input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Food waste has been a chronic problem for restaurants and grocery stores -- with millions of tons lost along the way as crops are hauled hundreds of miles, stored for weeks in refrigerators and prepared on busy restaurant assembly lines. But the historically high price of products is making it an even bigger drag on the bottom line.

Restaurants, colleges, hospitals and other institutions are compensating for the rising costs of waste in novel ways. Some are tracking their trash with software systems, making food in smaller packages or trying to compost (......) and cut down on trash-hauling costs.

"We have all come to work with this big elephant in the middle of kitchen, and the elephant is this 'It's okay to waste' belief system," said Andrew Shackman, president of LeanPath, a company that helps restaurants cut back food waste.

The interest in cutting food waste "has just rocketed in the last six to nine months," he said.

Roughly 30 percent of food in the United States goes to waste, costing some $48 billion annually, according to a Stockholm International Water Institute study. A University of Arizona study estimated that 40 to 50 percent of food in the United States is wasted. Wholesale food costs have risen more than 8 percent this year, the biggest jump in decades, according to the National Restaurant Association.

Freshman students at Virginia Tech were surprised this year when the two of the campus' biggest dining halls to find there were no trays.

"You have to go back and get your dishware and your drink, but it's not that different," said Caitlin Mewborn, a freshman. "It's not a big trouble. You take less food, and you don't eat more than you should."

Getting rid of trays has cut food waste by 38 percent at the dining halls, said Denny Cochrane, manager of Virginia Tech's sustainability program. Before the program began, students often grabbed whatever looked good at the buffet , only to find at the table that their eyes were bigger than their stomachs, he said. 1. What is the big elephant in the middle of the kitchen?
2. Who said that?
3. What is his job?
4. What does that company do?
5. What was taken away from the dining halls and Virginia tech?
6. Why?
7. Was that an effective measure?
8. How much waste was cut by it?
9. Who said that?
10. What is his job?
11. How much food in the US is wasted?
12. Who says that?
13. What's another estimate?
14. By whom?
15. What is the cost of this by one estimate?
numbered_answers: 1. It's okay to waste
2. Andrew Shackman
3. president of LeanPath
4. helps restaurants cut back food waste.
5. Trays
6. Cut food waste
7. Yes
8. 38 percent
9. Denny Cochrane
10. manager of Virginia Tech's sustainability program
11. Roughly 30 percent
12. a Stockholm International Water Institute study
13. 40 to 50 percent
14. University of Arizona
15. $48 billion annually

input: Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.

Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "polite" learning, or the Greek equivalent Paideia. Gellius became a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance, and, in fifteenth-century Italy, teachers and scholars of philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric were called and called themselves "humanists". Modern scholars, however, point out that Cicero (106 43 BCE), who was most responsible for defining and popularizing the term humanitas, in fact frequently used the word in both senses, as did his near contemporaries. For Cicero, a lawyer, what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech, which, allied to reason, could (and should) enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law. Thus humanitas included two meanings from the outset and these continue in the modern derivative, humanism, which even today can refer to both humanitarian benevolence and to scholarship. 1. In Italy, who called themselves humanists?
2. What years was Cicero alive?
3. What was his occupation?
4. What did he say was the difference between man and beasts?
5. What did he say the benefit of that was?
6. What was Gellius attitude?
7. What did he term as being nice to people?
8. What did Gellius become?
9. When?
10. How many different definitions did we end up with on the topic of discussion?
11. Does the topic include God or not?
12. Was what uneducated people's opinions included? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. teachers and scholars of philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric
2. (106 43 BCE)
3. a lawyer
4. speech
5. it enabled them to settle disputes and live together
6. unknown
7. humanitas
8. a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance
9. The fifteenth century
10. Two
11. no
12. unknown

Q: CHAPTER XXIX. "BONY."

Mrs. Ellmother reluctantly entered the room.

Since Emily had seen her last, her personal appearance doubly justified the nickname by which her late mistress had distinguished her. The old servant was worn and wasted; her gown hung loose on her angular body; the big bones of her face stood out, more prominently than ever. She took Emily's offered hand doubtingly. "I hope I see you well, miss," she said--with hardly a vestige left of her former firmness of voice and manner.

"I am afraid you have been suffering from illness," Emily answered gently.

"It's the life I'm leading that wears me down; I want work and change."

Making that reply, she looked round, and discovered Francine observing her with undisguised curiosity. "You have got company with you," she said to Emily. "I had better go away, and come back another time."

Francine stopped her before she could open the door. "You mustn't go away; I wish to speak to you."

"About what, miss?"

The eyes of the two women met--one, near the end of her life, concealing under a rugged surface a nature sensitively affectionate and incorruptibly true: the other, young in years, with out the virtues of youth, hard in manner and hard at heart. In silence on either side, they stood face to face; strangers brought together by the force of circumstances, working inexorably toward their hidden end.

Emily introduced Mrs. Ellmother to Francine. "It may be worth your while," she hinted, "to hear what this young lady has to say."

Answer the following questions:
1. Had Emily seen Mrs. Ellmother recently?
2. Did she look well?
3. Was anyone with her?
4. How were clothes?
5. what stood out?
6. What did Emily say she was afraid had happened to her?
7. how did she reply?
8. and what did she want?
9. were the women the same age?
10. Who was introduced to Francine?
11. by who?
12. was Francine old?
13. Did Mrs Ellmother enter the room swiftly?
14. how then?
15. did she have a nickname?
16. who gave it to her?
17. how did she take Emily's hand?
18. did she sound the same asalways?
19. how then?
20. and?
A:
1. no
2. no
3. yes
4. loose
5. the big bones of her face
6. suffering from illness,
7. It's the life I'm leading that wears me down
8. want work and change
9. no
10. Mrs. Ellmother
11. Emily
12. no
13. no
14. reluctantly
15. who gave it to her?
16. her late mistress
17. doubtingly.
18. no
19. with hardly a vestige left of her former firmness of voice
20. manner.