instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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doi: bioRxiv preprint 65 required for the antiviral activity of both IFITM3 and IFITM1 [9]. The subcellular localization of 66 IFITMs is a key determinant of their antiviral profile. When expressed singly, IFITM3 and IFITM2 67 preferentially localize to early and late endosomes and lysosomes, and restrict viruses that enter via 68 these endo-lysosomal compartments. In contrast, IFITM1 primarily localizes at the cell surface and 69 can restrict viruses that enter through the plasma membrane [11-14]. Indeed, mutants of IFITM3 70 that lack an N-terminal endocytic sorting motif 20 YEML 23 localize to the plasma membrane and lose 71 their ability to inhibit influenza A virus (IAV), alphavirus and coronavirus infection by endosomal 72 routes [14-18]. 73 74 Studies focusing on IFITM3 restriction of IAV and Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) indicate that virus 75 internalization is unaffected by IFITM3 expression and, for SFV at least, the viral envelope 76 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the . https://doi.org/10.1101/737841 doi: bioRxiv preprint 109 knockout mice show enhanced morbidity after infection with IAV, alphaviruses and flaviviruses [33-110 .
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Comparative analysis reveals adaptive evolution of bat IFITMs and a novel 1 antiviral determinant

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Lipid rafts are micro-domains of ordered lipids (L o phase) in biological membranes. The L o phase of cellular membranes can be isolated from disordered lipids (L d phase) after treatment with 1 % Triton X-100 at 4C in which the L o phase forms the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fraction. The lipid composition of DRM derived from Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, McArdle cells and porcine sperm is compared with that of the whole cell. Remarkably, the unsaturation and chain length degree of aliphatic chains attached to phospholipids is virtually the same between DRM and whole cells. Cholesterol and sphingomyelin were enriched in DRMs but to a cell-specific molar ratio. Sulfatides (sphingolipids from MDCK cells) were enriched in the DRM while a seminolipid (an alkylacylglycerolipid from sperm) was depleted from the DRM. Treatment with<5 mM methyl--cyclodextrin (MBCD) caused cholesterol removal from the DRM without affecting the composition and amount of the phospholipid while higher levels disrupted the DRM. The substantial amount of (poly)unsaturated phospholipids in DRMs as well as a low stoichiometric amount of cholesterol suggest that lipid rafts in biological membranes are more fluid and dynamic than previously anticipated. Using negative staining, ultrastructural features of DRM were monitored and in all three cell types the DRMs appeared as multilamellar vesicular structures with a similar morphology. The detergent resistance is a result of protein-cholesterol and sphingolipid interactions allowing a relatively passive attraction of phospholipids to maintain the L o phase. For this special issue, the relevance of our findings is discussed in a sperm physiological context.
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Ultrastructure and lipid composition of detergent-resistant membranes derived from mammalian sperm and two types of epithelial cells

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Species: as yet not named cells may initiate another cycle of merogony resulting in four Type II infectious merozoites. In immunocompromised hosts, the asexual cycle may be persistent. Alternatively, merozoites from Type II meronts may initiate the sexual cycle of development. (4a) Microgametocytes produce 12 to 16 microgametes. (4b) Microgametes released from host cells seek out and fertilize macrogametocytes. (5) The resulting zygote differentiates into an oocyst (la) which is released into the intestinal lumen. (6) Thick-walled and thin-walled oocysts in varying stages of sporulation pass out of the host in feces. Thin-walled oocysts may spontaneously rupture in the host, ensuring persistent infection in immuno compromised hosts (arrow from 6 to 3a). (7) Oocyst released from a host of one mammalian species can infect a wide variety of mammals of other species. Young animals are most susceptible to infection. (Adapted with permission from Despommier and Karapelou, 1987.
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Cryptosporidiosis in Idaho lambs: Natural and experimental infections