Problem: OPTIONS:
- Decay Process
- Different Process
- induced process
- spontaneous process
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Summary 16.1 Spontaneity Chemical and physical processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under certain conditions. A spontaneous process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some external source, while a nonspontaneous process requires such. Systems undergoing a spontaneous process may or may not experience a gain or loss of energy, but they will experience a change in the way matter and/or energy is distributed within the system. 16.2 Entropy Entropy (S) is a state function that can be related to the number of microstates for a system (the number of ways the system can be arranged) and to the ratio of reversible heat to kelvin temperature. It may be interpreted as a measure of the dispersal or distribution of matter and/or energy in a system, and it is often described as representing the "disorder" of the system. For a given substance, Ssolid < Sliquid < Sgas in a given physical state at a given temperature, entropy is typically greater for heavier atoms or more complex molecules. Entropy increases when a system is heated and when solutions form. Using these guidelines, the sign of entropy changes for some chemical reactions may be reliably predicted. 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics states that a spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe, Suniv > 0. If Suniv < 0, the process is nonspontaneous, and if Suniv = 0, the system is at equilibrium. The third law of thermodynamics establishes the zero for entropy as that of a perfect, pure crystalline solid at 0 K. With only one possible microstate, the entropy is zero. We may compute the standard entropy change for a process by using standard entropy values for the reactants and products involved in the process. 16.4 Free Energy Gibbs free energy (G) is a state function defined with regard to system quantities only and may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process. A negative value for G indicates a spontaneous process; a positive G indicates a... Q: What kind of process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some external source? A:
Answer: spontaneous process

Problem:OPTIONS:
- corals
- continents
- zoos
- biomes

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Biomes as different as deserts and wetlands share something very important. All biomes have populations of interacting species. Species interact in the same basic ways in all biomes. For example, all biomes have some species that prey on others for food. Q: Although they are as different as deserts and wetlands, all of these ecosystem units have populations of interacting species? A:
****
A: biomes

Answer the following question given this paragraph: Protists use cilia, pseudopods, or flagella to move. Q: What organisms use cilia, pseudopods, or flagella to move? A:
OPTIONS:
- bacteria
- arthropods
- prokaryotes
- protists
protists

Answer the following question given this paragraph: What causes puberty to begin? The hypothalamus in the brain "tells" the pituitary gland to secrete hormones that target the testes. The main pituitary hormone involved is luteinizing hormone (LH) . It stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone. Testosterone, in turn, promotes protein synthesis and growth. It brings about most of the physical changes of puberty, some of which are shown in Figure below . In addition to the changes shown below, during puberty male facial hair begins to grow, the shoulders broaden, and the male voice deepens. You can watch an animation of these and other changes that occur in boys during puberty at the Interactive Body link: http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/lifecycle/teenagers/ . Q: What hormone, which is associated with luteinizing hormone and male sexuality, helps bring about physical changes in puberty? A:
OPTIONS:
- steroids
- epinephrine
- estrogen
- testosterone

Answer: testosterone

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: That may depend on the plant. Start with moss. The typical nonvascular plant. But such a simple plant has a very interesting life cycle. Whereas most kinds of plants have two sets of chromosomes in their vegetative cells, mosses have only a single set of chromosomes. So, how does meiosis occur?. Q: How many set of chromosomes do moss have? A:
OPTIONS:
- double set
- triple set
- none
- single set
Answer: single set

input: OPTIONS:
- reproducing animals
- mammalian animals
- aquatic animals
- transgenic animals Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Transgenic Animals Although several recombinant proteins used in medicine are successfully produced in bacteria, some proteins require a eukaryotic animal host for proper processing. For this reason, the desired genes are cloned and expressed in animals, such as sheep, goats, chickens, and mice. Animals that have been modified to express recombinant DNA are called transgenic animals. Several human proteins are expressed in the milk of transgenic sheep and goats, and some are expressed in the eggs of chickens. Mice have been used extensively for expressing and studying the effects of recombinant genes and mutations. Q: Animals that have been modified to express recombinant dna are called what? A:
A:
output:
transgenic animals