Summarize the following:
If the noun you are referring to is near to you, either physically or figuratively, you can replace it with these. I'm holding three chocolate bars. Do you want all of these? (These replaces chocolate bars.) Would you like to borrow some books? Here, take these. (These replaces books.) These are so beautiful! Thank you for the flowers. (These replaces flowers.) This and these are both used to refer to something that is closer to the speaker. You can use these to draw particular attention to items. These books on the shelf belong to Rajeev. [The books are near the speaker.] Look at all these bracelets on my wrist! [The bracelets are on the speaker's wrist, so they're nearby.] Who put these cupcakes in the refrigerator? [Presumably, the speaker is close to the cupcakes.] This and these are also used to express figurative distances, particularly distances having to do with time. Use these when something is happening in the present, has happened in the recent past, or will happen in the near future. These shows I've been watching are absolutely extraordinary. [The shows have been watched in the recent past.] Have you seen these letters to the editor in today's news? [The letters have been published in today's newspaper.] Why don't you take these books with you when you go? [The books will be taken by the other person in the near future.] If you are introducing more than one person to someone else, you can use these to begin your sentence. For example: "These are my classmates, Sean and Adrienne." However, in English we do not use these to refer directly to people: "These are Sean and Adrienne" is incorrect. Instead, you would say "This is Sean and this is Adrienne." If introducing yourself, as when answering the phone, use this: "Hello, this is Chang."

summary: Use these to replace nouns that are nearby in space and time. Use these to refer to something that is physically nearby. Use these to describe when something is figuratively nearby. Use these to introduce people to others.

Summarize the following:
There are many ways that you can make a difference in your community, but don't forget that this is a global issue. Take some time to look for organizations whose mission you agree with before supporting them. You can start with a simple Google search. Read the "About" section on websites, and take a look at what the organization stands for. Maybe you've heard about the Time's Up movement. Check out their website to see exactly how their legal defense fund will help people dealing with sexual harassment, abuse, or inequality in the workplace. You can broaden your search to look for organizations that work on more specific issues. You could look for an organization that helps victims of domestic violence, for example. Once you've found an organization you'd like to support, you can make a difference by donating money. You can make a one time donation or set up a recurring option. For example, if you are interested in supporting women's healthcare, make a donation to Planned Parenthood. You can simply click on the "Donate" button on their website. Your monetary donation will help ensure that women can receive affordable health care for things like pap smears and breast exams. If you can't afford to give money, give your time. Contact the organization and ask how you can volunteer. There are many ways to raise money. You could collect donations and organize a silent auction, or you could try posting about an organization on social media. Raising funds will allow you to donate more money so that the organization you've chosen can continue it's work. It will also help bring more awareness to the cause. Try making a post on social media saying, "To celebrate my birthday this year, I'd love it if my friends and family can support the cause that is important to me." Add a link where they can simply click to donate.

summary: Research different organizations that focus on supporting gender equality. Donate money to a cause by making an online donation or writing a check. Raise money for an organization by fundraising.

Summarize the following:
Follow good personal hygiene habits and use common sense to control your exposure to germs that can cause infections like the common cold. In addition to adopting healthy lifestyle habits and maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding contact with unwanted germs is the next most effective step in helping your immune system to keep you healthy. The best way to prevent catching a cold is to keep your hands clean and wash them frequently. Always wash your hands after using the bathroom, assisting a child to use the bathroom, and changing a diaper. Be sure your hands are clean before you begin food preparation. Wash your hands frequently as you prepare your meal. Keep surfaces as clean as possible, especially those used to prepare food. Keep door knobs, sink handles, mats used for napping by children, and bathroom surfaces clean. Disinfect surfaces using EPA-approved products. The websites for both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Environmental Protection Agency provide more information. The CDC and the EPA publish information on agents that are approved as disinfectants for commercial, hospital, and residential use. Examples of residentially approved products include two familiar brand names, Lysol®️ products and residential cleaners made by Clorox®️, among many others. If you are around someone that is sick, be aware that their germs are likely on their hands. Pay attention to objects touched by the sick person and properly clean the objects as soon as possible to control the spread of germs. Do not hug, shake hands with, or kiss, someone with an infection. Avoid using fabric or cloth towels when several people need to dry their hands after washing. Using hand sanitizer is a good way to clean germs from your hands without the need for a towel. Exposing your child to other children at an early age is not necessarily a bad thing, as this helps to strengthen their immune system. To prevent some colds, the flu, and other infections, choosing classes with smaller numbers of children enrolled may help to limit your child's exposure to an excessive amount of germs. Breastfeeding an infant is key in boosting the child's natural immune system, even years later.
summary: Take practical steps to prevent infections. Wash your hands. Clean your environment. Avoid touching contaminated objects. Use paper towels. Select daycares with smaller classes.