Problem: Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. A distinctive feature of totalitarian governments is an "elaborate ideology, a set of ideas that gives meaning and direction to the whole society".

Totalitarianism is the most severe and extreme form of authoritarianism.

The concept was first developed in the 1920s by the Weimar German jurist, and later Nazi academic, Carl Schmitt, and Italian fascists. Schmitt used the term, "Totalstaat," in his influential work on the legal basis of an all-powerful state, "The Concept of the Political" (1927). The concept became prominent in Western political discourse as a concept that highlights similarities between Fascist states and the Soviet Union.

The notion of totalitarianism as a "total" political power by the state was formulated in 1923 by Giovanni Amendola, who described Italian Fascism as a system fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships. The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile, Italy's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of fascism. He used the term "totalitario" to refer to the structure and goals of the new state, which were to provide the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals." He described totalitarianism as a society in which the ideology of the state had influence, if not power, over most of its citizens. According to Benito Mussolini, this system politicizes everything spiritual and human: "Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state."
1. When was the main topic first created?
2. By whom?
3. Anyone else?
4. What political force was he associated with?
5. Was any other group involved?
6. Which group?
7. What is the main topic of discussion?
8. And it's made to severely limit government?
9. What is an alternate name for it?
10. What year was the concept created?
11. By whom?
12. Did he find it typical?
13. Who wrote about it in a positive light?
Answer: 1. 1920s
2. Weimar German
3. Carl Schmitt
4. Nazi
5. Yes
6. Italian fascists
7. Totalitarianism
8. Nois a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.
9. form of authoritarianism
10. 1923
11. Giovanni Amendola
12. No
13. Giovanni Gentile

Q: Chapter Twenty-Three

Ruggedo Reforms

It did not take them long to regain the royal cavern of the Nome King, where Kaliko ordered served to them the nicest refreshments the place afforded.

Ruggedo had come trailing along after the rest of the party and while no one paid any attention to the old King they did not offer any objection to his presence or command him to leave them. He looked fearfully to see if the eggs were still guarding the entrance, but they had now disappeared; so he crept into the cavern after the others and humbly squatted down in a corner of the room.

There Betsy discovered him. All of the little girl's companions were now so happy at the success of Shaggy's quest for his brother, and the laughter and merriment seemed so general, that Betsy's heart softened toward the friendless old man who had once been their bitter enemy, and she carried to him some of the food and drink. Ruggedo's eyes filled with tears at this unexpected kindness. He took the child's hand in his own and pressed it gratefully.

"Look here, Kaliko," said Betsy, addressing the new King, "what's the use of being hard on Ruggedo? All his magic power is gone, so he can't do any more harm, and I'm sure he's sorry he acted so badly to everybody."

"Are you?" asked Kaliko, looking down at his former master.

"I am," said Ruggedo. "The girl speaks truly. I'm sorry and I'm harmless. I don't want to wander through the wide world, on top of the ground, for I'm a nome. No nome can ever be happy any place but underground."

Answer the following questions:
1. Who used to be in charge?
2. Was he a nice leader?
3. Who's in charge now?
4. Does anyone feel bad for the former leader?
5. Where are they at?
6. Was the chow rotten?
7. Did anyone tell the former leader to stay away?
8. Who had been questing?
9. For what?
10. Did he succeed?
11. Were the people miserable?
12. What mood were they in?
13. What did the the girl bring to the former leader?
14. Did he spit at her?
15. What did he do?
16. Anything else?
17. What?
18. Did he used to be mystical?
19. Is the former leader regretful?
20. Would he rather live above or below ground?
A: 1. Ruggedo
2. no
3. Kaliko,
4. no one had done, but Betsy's heart softened
5. he royal cavern of the Nome King
6. unknown
7. no
8. Shaggy
9. for his brother,
10. yes
11. no
12. so happy
13. she carried to him some of the food and drink.
14. no
15. first his eyes filled with tears
16. yes
17. He took the child's hand in his own and pressed it gratefully.
18. no
19. yes
20. below

Problem: Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future.
1. What tends to cluster in hotspots?
2. Will it speed up or slow down in the future?
3. What's it a contraction of?
4. Does it talk about life on Mars?
5. What type of life does it refer to?
6. Does it encompass a variety of life?
7. Are ecosystems important parts of biodiversity?
8. What about species?
9. What type of gradients are there in species diversity?
10. Which band in all oceans is it highest?
11. Are the sea surface temperatures there higher or lower than other places?
12. Which coasts?
13. What type of biodiversity on those coasts?
14. Is biodiversity distributed evenly on Earth?
15. Is it found more or less in the tropics?
16. What type of biodiversity is greater near the equator?
17. What is that a result of?
18. Is genetic variation part of biodiversity?
19. What other types of variation are as well?
20. Does species variation extend to the whole planet?
Answer:
1. Biodiversity
2. slow
3. biological diversity
4. no
5. life on Earth
6. yes
7. yes
8. yes
9. latitudinal gradients
10. mid-latitudinal
11. higher
12. Western Pacific
13. Marine
14. no
15. more
16. Terrestrial
17. warm climate and high primary productivity
18. yes
19. ecosystem and species
20. yes