input: OPTIONS:
- reaction
- annoyance
- friction
- force Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 4.1 Development of Force Concept Dynamics is the study of the forces that cause objects and systems to move. To understand this, we need a working definition of force. Our intuitive definition of forcethat is, a push or a pullis a good place to start. We know that a push or pull has both magnitude and direction (therefore, it is a vector quantity) and can vary considerably in each regard. For example, a cannon exerts a strong force on a cannonball that is launched into the air. In contrast, Earth exerts only a tiny downward pull on a flea. Our everyday experiences also give us a good idea of how multiple forces add. If two people push in different directions on a third person, as illustrated in Figure 4.3, we might expect the total force to be in the direction shown. Since force is a vector, it adds just like other vectors, as illustrated in Figure 4.3(a) for two ice skaters. Forces, like other vectors, are represented by arrows and can be added using the familiar head-to-tail method or by trigonometric methods. These ideas were developed in Two-Dimensional Kinematics. Q: What do we call something that pushes or pulls on an object? A:
A:
output: force

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. For example, two male deer may compete for mates by clashing their antlers together. Q: What type of competition occurs between members of the same species? A:

OPTIONS:
- exospecies
- interspecies
- interspecific
- intraspecific

Answer: intraspecific

Problem: OPTIONS:
- mosses
- trees
- fungi
- bacteria
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Plants aren't the only organisms that use the energy of the sun to make food. Some bacteria can also perform photosynthesis. In fact, the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth were bacteria. Photosynthesis is just one of many ways that bacteria can obtain energy. Q: What were the first photosynthetic organisms on earth? A:
Answer: bacteria

Problem:OPTIONS:
- carbonate
- ammonia
- verdye
- chlorophyll

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chlorophyll is the green pigment in leaves that captures energy from the sun. Chlorophyll molecules are located in the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts. Q: What is the term for the green pigment in leaves that captures energy from the sun? A:
****
A: chlorophyll

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electronegativity Differences between Metals and Nonmetals An element's electronegativity provides us with a single value that we can use to characterize the chemistry of an element. Elements with a high electronegativity ( 2.2 in Figure 7.15 "Pauling Electronegativity Values of the ") have very negative affinities and large ionization potentials, so they are generally nonmetals and electrical insulators that tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions (i. , they are oxidants). In contrast, elements with a low electronegativity ( 1.8) have electron affinities that have either positive or small negative values and small ionization potentials, so they are generally metals and good electrical conductors that tend to lose their valence electrons in chemical reactions (i. , they are reductants). In between the metals and nonmetals, along the heavy diagonal line running from B to At in Figure 1.24 "The Periodic Table Showing the Elements in Order of Increasing ", is a group of elements with intermediate electronegativities ( ~ 2.0). These are the semimetals, elements that have some of the chemical properties of both nonmetals and metals. The distinction between metals and nonmetals is. Q: What are metals and good electrical conductors that tend to lose their valence electrons in chemical reactions called? A:
OPTIONS:
- stable metals
- conservants
- precious metals
- reductants
reductants

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Acids and bases have had many uses throughout history. In this chapter we want to explore the properties of acids and bases and the reactions in which they take part. Q: Acids are the opposites of what? A:
OPTIONS:
- water
- solids
- gas
- bases

Answer:
bases