State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975 Equivalent citations: 1975 AIR 1665, 1975 SCR (3) 574, AIR 1975 SUPREME COURT 1665, (1975) 1 SCC 647, 1975 (1) SCWR 273, 1975 SCC(CRI) 283, 1975 3 SCR 574, 1975 ALLCRIC 179, 1975 MADLW (CRI) 81, 1973 SCC(CRI) 283 Author: Ranjit Singh Sarkaria Bench: Ranjit Singh Sarkaria, V.R. Krishnaiyer PETITIONER: STATE OF MAHARASHTRA Vs. RESPONDENT: SINDHI @ RAMAN DATE OF JUDGMENT19/02/1975 BENCH: SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH BENCH: SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH KRISHNAIYER, V.R. CITATION: 1975 AIR 1665 1975 SCR (3) 574 1975 SCC (1) 647 CITATOR INFO : RF 1978 SC1675 (223) E 1980 SC 898 (159) ACT: Sec. 374 and See. 465 of the Cr. P. Code 1898--When does a trial conclude if the Sessions Judge passes death sentence and refers to High Court for confirmation--Whether it is continuation of trial--Interpretation of statute--Liberal construction to avoid repugnancy with principles of natural justice. HEADNOTE: The respondent was sentenced to death by the Additional Sessions Judge for double murder. He did not file any appeal. The trial Judge made a reference to the High Court, for confirmation of death sentence. Two advocates were appointed Amicus Cuiae to defend the respondent. After State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975  1 interview with the respondent the advocates reported to the High Court that the respondent appeared to be insane. He was examined by a Medical Board consisting of 3 Psychiatrists. According to the Medical Board he was not capable of rational thinking or behaviour. The High Court came to, the conclusion that the respondent was clearly of unsound mind. The High Court, therefore, postponed the proceedings in the confirmation case. On appeal to this Court by State, it was contended; (1)The provision regarding postponing the proceedings if an accused is found to be of unsound mind as contained in section 465 of the Criminal Procedure Code is confined to the trial stage and does not apply to the proceedings before the High Court on reference as the same are post-trial proceedings. (2)In proceedings on reference under section 334 the accused has no right of audience before the High Court. (3) The High Court was wrong in delegating its powers to determine whetherthe responder, was of unsound mind to the Medical Board. HELD : (i) As far as an accused person sentenced to death is concerned, his trial does not conclude with termination of the proceedings in the Court of Session, since the death sentence passed by the Court of Session is subject to confirmation by the High Court, the trial cannot be deemed to have concluded till an executable sentence is passed by a competent court. The confirmation proceedings are in substance a continuation of the trial. Expression ,.at his trial". occurring in section 465 hoes to be liberally construed in a manner which is not repugnant to the fundamental principles of natural justice. [579D-E; 58OD-B ] (2) In confirmation proceedings the High Court cannot arbitrarily refuse to hearthe accused either in person or through counsel. It is wrong to state that theHigh Court accepted the ipse dixit of the medical experts.These experts.gave detailed and cogent reasons in support of their opinion.The High Court meticulously considered their evidence and thereafter recorded its own findings on the crucial issues. [581B-D] The decision in Yivian Rodrick v. State of West Bengal [1969] 3 S.C.C. 176, followed. The decision in cases of Juman & Ors. v. State of Punjab A.I.R. 1957 S.C. 469 and Surjit Singh and Anr. v. State of Punjab. Criminal Appeal No. 77 of 1968 decided on 15-10- 1968 applied. JUDGMENT: CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 158 of 1971. State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975  2 Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment & Order dated the 3rd July, 1970 of the Bombay High Court in confirmation cut No. 20 of 1969. D. Y. Patel and M. N. Shroff,.for the Appellant. B. R. Agarwala, for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARIA, J.-The principal question raised in this appeal by special leave is : Whether Section 465 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, is applicable to proceedings in reference under s. 374 pending before the High Court for confirmation of the death sentence awarded to an accused by the Court of Session? It arises out of these circumstances. Sindhi alias Raman was tried, convicted and sentenced to death on 13-8-1969 by the Additional Sessions Judge,, Greater Bombay for the double murder of two brothers, Lal Chand Jagannath Yadav and Dullar Jaggi Yadav in Chinhavali Farm at Malad on the night between the 25th and 26th of August, 1968. Sindhi did not appeal against the order of his conviction. But the trial Judge made a reference under s. 374 of the Code to the High Court for confirmation of the death sentence. The reference came up for hearing towards the end of 1969. On 22-10-1969, the prisoner expressed a desire to be present at the hearing of his case before the High Court. Two Advocates, namely Shri D. M. Rane with Shri Mengde as the Senior were appointed as amicus curiae to defend the condemned prisoner in the High Court. After interviewing the prisoner in Jail on 8-1-1970 and 9-1-1970, the Advocate reported to the High Court that the accused was not able to communicate with them intelligently and rationally as he appeared to be insane. Counsel submitted an application to the High Court requesting that the accused be got examined by a Board ,of psychiatrists in order to determine as to whether he was or was not of unsound mind. The application was opposed on behalf of the State inter alia on the ground that s. 465 applies only to a trial before a court of Session. The High Court rejected this contention, and by its order, dated 14th January, 1970, directed the Surgeon- General, Bombay to constitute a Special Medical Board of three psychiatrists on the lines indicated in Rule 850 of the Bombay Jail Manual, to examine the accused and "determine whether the accused is of unsound mind, and, secondly whether in consequence of his unsound, ness of mind, he is incapable of making his defence in the proceed- ings before us". The Board was accordingly constituted. The Board deputed Dr. Balakrishna Laxman Chandorkar, Superintendent of the Mental Hospital to interview the accused. Dr. Chandorkar, consequently, had fourteen interviews with the accused and also examined the latter physically. The accused was sent, under Dr. Chandorkar's directions, to several hospitals for special examinations. Dr. Chandorkar gathered the past history of the accused, also, in so far as it was relevant to determine the issue referred to him. The conclusion reached by Dr. Chandorkar. which he reported to the Board on 28-2-1970, was that the accused was suffering from Paranoid Schizophrenia and was of unsound mind and. in consequence. he was incapable of making his defence. On receiving the report of Dr. Chandorkar, the Special Medical Board also examined and inter"viewed the accused on five occasions. Their conclusion, as communicated to the High Court, was "(1) Sindhi Dalwai alias Raman Raghav (Prisoner) is of unsound mind. He is suffering from a psychosis called chronic paranoid schizophrenia or paraphrase, the latter being an old term for chronic paranoid State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975  3 schizophrenia plus auditory hallucinations. He is dangerous to the society and hence certifiably insane. (2) Sindhi knew the nature of the act i.e. he knew that he was killing human beings. (3) He did know that what he did was wrong and contrary to the law of the land but he firmly believed that what he was doing was right and in tune with the law of "kanoon... whose law according to him was obligatory. for him to follow. (4) There is such a degree of unsoundness of mind resulting in such a degree of defect of reason that he is in-capable of co-operating with and instructing his defence counsel in the conduct of the trial and court proceedings and he is incapable of making his defence in the proceedings before the High Court. The reasons for this incapability are (a) Complete lack of insight into his illness; (b) firm and unshakable delusions that only the law of "Kanoon" matters and the law of this world does not apply to him and hence his inability to participate in the court proceedings; (c) his complete lack of realization of the gravity of the crime and the seriousness of his death sentence; (d) his judgment is so much influenced by his delusions and hallucinations that he is incapable. of rational thinking and behaviour." After examining Dr. Marfatia, the Chairman of the Board and Dr. Chandorkar, the Mental Specialist, as court witnesses, the High Court held "The prisoner is clearly of unsound mind and in consequence thereof he is unable to make his defence. Therefore proceedings in the confirmation case will have to be postponed and in the meantime it-will be necessary to direct that the State Government do detain the prisoner in safe custody in Yeravda Central Prison." It is against this order,, dated 3-7-1970, that the State has come in appeal before this Court. Mr. Patel, learned Counsel for the appellant, assails the order of the High Court, postponing the proceedings under s. 465 Criminal Procedure Code, on these grounds : (i) The operation of s. 465, is, in terms, confirmed to the trial stage. The section does not apply to proceedings before the High Court, on reference unders. 374, as the sameare post-trial proceedings; (ii) The question as to whether the accused person has the mental capacity to defend himself or not, arises only at the pre- conviction I stage before the Committal Court or the trial court, because it is only at that stage the accused person has a right to be heard and lead evidence in defence. But in proceedings on reference State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975  4 under s. 374, the accused person has no right of audience before the High Court, not even where the High Court directs a further enquiry or the taking of additional evidence under s. 375, nor where any appeal of the accused filed through the jailor under s. 420, comes up for hearing along with the reference. It is another matter that the High Court has the power, even in such proceedings to hear the accused. For this argument support has been sought from certain observations of Madgaonkar A.J.C. in Gul v. Emperor(1). In this connection, learned Counsel has pointed out that at the commencement of the trial before the Court of Session, also, a question was raised as to the mental capacity of the accused and thereupon, the trial Judge after making a due enquiry in accordance with the provisions of s. 465, recorded a clear-cut finding that the accused was then of sound mind and capable of understanding the nature of the proceedings and making a defence. This finding of the trial Judge, it is stressed, was not assailed before the High Court, and still stands unchallenged. Learned Counsel also tried to distinguish the decision of this Court in Vivian Rodrick v. State of- West Bengal(2) on the ground that in that case the convict had preferred an appeal against the order of his conviction, and, consequently, the observations of this Court in regard to the applicability of s. 465 Cr. P.C. to proceedings in reference axe merely obiter. In the alternative, it is submitted that those observations need reconsideration in the light of the arguments now advanced before us. Section 465 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,, 1898, runs thus "(1) If any person committed for trial before a Court of Session or a High Court appears to the Court at his trial to be of unsound mind and consequently incapable of making his defence, the jury, or the (1) A R 1921 sird 84. (2) [1969]3 S.C.C.176 Court shaft, in the first instance, try the fact of such unsoundness and incapacity, and if the jury or Court, as the case may be, is satisfied of the fact, the Judge shall record a finding to that effect and shall postpone further 'proceedings in the case and the jury, if any, shall be discharged. (2) The trial of the fact of the unsoundness of mind and incapacity of the, accused shall be deemed to be part of his trial before the Court." It 'will be seen that s. 465, in terms relates to unsoundness of accused's mind and his consequent incapacity to make defence, at the time of trial only. The question therefore is : Does the trial on a murder charge, end with the conviction and pronouncement of death sentence on the accused by the Court of Session? Or, does it ,continue till the reference under s. 374, is disposed of by the High Court ? Answer to this question was given by this Court, speaking through Govinda Menon J., as far back as 1956 in Jumman and ors. v. State of Punjab(1) in a telling passage thus "It is clear from a perusal of these provisions (ss. 374, 375, 376 and 377, Cr. P.C.) that in such circumstances the entire case is before the High Court and in fact it is a continuation of the trial of the accused on the same evidence and any additional evidence and that is why the High Court is given power to take fresh evidence if it so' desires........... but there is a difference when a reference is made under s. 374, Criminal Procedure Code, and when disposing of an appeal under s. 423, Criminal Procedure Code, and that is that the High Court has to satisfy itself as to whether a case beyond reasonable doubt has been made out against the accused persons for the infliction of the penalty of death. In fact the proceedings before the High Court are a reappraisal and the reassessment of the entire facts and law State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975  5 in order that the High Court should be satisfied on the materials about the guilt or innocence of the accused persons. Such being the case, it is the duty of the High Court to consider the proceedings in all their aspects and come to independent conclusion on the materials, apart from ;the view expressed by the Sessions Judge." (emphasis supplied) The same position was reiterated with emphasis by this Court in Surjit Singh and anr. v. State of Punjab (2). Even in Gul v. Emperor (supra), cited by Mr. Patel, Mad- gonkar A. J. C. expressed himself in a similar strain. What he said more than half a century back still retains its freshness and relevance, and may be extracted (1) AIR-1957 S.C.469. (2) Criminal Appeal No. 77 of 1968 decided on 15-10-1968. "The worth and sanctity of human life are a test and mark of civilized societies and are increasingly reflected in the criminal jurisprudence of England and of India. In India, the Legislature has provided in confirmation proceedings a final safeguard............. This may perhaps increase our responsibilities and add to our labours; but no one would shirk the one or grudge the other even in a case where the liberty, much more where the life, of the subject is concerned. This duty of judgment is, however laid id the first instance upon the Jury and the Trial Judge........ But equally and with all this weight, this Court in confirmation must finally weigh for itself the whole evidence in the light of all the arguments and confirm or otherwise according to its own final conclusion on the guilt or innocence of the sentenced person in the dis- charge of the duty laid upon it by law." From the above conspectus, it emerges clear that so far as in accused person sentenced to death is concerned, his trial does not conclude with the termination of the proceedings in the Court of session. The reason is that the death sentence passed by the Court of Session is subject to confirmation by the High Court. A trial cannot be deemed to have concluded till an executable sentence is ,passed by the competent court. Viewed from that stand-point, the confirmation proceedings under ss. 374, 375 and 376, Chapter XXVII of the Code of 1898, are, in substance, a continuation of the trial. Nor is it correct to say that in such confirmation proceedings the High Court can arbitrarily refuse to hear the accused either In person or through Counsel or other agent. In Vivian Rodrick's case (supra), the appellant was convicted under S. 302, Penal Code by the Court of Session and sentenced to death. The Sessions Judge made a reference under s. 374 for confirmation of the death sentence. The convict 'appealed against the order of his conviction and- sentence. The High Court dismissed the appeal, accepted the reference and confirmed the conviction and the sentence. In an appeal by special leave brought before this Court, it was inter alia contended that the proceedings taken in the appeal before the High Court were void for non-compliance of s. 465. What this Court said in repelling that contention, being equally applicable to what has been canvassed before us on behalf of the appellant. may usefully be extracted : State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975  6 "We. are of the view that it is not necessary for us, in this case, to express only opinion on the applicability, or otherwise, of the provisions of s. 465, Cr. P.C. to appeals. For, on the facts of the case, we are inclined to accent the alternative contention of Mr. Rana that in the face of the medical evidence and in view of the fact that the appellant was contesting his conviction for murder and the sentence of death imposed on him it would have been proper if the Division Bench which heard his appeal had postponed the hearing of the appeal till such time as the appellant was declared fit to contest his appeal........ Whatever may be the legal position-regarding the applicability of s. 465 Cr. P.C. to appeals, we are not inclined to agree with the proposition enunciated by the learned Judges that there is no bar to hearing and disposing of an appeal, even if the accused-appellant is of unsound mind or even insane at the time when the appeal is taken up for hearing...... in our opinion, when the re- port is that an accused appellant is of unsound mind, it is reasonable to infer that he is incapable of making his defence. The Court, in the circumstances is bound to afford him the same protection to which he would be entitled had he been of unsound mind at the time of the trial." In the present case no appeal was filed by the prisoner before the High Court. It is therefore unnecessary for us to examine whether the provisions of s. 465, in terms, or, in principle, apply, to an appeal by the condemned prisoner before the High Court. Suffice it to say that the expression "at his trial" occurring in S. 465 has to be liberally construed in a manner which is not repugnant to the fundamental principle of natural justice conveyed by the maxim Audi alteram partem, audiatur el altera pars. In the light of what has been said above we negative the legal contentions raised by the appellant-State. The next contention of Mr. Patel is that the High Court left the decision of both the points, viz., (1) whether the accused was of unsound mind and (2) whether in consequence he was incapable of making his defence, almost entirely to the Medical Board. Such delegation which gives the proceeding the colour of trial by Doctors is not permissible under the law. Reference on this point has been made to R. v. Pondole(1). On merits also, it is maintained, the findings on the aforesaid issues, are wrong, as the accused fully knew that he had, been tried and sentenced to death for the murders on question. Emphasis is has been laid on the fact that the accused had on 18-12-1969 expressed in writing through jailor, his desire to be present in the High Court at the time of the hearing of his case. Counsel has referred extensively to the statements of Doctor Chandorkar and Dr. Marfatia and contended that everything about the mental condition of the accused even according to these medical' experts was normal excepting that he was suffering from the delusion that he 'had been ordained, by some higher "Kanoon" to commit these murders. According to, Mr. Patel, insanity judged by clinical standards is different from insanity determined by legal (1) [1959] All E.R. 418. standards. It is urged that since the accused fully knew the nature of the criminal acts he had committed and the proceeding against him, it could not be said that he was incapable of making his defence. It is true that the High Court had by its order dated 14-1- 1970, referred both the issues in regard to the mental capacity of the accused to the Medical Board, and has given due weight to their opinion. State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975  7 But it is not correct to say that the High Court accepted the ipse dixit of the medical experts. It examined Dr. Marfatia and Dr. Chandorkar as court witnesses. These experts gave detailed and cogent reasons in support of their opinion. The High Court meticulously Considered their evidence and thereafter recorded its own findings on the crucial issues. We have ourselves examined the evidence rendered by these two mental experts in the High Court. We are satisfied that the conclusion arrived at by the High Court in regard to the mental capacity of the accused on the basis of this evidence is correct. In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed. P.H.P. Appeal dismissed. State Of Maharashtra vs Sindhi @ Raman on 19 February, 1975  8