Problem p02786 (C++)

Buggy submission (status: Time Limit Exceeded):
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define int long long
#define fo(a, b) for (int a = 0; a < b; a++)
#define Sort(a) sort(a.begin(), a.end())
#define rev(a) reverse(a.begin(), a.end())
#define fi first
#define se second
#define co(a) cout << a << endl
#define sz size()
#define bgn begin()
#define en end()
#define pb(a) push_back(a)
#define pp() pop_back()
#define V vector
#define P pair
#define V2(a, b, c) V<V<int>> a(b, V<int>(c))
#define V2a(a, b, c, d) V<V<int>> a(b, V<int>(c, d))
#define incin(a)                                                               \
  int a;                                                                       \
  cin >> a
#define yuko(a) setprecision(a)
#define uni(a) a.erase(unique(a.begin(), a.end()), a.end())
// #define min min<int>
// #define max max<int>
template <class T> void cou(vector<vector<T>> a) {
  int b = a.size();
  int c = a[0].size();
  fo(i, b) {
    fo(j, c) {
      cout << a[i][j];
      if (j == c - 1)
        cout << endl;
      else
        cout << ' ';
    }
  }
}
/*template<>
 void cou(vector<vector<char>> a){
  int b=a.size();
  int c=a[0].size();
  fo(i,b){
    fo(j,c){
      cout<<a[i][j];
      if(j==c-1)
        cout<<endl;
      else
        cout<<' ';
    }
  }
}*/
int wari(int a, int b) {
  if (a % b == 0)
    return a / b;
  else
    return a / b + 1;
}
int keta(int a) {
  double b = a;
  b = log10(b);
  int c = b;
  return c + 1;
}
int souwa(int a) { return a * (a + 1) / 2; }
/*int lcm(int a,int b){
 int d=a,e=b,f;
 if(a<b)
   swap(a,b);
 int c,m=1;
 while(m){
   c=a%b;
   if(c==0){
      f=b;
     m--;
   }
   else{
     a=b;
     b=c;
}
 }
 return d*e/f;
   }
 int gcm(int a,int b){
     int d=a,e=b,f;
 if(a<b)
   swap(a,b);
 int c,m=1;
 while(m){
   c=a%b;
   if(c==0){
      f=b;
     m--;
   }
   else{
     a=b;
     b=c;
}
 }
 return f;
 }*/
bool prime(int a) {
  if (a < 2)
    return false;
  else if (a == 2)
    return true;
  else if (a % 2 == 0)
    return false;
  double b = sqrt(a);
  for (int i = 3; i <= b; i += 2) {
    if (a % i == 0) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
struct Union {
  vector<int> par;
  Union(int a) { par = vector<int>(a, -1); }
  int find(int a) {
    if (par[a] < 0)
      return a;
    else
      return par[a] = find(par[a]);
  }
  bool same(int a, int b) { return find(a) == find(b); }
  int Size(int a) { return -par[find(a)]; }
  void unite(int a, int b) {
    a = find(a);
    b = find(b);
    if (a == b)
      return;
    if (Size(b) > Size(a))
      swap<int>(a, b);
    par[a] += par[b];
    par[b] = a;
  }
};
int ketas(int a) {
  string b = to_string(a);
  int c = 0;
  fo(i, keta(a)) { c += b[i] - '0'; }
  return c;
}
int gcm(int a, int b) {
  if (b == 0)
    return a;
  return gcm(b, a % b);
}
int lcm(int a, int b) { return a / gcm(a, b) * b; }
/*struct aa{
  vector<int> gt;
  aa(int n){
  gt= vector<int>(n, 1);
  }
  void c(V<int> d,int b){
  if(d[b]==0){
    gt[d[b]-1]++;
    gt[gt.sz-1]++;
  }
  else{
    gt[d[b]-1]++;
    c(d,d[d[b]]-1);
  }
}
void cok(int a){
  cout<<gt[a-1]<<endl;
  fo(i,a-1)
  cout<<gt[i]<<endl;
}
};
*/
/*struct dfs(){

}*/
signed main() {
  int a;
  cin >> a;
  int b = a;
  int c = 0;
  int d = 0;
  while (b >= 0) {
    b /= 2;
    c++;
  }
  d = pow(2, c);
  cout << d - 1 << endl;
}


Fixed submission:
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define int long long
#define fo(a, b) for (int a = 0; a < b; a++)
#define Sort(a) sort(a.begin(), a.end())
#define rev(a) reverse(a.begin(), a.end())
#define fi first
#define se second
#define co(a) cout << a << endl
#define sz size()
#define bgn begin()
#define en end()
#define pb(a) push_back(a)
#define pp() pop_back()
#define V vector
#define P pair
#define V2(a, b, c) V<V<int>> a(b, V<int>(c))
#define V2a(a, b, c, d) V<V<int>> a(b, V<int>(c, d))
#define incin(a)                                                               \
  int a;                                                                       \
  cin >> a
#define yuko(a) setprecision(a)
#define uni(a) a.erase(unique(a.begin(), a.end()), a.end())
// #define min min<int>
// #define max max<int>
template <class T> void cou(vector<vector<T>> a) {
  int b = a.size();
  int c = a[0].size();
  fo(i, b) {
    fo(j, c) {
      cout << a[i][j];
      if (j == c - 1)
        cout << endl;
      else
        cout << ' ';
    }
  }
}
/*template<>
 void cou(vector<vector<char>> a){
  int b=a.size();
  int c=a[0].size();
  fo(i,b){
    fo(j,c){
      cout<<a[i][j];
      if(j==c-1)
        cout<<endl;
      else
        cout<<' ';
    }
  }
}*/
int wari(int a, int b) {
  if (a % b == 0)
    return a / b;
  else
    return a / b + 1;
}
int keta(int a) {
  double b = a;
  b = log10(b);
  int c = b;
  return c + 1;
}
int souwa(int a) { return a * (a + 1) / 2; }
/*int lcm(int a,int b){
 int d=a,e=b,f;
 if(a<b)
   swap(a,b);
 int c,m=1;
 while(m){
   c=a%b;
   if(c==0){
      f=b;
     m--;
   }
   else{
     a=b;
     b=c;
}
 }
 return d*e/f;
   }
 int gcm(int a,int b){
     int d=a,e=b,f;
 if(a<b)
   swap(a,b);
 int c,m=1;
 while(m){
   c=a%b;
   if(c==0){
      f=b;
     m--;
   }
   else{
     a=b;
     b=c;
}
 }
 return f;
 }*/
bool prime(int a) {
  if (a < 2)
    return false;
  else if (a == 2)
    return true;
  else if (a % 2 == 0)
    return false;
  double b = sqrt(a);
  for (int i = 3; i <= b; i += 2) {
    if (a % i == 0) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
struct Union {
  vector<int> par;
  Union(int a) { par = vector<int>(a, -1); }
  int find(int a) {
    if (par[a] < 0)
      return a;
    else
      return par[a] = find(par[a]);
  }
  bool same(int a, int b) { return find(a) == find(b); }
  int Size(int a) { return -par[find(a)]; }
  void unite(int a, int b) {
    a = find(a);
    b = find(b);
    if (a == b)
      return;
    if (Size(b) > Size(a))
      swap<int>(a, b);
    par[a] += par[b];
    par[b] = a;
  }
};
int ketas(int a) {
  string b = to_string(a);
  int c = 0;
  fo(i, keta(a)) { c += b[i] - '0'; }
  return c;
}
int gcm(int a, int b) {
  if (b == 0)
    return a;
  return gcm(b, a % b);
}
int lcm(int a, int b) { return a / gcm(a, b) * b; }
/*struct aa{
  vector<int> gt;
  aa(int n){
  gt= vector<int>(n, 1);
  }
  void c(V<int> d,int b){
  if(d[b]==0){
    gt[d[b]-1]++;
    gt[gt.sz-1]++;
  }
  else{
    gt[d[b]-1]++;
    c(d,d[d[b]]-1);
  }
}
void cok(int a){
  cout<<gt[a-1]<<endl;
  fo(i,a-1)
  cout<<gt[i]<<endl;
}
};
*/
/*struct dfs(){

}*/
signed main() {
  int a;
  cin >> a;
  int b = a;
  int c = 0;
  int d = 0;
  while (b > 0) {
    b /= 2;
    c++;
  }
  d = pow(2, c);
  cout << d - 1 << endl;
}