Section AlmostField.
Variable AFth : almost_field_theory.
Let ARth := (AF_AR AFth).
Let rI_neq_rO := (AF_1_neq_0 AFth).
Let rdiv_def := (AFdiv_def AFth).
Let rinv_l := (AFinv_l AFth).
Add Morphism radd with signature (req ==> req ==> req) as radd_ext.
(* Power coefficients : Cpow *)
Variable Cpow : Type.
Variable Cp_phi : N -> Cpow.
Variable rpow : R -> Cpow -> R.
Variable pow_th : power_theory rI rmul req Cp_phi rpow.
(* sign function *)
Variable get_sign : C -> option C.
Variable get_sign_spec : sign_theory copp ceqb get_sign.
Variable cdiv:C -> C -> C*C.
Variable cdiv_th : div_theory req cadd cmul phi cdiv.
Let rpow_pow := (rpow_pow_N pow_th).
(* Polynomial expressions : (PExpr C) *)
Declare Scope PE_scope.
Bind Scope PE_scope with PExpr.
Delimit Scope PE_scope with poly.
Notation NPEeval := (PEeval rO rI radd rmul rsub ropp phi Cp_phi rpow).
Notation "P @ l" := (NPEeval l P) (at level 10, no associativity).
Arguments PEc _ _%coef.
Notation "0" := (PEc 0) : PE_scope.
Notation "1" := (PEc 1) : PE_scope.
Infix "+" := PEadd : PE_scope.
Infix "-" := PEsub : PE_scope.
Infix "*" := PEmul : PE_scope.
Notation "- e" := (PEopp e) : PE_scope.
Infix "^" := PEpow : PE_scope.
Definition NPEequiv e e' := forall l, e@l == e'@l.
Infix "===" := NPEequiv (at level 70, no associativity) : PE_scope.
Instance NPEequiv_eq : Equivalence NPEequiv.
Instance NPEeval_ext : Proper (eq ==> NPEequiv ==> req) NPEeval.
Notation Nnorm :=
(norm_subst cO cI cadd cmul csub copp ceqb cdiv).
Notation NPphi_dev :=
(Pphi_dev rO rI radd rmul rsub ropp cO cI ceqb phi get_sign).
Notation NPphi_pow :=
(Pphi_pow rO rI radd rmul rsub ropp cO cI ceqb phi Cp_phi rpow get_sign).
(* add abstract semi-ring to help with some proofs *)
Add Ring Rring : (ARth_SRth ARth).
(* additional ring properties *)
(***************************************************************************  Properties of division  ***************************************************************************)
Instance rdiv_ext: Proper (req ==> req ==> req) rdiv.

Theorem rdiv3b a b c d e :
~ (b * e) == 0 ->
~ (d * e) == 0 ->
a / (b*e) - c / (d*e) == (a * d - c * b) / (b * (d * e)).