TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Virus-induced wheezing episodes in infancy often precede the development of asthma. Whether infections with specific viral pathogens confer differential future asthma risk is incompletely understood.', 'To define the relationship between specific viral illnesses and early childhood asthma development.', 'A total of 259 children were followed prospectively from birth to 6 years of age. The etiology and timing of specific viral wheezing respiratory illnesses during early childhood were assessed using nasal lavage, culture, and multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The relationships of these virus-specific wheezing illnesses and other risk factors to the development of asthma were analyzed.', 'Viral etiologies were identified in 90% of wheezing illnesses. From birth to age 3 years, wheezing with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (odds ratio [OR], 2.6), rhinovirus (RV) (OR, 9.8), or both RV and RSV (OR , 10) was associated with increased asthma risk at age 6 years. In Year 1, both RV wheezing (OR, 2.8) and aeroallergen sensitization (OR, 3.6) independently increased asthma risk at age 6 years. By age 3 years, wheezing with RV (OR, 25.6) was more strongly associated with asthma at age 6 years than aeroallergen sensitization (OR, 3.4). Nearly 90% (26 of 30) of children who wheezed with RV in Year 3 had asthma at 6 years of age.

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Protein and energy malnutrition is a severe problem for patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and fasting often induces starvation which is a vitally important outcome. Dietary restriction is essential for endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) in patients with risky esophageal varices, thereby creating the possible exacerbation of nutritional state and inducing liver dysfunction. Whether EIS induces nutritional deficiency in LC patients and the effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched nutrient are prospectively investigated.', 'A total of 61 LC patients were randomly divided into an EIS monotherapy group (non-BCAA group, n=31) and an EIS combined with BCAA therapy group (n=30). Platelet count, blood chemistry and somatometry values were prospectively measured at five time points.', 'The platelet counts before treatment were at the same level in both groups (P=0.72). Three months after treatment, the counts decreased in the non-BCAA group; however, they increased in the BCAA group (P=0.019). Body mass index, triceps skin fold thickness and arm muscle circumference significantly decreased in both groups. The BCAA and tyrosine ratio value increased only in the BCAA group (P<0.01). The skeletal muscle volume measured by InBody720 significantly decreased in the non-BCAA group (P<0.001).

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERR) signaling has recently been implicated in breast cancer. We investigated the clinical value of ERR in randomized cohorts of tamoxifen-treated and adjuvant-untreated patients.', 'Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the significance of associations between ERR gene expression levels and patient DMFS in a previously published microarray dataset representing 2,000 breast tumor cases derived from multiple medical centers worldwide. The 912 tumors used for immunostaining were from a tamoxifen-randomized primary breast cancer trial conducted in Stockholm, Sweden, during 1976-1990. Mouse model was used to study the effect of tamoxifen treatment on lung colonization of MDA-MB-231 control cells and MDA-MB-231 cells with stable knockdown of ERR. The phenotypic effects associated with ERR modulation were studied using immunoblotting analyses and wound-healing assay.', 'We found that in ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) adjuvant-untreated patients, ERR expression indicated worse prognosis and correlated with poor outcome predictors. However, in tamoxifen-treated patients, an improved outcome was observed with high ERR gene and protein expression. Reduced ERR expression was oncogenic in the presence of tamoxifen, measured by in vitro proliferation and migration assays and in vivo metastasis studies.

SOLUTION:
1