Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

That median is the value separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half. For a data set, it may be thought of as the "middle" value. For example, in the data set {1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9}, the median is 6, the fourth largest, and also the fourth smallest, number in the sample. For a continuous probability distribution, the median is the value such that a number is equally likely to fall above or below it.

The median is a commonly used measure of the properties of a data set in statistics and probability theory. The basic advantage of the median in describing data compared to the mean (often simply described as the "average") is that it is not skewed so much by extremely large or small values, and so it may give a better idea of a "typical" value. For example, in understanding statistics like household income or assets which vary greatly, a mean may be skewed by a small number of extremely high or low values. Median income, for example, may be a better way to suggest what a "typical" income is.

Because of this, the median is of central importance in robust statistics, as it is the most resistant statistic, having a breakdown point of 50%: so long as no more than half the data are contaminated, the median will not give an arbitrarily large or small result.

1. What is of great importance in robust statistics?
2. The median is a measure of what?
3. A data set within what?
4. What is the advantage of the median?
5. Skewed so much as what?
6. What other helpful measure does it give?
7. What can skew a mean?
8. In robust statistics, is the median is the most resistant statistic?
9. For a continuous probability distribution, how do you explain a median?
10. For a data set, how could you describe the median?
11. In robust statistics, the median has a breakdown point of what?
12. And can't have more than half the data, what?
13. Then what will happen?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. The median.
2. The properties of a data set.
3. Statistics and probability theory.
4. It is not skewed so much.
5. Extremely large or small values.
6. It may give a better idea of a "typical" value.
7. By a small number of extremely high or low values.
8. Yes.
9. The value such that a number is equally likely to fall above or below it.
10. The "middle" value.
11. 50%:
12. Contaminated.
13. The median will not give an arbitrarily large or small result.

Question: A vernacular or vernacular language is the native language or native dialect (usually colloquial or informal) of a specific population, especially as distinguished from a literary, national or standard variety of the language, or a lingua franca (also called a vehicular language) used in the region or state inhabited by that population. Some linguists use "vernacular" and "nonstandard dialect" as synonyms.

The use of "vernacular" is not recent. In 1688, James Howell wrote:

Concerning Italy, doubtless there were divers before the Latin did spread all over that Country; the Calabrian, and Apulian spoke Greek, whereof some Relicks are to be found to this day; but it was an adventitious, no Mother-Language to them: 'tis confess'd that Latium it self, and all the Territories about Rome, had the Latin for its maternal and common first vernacular Tongue; but Tuscany and Liguria had others quite discrepant, viz. the Hetruscane and Mesapian, whereof though there be some Records yet extant; yet there are none alive that can understand them: The Oscan, the Sabin and Tusculan, are thought to be but Dialects to these.

Here vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. According to Merriam-Webster, "vernacular" was brought into the English language as early as 1601 from the Latin "vernaculus" ("native") which had been in figurative use in Classical Latin as "national" and "domestic", having originally been derived from "vernus" and "verna", a male or female slave respectively born in the house rather than abroad. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words "vernaculus, vernacula". Varro, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term "vocabula vernacula", "termes de la langue nationale" or "vocabulary of the national language" as opposed to foreign words. 1. Is the use of vernacular recent?
2. What is a vernacular?
3. What are some synonyms?
4. Who spoke greek?
5. Anyone else?
6. When was the word introduced into the english language?
7. According to who?
8. From what latin word?
9. Which means?
10. How was it used in classical latin?
11. As what?
12. Anything else?
13. Derived from what originally?
14. Meaning?
15. How was the figurative meaning expanded?
16. Who was Varro?
17. What terms did he use?
18. Anything else?
19. And the last one?
20. As opposed to? Provide a numbered list of answers.
****
A numbered of answers: 1. No
2. The native language or native dialect of a specific population
3. vernacular" and "nonstandard dialect"
4. the Calabrian
5. The Apulian
6. as early as 1601
7. Merriam-Webster
8. Vernaculus
9. Native
10. Figuratively
11. National
12. Domestic
13. Vernus and Verna
14. A male or female slave respectively born in the house rather than abroad.
15. From the diminutive extended words "vernaculus, vernacula".
16. A classical Latin grammarian
17. vocabula vernacula
18. termes de la langue nationale
19. vocabulary of the national language
20. foreign words.

Q: Cuba (), officially the Republic of Cuba (), is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean meet. It is south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camaguey. Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, with an area of , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola, with over 11 million inhabitants.

Prior to Spanish colonization in the late 15th century, Cuba was inhabited by Amerindian tribes. It remained a colony of Spain until the SpanishAmerican War of 1898, which led to nominal independence as a "de facto" United States protectorate in 1902. As a fragile republic, Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system, but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1952. Further unrest and instability led to Batista's ousting in January 1959 by the July 26 Movement, which afterwards established a dictatorship under the leadership of Fidel Castro. Since 1965, the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba. A point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Cuba is one of the few remaining MarxistLeninist socialist states, where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Independent observers have accused the Cuban government of numerous human rights abuses, including arbitrary imprisonment.

1. Amerindian tribes
2. in the late 15th century
3. 1898
4. the SpanishAmerican War
5. nominal independence
6. the United States
7. strengthen its democratic system
8. no
9. a dictatorship
10. unknown
11. Fulgencio Batista
12. January 1959
13. the July 26 Movement
14. Fidel Castro
15. the Communist Party
16. YES
17. the Cuban Missile Crisis
18. 1962
19. no
20. no

Numbered questions:
1. Before Spain arrived, who inhabited Cuba?
2. When did the Spanish come?
3. Until what year did it remain a colony?
4. What historic event happened that year?
5. What did that lead to for the country?
6. Who protected them?
7. What did the nation attempt to do next?
8. Did they succeed?
9. What did the failure result in?
10. When did that end?
11. What was the dictator's name?
12. When was he overthrown?
13. By what group?
14. Who was their leader?
15. What group took over the nation after these events?
16. Did events in the nation almost lead to war?
17. What was the name of this crisis?
18. Of which year?
19. Is the nation a capitalism?
20. Do they have a good track record involving human rights?