Vijay Kumar vs State Of Punjab on 14 December, 1973 Equivalent citations: 1974 AIR 687, 1974 SCR (2) 701, 1974 CRI. L. J. 615, (1974) 3 S C C 769, AIR 1974 SUPREME COURT 687, 1974 3 SCC 789, 1975 MADLW (CRI) 214, 1974 2 SCR 701, 1974 SCC(CRI) 245, 1974 CURLJ 125, (1974) 3 SCC 769 Author: Y.V. Chandrachud Bench: Y.V. Chandrachud, M. Hameedullah Beg PETITIONER: VIJAY KUMAR Vs. RESPONDENT: STATE OF PUNJAB DATE OF JUDGMENT14/12/1973 BENCH: CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. BENCH: CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. BEG, M. HAMEEDULLAH CITATION: 1974 AIR 687 1974 SCR (2) 701 1974 SCC (3) 769 ACT: Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, s. 16(i)(a)(b) and Rules-Whether 'Elachi Dana' sold by the appellant was insect-infested and contained less than the required percentage of volatile oil. HEADNOTE: The appellant runs a sweetmeat shop in a village in Punjab. The food inspector took a sample of 'Elachi Dana, kept for sale by the appellant and it was found from the report of the Public Analyst that the sample was infested with insects' to the extent of 9.7 per cent and the volatile oil content thereof was 0.5 per cent instead of 1 per cent. On these facts, tile appellant was convicted by the Magistrate under s. 16(1)(a)(i) of the Prevention of Food Vijay Kumar vs State Of Punjab on 14 December, 1973  1 Adulteration Act 1954. On appeal, the sessions court confirmed the conviction and sentence and the High Court summarily dismissed the appeal therefrom. In this Court, the following points were urged : (i) On the date when the Food Inspector took the sample, neither the Act nor the Rules thereunder had prescribed any standard for the purity of 'Elachi Dana' and therefore, deficiency in the volatile oil content could not attract penal consequences. (ii) One of the prosecution witnesses admitted in his evidence that the stock of 'Elachi Dana' from which the sample was taken was not insect infested and therefore, it follows that the infestation must have supervened between the date on which the sample was taken and the date of the analysis. Dismissing the appeal, HELD : (i) On the relevant date, Rule A-05-09 of the Rules then in force provided that the seed of 'Badi Elachil shall not contain less than 1 per cent of volatile essential oil. The new Rule No. A 05.04.01 prescribes the same requirement with the difference that the article is now described as 'Badi Elachi seeds' 'instead of 'Badi Elachi'. This is a distinction with a difference because the substance of the matter is that 'Badi Elachil (which must include the 'Badi Elachi seeds' Ought to contain 1 per cent volatile oil. The Badi Elachi fruit contains the Elachi seeds. and the kernel has no edible value apart from the seeds contained in the fruit. [702E] (ii) The sample, in the present case was analysed 12 days after it was taken During' this short period of 12 days, the sample could not get infested to the extent of 9.7 per cent. To the naked eye the insects may not be noticeable and that was why the prosecution witness inferred that the stock of 'Elachi dana' was not insect-infested. Obviously, what he meant was that it did not appear to be infested with insects and therefore, the inference said to arise from the evidence of the prosecution witness is impossible to accept. [702H] JUDGMENT: CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION :Criminal Appeal No. 170 of 1970. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated the 16th September 1970 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, at Chandigarh in Criminal Revision No. 753 of 1970. Nuruddin Ahmad, B. P. Singh and A. K. Verma, for the appel- lant. S. K. Mehta and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHANDRACHUD, J.-The appellant, Vijay Kumar, runs a sweetmeat shop in a village called Baba Bakala in Punjab. On June 10, 1968 the Food Inspector, Vijay Kumar vs State Of Punjab on 14 December, 1973  2 Amritsar, took a sample from the Elachi Dana which was kept for sale by the appellant. The report of the Public Analyst shows that the simple was infested with insects to the extent of 9.7 per cent and the voltaile oil content thereof was .5 per cent instead of 1 per cent. On these facts the learned Judicial Magistrate. 1st Class, Amritsar convicted the appellant under section 16(1)(a)(1) of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 and sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment for six months and a fine of Rs. 1,000/-. The order of conviction and sentence was confirmed in appeal by the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Amritsar and the appeal against that judgment was dismissed summarily by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. This Court granted to the appellant special leave to appeal from the judgment of the High Court. In his statement under section 342, Code of Criminal Proce- dure, the appellant admitted that he was in possession of the Elachi Dana for purposes of sale but he disputed that the Elachi Dana was insect-infested or that its volatile oil content was deficient. It is contended on behalf of the appellant that on June 10, 1968 when the Food Inspector took the sample of the Elachi Dana from the appellant's shop neither the Act nor the Rules there under had Prescribed any standard for the purity of Elachi Dana and therefore deficiency in the volatile oil content could not attract penal consequences. This argument overlooks that on the relevant date, Rule A-05-09 of the- Rules then in force provided that the seeds of Badi Elachi shall not contain less than 1 per cent of volatile essential oil. The new Rule No. A-05-04.01, prescribes the same requirement with the difference that the article is now described as Badi Elachi seeds instead of Badi Elaichi. This is a distinction without a difference because the substance of the matter is that 'Badi Elachi' (which must include the 'Badi Elachi seeds') ought to contain 1 per cent volatile oil. The Badi Elachi fruit contains the Elachi seeds and the, kernel has no edible value apart from the seeds contained in the fruit. The only other point urged on behalf of the appellant is that the Panch Sohan Singh, a Prosecution witness, having admitted in his evidence that the stock of Elachi Dana from which the sample was taken by the Food Inspector was not insect-infested, it must follow that the infestation must have supervened between the date oil which the sample was taken and the date of the analysis. The sample was analysed on June 22, 1968, that is 12 days after it was taken. The inference said to arise..-from the evidence of the Panch is impossible .to accept. To the naked eye the insects may not be noticeable and that is why the Panch inferred that the stock of Elachi Dana was not insect-infested. Obviously, what he meant was that it did not appear to be infested by insects. We do not agree that during the, short period of 12 days the sample could get infested to the extent of 9.7 per cent. On September 7. 1964 instructions were issued by the Director, Health Services Punjab, that due to pressure of work samples sent for analysis could not be analysed for two or three days, that there was a possibility that the samples may get infested during that period and therefore Food Inspectors should mention in the forwarding letters whether the sample was infested at the time of seizure. In the instant case the Food Inspector had not taken this precaution and on his omission is founded the argument that the sample may have got infested between its seizure and the analysis. The Vijay Kumar vs State Of Punjab on 14 December, 1973  3 instructions on which reliance is placed relate to articles of food like Atta and Maida. The instructions show that it is in the rain season that such articles of food get infested within 15 days or one month. The sample in case was seized before the rains had come and the article of food, of which the sample was taken is not of the same variety referred to in the instructions issued by the Director. Learned counsel for the appellant argued that the sentence is to(> severe especially in view of the fact that Elachi seeds are used more as a luxury item than as an item of necessity and because the appellant is a petty shopkeeper in a small village. What is the proper sentence to impose is a matter primarily for the trial court to decide. The learned Magistrate exercised his discretion judicially and the sentence has been confirmed by the Sessions Court and the High Court. We see no justification for interfering therewith. Besides, the article being insect-infested. falls within the definition contained in section 2(i) (f) of the Act and therefore the first clause of the proviso to section 16 of the Act. under which the Court can impose a sentence less than the minimum prescribed, has no application. The second clause of the proviso has also no application as the offence falls under section 16(1) (a) (i) and not under section 16(1) (a) (ii) of the Act. For these reasons we confirm the, order of conviction and sentence and dismiss the appeal. S.C. Appeal dismissed 5-L748Sup.Cl/74 Vijay Kumar vs State Of Punjab on 14 December, 1973  4