Article: Shorter cuttings sometimes have trouble taking root, and longer cuttings can be difficult to stabilize. At 1218in (3046cm), your plant will be most likely to stay upright in the pot long enough to take root. If your limb tip has 2 or more growing points, you'll likely get a more compact plant that's more suited for a container, but you can also grow a new plumeria from a branch with one growing point. This will likely result in a taller plant that's more suited for outdoor growth. Leaves draw moisture from your plant, so removing the largest ones from the bottom of the limb will help your cutting retain more water. Pinch the leaf near the base and twist until it separates from the limb. You don't have to remove the leaves at the very tip of the cutting. Before you attempt to root the cutting, place the stick in a dark, dry place. During this time, the cut will begin to seal, making your cutting less prone to rot when you plant it. If you're in a hurry, place the cut end of the limb directly into dry sand and leave it there for 3 days. Measure 4in (10cm) from the cut edge of your limb with a ruler, then use a sharp knife to gently score the bark. This will help you know how deep to plant your cutting. If you don't want to cut into your limb, mark the spot with a permanent marker. A rooting hormone is a chemical which encourages a plant to start growing roots, and you can find it at most garden stores. Dipping the cutting in the water first will help the hormone adhere to the limb. Don't use treated water. For best results, use filtered or bottled water, rather than tap water. This mixture will allow for ideal drainage for your plumeria tree, which is especially important while the plant is rooting. Leave about 1 inch (2.5cm) from the top of the pot rim, where you'll add a layer of pea gravel after you plant your cutting. Make sure the pot you're using has holes in the bottom for water drainage. The larger the pot you choose, the larger your plumeria can grow. A planter that's at least 5USgal (19L) should give the plant ample room to develop for the first few years. If the plant is healthy, you will probably need to move it into a 15USgal (57L) in a few years. Using the mark you made earlier as a guideline, push the stick down into the perlite and peat mixture. Try to do this in one smooth motion so you don't wipe away the rooting hormone. Spread the gravel out so it's an even layer, then press it down firmly into the soil. This will help stabilize your cutting, and it will also prevent standing water on the surface of your soil. You can purchase pea gravel wherever you buy your other gardening supplies. Plumeria doesn't like over-watering, but you should start off by soaking the soil thoroughly. Once the soil is saturated, you won't need to water the plant again until the soil dries out completely. Over-watering is one of the primary causes of an unhealthy plumeria plant, as it can lead to root rot. You shouldn't need to water your plant more than once a week, except during the hottest parts of the year. Plumeria is a tropical plant that likes a lot of sunlight and warmth. Find a sunny spot on a deck or near a window, and your plumeria should thrive. It should take a few weeks for your plumeria to establish roots. Do not pull on it to test the root development; instead, watch for the plant to show signs of leaf growth. Once you have an established plumeria plant, you will need to re-acclimate it to the sunlight after a dormant winter in the shade; otherwise, the plant can get sunburned. Put the plant in an area with partial sun, then gradually move it into the full sun as it grows more tolerant.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Choose cuttings that are 1218in (3046cm) in length. Remove the biggest leaves from the cutting. Let the cutting dry for about a week. Mark the cutting about 4in (10cm) from the bottom. Dip the new cutting into water, then rooting hormone. Fill a large planter with 2 parts perlite and 1 part peat or potting soil. Plant the cutting about 4in (10cm) into the soil. Fill the pot the rest of the way with pea gravel. Pour water into the pot until it drains through the holes. Place the pot where it will get 6-8 hours of sunlight a day.
Article: In a study on empathy in pigs, researchers looked at how pigs responded when their pen mates were placed in stressful or potentially harmful situations. When one group of pigs were in danger or experiencing a threat, the other group responded with stress signals like pushing their ears back and becoming more alert. This indicates that pigs have the ability to show emotional contagion, where they share the emotional response that another pig is having, which is a key part to having the capacity for empathy. While you may not want to conduct your own test on animals, you can observe if the animal reacts when another animal appears in danger or under stress. The animal may respond with stress related noises or actions, such as a more alert or rigid body movements, cries or howls, and moving towards the animal under stress. In a study on empathy in elephants, a researcher observed an elephant mother who gave birth to a stillborn baby. The mother then guarded her dead calf for two days and tried several times to revive the dead calf's body. When the researcher offered the elephant mother water, the elephant drank the water and then touched her chest as if in a sign of mourning. Though elephants have been one of the more studied animals in terms of empathy, an animal may display empathy by trying to protect an injured animal from a predator. The animal may also respond to a dead animal by displaying signs of mourning over their body or to others, such as the elephant mother touching her chest. Often, animals of the same species will protect each other and respond to the needs of their herd or pack. You may observe animals working together to build a habitat, such as a den, or you may observe animals working as a team to capture a prey or elude a predator. These group related activities can be a sign of empathy among the animals, as they must focus on how their fellow animals are thinking and feeling and respond to it in kind.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Look to see if the animal reacts to another animal when they are stressed or in danger. Note if the animal responds to an injured animal or a dead animal in the area. Check if the animal works together with other animals.