Source: {"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"}

In next generation multimedia mobile communication systems, which have been actively studied in recent years, there is a demand for a system capable of processing and transmitting a variety of information (e.g., video and radio data) at a higher data rate in addition to the early-stage voice service. The wireless communication system is designed for the purpose of providing reliable communication to a plurality of users irrespective of their locations and mobility. However, a wireless channel experiences various problems such as path loss, shadowing, fading, noise, limited bandwidth, power limit of a user equipment (UE), and interference between other users. The designing of the wireless system has other challenges such as resource allocation, mobile issues in association with a rapidly changing physical channel, portability, security, and privacy.
When a transport channel experiences deep fading, if a different version or a replica of a transmitted signal is not additionally transmitted, it is difficult for a receiver to determine the transmitted signal. A resource corresponding to the different version or the replica is referred to as diversity, and is one of most important factors that contribute to reliable transmission over a wireless channel. The use of the diversity can maximize data transfer capacity or data transfer reliability. A system for implementing the diversity by using multiple transmit (Tx) antennas and multiple receive (Rx) antennas is referred to as a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system.
Exemplary schemes for diversity implementation in the MIMO system include space frequency block coding (SFBC), space time block coding (STBC), cyclic delay diversity (CDD), frequency switched transmit diversity (FSTD), time switched transmit diversity (TSTD), precoding vector switching (PVS), spatial multiplexing (SM), etc.
Meanwhile, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system capable of reducing inter-symbol interference with a low complexity is taken into consideration as one of post-3rd generation wireless communication systems. In the OFDM, a serially input data symbol is converted into N parallel data symbols, and is then transmitted by being carried on N orthogonal subcarriers. The subcarriers maintain orthogonality in a frequency dimension. An orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a multiple access scheme for achieving multiple access by independently providing some of available subcarriers to each user in a system using the OFDM as a modulation scheme.
One of main problems of the OFDM/OFDMA system is that a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) can be significantly large. The PAPR problem occurs when a peak amplitude of a Tx signal is significantly larger than an average amplitude. Further, the PAPR problem is caused by a fact that an OFDM symbol is an overlap of N sinusoidal signals on different subcarriers. The PAPR is particularly problematic in a user equipment (UE) sensitive to power consumption in association with battery capacity. Therefore, the PAPR needs to be lowered to decrease power consumption.
Single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) is proposed to decrease the PAPR. The SC-FDMA is frequency division multiple access (FDMA) combined with single carrier-frequency division equalization (SC-FDE). The SC-FDMA is similar to the OFDMA in that data is modulated and demodulated in a time domain and a frequency domain by using discrete Fourier transform (DFT). However, the SC-FDMA is advantageous to decrease Tx power since a Tx signal has a low PAPR. In particular, regarding battery usage, the SC-FDMA is advantageous in case of uplink transmission where communication is achieved from a UE sensitive to Tx power to a base station (BS). When the UE transmits data to the BS, the transmitted data does not require a large bandwidth but a wide coverage is important for power concentration. The SC-FDMA system allows a small signal variation, and thus has a much wider coverage than other systems when using the same power amplifier.
In order to apply the MIMO transmission scheme used in multi-codeword transmission to the SC-FDMA system, it is important to maintain a single-carrier property to guarantee a low PAPR or a low cubic metric (CM).