Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Select a file size. Choose a file shape. Determine the degree of coarseness needed. Pick the right tooth geometry. Check the quality of the file. Clean the file. Apply chalk, oil, or lard to the file.

Answer: In general, large files are relatively coarse. They leave a rougher finish, but remove more stock. Conversely, smaller files are finer. They remove less stock, but leave a smoother finish. Use a flat file for general purpose work, a square file for enlarging rectangular holes, and a round file for enlarging round holes. Use a triangular file on acute angles, and a half-round file to smooth curved faces of grooves. A bastard-cut file has the highest degree of coarseness, while a second-cut file has a medium degree of coarseness. A smooth-cut file is the least coarse option. For fast removal of stock, choose a double-cut file. For finishing, use a single-cut file. Choose a rasp-cut for rough cuts of soft materials, and a curved-cut file for automotive body work. Use a double-cut file to file brass, bronze, copper, and tin. These tough metals should be filed with a double-cut file as they are strong enough to withstand the metal and/or alloy. Rasp-cut files can be used for wood as well as lead and aluminum. This file has a series of individual teeth and produces a rough cut. Be sure that the file you choose to use is whole, rather than broken or chipped. Ensure the handle is intact and not loose. Check the teeth to be sure they aren't broken, and look for rust, which should be removed before using the file. Soak your file in distilled white vinegar overnight to remove the rust. Then wipe off any residue and thoroughly dry the file before using it. There should not be any pins (bits of filed metal) stuck in the teeth. If there are, clean them out with a file card, stiff wire brush, or a piece of skinny wire or sheet metal. You can also use a scrap piece of hardwood to clean your file by pressing the wood against the file and scraping it along the grooves. You should clean your file often while you are working as well. Aim to stop and clean your file every 15 strokes or so to prevent pinning. Liberally rub chalk, or a small amount of lard or general-purpose oil, into the teeth of the file. This makes the file less likely to become clogged with pins in the future, as well as reduces the amount of metal dust when filing, and also protects the file. You may want to wear gloves when applying chalk, oil, or lard to your file to keep your hands clean.

Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Define the concentration of each solution. Determine the volume of the solution you want to make. Calculate the volume of working stock to be added to the final solution. Subtract the volume of the stock solution from the desired final volume. Combine the calculated volume of the stock solution with the volume of the dilution solution.

Answer: When diluting solutions, you must know the concentration of the working stock and the final concentration that you want your solution to have. This method is useful for diluting highly concentrated solutions into less concentrated solutions. For example: Make 75 mLs of a 1.5 M stock of NaCl from a working stock of 5 M. The working stock is at a concentration of 5 M and you want to dilute to a final concentration of 1.5 M. You must also define the total volume of the solution you want to make. You will calculate the amount of working solution that needs to be added in order to dilute it to the final concentration and volume. For example: Make 75 mLs of a 1.5 M stock of NaCl from a working stock of 5 M. To determine the amount of working stock that needs to be diluted, you use the formula V1C1=V2C2; V1 is volume of the working stock and C1 is the concentration of the working stock; V2 is the desired final volume and C2 is the desired final concentration of the solution. For example: Make 75 mLs of a 1.5 M stock of NaCl from a working stock of 5 M. To calculate the volume of the working stock needed, the equation gets rearranged to solve for V1: V1 = (V2C2)/C1 V1 = (V2C2)/C1 = (0.075 L * 1.5 M)/5M = 0.0225 L. Convert L back to mL by multiplying by 1000: 22.5 mL. When diluting the stock solution, you need to make sure that you dilute to your final volume. By subtracting the volume of the stock solution to be added you will make sure the dilution is done properly. For example: You want a final volume of 75 mLs and will be adding 22.5 mL of the stock solution. Therefore, 75 22.5 = 52.5 mLs. This volume is the amount of dilution solution you will use. Using a graduated cylinder (measuring equipment for volumes), measure out the volume of the stock solution and then mix it with the volume of the dilution solution. For example: Measure 22.5 mLs of the stock 5 M solution of NaCl and dilute it with 52.5 mLs of water. Stir to mix. Label the container with both the concentration and the compound: 1.5 M NaCl. Remember, if you are diluting an acid with water, always add the acid to the water.

Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Quit iTunes. Open the hosts file on the computer. Find the bottom of the hosts file. Look for a . Save your changes. Open iTunes and attempt your restore or update again. Put your iOS device into Device Firmware Update (DFU) mode.

Answer: Make sure iTunes is completely closed before proceeding so that the changes you make take effect. Error 3194 most often appears when you are trying to update or restore your iOS device through iTunes, and iTunes cannot connect to the Apple verification servers. This is common if you have jailbroken your device in the past or are trying to downgrade iOS. Windows - Navigate to C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc and double-click the hosts file. Select "Notepad" from the list of available programs. Mac - Open the Terminal from the Utilities folder, type sudo nano /etc/hosts, and press Return. This will open the hosts file in a text editor. You'll be looking for an Apple address at the bottom. A standard hosts file will not have any lines without a # at the front. 74.208.105.171 gs.apple.com entry. This redirects the signature verification process to the Cydia servers. It is the presence or lack of this redirection that is causing the error. What you do next depends on whether or not you can find this line: If you have 74.208.105.171 gs.apple.com at the bottom of the file, add a # to the front. If you don't have the line, add 74.208.105.171 gs.apple.com to the bottom of the hosts file. This should allow your iPhone to make the connection properly. Windows - Click the File menu and select "Save." Mac - Press Ctrl+O to save and Ctrl+X to quit. In many cases, the changes you made to your hosts file should allow you to proceed. Note: If you're trying to downgrade to a previous version, it may not be possible with the version of the firmware you have downloaded. Try a normal restore using the firmware downloaded directly through iTunes. This may be necessary if iTunes is still not able to connect. You will be prompted to restore your iPhone, which will erase all of the data on it: Connect the iOS device to your computer and turn it completely off. Press and hold the Power and Home buttons for 10 seconds. After 10 seconds, release the Power button but continue holding the Home button. You'll see a message in iTunes prompting you to restore the iPhone.

Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Swipe down from the top of the screen. Tap the arrow icon under Wi-Fi. Tap a network. Enter a password (if prompted). Tap Connect.

Answer:
This will bring down the notification shade with a list of quick options. On some phones (such as Nexus models) you may need to tap the profile icon in the upper right to bring up the quick options. This will bring up a list of available networks. On some models, you may need to tap and hold the Wi-Fi button. If your Wi-Fi is toggled off, tapping this button will automatically turn it on. If the network has public access and is not password protected, your phone will connect to the network and you are finished. Password protected networks are indicated by a lock icon. If you do not see any available networks, then you may not be in range of any and will have to relocate to connect to one. Tap Other Network to manually enter a network name (SSID) if the network is hidden or you do not see it listed. If the network is protected a window will appear with a text field to enter the password. This button is in the lower right corner of the password window. If the password is correct you will be connected to the network. If the password is incorrect you will receive an authentication error and will need to re-enter the password or try a different network.