When you are working on a document in Microsoft Word and want to print an exponent, first type the base number. Then select the "Home" tab. In the "Font" section of the toolbar, select the superscript function, which appears on the toolbar as "X2." Type your exponent and it will appear in the appropriate position. Click the superscript button again to turn it off and return to regular typescript. An alternate way to do the same thing is to type your base and your exponent as regular numbers. Use your mouse to highlight the exponent and, while highlighted, then click on the exponent button on the toolbar. The number will automatically move into the exponent position. When you are entering a function in Excel and wish to enter an exponent, use the ^ symbol between the base number and the exponent. Excel will not actually print the exponent as a superscript number, but it will mathematically interpret the ^ symbol to work as an exponent. For example, to indicate 2*2*2, which is two to the third power, you would write 2^3. Excel will interpret this as the value 8. To write the number 52 in Excel, you will enter 5^2. This will then print as the value of 5*5, which is 25. LaTeX is a typesetting program used commonly in academia. LaTeX also uses the ^ to indicate exponents. If the exponent involves more than a single character, the exponent is set off with braces. Thus, 223 would be written as 2^{23}. In Excel, and on some handheld calculators, the notation "E+" is used to write numbers in scientific notation. First, print the number using a single decimal place, then the E+, followed by the exponent for the power of 10. For example, to express the number 85,420,000, begin with 8.542. Then follow immediately with E+ and the power of ten, which is 7. The final number will appear as 8.542E+7. Texas Instruments calculators use this system for scientific notation but do not use the "+" symbol along with the E. Therefore, a number like 92,000,000 would appear simply as 9.2E7. A shortcut format for writing a number in scientific notation in Excel is to use the double asterisk. First write the base number, with or without decimal places. Follow that immediately with ** and then the number that represents the exponent for the power of ten. For example, to write 4.25x104 in an Excel cell, you can type 4.25**4. To write 3.16x108 in Excel, you can type 3.16**8. FORTRAN is a popular scientific programming language. In FORTRAN and other similar programming languages, you write an exponent using a double asterisk. Write the base number first, then two asterisks (with no spaces), and then the exponent. The program will interpret the number following the double asterisks as the exponent. For example, 10**3 will be read as 103. 2**4 will be read as 24.
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One-sentence summary -- Use superscript to write exponents in Microsoft Word. Use a carat (^) to enter exponents in Excel. Use "E+" to show scientific notation. Use double asterisks in Excel as a shortcut for scientific notation. Use double asterisks to write exponents in some programming languages.

Straws and PVC pipe are two different materials you can use to make pan pipes. Straws are the easiest materials to use to make pan pipes. However, their sound quality is not as good as PVC pipes. PVC pipes give you better sound quality, but they are less easy to cut than straws. Take this into consideration when you are choosing the right material for your project. If you are using straws to create your pipes, buy fat straws meant for smoothies or bubble tea. You can find these at stores like Walmart or at your grocery store. Make sure not to get normal or restaurant-style straws. These are not as effective as thicker straws and are much harder to play. If you are using PVC pipe, buy a inch PVC schedule 40 pipe at stores like Home Depot or Walmart. Use scissors to cut straw pipes, and a rotary conduit cutter or hack saw to cut PVC pipe. It can be difficult to say exactly what notes the pipes will create when you cut them to certain lengths, because the pitch also depends on the width of the straws or PVC pipe, which can vary across brands. However, you can get a well-tuned set of pipes in a diatonic scale by cutting your pipes to the following lengths: Pipe 1: 17.5 cm Pipe 2: 15.5 cm Pipe 3: 13.5 cm Pipe 4: 12.5 cm Pipe 5: 11 cm Pipe 6: 10 cm Pipe 7: 9 cm Pipe 8: 8.5 cm You can also blow across your pipes and see if they produce the sound you want. You can cut your pipes shorter if you want a different sound. For this reason, it's always a good idea to cut your pipes slightly longer than needed, because you can always adjust them to make them shorter. In order to produce sound, you will need to plug the bottom of the pipes. Take modeling clay and make it into a flat circle. Then take a straw or PVC pipe and stamp into the clay with an end. Twist the pipe or straw, then lift it up. This should leave a circle exactly the size of the opening. Take out this piece of clay. Take the clay plug you made and push it into one of the pipes you have cut for your pan pipes. This will plug the bottom. To make sure it stays, take some tape and wrap it around the bottom of the pipe to secure it. Do this process for the remaining pipes.
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One-sentence summary -- Buy your supplies. Cut the pipes. Make a clay plug. Plug the bottom of the pipe.

To create beads, you will need polymer clay in colors of your choosing, a hard and flat surface, a flat blade or craft knife, and a toothpick. Once you have created your beads, you'll also need to bake them and finish them (see part three). A piece of tile or glass works well for the hard, flat surface. Instead of the toothpick, you can also use an electric drill with a one-eighth-inch drill bit to drill holes in the beads. Stick all your beads in the fridge for 10 to 15 minutes. This will allow the clay to firm up, which will make it easier to punch holes in them.
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One-sentence summary -- Assemble your tools. Refrigerate the beads.

Even if you're not eating at your host's home, offer to purchase the groceries. Remember that your hosts have probably already been shopping for extra groceries and spent a considerable amount of time and money to get ready for your visit. You could either bankroll their next supermarket trip, or offer to go out and buy things for both yourself and for them (ask them for a list). Don't be embarrassed about asking whether or not it is okay to do your laundry at your host's place. They understand that after a few days you'll have dirty underwear. Ask your host when the most convenient time for you to do your laundry would be, emphasizing that you don't want to cut into the household's normal routine. This doesn't mean crowding the host out of the kitchen, but instead it means collecting plates, carrying out dishes, offering to wash up or stack the dishwasher, cleaning off the counters, and taking the garbage out. You could even offer to cook a meal or two yourself.
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One-sentence summary --
Offer to make contributions. Do your own laundry. Offer to help at mealtimes.