B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964 Equivalent citations: 1964 AIR 1573, 1964 SCR (7) 1, AIR 1964 SUPREME COURT 1573, 1964 2 SCJ 570 Author: P.B. Gajendragadkar Bench: P.B. Gajendragadkar, K.N. Wanchoo, J.C. Shah, N. Rajagopala Ayyangar, S.M. Sikri PETITIONER: B. RAJAGOPALA NAIDU Vs. RESPONDENT: STATE TRANSPORT APPELLATE TRIBUNAL & ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT: 05/03/1964 BENCH: GAJENDRAGADKAR, P.B. (CJ) BENCH: GAJENDRAGADKAR, P.B. (CJ) WANCHOO, K.N. SHAH, J.C. AYYANGAR, N. RAJAGOPALA SIKRI, S.M. CITATION: 1964 AIR 1573 1964 SCR (7) 1 CITATOR INFO : RF 1966 SC1366 (1,4,6,7) R 1969 SC 48 (10) R 1970 SC1241 (6) R 1972 SC2250 (14,15,16,19,20) R 1974 SC1117 (4) R 1974 SC2297 (5) R 1977 SC 416 (3) ACT: Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (4 of 1939), s. 43A (as inserted by Madras Amending Act 20 of 1948) Madras G.O. No. 1298, dated April 28, 1956-Government order prescribing the award of marks-If direction to Regional Transport Authority in the discharge of its quasi-judicial function-Section 43A-Scope B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  1 of--if authorises only administrative directions. HEADNOTE: The appellant is a bus operator in the State of Madras. On an invitation for applications for the grant of two stage carriage permits he submitted his applications along with many others. The State Transport Authority considered the merits of the application awarding marks in accordance with the principles prescribed by Madras G.O. No. 1298, dated April 28, 1956 issued under s. 43A of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 inserted by the Madras Amending Act 20 of 1948. The Transport Authority on this basis granted the two permits to the appellant. Against this order a number of appeals were filed by some of the unsuccessful applicants including respondents Nos. 2 and 3 in the present appeal. The Appellate Tribunal re-allotted marks in accordance with the above G.O. and respondents 2 and 3 having secured the maximum number of marks were granted the permits. On the rejection of a petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution and after appealing without success to a Division Bench the appellant applied for a certificate to appeal to this Court which rejected. The present appeal was filed on special leave granted by this Court. It was contended on behalf of the appellant before this Court that since Madras G.O. No. 1298, dated April 28, 1956, purports to issue direction to the Transport Authority in the discharge of its quasi-judicial functions it is beyond the powers conferred by s. 43A of the Motor Vehicles Act which authorises only the issue of directions to the said authority in the discharge of its administrative functions and therefore it is bad. Held, (i) Section 43A confers power on the State Government to issue orders and directions to the State Transport Authority only in relation to its administrative functions. M/s. Raman and Raman v. The State of Madras [1959] 2 S.C.R. 227, relied on. (ii)It is well settled that ss. 47, 48, 57, 60, 64 and 64A deal with quasi-judicial functions and when the transport authorities are dealing with applications for permits and evaluating the respective claims of the parties, the transport authorities are discharging quasi-judicial functions and their orders are quasi-judicial orders subject to the jurisdiction of the High Court under Art. 226. L/P(D)1SCI-1 2 New Prakash Transport Co. Ltd. v. Suwarna Transport Co. Ltd. [1957] S.C.R., 98 M/s Raman and Raman Ltd. v. State of Madras, [1959] 2 S.C.R. 227, B. Abdulla Rowther v. State Transport Appellate Tribunal, Madras, A.I.R. 1959, S.C. 896, relied on. (iii) In interpreting s. 43A it is legitimate to assume B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  2 that the legislature intended to respect the basic and elementary postulate of the, rule of law that in exercising their authority and discharging their quasi-judicial functions, the tribunals constituted under the Act must be left absolutely free to deal with the matter according to their best judgement. It is of the essence of fair and objective administration of law that the decision of judges or tribunals must be absolutely unfettered by any extraneous guidance by the executive or administrative wing of the State. (iv) The impugned order is outside the purview of s. 43A inasmuch as it purports to give directions in respect of matters which have been entrusted to the tribunals constituted under the Act and which have to be dealt with by them in quasi-judicial manner. (v) The decision of the appellate Tribunal is solely based on the provisions of the impugned order and since the said order is invalid, the decision is also bad. JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 19 of 1964. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated October 29, 1963, of the Madras High Court in Writ Appeal No. 214 of 1962. S. Mohan Kumar amagalam, M. N. Rangachari, R. K. Garg, M. K. Ramamurthi, for the appellant. R. Ganapathy Iyer, for respondents Nos. 2 and 3. A. Ranganadham Chetty and A. V. Rangam, for respondent No. 4. M. C. Setalvad, N. C. Krishna Iyengar and 0. C. Mathur, for Intervener. March 5, 1964. The judgment of the Court was delivered by- GAJENDRAGADKAR, C.J.-The short but important point of law which has been raised for our decision in this appeal by special leave is whether G.O. No. 1298 issued by the Gov- ernment of Madras on April 28, 1956 in exercise of its powers conferred by s. 43A of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (Central Act IV of 1939) (hereinafter called the Act) inserted by the Madras Amending Act 20 of 1948, is valid. Mr. Mohan Kumaramangalam who appears for the appellant contends that the impugned Government order is invalid for the simple reason that it is outside the purview of s. 43A. The impugned order was issued as early as 1956 and since then, its validity has never been impeached in judicial proceedings. Litiga- tion in regard to the grant of permits under the relevant provisions of the Act has figured prominently in the Madras High Court in the form of writ petitions invoking the said High Court's jurisdiction under Art. 226 of the Constitution and several aspects of the impugned order have come to be examined. The echoes of such litigation have frequently been heard in this Court and this Court has had occasion to deal with the impugned order, its character, its scope and its effect-, but on no occasion in the past, the validity of the order appears to have been questioned. The legislative B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  3 and judicial background of the order and the course of judicial decisions in regards to the points raised in the enforcement of this order would prima facie and at the first blush suggest that the attack against the validity of the order may not be wellfounded and that would tend to make the initial judicial response to the said challenge more hesitant and reluctant. But Mr. Kumaramangalam contends that s. 43A under which the order purports to have been passed would clearly show that the said order is outside the purview of the authority conferred on the State Government and is therefore invalid. It is obvious that if this contention is upheld, its impact on the administration of the system adopted in the State of Madras for granting permits under the Act would be very great and so though the question lies within a narrow compass, it needs to be very carefully examined. The facts which lead to the present appeal conform to the usual pattern of the permit litigation in which the grant or refusal to grant a permit is chal- lenged under the writ jurisdiction of the High Court under Art. 226. The appellant B. Rajagopala Naidu is a bus operator in the State of Madras and he runs a number of buses on various routes. On June 26, 1956, the State Transport Authority by a notification invited applications for the grant of two stage carriage permits on the route Madras to Krishnagiri. The buses on this route were to be run as express service. The appellant and 117 bus operators including respondents 2 and 3 D. Rajabahar Mudaliar, proprietor of Sri Sambandamoorthy Bus Service and K. H. Hanumantha Rao, proprietor of Jeevajyoti Bus Service respectively, submitted applications for the two permits in question. The State Transport Authority considered the said applications on the merits. In doing so, it proceeded to award marks in accordance with the principles prescribed by the impugned order and came to the conclusion that the appellant satisfied the requirements enunciated by the State Transport Authority for running an efficient bus service on this long route, and so, it granted the two permits to the appellant on May 8, 1958. L/P(D)1SCI-1(a) Against this decision, 18 appeals were preferred by the unsuccessful applicants including respondents 2 and 3. All these appeals were heard together by the State Transport Ap- pellate Tribunal, Madras in June 1959. It appears that before the appeals were thus heard, the State Government had superseded the principles enunciated in the order in so far as they related to the grant of stage carriage permits and had issued another direction under s. 43A known as G.O. 2265 on August 9, 1958. Incidentally, it may be added that by this order, different criteria had been prescribed for selection and a different marking system had been devised. The Appellate Tribunal considered the claims of the rival bus operators and allotted marks in accordance with the principles laid down by the earlier order. As a result, respondents 2 and 3 secured the highest marks and their appeals were allowed, the order under appeal was set aside and two permits were granted to them. This order was passed on July 4, 1959. The appellant then invoked the jurisdiction of the Madras High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution by this writ petition No. 692 of 1959. In his writ petition the ap- pellant challenged the validity of the order passed by the Appellate Tribunal on several grounds. One of them was that the impugned order on which the decision of the Appellate Tribunal was based, was invalid. This plea along with the other contentions raised by the appellant failed and the learned Single Judge who heard his writ petition dismissed the petition, on October 18, 1962. The appellant then challenged the correctness of this decision by a Letters Patent Appeal No. 214 of 1962 before a Division Bench B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  4 of the said High Court. The Division Bench, however, agreed with the view taken by the Single Judge and dismissed the Letters Patent Appeal preferred by the appellant. The appellant then moved the said High Court for leave, but failed to secure it, and that brought him here with an application for special leave which was granted on November 14, 1963. It is with this special leave that the appellant has brought this appeal before us for final disposal. Before dealing with the points raised by the appellant, it is necessary to consider the background of the impugned order, and that takes us to the decision of the Madras High Court in Sri Rama Vilas Service Ltd. v. The Road Traffic Board, Madras, by its Secretary(1). In that case, the appellant had challenged the validity of a Government order No. 3898 which had been issued by the Madras Government on December 9, 1946. This order purported to direct the transport authorities to issue only temporary permits as the Government intended to nationalise motor transport. Accordingly, instruction No. 2 in the said order had provided that when (1) (1948) 1 M.L.J. 85. applications were made for new routes or new timings in existing routes, then small units should be preferred to old ones. In accordance with this instruction, when the application for permit made by the appellant, Sri Rama Vilas Service was rejected, the order stated that it so rejected in the interests of the public generally under s. 47(1)(a) of the Act. The appellant preferred ,-in' appeal against the order to the Central Board namely the Provincial Transport Authority which had been constituted by the Government under s. 44 of the Act. His appeal failed and so, he moved the Madras High Court under s. 45 of the Specific Relief Act for an order directing the respondent- the Road Traffic Board, Madras--to consider the application of the appellant in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the rules made thereunder for renewal of the permit for plying buses. The High Court held that G. O. No. 3898 was in direct conflict with the proviso to s. 58 sub-s. (2) of the Act, and so, was invalid. This decision showed that there was no authority or right in the State Government to issue instructions such as were contained in the said Government order. In reaching this decision, the High Court emphasised the fact that the Central Transport Board and the Regional Transport Board were completely independent of the Government except that they must observe the notifications made pursuant to s. 43 of the Act. It was conceded that if and when the Government acted as an Appellate Tribunal, it had judicial functions to discharge. But these functions did not include the power to give orders to any Board which was seized of an application for renewal of permits. That is how it was established by this decision that as the Act stood, the State Government had no authority to issue directions as to how applications for permits or their renewal should be dealt with by the Tribunals constituted under the Act. This judgment was pronounced on November 19, 1947. As a result of this judgment, the Madras Legislature amended the Central Act by Act XX of 1948 which came into force on December 19, 1948. Amongst the amendments made by this Act was the insertion of s. 43A with which we are concerned in the present appeal. This section clothed the State Government with powers to issue certain directions and orders. As we have already indicated, the point which we are, considering in the present appeal is whether the impugned order falls within the purview of the power and authority conferred on the State Government by this section. We will read this section later when we address ourselves to the question of its construction. B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  5 The amendment of the Central Act led to the next round of controversy between the bus operators and the State Gov- ernment and that resulted in the decision of the Madras High Court in C.S.S. Motor Service Tenkasi v. The State of Madras and another(1). In that case, the validity of several provisions of the Act including the provisions introduced by the Madras Amendment Act were challenged. It will be recalled that at the time when this challenge was made, the Constitution had come into force and the appellant C.S.S. Motor Service urged before the High Court that under Art. 19(1)(g) it had a fundamental right to ply motor vehicles on the public pathways and the impugned provisions of the Act invaded its aforesaid fundamental right and were not justified by Art. 19(6). The High Court elaborately considered the first part of the contention and it took the view, and we think rightly, that a citizen has a fundamental right to ply motor vehicles on the public pathways for hire or otherwise and that if any statutory provision purports or has the effect of abridging such fundamental right, its validity would have to be judged under the relevant clause of Art. 19. Proceeding to deal with the dispute on this basis, the High Court examined the validity of the several impugned provisions of the Act. In regard to s. 43A, the High Court came to the conclusion that the said section was valid though it took the precaution of adding that the orders passed thereunder might be open to challenge as unconstitutional. It is, however, necessary to emphasise that the main reason which weighed with the High Court in upholding the validity of this section was that the High Court was satisfied that the said section was "intended to clothe the Government with authority to issue directions of an administrative character." Thus, s. 43A was held to be valid in this case and the correctness of this conclusion is not disputed before us. In other words, we are dealing with the appellant's challenge against the validity of the impugned order on the basis that s. 43A itself is valid. This judgment was pronounced on April 25, 1952. Some years after this judgment was pronounced, the impugned Government order was issued on April 28, 1956. This order purported to issue instructions or directions for the guidance of the Tribunals constituted under the Act. In fact, it refers to the judgment of the Madras High Court in the case of C.S.S. Motor Service. It would appear that the Madras Government wanted to give effect to the said decision by issuing appropriate directions under its authority derived from s. 43A which was held to be valid. The impugned order deals with five topics. The first topic has relation to the instructions which had to be borne in mind whilst screening the applicants who ask for permits. This part of the order provides that the applicants may be screened and disqualified on one or more of the principles enunciated in cls. 1 to 4 in that part. The second part deals with the system of assigning marks to (1) A.L.R. (1953) Mad. 304. the several claimants, under four columns. In laying down these principles, the impugned order intended to secure precision in the disposal of claims for permits and to enable quick consideration of the merits of such claimants. This part of the order, however, made it clear that in cases where the system of marking worked unfairly the Regional Transport Authority may ignore the marks obtained for reasons to be stated. It is this' part of the order which has introduced the marking system which has been the special feature of adjudication of claims for permits in the State of Madras. These two parts are described as "A." in the Government order. Part 3 deals with the variation, or extension of routes granted under the permits. Part 4 deals with the revision of timings and Part 5 has reference to suspension or cancellation of permits. That in brief is the nature of the directions issued by the impugned order. After this order was issued and the Tribunals constituted under the Act began to deal with applications for permits in accordance with the principles B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  6 prescribed by it, the decisions ,of the said Tribunals came to be frequently challenged before the Madras High Court and these disputes have, often been brought before this court as well. In these cases, the character of the order passed by the Tribunal was examined, the nature of the instructions issued by the impugned order was considered and the rights of the parties aggrieved by the quasi-judicial decisions of the tribunals also fell for discussion and decision. A question which was often raised was whether it was open to a party aggrieved by the decision of the Tribunal to contend that the said decision was based either on a misconstruction of the impugned order or in contravention of it, and the consensus of judicial opinion on this part of the controversy appears to be that the proceedings before the Tribunals constituted under the Act are quasijudicial proceedings and as such liable to be corrected under Art. 226 of the Constitution. It also appears to be well estab- lished that the impugned order is not a statutory rule and has therefore no force of law. It is an administrative or executive direction and it is binding on the tribunals; it does not, however, confer any right on the citizen and that means, that a citizen cannot be allowed to contend that a misconstruction of the order or its contravention by any decision of the Tribunal functioning under the Act should be corrected under Art. 226. In M/s Raman and Raman Ltd. v. The State of Madras and others(1), this Court by a majority decision held that s. 43A of the Act as amended by the Madras Amendment Act, 1948 must be given a restricted meaning and the jurisdiction it conferred on the State Government to issue orders and directions must be confined to administrative functions. An order or (1) [1959] 2 S.C.R. 227. direction made thereunder by the State Government was con- sequently denied the status of law regulating rights of parties. and was treated as partaking of the character of an administrative order. Similarly, in R. Abdulla Rowther v. The State Transport Appellete Tribunal, Madras and others(1) this Court held by a majority decision that the orders and directions issued under s. 43A were merely executive or administrative in character and their breach, even if patent, would not justify the issue of a writ of certiorari. It was also observed that though the orders were executive and did not amount to statutory rules, they were rules binding on the transport authorities for whose guidance they have been issued, but that did not confer any right on the citizen and so a plea that a contravention of the orders should be corrected by the issue ,of an appropriate writ was rejected. Such contravention, it was held, might expose the Tribunal to the risk of disciplinary or other appropriate action, but cannot entitle a citizen to make a complaint under Art. 226. It is necessary to emphasise that in both these cases no argument was urged that the impugned order was itself invalid and should have been ignored by the Tribunals exercising quasi-judicial authority under the relevant provisions of the Act. The Court was no doubt called upon to consider the character of the impugned order and some of the reasons given in support of the conclusion that the impugned order is administrative or executive seem to suggest that the said order would, prima facie, be incon- sistent with the provisions of s. 43A which received a narrow and limited construction from the court. Nevertheless, since the point about the validity of the impugned order was not raised before the court, this aspect of the question was not examined and the discussion and decision proceeded on the basis that the impugned order was valid. Now that the question has been raised before us, it has become necessary to examine the validity of the impugned order. B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  7 Before proceeding to examine the scope and effect of the provisions of s. 43A, it is necessary to bear in mind two general considerations. The first broad consideration which is relevant has relation to the scheme of the Act in general and the scheme of Ch. IV in particular. The Act consists of 10 chapters and deals mainly with administrative problems in relation to motor vehicles. Chapter 11 deals with licensing of drivers of motor vehicles. Chapter IIA deals with licensing of conductors of State carriages and Chapter III with registration of motor vehicles. Chapter IV is concerned with the control of transport vehicles and in this chapter are included the relevant provisions for the applications for grant of permits, the consideration of those applications and other allied topics. Chapter IVA includes the provisions relating to (1) A.I.R. (1959) S.C. 896. State Transport Undertakings. Chapter V addresses itself to the construction, equipment and maintenance of motor vehi- cles, Chapter VI deals with the control of traffic, Chapter' VII has reference to motor vehicles temporarily leaving or visiting India, Chapter VIII with the question of insurance of motor vehicles against third party risks, Chapter IX prescribes offences, penalties and procedures to try the offences -and Chapter X contains miscellaneous provisions. This scheme shows that the hierarchy of transport autho- rities contemplated by the relevant provisions of the Act is clothed both with administrative and quasi-judicial functions and powers. It is well settled that ss. 47, 48, 57, 60, 64 and 64A deal with quasi-judicial powers and functions. In other words, when applications are made for permits under -the relevant provisions of the Act and they are considered ,on the merits, particularly in the light of the evaluation of the claims of the respective parties, the transport authorities are exercising quasi-judicial powers and are discharging quasijudicial functions, and so, orders passed by them in exercise of those powers and in discharging those functions are quasijudicial orders which are subject to the jurisdiction of the High Court under Art. 226, vide New Prakash Transport Co. Ltd. v. New Suwarna Transport Co. Ltd.(1) and M/s Raman and Raman Ltd. v. The State of Madras and others(3) and R. Abdulla Rowther v. The State Transport Appellate Tribunal Madras and others(3) so that when we examine the question about the validity of the impugned order, we cannot lose sight of the fact that the impugned order is concerned with matters which fall to be determined by the appropriate transport authorities in exercise of their quasi-judicial powers and in discharge of their quasi-judicial functions. The other broad consideration relevant in dealing with the present controversy is that there are three sets of provi- sions under the Act which confer legislative, judicial and administrative powers respectively on the State Government. Section 67 which confers on the State Government power to make rules as to stage carriages and contract carriages and s. 68 which confers power on the State Government to make rules for the purposes of Ch. IV are obviously legislative powers, and in exercise of these powers, when the rules are framed, they become statutory rules which have the force of law. Naturally, the exercise of these legislative powers is controlled by the safeguard provided by s. 133 of the Act. This latter section requires that when power is exercised by the State Government to make rules, it is subject to the condition that the rules must be previously published before they are (1) [1957] S.C.R. 98 p. 118. [1959] 2 S.C.R. p. 227. A.I.R. (1959) S.C. 896. made. That is the effect of s. 133(i). Sub-cl. (2) of s. 133 provides that all rules made under this Act shall be published in the Official Gazette after they are made and shall, unless some later date, is appointed, come into force on the date of such publication. Clause 3 is important. It provides that all B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  8 rules made under the Act shall be laid for not less than fourteen days before the appropriate Legislature as soon as possible after they are made, and shall be subject to such modifications as the appropriate Legislature may make during the session in which they are so laid. So that if statutory rules are made by the Government in exercise of legislative powers conferred on it by ss. 67 and 68, they are subject to the control of the appropriate legislature which can make changes or modifications in the said rules if it is thought necessary or expedient to do so. Publication before the rules are made and publication after they are made also afford another statutory safeguard in that behalf. That is the nature of the legislative power conferred on the State Government. Section 64A confers judicial power on the State Transport Authority, because the said authority is given revisional jurisdiction to deal with orders therein specified, subject to the limitations and conditions prescribed by the two provisos to the said section.. This is a clear provision conferring judicial power on the State Transport Authority. Along with the legislative and judicial powers which have thus been conferred, there is the administrative power con- ferred on the State Government by s. 43A. Section 43A reads thus: ,,The State Government may issue such orders and directions of a general character as it may consider necessary, in respect of any matter relating to road transport, to the State Transport Authority or a Regional Transport Authority; and such Transport Authority shall give effect to all such orders and directions". It is the construction of this section which is the basis of the challenge to, the validity of the impugned rules in the present appeal. It may be conceded that there are some words in the section which are against the construction for which Mr. Kumaramangalam contends. The words "in respect of any matter relating to road transport" are undoubtedly wide enough to take in not merely administrative matters but also matters which form the area of the exercise of quasi- judicial authority by the Tribunals constituted under the Act. Prima facie, there are no words of limitation in this clause and it would, therefore, be possible to take the view that these are matters which are scrutinised by the appropriate authorities in exercising their quasi-judicial jurisdiction. Similarly, the State Transport Authority and the Regional Transport Authority to which reference is made in this section are clothed not only with administrative power but also with quasijudicial jurisdiction so that reference to the two authorities and reference to any matter relating to road transport would indicate that both administrative and quasi- judicial matters come within the sweep of s. 43A. But there are several other considerations which support Mr. Kumaramangalam's construction. The first is the setting and the context of the section. As we have already seen, this section has been introduced by the Legislature in response to the decision of the Madras High Court in C.S.S. Motor Service case(1) and that would indicate that the Madras Legislature intended to confer on the State Government power to issue administrative orders or directions of a general character. Besides, the two preceding sections s. 42 and s. 43 and s. 44 which follows support the argument that the field covered by s. 43A like that covered by ss. 42, 43 and 44 is administrative and does not include the area which is the subjectmatter of the exercise of B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  9 quasi-judicial authority by the relevant Tribunals. Then again, the use of the words 'orders and directions' would not be appropriate in regard to matters which fall to be considered by authorities exercising quasi-judicial powers. These words would be appropriate if they have reference to executive matters. And lastly, the provision that the relevant transport authority shall give effect to all orders and directions issued under s. 43A would be clearly inappropriate if the instructions issued under the said section are meant for the guidance of quasi-judicial bodies. If the direction is issued by the appropriate Government in exercise of its powers under s. 43A and it is intended for the guidance of a tribunal discharging its quasi-judicial functions, it is hardly necessary to say that the authority shall give effect to such directions. Section 43A being valid, if the orders and directions of a general character having the force of law can be issued within the scope of the said section, then such orders or directions would by themselves be binding on the transport authorities for whose guidance they are made; and it would be superfluous to make a specific provision that they are so binding. On the other hand, if the orders and directions are in the nature of administrative orders and directions, they do not have the force of statutory rules and cannot partake of the character of provisions of law, and so, it may not be inappropriate to that the said orders and directions shall be followed by the appropriate tribunals. Therefore, it seems to us that on a fair and Leasonable construction of s. 43A, it ought to be held that the said section authorises the State Government -.R. [1931] Mad. 304 to issue orders and directions of a general character only -tin respect of administrative matters which fall to be, dealt with by the State Transport Authority or Regional Transport Authority under the relevant provisions of the Act in their administrative capacity. In reaching this conclusion, we have been influenced by certain other considerations which are both relevant and material. In interpreting s. 43A, we think, it would be legitimate to assume that the legislature intended to respect the basic and elementary postulate of the rule of law, that in exercising their authority and in discharging their quasi-judicial function, the tribunals constituted under the Act must be left absolutely free to deal with the matter according to their best judgment. It is of the essence of fair and objective administration of law that the decision of the Judge or the Tribunal must be absolutely unfettered by any extraneous guidance by the executive or administrative wing of the State. If the exercise of discretion conferred on a quasi-judicial tribunal is con- trolled by any such direction, that forges fetters on the- exercise of quasi-judicial authority and the presence of such fetters would make the exercise of such authority completely inconsistent with the well-accepted notion of judicial process. It is true that law can regulate the exercise of judicial powers. It may indicate by specific provisions on what matters the tribunals constituted by it should adjudicate. It may by specific provisions lay down the principles which have to be followed by the Tribunals in dealing with the said matters. The. scope of the jurisdiction of the Tribunals constituted by statute can well be regulated by the statute and principles for guidance of the said tribunals may also be prescribed subject of course to the inevitable requirement that these provisions do not contravene the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. But what law and the provisions B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  10 of law may legitimately do cannot be permitted to be done by adminis- trative or executive orders. This position is so well established that we are reluctant to hold that in enacting s. 43A the Madras Legislature intended to confer power on the State Government to invade the domain of the exercise of judicial power. In fact, if such had been the intention of the Madras Legislature and had been the true effect of the provisions of s. 43A, s. 43A itself would amount to an unreasonable contravention of fundamental rights of citizens and may have to be struck down as unconstitutional. That is why the Madras High Court in dealing with the validity of s. 43A had expressly observed that what s. 43A purported to do was to clothe the Government with authority to issue directions of an administrative character and nothing more. It is somewhat unfortunate that though judicial decisions have always emphasised this aspect of the matter, occasion did not arise so long to consider the validity of the Government order which on the construction suggested by the respondent would clearly invade the domain of quasi-judicial administration. There is another consideration which is also important. If s. 43A authorises the State Government to issue directions or orders in that wide sense, s. 68 would become redundant and safeguards so elaborately provided by s. 133 while the State Government purports to exercise its authority under s. 68, would be meaningless. If orders and directions can be issued by the State Government which are not distinguishable from statutory rules, it is difficult to see why s. 68 would have dealt with that topic separately and should have provided safeguards controlling the exercise of that power by s. 133. It is likewise significant that the directions and orders issued under s. 43A are not required to be published nor are they required to be communicated to the parties whose claims are affected by them. Proceedings before the Tribunals which deal with the applications for permits are in the nature of quasijudicial proceedings and it would, indeed, be very strange if the Tribunals are required to act upon executive orders or directions issued under s. 43A without conferring on the citizens a right to know what those orders are and to see that they are properly enforced. The very fact that these orders and directions have been consistently considered by judicial decisions as administrative or executive orders which do not confer any right on the citizens emphatically brings out the true position that these orders and directions are not statutory rules and cannot therefore seek to fetter the exercise of quasi-judi- cial powers conferred on the Tribunals which deal with applications for permits and other cognate matters. It is, however, urged that the principles laid down in the impugned order are sound principles and no challenge can be made to the validity of the order when it is conceded that the order enunciates very healthy and sound principles. This order, it is argued, can be considered as expert opinion the assistance of which is afforded by the State Government to ,he Tribunals dealing with the question of granting permits. We are not impressed by this argument. It is not the function of the executive to assist quasi- judicial Tribunals by issuing directions in the exercise of its powers conferred under s. 43A. Besides, if s. 43A is valid and an order which is issued under it does not fall outside its purview, it would be open to the State Government to issue a direction and require the Tribunal to follow that direction unquestionably, in every case. It is true that in regard to the marking system evolved by the im- pugned rule, liberty is left to the Tribunal not to adopt that system for reasons to be recorded by it. This liberty in practice may not mean much; but even theoretically, if the impugned order is valid, nothing can prevent the State Government from issuing another order requiring that the marking system prescribed by it shall always be followed. We have already seen that s. 43A itself provides that effect shall be given to the orders issued under it, and so, if an order issued under s. 43A itself were to prescribe that it shall B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  11 be followed, it will have to be followed by the Tribunal and no exception can be made in that behalf. Therefore, we cannot accept the argument strongly pressed before us by Mr. Ganapathy Iyer on behalf of respondent No. 1 that the validity of the order cannot be challenged on the ground that the principles laid down by it are sound and healthy. We have, therefore, come to the conclusion that the impugned order is outside the purview of s. 43A inasmuch as it purports to give directions in respect of matters which have been entrusted to the Tribunals constituted under the Act and which have to be dealt with by these Tribunals in a quasi-judicial manner. We cannot overlook the fact that the validity of the Act particularly in reference to its provisions prescribing the grant and refusal of permits, has been sustained substantially because this important function has been left to the decision of the Tribunals constituted by the Act and these Tribunals are required to function fairly and objectively with a view to exercise their powers quasijudicially, and so, any attempt to trespass on the jurisdiction of these Tribunals must be held to be outside the purview of s. 43A. We are conscious of the fact that the impugned order was issued after and presumably in response to the decision of Madras High Court in the case of C.S.S. Motor Service(1) though it Would appear that what the High Court had suggested was presumably the making of the rules under s. 68 of the Act. It cannot also be disputed that the main object of the State Government in issuing this order was to avoid vagaries, and introduce an element of certainty and objec- tivity, in the decision of rival claims made by applicants in respect of their applications for permits. It may have been thought by the State Government that if the Tribunals are allowed to exercise their discretion without any guidance, it may lead to inconsistent decisions in different areas and that may create dissatisfaction in the public mind. It does appear, however, that in some other States the problem of granting permits has been resolved without recourse to the marking system. But apart from that, even if it is assumed that the, marking system, if properly applied, may make the decisions in regard to the grant of permits more objective, fair and consistent, we do not see how that consideration can assist the decision of the problem raised before us If the State Government thinks that the application of some kind of marking system is essential for a fair administration of the Act, it may adopt such course as may be permissible under the law. Section 47(1)(a) requires inter alia that the interests of the public generally have to be borne in mind by the Regional Transport Authority in considering applications for stage carriage permits. The said section refers to other matters which have, to be borne in mind. It is unnecessary to indicate them for our present purpose. The Legislature may amend s. 47 by indicating additional considerations which the Transport Authority has to bear in mind; or the Legislature may amend s. 47 by conferring on the State Government expressly and specifically a power to make rules in that behalf or the State Government may proceed to make rules under s. 68 without amending s. 47. These are all possible steps which may be taken if it is thought that some directions in the nature of the provisions made by the impugned order must be issued. That, however, is a matter with which we are not concerned and on which we wish to express no opinion. As this court has often emphasised, in constitutional matters it is of utmost importance that the court should not make any obiter observations on points, not directly raised before it for its decision. Therefore, in indicating the possible alternatives which may be adopted if the State Government thinks that the marking system helps the administration of the Act, we should not be taken to have expressed any opinion on the validity of any of the courses specified. B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  12 That leaves only one point to be considered. Mr. Ganapathy Iyer urged that even though the impugned order may be valid, that is no reason why the order passed by the Appellate Tribunal which has been confirmed by the High Court in the present writ proceedings should be reversed. He argues that what the Appellate Tribunal has done, is to act upon the principles which are sound and the fact that these principles have been enunciated by an invalid order should not nullify the decision of the Appellate Tribunal itself. Thus presented, the argument is no doubt plausible; but a closer examination of the argument reveals the fallacy under-lying it. If the Appellate Transport Authority had considered these, matters on its own without the compulsive force of the impugned order, it would have been another matter-, but the order pronounced by the Appellate Authority clearly and unambiguously indicates that it held and in a sense rightly, that it was bound to follow the impugned order unless in the exercise of its option it decided to depart from it and was prepared to record its reasons for adopting that course. It would, We think, be idle to suggest that any Transport Authority functioning in the State would normally refuse to comply with the order issued by the State Government itself. Therefore, we have no hesitation in holding that the decision of the Appellate Tribunal is based solely on the provisions of the impugned order and since the said order is invalid, the decision itself must be corrected by the issue of a writ of certiorari. In the result, we allow the appeal, set aside the order passed by the High Court in Writ Petition No. 692 of 1959 and direct that the said Writ Petition be allowed. There would be no order as to costs throughout. In accordance with this decision a writ of certiorari shall be issued setting aside the order passed by the Appellate Tribunal and remanding the matter to the Regional Transport Authority for disposal in accordance with law. Appeal allowed B. Rajagopala Naidu vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal & ... on 5 March, 1964  13