In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

[EX Q]: under an estoppel theory, ""[a] nonsignatory is estopped from refusing to comply with an arbitration clause when it receives a 'direct benefit' from a contract containing an arbitration clause.""
[EX A]: non-overruling

[EX Q]: even if his earlier filings had passed muster, trying a case is more difficult than drafting minimally coherent documents.
[EX A]: non-overruling

[EX Q]: because we find our decision in valdes v. state, 3 so.3d 1067 (fla. 2009), controlling, we disapprove of the fourth district's decision in shazer and approve the fifth district's decision in mckinney.
[EX A]:
overruling