Require Export Coq.Program.Basics.
Require Export Coq.Relations.Relation_Definitions.
Require Export Coq.Classes.Morphisms.
Require Setoid.
Require Export Delay.
(** * Prerequisites *)
(** Some instances that would normally cause loops can be used nontheless if we insist that some parameters cannot be existential variables. One way to do this is to use this guard class, similar in spirit to [Unconvertible]. *)
Class NotEvar {A} (x: A).
Hint Extern 1 (NotEvar ?x) =>
not_evar x; constructor : typeclass_instances.
(** This version of [Unconvertible] does not assume that [a] and [b] have convertible types. *)
Class Unconvertible {A B} (a: A) (b: B) := unconvertible : unit.
Ltac unconvertible a b :=
first
[ unify a b with typeclass_instances; fail 1
| exact tt ].
Hint Extern 1 (Unconvertible ?a ?b) =>
unconvertible a b : typeclass_instances.
(** Sometimes we may want to introduce an auxiliary variable to help with unification. *)
Class Convertible {A} (x y: A) :=
convertible: x = y.
Hint Extern 1 (Convertible ?x ?y) =>
eapply eq_refl : typeclass_instances.
(** The following class can be used to inhibit backtracking. *)
Class Once P := once : P.
Hint Extern 1 (Once ?P) =>
red; once typeclasses eauto : typeclass_instances.
(** * Relations *)
(** The constructions in [Coq.Relations.Relation_Definitions] are only concerned with relations within a single type, so that [relation A] is defined as [A -> A -> Prop]. We will need more general relations, and so I define [rel A B] as [A -> B -> Prop]. *)
Definition rel (A1 A2: Type) := A1 -> A2 -> Prop.
Delimit Scope rel_scope with rel.
Bind Scope rel_scope with rel.
(** Make sure that the existing definitions based on [Relation_Definitions.relation] use our [rel_scope] as well. *)
Bind Scope rel_scope with Relation_Definitions.relation.
(** ** Proof step *)
(** This is a catch-all class for any applicable strategy allowing us to make progress towards solving a relational goal. The proposition [P] should encode the new subgoals, in the format expected by [Delay.split_conjunction], and is decomposed accordingly in the [rstep] tactic.  At the moment, the following priorities are used for our different [RStep] instances. Generally speaking, the most specific, quick tactics should be registered with higher priority (lower numbers), and the more general, slow tactics that are likely to instantiate evars incorrectly or spawn them too early should have lower priority (higher numbers):  - 10 [Reflexivity] - 20 [RIntro] - 30 [preorder] - 40 [RDestruct] - 50 [Monotonicity] (includes [Reflexivity] -- we may want to split) - 70 [RExists] *)
Class RStep (P Q: Prop) :=
rstep: P -> Q.
Ltac rstep :=
lazymatch goal with
| |- ?Q =>
apply (rstep (Q := Q));
Delay.split_conjunction
end.
(** ** Proof automation *)
(** The following class solves the goal [Q] automatically. *)
Class RAuto (Q: Prop) :=
rauto : Q.
Ltac rauto :=
lazymatch goal with
| |- ?Q =>
apply (rauto (Q := Q));
Delay.split_conjunction
end.
(** After applying each step, we need to decompose the premise into individual subgoals, wrapping each one into a new [RAuto] goal so that the process continues.  Note the use of [Once] below: while choosing a step to apply next can involve some backtracking, once a step has been chosen [RAuto] never backtracks. This avoids exponential blow up in the search space, so that [RAuto] remains efficient even in case of failure. This encourages proper hygiene when declaring instances, since extraneous or too broadly applicable instance will cause failures (rather than silently add weight to the system). This also enables the user to investigate failures by stepping through the process using the [rstep] tactic. *)
Class RAutoSubgoals (P: Prop) :=
rauto_subgoals : P.
Global Instance rauto_rstep P Q:
Once (RStep P Q) ->
RAutoSubgoals P ->
RAuto Q.
Ltac rauto_split :=
red;
Delay.split_conjunction;
lazymatch goal with
| |- ?Q => change (RAuto Q)
end.
Hint Extern 1 (RAutoSubgoals _) =>
rauto_split : typeclass_instances.
(** If [rauto] is run under the [delayed] tactical and we don't know how to make progress, bail out. *)
Hint Extern 1000 (RAuto _) =>
red; solve [ delay ] : typeclass_instances.
(** ** Reflexivity *)
(** This is an early check to solve easy goals where a reflexive relation is applied to two identical arguments, however we are careful not to cause any instantiation of existential variables. The [Monotonicity] strategy provides a more general way to use reflexivity. *)
Ltac no_evars t :=
lazymatch t with
| ?f ?x => no_evars f; no_evars x
| ?m => not_evar m
end.
Hint Extern 10 (RStep _ (?R ?x ?x)) =>
no_evars R; eapply reflexivity_rstep : typeclass_instances.
(** ** Introduction rules *)
(** In effect, [RIntro] is pretty much identical to [RStep], but we like to separate introduction rules and the [rintro] tactic. *)
Class RIntro {A B} (P: Prop) (R: rel A B) (m: A) (n: B): Prop :=
rintro: P -> R m n.
Arguments RIntro {A%type B%type} P%type R%rel m n.
Ltac rintro :=
lazymatch goal with
| |- ?R ?m ?n =>
apply (rintro (R:=R) (m:=m) (n:=n));
Delay.split_conjunction
end.
Global Instance rintro_rstep:
forall `(RIntro), RStep P (R m n) | 20.
(** Most introduction rules are entierly reversible. For instance, suppose we use the introduction rule for [++>] on a goal of the form [(R1 ++> R2) f g], to obtain [Hxy: R1 x y |- R2 (f x) (g y)]. If at a later stage we manage to prove our old goal [Hfg: (R1 ++> R2) f g], we can always use the elimination rule for [++>] in conjunction with the two hypotheses to prove [R2 (f x) (g y)].  On the other hand, whenever a new existential variable is involved, this reversibility is lost: the time of introduction of the evar determines what a valid instantiation is, and there is no way to go back if we want to use components introduced later, say by destructing one of the hypotheses.  For this reason, we want such introduction rules to be used only as a last resort, and segregate them as instances of the following class rather than [RIntro]. Moreover, to make sure that we don't leave the user in a dead-end, we only use it if we can immediately solve the resulting subgoal. *)
Class RExists {A B} (P: Prop) (R: rel A B) (m: A) (n: B): Prop :=
rexists: P -> R m n.
Arguments RExists {A%type B%type} P%type R%rel m n.
Ltac reexists :=
lazymatch goal with
| |- ?R ?m ?n =>
apply (rexists (R:=R) (m:=m) (n:=n));
Delay.split_conjunction
end.
Global Instance rexists_rstep {A B} P R (m:A) (n:B):
RExists P R m n ->
NonDelayed (RAutoSubgoals P) ->
RStep True (R m n) | 70.
(** ** Using relations *)
(** As we extend our relations language with new relators, we need to be able to extend the ways in which corresponding relational properties can be applied to a given goal. The following type class expresses that the relational property [R m n] can be applied to a goal of type [Q], generating the subgoal [P]. *)
Class RElim {A B} (R: rel A B) (m: A) (n: B) (P Q: Prop): Prop :=
relim: R m n -> P -> Q.
Arguments RElim {A%type B%type} R%rel m n P%type Q%type.
Ltac relim H :=
lazymatch goal with
| |- ?Q =>
apply (relim (Q:=Q) H)
(* ^ XXX split_conjunction? *)
end.
(** The resolution process is directed by the syntax of [R]. We define an instance for each function relator. The base case simply uses the relational property as-is. *)
Global Instance relim_base {A B} (R: rel A B) m n:
RElim R m n True (R m n) | 10.
(** ** Destructing relational hypotheses *)
(** To make progress when the goal relates two pattern matching constructions, we need to show that the two matched terms are related, then destruct that hypothesis in a such a way that the two terms reduce to constructors.  For most relators of inductive types, the constructors of the relator will simply follow the constructors of the corresponding type, so that destructing the relational hypothesis in the usual way will produce the desired outcome. However, sometimes it is more convenient to define such relators in a different way (see for instance [prod_rel]). In that case, we can use the following typeclass to specify an alternative way to destruct corresponding hypotheses.  An instance of [RDestruct] is somewhat similar to a stylized induction principle. [T] expands to a conjunction of subgoals in the format expected by [Delay.split_conjunction]. For instance, the induction principle for [sum_rel] is: << sum_rel_ind: forall ..., (forall a1 a2, RA a1 a2 -> P (inl a1) (inl a2)) -> (forall b1 b2, RB b1 b2 -> P (inr b1) (inr b2)) -> (forall p1 p2, (RA + RB) p1 p2 -> P p1 p2) >> A corresponding instance of [RDestruct] would be: << sum_rdestruct: RDestruct (sum_rel RA RB) (fun P => (forall a1 a2, RA a1 a2 -> P (inl a1) (inl a2)) /\ (forall b1 b2, RB b1 b2 -> P (inr b1) (inr b2))) >> In the case of [sum_rel] however, which is defined as an inductive type with similar structure to [sum], we can rely on the default instance of [RDestruct], which simply uses the [destruct] tactic. *)
Class RDestruct {A B: Type} (R: rel A B) (T: rel A B -> Prop) :=
rdestruct m n: R m n -> forall P, T P -> P m n.
(** See the [RDestruct] library for the corresponding instance of [RStep], the default instance of [RDestruct], and a way to control whether or not we should keep equations for the destructed terms. *)
(** ** Monotonicity properties *)
(** We use the class [Related] for the user to declare monotonicity properties. This is a generalization of [Morphisms.Proper] from the Coq standard library: although we expect that most of the time the left- and right-hand side terms will be identical, they could be slightly different partial applications of the same function.  Usually the differing arguments will be implicit, so that the user can still rely on the [Monotonic] notation below. Occasionally, you may need to spell out the two different terms and use the actual class instead.  Note that the argument order below eschews the precedent of [Proper], which has the relation first, followed by the proper element. This is deliberate: we want the type parameters [A] and [B] to be unified in priority against the type of [f] and [g], rather than that of [R]. In particular, the relator [forall_rel] yields an eta-expanded type of the form [(fun x => T x) x] for its arguments. When [A] and [B] take this peculiar form, instances declared using [forall_rel] become unusable (I assume because no second-order unification is performed when looking up the typeclass instance database). By contrast the type of [f] and [g] is much more likely to be in a "reasonable" form. *)
Class Related {A B} (f: A) (g: B) (R: rel A B) :=
related: R f g.
Arguments Related {A%type B%type} _ _ R%rel.
Notation "'@' 'Monotonic' T m R" := (@Related T T m m R%rel)
(at level 10, T at next level, R at next level, m at next level).
Notation Monotonic m R := (Related m m R%rel).
(** We provide a [RStep] instance for unfolding [Related]. *)
Hint Extern 1 (RStep _ (Related _ _ _)) =>
eapply unfold_monotonic_rstep : typeclass_instances.
(** ** Order on relations *)
(** This is our generalization of [subrelation]. Like the original it constitutes a preorder, and the union and intersection of relations are the corresponding join and meet. *)
Definition subrel {A B}: rel (rel A B) (rel A B) :=
fun R1 R2 => forall x y, R1 x y -> R2 x y.
Arguments subrel {A%type B%type} R1%rel R2%rel.
Global Instance subrel_preorder A B:
@PreOrder (rel A B) subrel.
Global Instance eq_subrel {A} (R: rel A A):
Reflexive R ->
Related eq R subrel.
Instance subrel_impl_relim {A B} (R1 R2 : rel A B) x1 x2 y1 y2 P Q:
RElim impl (R1 x1 y1) (R2 x2 y2) P Q ->
RElim subrel R1 R2 (x1 = x2 /\ y1 = y2 /\ P) Q.
(** * Core relators *)
(** First, we introduce the core relators necessary for everything else, namely those for function types. The next section provides a more comprehensive library which covers many of the basic inductive type constructors as well. *)
(** *** Non-dependent function types *)
(** First, I define relators for non-dependent functions. This generalizes [respectful]. *)
Definition arrow_rel {A1 A2 B1 B2}:
rel A1 A2 -> rel B1 B2 -> rel (A1 -> B1) (A2 -> B2) :=
fun RA RB f g => forall x y, RA x y -> RB (f x) (g y).
Arguments arrow_rel {A1%type A2%type B1%type B2%type} RA%rel RB%rel _ _.
Notation "RA ==> RB" := (arrow_rel RA RB)
(at level 55, right associativity) : rel_scope.
Notation "RA ++> RB" := (arrow_rel RA RB)
(at level 55, right associativity) : rel_scope.
Notation "RA --> RB" := (arrow_rel (flip RA) RB)
(at level 55, right associativity) : rel_scope.
Global Instance arrow_subrel {A1 A2 B1 B2}:
Monotonic (@arrow_rel A1 A2 B1 B2) (subrel --> subrel ++> subrel).
Global Instance arrow_subrel_params:
Params (@arrow_rel) 4.
Defined.
Hint Extern 0 (RIntro _ (_ ++> _) _ _) =>
eapply arrow_rintro : typeclass_instances.
Hint Extern 1 (RElim (_ ++> _) _ _ _ _) =>
eapply arrow_relim : typeclass_instances.
(** *** Dependent products *)
(** Now we consider the dependent case. The definition of [forall_rel] is somewhat involved, but you can think of relating [f] and [g] in the context of a structure-preserving transformation from a quiver ([V], [E]) to the quiver ([Type], [rel]). Like a functor, it has two components: [FV] maps nodes to types, and [FE] maps edges to relations. Then, [forall_rel FE f g] states that given an edge [(e : E v1 v2)], the images [f v1] and [g v2] are related by the corresponding relation [FE v1 v2 e]. We will write [forall_rel FE f g] as [(forallr e @ v1 v2 : E, FE[v1,v2,e]) f g]. Notice that this notation binds [v1] and [v2] as well as [e].  If that makes no sense, you can think of specific source quivers. So for instance, oftentimes we will want to use ([Type], [rel]) as the source quiver too. This corresponds to parametric polymorphism. The type of [Some] is [forall A : Type, A -> option A]; the corresponding logical relation is [forallr R @ A1 A2 : rel, R ++> option_rel R]. Stating that [Monotonic Some (foralr R @ A1 A2 : rel, R ++> option_rel R)] means that, given any relation [R] and elements [x1] and [x2], if [R] relates [x1] and [x2], then [option_rel R] will relate [Some x1] and [Some x2].  Another example from [liblayers] is the quiver of our data-indexed simulation relations [simrel : layerdata -> layerdata -> Type]. Here the structure-preserving transformations are our simulation relation diagrams, which have types such as [lsim : forall D1 D2, simrel D1 D2 -> rel (layer D1) (layer D2)] or [psim : forall {D1 D2}, simrel D1 D2 -> rel (primsem D1) (primsem D2)]. Then, the monotonicity of a data-indexed function — say, [foo: forall D : layerdata, layer D -> primsem D] — can be expressed as [Monotonic foo (forall R @ D1 D2 : simrel, siml D1 D2 R ++> simp D1 D2 R) foo].  This definition is the same as [respectful_hetero]. *)
Definition forall_rel {V1 V2} {E: V1->V2->Type} {FV1: V1->Type} {FV2: V2->Type}:
(forall v1 v2, E v1 v2 -> rel (FV1 v1) (FV2 v2)) ->
rel (forall v1, FV1 v1) (forall v2, FV2 v2) :=
fun FE f g =>
forall v1 v2 (e: E v1 v2), FE v1 v2 e (f v1) (g v2).
Arguments forall_rel {V1%type V2%type E%type FV1%type FV2%type} FE%rel _ _.
Notation "'forallr' e @ v1 v2 : E , R" :=
(forall_rel (E := E) (fun v1 v2 e => R))
(at level 200, e ident, v1 ident, v2 ident, right associativity) : rel_scope.
Notation "'forallr' e @ v1 v2 , R" :=
(forall_rel (fun v1 v2 e => R))
(at level 200, e ident, v1 ident, v2 ident, right associativity) : rel_scope.
Notation "'forallr' e : E , R" :=
(forall_rel (E := E) (fun _ _ e => R))
(at level 200, e ident, right associativity) : rel_scope.
Notation "'forallr' e , R" :=
(forall_rel (fun _ _ e => R))
(at level 200, e ident, right associativity) : rel_scope.
Hint Extern 0 (RIntro _ (forall_rel _) _ _) =>
eapply forall_rintro : typeclass_instances.
Hint Extern 1 (RElim (forall_rel _) _ _ _ _) =>
eapply forall_relim : typeclass_instances.
(** ** Inverse relation *)
(** We use [flip] as our inversion relator. To this end we characterize its variance and introduce an [RElim] rule. *)
Global Instance flip_subrel {A B}:
Monotonic (@flip A B Prop) (subrel ++> subrel).
Global Instance flip_subrel_params:
Params (@flip) 3.
Defined.
Hint Extern 1 (RIntro _ (flip _) _ _) =>
eapply flip_rintro : typeclass_instances.
Hint Extern 1 (RElim (flip _) _ _ _ _) =>
eapply flip_relim : typeclass_instances.
Hint Extern 1 (RDestruct (flip _) _) =>
eapply flip_rdestruct : typeclass_instances.
(** When the goal is of the form [?R x y] with [?R] an uninstantiated existential variable, we must then decide whether to attempt resolving [?R x y] directly, or try resolving [?R' y x] instead, with [?R] instantiated to [flip ?R']. However, it is impossible to know in advance which of these will eventually work, so this is one situation where backtracking is unavoidable.  The [RExists] instances below are used to make that decision. The class [PolarityResolved] can be used as a guard in [RIntro] instances which are general enough to instantiate such [?R]s — for example, see the [Monotonicity] library. It ensures that the specified relation either is not an existential variable, or that its polarity has been chosen through [direct_rexists] or [flip_rexists] below. *)
Class PolarityResolved {A B} (R: rel A B).
Hint Extern 1 (PolarityResolved ?R) =>
not_evar R; constructor : typeclass_instances.
Ltac polarity_unresolved R :=
is_evar R;
lazymatch goal with
| H : PolarityResolved R |- _ => fail
| _ => idtac
end.
Hint Extern 1 (RExists _ ?R _ _) =>
polarity_unresolved R; eapply direct_rexists : typeclass_instances.

Lemma flip_rexists {A B} (R: rel A B) (Rc: rel B A) (m: A) (n: B):
Convertible R (flip Rc) ->
RExists (PolarityResolved Rc -> flip Rc m n) R m n.