Module E:=PositiveOrderedTypeBits.Definition elt := positive : Type.Inductive tree :=
    | Leaf : tree
    | Node : tree -> bool -> tree -> tree.Inductive tree :=
    | Leaf : tree
    | Node : tree -> bool -> tree -> tree.Inductive tree :=
    | Leaf : tree
    | Node : tree -> bool -> tree -> tree.Scheme tree_ind := Induction for tree Sort Prop.Definition t := tree : Type.Definition empty : t := Leaf.Fixpoint is_empty (m : t) : bool :=
   match m with
    | Leaf => true
    | Node l b r => negb b &&& is_empty l &&& is_empty r
   end.Fixpoint mem (i : elt) (m : t) {struct m} : bool :=
    match m with
    | Leaf => false
    | Node l o r =>
        match i with
        | 1 => o
        | i~0 => mem i l
        | i~1 => mem i r
        end
    end.Fixpoint add (i : elt) (m : t) : t :=
    match m with
    | Leaf =>
        match i with
        | 1 => Node Leaf true Leaf
        | i~0 => Node (add i Leaf) false Leaf
        | i~1 => Node Leaf false (add i Leaf)
        end
    | Node l o r =>
        match i with
        | 1 => Node l true r
        | i~0 => Node (add i l) o r
        | i~1 => Node l o (add i r)
        end
    end.Definition singleton i := add i empty.(** helper function to avoid creating empty trees that are not leaves *)

  Definition node (l : t) (b: bool) (r : t) : t :=
    if b then Node l b r else
     match l,r with
       | Leaf,Leaf => Leaf
       | _,_ => Node l false r end.Fixpoint remove (i : elt) (m : t) {struct m} : t :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => Leaf
      | Node l o r =>
        match i with
          | 1 => node l false r
          | i~0 => node (remove i l) o r
          | i~1 => node l o (remove i r)
        end
    end.Fixpoint union (m m': t) : t :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => m'
      | Node l o r =>
        match m' with
          | Leaf => m
          | Node l' o' r' => Node (union l l') (o||o') (union r r')
        end
    end.Fixpoint inter (m m': t) : t :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => Leaf
      | Node l o r =>
        match m' with
          | Leaf => Leaf
          | Node l' o' r' => node (inter l l') (o&&o') (inter r r')
        end
    end.Fixpoint diff (m m': t) : t :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => Leaf
      | Node l o r =>
        match m' with
          | Leaf => m
          | Node l' o' r' => node (diff l l') (o&&negb o') (diff r r')
        end
    end.Fixpoint equal (m m': t): bool :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => is_empty m'
      | Node l o r =>
        match m' with
          | Leaf => is_empty m
          | Node l' o' r' => eqb o o' &&& equal l l' &&& equal r r'
        end
    end.Fixpoint subset (m m': t): bool :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => true
      | Node l o r =>
        match m' with
          | Leaf => is_empty m
          | Node l' o' r' => (negb o ||| o') &&& subset l l' &&& subset r r'
        end
    end.(** reverses [y] and concatenate it with [x] *)

  Fixpoint rev_append (y x : elt) : elt :=
    match y with
      | 1 => x
      | y~1 => rev_append y x~1
      | y~0 => rev_append y x~0
    end.Infix "@" := rev_append (at level 60).Definition rev x := x@1.(** the additional argument, [i], records the current path, in
       reverse order (this should be more efficient: we reverse this argument
       only at present nodes only, rather than at each node of the tree).
       we also use this convention in all functions below
     *)

    Fixpoint xfold (m : t) (v : B) (i : elt) :=
      match m with
        | Leaf => v
        | Node l true r =>
          xfold r (f (rev i) (xfold l v i~0)) i~1
        | Node l false r =>
          xfold r (xfold l v i~0) i~1
      end.Definition fold m i := xfold m i 1.Fixpoint xforall (m : t) (i : elt) :=
      match m with
        | Leaf => true
        | Node l o r =>
          (negb o ||| f (rev i)) &&& xforall r i~1 &&& xforall l i~0
      end.Definition for_all m := xforall m 1.Fixpoint xexists (m : t) (i : elt) :=
      match m with
        | Leaf => false
        | Node l o r => (o &&& f (rev i)) ||| xexists r i~1 ||| xexists l i~0
      end.Definition exists_ m := xexists m 1.Fixpoint xfilter (m : t) (i : elt) : t :=
      match m with
        | Leaf => Leaf
        | Node l o r => node (xfilter l i~0) (o &&& f (rev i)) (xfilter r i~1)
      end.Definition filter m := xfilter m 1.Fixpoint xpartition (m : t) (i : elt) : t * t :=
      match m with
        | Leaf => (Leaf,Leaf)
        | Node l o r =>
          let (lt,lf) := xpartition l i~0 in
          let (rt,rf) := xpartition r i~1 in
             if o then
               let fi := f (rev i) in
                 (node lt fi rt, node lf (negb fi) rf)
             else
                 (node lt false rt, node lf false rf)
      end.Definition partition m := xpartition m 1.(** uses [a] to accumulate values rather than doing a lot of concatenations *)

  Fixpoint xelements (m : t) (i : elt) (a: list elt) :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => a
      | Node l false r => xelements l i~0 (xelements r i~1 a)
      | Node l true r => xelements l i~0 (rev i :: xelements r i~1 a)
    end.Definition elements (m : t) := xelements m 1 nil.Fixpoint cardinal (m : t) : nat :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => O
      | Node l false r => (cardinal l + cardinal r)%nat
      | Node l true r => S (cardinal l + cardinal r)
    end.Definition omap (f: elt -> elt) x :=
    match x with
      | None => None
      | Some i => Some (f i)
    end.(** would it be more efficient to use a path like in the above functions ? *)

  Fixpoint choose (m: t) : option elt :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => None
      | Node l o r => if o then Some 1 else
        match choose l with
          | None => omap xI (choose r)
          | Some i => Some i~0
        end
    end.Fixpoint min_elt (m: t) : option elt :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => None
      | Node l o r =>
        match min_elt l with
          | None => if o then Some 1 else omap xI (min_elt r)
          | Some i => Some i~0
        end
    end.Fixpoint max_elt (m: t) : option elt :=
    match m with
      | Leaf => None
      | Node l o r =>
        match max_elt r with
          | None => if o then Some 1 else omap xO (max_elt l)
          | Some i => Some i~1
        end
    end.(** lexicographic product, defined using a notation to keep things lazy *)

  Notation lex u v := match u with Eq => v | Lt => Lt | Gt => Gt end.Definition compare_bool a b :=
    match a,b with
      | false, true => Lt
      | true, false => Gt
      | _,_ => Eq
    end.Fixpoint compare_fun (m m': t): comparison :=
    match m,m' with
      | Leaf,_ => if is_empty m' then Eq else Lt
      | _,Leaf => if is_empty m then Eq else Gt
      | Node l o r,Node l' o' r' =>
        lex (compare_bool o o') (lex (compare_fun l l') (compare_fun r r'))
    end.Definition In i t := mem i t = true.Definition Equal s s' := forall a : elt, In a  s <-> In a  s'.Definition Subset s s' := forall a : elt, In a s -> In a s'.Definition Empty s := forall a : elt, ~ In a s.Definition For_all (P : elt -> Prop) s := forall x, In x s -> P x.Definition Exists (P : elt -> Prop) s := exists x, In x s /\ P x.Notation "s  [=]  t" := (Equal s t) (at level 70, no associativity).Notation "s  [<=]  t" := (Subset s t) (at level 70, no associativity).Definition eq := Equal.Definition lt m m' := compare_fun m m' = Lt.

Lemma mem_2: forall s x, mem x s = true -> In x s.