird-of-paradise was a sister taxon to all the other species in this genus. - Indonesia (or ; Indonesian: ), officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At , Indonesia is the world's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area. It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world's fourth most populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country's population. - Monogamy is a form of relationship in which an individual has only one partner during his or her lifetime or at any one time (serial monogamy), as compared to polygyny, polyandry, or polyamory. The term is also applied to the social behavior of some animals, referring to the state of having only one mate at any one time. - Polygamy (from Late Greek , "polygamia", "state of marriage to many spouses") involves marriage with more than one spouse. When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, it is called polygyny. When a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called a group marriage. In contrast, monogamy is marriage consisting of only two parties. Like "monogamy", the term "polygamy" is often used in a "de facto" sense, applied regardless of whether the relationship is recognized by the state. In sociobiology and zoology, researchers use "polygamy" in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. - The emperor bird - of - paradise ( Paradisaea guilielmi ) , also known as emperor of Germany 's bird - of - paradise is a species of bird - of - paradise . The emperor bird - of - paradise is endemic to Papua New Guinea . It is distributed in hill forests of the Huon Peninsula . The diet consists mainly of fruits , figs and arthropods . The name commemorates the last German Emperor and King of Prussia , Wilhelm II of Germany . In January 1888 , the emperor bird - of - paradise was the last bird - of - paradise discovered by Carl Hunstein , who also found the blue bird - of - paradise on his journeys . These two species , along with the red bird - of - paradise , are the only Paradisaea that perform inverted display . Due to ongoing habitat loss , limited range and overhunting in some areas , the emperor bird - of - paradise is evaluated as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . It is listed on Appendix II of CITES . After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'emperor bird-of-paradise' exhibits the relationship of 'instance of'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - bay - bird - branch - cell - chemical - clade - coast - country - dna - family - five - food - forest - genus - group - head - island - nation - nucleus - ocean - order - part - population - port - province - rainforest - range - region - relationship - republic - sea - sense - serial - seven - single - social behavior - sovereign state - state - study - taxon - three - time - transcontinental country - tropical rainforest - two - variety - ward - wife
taxon