Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 17211742; his protege was Henry Pelham (17431754).
1. who was the Whigs leader?
2. who was Walpole's protege?
3. when were the first factions created?
4. what faction was in control during the 18th century?
5. how many US parties are mentioned?
6. do countries have only 1 party systems?
7. when was the Jacobite rising?
8. who was numerous political parties?
9. is the US a 3-party system?
10. what is the name of one of the US parties
11. what is the name of the other US party

Numbered answers:
1. Robert Walpole
2. Henry Pelham
3. late-17th-century
4. Whigs
5. Two
6. Some do, such as China
7. 1715
8. Germany and India
9. No
10. the Republican Party
11. the Democratic Party

Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Northern Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.

The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth's ecosystems. For example, the cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions. In recent years, Arctic sea ice decline has been caused by global warming. Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice, zooplankton and phytoplankton, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals, plants and human societies. Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic.

The word Arctic comes from the Greek word ("arktikos"), "near the Bear, northern" and that from the word ("arktos"), meaning bear. The name refers either to the constellation Ursa Major, the "Great Bear", which is prominent in the northern portion of the celestial sphere, or to the constellation Ursa Minor, the "Little Bear", which contains Polaris, the Pole star, also known as the North Star.
1. how many countries make up the Arctic?
2. is it warm there?
3. is there anywhere else like it in the world?
4. what lives there?
5. what borders it?
6. what language is the word taken from?
7. what does it mean?
8. where is the area located?
9. are any bodies of water included in its area
10. what is one of them?

Numbered answers:
1. Eight
2. No
3. No
4. organisms living in the ice, zooplankton and phytoplankton, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals, plants and human societies.
5. subarctic.
6. Greek
7. near the Bear, northern
8. the northernmost part of Earth
9. Yes
10. the Arctic Ocean

Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
CHAPTER XXXVI.

BATTLE OF BLACK RIVER BRIDGE--CROSSING THE BIG BLACK--INVESTMENT OF VICKSBURG--ASSAULTING THE WORKS.

We were now assured of our position between Johnston and Pemberton, without a possibility of a junction of their forces. Pemberton might have made a night march to the Big Black, crossed the bridge there and, by moving north on the west side, have eluded us and finally returned to Johnston. But this would have given us Vicksburg. It would have been his proper move, however, and the one Johnston would have made had he been in Pemberton's place. In fact it would have been in conformity with Johnston's orders to Pemberton.

Sherman left Jackson with the last of his troops about noon on the 16th and reached Bolton, twenty miles west, before halting. His rear guard did not get in until two A.M. the 17th, but renewed their march by daylight. He paroled his prisoners at Jackson, and was forced to leave his own wounded in care of surgeons and attendants. At Bolton he was informed of our victory. He was directed to commence the march early next day, and to diverge from the road he was on to Bridgeport on the Big Black River, some eleven miles above the point where we expected to find the enemy. Blair was ordered to join him there with the pontoon train as early as possible.

This movement brought Sherman's corps together, and at a point where I hoped a crossing of the Big Black might be effected and Sherman's corps used to flank the enemy out of his position in our front, thus opening a crossing for the remainder of the army. I informed him that I would endeavor to hold the enemy in my front while he crossed the river.
1. Was there a chance that the forces might merge?
2. Where were they located?
3. Could Pemberton have avoided them?
4. To do so, what time would they have needed to travel?
5. Where would they need to cross a bridge?
6. Where would they end up returning to?
7. What would they have given up by doing so?
8. What date did Sherman depart?
9. Where did he leave from?
10. Which direction did he head?
11. Where did they stop?
12. What news did he receive there?
13. When did they decide to continue their travels?
14. Who was going to meet them?
15. With what?
16. Were they in a hurry?
17. Where were the prisoners pardoned?
18. What time did the rear guard finally arrive?
Numbered answers:
1. No.
2. Between Johnston and Pemberton.
3. Yes
4. At night
5. Yes.
6. Johnston
7. Vicksburg
8. Around noon on the 16th.
9. Jackson
10. West.
11. Bolton
12. Our victory
13. Early the next day.
14. Blair
15. With the pontoon train.
16. Yes
17. Jackson
18. His rear guard did not get in until two A.M. the 17th,