TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: We describe the epidemiology of smoking behaviors in a national young adult sample and identify common and unique demographic, social, and psychological correlates of daily smoking and lifetime and current nicotine dependence by race/ethnicity.', 'Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, wave III. Dependence was measured by the Revised Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Logistic regressions were estimated.', 'Hispanic ethnicity, low education, parental and peer smoking, novelty seeking, early age of smoking onset, and pleasurable initial smoking experiences are significantly correlated with daily smoking and lifetime nicotine dependence. Depressive symptoms are uniquely associated with lifetime and current dependence. Few factors are highly associated with current dependence. Initial sensitivity to smoking has a significantly greater impact on daily smoking than on dependence. Correlates of smoking behaviors are mostly common across racial/ethnic groups, although parental and peer smoking are significant for Whites and Hispanics but not for African Americans.

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: To explore the effect of delta-opioid receptor (DOR) in electroacupuncture (EA) protecting the brain against acute ischemic injury.', 'Fifty-one rats were randomly divided into sham ischemia group, ischemia group, sham EA group, EA group, and EA+DOR antagonist (naltrindole) group. Transient focal cerebral ischemia (1 hour) was induced in rat brain by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. EA was applied on Shuigou (GV 26) and Neiguan (PC 6) for 30 min, starting immediately after the onset of reperfusion. Neurological deficit scores and volume of cerebral infarction were detected after 24-hour reperfusion. Other 12 rats were randomly divided into sham ischemia group, ischemia group, EA group and EA + naltrindole group. DOR protein expressions were assessed by Western blotting after 24-hour reperfusion.', 'In comparison with the ischemia group and sham EA group, EA significantly reduced ischemic infarction and neurological deficits (P<0.05); EA significantly increased the expression of 60 kD DOR protein (P<0.05) and tended to increase that of 36 kD DOR protein (P>0.05). When naltrindole was combined with EA, the naltrindole completely abolished the EA-induced protection in ischemic infarction and neurological deficits, and also arrested the expression of DOR.

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: We investigated the association of KLOTHO gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with various laboratory data in 476 Japanese healthy subjects.', 'The genotyping of G-395A in the promoter region and C1818T in exon 4 was performed using PCR with confronting 2-pair primers assay.', 'Multivariate analysis adjusted for age demonstrated that in men, body-fat ratio was high, and HDL cholesterol level was low in A allele carriers of G-395A compared with GG. In women, glucose was high in A allele carriers of G-395A compared with GG, and also in T allele carriers of C1818T compared with CC. When divided into 2 groups according to age, in men <60 y, body mass index, body-fat ratio and waist circumference were high in A carriers of G-395A compared with GG. In women <60 y, bone mineral density was high in A allele carriers of G-395A compared with GG, and systolic blood pressure and glucose were high in T carriers of C1818T compared with CC.

SOLUTION:
0