Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983 Equivalent citations: 1984 AIR 898, 1984 SCR (1) 825, AIR 1984 SUPREME COURT 898, 1984 TAX. L. R. 570, 1984 UJ (SC) 417, 1984 (2) SCC 488 Author: A.P. Sen Bench: A.P. Sen, A. Varadarajan, V. Balakrishna Eradi PETITIONER: BISHNU RAM BORAH & ANR. Vs. RESPONDENT: PARAG SAIKIA & ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT16/11/1983 BENCH: SEN, A.P. (J) BENCH: SEN, A.P. (J) VARADARAJAN, A. (J) ERADI, V. BALAKRISHNA (J) CITATION: 1984 AIR 898 1984 SCR (1) 825 1984 SCC (2) 488 1983 SCALE (2)1231 ACT: Constitution of India-Art. 226-Power of High Court- Scope of Constitution of India-Arts. 226 and 227-Judgment and Orders of High Courts binding and must be obeyed by all inferior Courts and tribunals subject to then supervisory jurisdiction. Assam Excise Rules, 1945- Rule 223-Phrase 'educated unemployed youth appearing in note below rule 223-meaning of. Practice and Procedure-Two separate petitions filed in the same case-High Court dealt with one and kept the other pending-Procedure adopted not proper and against rule of fairplay. While criticising lower authorities use of harsh language must be avoided. Words and phrases-Educated unemployed youth. Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  1 HEADNOTE: The Board of Revenue on a consideration of the material on record as to the suitability or otherwise of the rival pairs of claimants upheld the grant of a liquor licence made by the Deputy Commissioner in favour of the appellants. It held that respondent No. 1 was a mere benamidar of a prominent businessman and respondent No. 2 being still a student studying for his B.Sc. degree could not be treated as an 'educated unemployed youth' within the meaning of the note beneath r. 223 of the Assam Excise 'Rules, 1945. The respondent Nos. 1 and 2 and the interveners separately moved the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution. The High Court instead of taking up both the petitions together: took: the writ petition filed by respondents Nos. 1 and 2 and on a reappraisal of the evidence came to the conclusion contrary to that reached by the Board. It accordingly quashed the order of the Board of Revenue and remanded the matter to the Board for a decision afresh, in the light of the directions made by it. The Board took serious exception to certain observations made by the High Court and held that the directions issued were nothing but mere observations and therefore it was not bound by it. After hearing the parties, the Board maintained its earlier order confirming the settlement of the liquor shop by the Deputy Commissioner with the appellants. Respondents Nos. 1 and 2 again moved the High Court under Art. 226. The High Court passed strictures on the Board of Revenue for not having complied with its directions and on a consideration of the facts appearing came to the same 826 conclusion as before and quashed the order of the Board but instead of remanding the matter to the Board for complying with its earlier orders issued a writ of mandamus directing him to settle the country liquor shop with respondents Nos. 1 and 2 on condition that the grant would be subject to an inquiry as to whether respondent No. 1 was a mere be subject and also subject to the result of earlier writ petition filed by the interveners which was still pending. In appeal, the two questions which arose were :(1) whether it was impermissible for the High Court to have embarked upon an inquiry into facts and on a reappraisal of the evidence come to a finding contrary to that reached by the Board of Revenue and upon that basis issue a writ of certiorari under Art. 226 quashing the order of Board. And (2) Whether it was a proper exercise of jurisdiction by the High Court under Art. 226 to have issued a writ of mandamus ordaining the Deputy Commissioner to settle the country liquor shop with respondents Nos. 1 and 2. Answering the first question in the affirmative and the second in the negative. ^ Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  2 HELD : 1. The High Court clearly exceeded its jurisdiction while issuing a writ of certiorari under Art. 226 of the Constitution in quashing the impugned order of the Board of Revenue to have embarked upon an inquiry into the facts and upon a reappraisal of the evidence come to the conclusion contrary to that reached by the Board of Revenue viz. whether or not respondent No. 1 was a mere benamidar. [837 F-G] 2. It was also not a proper exercise of jurisdiction under Art. 226 for the High Court to have issued a writ of mandamus directing the Deputy Commissioner to grant the liquor licence to respondents Nos. 1 and 2 in preference to the appellants. Although a writ of mandamus may be a necessary adjunct to a writ of certiorari, if the High Court was satisfied that a writ of certiorari had to be issued to quash the impugned order of the Board of Revenue on the ground that its order was vitiated by an error apparent on the face of the record, the proper course for the High Court to adopt was to issue a writ of mandamus to the Board to hear and redetermine the appeal according to law. [835 E-F] HWR Wade's Administrative Law, 5th edn., p. 638, referred to. 3. The construction placed by the High Court on the meaning of the expression 'educated unemployed youth' appearing in the note beneath r. 223 of the Rules is apparently erroneous. When a person is still pursuing his course of studies in a university, one fails to see any basis for creating him as an 'educated unemployed youth. The expression 'educated unemployed youth, in the note beneath r. 223 has a definite legal connotation. It denotes a class of citizens, who after completing their education, are faced with the growing problem of unemployment. [837 B-D] 827 4. The direction made by the High Court while issuing a writ of mandamus to the Deputy Commissioner ordaining him to grant the liquor licence to respondents Nos. 1 and 2 that the grant would be subject to the result of an inquiry as to whether respondent No. 1 was a mere benamidar and also subject to the result of the writ petition which was filed by the interveners and still pending, appears to be unwarranted. If that were to be so, it would affect the validity of the grant itself. It was also irregular for the High Court to have taken an undertaking from respondent No. 2 who was a student still undergoing his studies for B.Sc. degree in a university that he would give up his studies in case he was given the liquor licence. 5. The procedure adopted by the High Court in separately hearing the writ petition filed by respondents Nos. 1 and 2, while the writ petition filed by the interveners was still pending, and in not taking up both the writ petitions together, and directing the Deputy Commissioner to issue a liquor licence to respondents Nos. 1 and 2, was not in consonance with the procedure established Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  3 by law and clearly in denial of rules of fairplay and justice. 6. The Board of Revenue was bound to comply with the directions made by the High Court and it was not open to it to say that they were mere observations and not directions issued. The refusal of the Board to comply with the directions of the High Court issued under Art. 226 was in effect a denial of justice and also destructive of one of the basic principles in the administration of justice based as it is in this country on a hierarchy of Courts. Bhopal Sugar Industries Limited v. Income-tax Officer, Bhopal. [1961] 1 S C.R. 474 relied on. JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5742 of Appeal by Special leave from the judgment and order dated the 7th May, 1983 of the Assam High Court in Civil Rule No. 1292 of 1982. K.K. Venugopal, Ms. Laxmi Venugopal, A.K Bordelay, C.S. Vaidyanathan and Praveen Choudhary for the Appellants. S.S. Ray, A.S. Pundir, Vijay Hansaria, Sunil Kumar Jain, Mukesh Advani and Ms. Mridula Ray for Respondent Nos. 1 & 2. S.K.Nandy for the Respondents 3 & 5. N.R. Choudhary for the Intervener. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SEN, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment and order of the Assam High Court dated November 4, 1982 concerns the propriety of the grant of a liquor licence. By the judgment the High Court quashed an order of the Board of Revenue dated February 11,.1982 affirming the grant of licence in respect of Jorhat Country Spirit Shop No. 1 made by the Deputy Commissioner Sibsagar, Jorhat, by his order dated August 28, 1981, and instead of remitting the matter to the Board of Revenue for a decision afresh, the High Court had directed the Deputy Commissioner to settle the liquor shop with respondents Nos. 1 and 2 for the remaining period of the grant upto March 31, 1984. The short question that arises in the appeal is whether it was proper exercise of jurisdiction by the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution to have issued a writ of mandamus ordaining the Deputy Commissioner to grant the licence. Further, a question arises whether it was impermissible for the High Court to have embarked upon an inquiry into the facts and on a reappraisal of the evidence come to a finding contrary to that reached by the Board of Revenue based on appreciation of evidence that one set of rival claimants i.e. Parag Saikia and Prafulla Barua, respondents Nos. 1 and 2 were entitled to grant of such privilege in preference to the appellant under the note beneath Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  4 r. 223(2) of the Assam Excise Rules, 1945 (for short 'Rules'). The facts of this case present a rather disturbing feature. Jorhat Country Spirit Shop No. 1 is a big excise shop within the meaning of r. 232 of the Rules. Under cl.(a) thereof, the settlement of such a country liquor shop has to be made with a pair of tenderers constituting two or more, partners. Five joint tenders were received in response to the notification issued by the Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, Jorhat calling for tenders of the country liquor shop for the financial year 1983-84. The Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, Jorhat in consultation with the Advisory Committee constituted for that purpose as required under r. 208 by his order dated August 28, 1981 settled the shop with the two appellants Bishnu Ram Borah and Bipin Chandra Borah. One set of the unsuccessful tenderers were respondents Nos. 1 and 2 Parag Saikia and Prafulla Barua. Of them, Parag Saikia respondent No. 1 herein was held by the Deputy Commissioner to be a mere benamidar of a prominent businessman of Dibrugarh while respondent No. 2 Prafulla Barua was a student studying for his B.Sc. degree and stying in a hostel at Golaghat, which is a place some 30 miles away from Jorhat. The Board of Revenue, Assam by its order dated February 11, 1982 upheld the settlement of the country liquor shop with the appellants. Being aggrieved by the decision of the Board, two sets of unsuccessful tenderers viz, respondents Nos. 1 and 2 and the interveners Daya Ram Borah and Prabin Kumar Borah filed petitions under Art. 226 of the Constitution before the Assam High Court being Civil Rule Nos. 215 of 1982 and 1163 of 1982. The High Court instead of taking up both the writ petitions together, heard and decided the writ petition filed by respondents Nos. 1 and 2 and by its judgment dated November 4, 1982 quashed the order of the Board of Revenue and remitted the appeal to the Board for a decision afresh in the light of the observations made by it. The Board however by its order dated December 3, 1982 maintained the settlement of the country liquor shop with the appellants. Thereupon, respondents Nos. 1 and 2 again moved the High Court under Art. 226 for appropriate writ, direction or order in the matter of grant of the liquor licence. The High Court by its judgment dated May 7, 1983 quashed the order of the Board of Revenue and instead of remitting the matter to the Board for a decision afresh, issued a writ of mandamus by which it directed the Deputy Commissioner to settle the liquor shop with respondents Nos. 1 and 2 for the remaining period of the grant upto March 31, 1984. While making the direction the High Court observed that 'in case it was found that respondents Nos. 1 and 2 were benamidars of anybody, it would be open to the settling authority i.e. the Deputy Commissioner to cancel the liquor licence'. Further, it observed that 'the grant' would be subject to the result of the decision in the writ petition filled by the interveners i.e. Civil Rule No. 1163 of 1982'. Before proceeding further, it is necessary to refer to certain provisions of the Assam Excise Act, 1910 (for short 'Act') and the Assam Excise Rules, 1945 (for short 'Rules') as amended from time to time. Section 18(1) of the Act provides: "18 (1). Prohibition of sale without licence, and the exceptions to such prohibitions-No intoxicant shall be sold except under the authority and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence granted by the Authority prescribed in the rules framed under this Act." Rule 208 provides as follows: Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  5 "Advisory Committee-The Collectors should make settlements in consultation with an advisory committee." Rule 223(2) provides: "In making settlement to any person preference shall always be given to the educated unemployed youths or to co-operatives and co-opt firms formed by such educated unemployed youth. Preference shall also be given to the persons belonging to the more backward classes." Note: The term 'educated unemployed youth' as mentioned in sub-rule (2) of Rule 223 means a person not exceeding 35 years of age who has passed the H.S.L.C. or its equivalent examination and is without any employment." A few facts have to be stated. Before the Board of Revenue passed its earlier order dated February 11, 1982 upholding the grant of licence by the Deputy Commissioner by his order dated August 28, 1981, the Board had called a report from the Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, Jorhat and had also before it a parawise comment of the Deputy Commissioner. On an evaluation of the comparative merits and demerits and after eliminating the other sets of competitors' the Board upheld the grant of licence made by the Deputy Commissioner in favour of the appellants. On a careful consideration of the material on record and in the light of the confidential report made by the Deputy Commissioner, the Board held that respondent Nos. 1 and 2 were not suitable for the grant of licence for the country liquor shop. As regards respondent No.1 Parag Saikia, the Board relying upon the report of the Deputy Commissioner held that he was a mere benamidar of a prominent businessman of Dibrugarh who was trying to corner big liquor shops at Jorhat and that it was evident from the report that he mostly resides at Gauhati enjoying the pay and perquisites provided by this businessman and that he was apparently not an unemployed person as he was resorting to highly expensive litigation for getting a liquor shop licence. Further, the Board observed that he had the means not only to prefer appeals before the State Government and the Board of Revenue but that he had also repeatedly moved the High Court for the grant of appropriate writ, direction or order in the matter of settlement of a country liquor shop which showed that he had some strong financier behind him. As regards respondent No.2 Prafulla Barua who was still a student studying for his B.Sc. degree and staying in a hostel at Golaghat, the Board held that he could not be treated as an 'educated unemployed youth' within the meaning of the note beneath r.223 of the Rules. In reaching the conclusion that it did, the Board of Revenue observed: "In an excise settlement apart from the finance, there is also the question of general suitability of the tenders for a particular shop. It came out during the hearing that this is one of the Sibsagar District. As such substantial revenue of the State is involved in this shop and the suitability of the lessee has therefore to be examined very closely. Under Rule 232 of the Excise Rules, no distinction can be drawn between the legal liabilities of the two partners who will be jointly and severally responsible for the management of the shop. It is implicit in this Rule that the Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  6 partners have to be more or less equal partners. It is also implicit that the settling authority should be satisfied about their respective role, responsibilities, investments and involvements. On a total consideration of the tender, the memo of appeal and the various affidavits and other documents filed on behalf of the appellant Parag Saikia, it appears doubtless that he is the dominant partner and his associate appears more as a show-boy than even as a sleeping partner." The Board then went on to say: "Reverting to the partnership of the appellants it is observed that their respective financial investment and physical involvement as well as the sharing of the profit or loss is not known. Indeed for the two persons living in two different Sub-divisional Head-quarter towns and having a substantial difference in age and present status, it is difficult to be definite that they have the needed concord and compatibility or unity and understanding for operating a major shop like this. Again, in a double lessee shop what is needed is not just a second helping hand to a lessee but it requires persons of a minimum calibre from the point of intelligence, experience and businessman. Parag Saikia by his own admission found that the firm set up by him or joined by him had failed or were non-starters. These considerations might have weighed with the Advisory Committee and the District Collector in not setting with Parag Saikia even any of the smaller shops for which he is known to have tendered and Prafulla Barua being still an undergraduate student might have been considered unsuitable on that ground as well among others." The Board of Revenue accordingly held that respondent No. 1 Parag Saikia was a mere benamidar and therefore ineligible for the grant of licence while respondent No. 2 Prafulla Barua being still a student studying for his B.Sc. degree was not suitable for grant of such privilege, and at any rate, he could not be encouraged when educated unemployed youths and other suitable tenderers were available. It-found considerable force in the submission that the Board should adopt it as a policy to discourage students from entering into liquor business. Regrettably, the High Court while allowing the writ petition preferred by respondent Nos. 1 and 2 passed certain strictures which, in our opinion, should have been avoided. It found fault with the Board of having acted on the report of the Deputy Commissioner observing that 'the Board could not act on the ipse dixit of the Deputy Commissioner'. Further, the High Court held that there was no basis for the Board to adopt a policy to discourage students from entering into liquor business when there was no such legal bar. Still further, it observed that merely because respondent No. 2 Prafulla Barua was a student of B.Sc. class and was staying at a hostel at Golaghat which was about 30 miles away, it would not be difficult for him to carry on a partnership business at Jorhat where his cousin lives and further that he answers the description of 'educated unemployed youth' envisaged in the note beneath r.223 of the Rules. It recorded that respondent No. 2 Prafulla Barua had given an undertaking that he would give up his studies if the settlement of the liquor shop was made in his favour. There was no warrant for any of these observations made by the High Court and the High Court was not entitled to enter into a question of fact as to whether or not respondent No. 1 Parag Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  7 Saikia was a mere benamidar. It is somewhat strange that the High Court should have taken an undertaking from respondent No. 2 Prafulla Barua that he would give up his studies if the settlement was made in his favour and observed that there was nothing in law to discourage students still undergoing their studies from entering into the liquor business and that he falls within he category of 'educated unemployed youth' within the note beneath r.223 of the Rules On remand, the Board of Revenue by its order dated December 2, 1982 reacted sharply to the observations and went on to say that the observations were uncalled for. That apart, the Board observed that since the observations were on questions of fact, they could not be taken as binding on the Board. It reaffirmed its earlier order upholding the grant of the licence to the appellants by the Deputy Commissioner. As regards respondents Nos. 1 and 2, the Board relying on the report of the Deputy Commissioner held them to be unsuitable for the grant of licence. It held that respondent No. 1 Parag Saikia was a mere benamidar of a mahaldar of Dibrugarh district who had cast his net far and wide in the Jorhat sub-division and that respondent No. 2 Prafulla Barua who was still undergoing his studies for the B.Sc. degree could not be regarded as falling within the category of educated unemployed youth appearing in the note beneath r.223 of the Rules. Thereupon, respondents Nos. 1 and 2 again moved the High Court under Art.226 of the Constitution for appropriate writ, direction or order in the matter of grant of the liquor licence. As was expected, the High Court strongly deprecated the action of the Board of Revenue defying the directions made by the High Court in exercise of its jurisdiction under Art. 226 of the Constitution and held that the Board had no other alternative but to decide the matter afresh in the light of the directions given by the High Court and expressed its regret that it had not done so at all observing: "Such an effort of subordinate tribunal is fraught with grave danger to the administration of justice known to the people of this country and had to be duly taken note of with great concern by all." The High Court then went on to observe that the Board had thrown all judicial decorum and discipline to the winds by disregarding its judgment. It further observed: "A perusal of the impugned judgment shows that though the petitioners are entitled to preference under r.223(2) of the Assam Excise Rules, 1945, hereinafter the Rules, whereas the respondents land 2 are not, they have not been found suitable for settlement for these reasons; (i) Parag, one of the petitioners, is a benamidar; (ii) the partnership in question is sham; and (iii) the petitioners are not financially sound to run the shop." After adverting to the well-settled principles relating to the power of the High Courts under Art.226 of the Constitution to issue a writ of certiorari and observing that it was conscious of its own limitations in the matter, the High Court nonetheless observed that 'it could definitely set aside the order of an inferior tribunal like the Board of Revenue founded even on some factual conclusions if they were based on irrelevant or extraneous materials or be such which no reasonable person could have reached or if they were grounded on a total misconception of law'. It held that a finding Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  8 reached by the Board by disregarding the directions given to it by the High Court was in excess of jurisdiction. It is regrettable that the Board of Revenue failed to realize that like any other subordinate tribunal, it was subject to the writ jurisdiction of the High Court under Art.226 of the Constitution. Just as the judgments and orders of the Supreme Court have to be faithfully obeyed and carried out throughout the territory of India under Art.142 of the Constitution, so should be the judgments and orders of the High Court by all inferior courts and tribunals subject to their supervisory jurisdiction within the State under Art.226 and 227 of the Constitution. We cannot but deprecate the action of the Board of Revenue in refusing to carry out the directions of the High Court. In Bhopal Sugar Industries Limited v. Income-tax Officer Bhopal, the Income- tax Officer had virtually refused to carry out the clear and unambiguous directions which a superior tribunal like the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal had given to him by its final order in exercise of its appellate powers in respect of an order of assessment made by him. The Court held that such refusal was in effect a denial of justice and is furthermore destructive of one of the basic principles in the administration of justice based as it is in this country on the hierarchy of courts. The facts of the present case are more or less similar and we would have allowed the matter to rest at that but unfortunately the judgment of the High Court directing the issue of a writ of mandamus for the grant of a liquor licence to respondents Nos. 1 and 2 cannot be sustained. The High Court dealt with the finding of the Board as to whether or not the alleged partnership between respondents Nos.1 and 2 was genuine. As regards the suitability in their ages which, according to the Board, would stand in the way of needed. concord and compatibility, it felt that it was for respondent No.2 Prafulla Barua to decide whether respondent No.1 Parag Saikia was a suitable person with whom he should enter into a partnership. Secondly, the High Court observed that it would not be difficult for respondent No.2 Prafulla Barua although he was a student studying for his B.Sc. degree and staying in a hostel at Golaghat which was some 30 miles away from Jorhat to carry on the liquor business in partnership. Thirdly, the High Court went into the question whether they had the requisite financial capacity to fulfil the requirements of r.346. From all this, it is quite evident that the High Court was oblivious of the limitations of its own powers under Art.226 of the Constitution in the matter of grant of a writ of certiorari. It was impermissible for the High Court to have embarked upon an inquiry into the facts to adjudge the suitability or otherwise of the rival pairs of claimants and upon a reappraisal of the evidence come to a finding contrary to that reached by the Board of Revenue. There was nothing on record to show that the Board had acted in excess of jurisdiction or there was an error apparent on the face of the record which resuited in manifest injustice. That apart, it was not a proper exercise of jurisdiction under Art.226 of the Constitution for the High Court to have issued a writ of mandamus ordaining the Deputy Commissioner to grant the liquor licence to respondents Nos.1 and 2 in preference to the appellants. Although a writ of mandamus may be a necessary adjunct to a writ of certiorari, in the High Court was satisfied that a writ of certiorari had to be issued to quash the impugned order of the Board of Revenue on the ground that its order was vitiated by an error apparent on the face of the record, the proper course for the High Court to adopt was to have issued a writ of mandamus to hear and redetermine the appeal according to law: H.W.R. Wade's Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  9 Administrative Law, 5th edn., p.638. The High Court was also in error in holding that the earlier order passed by the High Court remanding the case to the Board of Revenue contained a direction requiring the Board not to act upon the report of the Deputy Commissioner. The fact that the Board had in the past in some other case viz. for the grant of liquor licence for Melan Country Spirit Shop not acted upon the report of the Deputy Commissioner against respondent No.1 Parag Saikia was not a ground sufficient for ignoring the adverse report of the Deputy Commissioner against him in the present case. It would be apposite to quote the report which reads as follows: "Jorhat town country spirit shop No.1 (with which shop we are concerned) is meant for joint lessee. Just after the submission of the tender on 21.8.81 secret information was received to the effect that Shri Parag Saikia (one of the petitioners in the case) is in the private employment of a prominent businessman of Dibrugarh district who is also said to be benamidar of important C.S. shops and Shri Saikia resides in Gauhati for the greater part of the year enjoying all the perquisites of the employer, The secret information further indicates that the said benamidar of Dibrugarh district was trying to grab important shops of Jorhat Sub-Division through Parag Saikia. The matter was discussed in the Advisory Board which rejected the tender of the joint appellant." Further, the High Court had observed that the Board could not have relied upon the report of the Deputy Commissioner unless respondents Nos.1 and 2 were confronted with the same and respondent No.1 was allowed to have his say in the matter. The responding of the High Court can hardly be supported. In the first place, the Deputy Commissioner is the head of the administration of the district and is conversant with the local situation and has secret sources of information. Normally the Board is entitled to rely upon the word of the Deputy Commissioner. It is expected that the Deputy Commissioner would always act with a sense of responsibility. Secondly, the report of the Deputy Commissioner was confidential in nature. There was no question of the Board disclosing the contents of the report to respondents Nos. 1 and 2. Further, respondents Nos.1 and 2 never made a demand for a copy of the report, and even if such a request was made the Board would have been fully justified in not furnishing the same. Such a refusal would not amount to denial of natural justice for the obvious reason that the rules of natural justice must necessarily vary with the nature of the right and the attendant circumstances. The grant of a liquor licence was not a matter of right but merely in the nature of privilege, Furthermore, the Board was entitled to call for a report of the Deputy Commissioner in an appeal of this nature. We cannot also subscribe to the view expressed by the High Court that respondent No.2 Prafulla Barua who is a student of B.Sc. class still undergoing his studies falls within the description of 'educated unemployed youth' appearing in the note beneath r.223 of the Rules. In our judgment, the expression 'educated employed youth has definite legal connotation. It denotes a class of citizens who after completing their education are faced with unemployment R.223(2) read with the note embodies a rule of preference. The question of grant of preference under the note beneath r.223(2) can only arise when other conditions as regards suitability of the rival tenderers is equal Besides, the Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  10 construction placed by the High Court on the expression 'educated unemployed youth' is manifestly erroneous. By no stretch of imagination can a student still under going his studies in the university be regarded as having completed his education or being 'unemployed' youth. When a person is still pursuing his course of studies in a university, we fail to see any basis for treating him as an 'educated unemployed youth'. The judgment of the High Court directing the issue of a licence to respondents Nos.1 and 2 being based on the rule of preference contained in the note beneath r.223 of the Rules cannot therefore be supported. The judgment of the High Court also suffers from a serious infirmity. As already stated, instead of remitting the matter to the Board of Revenue, the High Court issued a mandamus directing the Deputy Commissioner to make a grant of the licence to respondents Nos.1 and 2. While doing so, the High Court made a direction that the grant of licence would be subject to the result of the inquiry as to whether respondent No.1 Parag Saikia was a benamidar and therefore not entitled to such grant. Moreover, the High Court made the grant subject to the result of the writ petition filed by the interveners Daya Ram Borah and Prabin Kumer Borah which was still pending before it against the earlier order, of the Board dated February 11, 1982. We fail to appreciate the making of a grant in favour of respondents No. 1 and 2 subject to the result of the inquiry as to whether respondent No.1 Parag Saikia was a mere benamidar. If that were to be so, it would affect the validity of the grant itself. Further, the procedure adopted by the High Court in separately dealing with the writ petition filed by respondents Nos.1 and 2 making a grant of the licence to them for the country spirit shop in question while the earlier writ petition filed by the interveners was still pending was not in consonance with law and rules of fairplay and justice. Before parting with the case we must express our deep sense of anguish that there should have been this unseemly tussle between the High Court and the Board of Revenue, particularly the lack of restraint in the language used by the Board in its order dated December 3, 1982. We also feel that the High Court was not right in criticizing the Board of Revenue in such strong language. The use of harsh language does not redound to the credit of anyone. There must be restraint at all levels as otherwise there can be no rule of law and our entire system of administration of justice will fail. For these reasons, we set aside the judgment and order of the High Court, as a consequence whereof the order of the Board of Revenue dated December 3, 1982 will stand restored. We hope and trust that the High Court will be able to dispose of the writ petition as expeditiously as possible. The writ petition filed by the interveners shall also be heard and disposed of by the High Court along with this writ petition according to law. There shall be no order as to costs. H.S.K. Appeal remanded. Bishnu Ram Borah & Anr vs Parag Saikia & Ors on 16 November, 1983  11