Problem p03160 (C++)

Buggy submission (status: Runtime Error):
// Vaidik Patel(India)
// DA-IICT
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
//********************************************
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp> // include the associative containers or group of templates such as set, multimap, map etc.
#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp> // include the tree_order_statistics_node update
using namespace __gnu_pbds; // necessary for the GNU based Policy based data
                            // structures.
typedef tree<int, null_type, less<int>, rb_tree_tag,
             tree_order_statistics_node_update>
    ordered_set;
//********************************************

typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef long double ld;
int INF = (int)1e9;
ll INFINF = (ll)1e18 + 10;
const ld PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
#define precision(x, d) cout << fixed << setprecision(d) << x
#define minheap priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, greater<ll>>
#define maxheap priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, less<ll>>
#define FOR(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i < b; i++)
#define rFOR(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i >= b; i--)
#define deb1(x) cout << #x << " : " << x << endl;
#define deb2(x, y) cout << #x << " : " << x << "\t" << #y << " : " << y << endl;
#define deb3(x, y, z)                                                          \
  cout << #x << " : " << x << "\t" << #y << " : " << y << "\t" << #z << " : "  \
       << z << endl;
#define deb4(x, y, z, w)                                                       \
  cout << #x << " : " << x << "\t" << #y << " : " << y << "\t" << #z << " : "  \
       << z << "\t" << #w << " : " << w << endl;
#define deb5(a, b, c, d, e)                                                    \
  cout << #a << ": " << a << " | " << #b << ": " << b << " | " << #c << ": "   \
       << c << " | " << #d << ": " << d << " | " << #e << ": " << e << endl;
#define deb6(a, b, c, d, e, f)                                                 \
  cout << #a << ": " << a << " | " << #b << ": " << b << " | " << #c << ": "   \
       << c << " | " << #d << ": " << d << " | " << #e << ": " << e << " | "   \
       << #f << ": " << f << endl;
#define all(x) x.begin(), x.end()
#define rall(x) x.rbegin(), x.rend()
#define checkbit(n, b) ((n >> b) & 1)
#define mkp make_pair
#define ff first
#define ss second
#define FIO                                                                    \
  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);                                                \
  cin.tie(0);                                                                  \
  cout.tie(0);
#define TIME                                                                   \
  cerr << "Time Elapsed : " << 1.0 * clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
#define lc 2 * idx
#define rc 2 * idx + 1
ll powermodm(ll x, ll n, ll mod) {
  ll result = 1;
  while (n > 0) {
    if (n % 2 == 1)
      result = (result * x) % mod;
    x = (x * x) % mod;
    n = n / 2;
  }
  return result;
}
ll GCD(ll, ll);
ll LCM(ll, ll);
ll power(ll, ll);
ll choose(ll, ll);
int ones(ll);
void extendedEuclid(ll, ll);
ll MMI(ll, ll);
void fastscan(int &);
bool checkithbit(ll, ll); // ith bit is zero or not
vector<ll> SegmentTree;
void Build_Segment_Tree(vector<ll> &a, ll idx, ll l, ll r);
ll sum(ll idx, ll sl, ll sr, ll l, ll r);
void update(ll idx, ll sl, ll sr, ll value, ll id);
vector<ll> prime;
void findprime(void);
ll phi(ll num);
vector<int> isprime;
void precomputeprime(int N);
vector<int> prephi;
void precomputephi(int N);
int read();
typedef pair<int, int> pii;
typedef pair<long long, long long> pll;
typedef vector<ll> vll;
typedef vector<int> vi;
typedef vector<vector<int>> vvi;
typedef vector<vector<ll>> vvll;
typedef vector<pll> vpll;
typedef vector<pii> vpii;
#define pb push_back
#define M 1000000007
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int main() {

#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
  freopen("input1.txt", "r", stdin);
  freopen("output1.txt", "w", stdout);
#endif

  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
  cin.tie(0);
  cout.tie(0);

  ll n;
  cin >> n;
  vll a(n);
  vll dp(n, 1e18);
  FOR(i, 0, n) { cin >> a[i]; }
  dp[0] = 0;
  dp[1] = abs(a[1] - a[0]);
  FOR(i, 2, n) {
    ll x1 = dp[i - 2] + abs(a[i - 2] - a[i]);
    ll x2 = dp[i - 1] + abs(a[i - 1] - a[i]);
    dp[i] = min(dp[i], min(x1, x2));
  }
  cout << dp[n - 1] << "\n";
  return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// precomputephi()
void precomputephi(int N) {
  prephi.resize(N);

  FOR(i, 0, N) { prephi[i] = i; }

  for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
    if (isprime[i]) {
      for (int j = i; j < N; j += i) {
        prephi[j] = prephi[j] - (prephi[j] / i);
      }
    }
  }
}

// precomputedprime()
void precomputeprime(int N) {
  isprime.resize(N);
  isprime.assign(N, 1);
  isprime[0] = 0;
  isprime[1] = 0;
  for (int i = 2; i * i <= 500005; i++) {
    if (isprime[i]) {
      for (int j = i * i; j <= 500005; j += i) {
        isprime[j] = 0;
      }
    }
  }
}
//"""euler totient function""": counts the number of integers between 1 and n
//inclusive, which are coprime to n.
ll phi(ll num) // find using factorization in O(sqrt(N)).....
{
  ll result = num;
  for (ll i = 2; i * i <= num; i++) {
    if (num % i == 0) {
      while (num % i == 0) {
        num /= i;
      }
      result -= (result / i);
    }
  }
  if (num > 1) {
    result -= (result / num);
  }
  return result;
}

void findprime(void) {
  int N = 1e6 + 5;
  vector<bool> isprime(N, 1); // up to 1e6+5 number
  for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
    if (isprime[i]) {
      for (int j = i * i; j <= N; j += i) {
        if (isprime[j]) {
          isprime[j] = 0;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  for (int i = 2; i <= N; i++) {
    if (isprime[i]) {
      prime.pb(i);
    }
  }
}

bool checkithbit(ll a, ll i) {
  if (a & (1 << i)) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}
ll GCD(ll a, ll b) {
  if (b == 0)
    return a;
  else
    return GCD(b, a % b);
}
ll LCM(ll a, ll b) { return (max(a, b) / GCD(a, b)) * min(a, b); }

ll power(ll a, ll n) {
  unsigned long long int result = 1, x = a;
  while (n > 0) {
    if (n % 2 == 1)
      result = result * x;
    x = x * x;
    n = n / 2;
  }
  return result;
}
ll choose(ll n, ll k) {
  if (k == 0)
    return 1;
  return (n * choose(n - 1, k - 1)) / k;
}
int ones(ll n) {
  int c = 0;
  while (n) {
    n = n & (n - 1);
    c++;
  }
  return c;
}
// store gcd of a,b in d
// store solution of a*x + b*y = d in x,y
//  if gcd(a,b)=1 then x = a^(-1)(mod b) and y = b^(-1)(mod a)
ll d, x, y;
void extendedEuclid(ll A, ll B) {
  if (B == 0) {
    d = A;
    x = 1;
    y = 0;
  } else {
    extendedEuclid(B, A % B);
    int temp = x;
    x = y;
    y = temp - (A / B) * y;
  }
}
// return modulo inverse of a wrt modulo p(should be prime)
// retunt -1 if modulo inverse does not exist
ll MMI(ll a, ll p) {
  extendedEuclid(a, p);
  if (d == 1 && p != 1)
    return ((x % p) + p) % p;
  else
    return -1;
}

// Fastest way to read Input
void fastscan(int &number) {
  bool negative = false;
  register int c;
  number = 0;
  c = getchar();
  if (c == '-') {
    negative = true;
    c = getchar();
  }
  for (; (c > 47 && c < 58); c = getchar())
    number = number * 10 + c - 48;
  if (negative)
    number *= -1;
}
inline int read() {
  int ret = 0, t = 1;
  char c = getchar();
  while ((c < '0' || c > '9') && c != '-')
    c = getchar();
  if (c == '-')
    t = -1, c = getchar();
  while (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
    ret = ret * 10 + c - '0', c = getchar();
  return ret * t;
}
void Build_Segment_Tree(vector<ll> &a, ll idx, ll l,
                        ll r) // where l and r is query range.
{
  if (l == r) {
    SegmentTree[idx] = a[l];
  } else {
    ll mid = (l + r) / 2ll;
    Build_Segment_Tree(a, (2ll * idx), l, mid);
    Build_Segment_Tree(a, (2ll * idx) + 1, mid + 1, r);
    SegmentTree[idx] = SegmentTree[2ll * idx] + SegmentTree[2ll * idx + 1];
  }
}
ll sum(ll idx, ll sl, ll sr, ll l,
       ll r) // here [sl...sr] segment range associate at idx index. where l and
             // r is query range.
{
  if (l > r) {
    return 0;
  }
  if (sl == l && sr == r) {
    return SegmentTree[idx];
  }

  ll mid = (sl + sr) / 2;
  return sum(2ll * idx, sl, mid, l, min(r, mid)) +
         sum(2ll * idx + 1, mid + 1, sr, max(mid + 1, l), r);
}

void update(ll idx, ll sl, ll sr, ll value, ll id) {
  if (sl == sr && sl == id) {
    SegmentTree[idx] = value;
  } else {
    ll mid = (sl + sr) / 2ll;
    if (id <= mid) {
      update(2ll * idx, sl, mid, value, id);
    } else {
      update(2ll * idx + 1, mid + 1, sr, value, id);
    }
    SegmentTree[idx] = SegmentTree[2ll * idx] + SegmentTree[2ll * idx + 1];
  }
}
/*
note:
//a.resize(unique(a.begin(), a.end()) - a.begin()); use for create array unique
element...
//mt19937 rng(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
shuffle(g1.begin(), g1.end(), rng);(g1 is array name) for choose random number
//int grand(int x) {
    return uniform_int_distribution<int>(0, x - 1)(rng);
}
//use once(num) give no of 1 in its binary form
//use give (int)log2(num)+1 give no of digits in its binary form
//bitset<64>(num).to_string() convert decimal to num64 bit binary number
//stoull(str, nullptr, 2) convert str in binary form to decimal number
// "max" priority queue: priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, less<ll> >pq;   #select
max element as top()#
// "min" priority queue: priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, greater<    ll> >pq;
#select min element as top()#
//set<int> inbuit sort accending order (set<int,less<int>>)
//set<int,greater<int>> sort element in decreasing order
// int  __builtin_popcount(unsigned int)
--->It returns the numbers of set bits in an integer (the number of ones in the
binary representation of the integer).
///for finding xnor from xor
        x1=Xor
    x2=Xnor
    ll x1=a ^ b;

        ll num=max(a,b);

        ll xx=log2(num)+ 1;   (length of num in binary form)
    ****ll t=(1 << xx) - 1;  (set all xx length bits to 1)
        ll x2=x1 ^ t;            (get xnor via xor using t)


--->Dilworth's theorem:-
        this theorem says that the minimum number of non-decreasing sequences we
need to cover the whole sequence equals the length of least decreasing
subsequence.
----->a + b = (a xor b) +( 2 * (a & b)); ///very imp
*/


Fixed submission:
// Vaidik Patel(India)
// DA-IICT
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
//********************************************
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp> // include the associative containers or group of templates such as set, multimap, map etc.
#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp> // include the tree_order_statistics_node update
using namespace __gnu_pbds; // necessary for the GNU based Policy based data
                            // structures.
typedef tree<int, null_type, less<int>, rb_tree_tag,
             tree_order_statistics_node_update>
    ordered_set;
//********************************************

typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef long double ld;
int INF = (int)1e9;
ll INFINF = (ll)1e18 + 10;
const ld PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
#define precision(x, d) cout << fixed << setprecision(d) << x
#define minheap priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, greater<ll>>
#define maxheap priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, less<ll>>
#define FOR(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i < b; i++)
#define rFOR(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i >= b; i--)
#define deb1(x) cout << #x << " : " << x << endl;
#define deb2(x, y) cout << #x << " : " << x << "\t" << #y << " : " << y << endl;
#define deb3(x, y, z)                                                          \
  cout << #x << " : " << x << "\t" << #y << " : " << y << "\t" << #z << " : "  \
       << z << endl;
#define deb4(x, y, z, w)                                                       \
  cout << #x << " : " << x << "\t" << #y << " : " << y << "\t" << #z << " : "  \
       << z << "\t" << #w << " : " << w << endl;
#define deb5(a, b, c, d, e)                                                    \
  cout << #a << ": " << a << " | " << #b << ": " << b << " | " << #c << ": "   \
       << c << " | " << #d << ": " << d << " | " << #e << ": " << e << endl;
#define deb6(a, b, c, d, e, f)                                                 \
  cout << #a << ": " << a << " | " << #b << ": " << b << " | " << #c << ": "   \
       << c << " | " << #d << ": " << d << " | " << #e << ": " << e << " | "   \
       << #f << ": " << f << endl;
#define all(x) x.begin(), x.end()
#define rall(x) x.rbegin(), x.rend()
#define checkbit(n, b) ((n >> b) & 1)
#define mkp make_pair
#define ff first
#define ss second
#define FIO                                                                    \
  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);                                                \
  cin.tie(0);                                                                  \
  cout.tie(0);
#define TIME                                                                   \
  cerr << "Time Elapsed : " << 1.0 * clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
#define lc 2 * idx
#define rc 2 * idx + 1
ll powermodm(ll x, ll n, ll mod) {
  ll result = 1;
  while (n > 0) {
    if (n % 2 == 1)
      result = (result * x) % mod;
    x = (x * x) % mod;
    n = n / 2;
  }
  return result;
}
ll GCD(ll, ll);
ll LCM(ll, ll);
ll power(ll, ll);
ll choose(ll, ll);
int ones(ll);
void extendedEuclid(ll, ll);
ll MMI(ll, ll);
void fastscan(int &);
bool checkithbit(ll, ll); // ith bit is zero or not
vector<ll> SegmentTree;
void Build_Segment_Tree(vector<ll> &a, ll idx, ll l, ll r);
ll sum(ll idx, ll sl, ll sr, ll l, ll r);
void update(ll idx, ll sl, ll sr, ll value, ll id);
vector<ll> prime;
void findprime(void);
ll phi(ll num);
vector<int> isprime;
void precomputeprime(int N);
vector<int> prephi;
void precomputephi(int N);
int read();
typedef pair<int, int> pii;
typedef pair<long long, long long> pll;
typedef vector<ll> vll;
typedef vector<int> vi;
typedef vector<vector<int>> vvi;
typedef vector<vector<ll>> vvll;
typedef vector<pll> vpll;
typedef vector<pii> vpii;
#define pb push_back
#define M 1000000007
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int main() {

  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
  cin.tie(0);
  cout.tie(0);

  ll n;
  cin >> n;
  vll a(n);
  vll dp(n, 1e18);
  FOR(i, 0, n) { cin >> a[i]; }
  dp[0] = 0;
  dp[1] = abs(a[1] - a[0]);
  FOR(i, 2, n) {
    ll x1 = dp[i - 2] + abs(a[i - 2] - a[i]);
    ll x2 = dp[i - 1] + abs(a[i - 1] - a[i]);
    dp[i] = min(dp[i], min(x1, x2));
  }
  cout << dp[n - 1] << "\n";
  return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// precomputephi()
void precomputephi(int N) {
  prephi.resize(N);

  FOR(i, 0, N) { prephi[i] = i; }

  for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
    if (isprime[i]) {
      for (int j = i; j < N; j += i) {
        prephi[j] = prephi[j] - (prephi[j] / i);
      }
    }
  }
}

// precomputedprime()
void precomputeprime(int N) {
  isprime.resize(N);
  isprime.assign(N, 1);
  isprime[0] = 0;
  isprime[1] = 0;
  for (int i = 2; i * i <= 500005; i++) {
    if (isprime[i]) {
      for (int j = i * i; j <= 500005; j += i) {
        isprime[j] = 0;
      }
    }
  }
}
//"""euler totient function""": counts the number of integers between 1 and n
//inclusive, which are coprime to n.
ll phi(ll num) // find using factorization in O(sqrt(N)).....
{
  ll result = num;
  for (ll i = 2; i * i <= num; i++) {
    if (num % i == 0) {
      while (num % i == 0) {
        num /= i;
      }
      result -= (result / i);
    }
  }
  if (num > 1) {
    result -= (result / num);
  }
  return result;
}

void findprime(void) {
  int N = 1e6 + 5;
  vector<bool> isprime(N, 1); // up to 1e6+5 number
  for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
    if (isprime[i]) {
      for (int j = i * i; j <= N; j += i) {
        if (isprime[j]) {
          isprime[j] = 0;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  for (int i = 2; i <= N; i++) {
    if (isprime[i]) {
      prime.pb(i);
    }
  }
}

bool checkithbit(ll a, ll i) {
  if (a & (1 << i)) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}
ll GCD(ll a, ll b) {
  if (b == 0)
    return a;
  else
    return GCD(b, a % b);
}
ll LCM(ll a, ll b) { return (max(a, b) / GCD(a, b)) * min(a, b); }

ll power(ll a, ll n) {
  unsigned long long int result = 1, x = a;
  while (n > 0) {
    if (n % 2 == 1)
      result = result * x;
    x = x * x;
    n = n / 2;
  }
  return result;
}
ll choose(ll n, ll k) {
  if (k == 0)
    return 1;
  return (n * choose(n - 1, k - 1)) / k;
}
int ones(ll n) {
  int c = 0;
  while (n) {
    n = n & (n - 1);
    c++;
  }
  return c;
}
// store gcd of a,b in d
// store solution of a*x + b*y = d in x,y
//  if gcd(a,b)=1 then x = a^(-1)(mod b) and y = b^(-1)(mod a)
ll d, x, y;
void extendedEuclid(ll A, ll B) {
  if (B == 0) {
    d = A;
    x = 1;
    y = 0;
  } else {
    extendedEuclid(B, A % B);
    int temp = x;
    x = y;
    y = temp - (A / B) * y;
  }
}
// return modulo inverse of a wrt modulo p(should be prime)
// retunt -1 if modulo inverse does not exist
ll MMI(ll a, ll p) {
  extendedEuclid(a, p);
  if (d == 1 && p != 1)
    return ((x % p) + p) % p;
  else
    return -1;
}

// Fastest way to read Input
void fastscan(int &number) {
  bool negative = false;
  register int c;
  number = 0;
  c = getchar();
  if (c == '-') {
    negative = true;
    c = getchar();
  }
  for (; (c > 47 && c < 58); c = getchar())
    number = number * 10 + c - 48;
  if (negative)
    number *= -1;
}
inline int read() {
  int ret = 0, t = 1;
  char c = getchar();
  while ((c < '0' || c > '9') && c != '-')
    c = getchar();
  if (c == '-')
    t = -1, c = getchar();
  while (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
    ret = ret * 10 + c - '0', c = getchar();
  return ret * t;
}
void Build_Segment_Tree(vector<ll> &a, ll idx, ll l,
                        ll r) // where l and r is query range.
{
  if (l == r) {
    SegmentTree[idx] = a[l];
  } else {
    ll mid = (l + r) / 2ll;
    Build_Segment_Tree(a, (2ll * idx), l, mid);
    Build_Segment_Tree(a, (2ll * idx) + 1, mid + 1, r);
    SegmentTree[idx] = SegmentTree[2ll * idx] + SegmentTree[2ll * idx + 1];
  }
}
ll sum(ll idx, ll sl, ll sr, ll l,
       ll r) // here [sl...sr] segment range associate at idx index. where l and
             // r is query range.
{
  if (l > r) {
    return 0;
  }
  if (sl == l && sr == r) {
    return SegmentTree[idx];
  }

  ll mid = (sl + sr) / 2;
  return sum(2ll * idx, sl, mid, l, min(r, mid)) +
         sum(2ll * idx + 1, mid + 1, sr, max(mid + 1, l), r);
}

void update(ll idx, ll sl, ll sr, ll value, ll id) {
  if (sl == sr && sl == id) {
    SegmentTree[idx] = value;
  } else {
    ll mid = (sl + sr) / 2ll;
    if (id <= mid) {
      update(2ll * idx, sl, mid, value, id);
    } else {
      update(2ll * idx + 1, mid + 1, sr, value, id);
    }
    SegmentTree[idx] = SegmentTree[2ll * idx] + SegmentTree[2ll * idx + 1];
  }
}
/*
note:
//a.resize(unique(a.begin(), a.end()) - a.begin()); use for create array unique
element...
//mt19937 rng(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
shuffle(g1.begin(), g1.end(), rng);(g1 is array name) for choose random number
//int grand(int x) {
    return uniform_int_distribution<int>(0, x - 1)(rng);
}
//use once(num) give no of 1 in its binary form
//use give (int)log2(num)+1 give no of digits in its binary form
//bitset<64>(num).to_string() convert decimal to num64 bit binary number
//stoull(str, nullptr, 2) convert str in binary form to decimal number
// "max" priority queue: priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, less<ll> >pq;   #select
max element as top()#
// "min" priority queue: priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, greater<    ll> >pq;
#select min element as top()#
//set<int> inbuit sort accending order (set<int,less<int>>)
//set<int,greater<int>> sort element in decreasing order
// int  __builtin_popcount(unsigned int)
--->It returns the numbers of set bits in an integer (the number of ones in the
binary representation of the integer).
///for finding xnor from xor
        x1=Xor
    x2=Xnor
    ll x1=a ^ b;

        ll num=max(a,b);

        ll xx=log2(num)+ 1;   (length of num in binary form)
    ****ll t=(1 << xx) - 1;  (set all xx length bits to 1)
        ll x2=x1 ^ t;            (get xnor via xor using t)


--->Dilworth's theorem:-
        this theorem says that the minimum number of non-decreasing sequences we
need to cover the whole sequence equals the length of least decreasing
subsequence.
----->a + b = (a xor b) +( 2 * (a & b)); ///very imp
*/