TASK DEFINITION: Given an abstract, generate a keyword (a noun phrase) that best describes the focus or contribution of the paper. Such keywords can be directly from the given abstract or outside it.
PROBLEM: Abstract: CT of compression fractures is a useful adjunct to the plain x-ray in excluding signs of metastasis. However, increased bone density on CT may not distinguish osteoporotic fractures from neoplastic disease, in which case radioiodine scan, bone and marrow biopsies, or myelography may be necessary. Surgery for painful osteoarthritic spinal disease is controversial. The potential advantages of surgery must be weighted against the risk of anesthesia, the length and tolerance of postoperative immobility, and the effect of laminectomy and fusion on the biomechanics of the spine. Furthermore, the elderly are at increased risk for postoperative complications.

SOLUTION: Aged

PROBLEM: Abstract: Two types of acellular pertussis vaccine are used in Japan: the filamentous hemagglutinin (F-HA) predominant type and the pertussis toxin (PT)-F-HA type. We tested one lot of vaccine from each of three manufacturers (lots A and B, F-HA predominant type; lot C, PT-F-HA type). One hundred fifteen healthy children between the ages of 3 months and 23 months were immunized with one of the three lots of acellular pertussis vaccine to assess adverse reactions and antibody responses. The incidence of fever (temperature greater than or equal to 38 degrees C) was 2.6% for lot A, 1.2% for lot B, and 2.5% for lot C. The incidence of local reactions greater than 5 cm in diameter was 1.9% for lot A, 2.4% for lot B, and 3.3% for lot C. Thus no significant differences in adverse reaction were observed. The anti-PT antibody responses in the tested vaccines were equal to or greater than those in patients with pertussis in the convalescent stage, and the anti-F-HA antibody responses were far higher than those of convalescing patients. Lot C produced the highest anti-PT antibody, and Lot A the highest anti-F-HA antibody.

SOLUTION: Agglutinins

PROBLEM: Abstract: Following nephrectomy and acute potassium loading, animals previously maintained on a high potassium diet have a smaller increment in plasma potassium than do animals on a control diet. The mechanism of this "extrarenal potassium adaptation" is not known. To explore the role of potassium depletion in this process, we studied rats adapted to either a high potassium (HK) or control (C) diet. When dietary potassium was withdrawn, urinary potassium losses in HK rats greatly exceeded those in C rats for at least two days, leading to greater potassium depletion in HK than C animals. A smaller increment in plasma potassium in HK compared to C rats was seen only after prolonged fasting preceded nephrectomy and acute potassium loading. Correction of potassium depletion incurred during fasting abolished extrarenal potassium adaptation. We conclude: after withdrawal of dietary potassium, urinary potassium losses are much greater in HK than in C rats; if the duration of dietary potassium deprivation is sufficient, these urinary potassium losses will cause potassium-adapted animals to paradoxically become more potassium depleted than controls; and this paradoxical potassium depletion may be responsible for extrarenal potassium adaptation.

SOLUTION:
Adaptation, Physiological