Problem p03618 (C++)

Buggy submission (status: Runtime Error):
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define rep(i, m) for (long long i = 0; i < m; i++)
#define per(i, m) for (long long i = m - 1; i >= 0; i--)
#define FOR(i, n, m) for (long long i = n; i < m; i++)
#define ROF(i, n, m) for (long long i = m - 1; i >= n; i--)
#define SORT(v, n)                                                             \
  do {                                                                         \
    sort(v, v + n);                                                            \
    reverse(v, v + n);                                                         \
  } while (0)
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
#define MP make_pair
#define MT make_tuple
#define EPS (1e-7)
#define INF (1e18)
#define PI (acos(-1))
#define dump(x) cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << endl;
#define debug(x)                                                               \
  cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << " (L" << __LINE__ << ")"                       \
       << " " << __FILE__ << endl;
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
const ll MOD = 1000000007;
typedef pair<int, int> P;
typedef pair<ll, ll> LP;

ll POW(ll x, ll n) {
  x %= MOD;
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (n % 2 == 0)
    return POW(x * x, n / 2) % MOD;
  return x % MOD * POW(x, n - 1) % MOD;
}

ll POW2(ll x, ll n) {
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (n % 2 == 0)
    return POW2(x * x, n / 2);
  return x * POW2(x, n - 1);
}

ll POW3(ll x, ll n, ll m) {
  x %= m;
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (n % 2 == 0)
    return POW3(x * x, n / 2, m) % m;
  return x * POW3(x, n - 1, m) % m;
}

ll gcd(ll u, ll v) {
  ll r;
  while (0 != v) {
    r = u % v;
    u = v;
    v = r;
  }
  return u;
}

ll lcm(ll u, ll v) { return u / gcd(u, v) * v; }

ll KAI(ll m) {
  if (m < 0)
    return 0;
  if (m == 0)
    return 1;
  return m * KAI(m - 1) % MOD;
}

ll KAI2(ll m) {
  if (m < 0)
    return 0;
  if (m == 0)
    return 1;
  return m * KAI2(m - 1);
}

ll extGCD(ll a, ll b, ll &x, ll &y) {
  if (b == 0) {
    x = 1;
    y = 0;
    return a;
  }
  ll d = extGCD(b, a % b, y, x);
  y -= a / b * x;
  return d;
}

inline ll mod(ll a, ll m) { return (a % m + m) % m; }

ll modinv(ll a) {
  ll x, y;
  extGCD(a, MOD, x, y);
  return mod(x, MOD);
}

ll COM(ll m, ll n) {
  if (m < n)
    return 0;
  if (n < 0)
    return 0;
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (m == n)
    return 1;
  return KAI(m) % MOD * modinv(KAI(n) % MOD * KAI(m - n) % MOD) % MOD;
}

ll COM2(ll m, ll n) {
  if (m < n)
    return 0;
  if (n < 0)
    return 0;
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (m == n)
    return 1;
  return KAI2(m) / KAI2(n) / KAI2(m - n);
}

ll DEC(ll x, ll m, ll n) // xのm進数でのx^nの位の値
{
  return x % POW2(m, n + 1) / POW2(m, n);
}

ll keta(ll x, ll n) // xのn進数での桁数
{
  if (x == 0)
    return 0;
  return keta(x / n, n) + 1;
}

ll DIV(ll x, ll n) // x!のnで割り切れる回数
{
  if (x == 0)
    return 0;
  return x / n + DIV(x / n, n);
}

ll ORD(ll x, ll n) // xのnで割り切れる回数
{
  if (x == 0)
    return INF;
  if (x % n != 0)
    return 0;
  return 1 + ORD(x / n, n);
}

ll SUP(ll x, ll n) // xのnで割れなくなるまで割ったときの余り
{
  if (x == 0)
    return 0;
  if (x % n != 0)
    return x;
  return SUP(x / n, n);
}

ll SGS(ll x, ll y, ll m) // 1+x+…+x^(y-1)をmで割った余り
{
  if (y == 0)
    return 0;
  if (y % 2 == 0) {
    return (1 + POW3(x, y / 2, m)) * SGS(x, y / 2, m) % m;
  }
  return (1 + x * SGS(x, y - 1, m)) % m;
}

ll SSGS(ll x, ll y, ll m) // Σ[k=1→y](1+x+…+x^(k-1))をmで割った余り
{
  if (y == 0)
    return 0;
  if (y == 1)
    return 1;
  if (y % 2 == 0) {
    return (SSGS(x, y / 2, m) * (POW3(x, y / 2, m) + 1) % m +
            SGS(x, y / 2, m) * y / 2 % m) %
           m;
  }
  return (SSGS(x, y - 1, m) * x % m + y) % m;
}

void shuffle(ll array[], ll size) {
  for (ll i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    ll j = rand() % size;
    ll t = array[i];
    array[i] = array[j];
    array[j] = t;
  }
}

ll SQRT(ll n) {
  ll ok, ng, mid;
  ng = n + 1;
  if (303700500 < ng)
    ng = 303700500;
  ok = 0;
  while (abs(ok - ng) > 1) {
    mid = (ok + ng) / 2;
    if (mid * mid <= n) {
      ok = mid;
    } else {
      ng = mid;
    }
  }
  return ok;
}

struct UnionFind {
  vector<int> par;
  vector<int> sizes;
  UnionFind(int n) : par(n), sizes(n, 1) { rep(i, n) par[i] = i; }
  int find(int x) {
    if (x == par[x])
      return x;
    return par[x] = find(par[x]);
  }
  void unite(int x, int y) {
    x = find(x);
    y = find(y);
    if (x == y)
      return;
    if (sizes[x] < sizes[y])
      swap(x, y);
    par[y] = x;
    sizes[x] += sizes[y];
  }
  bool same(int x, int y) { return find(x) == find(y); }
  int size(int x) { return sizes[find(x)]; }
};

map<int64_t, int> prime_factor(int64_t n) {
  map<int64_t, int> ret;
  for (int64_t i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
    while (n % i == 0) {
      ret[i]++;
      n /= i;
    }
  }
  if (n != 1)
    ret[n] = 1;
  return ret;
}

bool is_prime(int64_t x) {
  if (x == 1)
    return false;
  for (int64_t i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
    if (x % i == 0)
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}

struct edge {
  ll to, cost;
};
struct graph {
  ll V;
  vector<vector<edge>> G;
  vector<ll> d;

  graph(ll n) { init(n); }

  void init(ll n) {
    V = n;
    G.resize(V);
    d.resize(V);
    rep(i, V) { d[i] = INF; }
  }

  void add_edge(ll s, ll t, ll cost) {
    edge e;
    e.to = t, e.cost = cost;
    G[s].push_back(e);
  }

  void dijkstra(ll s) {
    rep(i, V) { d[i] = INF; }
    d[s] = 0;
    priority_queue<LP, vector<LP>, greater<LP>> que;
    que.push(LP(0, s));
    while (!que.empty()) {
      LP p = que.top();
      que.pop();
      ll v = p.second;
      if (d[v] < p.first)
        continue;
      for (auto e : G[v]) {
        if (d[e.to] > d[v] + e.cost) {
          d[e.to] = d[v] + e.cost;
          que.push(LP(d[e.to], e.to));
        }
      }
    }
  }
};

ll d[300][300];

void warshall_floyd(ll n) {
  rep(i, n) rep(j, n) rep(k, n) d[j][k] = min(d[j][k], d[j][i] + d[i][k]);
}

struct bit {
  ll m;
  vector<ll> b;
  bit(ll i) {
    m = i;
    b.resize(m + 1);
  }
  ll num(ll i) { return b[i]; }
  ll sum(ll i) {
    ll s = 0;
    while (i > 0) {
      s += b[i];
      i -= i & -i;
    }
    return s;
  }
  void add(ll i, ll x) {
    while (i <= m) {
      b[i] += x;
      i += i & -i;
    }
  }
};

int main() {
  ll a[30] = {}, ans = 0, n;
  string s;
  cin >> s;
  n = s.size();
  rep(i, n) { a[s[i] - 'a']++; }
  ans = COM2(n, 2);
  ans++;
  rep(i, 26) { ans -= COM2(a[i], 2); }
  printf("%lld", ans);
}

Fixed submission:
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define rep(i, m) for (long long i = 0; i < m; i++)
#define per(i, m) for (long long i = m - 1; i >= 0; i--)
#define FOR(i, n, m) for (long long i = n; i < m; i++)
#define ROF(i, n, m) for (long long i = m - 1; i >= n; i--)
#define SORT(v, n)                                                             \
  do {                                                                         \
    sort(v, v + n);                                                            \
    reverse(v, v + n);                                                         \
  } while (0)
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
#define MP make_pair
#define MT make_tuple
#define EPS (1e-7)
#define INF (1e18)
#define PI (acos(-1))
#define dump(x) cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << endl;
#define debug(x)                                                               \
  cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << " (L" << __LINE__ << ")"                       \
       << " " << __FILE__ << endl;
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
const ll MOD = 1000000007;
typedef pair<int, int> P;
typedef pair<ll, ll> LP;

ll POW(ll x, ll n) {
  x %= MOD;
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (n % 2 == 0)
    return POW(x * x, n / 2) % MOD;
  return x % MOD * POW(x, n - 1) % MOD;
}

ll POW2(ll x, ll n) {
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (n % 2 == 0)
    return POW2(x * x, n / 2);
  return x * POW2(x, n - 1);
}

ll POW3(ll x, ll n, ll m) {
  x %= m;
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (n % 2 == 0)
    return POW3(x * x, n / 2, m) % m;
  return x * POW3(x, n - 1, m) % m;
}

ll gcd(ll u, ll v) {
  ll r;
  while (0 != v) {
    r = u % v;
    u = v;
    v = r;
  }
  return u;
}

ll lcm(ll u, ll v) { return u / gcd(u, v) * v; }

ll KAI(ll m) {
  if (m < 0)
    return 0;
  if (m == 0)
    return 1;
  return m * KAI(m - 1) % MOD;
}

ll KAI2(ll m) {
  if (m < 0)
    return 0;
  if (m == 0)
    return 1;
  return m * KAI2(m - 1);
}

ll extGCD(ll a, ll b, ll &x, ll &y) {
  if (b == 0) {
    x = 1;
    y = 0;
    return a;
  }
  ll d = extGCD(b, a % b, y, x);
  y -= a / b * x;
  return d;
}

inline ll mod(ll a, ll m) { return (a % m + m) % m; }

ll modinv(ll a) {
  ll x, y;
  extGCD(a, MOD, x, y);
  return mod(x, MOD);
}

ll COM(ll m, ll n) {
  if (m < n)
    return 0;
  if (n < 0)
    return 0;
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (m == n)
    return 1;
  return KAI(m) % MOD * modinv(KAI(n) % MOD * KAI(m - n) % MOD) % MOD;
}

ll COM2(ll m, ll n) {
  if (m < n)
    return 0;
  if (n < 0)
    return 0;
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  if (m == n)
    return 1;
  return KAI2(m) / KAI2(n) / KAI2(m - n);
}

ll DEC(ll x, ll m, ll n) // xのm進数でのx^nの位の値
{
  return x % POW2(m, n + 1) / POW2(m, n);
}

ll keta(ll x, ll n) // xのn進数での桁数
{
  if (x == 0)
    return 0;
  return keta(x / n, n) + 1;
}

ll DIV(ll x, ll n) // x!のnで割り切れる回数
{
  if (x == 0)
    return 0;
  return x / n + DIV(x / n, n);
}

ll ORD(ll x, ll n) // xのnで割り切れる回数
{
  if (x == 0)
    return INF;
  if (x % n != 0)
    return 0;
  return 1 + ORD(x / n, n);
}

ll SUP(ll x, ll n) // xのnで割れなくなるまで割ったときの余り
{
  if (x == 0)
    return 0;
  if (x % n != 0)
    return x;
  return SUP(x / n, n);
}

ll SGS(ll x, ll y, ll m) // 1+x+…+x^(y-1)をmで割った余り
{
  if (y == 0)
    return 0;
  if (y % 2 == 0) {
    return (1 + POW3(x, y / 2, m)) * SGS(x, y / 2, m) % m;
  }
  return (1 + x * SGS(x, y - 1, m)) % m;
}

ll SSGS(ll x, ll y, ll m) // Σ[k=1→y](1+x+…+x^(k-1))をmで割った余り
{
  if (y == 0)
    return 0;
  if (y == 1)
    return 1;
  if (y % 2 == 0) {
    return (SSGS(x, y / 2, m) * (POW3(x, y / 2, m) + 1) % m +
            SGS(x, y / 2, m) * y / 2 % m) %
           m;
  }
  return (SSGS(x, y - 1, m) * x % m + y) % m;
}

void shuffle(ll array[], ll size) {
  for (ll i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    ll j = rand() % size;
    ll t = array[i];
    array[i] = array[j];
    array[j] = t;
  }
}

ll SQRT(ll n) {
  ll ok, ng, mid;
  ng = n + 1;
  if (303700500 < ng)
    ng = 303700500;
  ok = 0;
  while (abs(ok - ng) > 1) {
    mid = (ok + ng) / 2;
    if (mid * mid <= n) {
      ok = mid;
    } else {
      ng = mid;
    }
  }
  return ok;
}

struct UnionFind {
  vector<int> par;
  vector<int> sizes;
  UnionFind(int n) : par(n), sizes(n, 1) { rep(i, n) par[i] = i; }
  int find(int x) {
    if (x == par[x])
      return x;
    return par[x] = find(par[x]);
  }
  void unite(int x, int y) {
    x = find(x);
    y = find(y);
    if (x == y)
      return;
    if (sizes[x] < sizes[y])
      swap(x, y);
    par[y] = x;
    sizes[x] += sizes[y];
  }
  bool same(int x, int y) { return find(x) == find(y); }
  int size(int x) { return sizes[find(x)]; }
};

map<int64_t, int> prime_factor(int64_t n) {
  map<int64_t, int> ret;
  for (int64_t i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
    while (n % i == 0) {
      ret[i]++;
      n /= i;
    }
  }
  if (n != 1)
    ret[n] = 1;
  return ret;
}

bool is_prime(int64_t x) {
  if (x == 1)
    return false;
  for (int64_t i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
    if (x % i == 0)
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}

struct edge {
  ll to, cost;
};
struct graph {
  ll V;
  vector<vector<edge>> G;
  vector<ll> d;

  graph(ll n) { init(n); }

  void init(ll n) {
    V = n;
    G.resize(V);
    d.resize(V);
    rep(i, V) { d[i] = INF; }
  }

  void add_edge(ll s, ll t, ll cost) {
    edge e;
    e.to = t, e.cost = cost;
    G[s].push_back(e);
  }

  void dijkstra(ll s) {
    rep(i, V) { d[i] = INF; }
    d[s] = 0;
    priority_queue<LP, vector<LP>, greater<LP>> que;
    que.push(LP(0, s));
    while (!que.empty()) {
      LP p = que.top();
      que.pop();
      ll v = p.second;
      if (d[v] < p.first)
        continue;
      for (auto e : G[v]) {
        if (d[e.to] > d[v] + e.cost) {
          d[e.to] = d[v] + e.cost;
          que.push(LP(d[e.to], e.to));
        }
      }
    }
  }
};

ll d[300][300];

void warshall_floyd(ll n) {
  rep(i, n) rep(j, n) rep(k, n) d[j][k] = min(d[j][k], d[j][i] + d[i][k]);
}

struct bit {
  ll m;
  vector<ll> b;
  bit(ll i) {
    m = i;
    b.resize(m + 1);
  }
  ll num(ll i) { return b[i]; }
  ll sum(ll i) {
    ll s = 0;
    while (i > 0) {
      s += b[i];
      i -= i & -i;
    }
    return s;
  }
  void add(ll i, ll x) {
    while (i <= m) {
      b[i] += x;
      i += i & -i;
    }
  }
};

int main() {
  ll a[30] = {}, ans = 0, n;
  string s;
  cin >> s;
  n = s.size();
  rep(i, n) { a[s[i] - 'a']++; }
  ans = n * (n - 1) / 2 + 1;
  rep(i, 26) ans -= a[i] * (a[i] - 1) / 2;
  printf("%lld", ans);
}