Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Oral Cavity Both physical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth or oral cavity, which is the point of entry of food into the digestive system. The food is broken into smaller particles by mastication, the chewing action of the teeth. All mammals have teeth and can chew their food to begin the process of physically breaking it down into smaller particles. The chemical process of digestion begins during chewing as food mixes with saliva, produced by the salivary glands (Figure 16.5). Saliva contains mucus that moistens food and buffers the pH of the food. Saliva also contains lysozyme, which has antibacterial action. It also contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that begins the process of converting starches in the food into a disaccharide called maltose. Another enzyme called lipase is produced by cells in the tongue to break down fats. The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and saliva prepare the food into a mass called the bolus for swallowing. The tongue helps in swallowingmoving the bolus from the mouth into the pharynx. The pharynx opens to two passageways: the esophagus and the trachea. The esophagus leads to the stomach and the trachea leads to the lungs. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the tracheal opening during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs. Q: Food is broken into smaller particles by mastication, a process involving action by what structures? A:
OPTIONS:
- cilia
- proteins
- tonsils
- teeth
Answer: teeth

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 16.7 | Cancer and Gene Regulation By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe how changes to gene expression can cause cancer Explain how changes to gene expression at different levels can disrupt the cell cycle Discuss how understanding regulation of gene expression can lead to better drug design Cancer is not a single disease but includes many different diseases. In cancer cells, mutations modify cell-cycle control and cells don't stop growing as they normally would. Mutations can also alter the growth rate or the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. One example of a gene modification that alters the growth rate is increased phosphorylation of cyclin B, a protein that controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and serves as a cell-cycle checkpoint protein. For cells to move through each phase of the cell cycle, the cell must pass through checkpoints. This ensures that the cell has properly completed the step and has not encountered any mutation that will alter its function. Many proteins, including cyclin B, control these checkpoints. The phosphorylation of cyclin B, a post-translational event, alters its function. As a result, cells can progress through the cell cycle unimpeded, even if mutations exist in the cell and its growth should be terminated. This post-translational change of cyclin B prevents it from controlling the cell cycle and contributes to the development of cancer. Q: Cancer involves what changes that modify cell-cycle control and alter the growth rate or progression of the cell through the cell cycle? A:
OPTIONS:
- deletions
- enhancements
- stabilization
- mutations
output: mutations

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mouth Brooding. Some species of fish carry their fertilized eggs in their mouth until they hatch. This is called mouth brooding. If you look closely, you can see the eggs inside the mouth of the cardinalfish pictured here. Q: Some species of fish carry their fertilized eggs in their mouth until they hatch; this is called what? A:

OPTIONS:
- internal reproduction
- spawning
- schooling
- mouth brooding

A: mouth brooding

input: OPTIONS:
- field of view
- refraction
- phenomenon of reflection
- angle of reflection Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Reflected waves have the same speed and frequency as the original waves before they were reflected. However, the direction of the reflected waves is different. When waves strike an obstacle head on, the reflected waves bounce straight back in the direction they came from. When waves strike an obstacle at any other angle, they bounce back at the same angle but in a different direction. This is illustrated in the Figure below . In this diagram, waves strike a wall at an angle, called the angle of incidence. The waves are reflected at the same angle, called the angle of reflection, but in a different direction. Notice that both angles are measured relative to a line that is perpendicular to the wall. Q: When waves are reflected at the same angle, what is it called? A:
A:
output: angle of reflection

Answer the following question given this paragraph: The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. This is where gases are exchanged between the air and the blood. Gases are also transported by the blood and exchanged between the blood and all the cells of the body. Q: What are the main organs of the respiratory system? A:

OPTIONS:
- ovaries
- intestines
- kidneys
- lungs

Answer: lungs

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Friction is the force that resists motion. In most beginning physics classes, friction is ignored. Concepts can be understood and calculations made assuming friction to be nonexistent. Whenever physics intersects with the real world, however, friction must be taken into account. Friction exists between two touching surfaces because even the smoothest looking surface is quite rough on a microscopic scale. Q: What type of force exists between two touching surfaces? A:

OPTIONS:
- opposing
- centrifugal
- tension
- friction

A:
friction