M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023 Author: M. R. Shah Bench: M.R. Shah, C.T. Ravikumar REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.3606 of 2020 M/S VISTRA ITCL (INDIA) LTD & ORS. ..Appellants Versus MR. DINKAR VENKATASUBRAMANIAN & ANR. ..Respondents JUDGMENT M. R. Shah, J. 1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the passed by the National Company Law Appellate Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 1 of Tribunal (NCLT) passed in Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No.703 of 2020 by which the NCLAT has dismissed the said appeal and has confirmed the order passed by the NCLAT passed in IA No.62/2020 in CP (IB) 42/Chd./Hry.2017 preferred by the appellant herein, the original applicant has preferred the present appeal. 2. The facts leading to the present appeal in a nutshell are as under: 2.1 That one Amtek Auto Limited (hereinafter referred to as Corporate Debtor) approached appellant nos. 2 and 3 to extend a short€term loan facility of INR 500 crores to its group companies i.e. Brassco Engineers Ltd. and WLD Investments Pvt. Ltd. for the ultimate end use of the Corporate Debtor. According to the appellants it was an understanding that the Corporate Debtor will create a first ranking exclusive security by way of M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  1 pledge over 16,82,06,100 equity shares of face value of Rs.2/€ each of JMT Auto Ltd. held by the Corporate Debtor (Pledged Shares). A Security Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 2 of Trustee Agreement was executed between the appellant no.1 and WLD for an amount of Rs.150,00,00,000/€ on 28.12.2015. The Corporate Debtor□s board of directors passed Board Resolutions whereby the board of directors resolved to create security over the shares of JMT Auto Ltd. 2.2 IDBI Bank issued NOC stating that they had no objection to the proceeds of sale of assets to the extent of a maximum of INR 450,00,00,000 being used to first settle all the dues under the Security Trustee Agreement STFs issued by AAL. The Security Trustee Agreement was executed between the appellant no.1 and Brassco for an amount of Rs.150,00,00,000/€. That thereafter pursuant to the resolution passed on 23.12.2015, the Corporate Debtor□s board of directors passed Board Resolutions whereby the board of directors paid security towards shares. That thereafter one another Security Trustee Agreement was executed between the appellant no.1 and Brassco for an Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 3 of amount of Rs.200,00,00,000/€. That thereafter the Corporate Debtor, WLD, BRASSCO and Vistra executed an amended and re€instated pledge agreement on 05.07.2016 and the Corporate Debtor pledged 66.77% of its shareholding in JMT Auto Limited to secure the term loan facilities availed by WLD and Brassco from KKR and L&T. That thereafter an application under Section 7 of the Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (hereinafter referred to as ‚IBC/Code□) was admitted against the Corporate Debtor/AAL on 24.07.2017. The respondent herein € Mr. Dinkar T. Venkatasubramanian was appointed as the interim resolution professional which came to be later confirmed as the resolution professional. 2.3 That on 02.11.2017 the appellant no.1 filed its claim as a secured creditor of the Corporate Debtor and submitted Form C claiming a principal amount of INR 500 crores. However, the claim by the appellants ƒ secured creditors was rejected by the Resolution Professional in 2017, Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 4 of which order was not challenged by the appellants. Resolution Professional received two resolution plans from only 2 resolution applicants being Liberty House Group Pvt. Ltd. (LHG) and Deccan Value Investors (DVI). DVI withdrew its Resolution Plan so the revised plan by M/s LHG was considered by the Committee of Creditors (CoC) which approved the plan on 02.04.2018 with majority voting shares of 94.20%. The Resolution plan submitted by the LHG was approved by the Adjudicating Authority vide order dated 25.07.2018. However, thereafter as the LHG did not fulfil its commitment the Adjudicating Authority passed an order directing reconsideration of the CoC for consideration of DVI□s plan. Thereafter further proceedings were initiated before the NCLAT by the CoC etc. (which are not relevant for the issue involved in the present appeal). 2.4 That thereafter the appellants filed another application under Section 60(5) of the IBC being Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 5 of I.A. No.62/2020 claiming the right on the basis of the pledged shares. This Court passed an order dated 08.06.2020 directing the Adjudicating Authority to decide the resolution plan and all pending applications and pass appropriate orders within 15 days. The Resolution Professional filed I.A. No.225 of 2020 before the Adjudicating Authority on 12.06.2020 seeking approval of the resolution plan. The Adjudicating Authority dismissed the application filed by the appellants being I.A. No.62 of 2020. The order passed by the Adjudicating M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  2 Authority dated 09.07.2020 passed in I.A. No.62 of 2020 was the subject matter of appeal before the NCLAT. By the impugned judgment and order the NCLAT has dismissed the said appeal by observing that the appellant no.1□s claim in purported capacity of ‚Secured Financial Creditor□ has been rejected way back in the year 2017 and the decision in this regard has not been called in question and therefore it is not open for the appellants to raise the same issue in 2020 by Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 6 of filing I.A. No.62 of 2020. The NCLAT has also observed that the appellants have not lent any money to the Corporate Debtor and the Corporate Debtor did not owe any financial debt to the appellants except the pledge of shares was to be executed. Therefore, the NCLT observed that the appellants not having advanced any money to the Corporate Debtor as a financial debt would not be coming within the purview of financial creditor of the Corporate Debtor. Making above observations, the NCLAT has dismissed the appeal. 2.5 Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment and order passed by the NCLAT dismissing the appeal and confirming the appeal passed by the Revenue dismissing I.A.No.62 of 2020, the original applicants ƒ M/s Vistra and others have preferred the present appeal. 3. Shri Rakesh Dwivedi, learned Senior Advocate has appeared on behalf of the appellant in C.A. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 7 of No.3606 of 2020 and Shri Shyam Divan, learned Senior Advocate has appeared on behalf of the appellant in C.A. No.6372€73 of 2021. Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General has appeared on behalf of the respondent no.1 ƒ CoC. 3.1 Learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants have vehemently submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case the NCLT/NCLAT have materially erred in observing that the claim made by the appellant no.1 as a secured financial creditor was belated. It is submitted on behalf of the appellants that both the NCLT as well as NCLAT have not properly appreciated the fact that it was a continuing cause of action. So, it was a case of continuing cause of action. It is submitted under the IBC that there is no limitation prescribed for objecting to the categorization of the creditors in a wrongful category. 3.2 It is submitted that the ratio of the limitation is connected with the principle of cause of action. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 8 of 3.3 It is submitted that it is a case of continuous cause of action as resolution professional, CoC, Resolution Applicant and the Adjudicating Authority are all required to consider the correct categorization of the claimants. 3.4 It is submitted that in the present case, the corporate insolvency resolution process („CIRP…) commenced on 24.07.2017 and the present resolution plan (which as per the Adjudicating Authority□s order dated 09.07.2020) was submitted for voting by the CoC from 07.02.2020 to 11.02.2020; which was only approved by the Adjudicating Authority on 09.07.2020 i.e., almost 3 years since the start of the CIRP. The Appellants had already challenged the non€ inclusion of the Appellants as a financial secured creditor in the CoC on 11.02.2020, which was 5 months before the resolution plan was approved by the Adjudicating Authority. Therefore, the question of delay on the part of the Appellants does not arise and neither can delay be agitated Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 9 of by the Respondents since the CIRP process under the supervision of the Resolution Professional and CoC itself carried on for 3 years, which 3 years is well beyond the timeline of 330 days as set out under the IBC. Therefore, the CoC and Resolution Professional cannot justify their delay on one hand and then seek M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  3 to erode the rights of the Appellants by relying on delay. 3.5 On merits learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants have vehemently submitted that the decisions of this Court in the case of Anuj Jain Interim Resolution Professional for Jaypee Infratech Limited vs. Axis Bank Limited etc. etc.1 and Phoenix ARC Private Limited vs. Ketulbhai Ramubhai Patel,2 are distinguishable and shall not be applicable to the facts of the case on hand. 3.6 It is submitted that there is creditor€debtor relationship between the appellants and the 1 (2020) 8 SCC 401. 2 (2021) 2 SCC 799. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 10 of 43 Amtek Auto Limited. It is submitted that WLD and Brassco took loans from the appellant nos.2 and 3 through appellant no.1 for the end use and ultimate benefit of the Corporate Debtor. In order to establish a direct debtor€creditor relationship, reliance is placed on the Board Resolution of Amtek Auto dated 13.06.2016; no objection certificate requested by Amtek Auto on 23.12.2015; no objection certificate requested by Amtek Auto on 26.03.2016 from IDBI; No objection certificate issued by IDBI Bank to Vistra ITCL etc. It is submitted that from the aforesaid it is clear that Amtek obtained monies from Appellant Nos.2 & 3 when it was in financial distress, which fact the banks were aware of since the reason for obtaining these loans was to ‚standardize□ Amtek□s loan account with the banks. 3.7 It is vehemently submitted that the pledge of shares constituted as financial debt under the Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 11 of 43 IBC is defined as Security Interest under Section 3(31) of the IBC. 4. Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General appearing on behalf of respondent no.2 has vehemently submitted that the appellant had filed its claim with the Resolution Professional on 02.11.2017 which was rejected and the same was duly reflected in the list of creditors published on the website of the Corporate Debtor. It is submitted that the said rejection has never been challenged by the appellant. It is submitted that even in various communications exchanged, the appellant no.1 raised no challenge to non€ acceptance of its claim but rather put forth an absurd request to the Resolution Professional to ensure that the pledged shares are not to be dealt with in any manner without the prior written consent of the appellant no.1. It is submitted that therefore the appellant on 11.02.2020 had filed an application before the NCLT that too not in challenge to its claim rejection but for seeking Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 12 of 43 admission into the CoC. It is submitted that since the said application was filed belatedly the same is rightly rejected by the NCLT and is rightly confirmed by the NCLAT. 4.1 Shri Mehta, learned Solicitor General has further submitted that the issue involved in the present appeal is squarely covered by this Court in the case of Anuj Jain (supra) and Phoenix ARC Private Limited (supra). It is submitted that the appellants could not qualify to be financial creditors of the Corporate Debtor. It is submitted that there is only a third€party security given in form of pledged shares with respect to the amounts advanced by the appellants to affiliates of the Corporate Debtor. Thus, the appellants cannot be considered as financial creditor of the Corporate Debtor. M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  4 5. The issue and legal question are partly covered by two decisions of this Court namely, Anuj Jain (supra) and Phoenix ARC Private Limited (supra). We will first examine the decisions in Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 13 of 43 these two cases and then advert to the contention of the Appellant No. 1 ƒ M/s Vistra ITCL that these decisions are distinguishable from the facts of the instant case. 5.1 In Anuj Jain (supra), the issue was whether the lenders of Jaypee Associates Limited (JAL), the holding company of Jaypee Infratech Limited (JIL), the Corporate Debtor, hold the status of ‚financial creditors□ of JIL within the meaning of Section 5(7) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 20163 read with expression ‚financial debt□ as defined in Section 5(8) of the Code. This issue had arisen as JIL had mortgaged certain land with the creditors of JAL.4 Highlighting and expounding the unique status of the financial creditors in the context of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process5 under the Code, and that the legislature has assigned them a specific role to 3 For short, Code. 4 The mortgage by JIL in favour of creditors of JAL were, in fact, set aside in terms of Section 43 of the Code, albeit this Court had opined on the legal issue on the assumption even if the mortgage was valid. 5 For short, CIRP. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 14 of 43 ensure that the Corporate Debtor is, if possible, revived, rejuvenated, and resuscitated, it was held that the financial creditors are the only stakeholders who would be obviously concerned and concomitant to the resurgence and restructuring of the Corporate Debtor. A secured creditor may only have an interest in realising the value of its security and, therefore, will not have stake or interest in Corporate Debtor□s revival or equitable liquidation, while a financial creditor, apart from looking for safeguards of its own interests, will also be simultaneously interested in the revival and growth of the Corporate Debtor. Therefore, a person only having a security interest in the assets of the Corporate Debtor, even if falling in the description of ‚secured creditor□ by virtue of collateral security extended by the Corporate Debtor, would nevertheless stand outside the sect of the ‚financial creditors□, and consequently outside the CoC as well. The aforesaid decision is also based upon the meaning Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 15 of 43 assigned to the term ‚financial debt□ under Section 5(8) of the Code, which, in the context of the present decision, need not be elaborated. 5.2 In Phoenix ARC (supra), the Corporate Debtor, namely Doshion Veolia Water Solutions Private Limited (Doshion Veolia), had pledged 40,160 shares of Gondwana Engineers Limited as a security to L&T Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (L&T). A deed of undertaking was also executed by Doshion Veolia in favour of L&T. However, the main and principal transaction was between L&T, which had advanced financial facility, to and with Doshion Limited of Rs.40 crores, pursuant to which specific agreements were executed. For clarity, we may state that L&T had subsequently assigned the debt to Phoenix ARC (P) Ltd., who were the appellants before this Court. 5.3 A three judges□ bench of this Court in Phoenix ARC (supra) observed that the pledge agreement was in respect of 40,160 shares of Doshion Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 16 of 43 Veolia, which were pledged to L&T as security, thereby restricting the liability of Doshion Veolia, albeit, this cannot constitute ‚financial debt□ as defined in Section 5(8) of the Code and, therefore, the appellant M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  5 would not be a financial creditor of the corporate debtor. 5.4 Phoenix ARC (supra) also refers to Chapter VIII of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 which deals with the definition of ‚indemnity□ and ‚guarantee□ under Sections 124 and 126 therein. It was observed: "25. As is clear from the definition a „contract of guarantee… is a contract to perform the promise, or discharge the liability, of a third person in case of his default. The present is not a case where the corporate debtor has entered into a contract to perform the promise, or discharge the liability of borrower in case of his default. The pledge agreement is limited to pledge 40,160 shares as security. The corporate debtor has never promised to discharge the liability of the borrower. The facility agreement under which the borrower was bound by the terms and conditions and containing his obligation to repay the loan security for performance are all contained in the Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 17 of 43 facility agreement. A contract of guarantee contains a guarantee „to perform the promise or discharge the liability of third person in case of his default…. Thus, key words in Section 126 are contract „to perform the promise…, or „discharge the liability…, of a third person. Both the expressions „perform the promise… or „discharge the liability… relate to „a third person…. Reference is made to the expression ‚pledge□ as defined in Section 172 of the Contract Act and it has been held: „26. †..The pledge agreement dated 10€ 1€2012 does not contain any contract that the corporate debtor has contracted to perform the promise, or discharge the liability of the third person††. 30. The words „guarantee… and „indemnity… as occurring in Section 5(8) (i) has not been defined in the Code. Section 3 clause (37) of the Code provides that words and expressions used but not defined in the Code but defined in the Contract Act, 1872 shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them.… Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 18 of 43 5.5 The decision in Phoenix ARC (supra) has also relied upon and reproduced paragraphs 46€50.2 of the decision in Anuj Jain (supra) (referred to as Jaypee Infratech Interim Resolution Professional v. Axis Bank in the aforesaid judgment), and thereupon observes: "36. This Court held that a person having only security interest over the assets of corporate debtor, even if falling within the description of „secured creditor… by virtue of collateral security extended by the corporate debtor, would not be covered by the financial creditors as per definitions contained in clauses (7) and (8) of Section 5. What has been held by this Court as noted above is fully attracted in the present case where corporate debtor has only extended a security by pledging 40,160 shares of M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  6 GEL. The appellant at best will be secured debtor qua above security but shall not be a financial creditor within the meaning of Section 5 clauses (7) and (8). 37. Mr Vishwanathan tried to distinguish the judgment of this Court in Jaypee Infratech Ltd. [Jaypee Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 19 of 43 Infratech Ltd. Interim Resolution Professional v. Axis Bank Ltd., (2020) 8 SCC 401] by contending that the above judgment has been rendered in the specific facts scenario which does not apply to the present case at all. Shri Vishwanathan submits that in Jaypee Infratech Ltd. [Jaypee Infratech Ltd. Interim Resolution Professional v. Axis Bank Ltd., (2020) 8 SCC 401] corporate debtor had created mortgage for the loan obtained by the parent Company and no benefit of such loan has been received by the corporate debtor whereas in the present case corporate debtor has been the direct and real beneficiary of the loan advanced by assignor to the parent Company of the corporate debtor.… 5.6 We have specifically quoted paragraph 37 in the decision of Phoenix ARC (supra) as the counsel for the appellant therein, had also argued before us to distinguish the decisions of Anuj Jain (supra) and Phoenix ARC (supra) from the instant case, on the ground that the Short Term Loan Facilities (STL Facilities) advanced by the Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 20 of 43 Appellant No. 1 € Vistra in the present case to the group companies of the Corporate Debtor ƒ Amtek Auto Limited (Amtek) i.e., Brassco Engineering Limited (Brassco) and WLD Investments Private Limited (WLD) vide Facility Agreement dated 30.06.2016 (Facility Agreement), was in fact for the end€use and benefit of the Corporate Debtor ƒ Amtek. The said reasoning does not appeal to us for the reason that the liability to repay the STL Facilities advanced to Brassco and WLD is that of the said companies, and that not of the Corporate Debtor € Amtek, even if the latter was, as per the terms of the Facility Agreement, the ultimate beneficiary of the amount disbursed through the STL Facilities. The aforesaid decisions cannot be distinguished on the ground that the loans were not for the end use and benefit of JIL or Doshion Veolia. The Corporate Debtor ƒ Amtek was not liable to repay the loans advanced by the predecessor€in€interest of the appellant €Vistra, in respect of which there were detailed and separate Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 21 of 43 agreements executed by the lenders with Brassco and WLD. 6. It was submitted before us that the Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement dated 5.07.2016 between the corporate debtor ƒ Amtek and the IL&FS Trust Company Limited, the predecessor€ in€ interest of the Appellant No. 1 € Vistra (Pledge Agreement) inter alia provides that the Corporate Debtor € Amtek is the guarantor of the entire loan amount, for which reliance was placed upon clause 2.1.2 of the Pledge Agreement. This contention is liable to be rejected, for the Pledge Agreement specifically restricts and limits the liability of the Corporate Debtor to the extent of the pledged shares vide clause 2.1.1, which reads as under: „2.1.1.€ Pursuant to the Financing Documents and in consideration of the Identified Lenders having entered into and/or agreed to enter into the Financing Documents in respect of each of the Facilities, the Pledgor covenants and agrees with the Identified M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  7 Lenders Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 22 of 43 that it shall comply with the provisions of the Financing Documents in relation to each of the Facilities and shall repay, pay and/or discharge the Outstanding Amounts in relation to the Identified Debt in accordance with the terms set out herein and therein. Provided that the Pledgor shall not be required to pay to any Finance Party any amount in excess of the aggregate amount realized by the Trustee pursuant to an enforcement of the Security Interest over the Pledged Shares in accordance with the terms of this Pledge Agreement.… (Emphasis supplied) 6.1 Similarly, reliance has also been placed by the Corporate Debtor ƒ Amtek on certain communications issued by the IDBI Bank, the lead bank of the Joint Lenders Forum, which now constitutes the majority of the CoC of the corporate debtor ƒ Amtek, permitting the pledge of shares etc. We observe that these communications have to be read and understood in the context in which they were written. It was clear and understood by the financial creditors of Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 23 of 43 the corporate debtor ƒ Amtek that the corporate debtor ƒ Amtek is not to bear any additional financial liability by a security or charge of its assets for the STL Facilities, and the loans were being procured and taken by Brassco and WLD from the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3, namely, KKR India Financial Services Limited and L&T Finance Limited. It was stipulated that the assets of the Corporate Debtor ƒ Amtek would not be encumbered in anyway, and except for shares given as security, and the burden to repay/discharge the loan was/is upon Brassco and WLD. IDBI Bank had only permitted the corporate debtor ƒ Amtek to pledge the shares in question, and to this extent, they did not have any objection. However, there is another aspect of the matter. 7. Appellant No. 1 € Vistra is a secured creditor to the extent of the shares pledged to it by the Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 24 of 43 Corporate Debtor € Amtek. It holds the first right in pledge on 66.77% shareholding in JMT Auto Limited. The expression ‚security interest□ as defined in Section 3(31) of the Code states that it means right, title, interest or a claim to a property created in favour, or provided for a secured creditor by a transaction which secures payment or performance of an obligation and includes, mortgage, charge, hypothecation, assignment and encumbrance, or any other agreement or arrangement for securing payment or performance of any obligation of any person. The person is whose favour the security interest is created need not be the creditor who avails the credit facility, and can be a third person. Security interest can be created for credit facilities/loan advanced to another person. It is accepted and admitted that the Appellant No. 1 ƒ Vistra has security interest in the pledged shares. In order to examine the nature of the said interest, we must first understand what constitutes ‚pledge□ in law. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 25 of 43 7.1 The concept of ‚pledge□ has been elucidated by this Bench in PTC India Financial Services Limited v. Venkateswarlu Kari and Another,6 with reference to the provisions of contract of bailment and specific provisions concerning the pledge, a subset of bailments, in the following manner: M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  8 „18. As per Section 151, a bailee is bound to take as much care of the goods bailed to him as a man of ordinary prudence would, under similar circumstances, take of his goods of the same bulk, quality and value as the goods bailed. Section 152 states that a bailee, in the absence of a special contract, will not be liable for any loss, destruction, or deterioration of the bailed goods if he acts in conformity with Section 151. As per Section 153, a contract for bailment is voidable at the option of the bailor if the bailee does any act with regard to the goods bailed, inconsistent with the conditions of the bailment. Section 154 lays down that the bailee shall be liable for damage arising from unauthorised use of the bailed goods. The bailee, with the consent of 6 (2022) 9 SCC 704. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 26 of 43 the bailor, can mix the goods bailed with his own goods, in which event, the bailor and the bailee will have interest in proportion to their respective shares in the mixture. [ Section 155, Contract Act.] However, if the bailee, without the bailor's consent, mixes the bailed goods with his own, and the goods can be separated or divided, the property in the goods remain with the parties respectively. [ Section 156, Contract Act.] Further, the bailee is bound to bear the expense of separation or division of the goods, as well as any damage arising from the mixture. Section 157 provides that when the goods are so mixed without the bailor's consent and cannot be separated, the bailor is liable to be compensated, and the bailee is liable for the loss. 19. Under Section 160, the bailee has to return or deliver, as per the bailor's directions, the goods, without demand, as soon as the time for which they were bailed has expired or the purpose for which they were bailed has been accomplished. Section 161 states that if there is a default by the bailee and the goods are not returned, delivered, or tendered at the proper time, the bailee is responsible to the bailor for any loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods from that time. As per Section 163, in Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 27 of 43 the absence of any contract to the contrary, the bailee is bound to deliver to the bailor, or in accordance with his directions, any increase or profit that may accrue from the goods bailed. 20. Section 172 of the Contract Act is reproduced as under: „172. „Pledge…, „pawnor… and „pawnee… defined.‡The bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt or the performance of the promise, is called a „pledge…. The bailor is in this case called the „pawnor…. The bailee is called the „pawnee….… As per Section 172, creating a valid pledge requires delivery of the possession of goods by the pawnor to the pawnee by way of security upon the promise of repayment of a debt or the performance of a promise, thereby, creating an estate that vests with the pawnee. 22. As per Section 176, when a pawnor makes a default in payment of debt or performance of a promise, the pawnee may bring a suit against the pawnor upon such debt or promise and retain the goods pledged as collateral security, or he may sell the goods pledged upon giving the pawnor reasonable notice of the sale. If the pledged goods are sold, Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 28 of 43 and the proceeds of such sale are less than the amount due in respect of the debt or promise, the pawnor is still M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  9 liable to pay the balance amount to the pawnee. If the proceeds of such sale exceed the amount due, the pawnee will be liable to pay the surplus to the pawnor. 23. Section 177 gives statutory right to the pawnor, who is at default in payment of the debt or performance of the promise, to redeem the pledged goods at any time before „actual sale… by the pawnee. However, in such cases, the pawnor must pay in addition the expenses that have arisen from his default. Section 179 states that the limited interest that a pawnor has in the goods can be validly pledged.… 7.2 The law of pledge contemplates special rights for the pawnee in the goods pledged, i.e., the right to possession of the security, and in case of default, the right to bring a suit against the pawnor, as well as the right to sell the goods after giving reasonable notice to the pawnor. The general rights or ownership rights in the property remain with the pawnor, and wholly reverts to him on Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 29 of 43 discharge of the debt or performance of the promise. In other words, the right to property vests in the pawnee only as far as it is necessary to secure the debt. We need not refer to other portions of the said judgment which relate to right of redemption till ‚actual sale□, etc. 8. In light of the aforesaid exposition, the second issue which arises for consideration is whether the resolution plan can dilute, negate, or override the pledge agreement because a resolution plan to this effect has been approved by the CoC. Revisiting this issue is important, as Anuj Jain (supra) had interpreted the provisions as they existed prior to substitutions of several provisions of the Code by Act No. 26 of 2018 with retrospective effect from 6.06.2018 and Act No. 26 of 2019 with effect from 16.08.2019. In particular, we would like to make reference to the amended Section 30(2) of the Code, which post the substitution by Act No. 26 of 2019, reads as under: Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 30 of 43 „30. Submission of Resolution plan. ‡ (2) The resolution professional shall examine each resolution plan received by him to confirm that each resolution plan ‡ (a) provides for the payment of insolvency resolution process costs in a manner specified by the Board in priority to the payment of other debts of the corporate debtor; (b) provides for the payment of debts of operational creditors in such manner as may be specified by the Board which shall not be less than‡ (i) the amount to be paid to such creditors in the event of a liquidation of the corporate debtor under Section 53; or (ii) the amount that would have been paid to such creditors, if the amount to be distributed under the resolution plan had been distributed in accordance with the M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  10 order of priority in sub€section (1) of Section 53, whichever is higher, and provides for the payment of debts of financial creditors, who do not vote in favour of the resolution plan, in such manner as may be specified by the Board, which shall not be less than the amount to be paid to such creditors in accordance with sub€section (1) of Section 53 in the event of a liquidation of the corporate debtor. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 31 of 43 Explanation 1.‡For the removal of doubts, it is hereby clarified that a distribution in accordance with the provisions of this clause shall be fair and equitable to such creditors. Explanation 2.‡For the purposes of this clause, it is hereby declared that on and from the date of commencement of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2019, the provisions of this clause shall also apply to the corporate insolvency resolution process of a corporate debtor‡ (i) where a resolution plan has not been approved or rejected by the Adjudicating Authority; (ii) where an appeal has been preferred under Section 61 or Section 62 or such an appeal is not time barred under any provision of law for the time being in force; or (iii) where a legal proceeding has been initiated in any court against the decision of the Adjudicating Authority in respect of a resolution plan; (c) provides for the management of the affairs of the corporate debtor after approval of the resolution plan; (d) the implementation and supervision of the resolution plan; (e) does not contravene any of the provisions of the law for the time being in force; Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 32 of 43 (f) conforms to such other requirements as may be specified by the Board. Explanation.‡For the purposes of clause (e), if any approval of shareholders is required under the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) or any other law for the time being in force for the implementation of actions under the resolution plan, such approval shall be deemed to have been given and it shall not be a contravention of that Act or law.… 8.1 The amendment introduced by Act No. 26 of 2019 ensures that the operational creditors under the resolution plan should be paid the amount equivalent to the amount which they would have been entitled to, in the event of liquidation of the Corporate Debtor under Section 53 of the Code. In other words, the amount payable under the resolution plan to the operational creditors should not be less than the amount payable to them under Section 53 of the Code, in the event of liquidation of the Corporate Debtor. The amended provision also provides that the financial M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  11 creditors who have not voted in favour of the resolution Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 33 of 43 plan shall be paid not less than the amount which would be paid to them in accordance with sub€ section (1) to Section 53 of the Code, in the event of liquidation of the corporate debtor. Explanation (1) to clause (b) of the 30(2) of the Code, for the removal of doubts, states and clarifies that the distribution in accordance with this clause shall be fair and equitable to such creditors. 8.2 It is also the mandate of Section 31 of the Code7 that the adjudicating authority should be satisfied that the resolution plan, as approved by the CoC under sub€section (4) of Section 30 meets with the requirement as referred to in sub€section (2) of Section 30. Only then, the adjudicating authority shall approve the resolution plan, which shall 7 31. Approval of resolution plan.‡ (1) If the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied that the resolution plan as approved by the committee of creditors under sub-section (4) of Section 30 meets the requirements as referred to in sub-section (2) of Section 30, it shall by order approve the resolution plan which shall be binding on the corporate debtor and its employees, members, creditors, including the Central Government, any State Government or any local authority to whom a debt in respect of the payment of dues arising under any law for the time being in force, such as authorities to whom statutory dues are owed, guarantors and other stakeholders involved in the resolution plan: Provided that the Adjudicating Authority shall, before passing an order for approval of resolution plan under this sub-section, satisfy that the resolution plan has provisions for its effective implementation. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 34 of 43 then be binding on the Corporate Debtor and its employees, members, creditors, guarantors and other stakeholders involved in the resolution plan. 8.3 Section 30(2)(e) also requires the resolution professional to examine each resolution plan received by him/her and confirm that it does not contravene any provisions of law for the time being in force. Thus, the amended Section 30(2) read with Section 31 of the Code, enunciates the manner in which the interests of the creditors who are not included in the CoC i.e., the operational creditors and the financial creditors who have not voted in favour of the resolution plan, must be protected in the resolution plan by the resolution professional and the adjudicating authority. 8.4 It is in this context that the Appellant No. 1 € Vistra submits that the resolution plan in question does not meet the requirements of the Code, as it extinguishes and vaporises the pledge created in favour of the Appellant No. 1 ƒ Vistra, Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 35 of 43 and thereby, Appellant No. 1 ƒ Vistra, a secured creditor, viz, the pledged shares, is left remediless and worse off than the dissenting financial creditors, or even the operational creditors. 8.5 The difficulty which arises in the present case is that, in terms of the decision of this Court in Anuj Jain (supra) and Phoenix ARC (supra), Appellant No. 1 € Vistra is to be treated as a secured creditor, but would not fall under the category of financial creditors or operational creditors. Therefore, they would be denied the benefit of the amendments to Section 30(2) of the Code made vide Act No. 26 of 2019, or for that matter Act No. 26 of 2018. Consequently, a very odd and a peculiar situation is created where a secured creditor is denied the benefit of the secured interest i.e., the right to exercise the sale of the secured interest, yet not be treated as either a financial creditor or an operational M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  12 creditor. In terms of Section 52 of the Code, a secured creditor in liquidation proceedings has Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 36 of 43 the right to relinquish its security interest to the liquidation estate and receive proceeds from the sale of assets by the liquidator in the manner specified under Section 53 of the Code. The second option given to the secured creditor is to realise the security interest in the manner specified in aforesaid Section. Rule 21€A of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Liquidation Process) Regulations, 20168 deals with the presumption of security interest, which we need not elaborate for the present decision. If the secured creditor relinquishes the security interest, it is then entitled to priority in payment under clause (b) to sub€section (1) to Section 53 of the Code. The debts owed to the secured creditor in such event, rank pari passu with the workmen□s dues for the period 24 months preceding the liquidation commencement date. As per Section 52(9) of the Code, where the proceeds on realisation of secured assets are not adequate 8 For short, Liquidation Process Regulations. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 37 of 43 to repay the debts due to the secured creditors who have exercised the option to realise the security interest, the unpaid dues of such secured creditors are to be paid by the liquidator in terms of clause (e) of sub€section (1) of Section 53 of the Code. 9. Thus, we are presented with a difficult situation, wherein, Appellant No.1 ƒ Vistra, a secured creditor, is being denied the rights under Section 52 as well as Section 53 of the Code in respect of the pledged shares, whereas, the intent of the amended Section 30(2) read with Section 31 of the Code is too contrary, as it recognises and protects the interests of other creditors who are outside the purview of the CoC. To our mind, the answer to this tricky problem is two€fold. First is to treat the secured creditor as a financial creditor of the Corporate Debtor to the extent of the estimated value of the pledged share on the date of commencement of the CIRP. This would make it a member of the CoC and give it voting rights, Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 38 of 43 equivalent to the estimated value of the pledged shares. However, this may require re€ consideration of the dictum and ratio of Anuj Jain (supra) and Phoenix ARC (supra), which would entail reference to a larger bench. In the context of the present case, the said solution may not be viable as the resolution plan has already been approved by the CoC without Appellant No. 1 € Vistra being a member of the CoC. Therefore, we would opt for the second option. The second option is to treat the Appellant No. 1 ƒ Vistra as a secured creditor in terms of Section 52 read with Section 53 of the Code. In other words, we give the option to the successful resolution applicant ƒ DVI (Deccan Value Investors) to treat the Appellant No.1 ƒ Vistra as a secured creditor, who will be entitled to retain the security interest in the pledged shares, and in terms thereof, would be entitled to retain the security proceeds on the sale of the said pledged shares under Section 52 of the Code read with Rule 21€A of the Liquidation Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 39 of 43 Process Regulations. The second recourse available, would be almost equivalent in monetary terms for the Appellant No. 1 € Vistra, who is treated it as a secured creditor and is held entitled to all rights and obligations as applicable to a secured creditor under Section 52 and 53 of the Code. This to our mind would be a fair and just solution to the legal conundrum and issue highlighted before us. 9.1 We wish to clarify that the directions given by us would not be a ground for the successful resolution applicant ƒ DVI to withdraw the resolution plan which has already been approved by the NCLAT and by us. The reason is simple. Any resolution plan must meet with the M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  13 requirements/provisions of the Code and any provisions of law for the time being in force. What we have directed and the option given by us ensures that the resolution plan meets the mandate of the Code and does not violate the rights given to the secured creditor, who cannot Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 40 of 43 be treated as worse off/inferior in its claim and rights, viz, an operational creditor or a dissenting financial creditor. 10. In the end, we must meet the argument raised by the Respondent No. 1 ƒ Dinkar Venkatasubramanian, resolution professional for the Corporate Debtor ƒ Amtek and the Respondent No. 2 ƒ the CoC of the Corporate Debtor ƒ Amtek, that the present plea of the Appellant No.1 ƒ Vistra to be treated as a financial creditor of the Corporate Debtor € Amtek should be dismissed on the grounds of delay, laches and acquiescence. The submission is that the Appellant No. 1 € Vistra had not objected to the resolution plan submitted by the erstwhile resolution applicant € LHG and, as a sequitur, its non€classification as a financial creditor in the CoC of the Corporate Debtor € Amtek. Though this argument had appealed and had weighed with the NCLAT, in our opinion is untenable since the resolution plan submitted by erstwhile resolution Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 41 of 43 applicant € LHG did not in any way affect the rights or interests of the Appellant No. 1 ƒ Vistra as a secured creditor in respect of the pledged shares. Appellant No. 1 ƒ Vistra has elaborately explained that LHG etc. were in negotiations with them so as to redeem the pledge and acquire the shares. 11. In view of our aforesaid findings, the impugned judgment of the NCLAT affirming the view taken by the NCLT is partly modified in terms of our directions holding that appellant no.1 ƒ M/s. Vistra ITCL (India) Limited would be treated as a secured creditor, who would be entitled to all rights and obligations as applicable to a secured creditor in terms of Sections 52 and 53 of the Code, and in accordance with the pledge agreement dated 05.07.2016. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 42 of 43 Present appeal is disposed of in the above terms without any order as to costs. †††††††††††J. (M. R. SHAH) †††††††††††J. (SANJIV KHANNA) New Delhi, May 4, 2023. Civil Appeal No.3606 of 2020 Page 43 of 43 M/S Vistra Itcl (India) Limited vs Dinkar Venkatasubramanian on 4 May, 2023  14