Q: The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the LuriaDelbruck experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.

The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.

Answer the following questions:
1. What was demonstrated in 1943?
2. By what?
3. What has been less effective?
4. What kind?
5. What is dependent on several factors?
6. What does that include?
7. What might depend on the growth phase?
8. What does it require?
9. Anything else?
10. What might get rid of infections?
A: 1. antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes
2. the LuriaDelbruck experiment.
3. . Antibiotics
4. penicillin and erythromycin
5. The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy
6. host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial.
7. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials
8. ongoing metabolic activity
9. division of bacterial cells.
10. antibacterials
Q: Jack was a pumpkin farmer. He lived in a big house on the edge of a town and grew the largest Pumpkin farm around the town. Jack's pumpkins were famous , for they always had the perfect shape and never rotted ( ) until well after Halloween . Every year around Halloween , people came from all over the town to buy his pumpkins to make their jack-o-lanterns ( ) One year, Jack was thinking about his pumpkin harvest ( ) of the year when his good friend Pete came to visit him. I have some bad news , Jack ," Pete said. "What is it ? " Jack asked . a little worried. The town decided not to have Halloween this year! They said there was simply no reason for it and they didn't have time to celebrate it because many other holidays were coming up soon . Peter told him. He knew this was very bad news for jack. Jack became very sad and lowered ( ) his head . "What can I do now , Peter?" I have all these beautiful pumpkins and I can't keep them until next Halloween ." Peter replied, " Well , there are always pumpkin pies and pumpkin bread for other holidays." Jack was worried and said, "I sell most of my pumpkins for the Halloween . I can only sell a few pumpkins during the rest of the year. And Pete, it's not so much about the money . I live a simple life out here in the country and I don't need much money . But I feel happy every year when thousands of people get my pumpkins and take them and make them into beautiful jack-o-lanterns. Now all these pumpkins will be useless because people won't make jack-o-lanterns this year. oh, this is very bad news ." Jack began to weep . large tears ran down his face.

Answer the following questions:
1. Why was Jack sad?
2. How did he express his sadness?
3. Who was Jack?
4. Did he live in a small house?
5. Who was Jack's friend?
6. Were Jack's pumpkins special?
7. why?
8. Did Jack have a lot of expenses?
9. Why did the town decide not to have Halloween?
10. and?
11. Can Jack make up for his lost pumpkin sales?
12. Does Jack grow many pumpkins?
A: 1. The town decided not to have halloween
2. he wept
3. a pumpkin farmer
4. no
5. Pete
6. yes
7. they had the perfect shape and never rotted until after halloween
8. no
9. there was no reason to
10. they didn't have time
11. no
12. yes
Q: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is often ranked as one of the world's most prestigious universities.

Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. Researchers worked on computers, radar and inertial guidance during World War II and the Cold War. Post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current campus opened in 1916 and extends over along the northern bank of the Charles River basin.

The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the physical sciences and engineering, but more recently in biology, economics, linguistics and management as well. MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU). For several years, MIT's School of Engineering has been ranked first in various international and national university rankings, while MIT is also often ranked among the world's top universities overall. The MIT Engineers compete in 31 sports, most teams of which compete in the NCAA Division III's New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference, whereas the Division I rowing programs compete as part of the EARC and EAWRC.

Answer the following questions:
1. Where is the school located
2. What year was it started
3. for what purpose
4. in what subjects
5. what did researches work on at first
6. during what
7. who led the post war defense research
8. What year was the current campus opened up
9. along what
10. what is it known for recently
11. what program is it a member of
12. Is the school a top ranked one
13. how many sports do they compete in
14. what is one conference they compete in
A:
1. Cambridge, Massachusetts
2. 1861
3. To stress laboratory instruction
4. Applied science and engineering
5. Computers, radar, and inertial guidance.
6. World War II and the Cold War
7. ames Killian
8. 1916
9. Charles River
10. Biology, economics, linguistics, and management
11. Association of American Universities
12. Yes
13. 31
14. New England Women's