Q: Started in 1636, Harvard University is the oldest of all the colleges and universities in the United States. Yale, Princeton, Columbia and Dartmouth were opened soon after Harvard. In the early years, these schools were nearly the same. Only young men went to college. All the students studied the same subjects, and everyone learned Latin and Greek. Little was known about science. And few people knew that one kind of school could teach everything that was known about the world. When the students graduated, most of them became ministers or teachers. In 1782, Harvard started a medical school for young men who wanted to become doctors. Later, lawyers could study in Harvard's law school. In 1825, besides Latin and Greek, Harvard began to teach modern languages, such as French and German. Soon it began to teach American history. As knowledge increased, Harvard and other colleges began to teach many new subjects. Students were allowed to choose the subjects that interested them. Today, there are many different kinds of colleges and universities. Most of them are made up of smaller schools that deal with special fields of learning. There's so much to learn that one kind of school can't offer all.

1. Latin and Greek
2. no
3. In 1782
4. 1636
5. Yale, Princeton, Columbia and Dartmouth
6. Harvard
7. ministers or teachers
8. 1782
9. French and German
10. Only young men
11. law school
12. yes
13. smaller schools
14. yes
15. no
16. nearly the same
17. yes
18. yes

Numbered questions:
1. what ancient languages did everyone used to learn?
2. was much known about science?
3. when did they start teaching modern languages at Harvard?
4. what year was Harvard founded?
5. what other schools opened soon after?
6. which is the oldest of all them?
7. what did most people become when they had graduated?
8. what year did Harvard start teaching medicine?
9. what modern languages did they start to teach?
10. in the past, who went to college?
11. besides medicine, what other subjects were offered?
12. did they also teach history?
13. Today, modern colleges are mostly made up of what?
14. are they specialized?
15. can one school offer everything?
16. how similar were Harvard, Yale and Princeton when they opened?
17. did everyone study the same subject?
18. could one school teach everything back then?

Q: An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.

Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

1. a wire filament
2. yes
3. by passing an electric current through it
4. with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated.
5. a chemical process
6. by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass.
7. no
8. less than 5%
9. it is converted into heat
10. 16
11. 60 lm/W
12. 150 lm/W
13. incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks
14. around 1,000 hours
15. 10,000 hours
16. 30,000

Numbered questions:
1. What is the energy source for an incandescent bulb?
2. Is it hot?
3. How does it get hot?
4. How is is protected?
5. How about in a halogen bulb?
6. How does the bulb get its energy supply?
7. Are incandescent lights efficient?
8. How much energy do they convert to light?
9. What happens to the rest of the energy?
10. How many lumens per watt does an incandescent bulb create?
11. What about a fluorescent bulb?
12. An LED bulb?
13. What are other uses of incandescent bulbs?
14. How long does an incandescent bulb last?
15. What about fluorescent?
16. And LED?

Q: Elsie Comer is nearly 92, but she can still play a game of Words with Friends on her iPad and claims that the Apple product has changed her life. Mrs. Comer, who lives in a house close to Manchester Airport, admits to playing the hugely popular puzzle game at a time and also uses her iPad to track the planes that fly overhead and explore the world with Google Earth. "It's been a wonderful ,way to keep in touch with my family, " she said. "I use it nearly all the hours of daylight. 2-3 hours in the morning. then again in the afternoon. " I live near the airport , so I love being able to look at the Flight Tracker and see where the planes that fly overhead are going. I also really like Words with Friends . and have 16 games going at a time. Mrs. Comer taught painting when she left school. She did own a laptop. But struggled( ) with it. "She had a laptop before, but the problem was that she couldn't see the cursor , and that she also has shaky hands that struggle with the mouse. " said her 63-year-old daughter, Jean Holt , from Citheroe. "I was in America visiting my daughter, and I played with an iPad and decided to buy one for my mother. Mrs. Holt loaded the iPad with apps gradually so her mother could learn how to use them. "She uses it several hours a day, and is determined to keep up with everything new, so she reads the news, sends emails, and uses FaceTime to make video calls to us all." she said. ELSIES FAVORITE APPS Words with Friends-a free Scrabble-like puzzle app Flight Tracker-allowing her to see the details of planes that fly over her home FaceTime-used to make video calk to her family around the world iMessage-used to send text messages to mobile phones Solitaire-a classic card Same

1. Elsie Comer
2. Yes
3. nearly 92
4. No
5. tracks planes and explores the world with Google Earth
6. No
7. Near Manchester Airport
8. No
9. she couldn't see the cursor , and she also has shaky hands that struggle with the mouse.
10. Jean Holt
11. 63
12. America
13. America
14. FaceTime
15. reading the news and sending emails
16. a puzzle app
17. no
18. Solitaire
19. iMessage
20. Citheroe
21. she lives near the airport

Numbered questions:
1. what's the name of the main person in the story?
2. Does she use technology?
3. How old is she?
4. Does she only play games?
5. What else does she do?
6. Does she use the iPad at night?
7. Where does she live?
8. Does she like using laptops?
9. Why not?
10. What's her daughter's name?
11. How old is she?
12. Where does Jean's daughter live?
13. Where did she buy the iPad?
14. what app does Elsie use to make video calls?
15. What else does Jean say that Elsie uses the iPad for?
16. What is Words with Friends?
17. does it cost money?
18. What card game does she play?
19. What app sends texts?
20. Where is Jean from?
21. Why does Elsie like tracking flights?