Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.

1. What was the first university?
2. What did it put in place?
3. What was that?
4. When?
5. What is the basis of the word university?
6. What language?
7. What word?
8. When did these start to form?
9. Were they different from other groups?
10. How were they similar?
11. Did they have any rights together?
12. Why?
13. And who else?
14. What made them unique?
15. What else defined them?
16. Is the idea of academic freedom recognized today?
17. How was it recognized?
18. When?
19. By how many schools?
20. Why was that date chosen?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. The University of Bologna
2. the Constitutio Habita
3. it guaranteed a traveling scholar unhindered passage in the interests of education
4. in 1158 or 1155
5. a number of persons associated into one body
6. Latin
7. universitas
8. when urban town life emerged
9. no
10. they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members
11. yes
12. they were guaranteed by charters issued by princes
13. prelates
14. the notion of academic freedom
15. yes
16. yes
17. with the Magna Charta Universitatum
18. on 18 September 1988
19. 430
20. it was 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna's foundation

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra (), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra (), is a sovereign landlocked microstate in Southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. Created under a charter in 988, the present principality was formed in 1278. It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two Co-Princesthe Catholic Bishop of Urgell in Spain, and the President of France.

Andorra is the sixth-smallest nation in Europe, having an area of 468km (181 sq mi) and a population of approximately . Andorra is the 16th-smallest country in the world by land and 11th-smallest country by population. Its capital Andorra la Vella is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of above sea level. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, Portuguese, and French are also commonly spoken.

Andorra's tourism services an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually. It is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is the official currency. It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993. In 2013, the people of Andorra had the highest life expectancy in the world at 81 years, according to "The Lancet".

1. What is also known as the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra?
2. When was it created?
3. When was it's current form started?
4. Who is in charge there?
5. Who is one of them?
6. Where is that?
7. Who is the other prince?
8. What does having two princes make it?
9. Where is it?
10. How does it compare in size to the other European countries?
11. How big is it?
12. What is it bordered by?
13. Are there mountains close?
14. How close?
15. Which mountains?
16. Is it surrounded by land?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Andorra
2. 988
3. 1278
4. two Co-Princes
5. Catholic Bishop of Urgell
6. Spain
7. President of France
8. a diarchy
9. Europe
10. sixth-smallest
11. 468km
12. Spain and France
13. Yes
14. unknown
15. Pyrenees
16. Yes

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. Plant taxonomy is concerned with grouping and classifying plants; botanical nomenclature then provides names for the results of this process. The starting point for modern botanical nomenclature is Linnaeus' "Species Plantarum" of 1753. Botanical nomenclature is governed by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" ("ICN"), which replaces the "International Code of Botanical Nomenclature" ("ICBN"). Fossil plants are also covered by the code of nomenclature.

Within the limits set by that code there is another set of rules, the "International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)" which applies to plant cultivars that have been deliberately altered or selected by humans (see cultigen).

Botanical nomenclature has a long history, going back beyond the period when Latin was the scientific language throughout Europe, to Theophrastus (c. 370287 BC), Dioscorides (c. 40 90 AD) and other Greek writers. Many of these works have come down to us in Latin translations. The principal Latin writer on botany was Pliny the Elder (2379 AD). From Mediaeval times, Latin became the universal scientific language (lingua franca) in Europe. Most written plant knowledge was the property of monks, particularly Benedictine, and the purpose of those early herbals was primarily medicinal rather than plant science "per se". It would require the invention of the printing press (1450) to make such information more widely available.

1. Is Botanical nomenclature the same as taxonomy?
2. What it taxonomy about?
3. And then what does nomenclature do?
4. Who started it?
5. What was the name of his book?
6. When was it published?
7. Is there a code of nomeclature?
8. What's the abbreviation for its name?
9. What does it stand for?
10. Was there one before it?
11. What was the abbreviation for the name of that one?
12. And what did that stand for?
13. Are fossill plants part of the code?
14. Early nomenclature works were written in which language?
15. Any other?
16. Can you name one of the early writers?
17. How about another?
18. When was he around?
19. Who had the most written plant information in Mediaeval times?
20. Which monks in particular?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. no
2. grouping and classifying plants
3. provides names for the results of this process
4. Linnaeus
5. "Species Plantarum"
6. 1753
7. yes
8. ICN
9. International Code of Nomenclature
10. yes
11. ICBN
12. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
13. yes
14. Latin
15. Greek
16. Theophrastus
17. Dioscorides
18. c. 40 90 AD
19. monks
20. Benedictine