Problem p02599 (C++)

Buggy submission (status: Runtime Error):
// Konrad Paluszek,University of Warsaw(former XIV LO Staszic)
// #STAY AT HOME
#ifndef LOCAL
#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
#endif
#define TIME (chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count())
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>
#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp>
#define xfm(a, b) a##b
#define xwb(a, b) xfm(a, b)
#define _ xwb(nvj, __LINE__)
#define __ xwb(kjy, __LINE__)
#define ___ xwb(cjm, __LINE__)
#define REP(i, n) for (urs(n) i = 0; i < (n); ++i)
#define UNTIL(t) while (clock() < (t)*CLOCKS_PER_SEC)
#define PER(r...) for (bool _ = 1; _ || next_permutation(r); _ = false)
#define ALL(r) (r).begin(), (r).end()
#define RALL(r) (r).rbegin(), (r).rend()
#define FS(r) r.first, r.second
#define SF(r) r.second, r.first
#define M0(r) memset(r, 0, sizeof(r))
#define sim template <class c
#define ros return o
#define rans return ans
#define forbits(i, m)                                                          \
  if (m)                                                                       \
    for (urs(m) i = ctz(m), i##nvj = m; i##nvj;                                \
         i##nvj ^= ((urs(m))1 << i), i = ctz(i##nvj))
#define fordbits(i, m)                                                         \
  if (m)                                                                       \
    for (urs(m) i = 8 * sizeof(m) - clz(m) - 1, i##nxd = m; i##nxd;            \
         i##nxd ^= ((urs(m))1 << i), i = 8 * sizeof(m) - clz(i##nxd) - 1)
#define ksets(t, m, k, n)                                                      \
  for (t m = (((t)1 << (k)) - 1); m < ((t)1 << (n)); m = nux(m))
#define urs(r...) typename decay<decltype(r)>::type
#define hur(f, g, r)                                                           \
  sim > int f(c a) {                                                           \
    if (sizeof(c) == 16)                                                       \
      return r;                                                                \
    if (sizeof(c) == 8)                                                        \
      return g##ll(a);                                                         \
    return g(a);                                                               \
  }
#define pwq(t, i)                                                              \
  int clz(t x) { return clz<int>(x) - i; }
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
using namespace __gnu_pbds;
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using ld = long double;
using ull = unsigned long long;
using vi = vector<int>;
using vll = vector<ll>;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
using vpii = vector<pii>;
using spii = set<pii>;
using mii = map<int, int>;
using unt = unsigned int;
sim > using min_queue = priority_queue<c, vector<c>, greater<c>>;
sim, class b,
    class cmp =
        less<c> > using ordered_map =
            tree<c, b, cmp, rb_tree_tag, tree_order_statistics_node_update>;
sim, class cmp = less < c >> using ordered_set = ordered_map<c, null_type, cmp>;
hur(popc, __builtin_popcount, popc<ull>(a) + popc<ull>(a >> 64))
    hur(ctz, __builtin_ctz, (ull)a ? ctz<ull>(a) : 64 + ctz<ull>(a >> 64))
        hur(clz, __builtin_clz, a >> 64 ? clz<ull>(a >> 64) : 64 + clz<ull>(a))
            pwq(short, 16) pwq(uint16_t, 16) pwq(char, 24) pwq(int8_t, 24)
                pwq(uint8_t, 24) sim,
    class N > bool mini(c &o, const N &h) {
  if (o > h)
    ros = h, 1;
  return 0;
}
sim, class N > bool maxi(c &o, const N &h) {
  if (o < h)
    ros = h, 1;
  return 0;
}
sim, class n > using gyv = c;
#if defined(LOCAL) // || defined(LOCAL2)
#include </home/kjp/headers/debuglib.hpp>
#else
#define loc(...)
#define onl(r...) r
#define debug(...)
#define print_stack(...)
#define mark_stack(...)
#define set_pre(...)
#define reg_it(...)
#define def_op(...)                                                            \
  struct _ {};
#if !defined(LOCAL) && !defined(LOCAL2)
#define exit my_exit
void my_exit(int x) {
  fflush(stdout);
  _Exit(x);
}
#endif
#endif
#define next nexT
#define prev preV
#define tree trEE
#define left lefT
#define right righT
#define div diV
#define y1 y_1
#define pow                                                                    \
  do                                                                           \
  not use cmath pow unless you know what you are doing
ull mix(ull o) {
  o += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
  o = (o ^ (o >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
  o = (o ^ (o >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
  ros ^ (o >> 31);
}
ull SALT = 0x7a14a4b0881ebf9, tqu = 0x7a14a4b0881ebf9;
ull my_rand() { return tqu = mix(tqu); }
void my_srand(ull x) { SALT = tqu = x; }
const int inf = 1023400000;
const ll llinf = 1234567890000000000ll;
ll fix(ll o, ll m) {
  o %= m;
  if (o < 0)
    o += m;
  ros;
}
#define rand my_rand
#define srand my_srand
#define random_shuffle(r...)                                                   \
  random_shuffle(r, [](int _) { return my_rand() % _; })
sim > inline c nux(c m) {
  if (!m)
    return numeric_limits<c>::max();
  c A = m & -m;
  c B = ~((A - 1) ^ m);
  c C = B & -B;
  c D = (C >> (1 + ctz(A))) - 1;
  return C | (m & ~(C - 1)) | D;
}
__attribute__((no_sanitize_undefined)) ll mul(ll a, ll b, ll m) {
  ll q = (ll)(a * (ld)b / m);
  ll o = a * b - q * m;
  o %= m;
  if (o < 0)
    o += m;
  ros;
}
sim > void unq(c &x) { x.resize(unique(ALL(x)) - x.begin()); }
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#if ((ULONG_MAX) != (UINT_MAX))
namespace std {
template <> struct is_signed<__int128> : public true_type {};
} // namespace std
#endif
sim, class d > typename common_type<c, d>::type floor_div(c a, d b) {
  static_assert(is_signed<c>::value == is_signed<d>::value,
                "using floor_div with different signedness");
  if (b < 0)
    b = -b, a = -a;
  return a / b - (a % b < 0);
}
sim, class d > typename common_type<c, d>::type ceil_div(c a, d b) {
  static_assert(is_signed<c>::value == is_signed<d>::value,
                "using ceil_div with different signedness");
  if (b < 0)
    b = -b, a = -a;
  return a / b + (a % b > 0);
}
sim > struct REV {
  using value_type = typename c::value_type;
  c &x;
  using it = typename c::reverse_iterator;
  it begin() { return x.rbegin(); }
  it end() { return x.rend(); }
};
sim > struct CREV {
  using value_type = typename c::value_type;
  const c &x;
  using it = typename c::const_reverse_iterator;
  it begin() { return x.rbegin(); }
  it end() { return x.rend(); }
};
sim > REV<c> reversed(c &x) { return REV<c>{x}; }
sim > CREV<c> reversed(const c &x) { return CREV<c>{x}; }
#define done(r...) exit(0 * printf(r))
#if defined(LOCAL) || defined(LOCAL2)
void __tmi() {
  cerr << setprecision(6) << fixed
       << "total time: " << clock() / (ld)CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "s" << endl;
}
int _ = (atexit(__tmi), 0);
#endif
// #STAY AT HOME
const int nax = 5e5 + 44;
const int L = 8;
ll rec(int a, int b, int ord) {
  // debug(imie(a), imie(b), imie(ord));
  if (ord == 0)
    return 0;
  int edge = 1 << ord;
  assert(a >= 0 && a < edge);
  assert(b >= 0 && b < edge);
  int half = edge / 2;
  ll siz = 1ll << (2 * (ord - 1));
  if (a < half && b < half)
    return rec(b, a, ord - 1);
  if (a < half && b >= half)
    return siz + rec(a, b - half, ord - 1);
  if (a >= half && b >= half)
    return 2 * siz + rec(a - half, b - half, ord - 1);
  if (a >= half && b < half)
    return 3 * siz + rec(half - b - 1, half - (a - half) - 1, ord - 1);
  assert(false);
}
ll cast(tuple<int, int, int> a) {
  auto [first, second, _] = a;
  swap(first, second);
  return rec(first, second, 20);
}
bool cmp(tuple<int, int, int, ll> a, tuple<int, int, int, ll> b) {
  return get<3>(a) < get<3>(b);
}
int a[nax];
int cou[nax];
int ans[nax];
int diffs = 0;
void add(int x) {
  if (cou[x] == 0)
    diffs++;
  cou[x]++;
}
void rem(int x) {
  cou[x]--;
  if (cou[x] == 0)
    diffs--;
}
int dist(tuple<int, int, int> a, tuple<int, int, int> b) {
  auto [l1, r1, _] = a;
  auto [l2, r2, _] = b;
  if (l1 > r2 || r2 < l1)
    return r1 - l1 + r2 - l2 + 2;
  return abs(l1 - l2) + abs(r1 - r2);
}
ll hilbert(int a, int b) {
  // debug(imie(a), imie(b));
  return rec(a, b, 20);
}
int main() {
  int n, q;
  scanf("%d%d", &n, &q);
  for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
    scanf("%d", a + i);
  vector<tuple<int, int, int, ll>> qs(q);
  srand(TIME);
  int off1 = rand() % n, off2 = rand() % n;
  REP(i, q) {
    int l, r;
    scanf("%d%d", &l, &r);
    qs[i] = {l, r, i, rec(l + off1, r + off2, 19)};
  }
  sort(ALL(qs), cmp);
  auto [l, r, q0, _] = qs[0];
  debug(imie(qs));
  for (int i = l; i <= r; ++i)
    add(a[i]);
  ans[q0] = diffs;
  for (int i = 1; i < q; ++i) {
    auto [l0, r0, _, __] = qs[i - 1];
    auto [l, r, ind, __] = qs[i];
    if (r < l0 || l > r0) {
      for (int j = l0; j <= r0; ++j)
        rem(a[j]);
      for (int j = l; j <= r; ++j)
        add(a[j]);
    } else {
      while (l < l0)
        add(a[--l0]);
      while (l > l0)
        rem(a[l0++]);
      while (r < r0)
        rem(a[r0--]);
      while (r > r0)
        add(a[++r0]);
    }
    ans[ind] = diffs;
  }
  REP(i, q) printf("%d\n", ans[i]);
}
// #STAY AT HOME


Fixed submission:
// Konrad Paluszek,University of Warsaw(former XIV LO Staszic)
// #STAY AT HOME
#ifndef LOCAL
#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
#endif
#define TIME (chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count())
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>
#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp>
#define xfm(a, b) a##b
#define xwb(a, b) xfm(a, b)
#define _ xwb(nvj, __LINE__)
#define __ xwb(kjy, __LINE__)
#define ___ xwb(cjm, __LINE__)
#define REP(i, n) for (urs(n) i = 0; i < (n); ++i)
#define UNTIL(t) while (clock() < (t)*CLOCKS_PER_SEC)
#define PER(r...) for (bool _ = 1; _ || next_permutation(r); _ = false)
#define ALL(r) (r).begin(), (r).end()
#define RALL(r) (r).rbegin(), (r).rend()
#define FS(r) r.first, r.second
#define SF(r) r.second, r.first
#define M0(r) memset(r, 0, sizeof(r))
#define sim template <class c
#define ros return o
#define rans return ans
#define forbits(i, m)                                                          \
  if (m)                                                                       \
    for (urs(m) i = ctz(m), i##nvj = m; i##nvj;                                \
         i##nvj ^= ((urs(m))1 << i), i = ctz(i##nvj))
#define fordbits(i, m)                                                         \
  if (m)                                                                       \
    for (urs(m) i = 8 * sizeof(m) - clz(m) - 1, i##nxd = m; i##nxd;            \
         i##nxd ^= ((urs(m))1 << i), i = 8 * sizeof(m) - clz(i##nxd) - 1)
#define ksets(t, m, k, n)                                                      \
  for (t m = (((t)1 << (k)) - 1); m < ((t)1 << (n)); m = nux(m))
#define urs(r...) typename decay<decltype(r)>::type
#define hur(f, g, r)                                                           \
  sim > int f(c a) {                                                           \
    if (sizeof(c) == 16)                                                       \
      return r;                                                                \
    if (sizeof(c) == 8)                                                        \
      return g##ll(a);                                                         \
    return g(a);                                                               \
  }
#define pwq(t, i)                                                              \
  int clz(t x) { return clz<int>(x) - i; }
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
using namespace __gnu_pbds;
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using ld = long double;
using ull = unsigned long long;
using vi = vector<int>;
using vll = vector<ll>;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
using vpii = vector<pii>;
using spii = set<pii>;
using mii = map<int, int>;
using unt = unsigned int;
sim > using min_queue = priority_queue<c, vector<c>, greater<c>>;
sim, class b,
    class cmp =
        less<c> > using ordered_map =
            tree<c, b, cmp, rb_tree_tag, tree_order_statistics_node_update>;
sim, class cmp = less < c >> using ordered_set = ordered_map<c, null_type, cmp>;
hur(popc, __builtin_popcount, popc<ull>(a) + popc<ull>(a >> 64))
    hur(ctz, __builtin_ctz, (ull)a ? ctz<ull>(a) : 64 + ctz<ull>(a >> 64))
        hur(clz, __builtin_clz, a >> 64 ? clz<ull>(a >> 64) : 64 + clz<ull>(a))
            pwq(short, 16) pwq(uint16_t, 16) pwq(char, 24) pwq(int8_t, 24)
                pwq(uint8_t, 24) sim,
    class N > bool mini(c &o, const N &h) {
  if (o > h)
    ros = h, 1;
  return 0;
}
sim, class N > bool maxi(c &o, const N &h) {
  if (o < h)
    ros = h, 1;
  return 0;
}
sim, class n > using gyv = c;
#if defined(LOCAL) // || defined(LOCAL2)
#include </home/kjp/headers/debuglib.hpp>
#else
#define loc(...)
#define onl(r...) r
#define debug(...)
#define print_stack(...)
#define mark_stack(...)
#define set_pre(...)
#define reg_it(...)
#define def_op(...)                                                            \
  struct _ {};
#if !defined(LOCAL) && !defined(LOCAL2)
#define exit my_exit
void my_exit(int x) {
  fflush(stdout);
  _Exit(x);
}
#endif
#endif
#define next nexT
#define prev preV
#define tree trEE
#define left lefT
#define right righT
#define div diV
#define y1 y_1
#define pow                                                                    \
  do                                                                           \
  not use cmath pow unless you know what you are doing
ull mix(ull o) {
  o += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
  o = (o ^ (o >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
  o = (o ^ (o >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
  ros ^ (o >> 31);
}
ull SALT = 0x7a14a4b0881ebf9, tqu = 0x7a14a4b0881ebf9;
ull my_rand() { return tqu = mix(tqu); }
void my_srand(ull x) { SALT = tqu = x; }
const int inf = 1023400000;
const ll llinf = 1234567890000000000ll;
ll fix(ll o, ll m) {
  o %= m;
  if (o < 0)
    o += m;
  ros;
}
#define rand my_rand
#define srand my_srand
#define random_shuffle(r...)                                                   \
  random_shuffle(r, [](int _) { return my_rand() % _; })
sim > inline c nux(c m) {
  if (!m)
    return numeric_limits<c>::max();
  c A = m & -m;
  c B = ~((A - 1) ^ m);
  c C = B & -B;
  c D = (C >> (1 + ctz(A))) - 1;
  return C | (m & ~(C - 1)) | D;
}
__attribute__((no_sanitize_undefined)) ll mul(ll a, ll b, ll m) {
  ll q = (ll)(a * (ld)b / m);
  ll o = a * b - q * m;
  o %= m;
  if (o < 0)
    o += m;
  ros;
}
sim > void unq(c &x) { x.resize(unique(ALL(x)) - x.begin()); }
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#if ((ULONG_MAX) != (UINT_MAX))
namespace std {
template <> struct is_signed<__int128> : public true_type {};
} // namespace std
#endif
sim, class d > typename common_type<c, d>::type floor_div(c a, d b) {
  static_assert(is_signed<c>::value == is_signed<d>::value,
                "using floor_div with different signedness");
  if (b < 0)
    b = -b, a = -a;
  return a / b - (a % b < 0);
}
sim, class d > typename common_type<c, d>::type ceil_div(c a, d b) {
  static_assert(is_signed<c>::value == is_signed<d>::value,
                "using ceil_div with different signedness");
  if (b < 0)
    b = -b, a = -a;
  return a / b + (a % b > 0);
}
sim > struct REV {
  using value_type = typename c::value_type;
  c &x;
  using it = typename c::reverse_iterator;
  it begin() { return x.rbegin(); }
  it end() { return x.rend(); }
};
sim > struct CREV {
  using value_type = typename c::value_type;
  const c &x;
  using it = typename c::const_reverse_iterator;
  it begin() { return x.rbegin(); }
  it end() { return x.rend(); }
};
sim > REV<c> reversed(c &x) { return REV<c>{x}; }
sim > CREV<c> reversed(const c &x) { return CREV<c>{x}; }
#define done(r...) exit(0 * printf(r))
#if defined(LOCAL) || defined(LOCAL2)
void __tmi() {
  cerr << setprecision(6) << fixed
       << "total time: " << clock() / (ld)CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "s" << endl;
}
int _ = (atexit(__tmi), 0);
#endif
// #STAY AT HOME
const int nax = 5e5 + 44;
const int L = 8;
ll rec(int a, int b, int ord) {
  // debug(imie(a), imie(b), imie(ord));
  if (ord == 0)
    return 0;
  int edge = 1 << ord;
  assert(a >= 0 && a < edge);
  assert(b >= 0 && b < edge);
  int half = edge / 2;
  ll siz = 1ll << (2 * (ord - 1));
  if (a < half && b < half)
    return rec(b, a, ord - 1);
  if (a < half && b >= half)
    return siz + rec(a, b - half, ord - 1);
  if (a >= half && b >= half)
    return 2 * siz + rec(a - half, b - half, ord - 1);
  if (a >= half && b < half)
    return 3 * siz + rec(half - b - 1, half - (a - half) - 1, ord - 1);
  assert(false);
}
ll cast(tuple<int, int, int> a) {
  auto [first, second, _] = a;
  swap(first, second);
  return rec(first, second, 20);
}
bool cmp(tuple<int, int, int, ll> a, tuple<int, int, int, ll> b) {
  return get<3>(a) < get<3>(b);
}
int a[nax];
int cou[nax];
int ans[nax];
int diffs = 0;
void add(int x) {
  if (cou[x] == 0)
    diffs++;
  cou[x]++;
}
void rem(int x) {
  cou[x]--;
  if (cou[x] == 0)
    diffs--;
}
int dist(tuple<int, int, int> a, tuple<int, int, int> b) {
  auto [l1, r1, _] = a;
  auto [l2, r2, _] = b;
  if (l1 > r2 || r2 < l1)
    return r1 - l1 + r2 - l2 + 2;
  return abs(l1 - l2) + abs(r1 - r2);
}
ll hilbert(int a, int b) {
  // debug(imie(a), imie(b));
  return rec(a, b, 20);
}
int main() {
  int n, q;
  scanf("%d%d", &n, &q);
  for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
    scanf("%d", a + i);
  vector<tuple<int, int, int, ll>> qs(q);
  srand(TIME);
  int off1 = rand() % n, off2 = rand() % n;
  REP(i, q) {
    int l, r;
    scanf("%d%d", &l, &r);
    qs[i] = {l, r, i, rec(l + off1, r + off2, 20)};
  }
  sort(ALL(qs), cmp);
  auto [l, r, q0, _] = qs[0];
  debug(imie(qs));
  for (int i = l; i <= r; ++i)
    add(a[i]);
  ans[q0] = diffs;
  for (int i = 1; i < q; ++i) {
    auto [l0, r0, _, __] = qs[i - 1];
    auto [l, r, ind, __] = qs[i];
    if (r < l0 || l > r0) {
      for (int j = l0; j <= r0; ++j)
        rem(a[j]);
      for (int j = l; j <= r; ++j)
        add(a[j]);
    } else {
      while (l < l0)
        add(a[--l0]);
      while (l > l0)
        rem(a[l0++]);
      while (r < r0)
        rem(a[r0--]);
      while (r > r0)
        add(a[++r0]);
    }
    ans[ind] = diffs;
  }
  REP(i, q) printf("%d\n", ans[i]);
}
// #STAY AT HOME