Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).

The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).

1. What other term for dual dating?
2. What dual dating for?
3. How many years it is for?
4. What name it has included?
5. In what year it changed?
6. Why it has to change?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.)
2. differences in the starting date of the year
3. two consecutive years
4. Pope Gregory XIII,
5. in 1582
6. to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

One day when Jack was walking in the park, he saw a woman he knew sitting on a bench with a dog beside her. The dog was looking up at the woman. Jack walked up to the woman and said, "Hello, Sue, how are you? May I sit and talk with you for a while?" "Of course, please sit down," Sue said. Jack sat down next to Sue on the bench, and they talked quietly together. The dog continued to look up at Sue, as if waiting to be fed. "That's a nice dog," Jack said, pointing at the animal. "Yes, he's handsome. He's a bit of a mixture , but that's a bad thing. He's strong and healthy." "And hungry," Jack said. "He hasn't taken his eyes off you. He thinks you've got some food for him." "That's true," Sue said. "But I haven't." The two friends laughed and then Jack said, "Does your dog bite?" "No," Sue said. "He's never bitten anyone. He's always gentle and good-tempered ." Hearing this, Jack decided to _ the dog. He put out his hand and touched the animal's head. Immediately it jumped up and bit him. "Hey!" Jack shouted. "You said he didn't bite." "No, I didn't," Sue replied. "You asked if my dog bit, and I said no......"

1. Who was sitting on the bench?
2. What was with her?
3. What kind?
4. Who saw them?
5. What was he doing?
6. where?
7. Who does he think is handsome?
8. What was the dog doing?
9. Why?
10. Does she feed him?
11. Why not?
12. Why did Jack feel it was safe to pet the dog?
13. What does she say about his temperament?
14. What happened when he tried to pet it?
15. How many people had it previously bitten?
16. What did he think about the dog before it bit him?
17. Where was Jack sitting?
18. What were they doing?
19. What did he do when he saw Sue?
20. What did he say?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Sue
2. a dog
3. mixture
4. Jack
5. walking
6. in the park
7. the dog
8. Looking up at Sue
9. Because he appeared to be waiting to be fed
10. No
11. She hasn't got any food for him
12. Because Sue says her dog has never bitten anyone
13. gentle and good-tempered
14. It bit him
15. unknown
16. That it was a nice dog
17. On the bench next to Sue
18. Talking quietly together
19. Walked up to her
20. "Hello, Sue, how are you? May I sit and talk with you for a while?"

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830, in Amherst, Massachusetts. She attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, but only for one year. Throughout her life, she seldom left her home and visitors were few. The people with whom she did come in contact, however, had an enormous impact on her poetry. She was particularly stirred by the Reverend Charles Wadsworth, whom she first met on a trip to Philadelphia. While it is certain that he was an important figure in her life, it is not clear that their relationship was romantic--she called him "my closest earthly friend." By the 1860s, Dickinson lived in almost complete isolation from the outside world, but actively maintained many correspondences and read widely. She spent a great deal of this time with her family. Her father, Edward Dickinson, was actively involved in state and national politics, serving in Congress for one term. Her brother, Austin, who attended law school and became an attorney , lived next door with his wife, Susan Gilbert. Dickinson's younger sister, Lavinia, also lived at home for her entire life in similar isolation. Lavinia and Austin were not only family, but intellectual companions for Dickinson during her lifetime. While Dickinson was a prolific private poet, fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her lifetime. Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often use slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two recurring topics in letters to her friends. Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890. A complete and mostly unaltered collection of her poetry became available for the first time in 1955. Despite some unfavorable reviews and some skepticism during the late 19th and early 20th century as to Dickinson's literary techniques, she is now almost universally considered to be one of the most important American poets.

1. Who is this story about?
2. Who was her best friend?
3. Who did she meet on a trip to Philadelphia
4. Where was Emily born?
5. What day?
6. Of what year?
7. Was her father a politician?
8. What was his name?
9. How long did he serve in Congress?
10. What is the subject of most of her poems?
11. When was her first collection of poetry published?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. Emily Dickinson
2. Charles Wadsworth
3. Charles Wadsworth
4. Amherst, Massachusetts
5. December 10
6. 1830
7. yes
8. Edward Dickinson
9. one term
10. death and immortality,
11. 1890