Problem p03354 (C++)

Buggy submission (status: Runtime Error):
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

// repetition
#define FOR(i, a, b) for (int i = (a); i < (b); ++i)
#define rep(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (int)(n); i++)

// container util
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()

// debug
#define dump(x) cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << endl;
#define debug(x)                                                               \
  cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << " (L" << __LINE__ << ")"                       \
       << " " << __FILE__ << endl;

// typedef
typedef long long lint;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef complex<long double> Complex;
typedef pair<int, int> P;
typedef tuple<int, int, int> TP;
typedef vector<int> vec;
typedef vector<vec> mat;

// constant
const int MOD = (int)1e9 + 7;
const int INF = (int)1e18;
const int dx[] = {0, 1, 0, -1};
const int dy[] = {1, 0, -1, 0};
const int ddx[] = {0, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1};
const int ddy[] = {1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1};

// conversion
inline int toInt(string s) {
  int v;
  istringstream sin(s);
  sin >> v;
  return v;
}
template <class T> inline string toString(T x) {
  ostringstream sout;
  sout << x;
  return sout.str();
}

//
template <class T> inline bool chmax(T &a, T b) {
  if (a < b) {
    a = b;
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}
template <class T> inline bool chmin(T &a, T b) {
  if (a > b) {
    a = b;
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}
//

struct UnionFind {
  vector<int> par;

  UnionFind(int n) : par(n, -1) {}

  void init(int n) { par.assign(n, -1); }

  int root(int x) {
    if (par[x] < 0)
      return x;
    else
      return par[x] = root(par[x]);
  }

  bool issame(int x, int y) { return root(x) == root(y); }

  bool merge(int x, int y) {
    x = root(x);
    y = root(y);
    if (x == y)
      return false;
    if (par[x] > par[y])
      swap(x, y);
    par[x] += par[y];
    par[y] = x;
    return true;
  }

  int size(int x) { return -par[root(x)]; }
};

int main() {
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(0);

  int N, M;
  cin >> N >> M;
  UnionFind uf(N);
  vector<int> p(N);
  rep(i, N) cin >> p[i], p[i]--;
  rep(i, M) {
    int x, y;
    cin >> x >> y;
    x--;
    y--;
    uf.merge(i, i);
    uf.merge(x, y);
  }

  int ans = N;
  rep(i, N) {
    if (!uf.issame(i, p[i]))
      ans--;
  }

  cout << ans << endl;

  return 0;
}

Fixed submission:
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

// repetition
#define FOR(i, a, b) for (int i = (a); i < (b); ++i)
#define rep(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (int)(n); i++)

// container util
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()

// debug
#define dump(x) cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << endl;
#define debug(x)                                                               \
  cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << " (L" << __LINE__ << ")"                       \
       << " " << __FILE__ << endl;

// typedef
typedef long long lint;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef complex<long double> Complex;
typedef pair<int, int> P;
typedef tuple<int, int, int> TP;
typedef vector<int> vec;
typedef vector<vec> mat;

// constant
const int MOD = (int)1e9 + 7;
const int INF = (int)1e18;
const int dx[] = {0, 1, 0, -1};
const int dy[] = {1, 0, -1, 0};
const int ddx[] = {0, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1};
const int ddy[] = {1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1};

// conversion
inline int toInt(string s) {
  int v;
  istringstream sin(s);
  sin >> v;
  return v;
}
template <class T> inline string toString(T x) {
  ostringstream sout;
  sout << x;
  return sout.str();
}

//
template <class T> inline bool chmax(T &a, T b) {
  if (a < b) {
    a = b;
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}
template <class T> inline bool chmin(T &a, T b) {
  if (a > b) {
    a = b;
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}
//

struct UnionFind {
  vector<int> par;

  UnionFind(int n) : par(n, -1) {}

  void init(int n) { par.assign(n, -1); }

  int root(int x) {
    if (par[x] < 0)
      return x;
    else
      return par[x] = root(par[x]);
  }

  bool issame(int x, int y) { return root(x) == root(y); }

  bool merge(int x, int y) {
    x = root(x);
    y = root(y);
    if (x == y)
      return false;
    if (par[x] > par[y])
      swap(x, y);
    par[x] += par[y];
    par[y] = x;
    return true;
  }

  int size(int x) { return -par[root(x)]; }
};

int main() {
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(0);

  int N, M;
  cin >> N >> M;
  UnionFind uf(N);
  vector<int> p(N);
  rep(i, N) cin >> p[i], p[i]--;
  rep(i, M) {
    int x, y;
    cin >> x >> y;
    x--;
    y--;
    uf.merge(x, y);
  }

  int ans = N;
  rep(i, N) {
    if (!uf.issame(i, p[i]))
      ans--;
  }

  cout << ans << endl;

  return 0;
}