Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Macroprolactinemia is a frequent finding in hyperprolactinemic individuals, usually without clinical impact. Data on biological activity of macroprolactin (bbPRL) are controversial and mostly based on a heterologous rat Nb2 cell bioassay. Biological activity of bbPRL observed in vitro but not in vivo may be due to its high molecular weight, preventing its passage through capillary barrier. Alternatively, bbPRL bioactivity may differ depending on the prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR) species specificity.', 'The objective of the study was to characterize the bioactivity of bbPRL in a homologous bioassay: Ba/F-3 cells stably expressing the human PRLR.', "Chromatography-purified bbPRL from macroprolactinemic individuals (group I, n = 18) and monomeric PRL from hyperprolactinemic patients without macroprolactinemia (group II, n = 5) were tested in Nb2 and Ba/F-LLP bioassays. Both groups were followed up at the neuroendocrinology outpatients' clinic.", 'Biological activity of bbPRL presented in the two bioassays was measured.', 'In group I, no patient had hypogonadism. Mean ratio bioactivity to immunoactivity of bbPRL in the Nb2 assay was 0.69. There was no dose-response in 15 of the 18 samples tested in Ba/F-LLP assay. In group II, three patients had galactorrhea and all five had hypogonadism. Mean ratio bioactivity to immunoactivity of monomeric PRL samples was 1.35 in Nb2 and 0.91 in Ba/F-LLP assay.
Answer: Whereas both bioassays achieve similar results with respect to monomeric PRL activity, our results indicate that the activity displayed by bbPRL toward the rat receptor may be inappropriate because it is not observed in the human PRLR-mediated assay, consistent with the apparent absence of bioactivity in vivo.
[A]: Does human macroprolactin display low biological activity via its homologous receptor in a new sensitive bioassay?

[Q]: Context: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) by simultaneous biventricular pacing is now widely accepted as a new therapeutic option for patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). Recent studies have shown comparable hemodynamic benefits of left ventricular (LV) pacing alone. The clinical usefulness of CRT, however, might be compromised by potential exaggeration of arrhythmogenic substrates through a modification of ventricular repolarization.', 'We compared ECG parameters during sinus rhythm (SR), atrioventricular synchronous pacing at the right ventricular apex (RV(end)P), at LV epicardium (LV(epi)P), and at both sites (BiVP) in acute homodynamic studies of 14 CHF patients scheduled for CRT (QRS duration = 144 +/- 23 msec, LVEF = 27 +/- 10%). The maximum rate of increase in LV pressure (LVdp/dt(max)) was decreased significantly during RV(end)P, whereas it was increased similarly during LV(epi)P and BiVP compared with SR. QTc was increased during RV(end)P (by 10.2%) and LV(epi)P (by 26.1%). QTc dispersion (QTc(max)-QTc(min) in the six precordial leads) was also increased during LV(epi)P (by 66.5%). These parameters were unaffected during BiVP. JTc was unchanged, and the interval from the peak to the end of the T wave (Tc(peak-end)) was increased slightly (by 19.3%) during RV(end)P. Both JTc and Tc(peak-end) were increased dramatically during LV(epi)P (by 18.2% and 55.4%, respectively), but increased only modestly during BiVP (by 6.6% and 15.8%, respectively).
Answer: LV(epi)P causes much greater increase in spatial dispersion of ventricular repolarization than BiVP in CHF patients. BiVP may have a substantial advantage over LV(epi)P to minimize the proarrhythmic perturbation of ventricular repolarization in association with CRT.
[A]: Does biventricular pacing have an advantage over left ventricular epicardial pacing alone to minimize proarrhythmic perturbation of repolarization?

[Q]: Context: microRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNAs that regulate gene expression in various processes, including immune response. Altered immune response is a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD), and miRNAs could have a role in modulating both innate and adaptive response to gluten in celiac patients.', 'We compared miRNA profiles in duodenal biopsies of controls and CD patients by miRNA array. Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in controls, Marsh 3A-B, and Marsh 3C patients by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Target gene expression was assessed by qPCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, and the effect of gliadin was evaluated by in vitro stimulation experiments on duodenal biopsies.', 'Seven miRNAs were identified as significantly downregulated in the duodenum of adult CD patients as compared with controls. qPCR validated the decreased expression of miR-192-5p, miR-31-5p, miR-338-3p, and miR-197, in particular in patients with more severe histological lesions (Marsh 3C). In silico analysis of possible miRNA targets identified several genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Among these, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 2 (CXCL2) and NOD2 showed significantly increased mRNA and protein level in Marsh 3C patients and a significant inverse correlation with the regulatory miR-192-5p. In addition, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), Run-related transcription factor 1, and interleukin-18 (targets of miR-31-5p, miR-338-3p, and miR-197, respectively) showed upregulation in CD patients. Furthermore, alterations in CXCL2 and NOD2, FOXP3, miR-192-5p, and miR-31-5p expression were triggered by gliadin exposure in CD patients.
Answer: miRNA expression is significantly altered in duodenal mucosa of CD patients, and this alteration can increase the expression of molecules involved in immune response.
[A]:
Do miRNAs affect the expression of innate and adaptive immunity proteins in celiac disease?