India Pipe Fitting Co vs Fakruddin M.A. Baker And Anr on 4 November, 1977 Equivalent citations: 1978 AIR 45, 1978 SCR (1) 797, AIR 1978 SUPREME COURT 45, 1978 (1) RENCR 472, 1978 (1) RENTLR 328, 1978 (1) RENCJ 41, 1978 (1) SCWR 70, 1977 4 SCC 587, 1978 (1) SCR 797, 1977 U J (SC) 742, 1978 ALL RENT CAS 224 Author: P.K. Goswami Bench: P.K. Goswami, N.L. Untwalia PETITIONER: INDIA PIPE FITTING CO. Vs. RESPONDENT: FAKRUDDIN M.A. BAKER AND ANR. DATE OF JUDGMENT04/11/1977 BENCH: GOSWAMI, P.K. BENCH: GOSWAMI, P.K. UNTWALIA, N.L. CITATION: 1978 AIR 45 1978 SCR (1) 797 1979 SCC (4) 587 CITATOR INFO : R 1987 SC1939 (28) C 1991 SC 241 (1,7,9) ACT: Constitution of India, 1950-Powers of High Court under Art. 227-Power of Superintendence, cannot be exercised to upset the conclusions of facts, however erroneous, they may be. HEADNOTE: The appellant who carries on the business of hardware and pipe-fitting by purchasing the good-will and the tenancy rights of the shop along with the stock-in-trade, furniture, fixture etc. from the original tenant became the tenant in shop No. 1 on the ground floor of the suit building known as India Pipe Fitting Co vs Fakruddin M.A. Baker And Anr on 4 November, 1977  1 "Asghar Manzil" in Nagdevi Street Bombay, "predominantly a locality for the business of hardwares and pipe-fitting". The eviction suit filed by the respondent in the Small Causes Court on various grounds including bonafide and reasonable requirement was dismissed. The court held that greater hardship could be caused to the tenant, if the decree of ejectment was passed. An appeal against the said order having failed, the respondent moved the High Court Art. 227. The High Court allowed it interfering with the concurrent findings of facts and held that the landlord's requirement was reasonable and bonafide and there was no question of greater hardship to the tenant. Allowing the tenant's appeal by special leave the Court HELD: 1. The limitation of the Court while exercising power under Art. 227 of the Constitution is well settled. Power under Art. 227 is one of judicial superintendence and cannot be exercised to upset the conclusions of facts, how- ever, erroneous these may be. [799 B-C] Waryam Singh & Anr. v. Ammarnath and Anr., [1954] SCR 565; Nagendra Nath Bora and Anr. v. The Commissioner of Hills Division and Appeals, Assam and Ors.; [1958] S.C.R. 1240 and Bathutmal Raichand Oswal v. Laxmibai R. Tarta and Anr., [1975] 1 S.C.C. 858 reiterated. (2) It is possible that another Court may be able to take a different view of the matter by appreciating the evidence in a different manner, if it is determinedly chooses to do so. That will not be justice administered according the law to which Courts are committed notwithstanding dissertation in season and out of season, about philosophies. [800 B] (3) In the instant case, the High Court arrogated to itself the powers of a court of appeal which it did not possess under the law and has exceeded its jurisdiction under Art. 227 of the Constitution. There was nothing so grossly wrong and unjust or shocking the Court'$ "conscience" that it was absolutely necessary in the interest of justice for the High Court to step in under Art. 227 of the Constitution, and interfere with the conclusions of facts. [800 C-D] JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1725 of 1972. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and order dated 22-6-72 of the Bombay High Court in Special Application No. 1441 of 1968. R. R. Zaiwala, K. J. John and J. S. Sinha for the Appellant. Y. S. Desai, P. B. Agarwala and B. R. Agarwala for Respondent No. 1. India Pipe Fitting Co vs Fakruddin M.A. Baker And Anr on 4 November, 1977  2 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GOSWAMI, J.-This appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment and order of the Bombay High Court in an application under Article 227 of the Constitution against the judgment and decree of February 29,1968, passed by the Appellate Bench of the Small Causes Court at Bombay by which it affirmed the earlier decree of July 22, 1962, of the Small Causes Court at Bombay by which it affirmed the earlier decree of July 22, 1962, of the Small Causes Court at Bombay in Suit No. 4271 of 1959 dismissing the respondent's suit. There is no dispute in this appeal that the appellant is the tenant and the first respondent is the landlord. It is not necessary to describe the history of the assignment of the tenancy as well as the transfer of the ownership of the premises to the first respondent from his father who was the original landlord under which another party continued as tenant till May 1, 195 1, when the present appellant became the tenant by purchasing the goodwill and the tenancy rights of the shop along with the stock-in-trade, furniture, fixture, etc., from the original tenant, Messrs United Tube & Hardware Co. The tenancy is in respect of the premises being Shop No. 1 on the ground floor of the building known as "Asghar Manzil" at 146, Nagdevi Street, Bombay, "predominantly a locality for the business of hardwares and pipe-fitting". The Manzil has a ground floor and three other storeys. The entire property has been let out by the respondent to different persons. The appellant carries on the business of hardware and pipe-fitting in this shop. The respondent sought to evict the appellant by instituting a suit in the Small Causes Court on March 17, 1959, founding his claim on several grounds but we are confined in this appeal only to the respondent's bona fide and reasonable requirement of the premises for his own use and occupation "as an architect and engineering designer" to run his "office-cum-studio-cumshow-room" therein. "The dimensions of the suit premises are 51(9) (63) feet". The other grounds, namely, of subletting and irregular payment of rent were given up. The trial court dismissed the suit on July 2, 1962, holding that the premises were not reasonably and bona fide required by the respondent. The court also held that greater hardship would be caused to the tenant if the decree in ejectment were passed. The respondent's appeal to the Appellate Bench of the Small Causes Court met with the same fate and the findings of the trial court were affirmed. That led to the application under Article 227 of the Consti- tution before the High Court at the instance of the landlord. This time the landlord was successful as the learned single Judge of the High Court allowed the petition on June 23, 1972, interfering with the concurrent findings of fact and held that the landlord's requirement was reasonable and bona fide and there was no question of greater hardship to the tenant. The learned Judge of the High Court observed : "In my judgment, every one of the reasons and the entire approach of the learned Judges of the appellate Bench was per verse and shows a lack of awareness of the real conditions of accommodation in Bombay, at all times material to the suit and even now." The learned Judge further observed that "it seems that in the view of the learned trial Judge, richer the man greater the hardship to him, and poorer the man lesser the hardship to him........." India Pipe Fitting Co vs Fakruddin M.A. Baker And Anr on 4 November, 1977  3 The appellant made a grievance before us that the learned Judge of the High Court did not grant any time to him to obtain stay orders from the Supreme Court which was then in vacation. Any way, the appellant moved the learned Vacation Judge of this Court (Mathew, J.) on June 30, 1972, and obtained ex-parte stay of eviction and later obtained special leave to appeal after notice of motion. That is how the matter has come before us. The limitation of the High Court while exercising power under Article 227 of the Constitution is well-settled. Power under Article 227 is one of judicial superintendence and cannot be exercised to upset conclusions of facts however erroneous those may be. It is well-settled and perhaps too late in the day to refer to the decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in Waryam Singh and Another v. Amarnath and Another(1) where the principles have been clearly laid down as follows "This power of superintendence conferred by article 227 is, as pointed out by Harries C.J. in Dalmia Jain Airways Ltd. v. Sukumar Mukherjee(2) to be exercised most sparingly and only in appropriate cases in order to keep the Subordinate Courts within the bounds of their authority and not for correcting mere errors". The same view was reiterated by another Constitution Bench of this Court in Nagendra Nath Bora & Another v. The Commissioner of Hills Division and Appeals, Assam and Others. (3) Even recently in Bathut mat Raichand Oswal v. Laxmibai R. Tarta and Another, (4) dealing with a litigation between a landlord and tenant under Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947, this Court relying on its earlier decisions observed as follows :- "If an error of fact, even though apparent on the face of the record, cannot be corrected by means of a writ of certiorari it should follow a fortiori that it is not subject to correction by the High Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 227. The power of superintendence under Article 227 cannot be invoked to correct an error of fact which only a superior court can do in exercise of its statutory power as a court of appeal. The High Court cannot in guise of exercising its jurisdiction under Article 227 convert itself into a court of appeal when the Legislature has not conferred a right of appeal and made the decision of the subordinate court or tribunal final on facts". Whether the landlord's requirement is bona fide and reasonable has been concurrently found by the twocourts below against the landlord by appreciating the entire evidence.After examining the reasons given by (1) [1954] S.C.R. 565.(2) A.I.R. 1951 Cal 193. (3) [1958] S.C.R. 1240,(4) [1975] 1 S.C.C. 858. both the courts it is not possible to hold that the conclusions are "perverse" or even that these are against the weight of evidence on record. It is a case of reasonably possible factual appreciation of the entire evidence and circumstances brought on the record. It is possible that another court may be able to take a different view of the matter by appreciating the evidence in a different manner if it determinedly chooses to-do so. However, with respect to the learned Judge (Vaidya, J.) that will not be justice administered according to law to which courts are committed notwithstanding India Pipe Fitting Co vs Fakruddin M.A. Baker And Anr on 4 November, 1977  4 dissertation, in season and out of season, about philosophies. We are clearly of opinion that there was no justification for interference in this case with the conclusions of facts by the High Court under Article 227 of the Constitution. We are also unable to agree with the High Court that there was anything so grossly wrong and unjust or shocking the court's "conscience" that it was absolutely necessary in the interest of justice for the High Court to step in under Article 227 of the Constitution. Counsel for both sides took us through the reasoning given by the High Court as well as by the courts below and we are unable to hold that the High Court was at all correct in exercising its powers under Article 227 of the Constitution to interfere with the decisions of the courts below. In our opinion the High Court arrogated to itself the powers of a court of appeal, which it did not possess under the law and has exceeded its jurisdiction under Article 227 of the Constitution. In the result the appeal is allowed. The judgment and order of the High Court are set aside and those of the trial court and the appellate Bench are restored. Since there was an order at the time of granting the special leave that costs would be borne by the appellant in any event. the first respondent will be entitled to his costs in this appeal. S.R. Appeal allowed. India Pipe Fitting Co vs Fakruddin M.A. Baker And Anr on 4 November, 1977  5