(** **** Exercise: 4 stars, advanced (subsequence)  *)
(** A list is a _subsequence_ of another list if all of the elements
    in the first list occur in the same order in the second list,
    possibly with some extra elements in between. For example,

      [1;2;3]

    is a subsequence of each of the lists

      [1;2;3]
      [1;1;1;2;2;3]
      [1;2;7;3]
      [5;6;1;9;9;2;7;3;8]

    but it is _not_ a subsequence of any of the lists

      [1;2]
      [1;3]
      [5;6;2;1;7;3;8].

    - Define an inductive proposition [subseq] on [list nat] that
      captures what it means to be a subsequence. (Hint: You'll need
      three cases.)

    - Prove [subseq_refl] that subsequence is reflexive, that is,
      any list is a subsequence of itself.

    - Prove [subseq_app] that for any lists [l1], [l2], and [l3],
      if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2], then [l1] is also a subsequence
      of [l2 ++ l3].

    - (Optional, harder) Prove [subseq_trans] that subsequence is
      transitive -- that is, if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2] and [l2]
      is a subsequence of [l3], then [l1] is a subsequence of [l3].
      Hint: choose your induction carefully! *)

(* FILL IN HERE *)
(** [] *)

(** **** Exercise: 2 stars, optionalM (R_provability2)  *)
(** Suppose we give Coq the following definition:

    Inductive R : nat -> list nat -> Prop :=
      | c1 : R 0 []
      | c2 : forall n l, R n l -> R (S n) (n :: l)
      | c3 : forall n l, R (S n) l -> R n l.

    Which of the following propositions are provable?

    - [R 2 [1;0]]
    - [R 1 [1;2;1;0]]
    - [R 6 [3;2;1;0]]  *)

(** [] *)


(* ################################################################# *)
(** * Case Study: Regular Expressions *)

(** The [ev] property provides a simple example for illustrating
    inductive definitions and the basic techniques for reasoning about
    them, but it is not terribly exciting -- after all, it is
    equivalent to the two non-inductive of evenness that we had
    already seen, and does not seem to offer any concrete benefit over
    them.  To give a better sense of the power of inductive
    definitions, we now show how to use them to model a classic
    concept in computer science: _regular expressions_. *)

(** Regular expressions are a simple language for describing strings,
    defined as follows: *)

Inductive reg_exp (T : Type) : Type :=
| EmptySet : reg_exp T
| EmptyStr : reg_exp T
| Char : T -> reg_exp T
| App : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Union : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Star : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T.(** **** Exercise: 4 stars, advanced (subsequence)  *)
(** A list is a _subsequence_ of another list if all of the elements
    in the first list occur in the same order in the second list,
    possibly with some extra elements in between. For example,

      [1;2;3]

    is a subsequence of each of the lists

      [1;2;3]
      [1;1;1;2;2;3]
      [1;2;7;3]
      [5;6;1;9;9;2;7;3;8]

    but it is _not_ a subsequence of any of the lists

      [1;2]
      [1;3]
      [5;6;2;1;7;3;8].

    - Define an inductive proposition [subseq] on [list nat] that
      captures what it means to be a subsequence. (Hint: You'll need
      three cases.)

    - Prove [subseq_refl] that subsequence is reflexive, that is,
      any list is a subsequence of itself.

    - Prove [subseq_app] that for any lists [l1], [l2], and [l3],
      if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2], then [l1] is also a subsequence
      of [l2 ++ l3].

    - (Optional, harder) Prove [subseq_trans] that subsequence is
      transitive -- that is, if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2] and [l2]
      is a subsequence of [l3], then [l1] is a subsequence of [l3].
      Hint: choose your induction carefully! *)

(* FILL IN HERE *)
(** [] *)

(** **** Exercise: 2 stars, optionalM (R_provability2)  *)
(** Suppose we give Coq the following definition:

    Inductive R : nat -> list nat -> Prop :=
      | c1 : R 0 []
      | c2 : forall n l, R n l -> R (S n) (n :: l)
      | c3 : forall n l, R (S n) l -> R n l.

    Which of the following propositions are provable?

    - [R 2 [1;0]]
    - [R 1 [1;2;1;0]]
    - [R 6 [3;2;1;0]]  *)

(** [] *)


(* ################################################################# *)
(** * Case Study: Regular Expressions *)

(** The [ev] property provides a simple example for illustrating
    inductive definitions and the basic techniques for reasoning about
    them, but it is not terribly exciting -- after all, it is
    equivalent to the two non-inductive of evenness that we had
    already seen, and does not seem to offer any concrete benefit over
    them.  To give a better sense of the power of inductive
    definitions, we now show how to use them to model a classic
    concept in computer science: _regular expressions_. *)

(** Regular expressions are a simple language for describing strings,
    defined as follows: *)

Inductive reg_exp (T : Type) : Type :=
| EmptySet : reg_exp T
| EmptyStr : reg_exp T
| Char : T -> reg_exp T
| App : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Union : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Star : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T.(** **** Exercise: 4 stars, advanced (subsequence)  *)
(** A list is a _subsequence_ of another list if all of the elements
    in the first list occur in the same order in the second list,
    possibly with some extra elements in between. For example,

      [1;2;3]

    is a subsequence of each of the lists

      [1;2;3]
      [1;1;1;2;2;3]
      [1;2;7;3]
      [5;6;1;9;9;2;7;3;8]

    but it is _not_ a subsequence of any of the lists

      [1;2]
      [1;3]
      [5;6;2;1;7;3;8].

    - Define an inductive proposition [subseq] on [list nat] that
      captures what it means to be a subsequence. (Hint: You'll need
      three cases.)

    - Prove [subseq_refl] that subsequence is reflexive, that is,
      any list is a subsequence of itself.

    - Prove [subseq_app] that for any lists [l1], [l2], and [l3],
      if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2], then [l1] is also a subsequence
      of [l2 ++ l3].

    - (Optional, harder) Prove [subseq_trans] that subsequence is
      transitive -- that is, if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2] and [l2]
      is a subsequence of [l3], then [l1] is a subsequence of [l3].
      Hint: choose your induction carefully! *)

(* FILL IN HERE *)
(** [] *)

(** **** Exercise: 2 stars, optionalM (R_provability2)  *)
(** Suppose we give Coq the following definition:

    Inductive R : nat -> list nat -> Prop :=
      | c1 : R 0 []
      | c2 : forall n l, R n l -> R (S n) (n :: l)
      | c3 : forall n l, R (S n) l -> R n l.

    Which of the following propositions are provable?

    - [R 2 [1;0]]
    - [R 1 [1;2;1;0]]
    - [R 6 [3;2;1;0]]  *)

(** [] *)


(* ################################################################# *)
(** * Case Study: Regular Expressions *)

(** The [ev] property provides a simple example for illustrating
    inductive definitions and the basic techniques for reasoning about
    them, but it is not terribly exciting -- after all, it is
    equivalent to the two non-inductive of evenness that we had
    already seen, and does not seem to offer any concrete benefit over
    them.  To give a better sense of the power of inductive
    definitions, we now show how to use them to model a classic
    concept in computer science: _regular expressions_. *)

(** Regular expressions are a simple language for describing strings,
    defined as follows: *)

Inductive reg_exp (T : Type) : Type :=
| EmptySet : reg_exp T
| EmptyStr : reg_exp T
| Char : T -> reg_exp T
| App : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Union : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Star : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T.(** **** Exercise: 4 stars, advanced (subsequence)  *)
(** A list is a _subsequence_ of another list if all of the elements
    in the first list occur in the same order in the second list,
    possibly with some extra elements in between. For example,

      [1;2;3]

    is a subsequence of each of the lists

      [1;2;3]
      [1;1;1;2;2;3]
      [1;2;7;3]
      [5;6;1;9;9;2;7;3;8]

    but it is _not_ a subsequence of any of the lists

      [1;2]
      [1;3]
      [5;6;2;1;7;3;8].

    - Define an inductive proposition [subseq] on [list nat] that
      captures what it means to be a subsequence. (Hint: You'll need
      three cases.)

    - Prove [subseq_refl] that subsequence is reflexive, that is,
      any list is a subsequence of itself.

    - Prove [subseq_app] that for any lists [l1], [l2], and [l3],
      if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2], then [l1] is also a subsequence
      of [l2 ++ l3].

    - (Optional, harder) Prove [subseq_trans] that subsequence is
      transitive -- that is, if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2] and [l2]
      is a subsequence of [l3], then [l1] is a subsequence of [l3].
      Hint: choose your induction carefully! *)

(* FILL IN HERE *)
(** [] *)

(** **** Exercise: 2 stars, optionalM (R_provability2)  *)
(** Suppose we give Coq the following definition:

    Inductive R : nat -> list nat -> Prop :=
      | c1 : R 0 []
      | c2 : forall n l, R n l -> R (S n) (n :: l)
      | c3 : forall n l, R (S n) l -> R n l.

    Which of the following propositions are provable?

    - [R 2 [1;0]]
    - [R 1 [1;2;1;0]]
    - [R 6 [3;2;1;0]]  *)

(** [] *)


(* ################################################################# *)
(** * Case Study: Regular Expressions *)

(** The [ev] property provides a simple example for illustrating
    inductive definitions and the basic techniques for reasoning about
    them, but it is not terribly exciting -- after all, it is
    equivalent to the two non-inductive of evenness that we had
    already seen, and does not seem to offer any concrete benefit over
    them.  To give a better sense of the power of inductive
    definitions, we now show how to use them to model a classic
    concept in computer science: _regular expressions_. *)

(** Regular expressions are a simple language for describing strings,
    defined as follows: *)

Inductive reg_exp (T : Type) : Type :=
| EmptySet : reg_exp T
| EmptyStr : reg_exp T
| Char : T -> reg_exp T
| App : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Union : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Star : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T.(** **** Exercise: 4 stars, advanced (subsequence)  *)
(** A list is a _subsequence_ of another list if all of the elements
    in the first list occur in the same order in the second list,
    possibly with some extra elements in between. For example,

      [1;2;3]

    is a subsequence of each of the lists

      [1;2;3]
      [1;1;1;2;2;3]
      [1;2;7;3]
      [5;6;1;9;9;2;7;3;8]

    but it is _not_ a subsequence of any of the lists

      [1;2]
      [1;3]
      [5;6;2;1;7;3;8].

    - Define an inductive proposition [subseq] on [list nat] that
      captures what it means to be a subsequence. (Hint: You'll need
      three cases.)

    - Prove [subseq_refl] that subsequence is reflexive, that is,
      any list is a subsequence of itself.

    - Prove [subseq_app] that for any lists [l1], [l2], and [l3],
      if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2], then [l1] is also a subsequence
      of [l2 ++ l3].

    - (Optional, harder) Prove [subseq_trans] that subsequence is
      transitive -- that is, if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2] and [l2]
      is a subsequence of [l3], then [l1] is a subsequence of [l3].
      Hint: choose your induction carefully! *)

(* FILL IN HERE *)
(** [] *)

(** **** Exercise: 2 stars, optionalM (R_provability2)  *)
(** Suppose we give Coq the following definition:

    Inductive R : nat -> list nat -> Prop :=
      | c1 : R 0 []
      | c2 : forall n l, R n l -> R (S n) (n :: l)
      | c3 : forall n l, R (S n) l -> R n l.

    Which of the following propositions are provable?

    - [R 2 [1;0]]
    - [R 1 [1;2;1;0]]
    - [R 6 [3;2;1;0]]  *)

(** [] *)


(* ################################################################# *)
(** * Case Study: Regular Expressions *)

(** The [ev] property provides a simple example for illustrating
    inductive definitions and the basic techniques for reasoning about
    them, but it is not terribly exciting -- after all, it is
    equivalent to the two non-inductive of evenness that we had
    already seen, and does not seem to offer any concrete benefit over
    them.  To give a better sense of the power of inductive
    definitions, we now show how to use them to model a classic
    concept in computer science: _regular expressions_. *)

(** Regular expressions are a simple language for describing strings,
    defined as follows: *)

Inductive reg_exp (T : Type) : Type :=
| EmptySet : reg_exp T
| EmptyStr : reg_exp T
| Char : T -> reg_exp T
| App : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Union : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Star : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T.(** **** Exercise: 4 stars, advanced (subsequence)  *)
(** A list is a _subsequence_ of another list if all of the elements
    in the first list occur in the same order in the second list,
    possibly with some extra elements in between. For example,

      [1;2;3]

    is a subsequence of each of the lists

      [1;2;3]
      [1;1;1;2;2;3]
      [1;2;7;3]
      [5;6;1;9;9;2;7;3;8]

    but it is _not_ a subsequence of any of the lists

      [1;2]
      [1;3]
      [5;6;2;1;7;3;8].

    - Define an inductive proposition [subseq] on [list nat] that
      captures what it means to be a subsequence. (Hint: You'll need
      three cases.)

    - Prove [subseq_refl] that subsequence is reflexive, that is,
      any list is a subsequence of itself.

    - Prove [subseq_app] that for any lists [l1], [l2], and [l3],
      if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2], then [l1] is also a subsequence
      of [l2 ++ l3].

    - (Optional, harder) Prove [subseq_trans] that subsequence is
      transitive -- that is, if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2] and [l2]
      is a subsequence of [l3], then [l1] is a subsequence of [l3].
      Hint: choose your induction carefully! *)

(* FILL IN HERE *)
(** [] *)

(** **** Exercise: 2 stars, optionalM (R_provability2)  *)
(** Suppose we give Coq the following definition:

    Inductive R : nat -> list nat -> Prop :=
      | c1 : R 0 []
      | c2 : forall n l, R n l -> R (S n) (n :: l)
      | c3 : forall n l, R (S n) l -> R n l.

    Which of the following propositions are provable?

    - [R 2 [1;0]]
    - [R 1 [1;2;1;0]]
    - [R 6 [3;2;1;0]]  *)

(** [] *)


(* ################################################################# *)
(** * Case Study: Regular Expressions *)

(** The [ev] property provides a simple example for illustrating
    inductive definitions and the basic techniques for reasoning about
    them, but it is not terribly exciting -- after all, it is
    equivalent to the two non-inductive of evenness that we had
    already seen, and does not seem to offer any concrete benefit over
    them.  To give a better sense of the power of inductive
    definitions, we now show how to use them to model a classic
    concept in computer science: _regular expressions_. *)

(** Regular expressions are a simple language for describing strings,
    defined as follows: *)

Inductive reg_exp (T : Type) : Type :=
| EmptySet : reg_exp T
| EmptyStr : reg_exp T
| Char : T -> reg_exp T
| App : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Union : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Star : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T.(** **** Exercise: 4 stars, advanced (subsequence)  *)
(** A list is a _subsequence_ of another list if all of the elements
    in the first list occur in the same order in the second list,
    possibly with some extra elements in between. For example,

      [1;2;3]

    is a subsequence of each of the lists

      [1;2;3]
      [1;1;1;2;2;3]
      [1;2;7;3]
      [5;6;1;9;9;2;7;3;8]

    but it is _not_ a subsequence of any of the lists

      [1;2]
      [1;3]
      [5;6;2;1;7;3;8].

    - Define an inductive proposition [subseq] on [list nat] that
      captures what it means to be a subsequence. (Hint: You'll need
      three cases.)

    - Prove [subseq_refl] that subsequence is reflexive, that is,
      any list is a subsequence of itself.

    - Prove [subseq_app] that for any lists [l1], [l2], and [l3],
      if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2], then [l1] is also a subsequence
      of [l2 ++ l3].

    - (Optional, harder) Prove [subseq_trans] that subsequence is
      transitive -- that is, if [l1] is a subsequence of [l2] and [l2]
      is a subsequence of [l3], then [l1] is a subsequence of [l3].
      Hint: choose your induction carefully! *)

(* FILL IN HERE *)
(** [] *)

(** **** Exercise: 2 stars, optionalM (R_provability2)  *)
(** Suppose we give Coq the following definition:

    Inductive R : nat -> list nat -> Prop :=
      | c1 : R 0 []
      | c2 : forall n l, R n l -> R (S n) (n :: l)
      | c3 : forall n l, R (S n) l -> R n l.

    Which of the following propositions are provable?

    - [R 2 [1;0]]
    - [R 1 [1;2;1;0]]
    - [R 6 [3;2;1;0]]  *)

(** [] *)


(* ################################################################# *)
(** * Case Study: Regular Expressions *)

(** The [ev] property provides a simple example for illustrating
    inductive definitions and the basic techniques for reasoning about
    them, but it is not terribly exciting -- after all, it is
    equivalent to the two non-inductive of evenness that we had
    already seen, and does not seem to offer any concrete benefit over
    them.  To give a better sense of the power of inductive
    definitions, we now show how to use them to model a classic
    concept in computer science: _regular expressions_. *)

(** Regular expressions are a simple language for describing strings,
    defined as follows: *)

Inductive reg_exp (T : Type) : Type :=
| EmptySet : reg_exp T
| EmptyStr : reg_exp T
| Char : T -> reg_exp T
| App : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Union : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T -> reg_exp T
| Star : reg_exp T -> reg_exp T.

Lemma empty_is_empty : forall T (s : list T), ~ (s =~ EmptySet).