State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988 Equivalent citations: 1988 AIR 1791, 1988 SCR SUPL. (1) 562, AIR 1988 SUPREME COURT 1791, (1988) 3 JT 364 (SC), (1988) 2 KER LJ 323, (1989) 67 CUT LT 247, 1988 (4) SCC 12 Author: Sabyasachi Mukharji Bench: Sabyasachi Mukharji PETITIONER: STATE OF ORISSA Vs. RESPONDENT: DANDASI SAHU DATE OF JUDGMENT22/07/1988 BENCH: MUKHARJI, SABYASACHI (J) BENCH: MUKHARJI, SABYASACHI (J) RANGNATHAN, S. CITATION: 1988 AIR 1791 1988 SCR Supl. (1) 562 1988 SCC (4) 12 JT 1988 (3) 364 1988 SCALE (2)285 CITATOR INFO : R 1990 SC1128 (5) ACT: Constitution of India, 1950: Article 136-Decision of larger bench pending on the question of unreasoned award- Plea to await that decision-Whether could be allowed. Arbitration Act, 1940: Section 14-Unreasoned award-Not perse bad-Plea to await decision of larger bench-Whether justified. Sections 16 and 30- Whether award becomes bad merely because the amount awarded is quite high-Factors to be considered-only if there is error apparent on the face of award, can be remitted or set aside-Validity of award- Whether the points, upon which arbitrator adjudicated, covered, by the exception clause in the contract. Section 29-Interest pendente lite-Whether arbitrator has jurisdiction to award. State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  1 HEADNOTE: The construction of the Irrigation Project was entrusted to the respondent. As per the contract the work commenced on 4th May, 1973 and was actually completed on 30th December, 1975, the stipulated date being 4th November, 1974. According to the appellant, the respondent accepted the final payment and was duly paid a sum of Rs.23,74,001 for the work done by him including the extra work. The last payment was alleged to have been made to the respondent in September, 1976. A 'nil' bill was the last bill prepared. Thereafter, the respondent raised a claim and gave notice for appointment of an arbitrator. One Nanda was appointed as the arbitrator by the Chief Engineer. But on an application made by the respondent, the Subordinate Judge removed Nanda and appointed one Patnaik as the arbitrator. Again an application for removal of the arbitrator was made, but was dismissed. The Respondent filed his claims before the arbitrator. These claims were for the alleged extra work in respect of which the decision of the Superintending Engineer under clause 11 of the contract was final and the same was excluded from the purview of the arbitration 563 clause. The appellant initially contended that the arbitrator had no jurisdiction to deal with such claims but later filed a counter claim, and denied all the claims of the respondent. While the application for removal of the arbitrator was pending, an adjournment was sought for from the arbitrator and it was refused. After hearing the parties and considering the evidence produced, the arbitrator made a non-speaking and non-reasoned award for Rs.15,23,657 plus interest @ 10% in favour of the respondent. Objections to the award were filed in the Court. The Subordinate Judge upheld the objection and set aside the award. On appeal, the High Court set aside the judgment of the Subordinate Judge and made the award rule of the Court, and directed payment of future interest at 6%. In this appeal, by special leave, against the High Court judgment, the appellant-State submitted that the award is without any reason. It also suggested that since the validity of the non-reasoned award is being gone into by a larger Bench of this Court, that decision should be awaited. Dismissing the appeal, ^ HELD: 1.1 The law as it stands today is that award without reasons is not bad per se. Indeed, an award can be set aside only on the ground of misconduct or an error of law apparent on the face of the award. [567F] 1.2 In the instant case, the plea that the award was bad being an unreasoned one, was neither mooted before the learned Subordinate Judge nor before the High Court. It was State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  2 also not raised in the objection to the award, filed originally. It is only in the special leave petition that such a plea has been raised for the first time. Arbitration is restored to as a speedy method of adjudication of disputes. Stale and old adjudication should not be set at naught, or examination of that question kept at bay on the plea that the point is pending determination by a larger Bench of this Court. Even if it is held ultimately that the unreasoned award per Se is bad, it is not sure whether such a decision would upset all the awards in this country which have not been challenged so far. Certainly, in the exercise of discretion under Article 136 of the Constitution, and in view of the facts and circumstances of the present case, it would not be justified in allowing the party to further prolong or upset adjudication of old and stale dispute. [567C-E] 2. Clause 11 of the contract between the parties makes the deci- 564 sion of the Engineer-in-Charge final in respect of some issues. Proviso of Clause 11 stipulates that in case of dispute about the rates and time for completion of the work and any dispute as to proportion that the additional work bears to the original contract work, the decision of the Superintending Engineer of the Circle would be final. The points upon which the arbitrator in the instant case has adjudicated are not those which are excepted or covered by Clause 11 of the agreement. ID that view of the matter, this clause has no application in the instant controversy. [570B- D] Bombay Housing Board (now the Maharashtra Housing Board) v. Kharbase Naik & Co., Sholapur, [1975] 3 SCR 407; Chief Administrator, Dandakaranya Project, koraput, Orissa & Anr. v. M/s. Prabartak Comercial Corpn. Ltd. Calcutta, AIR 1975 MP 152 and Food Corporation of India. v. P.L. Juneja, AIR 1981 Delhi 43 distinguished. State of orissa v. Gokulchandra Kanungo, [1981] 52 Cut LT 416 referred to. 3.1 It is well-settled that when the parties choose their own arbitrator to be the judge in the dispute between them, they cannot, when this award is good on the face of it, object to the decision either upon law or on facts. Therefore, when arbitrator commits a mistake either in law or in fact in determining the matters referred to him, where such mistake does not appear on the face of the award and the documents appended to or incorporated so as to form part of it, the award will neither be remitted nor set aside. [571F-G] 3.2 The fact that merely the award amount is quite high or that a large amount has been awarded, does not vitiate the award as such. If' there is any evidence of malady of racket of arbitration, the Court may scrutinise the award carefully in each such case. [572A-B] State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  3 3.3 It is clear from the facts of this case that the arbitrator is a highly qualified person having several Indian and foreign Degrees and at the relevant time was acting as Chief Engineer-in-Charge of the State Government. Having regard to the nature of claims involved, and the fact that the additional work has been done for which large amounts have been-paid in this case, it is evident that all due opportunities were given to the parties to adduce all evidence. It cannot be said that the award was so disproportionate as to shock the conscience of the Court leading it to hold that the award was bad per Se. The High Court was 565 right in dismissing the challenge to the award on this ground. [572C-D] Union of India v. Bungo Steel Furniture Pvt. Ltd., [1967] 1 SCR 324 and Allen Berry & Co. (P) Ltd. v. Union of India, [1971] 3 SCR 282 relied on. State of Orissa & Ors. v. Gangaram Chhapolia & Anr., AIR 1982 Orissa 277 referred to. 4.1 It is now well-settled that the interest pendente lite is not a matter within the jurisdiction of the arbitrator. [572G-H] 4.2 In the instant case, the order of the High Court is modified to the extent that the award is confirmed subject to the deletion of the interest pendente lite. It is made clear that interest for the period from 26.9.1981 to 18.3.1983 (the date of the award) is deleted. However, the interest granted by the High Court from the date of the decree is sustained. [573A-B] Executive Engineer (Irrigation), Balimella & Ors. v. Abhaduta Jena, [1988] 1 SCC 418, followed. JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1389 of 1988. From the Judgment and order dated 6.7.1987 of the Orissa High Court in C.M.C. No. 375 of 1984. R.K. Mehta and Miss Mona Mehta for the Appellant. G.L. Sanghi and Vinoo Bhagat for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SABYASACHI MUKHARJI, J. This is an appeal by special leave from the judgment and order of the High Court of orissa, dated 6th July, 1987. It arises out of a contract entered into between the State and the respondent for the construction of certain projects for irrigation. During 1973-74 the respondent was entrusted with the job of 'Construction of Ramaguda Minor Irrigation project in Kukudakhandi Block' vide agreement No. 4-F-2. The value of the work was Rs.9,99,510. The work pursuant to the contract commenced on 4th May, 1973 and 4th November, 1974 was the stipulated date of com- State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  4 pletion of the work. However, on 30th December, 1975 the work was actually completed. It is asserted by the appellant that the respondent contractor accepted the final payment and was duly paid a sum of Rs.23,74,001 for the work done by him including the extra work. Thereafter, no amount was due to the respondent, according to the appellant, and he did not raise any claim whatsoever before the Department. On 28th September, 1976 the last payment was alleged to have been made by the respondent. On 30th October, 1976 the last bill was prepared which was nil one. The respondent, thereafter, raised a claim and gave notice for appointment of an arbitrator. Consequently, the Chief Engineer appointed one Shri A.N. Nanda as the arbitrator in terms of the arbitration clause. However, on the application of the respondent the learned Subordinate Judge removed Shri A.N Nanda and appointed one Shri B. Patnaik as the arbitrator. It may be mentioned that the application was made for removal of the arbitrator Shri B. Patnaik but the same was ultimately dismissed. Before the arbitrator, the respondent filed the claim raising some claims which, according to the appellant, were fictitious and baseless. These claims were for the alleged extra work in respect of which the decision of the Superintending Engineer under clause 11 of the contract was final and the same was excluded from the purview of the arbitration clause. It was contended on behalf of the appellant that the arbitrator had no jurisdiction to deal with such claims. The appellant filed a counter claim for Rs.2,11,400, denying all the claims of the respondent. All the documents and relevant papers were produced before the arbitrator. It is stated that as the application for removal of Shri B. Patnaik as arbitrator was pending, an application had been made before Shri S. Patnaik to adjourn the proceeding which was refused and the award was made. This award was claimed to have been made virtually ex parte. This, however, was not so and it appeared that the arbitrator on hearing the parties and considering the evidence produced before him made the award. The arbitrator made the said award on 18th March, 1983 but the same was a non-speaking and nonreasoned award for a lump sum of Rs.15,23,657 plus interest @ 10% from 9.9.1975 till the date of payment or decree. Objections to the said award were filed in the Court. The learned Subordinate Judge upheld the objection to the award and set aside the award on 15th September, 1984. There was an appeal to the High Court and the High Court set aside the judgment of the learned Subordinate Judge and made the award of the arbitrator, rule of the Court. It also directed payment of further interest at 6%. Being aggrieved thereby the State of Orissa has preferred this appeal. In support of this appeal, it was submitted that the award in question was a lump sum af money and it was without any reason, in favour of the respondent. It was also submitted that the validity of the non-reasoned award is awaiting determination by a larger Bench of this Court. Hence, it was urged that this question should await decision of the larger Bench. In the facts and circumstances of the case, we are of the opinion that we would not be justified in acceding to this request on the part of the appellant. In this case the submission that the award was bad being an unreasoned one, was neither mooted before the learned Subordinate Judge nor before the High Court. This contention was also not raised in the objection to the award, filed originally. It is only in the special leave petition that such a plea has been raised for the first time. Arbitration is resorted to as a speedy method of adjudication of disputes. Stale and old adjudication should not be set at naught or examination of that question kept at bay on the plea that the point is pending determination by a larger Bench of this Court. Even if it is held ultimately that the unreasoned award per se is bad, it is not sure whether such a decision State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  5 would upset all the awards in this country which have not been challenged so far. Certainly, in the exercise of our discretion under Article 136 of the Constitution and in view of the facts and circumstances of this case, we would not be justified in allowing the party to further prolong or upset adjudication of old and stale disputes. In that view of the matter, we think that the pendency of this point before the larger Bench should not postpone the adjudication and disposal of this appeal in the facts of this case. The law as it stands today is that award without reasons are not bad per se. Indeed, an award can be set aside only on the ground of misconduct or on an error of law apparent on the face of the award. This is the state of law as it is today and in that context the contention that the award being an unreasoned one is per se bad, has no place on this aspect as the law is now. This contention is rejected. It was next contended that in view of clause 11 of the contract the matters upon which the arbitrator has adjudicated were excluded and these were not arbitrable. It was submitted that clause 11 of the contract between the parties made on these matters the decision of the Engineer Incharge final and binding. Hence, inasmuch as the arbitrator has purported to act upon this field which was only to be decided by the Engineer-in-charge, the award was bad. The disputes over which the arbitrator has purported to make an award, were regarding works covered by the agreement. lt was submitted that the provision to clause 11 af the agreement categorically provided that in the event of dispute over a claim for additional work, the decision of the Superintending Engineer of the Circle would be final and, hence, the arbitrator by entertaining the additional claim of the contractor had exercised a jurisdiction not vested in him and, as such, misconducted himself. In order to judge this contention, therefore, it is Imperative first to refer to clause 11 of the agreement. It provides as follows: "Clause 11-The Engineer-in-charge shall have the power to make any alteration in or additions to the original specifications, drawings designs, and instructions that may appear to him necessary or advisable during the progress of work and the contractor shall be bound to carry out the work in accordance with any instructions which may be given to him in writing signed by the Engineer-in- charge and such alteration shall not invalidate the contract. Any additional work which the contractor may be directed to do in the matter above specified as part of the work, shall be carried out by the contractor on the same conditions in all respects on which he agreed to do the main work and at the same rates as are specified in the tender for the main work. The time for the completion of the work shall be extended in the proportion that the additional work bears to the original contract work and the certificates of the Engineer in charge shall be conclusive as to such proportion and if the additional work includes any class of work shall be carried out at the rates entered in the sanctioned schedule of rates of the locality during the period when the work being carried on and if such last mentioned class of work is not entered in the schedule of the rate of the district, then the contractor shall within 7 days intimate the rate which it is his intention to charge for such class of work and if the Engineer- in-charge does not agree to this rate he shall by notice in writing be at liberty to cancel his order to carry out such class of State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  6 work and arrange to carry such class of work and arrange to carry out in such manner as he may consider advisable. No deviation from the specification stipulated in the contract or additional items of work shall ordinarily be carried by the contractor and should any altered, additional or substituted work be carried out by him unless the rates of the substituted, altered or additional items have been approved as fixed in writing by the Engineer-in-charge. The contractor shall be bound to submit his claim for any additional work done during any month or before the 15th day of the following months accompanied by the copy of the order in writing of the Engineer-in-Charge for the additional work and that the contractor shall not be entitled to any payment in respect of such additional work if he fails to submit his claim within the aforesaid period. Provided it always that if the contractor shall commence work or incur any expenditure in regard thereof before the rates will have been determined as lastly herein before mentioned, then in such case he shall only be entitled to be paid in respect of the determination of the rates as aforesaid accordingly to such rate of rates as shall be fixed by the Engineer-in-Charge. In the event of a dispute the decision of the Superintending Engineer of the Circle will be final. " This clause has to be read in conjunction with the arbitration clause i.e. clause 23, which provides as follows: "Clause 23: Except where otherwise provided in the contract all questions and disputes relating to the meaning of the specifications, designs and instructions hereinbefore mentioned and as to the quality of workmanship or materials used on the work or as to any other question, claim, right matter, or thing whatsoever in any way arising out of, or relating to the contract, designs, drawing specifications, estimates, instructions, orders or these conditions or otherwise concerning the works or the execution or failure to execute the same whether arising during the progress of work, or after the completion or abandonment thereof shall be referred to the sole arbitration of a Superintending Engineer of the Circle. It will be no objection to any such appointment that the arbitrator so appointed is a Government servant. The award of the arbitrator so appointed shall be final. conclusive and binding on all parties to this contract. The learned Subordinate Judge was inclined to hold that the arbitrator had no jurisdiction to arbitrate on disputes which he has purported to do but in view of the Bench decision of the High Court of Orissa in State of orissa v. Gokulchandra Kanungo, [1981] 52 CLT 416, he held that he was not free to decide that the dispute was not arbitrable and rejected this plea. The High Court also did not entertain this objection. It was canvassed before us and submitted that in view of clause 11, the matters in dispute and the amount due for the alleged additional work, were not arbitrable at all. We have noticed clause 11 which makes the decision of the State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  7 Engineer-in-Charge final in respect of some issues. In this connection, it is important to refer to the proviso of Clause 11 which states that in case of dispute about the rates and time for completion of the work and any dispute as to proportion that the additional work bears to the original contract work, the decision of the Superintending Engineer of the Circle would be final. The points upon which the arbitrator in the instant case has adjudicated are not those which are excepted or covered by Clause 11 of the agreement. In that view of the matter, this clause has no application in the instant controversy. Our attention was drawn to certain observations of this Court in Bombay Housing Board (Now the Maharashtra Housing Board) v. Karbhase Naik & Co., Sholapur, s [1975] 3 SCR 407. There in view of clause 14 of the said contract, it was open to the respondent to make claim on the basis of the rates quoted. There, Clause 14 was more or less identical to Clause 11 in the present case. This particular contention, however, did not arise in that case. The Court held that the respondent there being contractor, was not bound to carry out additional or altered work and there was no reply to the notice stating the rates intended to be charged and the respondent there was not free to commence and complete the work on the basis that since the rates quoted were not accepted, it would be paid at such rates to be fixed by the Engineer-in-charge and that if it was dissatisfied with the rate or rates fixed by the Engineer- in-charge, it could raise a dispute before the Superintending Engineer and that the time limit for completion would be extended in all cases. This Court observed that only the rates were settled by the agreement. The respondents were under no obligation to carry out the additional or altered work but that is not the dispute before us in the present case. On the construction of Clause 11 of the contract, we are unable to accept the contention but on the points that the arbitrator has awarded in this case, were excluded by Clause 11 of the contract herein. Shri Mehta, however, strongly relied on certain observations of a Bench decision of Madhya Pradesh High Court in case of the Chief Administrator, Dandakaranya Project, Koraput, Orissa & Anr. v. M/s. Prabartak Commercial Corpn. Ltd. Calcutta, AIR 1975 MP 152, wherein while considering Clause 13A of the agreement there the High Court held that the dispute whether charges for stone chips could be adjudicated, was not arbitrable. That was a case of rates which was within the jurisdiction of the Engineer-in-charge by Clause 13A of the bargain between the parties. In the instant case it is not the rate which is in dispute. The Madhya Pradesh High Court referred to several decisions of this type and came to the conclusion on the construction of Clause 13A in that case that the dispute that had arisen between the parties in arbitration, was excluded by Clause 13A of the agreement. In view of the Clause in the instant case and the nature of the dispute which had arisen, we are of the opinion that such decisions also cannot give much assistance to the appellant. Reliance was also placed on certain observations of the Delhi High Court in the case of Food Corporation of India v. P.L. Juneja, AIR 1981 Delhi 43. There the Division Bench of the High Court was concerned with the questions which were to be decided by the Court and not by the arbitration. There also the Clause was very much dissimilar to the present one which is set out hereinbefore. Clause 15(c) provided that the question whether a particular service is or is not to be covered by any of the services specifically described and provided for the contract, or is or is not material to any such services shall be decided by the State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  8 Regional Manager whose decision shall be final and binding. It was not the case whether any additional work was done and if so, the extent of such work. In the aforesaid view of the matter it is not possible to hold that in view of nature of instant dispute, the matters at issue were not excluded and the arbitrator did not commit any wrong in proceeding with the arbitration. It was next contended that an amount of Rs.15,23,657 has been granted for additional work over and above the payment of Rs.23,74,001 and this was disproportionately high and the award for this amount was per se bad. It is well- settled that when the parties choose their own arbitrator to be the judge in dispute between them, they cannot, when the award is good on the face of it, object to the decision either upon law or on facts. Therefore, when arbitrator commits a mistake either in law or in fact in determining the matters referred to him, where such mistake does not appear on the face of the award and the documents appended to or incorporated so as to form part of it, the award will neither be remitted nor set aside. The law on this point is well-settled. See in this connection the observations of this Court in Union of lndia v. Bungo Steel Furniture P. Ltd., [1967] 1 SCR 324 and Allen Berry & Co. (P) Ltd. v. Union of India, [1971] 3 SCR 282. It was, however, contended that the amount of the award was shockingly high that it shocked the conscience of the Court and the award must be set aside. The fact that merely the award amount is quite high as commented by the High Court or that a large amount has been awarded, does not vitiate the award as such. In the instant case the original award was for Rs.9,99,510. Admittedly, additional work was done and payment for such work was determined at Rs.23,74,001 and claim for further additional work was made for Rs. 15,23,657. One has to judge whether the amount of the award was so disproportionately high to make it per se bad in the facts and circumstances of a particular case. It is clear from the facts that the arbitrator is a highly qualified person having several Indian and foreign Degrees and at the relevant time was acting as Chief Engineer-in- charge of the State Government. Having regard to the nature of claims involved and the fact that the additional work has been done for which large amounts have been paid and in this case it is evident that all due opportunities were given to the parties to adduce all evidence, we are unable to accept the submission that the award was so disproportionate as to shock the conscience of the Court and, as such, it cannot be held that the award was bad per se. In our opinion, the High Court was right in dismissing the challenge to the award on this ground. In support of the submission that the award must be held to be bad in this case, Mr. Mehta drew our attention to certain observations of Orissa High Court in State of Orissa & Ors. v. Gangaram Chhapolia & Anr., AIR 1982 Orissa 277, where at page 279 the learned Judge observed the malady of the racket of arbitration was rampant in Orissa. Though the learned Judge was apparently heeding to the observations of Justice Holmes of America observed that the Court should take note of "the felt necessities of the time". In our opinion, the evidence of such state of affairs should make this Court scrutinise the award carefully in each particular case but that does not make the Court declare that all high amounts of award would be bad per se. As mentioned hereinbefore, it cannot be said that the amount of award was disproportionately high to hurt the conscience of the Court in this case. State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  9 It is now well-settled that the interest pendente lite is not a matter within the jurisdiction of the arbitrator. In this connection reference may be made to the observations of this Court in Executive Engineer (Irrigation), Balimela & Ors., v. Abhaduta Jena & Ors., [1988] 1 SCC 418 where this Court held that the arbitrator could not grant interest pendente lite. In the aforesaid view of the matter this A direction in the award for the payment of such interest must be deleted from the award. The order of the High Court is modified to the extent that the award is confirmed subject to deletion of the interest pendente lite. We make it clear that in the facts of this case interest for the period from 26.9.81 to 18.3.83, the date of the award be deleted. The High Court has, however, granted interest from the date of the decree. That is sustained. The appeal is, therefore, dismissed except to the extent indicated above. In the facts and circumstances of the case the parties will pay and bear their own costs. G.N. Appeal dismissed. State Of Orissa vs Dandasi Sahu on 22 July, 1988  10