input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. Plant taxonomy is concerned with grouping and classifying plants; botanical nomenclature then provides names for the results of this process. The starting point for modern botanical nomenclature is Linnaeus' "Species Plantarum" of 1753. Botanical nomenclature is governed by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" ("ICN"), which replaces the "International Code of Botanical Nomenclature" ("ICBN"). Fossil plants are also covered by the code of nomenclature.

Within the limits set by that code there is another set of rules, the "International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)" which applies to plant cultivars that have been deliberately altered or selected by humans (see cultigen).

Botanical nomenclature has a long history, going back beyond the period when Latin was the scientific language throughout Europe, to Theophrastus (c. 370287 BC), Dioscorides (c. 40 90 AD) and other Greek writers. Many of these works have come down to us in Latin translations. The principal Latin writer on botany was Pliny the Elder (2379 AD). From Mediaeval times, Latin became the universal scientific language (lingua franca) in Europe. Most written plant knowledge was the property of monks, particularly Benedictine, and the purpose of those early herbals was primarily medicinal rather than plant science "per se". It would require the invention of the printing press (1450) to make such information more widely available. 1. Is Botanical nomenclature the same as taxonomy?
2. What it taxonomy about?
3. And then what does nomenclature do?
4. Who started it?
5. What was the name of his book?
6. When was it published?
7. Is there a code of nomeclature?
8. What's the abbreviation for its name?
9. What does it stand for?
10. Was there one before it?
11. What was the abbreviation for the name of that one?
12. And what did that stand for?
13. Are fossill plants part of the code?
14. Early nomenclature works were written in which language?
15. Any other?
16. Can you name one of the early writers?
17. How about another?
18. When was he around?
19. Who had the most written plant information in Mediaeval times?
20. Which monks in particular?
numbered_answers: 1. no
2. grouping and classifying plants
3. provides names for the results of this process
4. Linnaeus
5. "Species Plantarum"
6. 1753
7. yes
8. ICN
9. International Code of Nomenclature
10. yes
11. ICBN
12. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
13. yes
14. Latin
15. Greek
16. Theophrastus
17. Dioscorides
18. c. 40 90 AD
19. monks
20. Benedictine

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Charles II (29 May 1630 6 February 1685) was king of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his death.

Charles II's father, Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War. Although the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649, England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a "de facto" republic, led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents were dated as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. 1. What position did Charles II hold?
2. What country did he rule over first?
3. Who was his dad?
4. What happened to him?
5. Where?
6. When?
7. Was Charles II ever in a war?
8. Did he lose any battles?
9. Which one?
10. Who beat him?
11. When?
12. What happened after he lost?
13. Did he ever go to France?
14. When did he return to Britain?
15. What city did he return to?
numbered_answers: 1. King of England, Scotland and Ireland
2. Scotland
3. Charles I
4. executed
5. Whitehall
6. January 30 1649
7. Yes
8. Yes
9. Battle of Worcester
10. Oliver Cromwell
11. September 3 1651
12. Charles fled to mainland Europe
13. Yes
14. On 29 May 1660
15. London

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Chapter 2: A Valiant Band.

The permission was not attended with the result that the young prince's counsellors had hoped. For a time, James showed a lively pleasure when Desmond rode over to Saint Germain, walked with him in the gardens, and talked to him alone in his private apartments, and professed a warm friendship for him; but Desmond was not long in discovering that his first estimate of the prince's character had been wholly erroneous, and that his outburst at their first meeting had been the result of pique and irritation, rather than any real desire to lead a more active life. Upon the contrary, he was constitutionally indolent and lethargic. There were horses at his command, but it was seldom, indeed, that he would take the trouble to cross the saddle, although walking was distasteful to him. Even when speaking of his hopes of ascending the throne of England, he spoke without enthusiasm, and said one day:

"It is a pity that it cannot be managed without fuss and trouble. I hate trouble."

"Nothing can be done worth doing, without trouble, Your Majesty," Desmond said sturdily. "It almost seems to me that, if everything could be had without trouble, it would not be worth having."

"How do you mean, Mr. Kennedy?"

"I may illustrate it by saying, Sire, that no true fisherman would care about angling in a pond, close to his house, and so full of fish, that he had but to drop a baited hook into the water to bring up one immediately. The pleasure of fishing consists largely in the hard work that it demands. It is, perhaps, miles to a stream across the hills, and a long day's work may produce but a half dozen fish; but these the angler prizes in proportion to the trouble he has had to get them. I think that, were I born heir to a throne, I would rather that it should cost me hardship, toil, and danger to obtain it, than walk into a cathedral, a few days after my father's death, and there be crowned." 1. Who died?
2. How was he born?
3. Who took a ride?
4. To where?
5. Who was happy to see him?
6. What did they do?
7. Where?
8. WHat else?
9. Was it in public?
10. Where then?
11. Would a real angler fish near his home?
12. How far should he go to fish?
13. Where would he then go fishing?
14. How many would he catch?
15. Over what land would he rule?
numbered_answers:
1. a father
2. heir to a throne,
3. Desmond
4. Saint Germain
5. James
6. walked
7. in the gardens,
8. talked
9. no
10. in his private apartments
11. yes
12. miles
13. a stream across the hills
14. a half dozen
15. England,