Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.

[EX Q]: But this is a very general rule as it depends on the amount of yeast the recipe calls for and the temperatures at which you let the dough rise. Reply Are you channeling your best self with this comment? Wait for the dough to double in size, about an hour to an hour and a half. Test it for doneness by using 2 fingers to poke the ball. If the indentation sticks, the dough is ready. Step 3 Punch it down Punch the dough down: Use your hands to push all of the air out of the dough Doughs for a regular size loaf usually take about 2 hours at room temp for the first rising, and 1 to 2 hours for the second rising after shaping. But this is a very general rule as it depends on the amount of yeast the recipe calls for and the temperatures at which you let the dough rise. . Reply. If you have a high hydration dough you can first dip your finger in a little bit of flour to prevent sticking. 1 If the hole disappears completely: under-proofed. 2 If the hole dent pops half way back out: proofing is just right. 3 If the hole stays entirely dented in: over-proofed. Making challah bread today... How long does the dough take to rise to double in size? Step 4 Allow a second proof Sprinkle flour over your work surface and gently knead the dough. Then shape it and place it on a baking sheet, letting it rise again until it nearly doubles in size again. It won't take as long the second time, and the dough may not fully double in size. Step 5 Bake the dough Bake your dough following your recipe instructions. You'll know it's done when the crust is golden brown and, when you tap on it, the tap sounds hollow. A height of 12.5cm gives about 4088cm of volume which is about 4 liters of dough. The increase of 2.5cm is hard to notice and you will not perceive this as the dough having 'doubled in size'. After this whole rant I still do not have the answer to what recipes writers mean with 'wait until double in size'. Do they mean double in volume, double in height, they probably mean something like 'wait until the dough has increased until you think it is enough'. Comments. 1 I have an engineers approach and I have assumed double in volume is what was ment. So I have always judged the increase by eye and the poke test but unlike your more scientific approach waited for the indentation to stay. 2 Hi Ed, For my calculations I start with an imaginary boule of dough with a height of 10cm. This gives us a boule of dough with the volume of 2093cm which is a little over 2 liters of dough. When you take a boule with a height of 20cm this equals about 16745cm which is about 16 liters of dough! So a doubling in diameter equals 8 times the growth in actual volume. Comments. 1 I have an engineers approach and I have assumed double in volume is what was ment. 2 Hi Ed, 3 I'm sure it must mean volume. 4 Thank you for this post. 5 At the moment I have just started a sourdough Italian style, Pasta madre, and I have become member of a facebook group "Pasta madre". Query: how long does it take for dough to double in size
[EX A]: It takes about an hour to an hour and a half for dough to double in size.

[EX Q]: An antibiotic can also be classified according to the range of pathogens against which it is effective. Penicillin G will destroy only a few species of bacteria and is known as a narrow spectrum antibiotic. Tetracycline is effective against a wide range of organisms and is known as a broad spectrum antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance. Bacteria are termed drug-resistant when they are no longer inhibited by an antibiotic to which they were previously sensitive. The emergence and spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria has continued to grow due to both the over-use and misuse of antibiotics. Gram+ cells are only part of the bacterial world. There are many types of harmful bacteria that are Gram-negative. Penicillin does not work against Gram-negative bacteria, since the Gram- cell wall has an extra layer of protection that interferes with the drug reaching the peptidoglydan in Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Therefore other antibiotics have been developed to work against Gram- cells. Since the introduction of penicillin, a variety of other classes of antibiotics have been discovered and put to use in fighting bacterial infections. Each class of antibiotics has its own mode of action or MOA. The mode of action is specifically how the drug works to disable or kill bacteria. Friendly bacteria help keep you healthy in many ways, so when antibiotics kill friendly bacteria, your health can suffer because you lose these benefits. Additionally, losing friendly bacteria can give other types of bacteria room to multiply, leading to opportunistic infection. Antibiotics are medications used specifically to kill or disable bacteria. All bacteria are prokaryotic. organisms, meaning that their cells are different than cells of the human body. These differences can be exploited, so that antibiotic drugs can kill bacteria without harming us. Most of the bacterial world falls into one of two categories, Gram+ and Gram-, based on Article Summary: Antibiotics are drugs used to fight bacterial infections. Although there are similarities between bacteria and human cells, there are many differences as well. Antibiotics work by affecting things that bacterial cells have but human cells don't. For example, human cells do not have cell walls, while many types of bacteria do. The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall. Bacteria and human cells also differ in the structure of their cell membranes and the machinery they use to build proteins or copy DNA. Antibiotics kill bacteria, not archaea, fungi, or protists. The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in the 1920s made a big impact on human history. Not only did it lead to a cure for bacterial infections that were once deadly, but it also led a big interest in finding new antibiotics. The effects of the antibiotic drug ceftazidine on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The antibiotic kills the bacteria (red) by causing the cell wall to disintegrate (yellow remnants). Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced in nature by soil bacteria and fungi. This gives the microbe an advantage when competing for food and water and other limited resources in a particular habitat, as the antibiotic kills off their competition. How do antibiotics work Antibiotics take advantage of the difference between the structure of the bacterial cell and the host's cell. They either prevent the bacterial cells from multiplying so that the bacterial population remains the same, allowing the host's defence mechanism to fight the infection or kill the bacteria, for example stopping the mechanism responsible for building their cell walls. Query: how does penicillin destroy bacteria
[EX A]: The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall.

[EX Q]: Galactose is more commonly found in the disaccharide, lactose or milk sugar. It is found as the monosaccharide in peas. Galactose is classified as a monosaccharide, an aldose, a hexose, and is a reducing sugar. How is alpha glucose different from beta glucose? In alpha glucose the hydroxyl group at carbon one is below the plane of the ring. In beta glucose the hydroxyl group at carbon one is above the plane of the ring. What is the structure of alpha glucose? Glucose is also known as D-glucose, dextrose, or grape sugar is found in plants and it is a byproduct of photosynthesis and fuels for cellular respiration. Glucose is used as energy by living organisms. Galactose is a monosaccharide sugar that is less sweet compared to glucose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose. Epimers are diastereomers that differ in configuration of only one stereogenic center. Diastereomers are a class of stereoisomers. What type of bond is formed between two sugars in a disaccharide? Show transcribed image text Part A Review Figure 5.2. How do the structures of glucose and galactose differ? Glucose Galactose OH HO OH OH Ho Ho Glucose is an aldose; galactose is a ketose Glucose has more hydrogen and fewer oxygen atoms than galactose. Glucose is a hexose; galactose is a pentose The spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl group on the fourth carbon is different. 100% (1 rating) Glucose is also called blood sugar, as it circulates in the blood, and relies on the enzymes glucokinase or hexokinase to initiate metabolism. Your body processes most carbohydrates you eat into glucose, either to be used immediately for energy or to be stored in muscle cells or the liver as glycogen for later use. Galactose (galacto-+ -ose, milk sugar), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 30% as sweet as sucrose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose. How does glucose differ from galactose? In glucose the hydroxyl group at carbon four is below the plane of the ring. In galactose the hydroxyl group at carbon four is above the plane of the ring. Galactose is nearly identical to glucose in structure except for one hydroxyl group on carbon atom number four of the six-sided sugar. Since it differs in only one position about all six asymmetric centers in the linear form of the sugar, galactose is known as an epimer of glucose. they both have their -OH on carbon 4 in different places. up on galactose and down on glucose how is sucrolose made from sucrose by replacing some of the hydroxyl grps iwth chlorine Glucose and galactose are diastereoisomers. The structures of glucose and galactose are Diastereoisomers are Optical isomers of each other. Not mirror images of each other. Not superimposable on each other. Glucose and galactose differ in the configuration at C-4, they are non-superimposable, and they are not mirror images of each other.. They are therefore diastereoisomers. socratic Query: how do the structures of glucose and galactose differ?
[EX A]:
Glucose is an aldose; galactose is a ketose Glucose has more hydrogen and fewer oxygen atoms than galactose. Glucose is a hexose; galactose is a pentose.