Q: Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL) in the late 1960s. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept in the early ARPANET in the United States.

Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is davies known for causing?
2. What did he inspire?
3. Where?
4. Did it follow previous thought ideals?
5. What did it challenge?
6. Principles of what system?
7. Who developed those principals?
8. Was the concept an immediate success?
9. When did it find success?
10. Where did davies work curing this time?
A: 1. Naming packet switching.
2. packet switching networks.
3. Europe.
4. No.
5. Established principles.
6. Network bandwidth.
7. Paul Baran
8. No.
9. In the late 1960s.
10. National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL)
Q: Babylon ( ; Aramaic: , "Babel"; , "Babil"; , "Bavel") was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia. The city was built on the Euphrates river and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Babylon was originally a small Akkadian city dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC.

The town became an independent city-state with the rise of the First Amorite Babylonian Dynasty in the nineteenth century BC. After the Amorite king Hammurabi created a short-lived empire in the 18th century BC, southern Mesopotamia became known as Babylonia and Babylon eclipsed Nippur as its "holy city". The empire waned under Hammurabi's son Samsu-iluna and Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian, Kassite and Elamite domination. After being destroyed and then rebuilt by the Assyrians, Babylon became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 609 to 539BC. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rule of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman, and Sassanid empires.

It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from c. 1770 to 1670BC, and again between c. 612 and 320BC. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000. Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890 to . The remains of the city are in present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about south of Baghdad, comprising a large tell of broken mud-brick buildings and debris.

Answer the following questions:
1. What city is the article about?
2. When was it the largest city in the world?
3. Was Nippur ever a holy city?
4. What did Hammurabi create?
5. when?
6. In what country are the remains today?
7. where in Iraq?
8. What was it known as before babylonia?
9. did it have a large population?
10. What river was it built on?
11. Who ruled the city after the fall of neo-babylonian Empire?
12. and?
13. who else?
14. any more?
15. and?
16. what was one of the ancient wonder of the world?
17. what was Babylon?
18. what was done to stop the floods?
19. was it ever a small city?
20. when?
A: 1. Babylon
2. from c. 1770 to 1670BC
3. yes
4. a short-lived empire
5. in the 18th century BC
6. Iraq
7. south of Baghdad
8. Nippur
9. yes
10. the Euphrates river
11. Achaemenid
12. Romans
13. Seleucids
14. Parthians
15. and Sassanid empires
16. The Hanging Gardens
17. a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia
18. it was built on steep embankments
19. yes
20. 2300 BC
Q: CHAPTER XVI

A DESERTED STEAM YACHT

"Dick, am I mistaken, or do I see a vessel over yonder?"

Tom asked the question, as he suddenly straightened up and took a long look over to where the mist had temporarily lifted.

"It certainly does look like a ship of some sort," answered Dick, gazing forward with equal eagerness.

"Shall ve call owid?" asked Hans.

"It is too far off."

"Is she coming this way?" asked Sam, who had gotten so much salt water in his eyes that he could not see very well.

"I am not sure if it is a ship," said Tom. "But it is certainly something."

"Let us try to paddle closer," suggested his older brother, and all set to work; Tom using the folded campstool, and the others some bits of boards from the crates.

Very slowly they approached the object, until they felt certain it was a vessel, a steam yacht, as they made out a few minutes later. But no smoke curled from the funnel of the craft, nor could they make out anybody on the deck.

"Yacht ahoy!" yelled Dick, when he felt that his voice might be heard.

To this hail there was no answer, and although the boys strained their eyes to the utmost, they saw nobody moving on the craft ahead.

"Yacht ahoy!" screamed Tom, using his hands as a trumpet. "Yacht ahoy!"

Still there was no answer, nor did a soul show himself. The curiosity of the castaways was aroused to the highest pitch, and as vigorously as they could they paddled to the side of the steam yacht. The craft was not a large one, but seemed to be of good build and in first-class trim. The wheel was lashed fast, causing her to ride fairly well in the faint breeze. Not a sail was set.

Answer the following questions:
1. did they know for sure it was a ship when they first saw iit?
2. who saw it first?
3. why couldn't Sam see very well?
4. Did it look like it was coming towards them?
5. what did Tom use as a paddle?
6. did they not have proper oars?
7. what did they see it was when they got to it?
8. what kind of vessel was it?
9. what did Hans want to do when they first saw it?
10. but what was the problem?
11. could they see people on it?
12. did they yell when they got to it?
13. who shouted first?
14. what did he shout?
15. when did Dick do it?
16. and did they get a response?
17. who shouted next?
18. what did he do with his hands?
19. was it a very big boat?
20. what is the chapter title?
A:
1. No
2. Tom
3. salt water in his eyes
4. No
5. the folded campstool and bits of boards from the crates.
6. No
7. no smoke curled from the funnel
8. Yacht
9. call owid
10. too far
11. No
12. Yes
13. Dick
14. "Yacht ahoy!"
15. when he felt that his voice might be heard
16. No
17. Tom
18. used his hands as a trumpet
19. No
20. A DESERTED STEAM YACHT