Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

In one work, this thinker used the characters of Theophilius and Philalethe to rebut John Locke. This author of New Essays on Human Understanding claimed that evil was reconcilable with god in Theodicee, in which he claimed that this is the best of all possible worlds. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote the Monadology and invented calculus independent of Isaac Newton.
History