Problem p02763 (C++)

Buggy submission (status: Runtime Error):
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using lint = long long;
const lint mod = 1e9 + 7;
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
#define bitcount(n) __builtin_popcountl((lint)(n))
#define fcout cout << fixed << setprecision(15)
#define highest(x) (63 - __builtin_clzl(x))
template <class T> inline void YES(T condition) {
  if (condition)
    cout << "YES" << endl;
  else
    cout << "NO" << endl;
}
template <class T> inline void Yes(T condition) {
  if (condition)
    cout << "Yes" << endl;
  else
    cout << "No" << endl;
}
template <class T = string, class U = char>
int character_count(T text, U character) {
  int ans = 0;
  for (U i : text) {
    ans += (i == character);
  }
  return ans;
}
lint power(lint base, lint exponent, lint module) {
  if (exponent % 2) {
    return power(base, exponent - 1, module) * base % module;
  } else if (exponent) {
    lint root_ans = power(base, exponent / 2, module);
    return root_ans * root_ans % module;
  } else {
    return 1;
  }
}
struct position {
  int y, x;
};
position mv[4] = {
    {0, -1},
    {1, 0},
    {0, 1},
    {-1, 0}}; // double euclidean(position first, position second){ return
              // sqrt((second.x - first.x) * (second.x - first.x) + (second.y -
              // first.y) * (second.y - first.y)); }
template <class T, class U> string to_string(pair<T, U> x) {
  return to_string(x.first) + "," + to_string(x.second);
}
string to_string(string x) { return x; }
template <class itr> void array_output(itr start, itr goal) {
  string ans;
  for (auto i = start; i != goal; i++)
    ans += to_string(*i) + " ";
  if (!ans.empty())
    ans.pop_back();
  cout << ans << endl;
}
template <class itr> void cins(itr first, itr last) {
  for (auto i = first; i != last; i++) {
    cin >> (*i);
  }
}
template <class T> T gcd(T a, T b) {
  if (a && b) {
    return gcd(min(a, b), max(a, b) % min(a, b));
  } else {
    return a;
  }
}
template <class T> T lcm(T a, T b) { return a / gcd(a, b) * b; }
struct combination {
  vector<lint> fact, inv;
  combination(int sz) : fact(sz + 1), inv(sz + 1) {
    fact[0] = 1;
    for (int i = 1; i <= sz; i++) {
      fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i % mod;
    }
    inv[sz] = power(fact[sz], mod - 2, mod);
    for (int i = sz - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      inv[i] = inv[i + 1] * (i + 1) % mod;
    }
  }
  lint C(int p, int q) const {
    if (q < 0 || p < q)
      return 0;
    return (fact[p] * inv[q] % mod * inv[p - q] % mod);
  }
};
template <class itr> bool next_sequence(itr first, itr last, int max_bound) {
  itr now = last;
  while (now != first) {
    now--;
    (*now)++;
    if ((*now) == max_bound) {
      (*now) = 0;
    } else {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

template <typename Monoid> struct SegmentTree {
  using F = function<Monoid(Monoid, Monoid)>;

  int sz;
  vector<Monoid> seg;

  const F f;
  const Monoid M1;

  SegmentTree(int n, const F f, const Monoid &M1) : f(f), M1(M1) {
    sz = 1;
    while (sz < n)
      sz <<= 1;
    seg.assign(2 * sz, M1);
  }

  void set(int k, const Monoid &x) { seg[k + sz] = x; }

  void build() {
    for (int k = sz - 1; k > 0; k--) {
      seg[k] = f(seg[2 * k + 0], seg[2 * k + 1]);
    }
  }

  void update(int k, const Monoid &x) {
    k += sz;
    seg[k] = x;
    while (k >>= 1) {
      seg[k] = f(seg[2 * k + 0], seg[2 * k + 1]);
    }
  }

  Monoid query(int a, int b) {
    Monoid L = M1, R = M1;
    for (a += sz, b += sz; a < b; a >>= 1, b >>= 1) {
      if (a & 1)
        L = f(L, seg[a++]);
      if (b & 1)
        R = f(seg[--b], R);
    }
    return f(L, R);
  }

  Monoid operator[](const int &k) const { return seg[k + sz]; }
};

vector<SegmentTree<int>> seg;

int main() {
  int N, Q;
  string S;
  cin >> N >> S >> Q;
  seg = vector<SegmentTree<int>>(26,
                                 SegmentTree<int>(
                                     N, [](int a, int b) { return a + b; }, 0));
  for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    seg[S[i] - 'a'].set(i, 1);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
    seg[i].build();
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < Q; i++) {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    if (t == 1) {
      int p;
      char q;
      cin >> p >> q;
      p--;
      seg[S[i] - 'a'].update(p, 0);
      seg[q - 'a'].update(p, 1);
      S[p] = q;
    } else {
      int l, r;
      cin >> l >> r;
      l--;
      int ans = 0;
      for (int j = 0; j < 26; j++) {
        ans += !!seg[j].query(l, r);
      }
      cout << ans << endl;
    }
  }
}


Fixed submission:
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using lint = long long;
const lint mod = 1e9 + 7;
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
#define bitcount(n) __builtin_popcountl((lint)(n))
#define fcout cout << fixed << setprecision(15)
#define highest(x) (63 - __builtin_clzl(x))
template <class T> inline void YES(T condition) {
  if (condition)
    cout << "YES" << endl;
  else
    cout << "NO" << endl;
}
template <class T> inline void Yes(T condition) {
  if (condition)
    cout << "Yes" << endl;
  else
    cout << "No" << endl;
}
template <class T = string, class U = char>
int character_count(T text, U character) {
  int ans = 0;
  for (U i : text) {
    ans += (i == character);
  }
  return ans;
}
lint power(lint base, lint exponent, lint module) {
  if (exponent % 2) {
    return power(base, exponent - 1, module) * base % module;
  } else if (exponent) {
    lint root_ans = power(base, exponent / 2, module);
    return root_ans * root_ans % module;
  } else {
    return 1;
  }
}
struct position {
  int y, x;
};
position mv[4] = {
    {0, -1},
    {1, 0},
    {0, 1},
    {-1, 0}}; // double euclidean(position first, position second){ return
              // sqrt((second.x - first.x) * (second.x - first.x) + (second.y -
              // first.y) * (second.y - first.y)); }
template <class T, class U> string to_string(pair<T, U> x) {
  return to_string(x.first) + "," + to_string(x.second);
}
string to_string(string x) { return x; }
template <class itr> void array_output(itr start, itr goal) {
  string ans;
  for (auto i = start; i != goal; i++)
    ans += to_string(*i) + " ";
  if (!ans.empty())
    ans.pop_back();
  cout << ans << endl;
}
template <class itr> void cins(itr first, itr last) {
  for (auto i = first; i != last; i++) {
    cin >> (*i);
  }
}
template <class T> T gcd(T a, T b) {
  if (a && b) {
    return gcd(min(a, b), max(a, b) % min(a, b));
  } else {
    return a;
  }
}
template <class T> T lcm(T a, T b) { return a / gcd(a, b) * b; }
struct combination {
  vector<lint> fact, inv;
  combination(int sz) : fact(sz + 1), inv(sz + 1) {
    fact[0] = 1;
    for (int i = 1; i <= sz; i++) {
      fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i % mod;
    }
    inv[sz] = power(fact[sz], mod - 2, mod);
    for (int i = sz - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      inv[i] = inv[i + 1] * (i + 1) % mod;
    }
  }
  lint C(int p, int q) const {
    if (q < 0 || p < q)
      return 0;
    return (fact[p] * inv[q] % mod * inv[p - q] % mod);
  }
};
template <class itr> bool next_sequence(itr first, itr last, int max_bound) {
  itr now = last;
  while (now != first) {
    now--;
    (*now)++;
    if ((*now) == max_bound) {
      (*now) = 0;
    } else {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

template <typename Monoid> struct SegmentTree {
  using F = function<Monoid(Monoid, Monoid)>;

  int sz;
  vector<Monoid> seg;

  const F f;
  const Monoid M1;

  SegmentTree(int n, const F f, const Monoid &M1) : f(f), M1(M1) {
    sz = 1;
    while (sz < n)
      sz <<= 1;
    seg.assign(2 * sz, M1);
  }

  void set(int k, const Monoid &x) { seg[k + sz] = x; }

  void build() {
    for (int k = sz - 1; k > 0; k--) {
      seg[k] = f(seg[2 * k + 0], seg[2 * k + 1]);
    }
  }

  void update(int k, const Monoid &x) {
    k += sz;
    seg[k] = x;
    while (k >>= 1) {
      seg[k] = f(seg[2 * k + 0], seg[2 * k + 1]);
    }
  }

  Monoid query(int a, int b) {
    Monoid L = M1, R = M1;
    for (a += sz, b += sz; a < b; a >>= 1, b >>= 1) {
      if (a & 1)
        L = f(L, seg[a++]);
      if (b & 1)
        R = f(seg[--b], R);
    }
    return f(L, R);
  }

  Monoid operator[](const int &k) const { return seg[k + sz]; }
};

vector<SegmentTree<int>> seg;

int main() {
  int N, Q;
  string S;
  cin >> N >> S >> Q;
  seg = vector<SegmentTree<int>>(26,
                                 SegmentTree<int>(
                                     N, [](int a, int b) { return a + b; }, 0));
  for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    seg[S[i] - 'a'].set(i, 1);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
    seg[i].build();
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < Q; i++) {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    if (t == 1) {
      int p;
      char q;
      cin >> p >> q;
      p--;
      seg[S[p] - 'a'].update(p, 0);
      seg[q - 'a'].update(p, 1);
      S[p] = q;
    } else {
      int l, r;
      cin >> l >> r;
      l--;
      int ans = 0;
      for (int j = 0; j < 26; j++) {
        ans += !!seg[j].query(l, r);
      }
      cout << ans << endl;
    }
  }
}