Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973 Equivalent citations: 1974 AIR 314, 1974 SCR (2) 492, AIR 1974 SUPREME COURT 314, 1974 4 SCC 623, 1974 2 SCR 492, 1975 (1) SCJ 23 Author: D.G. Palekar Bench: D.G. Palekar, V.R. Krishnaiyer, Ranjit Singh Sarkaria PETITIONER: GUJARAT ELECTRICITY BOARD Vs. RESPONDENT: AHMEDABAD ELECTRICITY CO. LTD. & ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT28/11/1973 BENCH: PALEKAR, D.G. BENCH: PALEKAR, D.G. KRISHNAIYER, V.R. SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH CITATION: 1974 AIR 314 1974 SCR (2) 492 1974 SCC (4) 623 ACT: Electricity Supply Act 1948, Ss. 57A, 60(1), 76 (1) and (2) and Para 16 of Sch. 6 Reference by licensee of dispute between it and Electricity Board to arbitration of Central Electricity Authority-If operates as bar to appointment of Rating Committee by Board. HEADNOTE: In September 1963 the respondent company intimated to the appellant-Board and the State Government of its intention to revise the rates of electricity on certain grounds. Both the State Government and the Board informed the respondent that they were not satisfied that there was any justification for the revision. The respondent, however, brought the rates into effect in November, 1963. Being of Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  1 the view that the respondent was over charging the consumers in breach of the provisions of the 6th Schedule to the Electricity Supply Act, the appellant issued a notice to show cause why a Rating Committee under s. 57A should not be constituted for inquiring into the matter. The respondent justified the increase and also intimated that if its explanation was not accepted the issues involved would be referred to the arbitration of the Central Electricity Authority under para 16 of the Schedule read with s. 76 of the Act. As the respondent did not receive any intimation, it referred the matter to the arbitration of the Central Electricity Authority. The appellant, however, not being satisfied with the explanation given to the show cause notice appointed a Rating Committee. On a petition filed by the respondent, the High Court held that a dispute or difference between the Board and the Electricity Company which was referable to the arbitration of the Authority under para 16 of the 6th Schedule had arisen, and since pending such arbitration, no Rating Committee could be constituted because of the second proviso to s. 57A the constitution of the Rating Committee by the appellant was illegal and the Committee had no power to function. Allowing the appeal to this Court, HELD:There is no provision in the Act which makes a dispute between the Board and the licensee as to whether the provisions of the 6th Schedule had been complied with or not referable to the Central Electricity Authority. The second proviso to s. 57A does not contemplate holding up of the constitution of the Rating Committee merely on the ground that such a dispute was referred by the licensee to the Authority. [504 C-E] (a)Under s. 57A the State Electricity Board has power to interfere by the' appointment of a Rating Committee if it is satisfied that the licensee has over charged the consumers by committing a breach of any of the financial principles mentioned in the 6th Schedule. The second proviso to the section contains three conditions which are to coexist, if the Rating Committee was not to be constituted by the Board: (i) there should be an alleged failure of the licensee to comply with any provisions of the 6th Schedule; (ii) such alleged failure must raise a dispute or difference as to the interpretation of the said provisions or any matter arising therefrom; and (iii) and such difference or dispute had been referred by the licensee to the arbitration of the Authority under para 16 of that Schedule before a certain date. [497 H-498 B; 501 C-E; 502 F] In the present case, there is an allegation by the appellant Board that the licensee had failed to comply with the provisions of the 6th Schedule. It could also be assumed that the alleged failure raised a dispute or difference as to the interpretation of the said provisions or any matter arising therefrom, though it is not clear whether Parliament Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  2 wanted, for purposes of s. 57A and para 16 of the 6th Schedule, that the Authority should be approached not merely for the interpretation of the provisions of the 6th Schedule but also for sundry matters of detail arising out of the provisions. As regards the third condition the dispute had been referred by the licensee to the arbitration of the Authority within the time allowed by the statute, but it was not a 493 reference under para 16 of the Schedule, because, the reference to arbitration by the Authority under that paragraph could be made by the licensee only. against the grantor of the licence, namely the State Government and not the Board. [501 E, 502CE ] (b)There is no agreement between the appellant-Board and respondent-compAny to refer any dispute to the arbitration of the Authority. There is no substance in the contention that para 16 of the 6th Schedule is a statutory provision for arbitration to which s. 46 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, would apply. (497 C; 504 C] (c) The State Government and the Board have been required by the Act to be vigilant and if they find that by any illegal manipulation in the financial structure the licensee is overcharging the consumers they have to step in. To that end the two Schedules, namely the 6th and 7th are made by the Act part of the licence issued by the State Government to the licensee under the Indian 'Electricity Act, 1910, and have effect notwithstanding any other inconsistent provisions or terms of that licence. The parties to the licence in spite of the incorporation of the provisions of the 6th Schedule continued to be the State Government and the respondent company, and therefore, if any of the provisions of that licence including incorporated provisions of the 6th Schedule provide for arbitration of a dispute the dispute, unless otherwise expressly indicated must be between the parties to the licence, namely the State Government and the respondent-company. Paragraph 16 of the 6th Schedule provides for arbitration clause and this arbitration clause is incorporated in the licence to which the State Government and the electricity company are parties. On its plain construction the alleged dispute or difference should be between the State Government and the respondent and that dispute or difference alone is referable to the Authority. There is no specific provision in the Act that the Board shall be substituted in the place of the State Government as grantor of the licence. Indeed, the functions of the State 'Government and the Board are well- defined under both the Acts and the Board , as such, is not substituted in the place of the State Government. [497 E-H. 498 G; 499D] The Amalgamated Electricity Co. Ltd. v. N. S. Bathena, [1959] Suppl, 2 S.C.R 213, followed. (d)Section 76(1) of the Act as it stood at the relevant Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  3 time, also dealt with arbitration but under that sub-section it is not all disputes with the Board that were referable to the Authority but only those referred to in sub-s. 2 (a), that is, only those cases for which the Act provides. There is no provision in the Act which makes a reference to the Authority compulsory in a dispute between the Board and the electricity-company relating to the non-compliance of the provisions of the 6th Schedule. [500 C-E] (e)Under s. 76 (2) there could have been an arbitration by two arbitrators. But such an arbitration would not have helped the licensee to prevent the appointment of the Rating Committee, because, that arbitration was not by the Authority as required by the second proviso to 57A. The mere fact that in similar circumstances the State Government could have been compelled to submit to arbitration of the Authority is not an adequate answer. [503 C-E] (f)It is true that if arbitration for any sort of non- compliance of the provisions of the 6th Schedule fell within the second condition of the proviso, and, there was a competent arbitration between the licensee and the State Government, the licensee could have possibly prevented the constitution of the Rating Committee by the State Government. But the interposition of the Board made all the difference, because, para 16 of the 6th Schedule contemplates a dispute between the State Government and the licensee and a reference to the Authority only of such dispute,. and not a dispute between the Board and the Company. [502 H-503B] (g)Section 60 of the 1948-Act cannot be invoked with a view to substitute the Board in the place of the State Government for the purpose of arbitration under para 16. After the 1948-Act came into force where the Boards were not constituted, the State Government had to departmentally implement the relevant provisions of' the Act and in their implementation the State Government had to incur debts and obligations, and entering into contracts, and other engagements for the purpose of' the Act. Under s. 60 as soon as the Board was constituted, all these liabilities were statutorily transferred to the Board and in cases where suits were filed or other 602Sup CI/74 494 legal proceedings were taken by or against the State Government they had to be continued or defended by the Board. But to say that para 16, that is the arbitration agreement between the State Government and the licensee was an obligation imcurred by the State Government within the meaning of s. 60 (1) would be to unnecessarily strain the language. [500 E-501 C] (h)Having regard to the urgency of the matter and the proviso to para 16 Parliament did not want to prevent the constitution of the Rating Committee except when there was an important dispute involving the interpretation of the Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  4 provisions of the 6th Schedule and such dispute was already before the Authority. It may be that there is a lacuna in the legislation in the Board not being liable to submit to the arbitration of the Authority but if so, it is for Parliament to correct that. [503E, G] JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1797 of 1967. From the Judgment and Order dated the 15th December, 1964 of the Gujarat High Court in Special Civil Application No. 388 of 1964. F.S. Nariman, Additional Solicitor General of India and I. N. Shroff, for the appellants. M.C. Chagla, D. N. Mishra and J. B. Dadachanji, for The Judgment of the Court was delivered by PALEKAR, J.-This appeal by certificate from the judgment and Order of the High Court of Gujarat in Special Civil Application No. 388 of 1964 raises the question whether a reference by the respondent Electricity Co. of an alleged dispute between itself and the Appellant Board to the Arbitration of the Central Electricity Authority (hereinafter called the Authority) operates as a bar to the constitution of a Rating Committee by the Board under section 57A of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 (hereinafter called the Act). A few facts may be necessary to be stated. The appellant Board is constituted under section 5 of the Act and has several functions to perform under the Act. Respondent no. 1, the Electricity Company, holds a licence to generate, transmit and distribute electrical energy within the licensed area of Ahmedabad. On September 11, 1963 the Electricity Company intimated to the Board and the State Government of its intention to revise the rates of electricity with effect from November 16, 1963 on the ground that the cost of operation had increased and it anticipated that the clear profit for the year 1963-64 ending on March 31, 1964 would clearly fall short of the reasonable return. Along with this notice the Electricity Company sent some financial data also. The State Government informed the Electricity Company that the financial data was not correct and there was no justification for the proposed increase of the rates. The Board also by its letter dated November 14, 1963 informed the Electricity Company that they were not satisfied with the data given and considered that there was no justification for revising the rites. The Electricity Company informed the Government and the Board that it did not agree with the view taken by them and, in the meantime, brought the new rates into effect from 16-11-1963. After applying its mind in greater detail the Board proposed to appoint a Rating Committee under section 57A of the Act, being of the view-that the Electricity Company was over- charging the consumers which it was not entitled to do. But before constituting the Rating Committee it gave a notice to the Electricity Company, as required by the first proviso of section 57A, to show cause why Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  5 the Committee should not be constituted. The notice was issued on 7-3-1964. The notice, in short, informed the Electricity Company that by bringing into effect the enhanced rates of supply from September 16, 1963 the Electricity Company was over-charging the consumers and had thus failed to comply with the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the Act. Therefore, the Board proposed to appoint a Rating Committee to make recommendations to the Government regarding charges for electricity which the Company could make to its consumers. However, before proceeding to constitute the Committee the show-cause notice was being given. This brought a reply from the Electricity Company dated March 26, 1964 in which some attempt was made to justify the increase and it was alleged that the Company cannot be regarded as having breached the provisions of the Sixth Schedule. The letter was closed on this note : "We have endeavored to answer all the points raised by the Board in the hope that the issues raised will be appreciated in the proper context and that the Board would not pursue the matter further. If, therefore, the Company fails to hear from the Board, say, by 6th April, 1964, that the explanations offered are accepted, the issues involved will be referred to the arbitration of the Central Electricity Authority in terms of para XVI of the Sixth Schedule read with section 76 of the Electricity (Supply) Act 4. 1948." The threat held out in the above letter was carried out on 6-4-1968 (See : Ext. 8) by which the reference was made to the Authority in the following words :................ As the Company has no information as to whether the Board have accepted the explanations preferred by the Company, we hereby refer the 'disputes' raised by the Gujarat Electricity Board to the arbitration of the Central Elec- tricity Authority in terms of para XVI of the Sixth Schedule read with sections 57A(a) (1) and 76 of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948." The disputes were not formulated but it appears that the copies of correspondence between the Board and the Electricity Company were enclosed with the letter. The Board not being satisfied with the explanation given to the show-cause notice appointed a Rating Committee on 30-4- 1964 as per Ext. H. Since the Rating Committee was likely to proceed with the enquiry, the Electricity Company filed the special Civil Application No. 388 of 1964 to quash its appointment and to restrain it from functioning. The High Court held that a dispute or difference between the Board and the Electricity Company was referable to the arbitration of the Authority under para XVI of the Sixth Schedule, and since pending such arbitration no Rating Committee could be constituted under the second proviso to section 57A, the constitution of the Rating Committee by the Board was illegal and the Committee had no power to function. These findings are challenged in this Court. Though we are chiefly concerned with the Electricity (Supply Act, 1948 a reference is also necessary to the Indian Electricity Act, 19 1 0 because it was under the latter Act that the licence was issued by the State Government to the Electricity Company-the licensee. Section 3 of that Act empowers the State Government to grant the licence. It may impose several obligations on the licensee. Subsection (2) sub-clause (f) shows that apart from other terms imposed, the provisions contained in the Schedule to the Act shall be deemed to be incorporated with and to form part of every licence granted, save in so far as they are expressly added to, varied or excepted. Sections 4 and 4A give the State Government alone the power to revoke or amend the licence. Certain consequences follow where the licence is revoked as shown in Section 5 and Section 6 permits the purchase of the Undertaking by the State Electricity Board. Under section 7 the Undertaking vests in the purchaser like the State Electricity Board who from then on is deemed to be a licensee. Only one more Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  6 provision need be noted in this Act and that is section 52. It provides that where any matter is by or under the Act directed to be determined by arbitration the matter shall unless it is otherwise provided in the licence of a licensee, be determined by such person or persons as the State Government may nominate in that behalf on the application of either party. But in all other respects the arbitration shall subject to the provisions of the Arbitration Act, 1940. Hence if a dispute under the licence arises between the State Government and the licensee and if such dispute is referable to arbitration under section 52, it shall be so referred either at the instance of the State Government-the licenser, or the Electricity Company-the licensee. The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was passed as complementary to the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and made some special provisions with a view to meet the needs of increased electricity consumption. The Preamble to the Act states that the Act was passed to provide for the rationalization of the production and supplying of electricity and generally for taking measures conducive to electrical development. By sub-section 3 the Central Government was empowered to constitute a body called the Central Electricity Authority and two of its functions were (1) to develop a sound, adequate and uniform national power policy and particularly to guarantee the activities of the planning agencies in relation to the control and utilisation national power resources; (2) to act as arbitrators in matters arising between the State Government or the Board and a licensee or other person as provided in the Act. The Central Electricity Authority is called the Authority in the rest of the Act. Under-section 5 power is given to the State Government to constitute by notification in the Official Gazette a State Electricity Board. Its constitution and jurisdiction are given. in Chapter III of the Act, section 12 of which says that the Board shall be a body corporate having perpetual succession and common seal with power to acquire and hold property and to sue and be sued. Chapter IV provides for the powers and duties of the State Electricity Board and we may only refer, to section 26 therein which says that subject to the provisions of the Act the Board shall in respect of the whole State have all powers and obligations of a licensee under the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and the Supply Act of 1948 is deemed to be the licence of the Board for the purposes of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910. The principal question before us is whether the claim made by the Electricity Company that its dispute with the Board was legally referable to the Authority is sustainable in law. For such a claim, there must be either an agreement between the parties to refer any particular dispute to its arbitration or there must be a statutory Provision. It is not the case that there is any agreement between the Board and the Electricity Company to refer any dispute to the arbitration of the Authority. But it is contended that there are statutory provisions making such a reference competent and, therefore, we shall have to deal with some other provisions of the Act. To begin with, we shall refer to the two Schedules of the Act which are known as the Sixth Schedule and the Seventh Schedule. The Seventh Schedule is incorporated by reference in the Sixth Schedule with which we are principally concerned. The Sixth Schedule consists of XVII paras the last one dealing with definitions of words used in the Schedule. The whole Schedule deals with financial principles in, accordance with which the business of the licensee is to be carried on. The principle is accepted that a licensee is entitled to 'clear profit' but it is also provided that this clear profit shall not exceed the amount of 'reasonable return' In other words, these financial provisions are laid down with a view to ensure that the consumer of electricity is not exploited by the licensee. Therefore the State Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  7 Government and the Board have been required by the Act to be vigilant and if they find that by any illegal manipulation in the financial structure the licensee is over-charging the consumer, they have to step in on the ground that the provisions of the Sixth Schedule are not complied with. To that end these two Schedules are made by the Act part of the licence issued by the State Government to the licensee under the Indian Electricity Act, 1910. Section 57 provides, so far as we are concerned, that the provisions of the Sixth Schedule and the Seventh Schedule shall be deemed to be incorporated in the licence of every licensee.................. and..................................... the licensee shall comply with the provisions of the said Schedules accordingly. The provisions of these Schedules, after incorporation in the licence, are to prevail over any provisions of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, the licence granted to the licensee therein and of any other law, agreement or instrument applicable to the licensee in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of section 57-A and the said Schedules. In other words, the provisions of the Schedules must prevail wherever they are inconsistent with the other terms of the licence granted by the State Government to the licensee to the extent of the inconsistency. Section 57-A gives a direct hand to the Board to interfere by the appointment of a Rating Committee if it is satisfied that the licensee has failed to comply with any of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule i.e., in other words, over-charged the consumer by committing a breach of any of the financial principles mentioned in the Schedule. it will be the function of the Rating Committee under-section 57-A to examine the licensee's charges for the supply of electricity and to make recommendations in that behalf to the State Government. The section has three provisos. The first proviso requires that when it is proposed to constitute a Rating Committee on the ground that the licensee had failed to comply with any provisions of the Sixth Schedule the Committee shall not be constituted unless the licensee had been given a notice in writing of 30 clear days, to show cause against the action proposed. In the present case the show-cause notice was given and nothing turns on it. The third proviso also is not applicable. It is the second proviso which is important and the Electricity Company case is mainly based on this proviso. The proviso reads as follows:- "Provided further that no such Rating Committee shall be constituted if the alleged failure of the licensee to comply with any provisions of the Sixth Schedule raises any dispute or difference as to the interpretation of the said provisions or any matter arising therefrom and such difference or dispute has been referred by the licensee to the arbitration of the authority under paragraph XVI of that Schedule before the notice referred to in the preceding proviso was given or is so referred within the period of the said notice." it was and is the contention of the Electricity Company that there was a dispute between the Board and itself under paragraph XVI referable to the Authority, and since the same was referred within time provided in the proviso the Board had no power to constitute the Rating Committee and if any such Rating Committee was constituted it had no jurisdiction to function. Section 57, as we have already seen, incorporates the Sixth Schedule in the licence issued by the State Government to the licensee as far back as 1944. The grantor was the State Government and the grantee viz. the licensee was the electricity company. The provisions of the Sixth Schedule became Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  8 part of this licence and had effect notwithstanding any other inconsistent provisions or terms of that licence. Nevertheless, the engagement between the State Government and the licensee continued to bind them to each other. There is no specific provision in the whole Act to the effect that the Board shall be substituted in the place of the State Government as the grantor of the licence. The functions of the State Government and the Board are well- defined under both the Acts and the Board, as such, is not substituted in the place of the State Government. The parties to the licence, therefore, in spite of the incorporation of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule continue to be the State Government and the Electricity Company. Therefore, if any of the provisions of that licence including an incorporated provision of the Sixth Schedule provides for arbitration, the dispute, unless otherwise expressly indicated, must be between the parties to the licence namely the State Government, on the one hand, and the Electricity Company, on the other. Para XVI of the Sixth Schedule provides for the arbitration clause. It is as follows: "Any dispute or difference as to the interpretation or any matter arising out of the provisions of this Schedule shall be referred to the arbitration of the Authority; Provided that where a Rating Committee has been constituted under Section 57-A no such dispute or difference shall be referred to the arbitration of the Authority during the period between the date of the constitution of such Committee and the date of the Order of the State Government made on the recommendations of the Committee." Since Para XVI i.e. the arbitration clause is incorporated in the licence to which the State Government, on the one hand, and the Electricity Company, on the other are parties the plain construction of the arbitration clause would be that the alleged dispute or difference should be between the two and that dispute or difference alone is referable to the Authority. That view was taken by this Court in The Amalgamated Electricity Co. Ltd. v. N. S. Bathena (1). In that case this particular clause was sought to be pressed into service by the Electricity Company in a regular suit filed by a consumer against the Electricity Company for over-charging. The Electricity Company prayed for the stay of the suit on the ground that the consumers remedy was only to go to the arbitration of the Authority under Para XVI. This Court rejected the contention in the following words at page 216. : Therefore all that we get is that the licence which is granted by the Government to a supplier of electricity, like the appellant, is to contain a clause that certain disputes would be referred to arbitration. The licence is an engagement between the Government and the licensee, binding the parties to it to its provisions. It is unnecessary to decide whether this engagement is contractual or statutory, for, in either case,it is between the two of them only. An arbitration clause in an instrument like this can only be in respect of disputes between the parties to it. Such an arbitration clause does not contemplate a dispute between a party to the instrument and one who is not such a party." It is, therefore, obvious that since the Board is not a party to the licence, unless there are other provisions in that respect, the arbitration clause in the licence cannot be exploited by the Electricity Company for referring its disputes with the Board to the Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  9 arbitration of the Authority. We have, then to see if there are any statutory provisions which make disputes between them referable to the arbitration of the Authority. Section 76 of the Act read as follows in 1964 when the present dispute arose : (1) [1959] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 213 "76(1) All questions arising between the State Government or the Board and a licensee or other person shall be determined by ar- bitration; (2) Where any question or matter is, by this Act, required to be referred to arbitration, it shall be referred : (a) in cases where the Act so provides, to the Authority, and on such 'reference the Authority shall be deemed to have been duly appointed as Arbitrators, and the award of the Authority shall be final and conclusive; or (b) in other cases, to two arbitrators, one to be appointed by each party to the dispute. (3) Subject to the provisions of this section, the provisions of the Arbitration Act, 1940 shall apply to arbitrations under this Act." Sub-section (1) was deleted by Act 30 of 1966. When the dispute arose a dispute between the Board and the licensee was undoubtedly referable to arbitration. But all disputes were 'not referable to the Authority only those referred to in sub-clause (a) of sub-section (2) i.e. to say only those cases for which the Act provides. There are some cases where the Act provides for the Arbitration by the Authority between the Board and the licensee, See : for example sections 44(3), 45(3) and 55(2)., No similar provision has been brought to our notice which makes a reference to the Authority compulsory in a dispute between them relating to the non-compliance of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule. It was however, contended for the Electricity Company-a con- tention which found favour with the High Court-that by virtue of section 60(1) of the Act the Board stepped into the shoes of the State Government. That sub-section reads: "60(1) All debts and obligations incurred, all contracts entered into and all matters and things engaged to be done by, with or for the State Government for any of the purposes of this Act before the first constitution of the Board shall be deemed to have been incurred, entered into or engaged to be done by, with or for the Board; and all suits or other legal proceedings instituted or which might but for the issue of the notification under sub-section (4) of section 1 have been instituted by or against the State Government may be continued or instituted by or against the Board." A mere reading of the section would show that the provision is made in respect of the engagements of the State Government prior to the constitution of the Board. It will be seen from section 1 (3) that section 1 and some other sections including sections 57 and 57-A and the provisions of the Sixth and the Seventh Schedules came into force at once i.e. in 1948 only. By section 5 the State Governments were given power to constitute the Boards. Some States exercised that power early, some others did not. Where the Boards were not constituted the State Government had to departmentally Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  10 implement the relevant provisions of the Act and in their implementation the State Government had to incur debts and obligations enter into contracts, and other engagements for the purposes of the Act. But as soon as the Board was constituted all these liabilities were statutorily transferred to the Board, and in cases where suits were filed or legal proceedings taken by or against the State Government they had to be continued or defended by the Board. To say that paragraph XVI i.e. the arbitration agreement between the State Government and the licensee was an obligation incurred by the State Government within the meaning of section 60(1) would be to unnecessarily strain the language. Under the arbitration clauses both the State Government and the licensee were equally entitled to refer their dispute or difference to the arbitration of the Authority and, similarly, equally obliged thereunder to submit to its arbitration. Such a clause cannot be described as an obligation incurred by the State Government in favour of the licensee for any of the purposes of the Act. In our opinion, section 60 cannot be invoked with a view to substitute the Board in the place of the State Government for the purposes of arbitration under para XVI. Now to turn to the second proviso of section 57A which we have already quoted. According to that proviso, the bar against the constitution of the Rating Committee operates under 3 conditions. (1) There should be an alleged failure of the licensee to comply with any provisions of the Sixth Schedule; (2) This alleged failure raises a dispute or difference as to the interpretation of the said provisions or any matter arising therefrom; (3) and such difference or dispute has been referred by the licensee to the arbitration of the Authority under paragraph XVI of that Schedule before a certain date. In the present case there is no doubt that there is an allegation by the Board that the licensee had failed to comply with the provisions of the Sixth Schedule. As regards the second condition there is considerable dispute as to what exactly it means. it is contended by the learned Additional Solicitor General on behalf of the Board that the dispute or difference should be one as to the interpretation of the provisions or any matter arising therefrom i.e. the interpretation. On the other hand, it is contended by Mr. Chagla on behalf of the Electricity Company that the expression "any matter arising therefrom" is not limited to interpretation only, and in this connection he has referred to para XVI itself. The wording of para XVI is rather complicated. But it seems it may be possible to rewrite it in this form "Any dispute or difference as to the interpretation of the provisions of this Schedule or any matter arising, out of the provisions of this Schedule." Mr. Chagla contends that para XVI contains cognate words throwing light on the words in the second proviso and since para XVI clearly shows that the dispute or difference is not merely confined to the interpretation of the provisions but also extends to any factual matter arising out of the provisions a similar construction should be placed on the second condition in the second proviso. The learned Additional Solicitor General has pointed out that an all India body like the Authority, whose task it is to develop a sound, adequate and national power policy, may be only properly invested with the power of interpreting the provisions of the Sixth Schedule because uniformity of interpretation throughout India would be Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  11 very necessary. On the other hand, disputes with regard to facts as to how much amount is to be included under this provision or how much amount is to be excluded under some other provision of the Sixth Schedule are matters of detail which could not have been intended to be referred to the Authority. According to him the almost similar expressions used in the second proviso and para XVI must be so in- terpreted that the Authority's jurisdiction as arbitrator was confined to the interpretation of the provisions and matters subsidiary thereto. Undoubtedly we see force in this submission but we do not find it necessary to express any final opinion on the point. We shall only say this that there is ground for argument as to whether the one thing or the other was intended. It is for the Parliament to clear the doubt and uncertainty. For our present purpose we shall proceed on the assumption that in the present case the alleged failure raises a dispute or difference as to the interpretation of the said provisions or any matter arising therefrom. Coming to the third condition we find that the reference must be by the licensee to the arbitration of the Authority under paragraph XVI of the Sixth Schedule. No doubt the dispute had been referred by the licensee to the arbitration of the Authority within the time allowed by the Statute. But was it a reference under paragraph XVI of the Schedule ? The answer must be in the negative. The reference to arbitration to the Authority under paragraph XVI of the Schedule could be made by the licensee only against the grantor of the licence namely the State Government and not the Board. If the licensee could make such reference under any other provisions of the Act, it is another matter. The present reference, to the Authority against the Board however could not be described as a reference under paragraph XVI of the Schedule. That proviso puts an embargo on the constitution of the Rating Committee if at that time there is already a reference to the Authority of a dispute between the State Government and the licensee for the interpretation of any of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule. The object is clear. There would be no point in constituting a Rating Committee if the interpretation of the provisions is referred to the Authority in a reference competently made as between the' State Government and the licensee. All the three conditions of the second proviso were necessary to co-exist if the Rating Committee was not to be constituted by the Board. But since the third condition is absent it must be concluded that there could be no bar to the appointment of the Rating Committee by the Board. As a branch of the same argument it was pointed out that if the Board had not been constituted and the power under section 57A were left to be exercised by the State Government it would have been possible for the licensee to go to the arbitration of the Authority on the question whether the State Government had good ground to be satisfied that the licensee had not complied with the provisions of the Sixth Schedule and thus held up the constitution of the Rating Committee. It was, therefore, submitted that the mere interposition of the Board which took over the functions of the State Government should not make any difference. It is true that if arbitration for any sort of non-compliance of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule fell within the second condition of the proviso, and, otherwise, there was a competent arbitration between the licensee and the state Government the licensee could have possibly Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  12 prevented the constitution of them Rating Committee by the State Government. Unfortunately the interposition of the Board makes all the difference because as already stated para XVI of the Sixth Schedule contemplate a dispute between the State Government and the licensee and a reference to the Authority only of such a dispute. It is not the case that the provisions. of the Sixth Schedule would not, in the very.'nature of things, generate any dispute between the State Government and the licensee 'with regard to the interpretation of the provisions or other matters. In that event to read the Board in the place of the State Government would be incorrect. It is not as if the Act has made no provision at all for referring disputes between the Board and the licensee to the arbitration of the authority. We have already referred to them. Then again sub-section (1) of section 76 of the Act which had not been deleted till 1966 could have also given an opportunity to the present licensee for an arbitration under subsection (2) of two arbitrators if not the Authority. Indeed such an arbitration would not have helped the licensee to prevent the appointment of the Rating Committee because that. arbitration was, not by the Authority which is requisite for the second proviso. However that may be, the whole point of the matter is whether the Board could be compelled to submit to the arbitration, of the Authority. The mere fact that in similar circumstances the State Government could, perhaps, have been compelled to submit to arbitration of the Authority is no adequate answer. if this is a lacuna in the legislation it is for the Parliament to correct it. We may, however, point out that-in enacting section 57A Parliament seemed to attach some importance to the appointment of the Rating. Committee and must have intended that the enquiry by the Committee should be expeditious. The Board takes the decision to appoint the Committee only when it is satisfied that the provisions of the Sixth Schedule are not complied with that is to say, the licensee 'Was overcharging the consumer. The proviso to para XVI of the sixth Schedule also emphasizes this. It says that even if there be any dispute or difference between the State Government and the licensee with regard to the interpretation of any provision or any matter arising out of the provisions, no such dispute or difference would be referred to the arbitration of the Authority when a Rating Committee has been constituted and is making the necessary enquiry. Having regard to the urgency of the matter and the proviso to para XVI just referred to, it seems more likely that Parliament did not want to prevent the constitution of the Rating Committee except when there was an important dispute involving the interpretation of the provisions of the: Schedule and such a dispute was already before the Authority. The matter is not free from difficulty. It is perfectly arguable that if' the State Government while implementing the Act is liable to submit to the arbitration of the Authority, there was no good reason why the Board taking over the functions of the State Government should not be so liable in similar circumstances. Then again it is not clear on a comparison of the wording of the second proviso of section 57A and the wording of para XVI of the Sixth Schedule whether Parliament wanted for the purposes of both provisions that the Authority should be approached not merely for the interpretation of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule but also sundry matters of detail arising out of the provisions. It is for the legislature to remove doubts and uncertainties. But as Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  13 things now stand and in the light of the decision of this Court in The Amalgamated Electricity Co. Ltd. v. N. S. Bathana already referred to we must say that in the absence of any express provision substituting the Board in the place of the State Government for the purposes of arbitration in a dispute or difference between the Board and the licensee, we cannot construe the second proviso as contemplating an arbitration before an Authority in a dispute to which only the licensee and the Board are parties. Nor is there any substance in the contention that para XVI of the Sixth Schedule is a statutory provision for arbitration to which section 46 of the Arbitration Act, 1940 would apply. The point was specifically urged in the above case and has been rejected. In our opinion the second proviso to section 57A does not contemplate holding up of the constitution of the Rating Committee merely on the ground that there is a dispute or difference between the Board and the licensee as to whether the provisions of the Sixth Schedule had been complied with or not and such a dispute was referred to the Authority. Nor are we referred to any provision in the Act which makes such a dispute between the Board and the licensee referable to the Authority. We have, therefore, to conclude that the finding of the High Court on which relief was given to respondent no. 1 cannot be sustained in law. It appears that some other issues had been also raised before the High Court but they were not dealt with in view of the finding recorded. The parties, therefore, are agreed that the case will have to go back to the High Court for disposal in accordance with law after considering the other issues raised in the Special Civil Application. ,Accordingly the case is remanded to the High Court for disposal. The costs shall be costs in the cause. V.P.S. Appeal allowed and Case remanded. Gujarat Electricity Board vs Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. & Ors on 28 November, 1973  14