Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960 Equivalent citations: 1961 AIR 946, 1961 SCR (2) 742, AIR 1961 SUPREME COURT 946 Author: J.L. Kapur Bench: J.L. Kapur, M. Hidayatullah, J.C. Shah PETITIONER: MAHESH ANANTRAI PATTANI AND ANOTHER Vs. RESPONDENT: THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, BOMBAY NORTH, AHMEDABAD DATE OF JUDGMENT: 29/11/1960 BENCH: KAPUR, J.L. BENCH: KAPUR, J.L. HIDAYATULLAH, M. SHAH, J.C. CITATION: 1961 AIR 946 1961 SCR (2) 742 CITATOR INFO : R 1963 SC1343 (13,37,38) ACT: Income tax-Gift or Remuneration for Past services--Payment to retired Dewan of Indian State by Ex-Ruler--Liability to tax--Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922), s.7(1), Explanation (2). HEADNOTE: A who was the Dewan of the State of Bhavnagar before responsible government was introduced in the State, was granted a monthly pension of Rs. 2,000 by the Maharaja of the State by an order dated January 15, 1948. On March 1, 1948 the State of Bhavnagar was merged in the United States of Saurashtra and the Maharajah ceased to be the Ruler of Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  1 the State. Subsequently on May 31, 1950, the Maharaja directed his banker in Bombay to pay A a sum of Rs. 5 lakhs out of the amount lying to his credit and when he was asked for instructions as to how that sum was to be entered in the books of account he passed an order on December 27, 1950, to the effect that in consideration of A having rendered loyal and meritorious services the said sum was given to him as a gift and that the amount should be debited to his personal expense account. The liability of the above sum for income- tax was raised during the course of the assessment proceedings of A for the year 1951-52, and the assessee produced a letter dated March 10, 1953, written by the Maharajah at the request of the former, as follows: "I confirm that in June 1950, I gave you a sum of Rs. 5 lakhs which was a gift as a token of my affection and regard for you and your family......... The Income-tax Officer held that the amount was liable to income-tax under S. 7(1), read with explanation (2), of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 . The Appellate Tribunal took into account the two documents dated December 27, 1950, and March 10, 1953, written by the Maharajah and considered that the first which clearly mentioned why the said sum was paid to the assessee, was more reliable for the reason that it was contemporaneous, than the second which was written more than 2 years later and the correctness of which they were not inclined to accept. The Tribunal agreed with the Income-tax Officer that the amount was a taxable receipt. Held, (per Kapur and Shah, JJ.; Hidayatullah, J., dissenting), that on the facts of the case the sum of Rs. 5 lakhs was given to the assessee not as a payment in consideration of the services already rendered by him as the Dewan of the State, but merely as a gift in token of the Maharajah's affection and regard for the assessee, and, therefore, was not liable to be assessed to tax 743 under s. 7(1), explanation (2), of the Indian Income-tax Act,1922. The Tribunal was in error in treating the document dated December 27, 1950,'as a contemporaneous document while as a matter of fact it was written six months after the fact of payment, and because of this erroneous approach as a result of which the second letter had been rejected, the finding given by the Tribunal could not be treated as binding on the Court. P. Krishna Menon v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, Mysore, Travancore-Cochin and Coorg, Bangalore, [1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 133, distinguished. Per Hidayatullah, J.-The use of the word "contemporaneous" to describe the order to the banker meant no more than this that it was earlier in time and very soon after the amount was given. The word "gift" did not alter the nature of pay- ment; the Maharaja indeed made a gift, as he had stated over again, but the order disclosed that it was by way of Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  2 remuneration for past services. The Tribunal was within its rights in accepting one piece of evidence in preference to another, and the finding on the evidentiary value of the letter of the Maharaja was a matter essentially for the Tribunal to decide finally. The decision in P. Krishna Menon v. The Commissioner of Income- tax, Mysore, Travancore-Cochin and Coorg, Bangalore, [1959] Supp. 11 S.C.R. 133, was applicable and concluded the present case. JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No.232 of 1960. Appeal from the Judgment and Order dated October 6, 1958, of the Bombay High Court in Income Tax Reference No. 10 of 1958. R. J. Kolah, Dwaraka Das, S. N. Andley, Rameshwar Nath, J. B. Dadachanji and P. L. Vohra for the Appellants. Hardyal Hardy and D. Gupta for the Respondent. 1960. November 29. The Judgment of J. L. Kapur and J. C. Shah, JJ., was delivered by Kapur, J. M. Hidayatullah, J., delivered a separate Judgment. KAPUR, J.-This is an appeal pursuant to a certificate of the High Court of Bombay against the judgment and order of that Court in Income-tax Reference No. 10 of 1958, answering the question referred to it against the assesses whose legal representatives are the appellants before, us, the respondent being the Commissioner of Income-tax. The facts which have given rise to the appeal are that the late Mr. Annantrai P. Pattani, hereinafter called the assessee was, by Hazur Order dated December 10, 1937, appointed the Chief Dewan of Bhavnagar State. On January 15, 1948, the Maharaja of Bhavnagar introduced responsible Government in his State and appointed the assessee as the Chairman of the Bhavnagar Durbar Bank but he received no salary for that post. On the same date by another Hazur Order the Maharaja granted a monthly pension of Rs. 2,000 to the assessee. The order was in the following terms: "He looked after us well in our childhood and rendered valuable services sincerely and with single-minded loyalty to us and our State during extremely difficult period of the last war and thereafter, which has enhanced the prestige and prosperity of the State and given the State and the people a place of pride in India. In appreciation of this, it is (hereby) decided to grant him a monthly pension of Rs. 2,000 two thousand which is the monthly salary he is drawing at present. Date 22-1-1948." On May 31, 1950, the Maharaja directed Messrs. Premchand Roychand & Sons, Bombay, with whom he had an account "to pay by cheque to Mr. A.P. Pattani Rs. 5 lacs out of the amount lying to the credit of my account with you." This sum was paid to the assessee on June 12, 1950. It is stated that the accountant of the Maharaja asked for instructions as to how that amount of Rs. 5 lacs was to be adjusted in the accounts and on December 27, 1950, the Maharaja made the following order:- Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  3 "In consideration of Shri Annantrai P. Pattani the Ex-Diwan of our Bhavnagar State having rendered loyal and meritorious services Rs. 5,00,000 (Rupees Five Lacs) are given to him as gift. Therefore, it is ordered that the said amount should be debited to our Personal Expense Account." On March 1, 1948, Bhavnagar State was merged in the United States of Saurashtra and the Maharaja ceased to be the ruler of the said State as from that date. The assessability of this sum of Rs. 5 lacs was raised in the course of the assessment proceedings for the assessment year 1951-52 and at the request of the' assessee which is stated to be oral the Maharaja wrote on March 10, 1953, the following: "I confirm that in June 1950, 1 gave you a sum of rupees five lacs (Rs. 5,00,000) which wag a gift as a token of my affection and regard for you and your family. This amount was paid to you by Premchand Roychand & Sons according to my letter of 31st May, 1950, from moneys in my account with them." On these facts the Income-tax Officer held that Rs. 5,00,000 received on June 12, 1950, was liable to income-tax under s. 7(1) read with explanation (2) of that section as it stood before the amendment by the Finance Act, 1955. The assessee took an appeal to the Appellate Assistant -Commissioner which was dismissed. Against that order an appeal was taken to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal but the Tribunal also dismissed the appeal. The Tribunal held that looking to the circumstances they would attach more importance to the "contemporaneous document, i.e., the order of the 27th December, 1950"; which clearly mentioned why the sum of Rs. 5,00,000 was paid to the assessee. The Tribunal was not inclined to "believe in the contents of that letter and would leave the matter at that." The reference is to the letter of the Maharaja dated March 10, 1953. The Tribunal further held that there was no distinction between the Maha- raja and the State and "assuming for a moment that this view of ours is not found to be correct, still it is clear from the Huzur Order No. 13 dated 22-1-1948 (vide para 2 above) that the assessee rendered services not only to the State, if it is distinct from. the Maharaja but to the Maharaja as well; for that Huzur Order clearly refers to assessee rendering "valuable services sincerely and conscientiously to us and our State". We would, therefore, hold that the amount of Rs. 5 lacs is a taxable receipt falling under Section 7(1) read with Explanation 2." At the instance of the assessee the following question of law was referred to the High Court: "Whether the sum of Rs. 5 lacs has been properly ,brought to tax in the hands of the assessee for the assessment year 1951-52?" and a further question as to the applicability of s. 4(3) (vii) of the Income-tax Act was not referred on the ground that it did not arise out of the order of the Tribunal. The High Court, on the findings given by the Tribunal came to the conclusion that s. 7(1) explanation (2) of the Income-tax Act applied. It-held that it was not possible to regard the receipt of this sum of money by the assessee as a windfall nor as a personal gift of the nature of a testimonial; that the gift was not made in appreciation of the personality or character of the assessee nor was it Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  4 symbolical of its appreciation of his personal qualities; that the consideration for the gift was in terms stated to be past services and therefore it could not be treated as a mere gift by an employer to an employee when the Court did not know what motivated the making of that gift. On the facts of the case the High Court reached the conclusion, though with some reluctance, that the case fell within the ambit of s. 7(1), Explanation (2). The High Court also held that this sum could not be exempted from tax on the ground that it was merely a casual or nonrecurring receipt because once connection with the employment was established there was no question of considering the recurring or the casual nature of the receipt. During the pendency of the proceedings in the High Court the assessee died and his heirs and legal representatives were brought on the record and hence they are the appellants. It was argued on behalf of the appellants that the facts showed that the sum paid cannot fall within s. 7(1), Explanation (2), of the Income-tax Act. By Hazur Order dated January 22, 1948, the Maharaja had compensated the assessee for valuable services rendered and single-minded loyalty to the Maharaja and to his State during the difficult period of the war and thereafter, which had added to the prestige and prosperity of the State and in appreciation of that the Maharaja had granted to the assessee a monthly pension of Rs. 2,000, which was paid to the assessee even after the merger and of the establishment of the.. United States of Saurashtra from out of the public revenue. At the time when Rs. 5,00,000 were paid, the State of Bhavnagar as such had ceased to exist. The Maharaja was no longer a Ruling Chief but was the Governor of the State of Madras. The order by which Messrs. Premchand Roychand & Sons, Bombay, were directed to pay the sum of Rs. 5,00,000 out of the account of the Maharaja does not mention any reason for payment. When as is alleged an accountant of the Maharaja asked as to how that amount of Rs. 5,00,000 was to be adjusted in the accounts, the Maharaja wrote on December 27, 1950, what is described as an order and directed that the sum should be debited to his Personal Expense Account. It also stated, why it is not clear, that that sum was to be given to the assessee in consideration of the assessee's loyal and meritorious services as a gift. When asked later to clarify the reasons for making this gift the Maharaja made it clear that the gift was as a token of affection and regard for the assessee and his family and that the amount was paid by Messrs. Premchand Roychand & Sons from out of the private monies of the Maharaja with that firm. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal took into account the two documents the first of which has been described as an order of December 27, 1950, which was treated as a "contemporaneous document" and the other the letter of March 10, 1953, which was about two years later. The Tribunal did not accept the correctness of what was stated in the letter but attached a great deal of importance to the document of December 27, 1950, which the Tribunal thought was a con- temporaneous document. It appears to us that the Tribunal was in error in treating the document of December 27, 1950, as a contemporaneous document and because of this erroneous approach the finding that it has given cannot be treated as a finding of fact which should bind the court in its decision. It is obvious that the reason why the Tribunal attached all this importance to the document of December 27, 1950, was that it was contemporaneous. It would be difficult to accept that a document written six months after the fact of payment could be termed as contemporaneous document particularly when the object of that document was only to instruct an accountant as to how he should make a particular Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  5 entry. The letter which was written by the Maharaja on March 10, 1953, was rejected because of the circumstances of the case one of which was the contemporaneous document. It does not appear to us that the Tribunal gave sufficient or any consideration to the fact that the Maharaja had already passed an order of a liberal and almost generous grant of a pension of Rs. 2,000 per mensem which was in lieu of the services rendered by the assessee both to the State as well as to the Maharaja and his family and that pension was ordered before the merger of the State and when the employment of the assessee as the Dewan terminated. According to what was stated in the letter of the Maharaja dated March 10, 1953, the sum of Rs. 5,00,000 was given as a gift in token of Maharaja's affection and regard for the assessee and the assessee's family. There is no reason shown why the Maharaja should have aided and abetted the assessee in escaping income-tax. The only reason stated by the Tribunal is based on a wrong assumption as. to the nature of the document of December 27, 1950. The payment of Rs. 5,00,000 was sought to be brought within the purview of s. 7(1) of the Act read with explanation (2). This section at the relevant time provided:- S. 7(1) "The tax shall be payable by an assessee under the head "Salaries" in respect of any salary or wages, any annuity, pension or gratuity and any fees, commissions, perquisites or profits in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages, which are due to him from; whether paid or not or are paid by or on behalf of............... any private employer........................... Explanation 2: A payment due to or received by an assessee from an employer or former employer or from a provident or other fund, is to the extent to, which it does not consist of contributions by the', assessee or interest on such contributions a profit received in lieu of salary for the purpose of this subsection, unless the payment is made solely as compensation for loss of employment and not by way of remuneration for past services;........................ Counsel for the appellants contended that the payment did not fall within this section because it was a gift made on account of personal qualifications and was a testimonial unconnected with any service rendered. The submission was that the assessee had already been compensated for his services to the Maharaja personally and the State and this sum of Rs. 5 lacs was a gift in token of affection and regard and not as a payment in consideration of the services already rendered to the State or the Maharaja or both. It will not be inappropriate to mention that in the document dated December 27, 1950, it is stated that Rs. 5,00,000 was -paid to the assessee as ex-Dewan of Bhavnagar State in consideration of his having rendered loyal and meritorious services to Bhavnagar State. There is no mention in the document of December, 1950, of any services rendered to the Maharaja and it does not seem to have been considered by the Tribunal as to why the Maharaja should make out of his personal account the gift of such a large amount for something which was not done for the Maharaja specifically, particularly when the services to the State and to the Maharaja and his family had already been well compensated. This lends support to the submission of the appellants that the amount Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  6 was paid merely as a gift in token of Maharaja's affection and regard for the assessee. Mr. Kolah for the appellants relied on several cases in support of his contention that the amount was not liable to tax under s. 7. In Beynon v. Thorpe (1) the assessee resigned his position as a Managing Director of the Company; did no work for the company; did (1) [1928] 14 T.C. 1. not attend any Board meetings and received no remuneration as a Director of the Company. It was, however, a custom of the company to give to its retiring employees voluntary pension or allowance and the company voted a pension of pound 5,000 a year to the assessee but this resolution was rescinded and by another resolution pound 5,000 was voted to the assessee" not as or because he is a Director but as a personal gift". The assessee was assessed under Schedule 'E' in respect of both the pension and the final payment but these assessments were discharged on appeal by the Special Commissioners who decided that the allowances were gifts of personal nature only. It was hold that the payments were not income assessable to income-tax in the hands of the assessee. Rowlatt, J., said at p. 14: "Now the question is whether this ceases to be a mere gift because what has led to it is a past employment, an employment which has ceased. It has been. made abundantly clear by the Court in Scotland in Duncan's case(1) that this sort of sums received by a person cannot possibly be put as receipts from his office or in respect of his office or employment, and they said in terms of that kind in a case like this that these emoluments cannot be taxed under Schedule 'E', and I am bound to say I think that goes a very long way to conclude this case. But it is said that nevertheless they are in respect of the employment. -Well, it seems to me that is a complete fallacy. It is nothing but a gift moved by the remembrance of past services already efficiently remunerated as services in them. selves; it is merely a gift moved by that sort of gratitude or that sort of moral obligation if you please: it is merely a gift of that kind. In this ease it happens to be very large; in many cases it is very small, but in all the cases it seems to me, whether it is large gift like this or whether it is a small gift to a humble servant they are exactly on the same footing as gifts which are made to a child or gifts which are made to any other person whom the giver thinks he ought to supply with funds for one reason or another; and as the (1) [1909] 5 T.C. 417 Lord President in Scotland points out it is only a matter of history that the feeling between the parties which has generated the gift arises out of an employment." Mr. Kolah also relied on Reed v. Seymour (1). In that case a committee of a Cricket Club granted a benefit match to a professional cricketer in their service. Out of the profits of the benefit match the beneficiary, who was the assessee purchased a farm and assessment was made on him under Schedule'E' in respect of the proceeds of the benefit match but this was discharged by the General Commissioner on appeal. This sum was held to be in the nature of a personal gift and not assessable *to income-tax. Viscount Cave in his speech posed the question which Rowlatt, J., put, i.e., "is it in the end a personal gift or is it remuneration"; if the latter it is subject to tax, if the former it is not. In that case the test applied by Viscount Cave was that the terms of the assessee's employment did not Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  7 en-title him to a benefit; the purpose for which the amount was paid was to express gratitude of the employers and of the cricket-loving public for what he had done and in their appreciation of his personal qualities. It was also stated that if the benefit had taken place after Seymour's retirement no one would have sought to tax the proceeds as his income and the circumstance that it was given before but in contemplation of, retirement does not alter its quality and the whole sum was a testimonial and not a perquisite and therefore it was not a remuneration for services but a personal gift. Counsel also relied on Moorehouse v. Dooland (2). In that case a cricket professional was employed under a contract in which it was provided that collections shall be made for any meritorious performance by him in accordance with the rules for the time being of the employing Cricket League Club. The assessee played twenty matches and on eleven occasions collections were made on his behalf under the rules of the Club and a total sum of pound 48 15s. was collected. This was sought to be taxed as fees, wages perquisites or profits (1) [1927] XI T.C. 625. (2) [1955] 28 I.T.R. 86. arising from his employment. It was held that (1) the test of liability to tax on voluntary payments from the standpoint of the person who receives it was that it accrued to him by virtue of his office or employment, i.e., byway of remuneration of his services; (2) that if the assessee's contract of employment entitled him to receive voluntary payments and (3) that the payment was of a periodic and recurring character. On the other hand if a voluntary payment was made in circumstances which showed that it was given by way of a present or a testimonial on grounds personal to the recipient, the proper conclusion was that the payment was not profit accruing to the recipient by virtue of his office or employment but a gift to him as an individual paid and received by reason of his personal needs or by reason of his personal qualities. Applying these principles the proceeds were by the terms of the contract of employment received by way of remuneration and were liable to tax. In that case the payment was treated as being subject to tax because it was substantially in respect of services and accrued to the assessee by reason of his office. It is quite clear that had the gift been as a testimonial or a contribution for specific performance peculiarly due to the personal qualities of the recipient, it would have been treated as a mere present. The next case relied upon was David Mitchell v. Commissioner of Income-tax (1) where the test laid was whether the payment was made in appreciation of .the personality and character of the assessee or in appreciation of the professional services rendered by him in order to give him an extra profit over and above the share of profit he might get from the firm for the services rendered. Counsel for the respondent argued that the gift made by the Maharaja was not in respect of personal qualities of the recipient but was relatable to his office although made by an ex-employer and was therefore taxable; that the gift was voluntary is clear but it is not quite clear how the amount can be said to be relatable to the office held by the recipient. Even (1) [1956] 30 I.T.R. 701. according to the case of the respondent the amount was paid about two years after the assessee had ceased to be an employee of the Maharaja or the State and immediately on his ceasing to be the Dewan of Bhavnagar State, the Maharaja had granted him a pension from out of the public funds for his services to the State as Dewan and for services rendered to the Maharaja and his family a handsome and a generous monthly pension of Rs. 2,000 per mensem. Apart from the fact that the Tribunal relied upon a document which was not contemporaneous, it seems to have overlooked the fact that there was a gap of two years before the amount of Rs. 5,00,000 was paid by the Maharaja Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  8 out of his personal funds. Counsel for the respondent relied upon a judgment of this Court in P. Krishna Xenon v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, Mysore, Travancore-Cochin and Coorg, Bangalore (1). In that case the assessee was a teacher who taught his disciples Vedanta philosophy without any motive or intention of making any profit. One of the disciples made gifts of money to him on several occasions and it was contended by the assessee that he was not liable to tax on the amounts received from his disciple as he was not carrying on any vocation. But it was held that in teaching Vedanta philosophy the assessee was carrying on a vocation and that the payments made by the disciple were received by the recipient from his vocation. It was also held that if the voluntary payments had been made for reasons purely personal to the donee and not connected with his office or vocation, they would not be taxable but if they were made because of the office they would be taxable. The question was not what the donor thought he was doing but why the donee received it. The first thing to notice about that case is that those gifts were not made by the disciple as a gift to mark his esteem and affection for his preceptor but as was stated by the disciple in his affidavit he had paid those amounts because he had obtained the benefit of the teachings by the preceptor on Vedanta. It was found in that case and the disciple admitted (1) [1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 133. that he had received benefit from the teaching of his preceptor and that the gifts that he had made, even though as a mark of esteem and affection, were the result of teaching imparted by the preceptor and because the amounts were paid to the preceptor as preceptor and the imparting of the teaching was the causa causans of the making of the gift,; it was not merely causa sine qua non. The payments were repeated and came with some regularity as the disciple visited the preceptor for receiving instructions. It was in these circumstances that this court held the payments to the preceptor as payments because of the imparting of the teaching and therefore they were income arising from the vocation of the recipient as a teacher of Vedanta philosophy. In our opinion the sum of Rs. 5,00,000 was not paid to the assessee in token of appreciation for the services rendered as a Dewan of Bhavnagar- State but as a personal gift for the personal qualities of the assessee and as a token of personal esteem. The appeal is therefore allowed and the order of the High Court set aside and the reference is answered against the Commissioner of Income-tax. The appellants will have their costs throughout. HIDAYATULLAH, J.-I have had the advantage of reading the judgment just delivered by my brother, Kapur, J. I regret very much my inability to agree that the appeal should be allowed and the order of the High Court set aside. In my opinion, the High Court had correctly answered the question referred to it. The facts of the case have been stated in detail in the judgment of my learned brother, and I need not repeat them but refer only to some of them briefly. On June 12, 1950, a sum of Rs. 5 lakhs was given by the Maharaja of Bhavnagar to the predecessor of the appellants, who was an ex-Dewan of the State. This was paid by Messrs. Premchand Roychand & Sons, Bombay, with whom the Maharaja had an account. There is no contemporaneous record to show why this payment was made; but it appears that when the accountant of the Maharaja enquired how the amount was to be entered in the books of account, the Maharaja issued an order on December 27, 1950, to the Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  9 following effect: "In consideration of Shri Annantrai P. Pattani the Ex-Diwan of our Bhavnagar State having rendered loyal and meritorious services Rs. 5,00,000 (Rupees Five lacs) are given to him as gift. Therefore, it is ordered that the said amount should be debited to our Personal Expense Account." After the assessment proceedings had commenced in this case, the original assessee produced a letter written by the Maharaja on March 10, 1953, as follows: "I confirm that in June, 1950, I gave you a sum of rupees five lacs (Rs. 5,00,000) which was a gift as a token of my affection and regard for you and your family. This amount was paid to you by Premchand Roychand & Sons according to my letter of 31st May, 1950, from moneys in my account with them." The question in this case was whether s. 7(1) of the Income- tax Act read with Explanation 2 to that section as it stood prior to the amendment in 1955, applied to this payment. That section, so far as it is material, is as follows: "7(1). The tax shall be payable by an assessee under the head 'Salaries' in respect of any salary or wages, any annuity, pension or gratuity and any fees, commissions, perquisites or profits in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages, which are allowed to him by or are due to him, whether paid or not, from, or are paid by or on behalf of any private employer;.......................... Explanation 2.-A payment due to or received by an assessee from an employer or former employer or from a provident or other fund, is to the extent to which it does not consist of contributions by the assessee or interest on such contributions a profit received in lieu of salary for the purpose of this subsection, unless the payment is made solely as compensation for loss of employment and not by way of remuneration for past services;.............". To determine whether the second Explanation applies to the facts in this case, it has to be found if this pay- ment was received by the assessee from a former employer by way of remuneration for past services. The Tribunal did not accept the letter of the Maharaja, and observed as follows: "In support of the latter view Mr. Tricumdas strongly relied upon the letter dated 10-3-1953 addressed by the Maharaja to the assessee, vide para 2 above. We have already indicated the circumstances in which that letter came to be written and would merely observe that we find it difficult to bring ourselves to believe in (sic) the contents of that letter and would leave the matter at that." This, in my opinion, is a finding upon the evidentiary .value of the letter of the Maharaja, and though the order of the Tribunal is worded mellifluously, the Tribunal's decision is quite clearly that it was not per- suaded to accept it. Indeed, of the two documents, greater worth has to be attached to one which was issued before the controversy started and was written not to the assessee but to the Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  10 Maharaja's accountant who enquired how the account was to be adjusted. The use of the word 'contemporaneous' to describe the order to the accountant meant no more than this that it was earlier in time and very soon after the amount was given. The Tribunal did not rely on any extra- neous evidence in reaching its conclusion, but on something which had proceeded from the Maharaja himself. The motive of the Maharaja may be irrelevant, because what has to be seen is not why the payment was made but for what the assessee had received it. The Maharaja no doubt had been generous in fixing the pension at Rs. 2,000 per month. But the payment of such a large sum was not just bounty but to reward the past services, which judged from the scale of the pension had not adequately been paid for in the -past. In this connection, the words of the Maharaja himself (and what better evidence can there be?) were that the amount was paid "in consideration of Shri Annantrai P. Pattani the Ex-Dewan of our Bhavnagar State having rendered loyal and meritorious services Rs. 5,00,000 are given to him as gift". The word gift' does not alter the nature of the payment. The Maharaja indeed made a gift, as he had stated over again; but this order quite clearly disclosees that it was by way of remuneration for past services. The case, therefore, falls within the ruling of the a Supreme Court reported in P. Krishna Menon v. The Commissioner of Income- tax, Mysore, Travancore-Cochin and Coorg, Bangalore (1), and is indistinguishable from it. In the earlier case of this Court, the person who gave the money did not even mention any past services; but this Court found that because the recipient had taught him Vedanta philosophy, the payment was really in the nature of remuneration for past services. The facts in P. Krishna Menon's case (1) were that the assessee was teaching his disciples Vedanta philosophy without any motive or intention of making a profit out of such activity. One J. H. Levy who used to go to Travancore from England at intervals attended his teachings. Levy had an account with Lloyd's Bank at Bombay, and on December 31, 1944, Levy transferred the entire amount of Rs. 2,41,103-11- 3 to the credit of an account which Levy got the assessee to open in his' own name. Levy made further remittances and by August 19, 1951, had paid about Rs. 4,50,000. It was held by this Court that the assessee was carrying on a vocation. In deciding the question whether the amounts were assessable to tax, this Court observed as follows:- "...it seems to us that the present case is too plain to require any authority. The only point is, whether the moneys were received by the appellant by virtue of his vocation. Mr. Sastri contended that the facts showed that the payments were purely personal gifts. He drew our attention to the affidavit of Levy where it is stated 'all sums of money paid into his account by me have been gifts to mark my esteem and affection for him and for no other reason'. But Levy also there said, 'I have had the benefit of his teachings on Vedanta'. It is important to remember however that the point is not what the donor (1) [1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 133. thought he was doing but why the donee received it". Sarkar, J., then referred to the dictum of Collins, M. R., in Herbert v. Mc-Quade (1), which may be quoted here: "Now that judgment, whether or not the particular facts justified it, is certainly an -affirmation of a principle of law that a payment may be liable to income-tax although it is voluntary on the part of the persons who made it, and that the test is whether, Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  11 from the standpoint of the person who receives it, it accrues to him in virtue of his office; if it does, it does not matter whether it was voluntary or whether it was compulsory on the part of the persons who paid it. That seems to me to be the test; and if we once get to this-that the money has come to or accrued to, a person by virtue of his office-it seems to me that the liability to income-tax is not negatived merely by reason of the fact that there was no legal obligation on the part of the persons who contributed the money to pay it." The learned Judge also referred to the observations of Rowlatt, J., in Reed v. Seymour (2) and of Viscount Cave, L. C., in Seymour v. Reed (3), and observed that the real question was, is the payment in the nature of a personal gift or is it a remuneration?, and quoted as the reply the words of the Lord Chancellor-"If the latter, it is subject to the tax; if the former, it is not." Sarkar, J., also referred to the observations of Lord Ashbourne in Blakiston v. Cooper (4), which were: "It was suggested that the offerings were made as personal gifts to the Vicar as marks of esteem and respect. Such reasons no doubt played their part in obtaining and increasing the amount of the offerings, but I cannot doubt that they were given to the vicar as vicar and that they formed part of the profits accruing by reason of his office.", and concluded as follows: "We have no doubt in this case that the imparting (1) [1902] 2 K.B. 631. (3) [1927] A.C. 554. (2) [1926] 1 K.B. 588. (4) [1909] A.C. 104. of the teaching was the causa causans of the making of the gift; it was not merely a causa sine qua non. The payments were repeated and came with the same regularity as Levy's visits to the appellant for receiving instructions in Vedanta. We do not feel impressed by Mr. Sastri's contention that the first payment of Rs. 2,41,103-11-3 was too large a sum to be paid as consideration. In any case, we are not concerned in this case with that payment. We are concerned with payments which are of much smaller amounts and as to which it has not been said that they were too large to be a consideration for the teaching. And one must not forget that these are cases of voluntary payments and the question of the appraisement of the value of the teaching received in terms of money is not very material. If the first payment was too big to have been paid for the teaching received, it was too big to have been given purely by way of gift." In my opinion, the case of this Court concludes the matter, and the Tribunal was within its rights in accepting one piece of evidence in preference to another, and the finding on the evidentiary value of the letter of the Maharaja was a matter essentially for the Tribunal to decide finally. I thus agree with the High Court in the answer which it gave, in agreement on facts with the Tribunal, and the reasons for which the answer was given. I would, therefore, dismiss the appeal with costs. BY COURT: In view of the majority judgment of the Court, the appeal is allowed with costs throughout. Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  12 Appeal allowed. Mahesh Anantrai Pattani And Another vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, Bombay ... on 29 November, 1960  13