Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976 Equivalent citations: 1977 AIR 587, 1977 SCR (2) 412, AIR 1977 SUPREME COURT 587, 1977 (1) SCC 423, 1977 2 SCJ 110, 1977 2 SCR 412 Author: A.C. Gupta Bench: A.C. Gupta, Y.V. Chandrachud, P.K. Goswami PETITIONER: LAKSHMI RAMAN ACHARYA Vs. RESPONDENT: CHANDAN SINGH & ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT13/12/1976 BENCH: GUPTA, A.C. BENCH: GUPTA, A.C. CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. GOSWAMI, P.K. CITATION: 1977 AIR 587 1977 SCR (2) 412 1977 SCC (1) 423 CITATOR INFO : R 1978 SC 351 (5) R 1985 SC 89 (20) C 1991 SC2001 (5) ACT: Representation of the People Act, 1951--S. 123(2) (3) and (3.4)---Corrupt practice--Vague denials in written state- ments--If could be taken as admissions-- HEADNOTE: In the election to the State Assembly the first respond- ent was declared elected. The appellant, who was one of the defeated candidates, impugned the election on the ground that the first respondent was guilty of adopting corrupt practices within the meaning of s. 123(2), (3) and (3A) of Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  1 the Representation of the People Act, 1951. It was alleged that (i) to get support of the Muslim voters of a village, the first respondent offered a bribe for the construction of a school building for Muslim boys in the village and (ii) in another village with predominant Muslim voters, he paid a big sum of money for the construction of a mosque. The first respondent in his written statement denied the allega- tions as absurd and baseless and denied in toto the allega- tion of bribery. The High Court dismissed the petition. On appeal to this Court it was contended that the alle- gations against the respondent must be taken to have been admitted in view of his vague and evasive denial. Dismissing the appeal, HELD: The well settled principles governing election dis- putes are: (1) proceedings arising out of election petitions are quasi-criminal in character and the allegations made in the petition must be proved beyond reasonable doubt; (2) in an appeal under s. 116A of the Act the Supreme Court will not interfere with the findings of fact recorded by the trial court except for very strong and cogent reasons; and (3) it is unsafe in an election case to accept oral evidence at its face value without looking for assurances from some surer circumstances or unimpeachable documents. [413F] Rahim Khan v. Khurshid Ahmed, [1975] 1 S.C.R. 643, 656, followed. (i) In the instant case the contention that donation to public or charitable institutions could not amount to bribery is a legal plea asserting that even on the state- ments made in the election petition the allegation of brib- ery was not sustainable. The allegation of bribery was denied by the first respondent in toto and as false and baseless. [418G] (ii) The story that the first respondent visited the village at midnight and doled out money to a crowd of Muslim voters could not be true. The central figures in the dis- pute over the money had not been examined by the appellant and the letters produced by him to strengthen oral evidence relating to the incidents were clearly brought into exist- ence for the purpose of election petition. [419G] (iii) As regards the amount alleged to have been paid for the construction of a mosque one of the witnesses exam- ined deposed without receiving any summons from the court. The appellant had no personal knowledge of the facts alleged in support of the case of bribery. The High Court rightly held that the letter which the appellant addressed to the District Magistrate containing vague references to the allegations had been written "with a view to create some sort of evidence in case the election petition was necessi- tated to be filed''. [420C] 413 Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  2 JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 128 of 1976. (From the Judgment and Order dated 10-12-1975 of the Allahabad High Court in Election Petition No. 35/74). G.N. Dikshit, M.V. Goswami, S.V. Goswami and Ambrish Kumar, for the Appellant. L.M. Shinghvi, Pratnod Swarup and S.K. Verma, for Re- spondent No. 1. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GUPTA, J.--The appellant was one of the eight contest- ants from Mat Constituency No. 365 in District Mathura in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections held in 1974. February 24 and 26, 1974 were the dates when poll was taken and the result was declared on February 28, 1974. The first respondent who was sponsored by Bhartiya Kranti Dal, it will be referred to as B.D. hereinafter, was elected securing 33565 votes. The appellant who came next was a nominee of the Congress party; he polled 20731 votes, 12,834 votes less than the successful candidate. On April 14, 1974 the appellant presented an election petition in the Allaha- bad High Court calling in question the election of the first respondent alleging that he was guilty of adopting corrupt practice within the meaning of sub-sections (2), (3) and (3A) of section 123 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. The first respondent in his written statement denied all the allegations. The High Court held that the election petitioner had failed to prove the charge of corrupt prac- tice alleged against the successful candidate and dismissed the election petition. The election petitioner challenges the correctness of the decision in this appeal under section 116A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Certain principles governing election disputes are now well settled. One such principle is that proceedings arising out of election petitions are quasi-criminal in character and the allegations made in the petition must be proved beyond reasonable doubt. 'Another is that in an appeal under section 116A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 this Court will not interfere with the findings of fact recorded by the trial court except for very strong and cogent reasons. A third is that it is unsafe in an election case to accept oral evidence at its face value without looking for assurance from some surer circumstances or unimpeachable documents. [see Rahim Khan v. Khurshid Ahmed (1975) 1 S.C.R. 643 (656)]. Of the issues framed upon the pleading of the parties, issues 1, 2, 3 and 4 only are relevant for the purposes of the present appeal. These issues are as follows: (1) Whether the respondent No. 1, his agents, workers and supporters, with his consent, promoted feeling of hatred between different classes of the citizens of India, particularly between fats and Thakurs of the Constituency on the one side and other Castes and communities on the other, for furtherance of the prospects of his election and thereby committed corrupt practice as defined in section 123 (3-A) of the Act ? (2) Whether the respondent No. 1, his agents workers and supporters, with his consent, promoted caste feeling and appealed to the voters to vote or refrain from voting on the basis of caste and community for furtherance of the prospects of his election and thereby committed corrupt practice as defined in section 123(3) of the Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  3 Act? (3) Whether the respondent No. 1, his agents and workers, with his consent, directly or indirectly interfered with free exercise of electoral rights of the voters and committed corrupt practice of undue influence as defined in section 123(2) of the Act? (4) Whether the respondent No. 1, his agents and workers, with his consent, committed corrupt practice of bribery for inducing Muslim voters to vote for the respondent No. 1, by paying several thousands of rupees for construction of a school building and a mosque, as alleged in para 13(i), (ii) and (IV) of the petition ? The first two issues are interconnected The allegations relating to these issues are based on three pamphlets, Exhibits P. 20, P. 21 and P. 22, and oral evidence of meet- ings where speeches were delivered appealing to voters on the ground of caste and attempting to promote hatred between different castes. There is no reference, however, to these pamphlets in the election petition. Of the pamphlets, exhibits P. 20 and P. 22 contain an appeal to all the resi- dents of the constituency to vote for the first respondent, and the High Court rightly held that these two pamphlets cannot be called objectionable. Exhibits P. 21 appeals to the voters not to vote for outsiders such as, the appellant but to one who belonged to the constituency like the first respondent. It is difficult to say that this is an appeal on the ground of caste or community. But it is not neces- sary to pursue this matter further because there is no evidence to connect the first respondent with this pamphlet and, as the High Court has found it is not "proved as to at whose instance this pamphlet was printed or distributed". The oral evidence on these two issues seeks to prove that meetings were held at three villages, Bajna, Neemgaon and Surir Kalan where speeches were made asking the votes to vote on the basis of caste and community and attempting to promote feelings of enmity between different castes and communities in the constituency. At Bajna two meetings are said to have been held on February 5, 1974, one at 12.30 P.M. at the canal inspection house and the other at 8 P.M. at the local B.K.D. office. P.W. 6 Ganga Sahai, P.W. 8 Gandalal, and P.W. 22 Jaipal Singh are the witnesses who were examined by the election petitioner to prove this allegation. From the evidence of P.W. 8 it does not appear that any appeal was made to the voters on the ground of caste or community in either of the two meetings. P.W. 6 and P.W. 22 wanted the court to believe that though they had heard offending speeches being delivered at the meetings, they did not report the matter to anyone earlier but disclosed what they heard for the first time in court. If the High Court found their. testimony unbelievable, we do not think any exception can be taken to it. The High Court also. found that neither P.W. 8 nor P.W. 22 was a disinterested witness, P.W. 8 being an active member of the Congress and P.W. 22 was a polling agent of the appellant. At Neemgaon a meeting is alleged to have been held on February 19, 1974 at 12 noon in the primary school premises. Of the two witnesses who speak about this meeting, P.W. 16 Lotan appears to have admitted on cross-examination that he had not attended the meeting and P.W. 15 Raghubir says, like P.Ws. 6 and 22, that what he heard in the meeting he was disclosing for the first time in court. The High Court further finds that P.W. 15 was a man in the confidence of the appellant and P.W. 16 was admittedly a "man of Congress". If in these circumstances the High Court refused to rely on the Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  4 evidence of these two witnesses, no interfer- ence is called for. The meeting at Surir Kalan is said to have been held at 2 P.M. on the Ramlila platform in the village. P.W. 4 Harpal Singh and P.W. 5 Badan Singh are the two witnesses for the petitioner as to what happened at this meeting. From the testimony of P.W. 4 Harpal Singh it seems extremely unlikely that he was present at the meeting. P.W. 4 is the Head Master of a junior high school. The school was open on that day. The schools hours were from 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. The witness says that he was able to attend the meeting as it was held during the "interval period". He admits that there are eight periods of forty minutes duration each and the interval is after the fourth period for about forty-five minutes. It is dear therefore that he could not possibly attend the meeting at 2 P.M. The witness however attempts to prove his presence at the meeting by saying that the meeting started at about 1 P.M., thus contradicting his earlier statement. The attempt to shift the time makes. his evidence more suspect. He also states that he does not know who ultimately won the election. This apparent unconcern suggesting that he was an impartial witness which is hardly believable marks him out as thoroughly unreliable. The other witness P.W. 5 Badan Singh says that the meeting was held at 2 P.M. According to him a pamphlet (Exhibit A) was distrib- uted at the meeting. This pamphlet which contains the description "Decision of Kashatriya Mahasabha" contains an appeal to all the members of the Kashatriya caste to attend the meeting to be held on February 8, at 2 P.M. at Surir Kalan. The pamphlet does not disclose the .name of the place where it was printed. There is no evidence to connect it with the first respondent. There is also no mention of this pamphlet in the election petition. P.W. 5 does not make any secret that he was opposed to Chandan Singh being elect- ed a member of the assembly. Further, he admits that he did not complain of what happened at the meeting to the authori- ties or to the petitioner. If the High Court did not find it possible to rely on P.W. 4 and P.W. 5, we do not think any legitimate grievance can be made. We therefore find no reason to interfere with the findings recorded by the High Court on issues 1 and 2 that no corrupt practice within the meaning of section 123(3A) or section 123(3) has been proved against the first respondent. Issue No. 3 relates to the alleged undue influence exercised by the successful candidate or with his consent by his agents and workers within the meaning of section 123(2) of the Act. The allegations relating to this issue are contained in paragraph 12 of the election petition and the particulars are in schedule III and IX thereto. The evi- dence adduced on this issue falls into three categories; (1) evidence of witnesses who speak about the threats at the meetings held in support of the first respondent, (2) wit- nesses who speak about the actual interference and (3 ) circumstantial evidence of a corroborative nature. As re- gards the first category, these witnesses have been found unreliable by the High Court while dealing with issues Nos. 1 and 2. No further reference therefore need be made to their evidence. As regards the second category of witnesses who speak of actual interference by the agents and workers of the first respondent, the High Court after a detailed examination of the evidence adduced found that many of these witnesses were interested witnesses and that their testimony did not inspire confidence. No presiding officer of the polling stations where such undue influence is alleged to have been used has been examined. One of the witnesses examined by the election petitioner, P.W. 37 Rajendra Kumar Pathak, who was Sector Magistrate in Neemgaon which includes five polling stations says that he was making a continuous round of the polling stations staying for about 15 minutes at each and that whenever any complaint was made to him about any difficulty felt by the voters in the matter of the free exercise of their right to vote, he saw that the cause for complaint was removed. His evidence is that he did not receive any complaint Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  5 about anyone being prevented from casting his vote. He adds that instructions were given to the Sector Magistrates by the Government that voters should be allowed to cast their votes freely; no Sector Magistrate was examined by the election petitioner to prove that this was not done. The High Court therefore did not place any reliance, and in our view rightly, on these witnesses. The circumstantial evidence which is claimed as corroborative of the oral evidence on this issue consists of certain let- ters, namely Exhibits P.7, P.8, P.9, P. 10, and P.14 Exhib- its P.7 and P.8 are two letters sent to the appellant by P.W. 14 Habura and P.W. 29 Brij Mohan Bhardwaj respectively complaining about the various irregularities at the polling stations. On a scrutiny of their testimony the High Court found both of them unreliable witnesses and was of the view that these two letters were brought into existence for the purpose of this case after the result of the election had been declared. Exhibit P.9 is a copy of a letter dated February 23, 1974 addressed to the Superintendent of Police, Mathura. by the District Magistrate, Mathura. The copy was proved by P.W. 30 Was-ud-din Quareshi who was a Stenographer to the District Magistrate at the relevant time. The High Court doubted the authenticity of this copy as the date, February 23 appearing on the letter was admittedly not in the hand- writing of the District Magistrate nor of the witness. Exhibit 14 is another letter dated February 23, 1974 ad- dressed to the District Magistrate, Mathura, by the appel- lant. In this letter the petitioner expressed his general apprehension about the irregularities likely to be committed at some polling stations on the day of poll and requested the District Magistrate to. make necessary arrangements to prevent the same.Exhibit P. 10 dated February 25, 1974 was also addressed to the District Magistrate Mathura by the petitioner. This letter of course contains reference to a number of specific cases of irregularities in certain poll- ing stations. The oral evidence adduced to prove these irregularities, we have found already, is not creditworthy. That the election petitioner did not examine any of the Sector Magistrates within whose jurisdiction such irregular- ities had taken place has already been mentioned. The only Sector Magistrate examined on behalf of the election peti- tioner, P.W. 37 Rajendra Kumar Pathak, does not support the petitioner's case. Having considered the two letters Exhibits P. 14 and P. 10 the High Court observed: "If the two letters are read and consid- ered together an inference may well be drawn that the former was sent as a precautionary measure advance to give support to the latter one with a view to create some sort of an evidence in case an election petition was necessitated to be filed." These letters put in evidence to corroborate the oral testi- mony on the issue of undue influence have themselves no intrinsic merit and are far from reliable and therefore do not advance the petitioner's case any further than what the oral testimony does. We therefore affirm the finding of the High Court on issue No. 3 that the petitioner has failed to prove the allegation of undue influence. This leaves only issue No. 4 concerning the allegation of bribery. This is the issue which was pressed before us as the main ground in support of the appeal. The allegations relating to the corrupt practice of bribery are contained in paragraph 13(ii) and (iv) of the election petition and the particulars are set out in schedule X thereto. Paragraphs 13(ii) and (iv) state: Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  6 "13. That the material facts relating to corrupt practice of bribery committed by respondent No. 1, his workers and agents with his consent are given hereinafter. (i) * * * (ii) That Sri Chandan Singh in order to get the support of the Muslim voters of village Naujhil offered a bribe Rs.1200/- ostensibly for the erection of the building for Islamia school to Sri Aijaz Hussain, Ida and Idris The order was made to induce the Muslim voters to vote for respondent No. 1. (iii) * * * (iv) That village Bishambara is also a Muslim dominated village in which there are about 2000 Muslim voters belonging to Meo community. Respondent No. 1 paid a sum of Rs. 3000/- to the Pradhan of the said village Sri Niamat Khan, for inducing the voters of Meo community to vote in his favour. The said amount was paid for constructing a mosque for use of this community of this village. Full particulars of this corrupt practices are given in Sched- ule X to this petition." The allegations are denied in paragraph 13 of the written statement. Before turning to the evidence on this issue it is necessary to dispose of a contention raised in the High Court and also before us that the allegations must be taken to have been admitted by the first respondent in view of the vague evasive denial given by him in his written statement. This is how the allegations have been denied in the written statement. "13. That the averments made in para- graph 13 of the petition ...... are vague, absurd, wrong and baseless. No person can be stopped in donating certain amount in public institution or the charitable one. Donation to an institution does not amount to bribery. The construction of the part 6 indicate igno- rance of the petitioner who is not aware in spite the legal advice. The alleged allega- tion of bribery is denied in toto and is liable to be dismissed. 13(ii) That the averments made in para l3(ii) are wrong, baseless, hence denied. The same being repetition of foregoing sub- clause (i), no need of saying much whatever is said in the previous paragraph (i). 13(iii) * * * 13(ii) That the averments made in para 13(ii) are wrong, false and baseless as if the same is denied. The schedule enclosed marked Annexure X is general in nature and wrong, hence denied and the petition is liable to be dismissed." In paragraph 13(iii) of the written statement the first respondent refers to the contents in schedule X of the election petition as "too vague and incorrect, false and baseless". Counsel for the appellant contended that the denial amounted to this only that donation to a public or charitable institution Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  7 could not constitute bribery. We think that a correct and complete reading of paragraph 13 of the written statement the construction put on it on behalf of the appellant would not be justified. It cannot be overlooked that the allegation of bribery is also denied ''in toto" and as false and baseless. The additional con- tention that donation to public or charitable institutions could not amount to bribery appears to be a legal plea asserting that even on the statements made in paragraph 13 of the election petition the allegation of bribery was not sustainable. The case of bribery rests on two incidents, one relating to payment of Rs. 1200/- to the Muslim voters in village Naujhil for the reconstruction of a Muslim school in that village and the other relating to the payment of Rs. 3000/- to the Pradhan of village Bishambara, which is a Muslim dominated village, for the construction of a mosque in the village. The allegation regarding the payment of Rs. 1200/- for Islamia school in Naujhil is sought to be proved by P.W.1 Alia Noor, who has a motor cycle repairing shop, P.W. 2 Chandra Pal Sharma, P.W. 3 Ashraf Ali, P.W. 7 Fiaz Khan, P.W. 17 Kadhera and some correspondence that passed between some of these witnesses. What is alleged to have happened is like this. Near about midnight between the 23rd and the 24th February, 1974, the first respondent Chandan Singh along with Chatur Singh and several others drove in a jeep to Naujhil at a place where about 200 Muslims were sitting around a fire. Some from the crowd went upto the jeep, had a talk with Chandan Singh and told him that whoever would donate money for Islamia school, the Muslim votes would be cast in his favour, Chandan Singh Offered to pay and gave twelve currency notes of Rs. 100/- each to Chatur Singh who made them over to one Ida who is said to be the president of the school. P.W. 1 Alla Noor, P.W. 3 Ashraf Ali and P.W. 7 Fiaz Khan are witnesses to this inci- dent. About half an hour later, two persons named Nanhey and Habib informed P.W. 2 Chandra Pal Sharma, who was the pradhan of village Naujhil, of the incident. On being sum- moned the appellant arrived there within a few minutes and Nanhey and Habib repeated the story in his presence. At the instance of the appellant the Station Officer, Naujhil, was also summoned there, but he declined to take any step. The appellant then came to the place visited by the first re- spondent earlier and remonstrated with the Muslims crowd still present there for having accepted the money from the first respondent. Certain letters were produced on behalf of the appellant to strengthen the oral evidence relating to the incident. Exhibit P.2 appears to be a notice given by Fiaz Khan, who is a member of the school committee, to Ida accusing him of not utilising for the school the money taken by him from the first respondent, asking him to take early steps in the matter, and warning him that in default action would be taken against him. Exhibit P.I is a letter written by P.W.3 Ashraf Ali, who was a teacher of the school, to P.W. 1 All Noor saying that he had taken the sum of Rs. 1200/from Ida in the presence of witnesses and pur- chased some building material for the school. This letter bears no date. Exhibit P.5 is another letter sent by P.W. 1 Alla Noor to P.W. 7 Fiaz Khan assuring him that the sum of Rs. 1200/- taken from the first respondent would be utilised for the benefit of the school. The High Court has disbe- lieved the entire story finding that neither the witnesses were believable nor the letters reliable. The story of the midnight visit of the first respondent doling out money to a crowd of Muslim voters who happened to be present would strike anyone as ridiculous and we agree with the High Court that it cannot be true. Besides, neither Ida who is made to appear as a central figure in the dispute over the money, nor Nanhey or Habib who conveyed the information to P.W. Chandra Pal Sharma, has been examined. About the letters the High Court's finding is that from their tenor it was clear that these were brought into existence for the purpose of the election petition. We find nothing to justify a different Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  8 view. The other allegation with regard to the issue of bribery is that a sum of Rs. 3000/- was paid to Niamat Khan, Pradhan of village Bishambara, for constructing a mosque to induce the Muslim voters of that village to vote in favour of the first respondent. The only witness examined to prove this allegation is P.W. 24, Usman. According to him on the evening previous to the date of poll, grand-father of the first respondent came to Niamat Khan and paid Rs. 3000/- to him ;n return for his promise that he would see that all the Muslim votes were cast in favour of the first respondent. On cross-examination the witness admits that he does not know what happened to that money and that he was disclosing this fact for the first time in court. He is not named either in the election petition or on the schedule thereto. He came to depose without receiving any summons. Niamat Khan has been exam- ined by the respondent as his witness and he denies the allegation as totally false. The High Court therefore did not rightly put any reliance on the evidence of this wit- ness. The appellant had no personal knowledge of the facts alleged in support of the case of bribery. Exhibit P. 10, the letter he addressed to the District Magistrate on Febru- ary 25, 1974 of course contains a vague reference to these allegations, but this, as the High Court has said, seems to have been written "with a view to create some sort of an evidence in case. election petition was necessitated to be filed". We find no merit in this appeal which we dismiss with costs. P.B.R. Appeal dismissed. Lakshmi Raman Acharya vs Chandan Singh & Ors on 13 December, 1976  9