Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016 Equivalent citations: AIR 2016 SUPREME COURT 1980, 2016 (3) ADR 529, 2016 (3) AJR 459, AIR 2016 SC (CIVIL) 1605, (2016) 4 SCALE 267, (2016) 3 JCR 130 (SC), (2016) 3 MAD LJ 864, 2016 (11) SCC 1, 2016 (2) KCCR SN 196 (SC) Author: V. Gopala Gowda Bench: Uday Umesh Lalit, V. Gopala Gowda REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4610 OF 2009 ESSAR STEEL LTD. ……APPELLANT Vs. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. ……RESPONDENTS WITH CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4609 OF 2009 AND CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4657 OF 2009 J U D G M E N T V. GOPALA GOWDA, J. The present appeals arise out of the impugned common final judgment and order dated 16.05.2008 passed in Special Civil Application No. 4468 of 2008 etc. by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad, wherein by a majority of 2:1, a Three Judge bench upheld the validity of the impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 on the ground that the Union of India is competent to take the policy decision and further it has held that it is either arbitrary, unjust or violative of the fundamental rights of the appellants herein. Since the facts in all these appeals raise the same issue for our consideration, for the sake of brevity, we refer to the facts of Civil Appeal No.4610 of 2009. The necessary relevant facts required to appreciate the rival legal contentions advanced on behalf of the parties are stated in brief hereunder: India purchases natural gas from Gulf countries. Since gas in large quantities cannot be feasibly transported by pipelines across countries, before such gas is transported, Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  1 it is liquefied and thereafter shipped to India. This liquefied gas is known as Liquefied Natural Gas (hereinafter referred to as □LNG‚). Once this liquefied gas reaches India, it is converted into gas again. This is known as Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas (hereinafter referred to as □RLNG‚). In the instant case, Ras Laffin Natural Gas Company Limited, Qatar (hereinafter referred to as □RasGas‚) sold LNG to Petronet LNG Limited (hereinafter referred to as □Petronet‚), an Indian company, which was set up as a Joint venture between the Government of India and the key players in the LNG market like Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (hereinafter referred to as □ONGC‚), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (hereinafter referred to as □IOCL‚) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (hereinafter referred to as □BPCL‚). This was done under a Sale Purchase Agreement entered in July, 1999 for a period of 25 years. Petronet sold the resultant LNG to companies like BPCL, IOCL and GAIL. They in turn, sold it to customers like Essar Steel, which is the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 4610 of 2009. In the immediate context of the present appeals, Essar Steel signed contracts with IOCL, BPCL and GSPCL for purchase of RLNG at a fixed price. The price was fixed upto the date 31.12.2008. The Gas Supply Agreements were for the supply of 5 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA) at a fixed price of US $ 2.9412 per million metric british thermal unit (MMBTU). On 06.03.2007, the Central Government issued the impugned policy directive to Petronet in the following terms: □1. The question of prices to be charged for RLNG from different customers has been under consideration of the Government. After considering existing practices and to avoid loading high cost of additional RLNG being made available to the prospective customers, it has been decided, after examination of all aspects, in public interest, that the gas prices being charged on supply of RLNG procured under long term contracts should be on a non discriminatory basis and uniform pooled prices should be charged for all the existing and new customers. 2. You are advised accordingly and requested to give effect to the same immediately.‚ The letter was authenticated by the Under Secretary to the Government of India. In pursuant to the above communication dated 06.03.2007, letters dated 19.03.2007 and 12.04.2007 were sent from IOCL, BPCL and GAIL to Essar Steel, informing it that in view of the policy decision of the Government to pool RLNG prices, the price of gas under the contract would be revised and increased from Rs. 135 per MMBTU to Rs. 207.02 MMBTU. Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  2 Aggrieved, the appellant filed Writ Petition No. 5098 of 2007 before the High Court of Delhi, challenging the impugned policy decision and the consequent action of IOCL, BPCL, GAIL and GSPCL in unilaterally increasing the price of RLNG w.e.f. 01.08.2007, is in contravention of the gas supply contracts which clearly stipulate the fixed price of US $ 2.93 per MMBTU of RLNG. Certain other appellants had also filed Writ Petitions before the High Court of Gujarat urging various legal grounds questioning the legality of the impugned policy decisions and the communications received by them. In pursuant to which, the High Court passed an interim order granting stay of the operation of the impugned policy decision. A Transfer Petition No. 513 of 2007 was filed before this Court seeking for transfer of Writ Petition No. 5098 of 2007 from the High Court of Delhi to the Gujarat High Court. Vide order dated 22.08.2007, this Court vacated the stay operating on the impugned policy decision and transferred the Writ Petition No. 5098 of 2007 from Delhi High Court to Gujarat High Court and directed the Division Bench of the Gujarat High Court to hear the batch of Writ Petitions. The judges of the Division Bench could not concur on the opinion and vide order dated 28.09.2007, referred the matter to a third judge. Vide order dated 12.10.2007, the single judge opined not to grant any interim relief in favour of the appellants in their writ petitions. The Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court rejected the prayer of the appellants for stay of the operation of the impugned policy vide order dated 17.10.2007. The appellants challenged the correctness of the said order before this Court by way of filing SLP (C) Nos. 21397-99 of 2007. This Court vide its order dated 26.02.2008 directed the High Court of Gujarat to list the Writ Petitions for final hearing before a Three Judge bench. Vide impugned judgment and order dated 16.05.2008, by a majority of 2:1, the High Court upheld the impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 and dismissed the Writ Petition filed by the appellant. The majority judgment opined as under: □€€Union of India, by Empowered Group of Ministers with advise of experts and Secretaries of various departments of Union of India, has taken the decision of pooling of price of Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas, on non- discriminatory basis and thereby has put under one denomination, consumers of long term contracts and future consumers. Parties to the contract cannot bind Union of India (third party) by terms of contract€Policy of Union of India is not bound by contractual terms of two private parties, on the contrary, contractual terms will be subject to policy decision by Union of India€€ As a cumulative effect of the aforesaid facts, reasons and judicial pronouncement, the impugned decision taken by the Union of India dated 06.03.2007, is a policy decision for pooling price of Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas. Union of India is competent to take this policy decision and the same is neither arbitrary, nor it is unjust, nor violative of fundamental rights, nor violative of constitutional rights nor the same is violative of statutory rights of the petitioners and the petitioners have failed to establish that they have borne the burden of increase in price of Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas without passing the same to their further consumers, hence, are not entitle to refund. For getting refund, the aforesaid aspect ought to be established by the petitioners, on the basis of evidence on record, either in the suit or in the arbitration. There is no substance in these petitions, and, therefore, all these petitions are hereby dismissed.‚ Hence, the present appeals. Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  3 Mr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant Essar Steel in Civil Appeal No. 4610 of 2009 has questioned the correctness of the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court. It is contended by him that the contracts between the appellants and off takers (IOCL, GPSCL) had three elements, viz., fixed price, for a fixed term, in respect of a fixed basic quantity. The appellant is aggrieved by the fact that even with this limited five year period and after having faithfully observed these frozen and unchangeable contractual parameters of fixed term, fixed price and fixed quantity for almost four out of five years, the respondents reneged and violated these fixed parameters in the last fourteen months of the contract, all for the benefit of a single entity, that is the Ratnagiri Gas and Power Private Limited (hereinafter referred to as the □Ratnagiri Power Project‚). The learned senior counsel further contends that executive actions of the Union of India which operates to the prejudice of any person must necessarily have legislative backing. It is contended that in the present case, no entity except the Ratnagiri Power Project was benefited as a result of the change of policy by the Central Government. The learned senior counsel in support of his legal submission places reliance on the decision of this Court in the case of Delhi Development Authority v. Joint Action Committee, Allottee of SFS Flats[1], wherein it has held as under: □62. €€It is well known principle of law that a person would be bound by the terms of the contract subject of course to its validity. A contract in certain situations may also be avoided. With a view to make novation of a contract binding and in particular some of the terms and conditions thereof, the offeree must be made known thereabout. A party to the contract cannot at a later stage, while the contract was being performed, impose terms and conditions which were not part of the offer and which were based upon unilateral issuance of office orders, but not communicated to the other party to the contract and which were not even the subject matter of a public notice. 67. The stand taken by DDA itself is that the relationship between the parties arises out of the contract. The terms and conditions therefore were, therefore, required to be complied with by both the parties. Terms and conditions of the contract can indisputably be altered or modified. They cannot, however, be done unilaterally unless there exists any provision either in contract itself or in law. Novation of contract in terms of Section 60 of the Contract Act must precede the contract making process. The parties thereto must be ad idem so far as the terms and conditions are concerned. If DDA, a contracting party, intended to alter or modify the terms of contract, it was obligatory on its part to bring the same to the notice of the allocate. Having not done so, it, relying on or on the basis of the purported office orders which is not backed by any statute, new terms of contract could thrust upon the other party to the contract. The said purported policy is, therefore, not beyond the pale of judicial review. In fact, being in the realm of contract, it cannot be stated to be a policy decision as such.‚ The learned senior counsel further contends that executive action of Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  4 the Union of India, when it seeks to prejudice the rights of a person, must have the backing of a statute. The learned senior counsel in support of the above contention places reliance on the decision of a Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of State of Madhya Pradesh v. Thakur Bharat Singh[2], wherein it was held as under: □We have adopted under our Constitution not the continental system but the British system under which the rule of law prevails. Every Act done by the Government or by its officers must, if it is to operate to the prejudice of any person, be supported by some legislative authority.‚ Another Constitution Bench of this Court, in the case of Bishan Das v. State of Punjab[3], held as under: □As pointed out by this Court in Wazir Chand v. The State of Himachal Pradesh 1954 Cri LJ 1029, the State or its executive officers cannot interfere with the rights of others unless they can point to some specific rule of law which authorises their acts. In Ram Prasad Narayan Sahi v. The State of Bihar [1953]4 SCR 1129 this Court said that nothing is more likely to drain the vitality from the rule of law than legislation which singles out a particular individual from his fellow subjects and visits him with a disability which is not imposed upon the others.‚ The learned senior counsel further places reliance on yet another constitution bench decision of this Court in the case of Satwant Singh Sawhney v. D. Ramarathnam, Asstt. Passport Officer[4], wherein it was held as under: □Article 14 says that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. This doctrine of equality before the low is a necessary corollary to the high concept of the rule of law accepted by our Constitution. One of the aspects of rule of law is that every executive action, if it is to operate to the prejudice of any person, must be supported by some legislative authority.‚ Placing strong reliance on the cases cited above, the learned senior counsel contends that the impugned policy decision of the Union of India has no statutory flavour, as price pooling has been implemented neither through statute nor delegated legislation. The learned senior counsel further contends that the impugned policy decision is an executive action benefitting a single person, namely Ratnagiri Power Project. Thus, this is on a worse footing than single person legislation, as it is a single person executive action. The learned senior counsel places reliance on the decision of a Constitution Bench of this Court in support of the above legal plea urged by him in the case of Ram Prasad Narayan Sahi v. The State of Bihar[5] , wherein it was held as under: □There have been a number of decisions by this court where the question regarding the nature and scope of the guarantee implied in the equal protection clause of the Constitution came up for consideration and the general principles can be taken to be fairly well settled. What this clause aims at is to strike down hostile discrimination or Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  5 oppression or inequality. As the guarantee applies to all persons similarly situated, it is certainly open to the legislature to classify persons and things to achieve particular legislative objects; but such selection or differentiation must not be arbitrary and should rest upon a rational basis, having regard to the object which the legislature has in view. It cannot be disputed that the legislation in the present case has singled out two individuals and one solitary transaction entered into between them and another private party, namely, the Bettiah Wards Estate and has declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it is contrary to the provisions of law, although there has been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. It is not necessary for our present purpose to embark upon a discussion as to how far the doctrine of 'separation of powers has been recognised in our Constitution and whether the legislature can arrogate to itself the powers of the judiciary and proceed to decide disputes between private parties by making a declaration of the rights of one against the other. It is also unnecessary to attempt to specify the limits within which any legislation, dealing with private rights, is possible within the purview of our Constitution. On one point our Constitution is clear and explicit, namely, that no law is valid which takes away or abridges the fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution. There can be no question, therefore, that it the legislation in the present case comes within the mischief of article 14 of the Constitution, it has got to be declared invalid.‚ The learned senior counsel contends that Government action, more so executive action, which is not subjected to democratic debate in the Parliament, benefitting or burdening a single person or entity ought to be viewed as especially pernicious and discriminatory, and ought to be treated as such, especially while scrutinizing such action under the lens of Article 14 of the Constitution. It is submitted that in the instant case, it is not a legislative action which has marked out the Ratnagiri Power Project for a special benefit; this is a single person executive action, which is on an even weaker footing. The learned senior counsel further contends that price fixation is a legislative function and in support of this contention he places reliance on the Seven Judge Bench decision of this Court in the case of Prag Ice & Oil Mills v. Union of India[6], wherein it was held as under: □We think that unless, by the terms of a particular statute, or order, price fixation is made a quasi-judicial function for specified purposes or cases, it is really legislative in character€.‚ Further, it was held in the case of Union of India v. Cynamide India Ltd[7] that: □7.The third observation we wish to make is, price fixation is more in the nature of a legislative activity than any other. It is true that, with the proliferation of delegated legislation, there is a tendency for the line between legislation and administration to vanish into an illusion. Administrative, quasi-judicial decisions tend to merge in legislative activity and, conversely, legislative activity tends to fade into and present an appearance of an administrative or quasi-judicial activity. Any attempt to draw a distinct line between legislative and administrative functions, it has been said, is 'difficult in theory and impossible in practice'. Though difficult, it is necessary that Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  6 the line must sometimes be drawn as different legal rights and consequences may ensue. The distinction between the two has usually been expressed as 'one between the general and the particular'. 'A legislative act is the creation and promulgation of a general rule of conduct without reference to particular cases; an administrative act is the making and issue of a specific direction or the application of a general rule to a particular case in accordance with the requirements of policy'. 'Legislation is the process of formulating a general rule of conduct without reference to particular cases and usually operating in future; administration is the process of performing particular acts, of issuing particular orders or of making decisions which apply general rules to particular cases.' It has also been said "Rule making is normally directed toward the formulation of requirements having a general application to all members of a broadly identifiable class" while, "adjudication, on the other hand, applies to specific individuals or situations". But, this is only a bread distinction, not necessarily always true. Administration and administrative adjudication may also be of general application and there may be legislation of particular application only. That is not ruled out. Again, adjudication determines past and present facts and declares rights and liabilities while legislation indicates the future course of action. Adjudication is determinative of the past and the present while legislation is indicative of the future. The object of the rule, the reach of its application, the rights and obligations arising out of it, its intended effect on past, present and future events, its form, the manner of its promulgation are some factors which may help in drawing the line between legislative and non- legislative acts. A price fixation measure does not concern itself with the interests of an individual manufacturer or producer. It is generally in relation to a particular commodity or class of commodities or transactions. It is a direction of a general character, not directed against a particular situation. It is intended to operate in the future. It is conceived in the interests of the general consumer public. The right of the citizen to obtain essential articles at fair prices and the duty of the State to so provide them are transformed into the power of the State to fix prices and the obligation of the producer to charge no more than the price fixed. Viewed from whatever angle, the angle of general application the prospectively of its effect, the public interest served, and the rights and obligations flowing therefrom, there can be no question that price fixation is ordinarily a legislative activity. Price-fixation may occasionally assume an administrative or quasi-judicial character when it relates to acquisition or requisition of goods or property from individuals and it becomes necessary to fix the price separately in relation to such individuals. Such situations may arise when the owner of property or goods is compelled to sell his property or goods to the Government or its nominee and the price to be paid is directed by the legislature to be determined according to the statutory guidelines laid down by it. In such situations the determination of price may acquire a quasi-judicial character. Otherwise, price fixation is generally a legislative activity. We also wish to clear a misapprehension which appears to prevail in certain circles that price-fixation affects the manufacturer or producer primarily and therefore fairness requires that he be given an opportunity and that fair opportunity to the manufacturer or producer must be read into the procedure for Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  7 price- fixation. We do not agree with the basic premise that price fixation primarily affects manufacturers and producers. Those who are most vitally affected are the consumer public. It is for their protection that price- fixation is resorted to and any increase in price affects them as seriously as any decrease does a manufacturer, if not more.‚ The learned senior counsel further urged that the impugned policy decision was nothing but a means to provide subsidized gas to the Ratnagiri Power Project. If the ultimate intention of the Union of India was to provide subsidized gas to the Ratnagiri Power Project, then the cost of the same should have been borne by Union of India itself and not by entities like the appellants. Mr. Ravindra Srivastava, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 4657 of 2009 contends that the government, a third party to the contract, in purported exercise of its executive power under Article 73 of the Constitution, cannot interfere with, much less alter the terms and conditions of the contract between the two private parties. The learned senior counsel further contends that the power to unilaterally alter the terms and conditions of an agreement is not available even to a party to a contract and such a unilateral exercise affects the integrity of the contract and therefore it is illegal. Since the impugned policy decision directly results in infringement of the legal rights of a private party governed by the contract, it can be done only with the support of validly enacted law. The learned senior counsel places reliance in support of the above plea on a Constitution Bench decision of this Court in the case of Maganbhai Ishwarbhai Patel v. Union of India[8] wherein it was held as under: □If, in consequence of the exercise of executive power, rights of the citizens or others are restricted or infringed, or laws are modified, the exercise of power must be supported by legislation : where there, is no such restriction, infringement of the right or modification of the laws, the executive is competent to exercise the power.‚ The learned senior counsel further contends that the communication dated 06.03.2007 is not a policy decision and merely attaching the label of „policy… and therefore, it does not make it a policy decision. Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in the case of Jaipur Development Authority v. Vijay Kumar Data & Anr.[9], wherein it was held as under: □49. It is trite to say that all executive actions of the Government of India and the Government of a State are required to be taken in the name of the President or the Governor of the State concerned, as the case may be [Articles 77(1) and 166(1)]. Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President or the Governor of a State, as the case may be, are required to be authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the President or the Governor, as the case may be [Articles 77(2) and 166(2)]. 52. €€Article 166(1) requires that all executive action of the State Government shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the Governor. This clause relates to cases where the executive action has to be expressed in the shape of a formal order or Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  8 notification. It prescribes the mode in which an executive action has to be expressed. Noting by an official in the departmental file will not, therefore, come within this article nor even noting by a Minister. Every executive decision need not be as laid down under Article 166(1) but when it takes the form of an order it has to comply with Article 166(1). Article 166(2) states that orders and other instruments made and executed under Article 166(1), shall be authenticated in the manner prescribed. While Clause (1) relates to the mode of expression, Clause (2) lays down the manner in which the order is to be authenticated and Clause (3) relates to the making of the rules by the Governor for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government. A study of this article, therefore, makes it clear that the notings in a file get culminated into an order affecting right of parties only when it reaches the head of the department and is expressed in the name of the Governor, authenticated in the manner provided in Article 166(2). 53. It is thus clear that unless an order is expressed in the name of the President or the Governor and is authenticated in the manner prescribed by the rules, the same cannot be treated as an order made on behalf of the Government. A reading of letter dated 6.12.2001 shows that it was neither expressed in the name of the Governor nor it was authenticated manner prescribed by the Rules. That letter merely speaks of the discussion made by the Committee and the decision taken by it. By no stretch of imagination the same can be treated as a policy decision of the Government within the meaning of Article 166 of the Constitution.‚ Further reliance has been placed by him on a Three Judge bench decision of this Court in the case of G.J. Fernandes v. State of Mysore[10], wherein it was held as under: □12€€Of course, under such executive power, the State can give administrative instructions to its servants how to act in certain circumstances; but that will not make such instructions statutory rules which are justifiable in certain circumstances. In order that such executive instructions have the force of statutory rules it must be shown that they have been issued either under the authority conferred on the State Government by some statute or under some provision of the Constitution providing therefore.‚ More recently, this Court has observed in the case of Lala Ram v. Jaipur Development Authority[11] as under: □At the same time where however, a power or authority is conferred with a direction that certain regulation or formality shall be complied with, it would neither be unjust nor incorrect to exact a rigorous observance of it as essential to the acquisition of the right of authority.‚ The learned senior counsel contends that the Empowered Group of Ministers (EGOM) was supposed to recommend the restructuring of the Ratnagiri Power Project. There was nothing to say that it was empowered to restructure the prices of gas as well. The Rules of Business requires that executive action is taken in a manner in accordance with the law. The learned senior counsel further draws our attention to the provisions of the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as the □Business Rules‚), extracted as under: Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  9 □3. Disposal of Business by Ministries.- Subject to the provisions of these Rules in regard to consultation with other departments and submission of cases to the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and its Committees and the President, all business allotted to a department under the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961, shall be disposed of by, or under the general or special directions of, the Minister-in-charge. 6. Committees of the Cabinet.- (1) There shall be Standing Committees of the Cabinet as set out in the First Schedule to these Rules with the functions specified therein. The Prime Minister may from time to time amend the Schedule by adding to or reducing the numbers of such Committees or by modifying the functions assigned to them. (2) Each Standing Committee shall consist of such Ministers as the Prime Minister may from time to time specify. (3) Subject to the provisions of rule 7, each Standing Committee shall have the power to consider and take decisions on matters referred to it by order of the Minister concerned or by the Cabinet.‚ The learned senior counsel contends that the policy directives have been issued by the Union of India in violation of the Business Rules. Under the said Business Rules, the power of disposal of business of the Department is vested in the Minister-in-charge. The EGOM is neither a Committee of Cabinet nor Standing Committee within the meaning of Rule 6 of the Business Rules. The learned senior counsel contends that nothing has been placed on record either before the High Court or this Court to show any „authorisation… to the EGOM for taking decision on the matters of price fixation. The EGOM did not have the mandate to decide as regards the price of the LNG under the existing contract. Mr. Shyam Diwan, the learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of GSPCL in Civil Appeal No. 4609 of 2009 contends that the power to issue the impugned policy decision by the Central Government is an independent one and it does not depend on the individual contracts between the parties. In the instant case, the impugned directive issued to Petronet has resulted in a domino effect, all the way down to the last purchaser. The learned senior counsel contends that the impugned policy decision affects the rights of the consumers without any statutory backing and is therefore bad in law liable to be quashed. The learned senior counsel places reliance on the decision of this Court in the case of Central Dairy Farm v. GI India Ltd. & Ors.[12], wherein it was held as under :- □The power of State Government to fix prices of milk and milk products by issuance of notification under Section 15 of the Milk Act is merely an enabling one, and it is not obligatory for State Government in all circumstances to fix the prices. In the instant case, the prices of cream and paneer were fixed through mutual negotiations between authorised representatives of the two companies and with the assistance of the authorities of the state. Such binding terms of agreement reached between the two companies could not be frustrated by statutory intervention of the State by issuance of notification for fixation of prices under Section 15 of the Act. As has been pointed out by the State the notification was intended to apply only to respondent Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  10 Glindia Ltd. as the supplies of cream and paneer were being made to the appellant Central Fairy Farm by the Glindia Ltd. alone.‚ The learned senior counsel further contends that change in policy can be no defence for breaching contract. Similarly, by mere issuance of a policy directive, the government cannot direct parties to breach the terms of the contract negotiated among themselves. As long as the policy directs variation in the existing arrangements or destroys contracts, the same is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. On the other hand, Mr. Ranjit Kumar, learned Solicitor General for India contends that the price of LNG is linked directly to the price of crude oil, the appellants are ignoring the benefit they were getting as a result of the efforts by the Government of India. The learned Solicitor General contends that a policy cannot be vitiated only on the ground of change. Reliance in placed on the decision of a Three Judge bench of this Court in the case of Shimnit Utsch India Pvt. Ltd. & Anr v. West Bengal Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd. & Ors[13], wherein it was held as under: □52€The courts have repeatedly held that government policy can be changed with changing circumstances and only on the ground of change, such policy will not be vitiated. The government has discretion to adopt a different policy or alter or change its policy calculated to serve public interest and make it more effective. Choice in the balancing of the pros and cons relevant to the change in policy lies with the authority. But like any discretion exercisable by the government or public authority, change in policy must be in conformity with Wednesbury reasonableness and free from arbitrariness, irrationality, bias and malice.‚ In the case of Union of India & Anr. v. International Trading Co. & Anr.[14], this Court held as under: □14. It is trite law that Article 14 of the Constitution applies also to matters of governmental policy and if the policy or any action of the Government, even in contractual matters, fails to satisfy the test of reasonableness, it would be unconstitutional. 15. While the discretion to change the policy in exercise of the executive power, when not trammelled by any statute or rule is wide enough, what is imperative and implicit in terms of Article 14 is that a change in policy must be made fairly and should not give impression that it was so done arbitrarily on by any ulterior criteria. The wide sweep of Article 14 and the requirement of every State action qualifying for its validity on this touchstone irrespective of the field of activity of the State is an accepted tenet. The basic requirement of Article 14 is fairness in action by the state, and non-arbitrariness in essence and substance is the heart beat of fair play. Actions are amenable, in the panorama of judicial review only to the extent that the State must act validly for a discernible reasons, not whimsically for any ulterior purpose. The Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  11 meaning and true import and concept of arbitrariness is more easily visualized than precisely defined. A question whether the impugned action is arbitrary or not is to be ultimately answered on the facts and circumstances of a given case. A basic and obvious test to apply in such cases is to see whether there is any discernible principle emerging from the impugned action and if so, does it really satisfy the test of reasonableness.‚ The learned Solicitor General has also sought to explain the reason for the change in policy. He has taken us through the history of the two Sale Purchase Agreements between Petronet and RasGas. On the First Agreement, it has been stated in the Reply filed by Petronet as under: □3.3€€The first LNG SPA was signed on 31.07.1999 for supply of 5 MMTPA of LNG for a period of 25 years commencing from January 2004. Originally, the foreign currency component (FCC) of the LNG price under the First LNG SPA was intended to be market driven and hence variable. However, Respondent No.1 took up the issue with the State of Qatar and brought about a fixed FCC for a period of five years ending 31.12.2008, whereby FCC under First LNG SPA was fixed at USD 2-3 upto 31.12.2008 based on crude price of USD 20 per barrel. This has been agreed between RasGas and the answering respondent by way of a Side Letter dated 26.09.2003 to the First LNG SPA. A new price regime would come into effect from 01.01.2009 under which the LNG price would have a link to the market prices, and would vary each month. 3.4 The answering respondent has an obligation to sell RLNG, produced from imported LNG under the First LNG SPA, to the Off-takers for onward sale to the downstream customers. Hence, corresponding to the First LNG SPA, the answering respondent also signed separate GSPAs with each of the three off- takers, viz, GAIL, IOC and BPCL ON 26.09.2003 for the sale of 5 MMTPA of RLNG. FCC under the First GSPA was also fixed at USD 2-3 per MMBTU.‚ Since the new price regime was to come into effect on 01.01.2009, Petronet started negotiating with RasGas from 2007 for additional supply of LNG under a term contract. The new Agreement was signed on 03.07.2007. The FCC of the LNG prices under this agreement was fixed at USD 8-9 per MMBTU for a total of 1.5 MMTPA and was to remain so until 31.12.2008. The benefit of the executive policy direction dated 06.03.2007 has been explained in the following terms: □3.5 In early 2007, the answering respondent was negotiating with RasGas for additional supplies of LNG under a term contract. Pursuant thereto a fresh LNG SPA was signed between RasGas and the answering respondent on 03.07.2007 for additional supply of 1.5 MMTPA of LNG. The FCC of the LNG price under the Second LNG SPA is USD 8-9 per MMBTU and will remain so until 31.12.2008. 3.6 In the meantime, GOI had issued its policy directive by communication dated 06.03.2007. In terms of the said policy directive, RLNG procured under long term contracts is to have a uniform non-discriminatory pooled price based on weighted average which is binding on the Off-takers. The only long term RLNG contracts upstream as on this date, was between the answering respondent and the Off-takers Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  12 under the First GSPA. 3.7 €€In the absence of the price pooling policy, the FCC of 1.5 MMTPA of RLNG under the Second GSPA would also have been USD 8-9 per MMBTU€However, in view of the uniform price pooling directive, which was binding on the Off-takers, FCC under the Second GSPA has been fixed at USD 4.32 per MMBTU. The uniform pooled price of USD 4.32 per MMBTU was arrived at by taking the weighted average of the FCC of USD 2-3 for 5 MMTPA and USD 8-9 for 1.5 MMTPA. The answering respondent has facilitated implementation of the policy by pooling the RLNG prices under the First and Second GSPA…s vis-†- vis the Off-takers.‚ Mr. Gourab Banerji, the learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of respondent-GAIL in Civil Appeal No. 4610 of 2009 contends that not only Ratnagiri Power Limited, but several other Public Sector Undertakings would benefit as a result of the pooling of prices. Thus, it is the larger public interest which must be considered. The learned senior counsel further contends that the claim of the appellants cannot be sustained in law as they have already passed the burden of the increase in the price on to their customers. The learned senior counsel places reliance on the decision of this Court in the case of Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandal Ltd. v. CCE & Customs[15],wherein the concept of unjust enrichment was elaborated as under: □Stated simply, 'Unjust enrichment' means retention of a benefit by a person that is unjust or inequitable. 'Unjust enrichment' occurs when a person retains money or benefits which in justice, equity and good conscience, belong to someone else. The doctrine of 'unjust enrichment', therefore, is that no person can be allowed to enrich inequitably at the expense of another. A right of recovery under the doctrine of 'unjust enrichment' arises where retention of a benefit is considered contrary to justice or against equity.‚ Mr. Tushar Mehta, learned Additional Solicitor General appearing on behalf of the respondents in Civil Appeal Nos. 4609 and 4657 of 2009 contends that the pooled prices came into effect on 29.08.2007 and remained in effect till 31.12.2008. What is under consideration in the present appeals is the impact of the pooling price policy supplied to the consumers between 29.08.2007 and 31.12.2008. The only relief that the appellants in the present case can claim is that of refund of the differential prices paid by them. The learned Additional Solicitor General contends that this claim also cannot succeed, since the appellants already passed on the burden to the consumers and payment of differential prices to them would result in unjust enrichment. The learned ASG places reliance on the nine judge bench decision of this Court in the case of Mafatlal Industries Ltd. v. Union of India[16], wherein it was held as under: □105. It would be evident from the above discussion that the claims for refund under the said two enactments constitute an independent regimen. Every decision favourable to an assessee/manufacturer, whether on the question of classification, valuation or any other issue, does not automatically entail refund. Section 11-B of the Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  13 Central Excises and Salt Act and Section 27 of the Contract Act, whether before or after 1991 Amendment - as interpreted by us herein - make every refund claim subject to proof of not passing-on the burden of duty to others. Even if a suit is filed, the very same condition operates. Similarly, the High Court while examining its jurisdiction under Article 226 - and this Court while acting under Article 32 - would insist upon the said condition being satisfied before ordering refund. Unless the claimant for refund establishes that he has not passed on the burden of duty to another, he would not be entitled to refund, whatever be the proceeding and whichever be the forum. Section 11-B/Section 27 are constitutionally valid, as explained by us hereinbefore. They have to be applied and followed implicitly wherever they are applicable.‚ The learned Additional Solicitor General further contends that there is nothing on record to suggest that the appellants had suffered any loss during the relevant period. It is further submitted that the Union of India is well within its right to take a policy decision in public interest. This policy decision has been taken after taking into consideration all relevant factors and is in consonance with the principles enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution of India. The learned ASG further contends that the uniform price pooling policy is within the executive powers vested with the Union of India under Articles 73 and 246 read with Entry 53 of List I of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India, as also Rules 2 & 3 (1) and Items 2, 6 and 8 in the Second Schedule to the Government of India Allocation of Business Rules, 1961. The learned Additional Solicitor General further contends that there is no vested right in price, that it cannot be raised at all. It was infact only the intervention of the government that ensured availability of the natural resources at a lower rate. The policy also provides for a level playing field and a non discriminatory regime. We have heard the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the parties. The main issue which arises for our consideration is whether impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 is bad in law, and if so, whether the appellants are entitled to any refund of the amount paid by them as a result of increase in price of RLNG after the impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007. Before we examine the validity of the impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007, it is important to examine clause 11.4 of the Supply Agreement between IOCL and Essar Steel which reads as under: □11.4 Change in Law If at any time due to a change in law or a change in the policy of any Government€€€€seller incurs am increase or decrease in its costs or expenses, the seller may request a revision of the Contract Price to reflect any such increase or decrease and the Contract Price shall stand so increased or decreased. Such increased or decreased Contract Price shall be reflected in the immediate following Invoice.‚ A similar clause has been incorporated in the other agreements as well. It becomes clear from a perusal of the aforementioned clause that price revision on account of change in government policy is a situation which had been envisaged by the parties Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  14 themselves at the time of entering into the Supply Agreement. Before we can examine the validity of the impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007, it is crucial to understand the extent of the power vested with this Court to review policy decisions. In the case of Delhi Development Authority (supra) on issue of judicial review of policy decisions, the power of the court is examined and observed as under: □An executive order termed as a policy decision is not beyond the pale of judicial review. Whereas the superior courts may not interfere with the natty grittiest of the policy, or substitute one by the other but it will not be correct to contend that the court shall like its judicial hands off, when a plea is raised that the impugned decision is a policy decision. Interference therewith on the part of the superior court would not be without jurisdiction as it is subject to judicial review. Broadly, a policy decision is subject to judicial review on the following grounds: (a) if it is unconstitutional; (b) if it is de'hors the provisions of the Act and the Regulations; (c) if the delegatee has acted beyond its power of delegation; (d) if the executive policy is contrary to the statutory or a larger policy.‚ Thus, we will test the impugned policy on the above grounds to determine whether it warrants our interference under Article 136 or not. Further, this Court neither has the jurisdiction nor the competence to judge the viability of such policy decisions of the Government in exercise of its appellate jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. In the case of Arun Kumar Agrawal v. Union of India[17], this Court has further held as under: □This Court sitting in the jurisdiction cannot sit in judgment over the commercial or business decision taken by parties to the agreement, after evaluating and Assessing its monetary and financial implications, unless the decision is in clear violation of any statutory provisions or perverse or for extraneous considerations or improper motives. States and its instrumentalities can enter into various contracts which may involve complex economical factors. State or the State undertaking being a party to a contract, have to make various decisions which they deem just and proper. There is always an element of risk in such decisions, ultimately it may turn out to be a correct decision or a wrong one. But if the decision is taken bona fide and in public interest, the mere fact that decision has ultimately proved to be a wrong, that itself is not a ground to hold that the decision was mala fide or done with ulterior motives.‚ (emphasis laid by this Court) In the case of Villianur Iyarkkai Padukappu Maiyam v. Union of India[18], it was held as under: Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  15 □It is neither within the domain of the courts nor the scope of judicial review to embark upon an enquiry as to whether a particular public policy is wise or whether better public policy can be evolved. Nor are the courts inclined to strike down a policy at the behest of a Petitioner merely because it has been urged that a different policy would have been fairer or wiser or more scientific or more logical. Wisdom and advisability of economic policy are ordinarily not amenable to judicial review. In matters relating to economic issues the Government has, while taking a decision, right to "trial and error" as long as both trial and error are bona fide and within the limits of the authority. For testing the correctness of a policy, the appropriate forum is Parliament and not the courts.‚ (emphasis laid by this Court) A Three Judge bench of this Court in the case of Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India[19] cautioned against Courts sitting in appeal against policy decisions. It was held as under: □234.In respect of public projects and policies which are initiated by the Government the Courts should not become an approval authority. Normally such decisions are taken by the Government after due care and consideration. In a democracy welfare of the people at large, and not merely of a small section of the society, has to be the concern of a responsible Government. If a considered policy decision has been taken, which is not in conflict with any law or is not mala fide, it will not be in Public Interest to require the Court to go into and investigate those areas which are the function of the executive. For any project which is approved after due deliberation the Court should refrain from being asked to review the decision just because a petitioner in filing a PIL alleges that such a decision should not have been taken because an opposite view against the undertaking of the project, which view may have been considered by the Government, is possible. When two or more options or views are possible and after considering them the Government takes a policy decision it is then not the function of the Court to go into the matter afresh and, in a way, sit in appeal over such a policy decision.‚ (emphasis laid by this Court) A similar sentiment was echoed by a Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of Peerless General Finance & Investment Co. Ltd. v. Reserve Bank of India[20], wherein it was observed as under: □Courts are not to interfere with economic policy which is the function of experts. It is not the function of the Courts to sit in Judgment over matters of economic policy and it must necessarily be left to the expert bodies. In such matters even experts can seriously and doubtlessly differ. Courts cannot be expected to decide them without even the aid of experts.‚ A perusal of the above mentioned judgments of this Court would show that this Court should exercise great caution and restraint when confronted with matters related to the policy regarding commercial matters of the country. Executive policies are usually enacted after much deliberation by the Government. Therefore, it would not be appropriate for this Court to question the wisdom of the same, unless it is demonstrated by the aggrieved persons that the said policy has been enacted in an arbitrary, unreasonable or malafide manner, or that it offends the provisions of the Constitution of India. Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  16 Entry 53 of List I of Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India reads thus: □53. Regulation and development of oilfields and mineral oil resources petroleum and petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable.‚ In the case of Association of Natural Gas v. Union of India[21], the question which arose for consideration of this Court was whether liquefied natural gas is a petroleum product or not. After adverting to several authorities on the subject, this Court concluded as under: □All the materials produced before us would only show that the natural gas is a petroleum product. It is also important to note that in various legislations covering the field of petroleum and petroleum products, either the word 'petroleum' or 'petroleum products' has been defined in an inclusive way, so as to include natural gas. In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15 th Edn. Vol. 19, page 589 (1990), it is stated that "liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons are so intimately associated in nature that it has become customary to shorten the expression 'petroleum and natural gas' to 'petroleum' when referring to both." The word petroleum literally means 'rock oil'. It originated from the Latin term petra-oleum. (petra-means rock or stone and oleum-means oil). Thus, Natural Gas could very well be comprehended within the expression 'petroleum' or 'petroleum product€€ Under Entry 53 of List I, Parliament has got power to make legislation for regulation and development of oil fields, mineral oil resources; petroleum, petroleum products, other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable. Natural gas product extracted from oil wells is predominantly comprising of methane. Production of natural gas is not independent of the production of other petroleum products; though from some wells the natural gas alone would emanate, other products may emanate from subterranean chambers of earth. But all oil fields are explored for their potential hydrocarbon. therefore, the regulation of oil fields and mineral oil resources necessarily encompasses the regulation as well as development of natural gas. For free and smooth flow of trade, commerce and industry throughout the length and breadth of the country, natural gas and other petroleum products play a vital role€€ Natural gas being a petroleum product, we are of the view that under Entry 53 List I, Union Govt. alone has got legislative competence.‚ (emphasis laid by this Court) Thus, by virtue of Article 73 of the Constitution of India read with Entry 53 of List I, the Union has the power to legislate and take policy decisions in relation to the matters pertaining to mineral oil resources and inflammable substances, which includes RLNG. Further, as has been correctly recorded in the impugned judgment and order, there is no existing legislative provision as far as fixing of the price of RLNG is concerned. Thus, the executive of the Union of India is well within its right to exercise its powers under the Constitution to take such decisions by way of policy decisions. The objective of the impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 is to unify the prices of RLNG on a non-discriminatory basis so that there is no distinction between old customers and new customers, as far as prices of RLNG in the long term contracts is concerned. In the counter affidavit filed by the Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  17 respondent-Union of India, the rationale behind unifying the prices of RLNG has been explained as under: □The power sector continues to be one of the major consumers of Natural Gas. The intent of the answering respondent is to ensure power generation costs are maintained at reasonable rate. In this regard, a brief reference to the Dabhol power project and the Pragati II & III Power Projects, which are gas based power projects is relevant. The answering respondent has attached a lot of importance to the revival of the Dabhol power project and has constituted an Empowered Group of Ministers for this purpose. RGPPL was formed to ta ke over and revive the Dabhol project. It was recognized that the pricing of gas is a critical factor in revival of the project, which was beset with a number of complexities. A huge sum of Rs. 10,038 crores of public money has already gone into the Dabhol project€€€The Dabhol project on which more than Rs. 10,000 crores of public money is riding, has been restructured in larger public interest€€€the viability of the project is dependent on RLNG being available at affordable prices. If RLNG, which is the base fuel for the Dabhol power project, is not made available to RGPPL at a reasonable price, the power produced would be unaffordable and consequently, would lead to the shut-down of the Dabhol power plant. This would mean more than Rs. 10,000 crores of public money going down the drain. The answering respondent has a duty to prevent such a catastrophic effect, as it is bound to have a cascading effect on the overall economy of India. €€However, the prevalent cost of LNG is very high (about USD 8-9 per MMBTU), and if RGPPL had to purchase RLNG based on such market price, it would result in exponential increase in the cost of power, produced by the plant. Such cost of power would be prohibitively expensive and would have no buyers, making the entire Dabhol project unviable. In the circumstances, the answering respondent was of the view that the high cost of RLNG should not be loaded on to new customers alone and attempts should be made to provide RLNG to all the customers, whether existing or new, including RGPPL at a uniform average pooled price.‚ (emphasis laid by this Court) A perusal of the above paragraph would show that the respondent-Union of India passed the impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 in the larger public interest, keeping in view the need to provide RLNG at viable prices to the existing and new customers alike. It is further clear that it is nearly impossible to predict or even control LNG prices, as the same are controlled by global market forces. The only way to have any semblance of control over the prices of RLNG was to pool the prices of RLNG procured by the off-takers under long term contracts. We have perused the documents marked as Annexures R-3 to R-15, which are the letters containing the communication between the government and RasGas. Annexure R-6 is the minutes of meeting dated 05.06.2002 regarding finalization of the General Sale Purchase Agreement, held in the office of the Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. The meeting was attended by representatives of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, ONGC, IOCL, Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  18 BPCL, GAIL and Petronet. One of the points discussed in the meeting was: □It was also recognized that there is a need for Government to provide certain relief for LNG so that it can be competitive and acceptable to the end users. For the purpose declaring natural gas □Declared Goods‚ under Central Sales Tax Act maybe considered by the government€€with the pooling mechanism€€price of regasified LNG shall become more competitive.‚ Annexures R-7, R-8, R-9, R-10 contain communications between the Minister of Finance, Qatar and representatives of the Indian Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas as well as RasGas between June and July 2002. The abovesaid communication would show the efforts that were being made at Ministry level to secure supply of LNG from Qatar to India. The most significant is Annexure R-10, which is the record note of discussion of the meeting dated 22.09.2002, between the then Indian Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas and the Minister of Energy and Industry, Qatar, held in Japan, where several concerns were flagged by Qatar, including the non-fulfillment of certain promises by India, including negotiating of contracts between Petronet and the downstream consumers of RLNG. Pursuant to this, several meetings took place between representatives of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, ONGC, IOCL, BPCL, GAIL and Petronet and other experts, during the course of which several options were explored, including the pooling of LNG with ONGC, which was to be considered as the last option. Thus, it becomes clear from a perusal of the documents produced on record that the executive policy decision dated 06.03.2007 to pool the price of RLNG was arrived at after elaborative discussions between representatives of Qatar, India, IOC, BPCL, GAIL, ONGC and other experts in the field. It was an informed decision taken in the interest of the public at large. The impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 has also been duly authenticated by the Under Secretary to the Government of India. The next major contention advanced on behalf of the appellants is that since the communication dated 06.03.2007 is not a legislative action, hence price of RLNG could not have been fixed by virtue of that, and that it must be viewed more suspiciously as it is for the benefit of only one entity, viz, RGPPL. We are unable to agree with this contention. Various cases have been cited by the appellants to show that price fixing is a legislative function. The same does not come to the rescue of the appellants, because they have not appreciated in their entirety in a proper perspective. RLNG, being a petroleum product, is an essential commodity for the purpose of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. In the case of M/S Sitaram Sugar Co. Ltd. v. Union of India[22], a Constitution Bench of this Court deliberated as to who has the power to fix prices of essential commodities. It held as under: Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  19 □The question of fixation of a fair and reasonable price for goods placed on the market has come up for consideration of Parliament and Courts in different contexts. Price fixation, it is common ground, is generally a legislative function. But Parliament generally provides for interference only at a stage where in pursuance of social and economic objectives or to discharge duties under the Directive Principles of State Policy, control has to be exercised over the distribution and consumption of the material resources of the community. Thus while Parliament has enacted the Essential Commodities Act, it has left it to the discretion of the Executive to take concrete steps for fixing the prices of essential commodities as and when necessity arises, by promulgating Control Orders in exercise of the powers vested in the Act. Various types of foodgrains, sugarcane and drugs have come under the purview of such control orders and the modalities of fixation of fair prices there under have also come up for consideration of the Courts.‚ (emphasis laid by this Court) This Court also deliberated in detail as to what constitutes a legislative function: □32.€ to distinguish clearly legislative and administrative functions is "difficult in theory and impossible in practice". Referring to these two functions, Wade says: □They are easy enough to distinguish at the extremities of the spectrum: an Act of Parliament is legislative and a deportation order is administrative. But in between is a wide area where either label could be used according to taste, for example where ministers make orders or regulations affecting large numbers of people....‚ Wade points out that legislative power is the power to prescribe the law for people in general, while administrative power is the power to prescribe the law for them, or apply the law to them, in particular situations. A scheme for centralising the electricity supply undertakings may be called administrative, but it might be just as well legislative. Same is the case with ministerial orders establishing new towns or airports etc. He asks: "And what of 'directions of a general character' given by a minister to a nationalised industry? Are these various orders legislative or administrative?" Wade says that the correct answer would be that they are both. He says:" ...there is an infinite series of gradations, with a large area of overlap, between what is plainly legislation and what is plainly administration". Courts, nevertheless, for practical reasons, have distinguished legislative orders from the rest of the orders by reference to the principle that the former is of general application. They are made formally by publication and for general guidance with reference to which individual decisions are taken in particular situations. 33. According to Griffith and Street, an instruction may be treated as legislative even when they are not issued formally, but by a circular or a letter or the like. What matters is the substance and not the form, or the name. The learned authors say: "...where a Minister (or other authority) is given power in a statute or an instrument to exercise executive, as opposed to legislative, powers‡as, for example, to requisition property or to issue a licence‡and delegates those powers generally, then any instructions which he gives to his delegates may be legislative". Where an Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  20 authority to whom power is delegated is entitled to sub-delegate his power, be it legislative, executive or judicial, then such authority may also give instructions to his delegates and these instructions may be regarded as legislative.‚ On the power of delegated legislation, it was held as under: □47. Power delegated by statute is limited by its terms and subordinate to its objects. The delegate must act in good faith, reasonably, intra vires the power granted, and on relevant consideration of material facts. All his decisions, whether characterised as legislative or administrative or quasi- judicial, must be in harmony with the Constitution and other laws of the land. They must be "reasonably related to the purposes of the enabling legislation"€€‚ Accepting the interpretation of „legislative function… advanced by the learned senior counsel on behalf of the appellants, would be giving it too narrow and restrictive a meaning. It becomes clear from a perusal of the case law discussed above that even though price fixing is a legislative function; the same can be delegated and can be fixed by way of executive orders as well. In the instant case, the policy decision dated 06.03.2007 has been taken after detailed communication between the then Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, as well as the then heads of IOCL, BPCL, ONGC, GAIL and Petronet. The impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 has also been duly authenticated by the Under Secretary to the Government of India, which is well within the powers conferred on the Under Secretary under the Business Transaction Rules, 1961. The contention advanced on behalf of the appellants that the said policy takes away their vested right cannot be accepted in light of Clause 11.4 of the Supply Agreement, which clearly provides for a situation of change in price of RLNG under the contract as a result of change in the policy of the Government. The case of Delhi Development Authority (supra), relied upon by the appellants on the point also does not come to their rescue. It was held in that case as under: □Terms and conditions of the contract can indisputably be altered or modified. They cannot, however, be done unilaterally unless there exists any provision either in contract itself or in law.‚ In the instant case, clause 11.4 in the Supply Agreement is the provision of the contract which provides for a change in the terms and conditions of the contract. Further, except a strong contention urged by the learned senior counsel for the appellants that the policy is for the benefit of one entity (RGPPL), the appellants have not present any evidence to show that they have been discriminated against, as the policy has been applied for all players across the board, as far as long term contracts are concerned. Nothing has been brought on record to show that the said decision is arbitrary, mala fide, unreasonable or taken after non application of mind. On the contrary, the documents produced on record by the respondents, which is the back and forth of communication and minutes of meetings between Ministers in Qatar and India, as well Secretaries of the Government and the representatives of IOCL, BPCL, Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  21 GAIL, ONGC and Petronet, would clearly show that the impugned decision dated 06.03.2007 was taken after due deliberation and exploring all other possible alternatives to reduce the price of RLNG, so as to make it viable for the new entrants in the market to buy it and run their projects in a feasible manner in the larger public interest. The consumers of RLNG though long term contracts are a class by themselves, for the purpose of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. The impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 was to apply to all the players within this class uniformly and across the board. Thus, the contention that the appellants have been discriminated against, or that the impugned policy decision was taken in an arbitrary manner cannot be accepted as the said contention is wholly untenable in law. Since the legality of the executive decision dated 06.03.2007 has been upheld, the question of refund of the amount of losses suffered by the appellants as a result of increase in the price of RLNG in their contract as urged on their behalf, does not arise for consideration at all by us. There being no evidence to suggest that the impugned policy direction is illegal, arbitrary, unreasonable or otherwise violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India, we find no reason to interfere with the same. The impugned judgment and order dated 16.05.2008 passed by the High Court of Gujarat is upheld as the same is in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and law laid down by this Court in catena of cases as stated supra. Therefore, the impugned policy decision dated 06.03.2007 does not suffer from any infirmity in law and is hereby upheld. For the foregoing reasons, the appeals are accordingly dismissed. All pending applications are disposed of. €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€J. [V. GOPALA GOWDA €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€J. [UDAY UMESH LALIT] New Delhi, April 19, 2016 ----------------------- [1] [2] (2008) 2 SCC 672 [3] [4] AIR 1967 SC 1170 [5] [6] AIR 1961 SC 1570 [7] [8] AIR 1967 SC 1836 [9] [10] AIR 1953 SC 215 [11] [12] (1978) 3 SCC 459 [13] [14] (1987) 2 SCC 720 [15] [16] (1970) 3 SCC 400 [17] [18] (2011) 12 SCC 94 [19] [20] AIR 1967 SC 1753 [21] 2015 (13) SCALE 559 [22] [23] (2004) 1 SCC 55 [24] [25] (2010) 6 SCC 303 [26] [27] (2003) 5 SCC 437 [28] [29] (2005) 3 SCC 738 [30] [31] (1997) 5 SCC 536 [32] [33] (2013) 7 SCC 1 [34] [35] (2009) 7 SCC 561 [36] [37] (2000) 10 SCC 664 [38] [39] (1992) 2 SCC 343 [40] [41] (2004) 4 SCC 489 [42] [43] (1990) 3 SCC 223 Essar Steel Ltd vs Union Of India & Ors on 19 April, 2016  22