input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Symbiosis (from Greek "together" and "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."

The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).

Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. 1. What has varied among scientists?
2. What do some believe?
3. What about others?
4. How else could you describe it?
5. How many years was it debated?
6. What is used now?
7. By what?
8. What word is being defined?
9. What language did it originate from?
10. How was it used in 1877?
11. How was it used previously?
12. What about in 1879?
13. By whom?
14. What was his occupation?
15. Nationality?
16. What is obligate?
17. What does that mean?
18. What about others?
19. Meaning?
20. What does symbiosis mean in other words?
21. Are they biological?
numbered_answers: 1. The definition of symbiosis.
2. That it should only refer to persistent mutualisms.
3. They believe it should apply to any persistent biological interaction.
4. Mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
5. 130 years.
6. De Bary definition.
7. A broader definition.
8. Symbiosis.
9. Greek.
10. To describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens.
11. To depict people living together in community
12. The living together of unlike organisms.
13. Heinrich Anton de Bary.
14. Mycologist
15. German.
16. Some symbiotic relationships.
17. It means both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival.
18. They are falculative.
19. Optional
20. It's the close and sometimes long-term interaction between two species.
21. Yes.

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Rafael Nadal completed his preparations for the U.S. Open by claiming the title in Cincinnati for the first time with a hard-fought 7-6 7-6 win over home hope John Isner Sunday.

It was his 26th victory at a Masters 1000 tournament and second in succession after lifting the trophy in Montreal last week.

Nadal, who has won nine titles in 2013 in a remarkable run since returning to the ATP circuit after injury in February, has moved to No.2 in the world off the back of that success.

It has relegated Britain's Andy Murray, who will be defending his U.S. Open crown when the action starts at Flushing Meadows on August 26, to third seed when the draw is made later this week.

Only a shock first round exit at Wimbledon has interrupted Nadal's charge to the top of the rankings with three of his successes coming on hard courts on top of his traditional dominance on clay.

Isner, who had beaten World No.1 Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals, forced two set points at 6-5 on Nadal's service in the opener, but could not punish his Spanish opponent.

Nadal eventually took the subsequent tiebreak 10-8 before another closely fought second set.

He could not force a single break point on the service of the giant Isner, but in the second tiebreaker forged a 5-1 lead to take control.

A typical cross court winner gave Nadal victory in a shade under two hours, collapsing to the ground in trade mark fashion.

It was his 15th straight victory on hard courts and he will be the man in form for the final grand slam of the season, looking at add to his French Open success earlier this year. 1. who beat someone in the quarter finals ?
2. who did he beat ?
3. where is his opponent from ?
4. what victory # was this for him ?
5. who won 9 titles ?
6. was that in 2017 ?
7. what is the year ?
8. was he ever injured ?
9. who will defend the us open crown ?
10. where ?
11. when ?
12. where is andy from ?
13. when was nadal injured ?
numbered_answers: 1. Isner
2. Novak Djokovic
3. Spain
4. unknown
5. Nadal
6. no
7. 2013
8. yes
9. Andy Murray
10. at Flushing Meadows
11. August 26
12. Britain
13. in February

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Air travel makes some people very nervous. The crowds, the noise and flying itself can cause unease. But there are classes that people can take to help them defeat the fear of flying. And now we are going to talk about similar training for service dogs that suffer from the same problem.

Service dogs almost never leave the side of the people they care for. You will see them working on buses, trains and other public transport systems. But the busy environment in an airport can trouble even the best trained working dog.

People with disabilities depend on their dogs. They also need the dogs to remain calmly on duty on the airplane, even when the flight is not smooth. This takes special training. The Air Hollywood K9 Flight School is one place where such help can be found.

The school has a piece of equipment that provides the sights, sounds and even the feel of an airplane in flight. It is called a flight simulator . The simulator was built for filming airplane scenes in movies.

Sandy Alexander lives in Newport Beach, California. He has a disability that requires his two-year-old dog, Doc, to be always at his side. Mr. Alexander took the dog to the flight school to get him ready for plane trips. He says Doc did not like the bumpy part of the flight simulation. "When that started he was pretty _ and looked up at me and wasn't sure what was gong on."

"Dogs need to be exposed gradually and repetitively to stimulation, to the environment, to loud noises, to sounds and other dogs so that when this experience happens to them on a daily basis, they are able to act in a way that they are used to acting and don't get excitable," days dog trainer, Mary Segall.

Dog owners who have attended the training say they now feel much more at ease about future flights. Their dogs also seem ready for take-off. 1. Who depends on dogs?
2. do service dogs leave the people?
3. What is the name of the school?
4. who does it train?
5. How can people overcome the fear?
6. What is the equipment in school called?
7. What does it provide?
8. Where does sandy live?
9. does he have a disability?
10. does he have a service dog?
11. what is his name?
12. how old is he?
13. where do you see service dogs?
14. was doc happy with the simulation?
15. how do dog owners feel about the training?
16. who is a trainer mentioned?
17. do dogs need to do the simulation many times?
18. and what else?
19. why was the simulator originally made?
20. can the airport upset the best dog?
numbered_answers:
1. People with disabilities.
2. almost never
3. The Air Hollywood K9 Flight School
4. Service dogs
5. There are classes
6. a flight simulator
7. the sights, sounds and even the feel of an airplane in flight
8. Newport Beach, California
9. Yes
10. Yes
11. Doc
12. 2 years
13. buses, trains and other public transport systems.
14. Not at first
15. More at ease
16. Mary Segall
17. Yes
18. to the environment, to loud noises, to sounds and other dogs
19. For filming airplane scenes in movies.
20. Yes