Source: {"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"}

The production of polymers or copolymers of lower .alpha.-olefins, particularly ethylene and propylene, has gained substantial commercial significance. The polymeric products are inexpensive and exhibit a number of commercially useful properties. In the case of the polymerization of ethylene, the process is relatively uncomplicated in that the product type is not influenced by the manner in which the ethylene molecules add to the growing polymeric chain and the product does not exist in stereoisomeric forms.
In the case of the polymerization of propylene, however, the presence of pendant methyl groups on the polymeric chain provides the possiblity of several types of product depending on the steric regularity with which the propylene units add to the growing chain. Much if not most of the commercial polypropylene results from the stereoregular addition of propylene units in a regular head-to-tail manner. The propylene in which the addition of units is random is termed atactic. This amorphous form is less desirable and, if present in significant quantities, must be removed as by extraction in order to obtain a more desirable crystalline product.
Also significant from a commercial standpoint is the activity of the polymerization catalyst. A number of the early polymerization catalysts, e.g., trivalent titanium, chromium or vanadium catalysts, were of relatively low activity and the product contained significant proportions of catalyst residues. The removal of such residues as by a deashing step was required in order to obtain commercially acceptable properties.
The more recent olefin polymerization catalysts are more stereo-regulating and of sufficient catalytic activity so that extraction and/or deashing steps are not required. In the terms now conventionally employed for the components, the high activity olefin polymerization catalysts are formed from a procatalyst which typically contains magnesium, titanium and halide moieties as well as an electron donor, a cocatalyst which is usually an organoaluminum compound and a selectivity control agent which may be provided as a partial or total complex with the cocatalyst. Although each of these catalyst components has a considerable influence on the polymerization catalyst and process and the product thereby produced, the nature of the catalyst as well as the polyolefin product seem to be most influenced by the procatalyst. Much of the research toward improvement of the olefin polymerization catalyst has been directed toward improvemen of the procatalyst component.
Kioka et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,330,649, describe a solid catalyst component (procatalyst) obtained by heating a soluble magnesium compound such as magnesium chloride with a higher alcohol in the presence of an ester to produce a solution which is added to titanium tetrachloride and an electron donor to form the procatalyst. Band, U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,521, reacts a magnesium alkoxide with a titanium alkoxide of 4 or more carbon atoms in each alkoxide in the presence of aromatic hydrocarbon. Titanium tetrachloride and an electron donor are added to the resulting solution to produce a solid procatalyst which is post-treated with transition metal halide. Arzoumanides, U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,679, produces a catalyst component by contacting a suspension of magnesium ethoxide in ethanol with carbon dioxide. The addition of an organoaluminum compound in a hydrocarbon to the resulting solution produces granular particles which are employed as a support for titanium upon treatment with titanium tetrachloride. Nestlerode et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,705, solubilize magnesium ethoxide in ethanol with carbon dioxide and spray dry the resulting solution or alternatively use the solution to impregnate catalyst support particles. The particles resulting from either modification are useful in the production of a procatalyst of desirable morphology.
A somewhat different type of catalyst component precursor is described by Job, U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,428, wherein a magnesium compound of the general formula EQU Mg.sub.4 (OR).sub.6 (ROH).sub.10 A (I)
is formed wherein R independently is lower alkyl of up to 4 carbon atoms inclusive and A is one or more anions having a total oxidation state of -2. This complex magnesium compound is contacted with a tetravalent titanium halide, a halohydrocarbon and an electron donor to form the procatalyst. The use of such magnesium compounds has certain advantages in that they are crystalline materials of desirable morphology whereas magnesium ethoxide is not. The conversion of the crystals of such magnesium compounds to olefin polymerization procatalysts is by conventional technology. The catalysts produced from such procatalysts are good high activity olefin polymerization catalysts, particularly for the polymerization or copolymerization of propylene. It would be of advantage, however, to provide improved olefin polymerization catalysts.