Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: To determine whether a paper-based antibiotic ordering system is an effective antibiotic stewardship measure.', 'An antibiotic order form (AOF) was introduced in July 2001 at a pediatric tertiary care hospital. Vancomycin courses prescribed before and after the AOF introduction were retrospectively reviewed based on Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee guidelines. The impact of the AOF on the appropriateness of vancomycin prescribing was evaluated in univariate and multivariable analyses that adjusted for other factors associated with appropriateness of vancomycin use. The density of vancomycin use after introduction of the AOF was also assessed.', 'Compliance with the AOF was poor (<50%) during the planned study period; therefore an additional 2 months of improved compliance (70-80%) were included. Rates of inappropriate vancomycin use increased during the study periods: 35% before AOF; 39% post-AOF; and 51% during the improved compliance period. On adjusted analysis, vancomycin utilization was significantly more inappropriate after introduction of the AOF. Vancomycin doses per 1000 patient days increased after introduction of the AOF.

Answer: 1

Question: To investigate if diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy despite long disease duration have different human leukocyte antigen (HLA) status vs those with an early onset of retinopathy.', 'Retrospective, nonrandomized, masked comparative study. Type 1 diabetic patients with a disease onset before age 30 were recruited to the study. The study population consisted of two groups of diabetic patients: those with normal retinopathy course (retinopathy developed during the first 20 years of diabetes onset) (23 patients) and those with postponed retinopathy (no obvious retinopathy in spite of passing 20 years of diabetes) (19 patients). These groups were matched with regard to level of glycemic control, blood pressure, and lipid profile. A group of 23 healthy patients served as controls. HLA-DQB1 typing of blood samples was done using a polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method.', 'HLA-DQB1*0201/HLA-DQB1*0501 and HLA-DQB1*0201/HLA-DQB1*0504 haplotypes were more common among type 1 diabetic patients with normal retinopathy course than those with postponed retinopathy (26.1% vs 0.0%; p=0.019). HLA-DQB1*0301 and HLA-DQB1*0304 were less common among those diabetic patients with normal retinopathy course than those with a postponed retinopathy (63.2% vs 34.8%; p=0.067).

Answer: 1

Question: High levels of wild-type alpha-synuclein are found in autopsied brain samples of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), some familial PD, some Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome with dementia. Therefore, we have investigated whether overexpression of wild-type alpha-synuclein causes degeneration during adenosine, 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-induced differentiation of murine neuroblastoma (NB) cells in culture. We have also studied whether selenomethionine can modify the effect of overexpression of alpha-synuclein during differentiation of NB cells.", 'To study these issues, we established a murine neuroblastoma (NB) clone (NBP2-PN54-C20) that expressed high levels of wild-type human alpha-synuclein as determined by real time PCR and Western blot. We have utilized RO20-1724, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, and prostaglandin A1 (PGA1), a stimulator of adenylate cyclase, or RO20-1724 and dibutyryl cAMP to induce terminal differentiation in over 95% of the cell population by elevating the intracellular levels of cAMP in NB cells. The viability of cells was determined by MTT assay and LDH leakage assay, and the degeneration was documented by photomicrographs.', 'The results showed that overexpression of human wild-type alpha-synuclein decreased viability and increased degenerative changes in comparison to those observed in vector control cells, when differentiation was induced by treatment with RO20-1724 and PGA1, but not with RO20-1724 and dibutyryl cAMP. When selenomethionine was added to NB cells overexpressing alpha-synuclein immediately after the addition of RO20-1724 and PGA1, the viability and degenerative changes were markedly reduced, suggesting the involvement of increased oxidative stress in the mechanism of action of alpha-synuclein. This protective effect was not observed after treatment with sodium selenite or methionine.

Answer:
1