input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino (), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (), is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy, situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains. Its size is just over , with a population of 33,562. Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Serravalle. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.

The country takes its name from Marinus, a stonemason originating from the Roman colony on the island of Rab, in modern-day Croatia. In 257 CE Marinus participated in the reconstruction of Rimini's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates. Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in 301 CE; thus, San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic.

San Marino is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ("Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini"), a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century, that dictate the country's political system, among other matters. The country is considered to have the earliest written governing documents, or constitution, still in effect. 1. Who governs San Marino?
2. Who is San Marino named after?
3. What was his occupation?
4. Where is Rab?
5. Is San Marino a young state?
6. How old is it?
7. Is it a peaceful republic?
8. How many people live there?
9. What happened in 257 CE?
10. What did Marinus do after that?
11. When did that happen?
numbered_answers: 1. the Constitution of San Marino
2. Marinus
3. a stonemason
4. Croatia
5. no
6. unknown
7. yes
8. 33,562.
9. Marinus participated in the reconstruction of Rimini's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates.
10. Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano
11. 301 CE

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

The first commercially successful true engine, in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine, was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712. It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and in most cases was used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible, and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel. 1. What is a true engine?
2. What does it mean to be a "true engine"?
3. Who made the first successful one?
4. Was that in the 19th century?
5. When?
6. Was it any better than the previous steam pump?
7. What made it better?
8. Whose idea was that?
9. What was this engine used for mostly?
10. Where was it used?
11. Anywhere else?
12. Was it an efficient engine?
13. What kind of engine would a steam engine be classified as?
14. Is the fluid in the same compartment as the combustible ingredients?
15. Could a steam engine work with nuclear power?
16. What about energy from the sun?
17. How about from the moon?
18. What is the perfect thermodynamic cycle called?
19. What happens to the water in this cycle?
20. Does it change form?
numbered_answers: 1. atmospheric engine
2. it could generate power and transmit it to a machine
3. Thomas Newcomen
4. no
5. around 1712
6. yes
7. used a piston
8. Papin
9. pumping water
10. mine workings
11. factories
12. no
13. external combustion engines
14. no
15. yes
16. yes
17. unknown
18. Rankine cycle
19. water is heated
20. yes

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. One of the traditions which is now a necessary part of Christmas is a that of Father Christmas, or Santa Claus. According to the modern legend, he is a magical figure who visits all the children of the world during the night before Christmas Day, leaving presents which they find the next morning. He flies through the night sky in a sledge pulled by reindeer, and enters houses by climbing down chimneys. This strange legend is based on the life of a man called Nicholas, but in fact we know very little about him. Historians think he was a Christian bishop in Turkey in about 285--350 A.D. One of the stories about him is that he helped three poor girls. No one would marry them because they were so poor. To provide them with money for their weddings, Nicholas secretly dropped some gold coins down the chimney of their house. After Nicholas died, he was made a saint by the church.(The name Santa Claus thus comes from St Nicholas.) His feast day was celebrated in December, and parents started giving their children secret presents from St Nicholas. Over the years, this custom became part of our Christmas traditions.

Recently, a psychologist has claimed that Father Christmas is "the perfect fantasy" for children. According to Professor Anthony Clare, children love the character of Father Christmas because he is like an ideal father: he loves children and gives them presents, but he never criticizes them, is never angry, and children do not even need to thank him for the presents. Other writers, however, point out that Father Christmas can be a frightening character to some children. Jane Bidder says that some children are terrified of this fat, bearded old man. It can certainly confuse many children. As parents, we warn our children to be careful of strangers and never to let them into the house, and yet we tell children that a strange man will come into their bedroom at night! Some children can become very worried about this idea and fear that he is a kind of burglar.

Most children, however, understand from their parents and from the media that Father Christmas is basically a _ character, and look forward to his annual visit with joy and excitement. 1. How did the legend of Santa Claus start?
2. What was his name?
3. How does he get into people's houses?
4. When did Nicholas live?
5. Why did he want to help the poor girls?
6. What is the theory of why children like Santa Claus so much?
7. What makes him so ideal?
8. Do all children feel that way about him?
9. Why not?
10. Why would they be frightened?
11. What did Nicholas drop down the chimneys?
12. Did he tell anyone that he was doing this?
numbered_answers:
1. a Christian bishop in Turkey
2. Nicholas
3. down the chimney
4. 285--350 A.D.
5. to provide them with money so they could get married
6. he is like an ideal father
7. he loves children and gives them presents, but he never criticizes them and is never angry
8. no
9. he can be frightening to some children
10. they may think he is a burglar
11. gold coins
12. no